Report No. 17n,3-CMA FIL E COPy \/v'stm :!-giahlands Rural DeveloprentFraject- Cameroon Technical Supplement March 6, 1977 Agriculture Projects Department West Africa Regional Office FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY U Document of the World Bank This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS US$1 = CFAF 245 CFAF 1 = US$0.0041 CFAF 1,000 = US$4.1 CFAF 1,000,000 = US$4081.63 IWEIGHTS AND MEASURES ('ietric System) I hectare = 2.47 acres 1 kilometer (km) = 0.624 miles 1 kilogram (kg) = 2.205 pounds 1 metric con (ton) = 2204.6 pounds I liter (1) = 1.057 US quart ABBREVIATIONS -U - Bottomlands Cultivation Unit (UCCAC) 4 sse - Coffee Price Stabilization Board C9MlO?.+fTi7T - Department of Cooperatives and Mutual Assistance (Ministry of Aariculture) - Planning Unit - 'Ministry of Agriculture - Provincial Delegation of Agriculture, Western Province FGYADER - National Rural Credit Fund FTDU - Field Trials and Demonstration Unit (UCCAO) C;enie Rural - Rural Works Department of Western Province (Ministry of Agriculture) 7:D4F - Agricultural and Forestry Research Institute - Foodcrop Development Agency (Ministry of Agriculture) :'.'s:j - National Scientific Besearch Organization PCU - Pest Control Unit (UCCAO) E' MU- Project Monitoring Unit (UCCAO) StJ - Seed Producticn Unit 'UCCAO) UCCAO - Arabica Coffee Growers' Cooperative Union, Western Province FISCAL YEAR UCCAO January 1 to December 31 Government July 1 to June 20 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY CAM.ROON WESTERIT HIGIMANDS RIURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT TECHNICAL SUPPLEMENT Table of Contents ANNEXES 3. Farm and Croo Development A. Introduction B. Farm Systems C. improvements under the Project D. Farm Budgets, Nutrition, Labor E. Major Crops F. Phasing, Yields and Production G. Field Services and Training Table 1 Average Farm Crop Composition Table 2 Incremental On-Farm Input Table 3 Farms in Project Area Table 4 Phasing Table 5 Yield Projections Table 6 Production Projection Table 7 Farm Budget - Red Ferralitic Soils Table 8 : Farm Budget - Black Deposition Soils Table 9 Farm Budget - Brown Soils Table 10 Farm Budget - Reworked Ferralitic Soils Chart No. 17921: Required and Available Labor Chart No. 17886: Agricultural Timetable 4. Seed Production A. Background B. Seed Production under the Project Table 1 Seed Production 5. Research Trials and Farm Demonstration A. Field Trials and Farm Demonstration Program B. Reforestation Program Table 1 : Proposed Contract Research Topics 6. Cooperative Service Centers Table 1 Incremental Storage Requirements Table 2 : Size and Location of Existing Cooperative Stores Table 3 Location of New/Upgraded Service Centers Table 4 : Distribution of Service Centers This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance I oftsheir official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorLation. ANNEXES (Cont'd) 7. Bottomlands Develonment Table 1 Technical Characteristics of 30 ha Perimeter - Drainage by Channel Remodelling Table 2 Technical Characteristics of 30 ha Perimeter - 4 Drainage and Flood Protection with Dykes Table 3 Technical Characteristics - 10 ha Irrigated Perimeter Table 4 Investment Cost Table 5 Cost of Bottomland Works Table 6 Management Team Table 7 Technical Assistance Table 8 Farm Budget - 1 ha Bottomland Cultivation Table 9 Economic Value of Production Appendix 1 Preliminary Inventory of Suitable Bottomlands 8. Village Water Supply Table 1 : TNumber and State of Present Installations Table 2 Estimation of Requirements Table 3 Location of Proposed Installations Table 4 : Cost of Spring Collection System Table 5 Cost of a Small Piped Supply Scheme Table 6 Cost of Equipment A.N NEK 3 CAMEROON WESTERN HIGHLANDS RURAL DEVELOPtENT PROJECT Farm and Crop Development A. Introduction 1. Cameroon's Western Province is a unique region not only because of the diversity and attraction of the countryside's geomorphology and the high population density, but even more so because of the unusual agricultural practices and cultivation methods used by the rural population, and the very high proportion of cultivated land. It is estimated that on the average about 95%0 of cultivable land is cropped. Pressure for land has forced farmers to cultivate even steep slopes. Details of the ecology and clima;e of the project areas are at Annex 1. B. Farm Systems 2. Cropping techniques. The most striking feature of the present cultivation methods is a system, probably best described by the name of "multiple intercropping," which consists of a great diversity of crop associations. 3. In the western part of the project area, increasing soil fertility has the following influence on crop associations: - the number of associated crops increases from 7 to 14; - the following crops tend to appear: coffee, bananas, legumes, potatoes; - the following crops tend to disappear from the mixture: Bambara nuts, cowpeas, sweet potatoes; - crops whose proportion decreases in the association: groundnuts, cocoyams, yams; - crops whose proportion increases: all other species (Table 1). 4. Elsewhere, on black deposition soils, with a generally more bal- anced fertility, the following changes are observed with increasing soil value: - number of crops in the association are similar and vary only from 11 to 13; ANNEX 3 Page 2 - strong decrease of cowpeas, decrease of beans and a modest general decrease of groundnuts and tuber crops; - an increase for maize, and particularly potatoes; - little change for the other crops (Table 1). The remarkable feature of these crop associations is in all cases the very high crop density, resulting in almost total cover of the soil by the crop canopy. For lack of more precise information, it is difficult to speak about crop competition, cooperation, or symbiosis, but from all appearances, a certain harmony seems to exist between the speed of the plants' growth, their size and form, and their vegetative cycle. This harmony seems to allow healthy development within time and space, and good yields and pro- duction. 5. Farm crop associations and farm models. Based on research in the local area, four basic farm crop associations have been identified relating to the four main soil types of the area which are summarized in Table 1. It highlights multiple crop mixtures and high cropping intensity, depending on soil type, of between 112 to 175%. High cropping intensity is the re- sult of long and substantial rains, overall high soil fertility, need of soil conservation and erosion control and, finally, the need for high pro- duction from cultivated land. 6. Basic features of cultivation. The rather complex crop associa- tions established in the project area have been developed as the most natural means of soil conservation. The system facilitates speedy production of a dense vegetative soil cover that leaves the soil partly open to erosion only at the beginning of the growing season (March and part April) when the crops are still small. It also makes possible speedy and improved growth of the crops' root systems, a "fortification" of the ridges by the combination of deep and shallow rooted crops, and particularly by crops developing a dense grass-type root system in the upper 30 cm of soil (Maize). All cultivation is on ridges which facilitates the incorporation of substantial crop resi- dues at the time of split ridging and make it possible to cultivate even steep slopes. The ridges are between 50 to 100 cm wide and follow the con- tour line on less steep slopes. On steep slopes, ridges follow the inclina- tion of the slope. 7. Land preparation. Land preparation begins four to six weeks before the start of the rains in early March. Work is done by hoe and the principal method used is split-ridging. Old ridges are split in the middle and re- worked to a new ridge over the previous furrow. Organic materials from crop residues are buried in the old furrow by the new ridge, thus improving or- ganic matter and nutrient content, soil structure, and water retention capa- city. ANNEX 3 Page 3 8. Controlled weedin2. On modest slopes contour ridges and furrows are clean weeded and the weeds placed in the furrows to act as mulch, to suppress further weed growth, to protect the soil and to increase moisture retention. On steeper slopes weeding is done only partially. A part of the weed population is left growing and the uprooted part is placed in furrows to perform a similar function as on moderate slopes. 9. Fertilization. The incorporation of crop residues has been the principal contributor to maintenance of soil fertility. Industrial ferti- lizers, although their value has been proven by research and fully recog- nized by farmers, have remained in short supply. Fertilizer use among UCCAO member families is in the region of 100 kg/ha, whereas to meet the minimum research recommendations, based on response of pure stand maize, at least 400 kg/ha would be required. 10. "Ecobuage." "Ecobuage," a process similar to charcoal burning, is the incomplete burning of the fallow vegetation buried under soil in ridges. The advantages of this technique are: a considerable increase in the sum of exchangeable bases, in pH and in available phosphorus, and a following dramatic increase in yields. The disadvantages are: a loss of more than 50% of the clay content in topsoil (0-20 cm) and subsoil (20-40 cm), a de- crease in silt content and a corresponding increase in sands. After several repetitions of this technique, soil fertility declines, yields decrease and the land has to be left fallow. "Ecobuage" should be done only once and combined with the application of fertilizer for best long-term results. 11. Pest control. Control of the two major coffee plant pests (an- testia and anthracnose) is the responsibility of a pest control brigade (Base phytosanitaire) under the supervision of the Provincial Delegation of Agriculture. Required treatments are generally not performed. The quantity of pesticides used is about 2 kg/ha of physical coffee plantation, although for reasonable control, about 5 kg/ha are required. No other chemicals are used either as seed dressing or for storage pest control. 12. Grain storage. Storage and drying of maize, harvested in July- August, is currently done in the farmer's kitchen on a light ceiling over the fireplace. Storage capacity is considered insufficient and losses are estimated at 30%. This situation forces the average farmer to sell a sub- stantial part of his crop at low prices right after harvest. On a pilot basis, several cribs designed by the FAO/African Rural Storage Centre (attached to IITA lbadan in Nigeria) have been demonstrated in the project area. Results are encouraging, with losses estimated at no higher than 10%. However, there has been little drive from extension services toward a greater popularization and credit is unavailable for the purchase of durable wire mesh. 13. Erosion. Thanks to the high organic matter content of most of the soils and to cultivation techniques, erosion has remained remarkably ANNEX 3 Page 4 low in the project area. Nevertheless, some areas are almost completely denuded and there is no doubt that it is the most serious threat to the long-term ecological stability and agricultural development of the area. For steeper slopes, intensive research into improved ecofarming methods and a better organized and faster reforestation program are required. C. Improvements under Project 14. Introduction. The project would be faced with a situation of highly developed, already very productive cropping and farming systems, well adjusted to the ecology of the area and based on ancient tradition and empiricism. Suggested improvements would have to respect the exist- ing facts and conditions, should be easy to integrate into the present systems, would have to be well proven and be assured of farmers' demand and interest. 15. The recommended package would consist of: - improved crop nutrition, - improved pest control, - supply of seed of improved foodcrop varieties, - improved grain storage and - better trained and equipped extension services and an improved system of on-farm demonstrations and training. 16. Improved crop nutrition. For reasons of the many crop associa- tions and their multiple variations and combinations, and of the wide mic- roecology, past research work has not been in a position to devise formulas of fertilizer recommendations that could take account of the whole complexity of the cropping pattern. Research has concentrated on the most important crops of the area, and although there are some ecological limitations, fer- tilizer recommendations are available for coffee and maize. 17. The coffee recommendations, worked out by IRAF Foumbot, are based on the favorable response of coffee to nitrogen and recommend for coffee trees older than 3 years on all soil types: 150-160 kg/ha N (about 750-800 kg/ha sulphate of ammonia or compound). 18. Maize recommendations were concluded by IRAF Dschang after a four- year period of semi-statistical trials during which responses of pure stand maize to fertilizer were recorded in two locations with ferralitic soils. The summary of treatments and results for both sites is given below: ANNEX 3 Page 5 Mean yields for 1971-74 (t/ha) Treatment Site I Site I-I Ti 1.89 1.51 T2 2.20 > 1.95 T3 3.03 3.55 T4 3.48 3.90 Tl is local maize without fertilizer, T2 as TI but with fertilizer, T3 is improved maize with light fertilizer (60:50:40) and T4 as T3 but with heavy fertilizer (120:100:80). Details on fertilizer composition in chese .rials are not available. 19. Bearing in mind that the crop associations are inseparable and that necessarily fertilizing one crop means also fertilizing all the other crops, the project would recommend a fertilizer rate that is expected to provide sufficient nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to have an impact on yield increase and production of all crops. The total rate would be 400 kg/ha, split in 300 kg/ha of the compound 20:10:10, and 100 kg/ha of sulphate of ammonia. In terms of quality, this means a considerable deviation from past fertilizer practices, when over 80% of all fertilizer used was sulphate of ammonia. As the project has to address the whole farming system, the supply of phosphorus and potassium is fully justified. The small amount of sulphate of ammonia is needed to provide some sulphur, particularly for maize. 20. The fertilizer would be applied at 200 kg/ha of compound at plant- ing time, 100 kg/ha of sulphate as top dressing about 4 to 6 weeks later, and the remaining 100 kg/ha of compound would be applied in September-October. This late application has been shown to have a positive effect on the condi- tion of coffee trees over the dry period and provides a certain amount of readily available nutrients at the start of the next season. The incremental amount of fertilizer supplied under the project would be in the region of 3,500 t per year (Table 2). 21. Improved pest control. Past experience indicates that in the aver- age year about 50% of coffee trees suffer from an attack of antestia (Antestiopsis spp.) and about 30% from an attack of anthracnose (Colleto- trichum coffeanum, also known as coffee berry disease - CBD), severe enough to justify chemical treatment. Other pests, mainly the berry borer (Hypo- thenemus or Stephanoderes hampei), require treatment in some areas in most of the years. 22. The antestia comes at the beginning of the year and has to be treated in two passages, one following the other in about 25 to 30 days. The pesticide so far used has been Lindane at 4 1/ha (two passages). The project would encourage the use of safer insecticides, such as synthetic pyrethrines. Lindane has been applied with gasoline run swingfog sprayers (41/ha gasoline). To be most effective the application should be dcne by ANNEX 3 Page 6 night when adults of the pest are active. The Base Phytosanitaire provided Scouting Services, supplied sprayers and insectides and, with the help of the farmers, carried out the application. 23. Anthracnose attacks between March and June and has to be treated with 7 kg/ha of the fungicide Orthodifolatan, in 4 passages carried out in 15-day intervals. Application is done by knapsack sprayers. Some farmers own sprayers but the majority of sprayers and all the fungicide have been supplied by the PCU. Actual treatment is applied by farmers. 24. The berry borer occurs mainly in April-May, sprayers and insecti- cide have been supplied by PCU, with the work done by farmers. 25. Under the project, the more difficult antestia control would be left in direct charge of a strengthened Pest Control Unit (PCU) (Annex 2), whereas the anthracnose and berry borer control would be entirely in the hands of farmers. Sufficient pesticides would be provided to treat the es- timated 50% and 30% of coffee area attacked annually by antestia and by anthracuose respectively. The incremental quantity of pesticides supplied is expected to be about 50 t per annum (Table 2). The average use of pesti- cides would increase from 2 kglha to about 5 kg/ha. Knapsack sprayers would be supplied on credit to interested farmers. The incremental number of sprayers is expected to be 1,500 per year (Table 2). At full project de- velopment one sprayer would be available for about 7.5 ha of coffee area, or for 10 ha of actual anthracnose control. Each sprayer would be utilized by several farmers and for treatment of other crops that would be planted in small plots of pure stands, such as vegetables. A timetable for coffee pest control is given in the table below. Control of Jan. Feb. March April May June Antestia X X Anthracnose - - X X X X Berry borer - - - X X - The likelihood of occurrence of the above pests according to altimetric zones is evident from the following outline: Altitude (ml Pest Importance I 1,000-1,200 Antestia (Aa) Systematic treatment recommended Anthracnose (Ae) Practically non-existent Berry borer (Bb) Systematic treatment recommended II 1,200-1,500 Aa As I Ae To be treated occasionally Bb 1I it of to III over 1,500 Aa To be treated occasionally Ae Very serious, to be treated systematically Bb Practically non-existent ANNEX 3 Page 7 26. Supply of improved seed. Under the project, an agro-industrial seed multiplication center would be established (Annex 4), that would pri- marily produce improved maize seed, for which a high demand among farmers has been already confirmed. The varieties that would be multiplied in the early years would be Cola and 290 FL (para 41). 27. The maize area, calculated on pure crop basis grown by farmers, members of UCCAO, is estimated at 60,000 ha. It is planned that the project would supply seed for about 9,000 ha by PY 3, 17,000 ha by PY 4 and 26,000 ha from PY 5 onwards (Annex 4, Table 1). Based on 300 ha maize multiplica- tion per annum and seed replacement after 3 years, the whole project area would be supplied and seed would be available for an additional 6,000 ha outside the project area as from PY 6 onwards. 28. Apart from maize, some potato seed stock, for which demand exists, would be produced as well as some groundnut seed on a pilot basis. The seed multiplication complex would also produce seed of other species, such as beans and soya. 29. Improved grain storage. The project extension services would demonstrate and popularize the crib developed by the FAO/IITA program. The frame, floor and roof of the cribs would all be constructed from local materials. The proje2t would provide credit for wire mesh required for the walls, about 25 m for a standard crib of 5 x 2 x 0.6 m. Crib size can easily be adjusted to required capacity. 30. Wire mesh is better than walls built out of local materials for four reasons: - the delivery of the wire mesh would motivate the farmer to construct the cribs, - it gives the crib a longer durability, - wind penetrates better than through locally made bamboo walls, - eventual occurrence of pests can be better detected. A crib of the above dimensions can store about 2,400 kg of cobs, which will give about 1,800/kg of grain. Malathion powder (Malagrain P 2%) at 50 g per 100 kg is recommended for cob protection. With small adjustments, groundnuts in shell could be stored too. It is expected that wire mesh for about 3,000 cribs would be supplied annually (Table 2). 31. Results of experimentation with these cribs indicate that the most important factor is the ease with which favorable air currents can pass through the cobs and this depends almost exclusively on crib width and the orientation of cribs towards prevailing winds. All other design factors seem to have no significant effects on performance. A4NEX 3 Page 8 32. Another important point is the immediate harvest of cobs after ripening, as shown in the tabulation of experimental results: Insect damage (%) Fungal damage (%) Weight loss (%) Crop left in field for 7 weeks 12.3 10.2 5.7 Crop dehusked and stored immediately after harvest 5.6 5.3 1.3 33. Better extension services. The present average ratio of extension agents to farmers is I to almost 900, extreme ratios reach up to I to 2,700. The project would attempt to recruit and train more suitable agents to achieve an average ratio of 1 to 400 (para 81). Extension officers would be trained in specific subjects of crop production, protection and processing, and would be educated as well in the training and visit (T + V) system of extension work, that has proved so efficient elsewhere. Subjects for on-farm demonstra- tions (new crop varieties, cultivation methods, fertilizers, pest control, grain storage) would be fed from the Field Trial and Demonstration Unit (Annex 5) to the extension services, and demonstrations would be established and utilized more extensively and better than hiterto. D. Farm Budgets, Nutrition, Labor 34. Farm bud ets. On the basis of the soil type and related average farm crop composition (Table 1) farm models have been constructed and indica- tive farm budgets calculated (Tables 7 to 10). Average farm size is 1.3 ha (1.25 ha cultivated) and average family size is 7 persons (3 active). The farm budgets reveal the following comparison: Reworked Soil Type Red Ferralitic Black Deposition Brown Ferralitic WO W WO W WO W WO W Net benefit per WD (CFAF) 656 600 550 438 691 622 480 380 Net benefit per ha (CFAF '000) 123 148 86 89 129 151 86 91 Per ha (US$) (505) (604) (352) (363) (527) (618)(355) (371) 35. Nutrition. At present an average consumption of 2,300-2,500 calories per adult per day can be assured without difficulties on an average farm on all soil types. No changes are expected to occur under the project. Based on an adult ration of 0.5 kg of maize, 0.5 kg of tubers and some legumes, fruits and vegetables per day, total family consumpcion per year is around CFAF 50,000. ANNEX 3 Page 9 36. Labor. Crop labor requirements in the without and with project situation for crop mixture of the four farm budgets have been calculated on the following basis: - for the calculation of foodcrop labor demand, working days (WD) for maize have been included from land prepara- tion up to weeding and ridging for the total cultivated farm area of 1.25 ha. For harvesting, threshing and post- harvest handling the WD have been adjusted to the propor- tion of maize in the crop mixture; - for groundnuts, beans and all tubers, only labor required for harvesting and post-harvest handling has been in- cluded, since all previous operations have been already accounted for in the maize calculation. For these crops the harvesting operations were again adjusted to their proportion in the crop mixture; - for other crops not specifically mentioned above (plan- tains, vegetables), an estimate of 30 and 40 WD for the without and with project situation respectively, has been added per farm; - coffee WD per farm have been calculated separately, adjusted to yield and proportion in the crop mixture, and added to the above figures. The table below gives the average labor requirement assumptions for the main foodcrops and for coffee on a pure crop basis. Labor Requirements (WD/ha) I/ Crop Maize Groundnuts Beans Tubers Coffee Stage WO W WO W WO W WO W WO W WD/ha 83 95 91 115 70 85 165 180 80 100 1/ At full development. Thus the labor required per farm has been assumed to be as follows (in WD): ANNEX 3 Page 10 Reworked Soil Type Red Ferralitic Black Deposition Brown Ferralitic WO w wo W WO W WO W Maize 79 90 78 87 77 86 73 81 Tubers 35 48 31 42 8 10 29 40 Beans 3 5 3 7 2 4 1 2 Groundnuts 3 6 3 6 7 14 10 20 Others 30 40 30 40 30 40 30 40 Total foodcrops 150 189 145 182 124 154 143 183 Coffee 95 119 98 122 80 100 92 116 Total 245 308 243 304 204 254 235 299 37. A check on available and required labor at an average farm on red ferralitic soils, with the highest with project labor demand of 308 WD per year, has shown that under normal circumstances no labor shortage is to be expected. The calculations have been based on 3 active people per farm with a monthly capacity of 20 WD each, giving a total capacity of 60 WD per month. The peak labor requirements over the year would most likely be in February and March with 38 and 43 WD per month respectively, and in October, November and December with 41, 31 and 34 days per month. 38. Graphical demonstrations of the agricultural timetable and the above check on labor are presented in Charts 17886 and 17921. E. Maior Crops 39. Maize. Maize is the main staple food of the population in the Western Highlands. The climatic and pedologic conditions are very favor- able and the production potential is high. A number of white, yellow and polymorphic ecotypes are being grown in the project area. White maize, however, is the most appreciated for human consumption and, therefore, also most extensively grown. 40. Local varieties have an average growing period of 145 days and are tall. Maize is sown immediately after the start of the rains and har- vested in July and August at the time of highest rains. There are problems with drying and storage, and losses are high (para 12). A second season ANNEX 3 Page 11 maize crop does not face the adverse harvest conditions but pest infesta- tion is usually high and yields are substantially lower. The mean yield of Western Province over 1973-1975 was estimated by extension services at 1.3 tlha on a pure crop basis. 41. Improved varieties. Over the past years research has selected two varieties which are ready for introduction into rural areas: a com- posite variety "Cola" and a polyhybrid "290 FL". Those are the varieties which would be primarily recommended under the proposed project. A third variety, the Bambui Station "Green Revolution," would be introduced to advanced farmers on a pilot basis. 42. Cola is the result of selection work started in 1965 and based on. local ecotypes. Two suitable imported varieties, namely M5 (Mexican 5) and CY (Cuban Yellow) were introduced into the selection process at a later stage. Cola is rust and helminthosporium (para 43) tolerant and through the additional introduction of two female parents (Z155 and Br2) smut re- sistent. It has predominantly white grain, but may have a few pale yellow grains on the cob. Taste and texture of the grain are well appreciated by the local population. The yield potential under favorable conditions is estimated at 6 t/ha and research estimates that up to 3.5 t/ha can be obtained under peasant conditions. The polyhybrid 290 FL can be traced back to the polyhybrid 266 from Madagascar. The grain is white and well liked by the people. In the Western Province the yield potential is es- timated at 6-8 t/ha on research plots and yields of up to 4.5 t/ha were achieved under peasant conditions. Both Cola and 290 FL can be regrown up to F5 (fifth filial generation) without substantial yield decreases, if cultivated more than 500 m from other maize crops. 43. Main diseases and pests. The most serious diseases are considered to be: - Helminthosporium turcicum, attacking maize leaves; - Smut (Sphacelotheca reiliana), important mainly in lower altitudes; - Rusts (Puccinia polyspora and P. maydis), whose importance decreases with altitude, and - Cercospora mayidis, commonly called leaf-spot. 44. Both Cola and 290 FL are resitant to or at least tolerant of these diseases. The most important pests are: Stem borers (Sesamia calamistis, Busseola fusca, Eldana saccharina), and Storage parasites (Sitophilus, Tribolium). The likelihood of serious attacks in the field is decreased by the multiple intercropping. Nevertheless, in cases of severe infesta- tion, borer control is possible through an application of dust insecti- cide down the funnel of the maize plants at about 3-5 weeks after planting. ANNEX 3 Page 12 45. Cultivation techniques. Most of the maize is grown in associa- tion, where it participates with 40-65% of pure stand popu'.ations. On pure stand basis it would be recommended to space maize 80 x 25 cm (the latter is within the row spacing) to achieve a population of 50,000 plants/ha. The growing period increases substantially with altitude and this fact has to be well respected in farm planning work. The following table indicates the growing period for the two recommended varieties in different altitudes. Growing period (in No. of days) of variety Site and altitude 290 FL Cola Plaine des Mbos (700 m) 116 122 Foumbot (1,100 m) 132 135 Dschang (1,500 m) 164 168 Bambui upper (1,980 m) 216 223 46. Groundnuts. Groundnuts are an important crop of highlands, since they are the main source of vegetable oil. In the crop associations, de- pending on soil types, they are present at populations representing 10 to 35% of pure stands (Table 1). Two local varieties are predominantly grown in the project area. The main one is a creeping variety, late, with a rather small pod containing two pink colored nuts. The other is of an erect type, earlier, with a larger pod of usually three, red skinned nuts. 47. As with maize, groundnuts are primarily a first season crop (Chart 17886). Yields on a pure crop basis are estimated at about 400 kg/ha of unshelled nuts. In the rare cases of pure culture, populations are low, 80,000 to 120,000 plants/ha as compared to the recommended 200,000 plants/ ha achieved with a spacing of 50 x 10 cm. 48. Improved varieties. Research has developed two varieties for high and low altitude. Variety 65-7 (ex Dschang) is suitable for altitudes around 1,400 m and variety 65-13 (ex Ebolowa) for altitudes around 500 m. Another variety, 124 (=GH 119-20), with a long growing period but excellent taste properties, is under observation. The table below gives main characteristics of these three compared to the predominant local variety. AN;,EX 3 Page 13 Main Characteristics of Groundnut Varieties Variety Observation 65-7 65-13 124 Local Growing period (days) 145 145 160 160 Skin color of nut light pink red pink pink No. of nuts per pod 2 3 2 2 Shelling percentage 77.0 75.5 71.3 74.3 Mean pod weight (g) 1.20 1.70 1.69 0.96 Mean nut weight (g) 0.48 0.56 0.70 0.423 Distribution of grains in pod (%) monograin 9.2 9.4 19.8 27.5 bigrain 84.0 43.0 c0O.. trigrain 6.5 43.8 0.2 0 quadrigrain 0.1 4.0 0 0 Content in dry matter of (x) Protides 32.4 32.4 33.8 - Lipides 52.3 51.1 42.0 - 49. The variety recommended under the project would be 65-7. The project's seed production center would initially produce seed for about 500 ha on pure crop basis and the production would be increased, pending demand from farmers. The yield potential of 65-7 is around 4 t/ha unshelled nuts (with leaf-spot control) and 2 t/ha without control. It is estimated that farmers could, under favorable conditions, produce up to 2 t/ha of dry pods. 50. Main diseases are cercospora, or leaf-spot (CercosDora personata and C. arachidicola) and the virus disease rosette. Rosette control is difficult but cercospora can be controlled quite efficiently with fungicides. With the application of 0.5-0.7 kg/ha of fungicide significant yield in- creases have been achieved. In crop associations control is impossible, but for pure culture cercospora control would be recommended. Extension would advise on proper harvesting and storage to avoid aflatoxin problems. 51. Beans. Beans are an important part of the local diet and are present in crop associations at populations representing 3 to 18% of pure stands. No improved beans are available and only local varieties of cow- peas, Bambara nuts (voandzou) and string beans are being grown. None of these crops has been the subject of experimentation. 52. Soya. Variety screening has produced Sj 153, with a growing period of 112 days (at Foumbot) and a yield potential of over 2 t/ha. Other vari- eties with promising results are DR09, E73 and Geduld. Laboratory analysis of Sj 153 has shown a very satisfactory oil content of 45.5% and a satis- factory protein content of 18.5%. Results of crop rotation trials have I ANNEX 3 Page 14 shown a good compatibility with second season upland rice of the variety Shinei or similar. The agronomic merits of soya are evident, but no market for soya has been established. The project would therefore not support soya production. 53. Rice. In the project area upland rice would be grown on a limited scale mainly in the bottomlands. On fertile soils with good water retention capacity, such as the brown soils of Galim, it can be grown as first season crop from March to July. The safer period, however, is the second season, from July to December. Short season varieties with a growing period of 115 to 125 days, recommended for the project bottomlands, would be IAC 25, 1562 and Shinei. Ploughing to a depth of 25 cm is recommended, good soil prepara- tion, sowing in lines 15 to 25 cm apart, seeding rate 70 to 80 kg/ha. With 60 to 30 kg/ha nitrogen the yield potential of the above varieties could be up to 5 t/ha. 54. Research on rice in Dschang is proceeding actively and improved recommendations can be expected during project implementation. Seed of all three varieties for project needs is in sufficient supply. 55. Potatoes are becoming increasingly important in the project area for both family consumption and sale. The CEIPS station in Bafou has ex- perimented with potatoes for many years and good growing recommendations are available. The best performing varieties were Alpha, Arka, Desiree, Ginke, Multa and Radosa. 56. Two crops per year are possible, the first planted in March and harvested in July and the second plants in August/September and harvested about 100 days later. The first season crop gives generally higher yields. It is not recommended to grow potatoes below the elevatioa of 1,000 m. Planting rate of 2,000-2,500 kg/ha, and spacing at 60 to 70 cm between lines and 30 to 33 cm in the line would give a population of about 50,000 plants/ha. For high yields, fertilizer is important and the application rate should not be below I t/ha of compound and topdressing. Where compost or other organic fertilizer is used, industrial fertilizer rates can be decreased. Yield potential of the above varieties is reported to be up to 22 t/ha. 57. Diseases and pests are important and regular treatments at 7 to 10 day intervals are required. The most serious diseases are early and late blight (Pseudomonas solanacearum and Phytophtora infestans) and some virus diseases. 58. Improved seed is currently not available in the project area. To maintain good yields in the tropics, the seed stock has to be refreshed con- stantly and seed replacement is usually required after about 3 years. The project would finance imports of 15 t of breeders' seed annually, which would produce seed for about 350 ha after two multiplications. Then, according to the quality of seed, it would be decided whether to multiply once more or to use the seed f or commercial production. Contrary to the current practice of growing potatoes in the complex crop association, the project's extension ANNEX 3 Page 15 services would advise, wherever possible, to grow the crop on a small plot in pure stand to facilitate application of the high fertilizer rates and pest control. 59. Tuber crops. After maize, tubers are the second most substantial part of the local diet. Most important are the cocoyams, locally called macabo (Xanthosoma sagitifolium) and taro (Colocasia esculenta and C. antiquorum), followed by yam (Dioscorea spp) and cassava (Manihot utilissima). The first two crops occupy, depending on the soil type, between 6 and 60% of the crop mixtures, and the second two between 6 and 30%. Present yields of macabo and taro, estimated on pure crop basis, are in the region of 4.5 t/ha and of yam and cassava of about 4.0 t/ha. The growing cycles and time- table of main field operations are evident from Chart 17886. 60. Research of tubers is less advanced than of other main crops. Tuber research has been assigned to the IRAF station of Bambui in Northwestern Pro- vince. Fertilizer observations carried out with macabo and taro in 1973 and 1974 showed some response to N and K. Firm recommendations are, however, missing. A growing period observation with Dioscorea caynensis, D. rotundata and X. sagitifolium showed that these tubers should not be harvested before at least 8 months of vegetation. Planted at the beginning of March, the yields taken in I month intervals were as follows (in t/ha): Harvest time Growing period D. caynensis D. rotundata X. sagitifolium End June 4 months 0 0 0 " July 5 " 1.3 1.3 1.5 " August 6 " 3.3 4.5 5.3 September 7 " 8.8 7.5 8.0 " October 8 " 10.0 11.5 12.7 " November 9 " 8.8 16.0 11.6 " December 10 " 11.7 12.5 12.1 The impact of research on this group of crops has remained very modest and, apart from improved nutrition, nothing else can be recommended under the project. 61. Plantains and bananas are gaining in importance for local consump- tion and market. In the project area they are estimated to be grown roughly in a ratio of 4:1, and particularly the plantains are reported to be of very good quality. A serious pest, the banana borer (Cosmopolites sordidus), is plaguing the plants. HIDEVIV has a plantation of 15,000 plants which are treated with insecticides (Kepone has been used so far), and the station hopes to provide, starting in 1978, about 30,000 healthy suckers to inter- ested farmers. ANNEX 3 Page 16 62. Vegetables are grown on a small scale practically everywhere and the Western Province has gained a reputation of being able to produce good and healthy crops. The project would support vegetable crowing, primarily by extension advice on improved crop production and protection, and also by imports of small amounts of high quality seed for multiplication at CEIPS in Bafou. As with potatoes, it would be attempted to separate vege- tables from the crop asociations into small plots, where they could be sub- jected to higher class management. Crop recommendations have been worked out by CEIPS and main data for main crops are summarized in the following table: Yield Crop Varieties Fertilizer Spacing Potential (kg/ha) (cm) (t/ha) Tomatoes Homestead 200-400 75 x 50 30 Indian River Globe Master Merveilles des Marches Lettuce Dimin 300 30 x 30 17 Batavia Blonde Cottage Gloire d'Ekhuizen 400 70 x 70 60 Beans Tendergreen 300 60 x 30 5 Contender Kentucky White Onions Red Creole 500 25 x 10 18 White Creole Leek Excelsior 500 25 x 10 20 Geants de Carentan Carrots Chantenay 400 30 x 30 18 Flakkeese Pepper Pusta Perle 500 30 x 30 25 Hot Pepper Baie de Satan Yatsafusa Cucumber Marketer 900 75 x 73 30 Green peas Vitalis 300 45 x 45 6 Telegraph Eggplants Black Beauty 1,200 90 x 60 30 Violet longue hative 63. Coffee (Caffea arabica) is believed to be grown on over 90% of all cultivated land. Smallholder coffee is heavily intercropped with foodcrops (Table 1); less than 4% are thought to be grown in pure culture. 64. Cultivation of foodcrops around the coffee trees has had a negative effect on the coffee trees' root system and, together with prices unfavorable for coffee and favorable for food crops, resulted in decreased coffee yields and production. Coffee yields over the last five years (1973-77) have de- creased as follows: 243, 167, 215, 152, 114 (estimate) kg/ha of green coffee. ANNEX 3 Page 17 65. Under present circumstances recommendations based on drastic up- rooting of older plantations and/or reestablishing new plantations on smaller plots in pure culture, as has been recommended in some earlier re- ports, would not be accepted by farmers. The project would, therefore, merely attempt to stabilize the arabica coffee industry in the project area and to stop the declining trend in production through improved fertilization and pest control (para 16 and 21), and processing (Annex 6). 66. Coffee regeneration. Figures quoted in an agricultural survey, published in 1965, provide an approximate estimate of the age distribution of coffee plantations as follows: Age (years) Proportion of plantations (v) less than 1 12 2-3 13 4-5 15 6-7 19 8-9 14 10-11 13 12-13 7 14-25 14 more than 25 2 Thus, in 1977 about a quarter (around 24,000 ha) of all plantations was older than 25 years. 67. In 1973-74 Government started a coffee regeneration program, con- sisting of improved seed production of the variety Java by the coffee research station in Foumbot, and of establishing nurseries by groups of farmers, who were advised and assisted by extension officers, equipped with the necessary materials. Initially, participating farmers were to receive a replanting premium, which was supposed to compensate them for loss of income until the young trees come to maturity, but this provision has been dropped for lack of funds. The program called for the replanting of 25,000 ha over 6 years. About 1,000 small nurseries have been established in Western Province, suffi- cient for the annual replanting of 2,500 ha of pure stands. However, both uprooting and replanting have been making very slow progress, and hardly any proper new plantation can be found. 68. Since 1977, agricultural extension stations have established nur- series under their own management. Each department singles out several ex- tension agents who are responsible for running the nurseries. According to the mission's estimate, nurseries established in the main arabica coffee pro- ducing departments would provide the following replanting capacity in 1978: ANNEX 3 Page 18 Department Plants in Nursery Estimated Replanting 1977 (No.) Capacity 1978 (ha) Menoua 650,000 330 Mifi 900,000 450 Bamboutos 500,000 250 Bamoun 340,000 170 Total - 1,200 69. The coffee research station at Foumbot is supposed to supply the im- proved JAVA seed for the nurseries. The Provincial Agricultural Officer's demand stands at 5 t of seed per year, good for replanting about 5,000 ha annually, but according to the officer in charge of Foumbot, this amount is likely to be produced only by 1981. The seed production is expected to move as follows: 1977 - 1.5 t 1978 - 2 t 1979 - 3 t 1980 - 4 t 1981 - 5 t The seed is delivered as parchment coffee in 1 kg bags of 2,300 seeds, which give about 1,600 good plants, sufficient to plant 1 ha. 70. Cultivation techniques and recommendations have been worked out for coffee grown in pure stands. Coffee experts have been hesitant to handle the complex coffee-foodcrop association of the project area, because they feel that whatever recommendation may be given there, coffee can never yield as high as in pure stands. The project's extension services would, however, have to approach the multiple cropping system as it is and work towards the improvement of production of all the crops. Extension advice regarding coffee would concentrate on fertilization, pest control, pruning and harvesting. 71. Pruning. The method recommended under the project would be multiple stem pruning (multicaule), leaving on the average four main stems per tree. This shaping would be carried out over the first and second year of tree life. Later, the main annual maintenance pruning would be carried out in February/ March. A secondary, light pruning would follow three to four months later to thin out the flush of young shoots. 72. Harvesting. Only uniformly ripe cherries can produce good quality coffee and at picking time the entire surface of each cherry should be red. The recommendation advocated by extension would be to pick every 10 - 14 days during the harvesting season, to prevent the berries from becoming over- z,ge, u&engjrmbeEries are difficult to pulp and berries of mixed ripeness ANNEX 3 Page 19 73. Processing is equally important for coffee quality as picking and proper processing is believed to be the main method of eliminating "stinking beans". Coffee depulping should start within four hours after picking, should be followed by a 12 to 24 hour fermentation, and thorough washing and drying (Annex 9). F. Phasing, Yields and Production 74. Phasing. In the project area there are about 77,600 farmers who are members of UCCAO and who would eventually participate in project activities. They occupy an estimated 103,000 ha of farm area and cultivate about 97,000 ha annually. The tables below show number of farms and cultivated area broken down according to administrative departments and soil types; more details are in Table 3. Farm Families Farm Area Department Members of UCCAO (No.) Cultivated (ha) Mifi 20,200 25,300 Menoua 26,000 32,500 Bamboutos 12,000 15,200 Nde 750 800 Haut Nkam 650 700 Bamoun 18,000 22,500 Total 77,600 97,000 Soil Type Red Black Reworked Ferralitic Deposition Brown Ferralitic Total Area (ha) 59,750 16,900 8,000 12,350 97,000 Farms (No.) 47,800 13,500 6,400 9,900 77,600 75. In PY 1, activities would mainly concentrate on recruitment of addi- tional staff, training, procurement of vehicles and equipment, and construc- tion of buildings. Starting with PY 2, it is expected that about 10,000 farms would be phased annually into the project and benefit from improved extension services. Input on credit would be available to all farmers from PY 1. By PY 4 about 30,000 and by PY 9 all of the estimated 80,000 members of UCCAO would be reached. The figure of 10,000 to be reached annually is considered reasonable in terms of project management and extension service capacity. It is proposed that project activities commence in the centrally located depart- ment of Mifi and gradually extend to Menoua, Bamboutos, Nde, Haut Nkam and Bamoun. Details of phasing of farms and areas into the project according to administrative departments and main soil types are outlined in Table 4 and the table below gives a brief summary. ANNEX 3 Page 20 Phasing in of PY 1 PY 2 PY 3 PY 4 PY 7 PY 9 Farms (NO.) - 10,000 20,000 30,200 62,200 81,200 Area (ha) - 12,500 25,300 37,800 77,800 101,000 76. It is assumed that between PY 1 and PY 9 an additional 3,600 new farms would be established in the sparsely populated Galim area of the de- partment of Bamboutos and that these farms would also be phased into the project. Thus, farm families would increase from the present 77,600 to 81,200 and cultivated land would increase by about 4,000 ha. 77. Yields. Without the project, some yield improvements would be expected to occur in maize, beans, grcundnuts, vegetables and coffee. As a result of project interventions, yields are expected to improve as shown in Table 5. The table below shows expected yield increases due to project interventioa. These yields are representative for the red ferralitic and black deposition soils, representing together close to 80% of the project area. Yields for brown soils have been estimated somewhat higher and for reworked ferralitic soils somewhat lower. Without-project yields (PY 0) are based on the mean yields over the last three years. Yield Estimate (t/ha) 1/ Type of Crop Without Proiect 2/ With Proiect 3/ Produce Maize 1.3-1.6 2.2-2.5 Shelled Beans 0.3-0.4 0.5-0.6 " Groundnuts 0.4-0.5 0.6-0.7 Unshelled Macabo and Taro 4.5 6.0 Tubers Yam and Cassava 3.5 5.0 " Potatoes 5.0 7.0 " Banana and Plantain 3.5 5.0 Bunches Vegetables and Others 4.0-5.0 6.0-7.0 Fresh Arabica Coffee 0.18-0.21 0.28 Green Coffee 1/ On pure crop basis. 2/ First figure for PY 0, second for PY 7 and on. 3/ First figure for PY 2-5, second for PY 6 and on. 78. Production. Total and incremental production projections, supported by yield and area figures for the four soil types over the nine project years are given in Table 6. The table below shows the summary of incremental pro- duction of the main crops. ANNEX 3 Page 21 Incremental Production (t) Crop PY I PY 2 PY 3 PY 4 PY 7 PY 9 Maize - 3,250 7,980 17,380 41,810 54,210 Beans - 380 560 930 2,040 2,640 Groundnuts - 250 750 1,000 1,870 2,710 Macabo and Taro - 11,250 18,730 29,980 62,650 73,620 Yam and Cassava - 3,750 5,700 9,450 21,860 27,230 Potatoes - 1,000 1,480 2,480 4,640 5,940 Banana and Plantain - 2,820 4,120 7,000 14,050 16,960 Vegetables and Others - 260 430 640 1,430 2,120 Arabica Coffee - 1,070 2,090 3,160 5,860 6,540 G. Field Services and Training 79. Extension services. The project's extension services would be headed by a qualified and experienced Chief Extension Officer (CEO), who would report to UCCAO's Director of Production Services. Organization and staffing are detailed at Annex 2. 80. The existing structure and numbers of extension officers in the project area are evident from the table below. Officers-in-charge COIC) of main agricultural stations (poste agricole principal - PAP) are usually TA (Technicien d'Agriculture) or experienced ATA (Agent Technique Adjoint d'Agriculture) level. OIC of agricultural stations (poste agricole - PA) are normally ATA level. The lowest level are extension agents (EA). Haut Department Mifi Menoua Bamboutos Nde Nkam Bamoun Total OIC - PAP (No) 1/ 5 3 3 1 1 2 15 OIC - PA (No) 1/ 8 6 6 6 1 8 35 EA (No) 2/ 26 24 20 5 3 14 92 Farmers (No) 3/ 20,200 26,000 12,000 760 650 18,000 77,600 Farmers per EA (No) 780 1,080 600 150 220 1,290 850 1/ Only those PAP and PA were counted that are wholly or partly active in project area. 2/ Numbers of EAs adjusted according to proportion of activities in project area. 3/ Members of UCCAO. 81. It is proposed that under the project, the extension field service structure be organized into five sectors, in line with the geographical area ANNEX 3 Page 22 of administrative departments (Nde and H.Nkam combined into one sector). Each sector would be headed by an experienced officer (Chef Secteur) at ITA (Ingenieur des Travaux Agricoles) level, who would report to the CEO. The ITA would have a field staff of TA, ATA and EA level officers at the following proposed ratios: one TA to about 5,200 farmers, one ATA to 2,200 farmers and one EA to 400 farmers. Thus, under the project the following numbers of extension officers would be required (cumulative): PY2 PY 3 PY 4 PY 5 PY 6 PY 7 PY 8 PY 9 Project farmers (in '000) 10 20 30 40 51 62 73 81 ITA (No.) 1 2 3 4 5 - - - TA (No.) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 15 ATA (No.) 5 9 14 18 23 28 33 37 EA (No.) 25 50 75 100 128 155 183 200 A comparison of available and required staff shows a shortage of EAs. This would be remedied by annually recruiting and training about 30 primary school leavers from farm families. Each year about 14 of these new agents would be allocated to the project. The sixteen trainees surplus to the needs of the project would be absorbed by the Provincial Delegation for work outside the project area. 82. The training and visit (T and V) system. Project management would or- ganize the extension services along the line of the T and V system, with cer- tain modifications made to respect the local conditions. Most of the prin- ciples of the T and V system would be introduced: - general extension services would be unified. Specialist agents would exist on a limited scale only for selected specialized activities, such as field trials and demonstrations, refores- tation, and bottomland development. The general extension services would have a single line of command, from the UCCAO Director of Production Services down to the EA; - extension personnel would devote all their time exclusively to agricultural extension work; - a systematic time-bound program of training and visits would be introduced, clearly specified and closely supervised at all levels. Frequent fortnightly one-day training sessions for field-level extension staff would be an integral part of the system. In these sessions, EAs would be intensively instructed in the three or four most important recommenda- tions for the forthcoming two weeks of the crop season; (such as rates, methods, times of fertilizer application; rates and methods of planting improved varieties of foodcrops; coffee pest control, harvesting, processing; grain storage); ANNEX 3 Page 23 - efforts would be concentrated to achieve a visible umpact and continued progress. EAs would concentrate mainly on the most important crops and on those few practices which bring the best economic results. In their approach EAs would concentrate on selected contact farmers; - selected contact farmers would have to be of good standing in their community, so that their views on new practices could be respected by other farmers. These contact farmers should not be the community's most progressive farmers; these are usually regarded as exceptional and their neighbors do not tend to follow them. Contact farmers should be selected in consulta- tion with village leaders; - at the initial stage, it would be very important to achieve an immediate impact through the EA's recommendations. This would give the farmers confidence in the EAs and the EAs confidence in themselves. To achieve this, the ideal items in the project would be higher fertilizer rates, improved pest control, and improved seed; - EAs should always concentrate on the kind of advice needed by the majority. Nevertheless, they should also spend some time with the most advanced farmers, because these should provide an example of what a major part of farmers would do a few seasons later; - the extension service would cooperate closely with research and try to close the existing gap between viable research recommendations and farmers' practices. To remain effective, extension must be linked to a vigorous research program, which has to be well tuned to the needs of the farmers (Annex 5); - a close link would be maintained between extension, and supply of inputs and credit managed by UCCAO. Activities of exten- sion services would create a larger demand for inputs among farmers, would provide farmers with technical information on the use of inputs, and would provide UCCAO with rough estimates on next season's demands; - extension services would undergo continuous improvement and training, in order to keep up with more advanced research re- commendations and farmers' demand for higher level advice. 83. These basic criteria of the T and V system would have to be adjusted to local conditions. Several conditions come into mind immediately, in which the Western Highlands differ from other areas, in which the T and V system has been so successful. Firstly, it is the macroecology and the complex multiple intercropping system of cultivation, secondly the high standard of ANNEX 3 Page 24 agriculture and production, which indicates that extension would have to work with an increased use of inputs and high technology (fertilizer, seed, pest control, coffee pruning, harvesting, processing, grain storage); and thirdly, the fortnightly training session of EAs would have to respect the project areas microecology, difference in crop compositions and crop growing cycles. 84. To enable a thorough familiarization of the project's leading ex- tension personnel with the T and V system, the project would finance a visit of two people for a one-month study trip to one of the countries where this system is working well (most likely India). 85. Training. The project would create a multipurpose agricultural training center (TC) situated in Bafoussam. The center would consist of train- ing and communal facilities, including a multipurpose demonstration cum classroom, library and reading room, boarding and dining facilities for thirty trainees. The center would be headed by a Senior Training Officer (STO), aided by two Training Officers. Actual training would be done by the two assistants with supplementary support given by staff of research stations and the Agricultural Technical Institute at Dschang. 86. The TC would fall under UCCAO's Director of Production Services, and institutionally under the Directorate of Agricultural Education within the Ministry of Agriculture. 87. The TC would have a multiple function. Firstly, it would organize and provide basic training for thirty newly recruited EAs annually. The basic training would be presented in a four-month cycle and would include principles of extension work, including a familiarization with the T and V system, principles of the area related ecology, crop husbandry, and Government and UCCAO administration. Further, the training center would provide I to 3 week refresher courses for extension officers up to the TO level and would also be available for short-term training of credit officers, cooperative staff and local leaders. The TC would also participate in the fortnightly T and V training. 88. It has been assumed that the TC would provide about 150 trainee- months in PY 2, and about 200 trainee-months as from PY 3 onwards. The table below gives a breakdown on the utilization of the training facility (in trainee-months): ANNEX 3 Page 25 Type of Training PY 2 PY 3 PY 4 Newly recruited EAs (30 x 4 months) 120 120 120 Refresher courses EAs (PY2 30 x 0.5 months) (PY3-4 60 x 0.5 months) 15 30 30 Refresher ATA, TA (30 x 0.5 months) 15 15 15 Credit training (30 x 0.5 months) - 15 15 Cooperative training (30 x 0.5 months) 15 15 Local leaders (30 x 0.2 months) - 5 5 Total 150 200 200 The estimated cost of the training center over the four project years is CFAF 166.3 million (US$680,000). Table I CAMEltOON 'WST-,RN HIC&LANDS RUtLAL DEVEWLP-ENT PROJXCT AVERAGE FAR.' CRO0 COt5OSITCTR ACCORDITC TO SOL 2YPE SOIL TYPE Red Ferralitic Slack Depoaitian Srotu eworked FTrralitic TOTAL Pr*dowin.ntty 0 rwrs n o artwencs MifU Nifi Baiboucoa ?iSfi Nbouds )Saun Monau 5^oun tNd. sa.boutas H.1fkw CulcOvac#d (ha) 59750 16900 8000 12350 97000 Avem.qe rrnaC.o) (7) t78 Crnr Conoosiclon-] Yo S No. No. No. us te 37000 65 78000 55 30K00 60 20000 40 Beans 9000 t5 6600 11 11000 IS 1800 3 cround7-lcs n v0000 10 50000 25 ZOO0 10 70000 35 Ms-aoo + Tsro 6000 60 600 6 4000 40 6000 60 Yam r Cassav 7700 70 1100 11 3000 30 600 6 Pocacoes 7000 4 1000 2 700 1 500 1 3nana Plancain 730 15 50 3 100 7 120 8 Vegecabtas + ochers 600 1 1000 7 600 1 600 1 Arahi', 1500 95 1250 80 1500 95 1500 95 crowno'r'g sIr (S) ,f A'rual Crop- 175 117 160 146 ( ') 3lsad on phystr1 -raip ounts dose by htAT on the ebave sail types in che 5tl zak a*ed 5oun area. (7) "o: ; sv overage numw,ber of plants per ha, "T' gives the corresponding perefntAge of recomended pure stand plant populs or. '' NaY-. a r.' t ourm'ucg -re aonvffers' a. * esor rovp, rubers end been. Ps xeeo season rops. Poe.'ees cnt vege taces '#r olrtto. t-ouqhouc taa roiry *eqpo" AmETX wttSIiJ 91081.008 RUua" 58Y51.08!01 P8JCT UICD11W2L-0C7lLj oIv)T 7l1TRC S With ProJet PTO19tt 1 Z 3 ' ' 5 9 1Y 0 PT 9 Age. Phed4 into ProJ et (ha) toarO t.1tl (1) - - - 12500 12000 12500 12500 U700 13800 13700 9500 - '' - (he) local LaTo r m oLcal C (T1) . _ _ 12100 25300 37800 50300 68000 77800 i1SOO l1o0o0 Feeders PhFud tnto Project (No.) - (1) - _ 10000 10200 10000 10000 11000 11000 11000 8000 (No.) U (SI) . - 10000 20200 30200 40200 51200 S2200 73200 81200 FtVfIlL . (1) *2 C. - (- . .2340 U90 22S0 2290 2310 2.90 Z 70 1110 (t) . _ (T) . 2340 4730 7020 8310 11320 14310 16780 18490 b) S oblot of Aeta - (1) - - 1160 1190 1150 llSO 1260 1240 1230 5S0 -- - - (TX3 ) . . 1160 2350 3500 4650 5910 7150 S 380 9260 Totl - (I) 3500 3580 3WAO 3 40 3770 3710 3700 2570 (TX) 100o0 13000 * 3500 7080 10520 1390 17730 2140 25160 27730 P-tCeid1.a( .8 ) ca.t#l. Cocrol. (1) - 13.0 U5.0 13.0 6.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 5.0 (l3o 13 (TI) . . . .0 uo z.O ]l.a 43.0 52.0 59.0 86.0 71.0 l) ntheadde. Control (S) 18.4 18.0 15.0 11.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 9.0 (c3 . (TX) . . . 18.0 3.0 5.0 85.0 77.0 59.0 101.0 110.0 ) otr. . (1) - - - 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 15.0 (c) - (TX) _ _ 20.0 80.0 S0.0 80.0 102.0 124.0 126.0 151.0 Iodal (t) - (U) _ . . 51.0 51.0 51.0 37.0 1.1.0 '1.0 61.0 29.0 - (T) 200 300 . 51.0 102.0 153.0 S90.0 231.J 272.0 301.0 332.0 .LL.1(3) (IW _ . 13.0 13.0 13.0 6.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 5.0 ('000 1) (TX) 1- 3.0 24.0 3S.0 45.0 52.0 59.0 6e.0 71.0 speaTwo ' . ( -.1 1500 1540 1500 3000 ") 3180 3160 60 4320 " OT7) Iw1ho 2000 - 1500 3004 i540 0 45t0 10100 Doploears(6) . (2) . 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 * (TI) 9000 900 1000 2000 3000 8000 5000 6000 7000 5000 Crtb. -(I) . 3000 3 000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 2000 (2X) . 3000 8000 9000 12000 15000 10m00 21000 28000 (1) Reommendd lertilisar idea md.r proJect 00 AM k6. 4 the ratio crespo s olphact of LO 3tl. tatt t.d _ea forliltsr m rtthoct pro)Jct 100 ltSiba It MlO .d 130 k8Jha in P1. (im1d3 120 gI/ba; n1.4 121 6./bA; P1t-9 130 kg1ha.) Prie. ct lamwar cAt 30/o, of m.chat4 et mt .oelo d CFA1 3/614 of d.-ad. (2) As .01t dt 501 ot cftfa. .ra .o ha treactd lloWilly tor A.t.a.cla . 301 for A.Chracao... The doo h tt t project oo ot ofp clclda aiatet Ct 2 %4/ba In MO ned 3 kgiha to tY9 (2 IqJha n10o ; 3 k6/ha PT5-9t. Proportle at of Act.scla . A hrco p-etlctid .tthtu.. projet 41ltfLc,c La *ooc6li.k. I1tth pr-jcc a. uaild Laeowee to _ sbera1a of 4.4 6;Jha for gted treatamet tc 1.6 USihe tar oth_r* (-c.?horer. oocrel. O." 4ra.la.. grain storage). Pri.t for 60tacla c_tral Lnecti:cide ClAP 300J1I Aotkraeo.o CatU 1720/k.. others CtAU 10001k;. (3) Ctle-ater ae.dfor opraetLig .tic./ ear^apr0 tot Aace.cu uotrol. Prtce CtAP 7011. (4) A_oc 3000 f.wr. *aac.rtd to - teapeck ahrayra but oml y t h-lt eft thee Clathaec t be in oparatlt. ItWz.01t1 . Pitt of r.ear C7Al 15000. ealadl; poyaro emtirgod .tchomx Project. in 11 mea sprayer na1ld Ibe satI-ble or w tbOt 7.5 h. of sofe., or seone 10 h.01 atal apreyteo for Antrlleane cotrol. (5) Am tfro ?T5 an..rd r.pLeadent apr41w? leluded into proj.te1lo. (6) A*4. 9000 4 eul"gre eiCeWC* to be _.m fer.re -a prvjact or. . rati. oft m depuLper to * out 10 ha at coftf. It La dawed that this reels _14d bo ko1t C1.81 ttho-L pr.j-- Prelec -i1d preotd. - dtioni - 0L M0M0 d'lor. by P*9 thu- 4 r.atg the *-r . t I dplepr - 5.5 ha .tt. D.t par lt. eati_ca ac .0 7ners. (7) ToaL 9datLities. CAMEROJON WESTERN NIGHLANIiS RURAL DEVELOPMW PROIAECT NU1i1ERS OF FARMS IN PROJECT AREA AND TIIEIR AREA iIISTRIMUI'IOtl AtCORDINtI TO ADMINISTRATIVE DEFPARINEmnS Al'D HAIN SOIL TYPES( ) In Pr..iet Are& Ferte Area Total (lie) For. Arka Cultivated Approi.t..tive Proportion of C.Itivated Area ot Main Soil Type.. (hs) Mes,bers of UCCAO (No) _ Red Ferr' r ,ll blak Deposition Browte Rewc,rkld Fr,ralltir py 0 py 9 py o py 9 py 0 py 9 py O . py I PY 0 - PY 9 PY 0 PY 9 PY O - PY 9 MiIi 20200 20700 76750 26250 25300 15300 14450 5000 -- -- 50 26010 26000 341)110 34000 32500 32500 275011 __-- 50( 12000 15600 17000 20000 15200 19200 7200 -- 8'J00 12000 -- Nd,r I50 50 1000 1000 1100 o00o -u -- -- - h hot,,l 11,,.. 650 650 850 850 700 700 -- - -- -- 700 18000 18000 23401l 23400 22500 22500 10600 11900 -- -- -- loTis 77600 81?00 102500 IOS0O0 91000 101000 59750 16900 8000 12000 17350 II,.. ol 11aula,, .o SOj i Iype:. Iel ,i*,nbe,) 77600 817io - -- -- 47R100 13500 6400 10000 94110 .I S;.i I lyprs (PY 0) -- -- -- -- 100 - 67 17 13 -- 1 Iii ti.. .Ir.q;v (lb H- hese pa .l etors are experted tq aoke pl c Ia a rea,to of proJet act4 Iv tIes I id itLer.iIor. i ItaC loll wi 1-.00t p oject - vw LI prpoje-t CAHMRDO(N WESTERN IIICIIIANDS KItRAI. DEV6LOVEIOtH1ENT 1OEIT PIIASINRI OIF FAKMIS AND) AREAS RItf( PKBtlC1JC PY 0 1 2 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 WI IlitlIlt p8131~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~880 10 Fr.~ti' lotel 1 .1io )) 77600 78000 78400 7B800 19200 79600 80000 80400 80800 81700 F e,ts Ar.. lorlc Lie.1 101000 101500 102000 102500 101000 101500 104000 104500 105000 105500 1,,,. Aret- I " vIlem (/b) 97000 97500 98000 98500 99000 99400 99800 100200 100600 101000 WiliB PRO IECT Pl.o(e.t aramm (No,) 1Inrealental -- 10 10200 10200 10000 11000 11000 11000 8300 As-es (1 -.) -^ _- 12500 12800 12500 12500 13800 13800 13800 10500 PI o le. (stoats (No.) Total -- -- 10000 20200 30200 42200 51200 62200 13?00 81200 Ass- (ha.) -~ -- 12500 25300 37800 50300 64000 71800 91500 101000 For S (tto 2 ~~~~Dc.artlaent 4.) PIsasIujl a. ^ sto Ad.lnistratlve HIFI -- 10000 20200 20200 20700 20200 20200 20200 70200 IittpartoteOIO Nemmimma (- - -eljol 10000 20000 26000 26000 26000 26000 fmmmmlative) -".n ) 5000 14000 15000 15600 tile - - - - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~50 10750 11 Ntsa -- -- - - 650 650 650 BHa.ooo -- - - - 600 10600 18000 Total -- 10000 20200 10200 40200 51200 62200 73200 81200 (1t) pi.aS lI Cc to HM.In Soil f R -- 10000 11540 21540 31540 33560 39860 39860 47800 I'yplm (~~~~mmmxmm lative) 80 -- ~~~~~~~- ~ 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 11500 13500 BR - 4960 8880 10000 10000 RtF _ 4660 4660 4660 8680 9480 9900 9900 Total -- 10000 20200 30200 40200 51200 62200 73200 81200 A!I. ^ L.-A Phl..tmtttl I to Heist Soil RP( ) 12500 14450 26950 39450 41950 49850 49850 59750 1YI's-~m (ttttt latixe) 831 -- 5000 5000 5000 5DI0 5000 16900 16900 ItN - - - . ....00 11100 12000 12000 RWF -. 5850 5850 5850 10850 11850 12350 12350 Tota -- 17500s 25300 3)800 50300 6411o10 77800 91500 101000 (ii R,ral popt.lalioa grs-tth estia'acd at 2.27 pa. AbOnL half of Itt .otrIttttal ela p.mp11latiomt Xetmjel- tO flliml Clt m mItV blattt in leac pop.mlaEd parts of Ihe pro le. sare, .e. c bommt 3601) ddtit iu(nal tarts-S to abxo,l 4000 h. laInd by pY 9i e 17) hese i frarms are expelted it he t I e [i .1al. area of the Depr. of B-atmute. hlere p opnltation i, i 1 40/Rkn7 (br.-m sl*Ot) Phasing in of It, t-V fai-t-s lO tie prol tl vowmid I art itt 1Y t. vheu project i,tivities reath tle depmrtrtt. - w (1) ll - ri.l Ihrralil; Ri) - It.I1,li JBp- tIItit - browt: RWF - ,eswrk.d f1rk.lit-l. CAMEROON WESTERN HIGHLAND RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT YIELD PROJECTIONS (T/HA) SOIL TYI'E RED FERRALITIC BLACK DEPOSITION BROWN REWORKED FERRALITIC TYPE OF PRODUCE 1/ Stage WO W WO W WO W WO W CROP: 2/ Maize 1.3-1.6 2.2-2,5 1.3-1.6 2.2-2.5 1.4-1,7 2.5-2.8 1.2-1.5 1.8-2.1 Shelled (1.7) Beans 0.3-0.4 o.5-o.6 0.3-0.4 0.5-0.6 o.4-o.5 o.6-0.7 0.2-0.3 0.3-0.4 Shelled Groundiiuts o.4-o.5 o.6-o.7 0.4-0.5 O.6-o.7 0.5-0.6 0.7-0.8 0.4-0.5 0.5-0.6 Unshelled Macabo + Taro 4.5 6.o 4.5 6.o 5.5 7.0 3.5 5.0 Tubers Yani + Cassava 3.5 5.0 3.5 5.0 4.0 5.5 2.0 3.5 Potatoes 5.0 7.0 5.0 7.0 7.0 9.0 4.0 6.o Banana + Plantain 3.5 5.0 3.5 5.0 4.0 5.5 3.0 4.5 Bunches Vegetables + Others 4.0-5.0 6.o-7.0 4.0-5.0 6.0-7.0 5.5-6.5 6.5-7.5 3.5-1,.0 4.5-5.0 Fresh Arabica Coffee 0.18-0.21 0.28 0.18-0.21 0.28 0.20-0.23 0.30 0.16-0.19 0.26 Clean Coffee 1/ WO = without project (first figure for PY 0, second for PY 7 and on), W = with project (first figure PY 2-5, second PY 6 and on). 2/ Maize yield of 1.7 t/ha refers to local variety. 2.2-2.5 t/ha to improved variety. This distinction refers only to red ferralitic soils in PY 2 and part of PY 3. When farms on other soil types are phased into project, improved seed would be already available. (I' D O) 3 4 5 i I WU- I'll, Ar- Total__-EM. A .. m a n 9 0 9 . 0 n I "x.) (...) 0) W 0.) (0 M (h.) (1) (I) fhl) (I) -7h (11.) 0) (I) L,. "o-am .,u OI71. .-.-d) k A-- L -' 3::W 49Z I.- l. 1; Z. 1 8.3. 11N. 3250 9390 I 1.0 17320 3-110 11-10 25640 'fill. 1715. %270 68,80 I711. %WO - 6. 321.W 8,1000 111. 3U',Q I"I 1, S, 89 "Bo 0,6 isso ".. w M. .1 10 104 1011 110 S " " M " 3,7o "So 4" 4" ,- 'I 4 5 89,o 32 s9w 0.4 0.5 2112- 1450 .,. Iw I I I. w 1:1.  I loo ll'o Q 0 I910 14. O M 1 49" IM 9W SIN 1.11. I IN 1. ........ 100 I N So 0 So 90 o 'o " SO 4 871 I-I "Ill I I.- 53m) I: 1 16-1 1:' 11 4 70 7. I42 11111 141 10 I 41110 ", "lo .9$,. I, I W 111M 1:1. I. I I5L 151.2. 377. 199 11141. 1 1 199 I1946. "I I. I ..... .. 4-1 11. 1!1. I'M I . 1441. 134. "I W .1' Xo 4- .. ....oT` 13 I, I S 199. 13930 3 19" t3l" 31 1:1 lo I I I 'I ,10 406' "'O ... .O" 1.. 11760 3). So Z 23'o l67- '70" .0 00 8 M 'o oll. I.- l. III. T. III. 111. U" IIN 114M 14 140 114. 11 "O AN 314. lUI0 8no 44I.. 'l- A,!6,:b 'N 4:1 1:1 14 W 11 111 IN 11 10 .4o M Z70 112. 4 V 1. 1140 41. 110 1140 "' 5" 3500 1- -1. "' 1,211 . .if.. 5"60 01. _Io ,12. I13. Wm .3730 3040 1230 Isw 7.70 21. DU. I.W - I'.5o It.0 It 4111. 131. 3790 4130 lll 1311 -1.1 11- - r--l ... -W lzsw 1441.0 2615. 3945 I'll, 4111.0 41:M (.3 0 2". 540 Il1w "o 41- n0 11 1, 11 . 1 9 13W 9 14I8. 2.5 Ilh- 1-1-I 27A 1- ':I' ':4' "O ,5,- UN 2,15. W50 2200 17M 6010 19IO 2,11. I. W 111. I,710 low 24 9IN 23250 - . 93N 1)-, - ,1 60 . 0 S I10 I "O S ". 00 4210 A 0.5 11 IM "SO w IN 1150 I" IN M 3. 1.0 "Io' I'll I'll III I'll "I 111.1 'o M 750 2% 2" 7M , . ... ,M IM I'M .00 "o I .o I 10 .41 4". Iw 10 451. 6.0 'N low low 450 I I 450 l, I.J. io, 4 M M W SW M - 450 low . . ..0 'a SM I'M 930 S 27% 8 M 5 27 930 .. 27 'o '30 1 111o I'- IIN 13. IM. 40 I 0 ...... 360 ,,o IN 2. I '00 1. 2. IM 1'.0 1. 10 IN IN 1 'W' 1. l'oo 11'. 11 11. 111o 13o 111:11.11: ll- - 'I. M 211 10 15. 33. 1. 11S. 'o I 1. 50 50 23. YM 23. I ... St. 25" 4 loo wo Iw I I w 120 7 22. 2. IIN 6.0 11 11 M 0W WW ....... .312'00 o:7- .':'U ;0'M 11"". a' :02. :" 7 34. - 112. lw IlIo 3 4" IlIo 32. - 112. 11. 4 l12. 1 V 1152. II. 91. .1- 17- I'll 16- Mo Mo. 5- 5- I'll III I635"'o ".; 40W 'NO NO No 20 -wMiSqRA (OW h. b, ft 0.130.y h. b, o`I II 9 n 0 0 n 9 4a.. " ':' 'I'M ... ':' " "' . .. ..... "l` . I ..... -0- 1-1- -j- 1111 11410 4471 111. IIII 12W IWO I'-1 IIN -1.I"o I I 0 Io It , I M I". I l 0 0 10 No 41 4N 10i 41. C, 8W .. 0.5 .6 "O 0 621 ... lo IIle - 22. 1100 "I 141 32 4wo 55 'I 26 24 17360 3720 444. 11. "" 4 33".60 72. .. ".O 12. I 4.0 9w 3M III 54 3. J,w S. I 24MM SW 11444'w :0, IOWO 1.23o 2790 1130 "Mm SW 61 111 .01 I= so 120 A so X w 540 12o Ito " "O 'o 'o 5 I . 224. 33 I370 65o 7" 4110 110 Ill 1110 .2. 11211 ':,':"b' ":II" 40 10 1. I.. "' 120 S,S 7 . :15 M 45. M 9" 1.w -b... i.ff.. 'M IIIN 0.20 0 23 -0 2620 0. M 1.90 .770 47. IO" 116. OM 114. U20 W. 114W 1110 o. 8- .2o. 12. Ill. 12WO F- 49. so" ww- it IT0 n 9 py 9 . 0 I, 9 4111 1: 22 4:3 11 1 141O -,I A. ?,.J-, 2140 IIJS Ilig 1110 4110 110 1,30 4 2,100 11.  '34101 1:1. 43'. SIM II40 114- 1-11- 19IO -0 I-) 7. S, S S "o , M ". 0:, 1121 4320 .4 0.5 N 210 2050 loM 21o 205 10" 210 2.50 IoM 2t. 3ON 2260 110 4110 14" 11. 411. III. I M"" 411 tlI,x I T.- 7410 40 3510 175M 5270 3510 17 1270 351. nM S270 6110 32550 9770 1110 3 5 5 I"M 7410 37050 1. 4lo "o'. 70 7 2 59. t,:0, 350 1230 331 350 1 1 3"O $30 330 12M 530 450 2I80 w 11. 241". 1.1o 1. 14. 1110 12 4 0 48 6. I II. I I 1'. , 22 120 '20 24. 120 72. "' 120 Ill :1100 :o 29 70 4' :'I 47. 21" 710 4 700 2120. 1 10 4 YWO I13W2O 7,10 $70 3 520. 95. 1ft l4 M 9 " '41. 11'. 9, "" 141" 220 S t S. I , "O "o II I , ;. I" 1.o 115- 42. 4w W yo 20 W 'o 20 W0 "MO '50 So 6o " " 1. aI. .2 - f.. .17 0.1. 1. 112o 1880 o 156. 14 o 5M IS6. 1150 - 516. 14 Is. 213. 9. 1113. I.I. m,.k 51 1 10 1161. 12350 12350 I IS I- I- 4I. 4 .1w 14w W IOTAL F W W . n 0 I 9- 0 71230 III'- 8130 IM20 32" 14480 28020 7 1.13. 11,11- IIIN IN.0 141S. -5,10. l:4.0 It .III.- .110 ION 1 2. W 10 0 0 103 0 M 'e. M .. S I I:1 1213. 133 21 1 41 M 'o 133 . o 'o 'o See 'o M' 2" 0 'o 15130 lst $,M 19 7 4,M 2 o 1150 1150 1" 1130 7150 167 2 low 4 WI11110 4UM 344N IO 7. 0 14 15730 tM No '1250 124 II 0 W .... 600 47410 41037o W9420 Ilum ?W 45 M 7135700 187" l'" 133254 29 2 111. 4170 2475. 6I650 43110 25 "I 480 29 10 71"n 2M 12MI W. 1110 41,I10 112M .. 11 1711o 171 1 1111 16141o 0 51"' $9420 "22. 17" 319. t.4. 1 :'No 3111 14' IIBW U1370 8154D 242'"o 219 900 11440 2I.-I 11 0 7W So :"" 1:11. 146M 14970 3 two A. 1120 11. 12 8620 248o .. 0 I2120 4W ,,o '36. two 23?0 1611- 5110 Sol. 2- I- pl.-t. tio M 11 M 394M I SW 5W M " T w ON 94M 28" 27" )IZQ 4120 4610 7W 6540 12470 102. 1740 10:410 116 930 46720 -4050 9820 49.3a 1474. II IN 564.30 16 6,I I 4IZO 59IO IM 10 2 W 30 17M I , J. " 4V, 64. "O I M " 4 0 '3 S` M 0 14 V 0 13 - 99W 1IN a o 211. 696100 934.100 5" o.. lS. "lo lo). 23M GAM 2No IIIN 914. It.0 47040 I I2'.O 317. I-M .67. - 71017o 1"56370 SD60 . toool 0 235820 190, I AIo I_ . 114. (l.;t MMW 121. 25M 37 $"-o 6- 77.. '15. M - zozw 302. 02. .I. 122. 13- 2- I- 87- ..d IZ=.d (27 ..d 2340 h. (4) 1. 41) 11.1 .. .. .... ... ANflNiEX 3 Table CAMKOh WETpWI NlClgAiPS SIJAL DM-LOfM MtICT YrARH pipICI - 1.3 Mi' RED0 PEIALITIC SO1I (1.25 [LA CULTIVATAD) Crop ~~Axea, ask put* trclgunnry~jc /WrTH PinLTC I/ Composition crop basis 11.18 Productioa Cross Income yie1d Production Gross Ic-Me CKto t4h (CPFA) Lkalhabl (kaI (CFAYl (keIh.a (k)l MAU_ haie* 6 0.d1 31 1,600 1.296 45,360 2,500 2,030 71,050 beans 15 e.1U 65 *0O 12 6,120 600 110 9.350 Croundout 10 0. 3 60 500 65 5,200 100 S0 1,200 l4acabo + Tore 60 0.17 IS 4,500 3.380 50.700 6,000 4,500 61,50 1am C.00ava 20 0.25 IS 3,500 8gO 13,200 5,000 -- 1,250 18,750 Potwto$* 4 0.05 35 S,0 0 250 *,750 7.000 350 12,250 banana P Plantain U5 0.16 U 1 ,S00 630 1.550 5,000 900 10,800 egetablae + Ots re 1 0.01 56 5.000 50 2.900 1.000 10 4,050 Arabica coffee 91 1.19 292 210 250 13,000 2bO 330 96,160 Croae Value oD ProduCtion (CTA) 212.780 297.310 Production Coatel Seeds 1/ 39 060 41I.60 V.rtilitara 31 ,5000 lIoS00 Pesticides ±7 4,000 154300 tools. Bags 2,000 4,000 Nlre at Depulpar 1,000 Productlon Costs Subtotnl 51,560 172660 gtt Value at Producti 161220 21,6SO Family CoousuptloO 30,000 50,000 Cash income after r_ally Coasuptton 111,220 169,650 Debt Serdca - 34,370 Camb Income ater Debt Service 111,220 13354(6 Ale Tease 71 -4S0 -450 plus Fmily Conoamptioa 50000 50000 Total let SBantL8 160,770 185.010 TotaleNotsl 0far.Btnefit 24,260 Incre"2. F_1-1ei Family Labor (hi) por Vera) 245 308 Nat anentit per ID) (CPA!) 656 600 Nat Benefit per ha (CfAf) 123,670 14a,024 Not Steneit per ha (*) 505 604 (42(.1 l/ later. to tull development year. 21 luprovad *atte 4ed at CPAr 140/k5, vegetabl aseed at CFAV 10.000/kg. othere at market pricae. 1/ wttbout project 130 kg/ha (166 kg/tfrm). with project 400 kg/he (500 kgItarm); ratlo cs.pound sulphate out eaont. tt1 and 1 t respectively. rric CFrAP 316g ot coupouund and 30l/kg ot soIphsa 141 Wlt projadt assumed full poat control of coftea: Antestla - 4 1/ha Intacticti8 at CFAU 300/1 and 4 I/ha gasoline at CFAF 70/1; Anthracnoa - 7 kg/ha tungicide at CFAF 1,720/kg and 1.6 kg/hte of othar pesticides at CFAP 1,600/kg. Withot project assumed ue ot I 1/ha Lasecticid# and ganoline for Anteeti- control end 2 k/ha fungicide for Anthrecoose. 5/ Cono-uptiOn of about 2,500 cal par adult per doy saesmed unchengad In with and without project attuatloa. Consoplion of adult aaauond to conelet beaiLelly of 0.5 kg sauie and 0.5 kg tubers end *an logu.ee. truit and vsgatablea per day. 6/ One knapsack aprayer at CFAF 15,000 (cre4it fDr 3 years). wire matting tar grSin storage cribs 25 a*2 t CFAF 10,000 (3 years) and one coffa* hand d putp;a *t CFAY 60,000 (5 yare) at t10't inreoe rate. This 1. the case of a tamer gettlng eredit for all tfae equipment, ctearly more than vould be aeeded by any one frmer. H/ ead tex - CPA! 150 per adult per year. IGHLAMS RUSAL PffYClOftM flOIrg~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~M~IC PUN BUD4T 1.3 MA 11.46g DpgOSflIOM 5011.5 J1.3 MAt CULTIVATEUl Crop Areaeema pore "rIgo/kg 868TW)T nairtJKC- / 8ItiW L Cloett1e rop beett pia1d Itojuction Cro-- Icraxe 'id ?roduction Crosa ir; Cralt !11 eCyAJU 11t/Aml (VA) (CFAF) Ike/ha) Ikg)1f f A) KIais 35 .61 35 1,600 1.104 36*640 2.100 1,123 60.114) I..:: 1IUt . * 3$ 1 eOO S6 1 64 .14 41 400 36 4.160 600 841 Gira&dnut 2 .31 so sa 15S 11.400 100 211 17.3 4) Macb. + Tare .01 Is 4.300 360 5,400 4.000 480 1717°0 VS 4 Cas a ;1 .14 Is 3.00 490 l.3i0 .000 sooo S0.00 10tatoes 3 02 is 1,000 to0 3.100A 1.000 140 4.900 Bao. * tlaee.3 .04 12 1.1SW 140 1.480 1.0o0 200 2.400 v tl * Ote 02 S00 1000 10 .20 Ar.t1c, soo. 5 1.00 2ta lie 2tO 4t.120 260 280 81.760 CrOss Vehut *t ftodctloe (CruA) 140.610 199.1S0 Ptoduetion CatIb loads I/ 11 *690 88.010 p erlilloe 51100 16.500 Zoet cd.. j 4.000 81 S. u00 Zuia. Bae5 2.00 W,44 Bire at Depule 1.000 troduction Costs Subtotal 2tl 190 53.l10 Wet Velue of yroductio, 3012660 143 S80 Family Conouaptlio J 50.000 50.09 Coah lncums e*ter Family Coueumptlto 62.660 9 4880 Debt Service j/ -34,D0 Cash Ineo_ ettar Debt Service 62 660 61 /n0 Less Taxes 1/ -450 -4S0 Plue Famly) Cansueptioe 50,0000 0,000 Total Not laneit 112.210 11 1 2t.0 lncre..e,tet 1Farm leneolt 8,11l 1-aoll Labor (No por raw&) 204 254 Nag Bandtit pet N0 (CFAF) SS0 4la Ibt lenetiL por he (CFAr) 866315 flq'O05 Not Se1nettl per La a6) 1 163 )51I1) R aleform to gull dnvelopeat yetr. 1/ I-prov-d satlv &&.A at CrAr 140/kg voegetable good sc ClAI 10.000/5 . ethr *t c arket price.. 3/ llt81uuterojec 130 kg/he (164 ik/t) witb ptje|ct 400 kg/he (100 kg/ter) reatio coepound eulphate of onie lit end 3,1 respectively. Pric. Cf1U 36/kg of cmAouand and 30/Ag of 5ulphale. w/ wigh proJs4t eae.Ad full peet coatrel otoftee. Latette - 4 I/be lieetcticUd at CrAt 300/1 and 4 1/he gasoline at CLAP 10/1; Anthreca*o. - I VS/ha tonAlcid. at CLAP 1.220/kls *4 1.6 &gIIhm of othnr peaticides at CrAY 1,600/k. Iilbout project a*emad ice at I I/ba Insecticide end Sasoaline Cr Anteatia control and 2 ILb/,& fungticde gor Aathrecnoae. / Conasptlion of ab*ut 2.100 cal pet adult ter day *.,uasd uschb4s.d in wikh cdn without project situetion. Conerptioa ot edalt samoued to coneiaa basically of 0.1 kg ma8as an4 0.5 kg tIltar.. ard eum laguass, fruit and vetables pot day. 2 6/ One knapsack sprayer at CrAu 11i.000 (4dit tot 3 year). Wilre etlog foc gr*o a t terage critb 21 a at CFAU 10,000 (3 years) ead oga craf* hand da*pulper at ClA 60000 (S y4ar.) at lox l.- tat&. thia 1 the came *t a erwart 1getiAl erdit tar all tgra eiuipest. clearly mote than would be needed by any one tarmr. 1/ Head tax - CFlA 130 pew a4dt paW year. s~~~~~~-. - 5 _ * . r. 0* *'r4e . 2; ^ I D C- n _ .- C,a. V; .- *n -:o *ftE_ ~~ a ~~ * °* asn i o a T~~~~ * * - Ian O - e 8 e, S , 5- CpSnf CM p - o-e - ^ . ft e ~.. S O* * Li C' F _o I- F ye . *. *f' C P t.....OC . 1'_O 51 fto. . __ fl C'_On_~ st * f c _p_ C _-C _ l5* :S * _ t _ ft _ , t n. n - be* * np. 8. Ce Ocs~' 8e tn CC ft.n C ;t PM _ - - - ft a ,,n - I ~ * o ~ - _ cS r r 0 Oh~4 * o n O Ir felaP°O Ptat t-|-| a. - r~~ Table 10 WITIM NIQItLADS SIMlAL DEvEIrHcITM PUtCI FAR" WDIGT 1.3 KA UII5SWO ,ERRALITIC 3O,LU (11.2S IA CULTIVAtDI Crop t-a an pute rite4/kg WiiT3Ar r I= I/ Wm FnrJECr 11_ Composition crop batim lidid Production Cross Income Yield Production Gross Irce Crop I) () (ClAF) (kg/ha) (ha) (CrAV) (ks/ba) (kC A) HMain 40 .30 31 1.,00 750 26.230 2,100 1,050 36.)50 1e1s° 7 .04 Is 300 12 1,020 400 16 1lt60 Crouna,luts 35 44 s0 500 220 17.600 600 264 21.120 Kaee o + TYre 60 .7S IS 3.500 2,625 3S9,30 5,000 31750 56.250 Yea + Casanva 6 .01 IS 2,000 140 2,100 3.500 245 1,680 totatoe I .01 is 4,00o 40 1,400 6.000 60 2,100 ta 4 Planta t .10 12 3,000 300 3,600 4,500 A50 5,400 Vegetables , Otharn 1 01 56 4,000 40 2,320 5,000 S0 2,900 Arabica coffee 95 1. I 292 190 226 6S,990 260 309 90.230 Gross Value of Production (ClAN) 159,660 219,790 Production Costal $nada I/ 33,790 55,520 rPetiltsra J/ 5,500 16,500 t icId 7 4.000 15,300 tools, leg2 2,000 4,000 olrf Do*Ipulper 1.000 Prodction Coots lubtotal 46,290 13,320 lot Value ot produttion 11J3,70 148.470 latly Cona.qltton I/ 30,000 50/000 Csnb Joann after Faily Coesumtteni 63,370 98,470 Debt largvica / - '4 '° Cash luco_m afttr Dbt service 3,970 64,100 Leos Tsaas !I -450 -450 plus _atlry Ceaousptio 50,000 50.000 Total Nlt 1enefit 112,920 111,1S0 locr.ntal far. afit 930 Family Labor (idD per Per.) 233 299 let Benetit per NO (CFAP) 480 380 Ibt Denatit pot h ICUP) Met Benefit pot b ($) 3 (.4t 1/ IStars to tull dovelopj.nt year. i/ 1rovad sae seed at CPAP 140/kg, vegetable see at CAru 10,000/kg, others at arket prices. 1/ WIthout projecc 130 kg/he (166 kgs/ar.), with project 400 kg/bs (Soo kl/tar.)l ratto compourd sulphats of OasoatI 1:1 adw 3:1 rspsccively. Price CrAr 36/kg of compound snd 30/kg of *ulpbate i 111th projact a*u_med full pest control of coffese Antesti - 4 7/ba tnea"tics at CYAP 300/I and 4 I/ha gacolLne Ct ClAU 70/1; Anthracnose - 7 kghyb tuhicide at CrAr 1,720/bg and 1.6 kg/he of other paticidma at ClAP 1.600/kg. Vithout proelct assumed use Of 1 l/la inncticids and ga4olt for ADtatta control and 2 kg/he tungicida for Anthrecnoon. / Consuwption of About 2,500 cal per adult per dey aumed u,change in with and without project ltuttion. Coruaption of *dult *a ud to conaist basically of 0.5 kg seise no4 0.5 kg tub.re a,d eon. legu*iea, fruit and veXatable per d.ay a / o, .a.psck sprayer at CrAN 15,000 (credit ftv 3 years), Sire etting for grain storage cribs 25 a at ClAN 10,000 (3 years) and o.e coffee bhed depulper at CrAr 60,000 (S y.r.) at lI0 nitet. interest rate. This is the case of a farmr setting credit for a1l ttr,w sjuilnt, clanrly more than would be naodad by any or (armor. 7/ hllad tex - CrAP 10 per adult par yaar. CAM EROON WESTERN HIGHLANDS RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT CHECK ON AVAILABLE AND REQUIRED LABOR (IN MANDAYS). RED FERRALITIC SOILS, FARM SIZE 1.3 ha, CULTIVATED 1.25 ha, 3 ACTIVE PERSONS PER FARM 60 Mandays Available on Farm Per Month 60 - so _ 40- 20- .5. 10 B J F M A NI .1 . A ~S 0 N Worid Bank - 17921 CAME ROON WESTERN HIGHLANDS RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT AGRICULTURAL TIMETABLE Temperatura (°C) J F M A M J J A S 0 N o Rainfall (mm) 250 325 Coffee 325 -- - ----- --- 305 Maize 2 4 0 ______________________-___ 285 1.crop 20 Bedns - 265 2. crop 245 Groundnuts - ---23°- -- - -- 225 Macabo, Taro "Cocoyams) - 205 Yam _ . ' 7 I > - - l - ~~~~~~185 220° Cassava - 165 . _ _____ -__---I___ _________ _ 1 --~ - -- 145 Plantain, Banana 210 4 _1 1 .. .. 125 Avocado / /7\ -A, / X } \ X r [ l ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~105 Sweet Potatoes Potatoes --20° / \ / \ _> ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~65 1. crop 45 Vegetables 190- 2.crop Soil preparation Harvest and sowing Cultivation Rainfall --- - - Temperature Worlo Bank - 17886 ANNEX 4 CAMEROON WESTERN HIGHLANDS RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT The Seeds Production Center A. Background 1. In the Western Highlands there is no institution coordinating seed production efforts or producing seed on a significant scale. The principles of seed production are, however, not entirely new to the area, since all the research stations present have attempted in the past to multiply, on a modest basis, seed of species and varieties that they considered ready for introduc- tion into peasant agriculture. 2. IRAF Dschang used to produce annually a few tons of improved maize seed, that was handed over to extension services to be distributed among farmers, IRAF Bambui produced and distributed in the same manner small quan- tities of yam seed, CEIPS Bafou used to multiply potato seed, and IRAF Foumbot produced in 1976-77 about 1.5t per year of coffee seed and plans to increase production further (Annex 3, para 69). 3. A critical shortage of funds has brought most of these activities to a halt. CEIPS Bafou, for instance, has virtually ceased operating and IRAF Dschang has established only 3 ha of polyhybrid maize. The plot is well kept, but received only less than half the required quantity of ferti- lizer. 4. Contract seed multiplication would be very difficult, for the following reasons: (a) the area is very densely populated, farms are located virtually one next to the other and are small. About 80% of farms have less than 2 ha; (b) to find sufficient suitable area for multiplication would be difficult and to maintain isolation distances impossible; and (c) maize and groundnuts, crops considered suitable for early multiplication, are grown as first season crops and have to be harvested in July-August, at the peak of the rainy season. Few eventual contract growers, if any, could en- sure proper harvest and post-harvest handling of seed crops at that time of the year. ANNEX 4 Page 2 5. Demand for improved seed, particularly of maize and potatoes, is strong among farmers. If seed has to be produced in this area, the above reasoning leaves open only one option, and that is the establishment of a properly equipped agro-industrial seed production center. Government has been aware of this situation and has asked a group of consultants to pro- duce a study for such complex. The study has been reviewed, and proposals made in this report are based on this study. B. Seed Production under Prolect 6. Introduction. It is proposed that under the project an agro- industrial seed production center (SPC) be built up, which would produce, condition, treat, certify, package and distribute seed of the most impor- tant foodcrop species and varieties to satisfy demand in the project area, and that would have also a certain surplus production capacity for outside project area needs. 7. The location of the SPC would be dictated by several conditions, such as: - sufficient free land (at least 500 ha), allowing the crea- tion of large blocks of fields of the size of about 20-100 ha; - fertile soils and sufficient rainfall; - flat or only moderately undulated land, allowing mechanized cultivation; - proximity of a research establishment; - possibility to recruit easily labor; - all year round access roads; and - possibility to develop irrigation on part of the area. 8. The only area conforming to most of these requirements is the gen- eral area of Foumbot in the department of Bamoun. Specifically, the area of Djitapon, about 30 km north of Foumbot, has been proposed by the consul- tants as a possible site for SPC. Other sites that may be considered are in the area of Fonoya, and even around Foumbot itself several hundred ha of good, flat land are available. 9. Roads exist in the area, but for better access an improvement of about 20 to 25 km of roads would be required and this work would be a priority action of the feeder road project for Western Highlands. ANNEX 4 Page 3 10. The energy supply for staff housing, the seed-handling center, workshop and offices would be provided by a generator unit of appropriate capacity and this has been included in the cost estimates. 11. Main components of the SPC would be: - a mechanized farm operating on 350 ha of cleared land by PY 4; - a seed handling center consisting of the following units - reception of the harvested crop, drying, shelling and conditioning, storage, seed testing laboratory; - workshop for maintenance of the agricultural and seed handling equipment; - office facilities. 12. The mechanized farm. Land clearing would proceed at an average rate of 100 ha per year (150 ha in PY 2). Seed production projections (Table 1) are based on the cultivation of 350 ha. Nevertheless it is pro- posed to clear an additional 100 ha in PY 4, to allow for a possible expan- sion, crop rotations and maintenance of isolation distances. 13. At full development the farm would be equipped with three medium- sized tractors (70 to 100 HP) and one light tractor (30 to 40 HP) and with sufficient agricultural machinery to cope with all field operations and field transport (Annex 10). An analysis of tractor utilization has shown that each tractor would, on the average, work about 1,500 hours per year, two thirds in actual field work and one third in field transportation. 14. The SPC would purchase annually about 5 t of foundation seed from IRAF, would fertilize maize fields with 400 kg/ha of fertilizer to supply about 80, 40, 30 kg/ha of NPK and would utilize herbicides, to control pre- vailing weeds, at about 5 1 per ha. 15. Seed production. Improved maize seed produced would be around 260 t in PY 2, 520 t in PY 3 and 780 t from PY 4 onwards. It is estimated that on pure crop basis, some 60,000 ha of maize are grown in the project area. Based on a seed rate of 30 kg/ha and a replacement cycle after three years, at full development about 600 t of seed would be required for the project annually, the remaining 180 t, good for an additional 6,000 ha, would be used for outside project purposes. Varieties recommended initially would be Cola and 290 FL (Annex 3, para 41). On a pilot basis small quantities of high yielding hybrids would be produced for most advanced farmers to dem- onstrate the very high production potential of these varieties. 16. Groundnuts seed of the variety 65-7 would be multiplied for general release for the first time in PY 3 on about 50 ha, to give a production of ANNEX 4 Page 4 about 50 t good for planting 500 ha of pure crop, or about 3,000 ha in the prevailing crop mixtures (in PY 4). Groundnut seed production has been assumed to continue at this level, but could be increased if higher demand should be established. Modern production techniques would be used in groundnut multiplication, and particularly cercospora control would be introduced (Annex 3, para 50). 17. Potato seed would be muitiplied by CEIPS Bafou. The station is well supplied with manpower and buildings, but would be reinforced with transport, irrigation equipment and storage space. About 15 t of improved potato seed stock would be imported annually from Europe. The first multi- plication stage would be carried out on the station itself on about 7 ha, the second crop would be grown on outstation sites in the areas of Bangang and Babadjou on about SO ha. It is expected that as from PY 3 about 700 t (from 50 ha) would become available annually. The decision, whether to multiply the second crop further or grow commercially would have to be taken each year on an ad hoc basis pending seed quality. 18. Seed sales would be for cash. Initially, SPC should charge im- proved maize seed at a price reflecting the variable costs of production. Potato and groundnut seed would be initially charged at market prices. De- tails of proposed seed production projections are given in Table 1. 19. Maize harvest would be a critical operation in the seed produc- tion process. Because of damage to seed and because there is no exper- ience in the area with the performance of such heavy tractor-drawn or self-propelled specialized machinery under an average monthly rainfall of over 200 mm no combined harvester is proposed. Therefore, maize would be hand harvested. The method recommended would be the well proven "bang- board" method. A canvas wall is placed along the middle of the long side of a trailer and laborers throw or "bang" the harvested cobs on this wall until the trailer is full. One gang consisting of fourteen laborers (two in front of the tractor, five on each side of the trailer and two to glean behind the main gang), one driver, one tractor and trailer, can harvest about 6 ha per day. At full production, three gangs would harvest around 90 ha in a five-day working week. With the naturally slightly staggered planting time of the maize blocks, plant maturity and harvest would be grad- ual. At full production the 300 ha of maize could thus be harvested in about three to four weeks with minimum field losses. 20. The seed handling center would be accommodated in a building constructed of corrugated iron walls and roof. The building would have a concrete floor, one artition wall, four metal gates 4 m wide, a cold storage room of 20 m (10°C), four elevator pits 2 x 2 x 1 m, electricity installations for internal lighting and running the compressor for cold storage2of basic seed. The total area of 2he building would be about 1,7502m and it would comprise about 800 m of reception and drying space, 250 m of seed handling space (these two spaces would have a height to roof gupports of 6 m, to pEovide room for the elevators and drying towers), 500 m seed storage, 100 m fertilizer and pesticide storage and 100 m of workshop and spare part storage (the latter three would be 4 m high). ANNEX 4 Page 5 21. The seed reception, drying, shelling, cleaning, grading, weigh- ing, seed dressing, bagging and storage equipment, as well as laboratory equipment, generators, auxiliary equipment and control panel are described in detail in the consultants' study (para 5); costs of equipment for these units are in Annex 10, Table 9. 22. Organization, management, staffing. The SPC would have two senior personnel in key positions, who would be essential for the successful start and ongoing of operations and who, for the first three project years, would be recruited on an international basis. The head of SPC would be a Seeds Production Agronomist, with wide general agronomy experience and at least five years experience in commercial seed production. 23. He would report to UCCAO's Director of Production Services. The head would be assisted by a professional Seed Processing Specialist, who would be responsible for the correct installation, operation and maintenance of the seed handling complex, and for the quality parameters of processed seed. 24. Other important personnel would include the Farm Manager (ITA level), responsible for the machinery park, its proper exploitation and regular maintenance, day-to-day organization and supervision of permanent and casual labor. In the seed handling complex there would be a Seed Handling Supervisor (ATA level) charged with responsibility for proper adjustments and regular maintenance of the seed handling equipment, and day-to-day supervision of labor. For better organization and control of mechanized and manual field work, SPC would have one Site Supervisor (ATA level) for 100 ha of seed growing. 25. Workshop management, repairs and complicated maintenance of farm equipment, transport facilities and seed handling machinery would fall under the care of a Senior Mechanic, experienced in mechanical and electrical work, and with some experience of spare parts store and general workshop administration. 26. Costs. Total investment costs over the four-year project period, including the CEIPS station in Bafou, are estimated at CFAF 544 million (US$2.2 million) and operating costs at CFAF 351 million (US$1.5 million), a total of US$3.7 million, of which about 57% would be foreign exchange. Details are in Annex 10, Table 9. CAMEIRON WESTrERN IIIGiILANDS KR4L DEVEIMPHENr PROJECT SEED PRIDUCT ION Preeders Foundation Registered Certified Ceneral Release for of which surplus 31 area for outside project use PY kha t/ha t ha t/ha t hs tills t ba v ha 2/ 1/ Maize 0 1 0.02 2.8 0.04 - - I 1 0.03 2.8 0.07 1.2 2.7 3.0 - - - - - - 2 2 0.05 2.8 0.11 2.2 2.7 6.0 100 2.6 260 - - 3 2 0.05 2.8 0.11 3.5 2.7 9.0 200 2.6 520 8,700 - - 4 2 0.05 2.8 0.11 3.5 2.7 9.0 300 2.6 780 17,300 - _ 5 2 0.05 2.8 0.11 3.5 2.7 9.0 300 2.6 780 26,000 - - 6 and on 2 0.05 2.8 0.11 3.5 2.7 9.0 300 2.6 780 26,000 180 6,000 4/ Groundoiata 0 40 - - - - -- 1 40 0.4 1.2 0.50 - - - - - - - 2 40 0.4 1.2 0.50 5 1.0 5 - - - - - - 3 40 0.4 1.2 0.50 5 1.0 5 50 1.0 50 - - 4 40 0.4 1.2 0.50 5 1.0 5 50 1.0 50 SOO - - 5 40 0.4 1.2 0.50 5 1.0 5 50 1.0 50 500 - - 6 40 0.4 1.2 0.50 5 1.0 5 50 1.0 50 500 - - 7 40 0.4 1.2 0.50 5 1.0 5 50 1.0 50 500 - - 8and on 40 0.4 1.2 0.50 5 1.0 5 50 1.0 50 SOO - 5/ 1'otatoes 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 15,000 7 IS 105 - - - - - - - - - 3 15,000 7 15 105 - - - 50 14 700 - _ 4 15,000 7 15 105 - - - 50 14 700 350 - - 5 15,000 7 15 105 - - - 50 14 700 350 - _ 6 and on 15,000 7 IS 105 - - - 50 14 700 350 - 1/ Stock In Hay 1977: 2.5 t of Cols from harvest 1976; 3 ha of 290 FL in field - estimated total yield 7 t. About 0.1 t of this stock would be careftilly selected for further reproduction, rest to be used a. commercial seed. 2/ Replacenent of maize seed after 3 years. 3/ Total maize area in project on pure crop.ahasia estimated at 60,000 ha, total seed requirement - 1,800 t. With replacement after 3 years 600 t required per year. 4/ Replacement after 5 years, stock, estimated at about 40 kg. 5/ Breeders seed hmported, no stock available; replacement after 3 years. ANNEX 5 Page 1 CAMEROON WESTERN HIGHLANDS RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT A. The Field Trial and Farm Demonstration Program 1. Introduction. The project would start with the introduction and dissemination of a simple, proven package of farming practices and recom- mendations which are known to farmers and have been accepted in principle. There is, however, a number of unresolved problems in the project area, requiring a combined effort of critical research, adaptive field trials, and farmer demonstrations in order to assure a long-term ecological balance, enable further agricultural development, and devise better production pack- ages. 2. Current Situation. There are two research stations in the project area - Dschang for foodcrop research and Foumbot for coffee research. Both stations fall under IRAF (Institut de Recherches Agricoles et Forestieres), the national institute responsible for agricultural and forestry research. 3. The station Dschang (Department of Menoua) has been involved mainly in maize, rice, groundnut, soya and some crop rotation research and it is also equipped to do phytopathology and entomology work. The station has six professional officers. A substation in Bambui, outside the project area, in the north-western province, carries the responsibility for tuber crop ex- perimentation, including potatoes, hybrid maize, wheat and barley. Another substation, in Foumbot in the Department of Bamoun, was used for outstation trials on black deposition soils and the field station of Galim (Dept. of Bamboutos) for work on brown soils. In 1977, in Foumbot work has been almost discontinued and in Galim entirely abandoned due to lack of funds. 4. The coffee research station in Foumbot was created in 1972 and has 22 ha under coffee. It is led by an experienced coffee Agronomist seconded from IFCC. The research program consists mainly of variety screening (in- cluding Arabusta, the cross between robusta and arabica coffee), crop nut- rition, crop protection, spacing trials, and research into shading, cover crops and, recently, various forms and combinations of intercropping coffee with foodcrops. As with Dschang, the work suffers from a critical insuffi- ficiency of funds. Apart from that, the ecological conditions of Foumbot differ considerably in terms of altitude and soils from the rest of the project area and therefore some of the station's results may have to be repeated. In addition to these two main stations there is CEIPS (Centre d'Etudes, d'lnstruction et de Production de Semences pour les Cultures Legumieres) near Bafou in the Department of Menoua, a small farm falling ANNEX 5 Page 2 under the Provincial Agricultural Officer. The main objective of this station is potato and vegetable seed production. In the past, some variety screening, pest control and fertilizer observations used to be done there. Recently, however, the station has done only very limited work due to the lack of means. 5. Field Trials and Farmer Demonstrations under the Project. Research, although it provided some useful results and recommendations, has been mainly crop and area oriented. Very little work has been done on the multiple intercropping systems on farms to achieve possible agronomic and economic simplifications of the systems, and on maintenance of soil fertility with regard to the various microecological conditions of the area. High population density and lack of available land has forced the Bamileke farmer to cultivate even very steep slopes. The complicated problem of farming on slopes, con- trolling erosion and maintaining the delicate ecological balance of the area requires close attention. 6. Existing research institutions are not equipped to deal with this complex problem and a unit is needed that would devote the major part of its activities towards a tangible contribution to a long term stabilisation of the area's ecology. This unit would also close the existing gap between the activities of research and extension. Under the project it is proposed to deal with research oriented problems, according to their nature, in two way s: (a) special agronomic problems demanding statistical trials of a long-term nature, would be delegated to IRAF researchers working under contract for che project; and (b) improvements of cultivation techniques and farming systems, particularly on steep slopes, demanding more observation trials and testing under farming conditions, would be carried out by a special Field Trial and Farm Demonstration Unit (FTDU) to be established under the project. 7. Contract Research. A list of contract experimentation foreseen under the project is given in Table 1. The topics would include breeders and foundation seed production, continued variety development and screening (including a pilot production of parents of high yielding East African maize hybrids), bottomland cultivation, coffee cultivation and technology, fruit tree experimentation, basic and microelement crop nutrition, crop protection, spacing and plant populations, rotations and crop combinations, minimum tillage and any other problems that might arise in the project area and that would contribute to developing appropriate production packages. 8. Under the project a research contract would be entered into with IRAF specifying for each experiment the objective, statistical design and experimental technique, location, duration, reporting, costs, and means and ways of financing. Altogether, 6 specialist man-months plus corresponding ANNEX 5 Page 3 technical work and labor in PY 1 and 12 specialist man-months in PY 2-4 plus the supply of field materials would be financed. The cost of this program is estimated at CFAF 81 million (US$331,0000). 9. The Field Trial and Farm Demonstration Unit would mainly concen- trate on steeper slopes. It would base its work on the realities of the traditional, in its own way very sophisticated, farming system and would combine it with modern ecological know-how and experience of other countries with similar conditions. On-farm demonstrations would concentrate on soil conservation, erosion control, reforestation (together with the Forestry Department and the Reforestation Brigade) (para 16), fertility maintenance, farming systems and crop husbandry improvements. Recommendations for improve- ment would have to respect the following general conditions: - flexibility and compatibility with existing social and cultural environments; - economic advantages; - short-term feasibility; - long-term stability of the area's ecology. 10. Work program of the FTDU. It is suggested that the FTDU program start with observations and data collection (to be carried out in conjunction with the Project Ilonitoring and Evaluation Unit) (PMEU, Annex 2), in order to get fully acquainted with the functioning of the traditional farming system and its variations under the differing soil and climatic conditions. Interviews and discussions with farmers and experienced extension staff should play a major role during this initial phase of 3 to 6 months. During this period areas and farms would be selected that could serve as demonstra- tion and trial units. At the same time the seven "transitional" zones, seriously affected by erosion, and outlined below, should be investigated to conclude the extent of necessary change in the farming systems of these areas. These areas are less densely populated, with steeper slopes and rather extensive agricul- tural activities. They are concentrated above the borders of the central, intensively farmed, and agronomically and ecologically well balanced part of the project area. Further above these "transition" zones are the hilltops, turned into poor grazing land. The "transition" areas have the following characteristics: - large portions have to be excluded each year from cultivation as a result of erosion; - the areas are the immediate land reserves for the overpopulated areas of intensive cultivation; ANNEX 5 Page 4 some reclassification of land in favour of permanent forest is possible. 11. The geographical delimitation of these "transition" areas has been identified as follows: (a) Batoufam - borders the central plateau and declines down to the Noun; the relevant area extends from east of Bafoussam, passing Lemgo-Moundjo-Bangam Fokam - down t2 Ndou-ndou, east of Bangangte. The area covers about 100 km . (b) Bangou - southern border of the central plateau, between Bandrefam in the east and BaVwantou, south-west of Bangou, covering about 75 km . (c) Balenaou - area between Bangangte and Bana, covering about 75 km of affected surface. (d) Bangam - very steep slopes and degraded hill-tops between 2 Company, Bamendjou and Penka Michel, covering almost 50 km (e) Fokwe - Between Penka 2Michel and Bamendou to Fontsa Toula, covering about 100 km2. 2 (c) Mounts Bamboutos - 75 km 12. Main Problems to be solved would include: (a) Ecology of forests, mainly a comparison of the practised monoculture of Eucalyptus saligna, with mixed tree stands and their effect on soil conservation and erosion control. Combinations recommended for observation would be: E. saligna + Acacia mearsnii var. mollis A. mearsmii var. mollis pure stand Grevillea robusta + A. maersnii G. robusta + various Pinus species Different local trees including fruit trees Albizia falcta + G. robusta Leucaena leucocephala ANNEX 5 Page 5 Seeds for these species are available locally and from Rwanda. (b) Integration of trees into the farms in order to establish a multistorey or mosaic type pattern in which annually cultivated fields open to erosion would be reduced to small strips following the contour lines and alternated in the vertical direction of the slope with horizontal lines of shrubs, trees and forest galleries. Pilot introduction of new species such as Greveillea robusta, Croton megalocarpus, Calpurnea subdecandra (shade trees); Annona muricata, Morus alba, guavas (fruit trees); and passion fruit and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) would be recommended (the latter outside Stephanoderas areas, since it is the pest's alternate host). (c) Intercropping of crops better adjusted to the less fertile, steep slopes. Identifying a combination of the most compatible cultural species with the most useful weeds for achieving a viable balance of economy and erosion control. A pilot intro- duction of uncommon shrubs, such as Tephrosia; mulch and pasture producers, such as Setaria, Tripsacum, Pennisetum, Desmodium, Symphytum aspera, would be included into the program. (d) Introduction of cultivated seasonal fallow capable of restoring soil fertility, such as the nitrogen fixing Mucuna, Crotalaria, Vicia and Sesbania macarantha. (e) Surface (relief) conditioning, or natural terrace building, would be achieved by planting tree and shrub galleries along the contour and by cultivating the strips between them. Experience has shown that annual cultivation of these strips achieves a fast (in two to five years) natural formation of terraces without the need of expensive, forced soil movements. (f) Coffee planting would be demonstrated in pure stands with the introduction of mulch producing plants in between the rows of coffee trees. 12. Organization. FTDU would report to the Production Director of UCCAO and would be headed by an Agronomist with knowledge and experience in ecology, who would be recruited internationally and serve for four years. He would be assisted by a Cameroonian agricultural graduate (Ingenieur Agronome). 13. FTDU would have three Technical Officers (TA level), one for the Mifi and Bamoun, one for Menoua and Bamboutos and the third for the southern departments of Nde and Haut Nkam. Each of the departments (Nde and H. Nkam would be combined for this purpose) would have one Agricultural Assistant (ATA level) to assist the Technical Officers in the site selection, and in the establishment and evaluation of the trials aad demonstrations. ANNEX 5 Page 6 They would be also responsible for recruiting, training and organizing of casual labor for the program. 14. FTDU would be provided with sufficient housing, transport, field storage, and field trial materials, such as opticosquares, measuring tapes and chains, tools. Funds have been provided for FTDU staff to visit IITA, Ibadan and the project in Rwanda, and for consultation to the project area on ecofarming and erosion control and agronomy, intercropping and minimum tillage. 15. The cost of FTDU over the four project years is estimated around CFAF 230 million (US$940,000). B. The Reforestation Program 16. Introduction. Reforestation of bare hilltops and of selected former agricultural areas on steep slopes subjected to acute erosion and in most cases abandoned by farmers, has to be considered as an integral part of the overall plan for a long-term stabilization of the project area's ecology. Although some modest efforts have been made recently to increase the areas replanted to forest, there was no coordination with the interests of agricultural development. Funds were limited, and the results achieved were insignificant. The project's intervention iato this subsector is, therefore, fully justified. 17. The current situation. The Western Highlands have lost nearly all original forest cover, which was gradually replaced by either cultivated or grazing land. This is in contrast to the southern and eastern parts of the country, where the natural forests have not been removed and are still estimated at about 180,000 km . In the project area it would be of priority to restore the depleted forest for both ecologic and economic reasons. Wood is required for building and fueling purposes. Eucalyptus saligna could be used for this purpose but there is also an increasing demand in Acacia maersnii, var. mollis (black wattle) for tanning production. The climatic conditions are favorable for both these species. 18. The actual area of forest, classified as state forest, is low and reliable data are not available. Most of the forests are estimated to be in the departments of Mifi and Bamboutos. An approximate inventory is as follows: ANNEX 5 Page 7 Mifi: Baleng - 310 ha Bamendjou - 100 ha Bamendoum - 60 ha Baham - 100 ha Bangou - 50 ha Bamboutos: Mount Bamboutos - 220 ha Bamenjin - 150 ha 1,000 ha The results of reforestation since 1973, the period over which the Department of Forestry (Departement des Eaux et Forets) received some means for this purpose, are shown below (area in ha): Y e a r Department Zone 1973 1974 1975 1976 Total Mifi Baleng 12 40 35 30 117 Baham 17 33 25 20 95 Bangou 0 0 5 5 10 Bamboutos Bamendjin 0 0 10 8 18 Total 29 73 75 63 214 Some additional areas were replanted to forest near Bangangte (Ndou ndou and Balengou) in the Dept. of Nde. The present capacity of the Department of Forestry for reforestation is estimated at around 100 ha per year. This capacity could be increased to 150 ha per annum, without any increase in personnel, by a modest provision of better material facilities. 19. Total area requiring soil conservation programs has been estimated at about 50,000 ha. In order to have a significant ecological impact in this area, forest should occupy about 10-20% of this surface, that is 5,000- 10,000 ha. In order to achieve the multifunctional results required (soil conservation, erosion control and water retention) the forest should not be a monoculture but should be more diversified, as indicated in para 12. 20. State and farmer owned forests. A number of small Eucalyptus saligna plantations belonging to farmers exist in the project area, but there is no provincial or departmental recording and coordination at this level. The farmer's forestry plantations serve the dual interest of his economy and microecology, but have rarely been established having in mind the overall ecology of a larger geographical area. 21. On the other hand, the provincial Department of Forestry, having been supplied with some financial means from the Fonds Forestier, has been in a better position to organize forest management on a larger scale. In ANNEX 5 Page 8 the long run, there are good reasons for promoting state forest management because of the need for long term and large scale planning at the department and provincial level. It is therefore proposed that the newly established forests should be classified as state forests, wherever possible. 22. Organization. Under the project a small Reforestation Brigade (RB) would be established which would report to the head of FTDU and would have close links with the Department of Forestry. The RB would be headed by a Technical Officer, experienced in nursery management and reforestation, who would have two Extension Agents for site identification, labor organization and supervision of reforestation field work. RB would be equipped with one four-wheel drive vehicle, would be aided for heavier transport by the truck of FTDU, and would have means to hire and train the needed numbers of casual labor. The two Extension Agents would have motorcycles. 23. The main reasons for the establishment of RB are to provide a reliable reforestation back-up in priority areas for the FTDU's important ecology program and to assure a steady link and coordination with the activities of the Department of Forestry. RB would have direct managerial responsibility for the reforestation of about 150 ha annually. In matters of forestry training, technical assistance and supervision, the RB would rely fully on the Department of Forestry, which is equipped for this purpose and has shown interest in cooperating with management of this proposed project. 24. Activities under the project. The project would finance the estab- lishment of nurseries for 150 ha incremental reforestation annually, thus achieving the production of nursery material for 600 ha and actual reforesta- tion of 450 ha by PY 4. The project's reforestation unit would also provide modest material support, in terms of field materials (tools, fertilizer, fencing), and transport of nursery materials to the planting sites, to the Department of Forests, in order to increase their reforestation output to 150 ha per year. The increase in forest area over the project life is expected to be as outlined in the table below: Plantings of (ha) PY 0 1 2 3 4 Project Reforestation Unit - - 150 150 150 Department of Forestry - 150 150 150 150 Total 1,000 1,150 1,450 1,750 2,050 25. Given a steady ongoing reforestation of 300 ha per annum, 5,000 ha of forests would be established by PY 15 and would contribute significantly to the maintenance of the ecological balance of 50,000 ha identified as most exposed to erosion. 26. The cost of this component is expected to be about CFAF 141 million (US$580,000); details are outlined in Annex 10, Table 6). CAIME'lOON WESTERN HIGHLANDS RURAL. DEVELOPMENT PROJEC'I' Proposed Contract Research ALtiuithes ,,-oder Pro ject Man-months Labor Requirement Requirement PY 1-4 PY 1-4 Category of Work Objective of Experimentation Expert Technical (MD) Seed Moltiplicstion Production of breeders and foundation seed of approved varieties of maize 8 16 800 and groundnuts. Mainitenance of improved stock of rice, beans, sola F'oodcrons and Farming Syatems Variety screening and developnent of matn foodcrops, basic and micro- 22 44 2,200 elenent crop nutrition, crop pathology. entonmology and protection, spacing and olant oopulations, rotations and croo combinatious, mininmu tillage.adantability of newly developed crop associations into the present farming asid ecosystem, replication of major restilts under differing ecological conditions in project area. Also, integration of malor problems fed back from extension services into the research orogram Coffee Cultivation and Techinology Continuation of project needs oriented variety screeniig, crop nutrition 7 14 700 and protection. Intercropping trials with varying proportions and combinations of coffee and foodcropa. Seed production of improved varieties. Continuinig work on tmproved coffee procesaing under smalilholder conditions. Bortomland Cultivation Specific problemsa of crop cultivation, fertilization and protection under 7 14 700 drainage and irrigation. Compatible crop cowbinations and rotattonts. Improvement of econony of bottomiand utilization. Work to concenitrate initially on maize, rice, vegetables. Fitiit irees Start variety screening and selection to improve local varieties of mnulgo, 6 12 600 avocado, cola, plantain, bananas. TOTAL 1/ 50 100 5,000 1! i cost details see Annex 10 . Table 7 .r C,,st of basic seed production included in costs f--r seed Production complex. I! ANNEX 6 Page 1 CAMEROON WESTERN HIGHLANDS RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT Cooperative Service Centers 1. In line with UCCAO's expanded role in the development of the whole farming system of its members, the project would need to include the con- struction of a network of cooperative service centers (CSC). These would provide physical bases for inputs distribution, credit administration, crop storage and extension work. Wherever possible CSC would be created through upgrading or expansion of existing cooperative-owned stores. Their siting would depend on the density of farmers in an area, the expected throughput of inputs and marketed produce (both coffee and foodcrops) and the local cooperative structure. 2. The distribution of farmers and co-op members by each of the six departments affected by the Project is given in Table 4. This shows that 78 percent of the estimated 100,000 farmers in the project area are co-op members, the percentages of adherence being between about 60 percent (Bamboutos) and almost 100 percent (Menoua) in the four principal arabica- growing departments. There are no restrictions on membership of the UCCAO cooperatives apart from a single subscription of CFAF 1,000. CSC would mainly benefit co-op members, notably through limitation of credit sales to members in good standing; however non-member farmers would also benefit, principally from availability of fertilizers, seeds and other farm inputs for cash purchase which are presently difficult to obtain. 3. During the project development period the demand for new storage in the project area for fertilizers, coffee, food crops, animal feed and other inputs is expected to rise to about 27,000 tons by 1982 (PY 4) and to about 60,000 tons by 1987 at the end of the full development period. Esti- mated tonnages are given at Table 1. Taking account of existing cooperatives and private storage capacity, it is estimated that a proposed additional 25,000 t of storage capacity 1/ at CSC would be sufficient to meet project requirements until about PY 6. 4. Individual storage capacity of CSC would vary according to local conditions. Detailed planning of each CSC would be done by UCCAO head- quarters on behalf of the cooperatives and employing Genie Rural for design and supervision of construction, which would normally be carried out by local contracting firms. 1/ measured in terms of bagged grain equivalent (BGE). ANNEX 6 Page 2 5. Taking account of farmer distribution and the number of existing co-op storage sheds (listed at Table 2), it is estimated that construction of 35 CSC would be required under the project, consisting of 10 new Centers and 25 upgraded co-op stores. Total base cost of construction is estimated at CFAF 512.5 million, or US$2.09 million (Annex 10). Siting for the CSC is given in Table 3. 6. A typical CSC would serve 3,000 farmers (including 20 percent non- members), would have a total storage capacity of 7,000 - 10,000 tons (BGE) and an annual turnover of some CFAF 20 million in input sales. Besides coffee storage, CSC would provide storage in separate 200 m2 modules for fertilizers and pesticides, improved seeds, farm tools and spare parts. Selected CSC would also become the base for Field Trial and Demonstration Unit staff (see Annex 2). Each CSC would include offices for the Chef de Section, an employee who would be responsible for operation of the CSC including the security of its stores, book-keeping and credit administration, and for the agricultural extension staff. 7. The Chef de Section would work closely with the local co-op Section Committee but would be closely supervised by the respective cooperative, to which he would report on all transactions, credits and activities. Similarly, any complaints by the Section Committee about the management of the CSC would have to be routed through the cooperative. 8. Additional transport would be provided sufficient to allow for one 7-ton truck and one utility pick-up per CSC; however, to minimize unauthorized use, vehicles would not be permanently assigned to individual CSC or Sections, and control would be retained by the manager of each cooperative. An additional sixteen 7-ton trucks and thirteen pick-ups would be provided, at a total cost of CFAF 84.3 million, or US$344,000. ANNEx 6 Table 1 CA2EROON WESTERN HIGH.LANDS RURAL DEVEL0PME7nRT CRCJECT Estimated Incremental Storage Reauirements ('000 tons) Maize Fertilizer Coffee (25% of Beans Potatoes (Incre- (Incre- incre- (25% (50%0 Total mental) mental) mental) incr.) incr.) ('000 t) Fy I - 2.0 - - - 2.0 PY 2 3.5 4.o 0.8 0.1 0.5 8.9 Py 3 7.1 6.o 3.0 0.2 0.7 17.0 PY 4 10.5 8.0 6.6 o.4 1.2 26.7 PY 5 114.0 3.75 9.0 0.5 1.7 34.0 PY 6 17.7 9.5 11.3 o.6 2.0 41.l Py 7 21.5 10.25 13.9 0.3 2.3 48.8 PY 8 25.2 11.0 16.1 0.9 2.6 55.8 PY 9 27.7 11.0 18.1 1.0 3.0 60.8 Note: since both fertilizers, coffee and most foodcrop supluses will all require storage during the January-June period, there is little possibility for substitution of storage space,hen= estimated requf-rements are additive. AJ-1E X 6 Table2 CAMEROON 'WESTERN HIGHLANDS RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT Size and Location of Existing Cooverative Stores in Project Area Department Coop. Dimensions Distance (CooP.) Section Location (M2) from Coop. (km) Mifi (CPCAB) Faetory/HQ Bafoussam 600 - 1 Batoussam Bapi 180 15 2 Bezdjoun Bandloun (ville) 1100 12 Semto (Fo Negom) 200 17 3 Bamendjou Bamendjou (ville) 300 18 Batchum 180 30 4 Baagou Bayangam (ville) 300 30 Bangou (ville) 180 27 5 Baham Baham 300 25 Bamboutos Factory/EQ Mbouda 2865 - (CPCAM) 1 Bangang Bangang 330 16 2 Babadjou Toumaka 300 8 3 Batcham Batcham 150 ' 6 4 Galim Galim 240 28 Bafounda 240 15 Menoua Factory/HQ Dschang 2295 - (CAPLAMZ) 1 Dschang Fongo Tongo (4) 750 13-18 Fongo Ndeng 240 13 Foudonnera (2) 300 19-20 2 Bafou Bafou (2) 600 11 Baleveng (2) 390 19 3 Penka-Michel Penka-Michel (2) 300 28 Bansoa (Ban6ghang) 450 4° Bamendou (marche) 180 14 Bamendou II 240 16 Balessing 200 30 4 Fokoue Fokoue 240 25 Fotomena 180 22 Bamoun Factory/hQ Foumbot 1140 - (CPBCA) 1 Foumbot 600 - 2 Kuoptamo (2) 1500 28 3 Ngouondam 290 40 4 Ngbetsouen II 120 53 5 Balgom 250 11 6 Pont du Noun 180 10 Factory Founban goo 47 7 Kouta Matapit 180 42 8 Koupa Menke 180 40 9 Nkoutie 110 38 10 Bangourem 120 77 Nd6 1 Bangante Bangangte (ville) (2) 650 - 7CAPAN) 2 Bazou nil Haut Yka' 1 Bafang Bafang (ville) 120 - (CDOPLACAHN) 2 Company Company (Dschang road) 200 18 ANNX 6 Table 3 CAMEROON WESTERN HIGLANDS RURAL DEVELOP!NT PROJECT Pronosed Locations for New/Ungraded Service Centers Department New Sites Upgraded existing Bafoussam Mi fi Ndoube (P1 du Noun) Bapi Bamoungoun* Bandjoun 3atoufan* Bamendjoun Batchingou Bayangam Baham Bamboutos Bamesso* Mbouda Ndzingdong* Toumaka Batcham Galim Bafounda * M6noua (none) Fongo Tongo* Fongo Ndeng Bafou Baleveng Penka-Michel Baneghang (Bansoa)* Bamendou Bamendou II Fokou6 Bamoun NKoumangba/Ngon Njitapon Foumbot Mfesset Kuoptamo Kuapa Matapit Nkoutie Foumban Nd' Bangwa (none) Haut .Nkam Bana (none) TOTAL NO: 10 25 * possible new cooperative section ANNEX 6 Table 4 CAMROON 'WESTERN HIGHLANDS RURAL DEMELOP!ENT PROJECT Distribution of Proposed Service Centers in Relation to Numbers of Farm Families No. existing Existing coop. Proposed no. of CSC's. No. of Farmers Department coop. sections stores (no.) New Ungraded Total Farmers per CSC Mifi 5 9 3 6 9 27,600 3070 Bamboutos 4 6 2 5 7 19,600 2800 Menoua 4 20 0 9 9 26,300 2920 Bamoun 10 12 2 5 7 20,700 2960 Haut Nkam 2 2 1 0 1 2,900 2900 Nde 2 2 1 0 1 2,600 2600 Total Project; 27 1/ 51 10 25 35 99,700 2850 1/ no. of coop. sections would increase to 36 during project. ANNEX 7 Page 1 CAMEROON WESTERN HIGHLANDS RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT Bottomlands Development A. Background 1. Population density exceeds 300/km2 in certain parts of the Western Highlands. The most promising long-term solution to the problems of limited land availability consists in programs of controlled migration to adjacent under-populated areas. At present conflicting cultural traditions and the believed existence of health hazards (e.g. infertility among women in Galim) in the sparsely-populated parts of the project area make this difficult. For the short - to medium-term, the problem could be eased by bringing into culti- vation the several thousand hectares of underutilized bottomlands. In these bottomlands, without water control wcrks, there is a high risk of crops being destroyed by floods. 2. The objectives of the Bottomland Development component of the proposed project are to: (i) increase available cultivable land by some 400 ha through simple water control works in selected bottomland areas; (ii) to take advantage of the opportunity to grow two crops per year of high-valued vegetables for which demand is high; and (iii) strengthen the Provincial services of the Rural works Department (Direction de Genie Rural) to enable it to plan, implement and maintain simple infrastructural installations such as are proposed here. B. Physical Features 3. Relief. The plateau areas of the Western Highlands consist essentially of a series of hills intersected by numerous valleys with peren- nial streams. Most of these valleys, especially near the headwaters, are steep and incised. Further downstream, the rivers broaden out to form areas which become marshland or are completely flooded in the rainy season. In the dry season there are sluggishly meandering water courses in these areas. The deposition of organic material and top soil from upstream areas increase the fertility of such bottomlands. 4. Climate. The transitional tropical climate is characterized by a mean annual rainfal varying between 1,800 and 2,000 mm, 90% of which falls between April and October. The dry season occurs between November and March. Rainfall is reliable from one year co the next (the driest year out of any 5-year period still records 92% of the average for those five years) and, during the rainy season, from month to month. The mean monthly temperature is ab_uL 200C. Such moderate temperature allows for longer vegetative cycles. ANNEX 7 Page 2 5. Hydrology. Based on records of ORSTOM, the main hydrological characteristics of the project area are as follows: - specific annual discharges: 20 1/s/km2; - annual runoff: between 600 and 650 mm; - runoff coefficient: 37% ; - specific minimum flow: higher than 2 1/s/km2 but decreasing sometimes to 1 1I/s/km2 for small catchments; - specific annual maximum discharge very low: 70 to 400 1/s/km2 for catchments of 850 m2 to 8 km2; - maximum discharges: Floods have very low inter-annual variations: "The occurrence of catastrophic floods in Bamileke region is not taken into consideration" (ORSTOM report). For catchments from 8 to 30 km2 the 10 year flood varies from 585 1/s/km2 to 350 1/s/km2; - minimum discharge: The minimum discharge is defined as DC 10, i.e. whichmeans that lower flows than the minimum discharge can only occr during 10 days per year. The DC 10 for a return period of 5 years varies from 1.5 to 2 1/s/km2 for catchments ranging from 10 to 40 km2. The dates of minimum discharges from the small catchments are very irregular (from the end of February to April, sometimes May). The depletion curve for the small streams is of the type Q= Qoe -&(t-to) with &'2 10f this makes it possible to determine the discharges in the month preceding the minimum discharge. 6. Soils. Bottomland soils have high agricultural production potential. There are two basic soil types both with high organic matter content (10-30%), the hydromorphic organic soils are covered (up to 60 cm in depth) with de- composed vegetable matter, and the moderately organic soils have some 60 cms of black of grey silty clays as top soil. Both types have high-water reten- tion capacity owing to the presence below the top layers of plastic clayey soils. 7. Land Tenure. Bottomlands in the project area are generally occupied by raffia palms which play an important role in the rural economy. These palms are tapped for wine and used in construction. The lands belong to the community even though tapping and pole-cutting rights are allocated to ANNEX 7 Page 3 identifiable craftsmen and their families. Small ridges (1.5 m high in places) are sometimes constructed to keep out floodwaters. On such reclaimed land, the rights of cultivation are also firmly recognized as belonging to the family or families responsible for the structure. Bottomland development actions would be limited strictly to areas not occupied by raffia palms and close to large population concentrations (the two are frequently found side- by-side). The allocation of cultivation rights to particular individuals after the construction of water control works would not be a problem since it would follow existing practices, as described above. 8. Health Aspects. Even in areas where larger-scale irrigation and drainage works have been constructed in the project area (notably "Plaine de Ndop"), there have been no significant increases in the incidence of water-borne diseases. However, the construction of a hydro-electric d<= (at Bamendjing) has been accompanied by an increase in the snail vectors responsible for onchocerciasis. Government health authorities are aware of chis problem and are closely monitoring the situation. C. The Proposed Bottomland Development Program 9. The proposed program aims to develop 400 ha of bottomlands over the four year investment period for the cultivation of two crops a year of rice and vegetables. Construction would be by force account and would use the labor of project beneficiaries. These 400 ha would be in about ten locations with each varying in size from 10 to 100 ha. The total area to be developed is considered a reasonable target based on experience with similar schemes in Cameroon. A 10 ha plot with complete irrigation works would be retained for experimental use. 10. Site Selection. A number of suitable sites (Appendix L) have been identified in the project area. This list is not complete, however, since Genie Rural is still conducting an exhaustive inventory. The priority at the initial stage would be to define site selection criteria to allow flexibility in design standards based on local conditions. Criteria to be used for site selection are as follows: (a) the site must lend itself to the construction of the most simple kind of drainage works and bunds; (b) bottomlands to be developed would not have any current economic use and would be free of raffia; (c) there should be a large number of inhabitants in the immediate vicinity; (d) the site should be easily accessible to motorized vehicles. ANNEX 7 Page 4 Second priority would be given to those bottomlands in populated zones that are partially cultivated but capable of more intensive use. 11. Phasing. The first year would be devoted to recruitment of person- nel, procurement of equipment, and the carrying out of initial surveys. The 10-ha experimental irrigated plot would also be constructed. The construction program in any given year would be based on sites selected in the previous year for which design and survey work have already been completed. Actual development would proceed as follows: Year Survey and Design Development Cumulative Total (ha) (ha) (ha) 1 60 10 10 2 140 50 60 3 200 140 200 4 Follow-up program 200 400 12. Bottomland Development Principles. Each bottomland area has its own particular features which would condition detailed design work to be carried out by the unit in charge of bottomland development. However, certain common principles could be stated at the onset. 13. Flood Control. Bottomland development requires control of the annual floods resulting from river overflow or runoff where no natural drainage exists. For small catchment areas, clearing and scraping of the main drain, with sub- sequent corrections of gradient and direction if n2cessary, will allow the flood waters to Sun off. A catchment area of 8 km provides a 10-year flood discharge of 5 m per sec. The main drain requires regular maintenance to prevent silting. In the case of rivers draining larger catchment areas, execution of major recalibration works is necessary. In some cases, flood control could be effected by a small levee 1-1.5 m high on one side of the river, the other bank remaining flooded. The side protected by the levee is then developed. The levee protects the first crop against early flooding, but does not provide adequate protection for second-cycle rice. Consequently, the levee is justified only for bottomlands where early flooding is likely, since the occasional flooding occuring after July poses no problems. The areas most suited to works of this type are those where the watercourse runs around the edge of the flood zone (as in the case of Metsui towards Bamendou). The advantage of the single levee is that it makes it possible to retain a main bed wide enough to handle the peak flood without excessive flood control works. 14. Plot drainage. The purpose of surface drainage is to drain off the water resulting from exceptionally heavy rains. For the first cycle, the crops should not be submerged for longer than 24 hours. A drainage ANNEX 7 Page 5 network makes it possible to drain the annual peak 24-hour rainfall. Rain- fall data analyses have shown that this 24-hour rainfall peak is 600 mm. Taking account of evaporation and seepage, the flow to be drained off is 45 mm per day, or 5 liters per sec. per ha. Groundwater drainage is necessary in certain irrigation units to keep the water table more than 50 cm below the surface during the first cycle. It is not useful for second- cycle rice. The flows to be drained are small (0.2 liters per sec. at the start of the wet season) because the soil in the bottom-lands soils are not very permeable. 15. A network of field drains 50-100 meters apart (depending on the terrain) would bring the drained water into a collection drain discharging into the river. The drainage network would consist of shallow (30 and 50 cm deep) ditches, to avoid excessive sinking of the water table. The drainage network would be equipped with small gates for controlling the drainage process. Excessive drainage is dangerous in bottomlands whose soils are rich in organic matter, since this takes a long time to regain moisture. The bottomlands would be developed in the form of 500 m2 plots surrounded by bunds 20 cm high that will retain the water for rainfed rice. 16. Irrigation. Estimated irrigation water requirements are shown in Table 4, which shows that, taking account of rainfall and soil water reserves, irrigation is not necessary for the cropping patterns selected. There is a shortage of water in January-February, which means that early maize cannot be sown on reclaimed land during these months. But in the bottomlands, the constant wetness of the soil and, in some cases, the proximity of the water- table, make up for this shortage. However, in order to study the constraints on cropping cycles created by total dependence on rainfall, an experimental irrigated plot (10 ha) would be established for varietal trials, crop rota- tion experiments, and to study the possibilities of intensification (3 rota- tions a year). A simple gravity irrigation system would comprise a transverse dike across the valley with a spillway, to raise the water level, and a head- work control structure of reinforced concrete. A main canal and distribution canals would distribute the water. The network would be designed on the basis of a peak flow of 3,000 m3 per ha per month (irrigation 12 hours a day, loss 65%), i.e. 2.5 liters per sec. per ha. This experimental plot would be operated by the staff of the Bottomlands Cultivation Unit (para 18). 17. Organization of Development Works. A Bottomlands Development Unit (BDU) would be set up within the Provincial Service of the Rural Works Department (Genie Rural) which comes under the Provincial Delegation of Agriculture. Under terms of contract to be signed with UCCAO, BDU would be responsible for site identification, survey and engineering work, and implementation of development works in selected bottomland areas. To back- stop BDU capabilities, especially at the survey and design stage, provision is made for consultancy services. Further details of organization and staffing of BDU are in Annex 2. ANNEX 7 Page 6 18. Using equipment financed by the project, BDU would undertake land preparation work itself with manual labor provided by farmers who would eventually own plots in developed bottomlands. This means that plot alloca- tion within bottomland areas scheduled for development would need to be completed before the actual work can begin. For this purpose, a team of irrigated crop extension specialists, the Bottomlands Cultivation Unit (BCU) would be formed within the extension service of UCCAO. During land prepara- tion, farmers would be paid an allowance of CFAF 300 (US$1.23) per day worked since they would have no other source of income. The proposed cost recovery arrangement discussed below (para 25) is designed to recover this and other development costs from direct beneficiaries. 19. Development Costs. Costs over the 4-year investment period are detailed in Annex 10, Table 12 and amount to CFAF 156 million (US$0.6 mil- lion). D. Cultivation of Developed Bottomlands 20. Plot Allocation. The cooperative section closest to bottomlands scheduled for development would be informed of the availability of plots to qualified members. To qualify, the potential farmer should be, of course, a cooperative member or his spouse. The extension specialist should be satisfied that the farmer has enough labor in his household, has demonstrated initiative and is willing to sign the "cahier des charges". This contract between farmer and UCCAO would spell out their respective rights and obliga- tions. For farmers, this would include the contribution of labor for land development at a nominal wage, respecting technical advice given by extension agents, payment of an annual participation fee and maintenance levy (para 25), and delivery of a proportion of his paddy production to the extension service, at the going market price, for milling. Cultivation rights would need to be sanctioned, formally or otherwise, by the traditional authority at least for cooperative sections, if not for individual farmers. Allocations would range between 0.2 and 0.5 ha depending on family size and present land holding. Landless young farmers would, depending on family circumstance, be allowed up to 1.0 ha. 21. Crops and Cropping. Particular crops and cropping systems would depend on the rainfall and soil characteristics. In general, there would be two harvests a year. First cycle crops (January to June) would be market vegetables (such as tomatoes, leeks, cabbage and soya) and maize. Beans need to be harvested in dry weather and would therefore not be advised for the first cycle. The growing cycle of maize depends on altitude (120 days at 1100 m, up to 150 days at 1500 m). Because of the permanent wetness of bottomland soils, planting in January is possible. Drying after harvest would need to be carefully watched, but this is not a problem specific to bottomland maize. The variety recommended is Cola (M5 x CY) which yields 2-3 tons on small farmer plots. Seeds of other first cycle crops (vegetables) would be mostly imported. There exists already in the project area a small but rapidly growing private trade in imported vegetable seed (Annex 9). The ANNEX 7 Page 7 irrigated crop cultivation unit (BCU) in the extension service would also keep a small stock of vegetable seed which would supplement supply from private sources. 22. Second Cycle cultivation would be based almost exclusively on rain- fed rice cultivation. The varieties most suited to project area conditions are PD5A - PD5D and IAC 25. These are resistant to the usual crytogamic diseases. Yields are about 2 t/ha. Irrigated and flood rice could give higher yields but these would involve more complicated development works and would require cultivation techniques not familiar to project area farmers. For example, it would rule out ridging, a basic land preparation technique in the project area which would be used for first cycle crops. The varieties recommended are best replanted rather than being sown direct. The introduction of this technique would require special attention. Seeds would be produced by the project's Seeds Production Unit. 23. Extension. A Bottomlands Cultivation Unit (BCU) would be created within the general extension service of UCCAO. It would participate in site selection, and be responsible for plot allocation, farmer recruitment and training, input supply and credit; collection and milling of paddy and rice storage; and supervision of maintenance work on developed bottomlands. Staff would consist of an agronomist, 5 extension agents and 5 monitors. The costs of staff and related expenses are included in the general extension service (Annex 10). 24. Maintenance of Development Bottomlands. Maintenance works consist primarily in cleaning out main drainage canals and plot drainage channels and in rebuilding dykes and bunds as necessary. Materials required are simple work tools, cement and some earth. The project would provide BCU with the required tools and an operating budget sufficient to purchase cement and other building materials. The unit would be responsible for organizing bottomland farmers to carry out necessary maintenance works under the technical guidance of BDU staff. Such routine maintenance work is essential to this project subcomponent. Consequently, bottomland farmers would be assessed a maintenance fee per hectare, which they can pay either in cash or in the form of labor contribution (5-7 working days per year) to be costed at the rate of the going rural labor wage of CFAF 300 per day. Failure to contribute either cash or labor would result in the loss of cultivation rights for any farmer. Details of the proposed assessment procedure are provided in para 25 below. 25. Cost Recovery. The direct cost of bottomland preparation amounts to CFAF 96,000/ha (US$392) before physical contingencies. This excludes amortization of land preparation equipment and supervisory overhead costs, including the technical assistance to be provided by consultants. Mainten- ance costs are estimated at 1.5% of initial capital costs. Costs recovery would be based on the following assessment: ANNEX 7 Page 8 CFAF Initial Capital Cost/ha 96,000 Physical Contingencies 9,600 Total Cost 105.600 Annuity at 5% over 10 years 13,675 Maintenance (1.5%) 1,584 Total Annual Payment 15,259 Rounded to 15,300/ha US$62.45 ANh 7 CAMEROON Table 1 Western Highlands Rural Develonment 'roject Bottomland Develonment Program Technical Characteristics of 'y-pical 30 ha Perimeter with only Drainage by Channel Remodelling 1. Stream Remodelling Grass clearing, widening and remodelling of channel without deepening in order to avoid an excessive lowering of groundwater from March to July: - Bottom width 2,0 m - Side slopes 1:1 - Water height 2,0 m Such a work with gradient of 0,005 discharges 8 m3/s (Strickler formula Q=K SR2/3 i 1/2, with k = 30). - Works : 1,000 m. remodelled equal to 2,500 m3 of excavation performed by hand labor.At the rate of 1,5 m3/day/laborer needs 1,650 man-days. 2. Perimeter Belt Drainage Belt drains evacuate rainfall water running on the hillsides above the perimeter: - Length : 1,500 m - Depth : 0,50 m, - Side slopes: 1:1 - Bottom width: 0,50 - Works : 750 m3 excavation and compacted banks = 500 man-days ANNEX 7 Table 1 Page 2 3. Surface Drainage Main drain Length 1,000 m Depth 0,50 m Side slopes : 1:1 Bottom width 0,50 m Freeboard 0,20 m Works : 500 m3 excavation - 340 man-days Field drains Length 6,000 m Depth 0,30 m Side slopes : 1:1 Bottom width : 0,30 m Works 1,100 m3 excavation which will be used for bunds of field basins - 730 man-days 4. Constructions - installation of concrete pipes to the passage of paths on drains (length 3,0 m, diameter 0,40 m) equal to 150 m for all the perimeter, - masonry drainage control structure with sluice. 5. On-farm develoyment - land clearing and smoothing (accounted in culture work time) - field basins 500 m2 with bunds 20ca high - works: 1,000 m3 bunds - 650 man-days 6. Labor Reauirement and Availability Families would receive 0,2 to 0,5 ha of additional lands which represents 100 families for 30 na. The work would require 4,000 man-days. This would be possible witt 40 days by family in January and February, after coffee harvest. ANNEX 7 CAMERCON Table 2 Wgestern Highlands Rural Develooment Pro,ect Page 1 Bottomland Development Program Technical characteristics of tyTical 30ha nerimeter (drainage and flood protection with dykes) When remodeling of a stream becomes much too important, flood protection would be secured by a little dyking - length of dyke 1500 m - height 1.5 m - side slopes 2:1 - crest width 2.0 mn Works: 7900 m3 of compacted bank Means used: 2 tipper trucks 7.5 tons 1 loader tractor 65 HP 2 earth motor rammers Work 100 labourers (5300 man days) 53 days Reauirement: 2 dump trucks (20 journeys/truck/day) 4C days 1 loader tractor (160 m3/day) Lo days 2 earth rammers 44 days The time of dyking work would be about 2 months The other part of perimeter development will be the same as the Drevious case, without channel remodeling. A21NEX 7 Table 2 Page 2 Costs (net of taxes) Unit / Cost Total Cost Item Unit Quantity CFAF 000 CFAF Force account Oerating costs loader tractor hour 320 2,300 736 Tipver Trucl: km 4,000 100 400 earth motor ranmmer hour 350 500 175 Sub total 1,311 Material masonry m' 10 10,000 100 shuttering u 30 5,000 150 concrete pipes m 150 2,300 345 Sub total 595 Personnel unskilled labour man day 7,870 300 2,360 truck drivers month 4 21,000 84 loader tractor month 2 37,000 74 operators rammer operators month 4 21,000 84 Sub total 2,602 TOTAL 4,506 1/ Net of Taxes ANNEX 7 '_'aoJ.e M5 CAMEROON Western Highlands Rural Development Pro,lect Technical Characteristics of lOha Irrigated Perimeter Due to the deep embanking of the rivers (2,5 to 3 m) a river diversion for irrigation would require a too long main canal above the perimeter (1,000 m with gradient of 0,003). This would not be possible because of the great permeability of soils. Investment would consist of a transverse dyking with compacted earth with a gabion spill-way and a stilling basin downstream at the foot of the dam. This dam only aims to raise the level of water upstream to the perimeter and does not permit sufficient water reserve. However, the upper area of the dam would be permanently flooded. The choice of the site would take it into account. A. Irrigation 1. Earth dyke Length : 200 m Height : 2,0 m Crest width: 3,0 m Side slope 2:1 Works : 1,800 m3 compacted earth work 2. Spill-way Length: 15 m Crest : 1,0 m below crest of weir Height: 3,5 to 4 m Works : 180 n3 gabions filled with stones; 90 m3 earthwork. 3. Headworks control structure In reinforced concrete with sluice equipped with controle sluice gate. AdTNEX 7 Table 3 Page 2 4. Main canal Length 600 m Gradient 0,002 Capacity 30 l/s Bottom width : 0,30 m Side slopes : 2:1 Crest level 0,5m above ground level Freeboard 0,25 m Top width of bank: 0,50 m Works : 300 m3 compacted bank 5. Distributaries and field ditches Length : 3,000 m Gradient 0,002 Capacity 20 Ils with 0,15 m freeboard Crest level 0,30 above ground level Side slopes : 1:1 Bottom width : 0,20 m Top width ofbanks: 0,5 m Outlets to field ditches: 100 mm PVC pipe cul-erts Outlets to fields : 80 mm PVC pipe culverts Works 9oo m3 compacted banks 6. Drainage, structure work, on-farm development Identical as the above developmenz. CAMEROON WESTERN HIGHLANDS RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT Bottomland Development Program - Investment Cost (million CFA) Total Total Net Item Quantity Unit Cost writh Taxes Taxes of Taxes Equipment 65-HP Wheeled Loader tractor 1 5,5 5,5 0,5 5 Earth Motor Rammer 2 0,77 1,54 0,14 1,4 7,5 t Wlpper Truck 2 4,4 8,8 0,8 8,0 750 kg 4 x 4 Pick-up 2 2,3 4,6 0,42 4,2 Surveying Instrument 1 1,0 1,0 O,t 0,9 Small tools 1/ 5 1 4 Total Equipment 26,5 3,0 23,5 Office/Stores 300m2 0,03 9 1 8 Rice hluller (800 kg/h) 1 5 3,9 0,4 3,5 'Total 39,4 4,4 35 1/ 500 shovels - 500 picks - 75 wheel barrows - 30 land tampers and masonry set. Ir rD -4 ANNEX 7 Table 5 CAMEROON WESTERN IIGIIIANDS RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT Bottomland Development Program - Cost of Bottomland Works 1/ Unit Cost (CFAF) Total Item Unit Quantity (Net of Tax) (CFAF 00) Foreign Local 7. Foreign Force Account Operating Costs Tipper Truck km 24,000 100 2,440 1,342 1,098 55 Loader Tractor hour 1,190 2,300 2,730 1,501 1,229 55 Earth Motor Rammer " 1,270 500 634 349 285 55 Suhb-total 5,804 3,192 2,612 55 Material Masonry m3 133 10,000 1,330 260 1,064 20 Concrete pipe 1m 2,010 2,300 4,623 2,312 2,311 50 Shiuttering u 422 5,000 2,110 1,688 422 80 Reinforcing Concrete m3 16 54,000 864 432 432 50 Cab ion m3 180 10,000 1,800 1,350 450 75 I'VC Pipe culvert lm 60 940 S6 42 14 75 Su)- total 10,783 6,089 4,694 Personinel UIniskilled labor Man-day 67,850 300 20,355 Iruck drivers month 16 21,000 322 Loader Operator " 8 37,000 284 ltaiiimer Operator 15 21,000 301 Sub- total 21,262 - 21,262 Iotal 37,849 9 2R1 28,568 25 lotal with taxes (rounded) 42 000 10 500 31 500 25 1/ Division of civil works: 10 irrigated ha, 290 ha with drainage only, 100 ha with drainage and dyking. ANNEX 7 rable 6 CAMEROON WESTERN HIGHLITANDS RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT Bortomlands Developnment Program-Management Team ('000 CFA) Item No. Anntial Salary Annual Total No. Years Total Project I'ersoniile I Bural Engineer 1 1,400 1,400 4 5,600 Cenieral Foreman 1 750 750 4 3,000 Survey Assistant 1 400 400 4 1,600 I)raighitinian 1 376 376 4 1,504 Driver Pick-Up 2 280 560 4 2,240 MechIani c 1 444 444 4 1,776 L.ab)orer 5 500 2,500 4 10,000 Traoisport Allowaiice 500 500 2,000 TI, t a 1 6,930 27,720 Operaing ('ost~s Unit Cost Pick<-lIp (15,000 km/year) 30,000 km 47 1 400 4 5 600 Miscellanieous - - MO 4 2 800 Tot al 2,1(M 8 400 ANNEX 7 CAMEROON Table 7 WESTERN lICHLANDS RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT Bottomland Development Program - Costs of Technical Assistance (CFAF Million) Item Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Total Rate (CFA/Ha) Cost (Million CFA) Survey Design (ha) 60 140 200 400 30.000 12.0 Work Control (ha) 10 50 140 200 400 30.000 12.0 Animtkal and Total Cost 2-1 5 -7 10.2 6 0 24.0 It Iaes1gn for 100 ha perimeter 3 weeks of engineer 1,2 million CFA 3 weeks of rural officer and staff 1,3 I Miscellaenious - Transport 0,5 o 3,0 million CFA or 30.000 CFA/ha Work Control 2 weeks engineer 0,75 million CFA 4 months of rural officar 1,75 'I'ransport 0,50 3,0 million CFA or 30.000 CFA/ha ANNEX I CAMLRMWN Table 8 WESl'EN IIIHIILANDS RUNIAL DEVIM)lIEIJI i'ROJ EC' BOTTOMIAND bEVFII)PWtEr FARI BUDGEr (0.3 IIA) WITli PROJECT 1/ py I - 2 Pit 3 and on Area Price/kg Yield Production Grobs Value Yield Production Gross Value Cr(p (ba) (CFAF) (kg/ha) (kg) (CFAFI (kg/dla) (kg) (CFAF) 1. seasost - miaize 0.3 35 2,000 600 21,000 2,500 750 26,250 2. " - rice 0.2 45 1,200 240 10,800 1,800 360 16,200 - vegetables 0.1 58 5,500 550 31,900 7,500 750 43,500 Crots Value of Production 63,700 85,950 ProdulctIoni Costs: Seeds 2,710 2,710 FertLilizers 2/ 4,320 4,320 Pesticides 500 1,000 Tools, Bags 300 500 Production Costs Subtotal 7,830 8,530 Net VduIe of Production 55,870 77420 Famuily CoutsuaptLtot 3/ 20,000 25,000 CashI Income after Fuiuiily Consumption 35,B70 52 420 ($146) ($214) I.ess Taxes 4/ 300 300 Recovery of Developmaeflt Costs 5/ 4,590 4,590 Debt Service 6/ 6,030 6,030 Totli Net. iseglefit 46.250 67,800 ($189) Faial Iy labor (,lEaui-dayb per farm) 7/ 5 101 Net Betictit per uiami-day 544 671 I/ hottotLuland assuaed unexploited without project. 2/ 400 khg/ha at CFAF 36 per kg. 3/ Fssamily of 2 adults, 2 childreni. 4/ leaid ta;x CFAF 150 per adult per year. At the rate of CFAF 15,300 per ha. 6/ Sprayer, cost CFAF 15,000, 3 year credit, interest rate 10%. 7/ BBased on mania-days/lha: maize 95, rice 110, vegetables 500. CAMEROON WESTERN IIICIILANDS RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT Bottomland Development - Economic Value of Production (CFAF Million, December 1977 constant terms) PYI PY2 PY3 PY4 PY5 PY6 PY7 PY8 PY9-15 Value of I'roduction 1/ Rice (t) - (8.4) 0.4 (48.0) 2.4 (165) 8.3 (343.2)17.2 (400) 20.0 (479) 24.0 (479) 24.0 (479)24.0 Maize (t) - (21) 0.7 (120) 4.0 (407)13.8 (828) 28.2 (899) 30.6 (998) 33.9 (998) 33.9 (998)33.9 Vegetables (t) - (19) 1.1 (110) 6.4 (376)21.8 (772) 44.8 (866) 50.2 (998) 57.9 (998) 57.9 (998)57.9 - 2.2 12.8 43.9 90.2 100.8 115.8 115.8 115.8 Productuion Costs 2/ - 0.3 1.6 5.3 10.6 10.9 11.3 11.3 11.3 Hulller (CFAF 10/kg paddy) - 0.5 1.7 3.4 4.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Mat iten ance (1.5%/(CiFAF 96,000 ha) - (10) - (60) 0.1 (200) 0.3 (400) 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Total Costs - 0.8 3.4 9.0 15.2 16.5 16.9 16.9 16.9 Net Value of Production 3/ - 1.4 9.4 34.9 75.0 84.3 98.9 98.9 98.9 I/ Economic farmgate prices 1979/80 to 1984/85 as follows (CFAF/ kg) rice 50; maize 34; and vegetables 58. Input costs as per Annex 12, Table 1. ,/ Aniex 7, 'I'able 5 3/ Equals Incremieutal net value of production, since without the project the bottomland would not be developed. Ited 'o t . ANNEX 7 Appendix I Page 1 CAMEROON WESTERN HIGHLANDS RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT Bottomland Development Program Preliminary Inventory of Suitable Bottomlands Departement de la Menoua 1. Batsinla (Groupement Bafou) This bottomland is located 6 km from Dschang on the road to Fokoue, at an altitude of 1,500 m. It covers about 10 ha (maximum) and the upstream is full of raffia. This plain is flooded in July to about 50 cm. it is uncultivated, except for the periphery where maize is planted from February to June. The development requires a drainage network with control in order to ensure drainage and to allow a first cycle with vegetables or potatoes and a second cycle with rice. Carrying out a first cycle with maize seems possible because maize is actually planted early in February. Before develop- ment, the ability to cultivate maize and rice should be verified as well as the absence of flood before July. This area is densely populated and arabica coffee and food crops (maize, vegetables) are grown. The lands would be allocated to families already living in this area but the area is too small to accommodate new settlers. Based on current cultivation practices and farm sizes, the allotments would not exceed 0.2 to 0.5 ha. It is estimated that 30 to 40 families would increase the size of their holdings. 2. Fokamezo It is located in the Bafo Groupement 10 km from Dschang, east of the Fokoue road, at an altitude of 1,400 m. 3. Balefock It is located in the Bamendou Groupement 15 km from Dschang of Fokoue road. It is a wide bottomland but only about 10 ha are cultivable, the rest being covered by palm trees (not raffia). Its development requires drainage and flood protection by dykes because of the large size of the stream. The area is densely populated and the land would be dis- tributed among the families already living thereabouts. 4. Fontotongo Located 20 km north-west of Dschang, it is a wide plain covered by raffia on the upstream and with dry and uncultivated land downstream. AXNEX 7 Appendix 1 Page 2 It requires drainage investments and protection against flood (remodelling or dyking after study). The inhabitants would greatly benefit in using these lands because they have tried, without success, to dig ditches in order to reduce the flow of water. Only a complete field reconnaissance would permit the appraisal of the cultivable land (more than 30 ha). 5. Plains of Metsui and Tsonnv These are flooded plains in the valley of Metsui and Tsonny rivers near Bamendou (between Dschang and Bafoussam). Despite the black soils, large areas are uncultivated (not even raffia grows there). In some places, the inhabitants have erected ridges of more than 1.5 m to have new cultivable lands, and several hundred hectares of land are available. The flooding conditions would have to be studied by measuring the water height and its period. The streams would require dyking in order to allow development of the valley. Development of these bottomlands would have to be carried out in several stages starting with a 1st perimeter (150 ha) at the level on the road close to Bamendou village. The study of such catchment would be done for the whole area even if only a small part is developed. Otherwise develop- ment of the last perimeters might upset the hydrological features of the first developed areas. DEPARTEIENT DE LA MIFI 6. Badie Located 15 km north-east of Bafoussam in the Baleng Groupement, this bottomland is a flooded area aot actually used by farmers, while the lands around it are planted with almost pure stand maize. Its altitude is relatively low (1,100 m) and allows carrying out of a short 1st cycle with maize (as early as February) followed by rice cultivation. The area to be developed is estimated to be about 150 ha and requires controlled drainage (groundwater nears 40 cm in dry season) and flooding protection. The hydro- logical features would be taken into consideration before designing the sub-project (redirecting the stream in the valley would seem sufficient). Land distribution would be done among the inhabitants of Baleng but the size of the perimeter would allow the settlement of presently landless families. DEPARTEMENT DE BAMBOUTOS 7. Ferme-Ecole de Bagam The school-farm of Bagam situated on the road to Mbouda Galim trains landless young men for one year and afterwards they are given portions of land by administration. Bamboutos is the least populated department of the highlands and constitutes an area for immigrants. In the perimeter of the school farm held by the Evangelic Mission, there exists 10 ha of bottomlands that are ill-drained and not actually used, but only for grazing place. ANNEX 7 Appendix I Page 3 The development of this bottomland would have the advantage of ensuring a good training in bottomland cultivation. The conditions of the integration of this perimeter in the bottomland program would be fixed between the Project Management and the school farm of Bagam. 8. Nkieneghang At 30 km from Mbouda between Galim and Bamendjing there is about 40 to 50 ha of swampy land due to the accumulation of rainfall runoff. The development of this bottomland requires reshaping of a little brook and a slight drainage. It is not very populated and the achievement of its development would require installation of new settlers. The Western Highlands has many other similar valleys which we could not visit which would be studied in the first year of the project in order to choose the areas best to be developed. The large valleys, however interesting they are, were eliminated in the first stage of the project but would be considered in the follow-up project after experience has been gained in the bottomland development. ANNEX 8 Page 1 CAMEROON WESTERN HIGHLANDS RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT Village Water Supply Background 1. Village water supply is currently inadequate in the project area. Existing facilities are at substantial distances and are too few to handle all requirements. Water from backwaters and natural water points are subject to health hazards. In addition there is a shortage of good quality water for coffee processing (Annex 9), which results in coffee of low standard. The farmers are not fully aware of this problem, so that the development of water points for coffee treatment would need to be accompanied by a farmer education program. 2. Table 1 gives the number and quality of water supply schemes by arrondissement. The rural population is served by 160 existing water supply facilities, serving an estimated 185,000 people; however, the popu- lation served by water supply facilities in satisfactory condition does not exceed 130,000, or 20% of the rural population. Surveys by the Rural Works Department show that 30% of the existing schemes are either in poor condition or out of order. 3. Existing schemes are of three types: (a) spring collection, with a small concrete cistern and an area where the water can be drawn; (b) concrete wells; and (c) piped supply schemes operating by gravity, with pipes running from a spring collection point or a river offtake. Table 2 contains a listing of the schemes by arrondissement. Of the 160 facilities, 64% are of the spring collection type, 19% are wells, and 17% are piped supply schemes. Causes of the poor condition or complete breakdown of the existing water supply schemes include: (a) Clogxing of the Springs - After three or four years, the draining trenches become blocked by raffia roots. Also, the laterite block linings gradually decompose into a powdery red mud which fills the interstices. Within a few years, the flow trickles down to practically nothing. Maintenance consists of clearing the trench, removing the roots, replacing the decomposing blocks with stone rather than laterite material (granite is found in abundance in these regions), and changing the faucets and other fittings. (b) Wells - Instead of a poured concrete lining, the wells are lined with precast sections that are not rigid ANNEX 8 Page 2 enough to withstand the passage of time. The twells are usually dug to a water level of around 1-1.5. While flow measurements have been undertaken, .h --at er lavels are usually inadequate in view of the poor permeability of the deeper soil (laterite and clay), and the needed discharge of 0.7-1 liters/sec is not achieved. Furthermore, because the wells are not scraped or cleaned they gradually clog up, thus reducing water intake. (c) Pumping - Most of the wells were initially equipped with hand pumps, but nearly all pumps are now out of order. Inadequate maintenance is attributable to lack of means, especially spare parts, and to inadequate training of the users. (d) Piped Supply Schemes are in poor condition either because the catchment area has clogged up (see above) or because the metal pipes are wearing out. 4. Agencies. The Rural Works Department (RWD) is responsible for the programming, installation, and maintenance of the water supply schemes in rural areas. In the project area, RWD is represented by the Rural Eagineering Service in Western Province (Genie Rural), which is based in Bafoussam. The Provincial Service is part of the Provincial Agricultural Delegation. Each Department has a Rural Engineering Section. 5. Genie Rural is headed by a rural engineer and his assistant. Each Departmental Section is headed by a technical officer. Present staff in the province consists of: two rural engineers, six technical officers, two technical assistants, 42 permanent employees such as surveyor, drivers, laborers, etc., and 70 temporary workers during construction periods. The service has three trucks and seven automobiles, of which three are in good running order, and a small compressor. Worksite equipment, for the wells in particular, is inadequate. Basic equipment--such as moulds for well-lining, prefabricated pipes, air pumps and compressors to work in the groundwater-- does not exist. The service has a workshop at Bafoussam, equipped to handle small repairs. 6. Genie Rural obtains CFAF 10 million (US$0.04 million) from the Government and CFAF 6 million (US$0.02 million) from FONADER each year for water supply projects. In 1976, it installed 35 spring collection schemes, six wells, and five pipe water supply schemes. In addition to these activi- ties, Genie Rural is responsible for the construction of about 50 buildings, and most of its staff are engaged in this program. 7. All the external agencies of the Ministry of Agriculture have been under a single unit, the Provincial Delegation, since 1973. This reform was aimed at correcting operational deficiencies, but an attendant result has been an excessive centralization of control over personnel, ANNEX 8 Page 3 finance and material resources. The Provincial Service chiefs require more control over their operations in the interest of greater efficiency. Types of Water Supply Schemes Proposed for the Proiect 8. Spring Collection. Springs are abundant in the undulating Western Highlands. They are found either at valley bottom or half-way down the slopes. The presence of raffia palms is a useful indicator of a spring site. A typical spring collection facility consists of V-shaped trenches, dug 20 to 100 cm long (depending on the site), 30-80 cm deep, and 40 cm wide. These trenches are filled with large-size filter materials (10-15 cm) and sealed off with a concrete casting. To obtain the best discharge, the trenches should be continued for as long as there are channels to be enclosed. A pipe is run to a concrete cistern large enough to accommodate night-time flow. The cistern supplies faucets and sometimes laundry troughs, and it becomes optional when discharge is greater than 1-1.5 liter/sec. Average discharge from the springs is estimated at around 1 liter/sec, at the time of the coffee harvest (October-December). Minimum flow occurs in March-April. 9. Under the project, the same method of construction would be used with slight modifications. The main innovation concerns the concrete lining of the filter trenches. At present, the lining is poured on the spot, in a thick layer which runs through the stone aggregate and leads to wastage and obstruction. In addition, when the trenches are repaired, the lining has to be broken with a chisel or miner's bar. It would be preferable to line the trenches with prefabricated concrete slabs (dallots), 40 x 100 x 5 cm, mortared together on the spot. Each slab weighs 55 kg, and can be handled without difficulty. Mainteaance and monitoring of the condition of the trenches would be performed more easily and faster. 10. Wells. In the absence of surface water, villages obtain their supply from wells. These are 1.20 m. in diameter, 15-20 m. deep, and lined with precast concrete sections. Because they are not sunk far enough into the water table, the wells tend to dry up. The portion below the water level (catchment area) tends to become clogged. Since the pumps are usually out of order, the water is drawn by the traditional rope and bucket method, which leads to pollution. The water seldom meets health standards. Dis- charge at present is low (less than 1 m3/hour). 11. For wells constructed under the project, the design would be improved through: (a) construction of a concrete surface around the well, with a slope and drainage channels to prevent the well head from becoming muddy and to keep dirty water out of the well; (b) down to the water level, construction of a continuous reinforced concrete lining (diameter 120 cm), anchored directly into the ground; A4NEX 8 Page 4 (c) for the catchment portion, installation of precast concrete sections below the water level. These sections would have an external diameter of 100 cm, and the precast concrete pipe would continue over the lining for 50 cm, but with no concrete seal so that the well is not damaged if the pipe shifts out of place; (d) around the pipe, installation of gravel filter of a caliber to be decided, depending on soil type (about 5 mm); (e) at the bottom of the well, installation of filter material about 30 cm thick; A hand pump would be installed on the well. This would tend to prevent pol- lution, and the well can also be covered by a movable concrete slab. Selec- tion of the pump would be based on a measurement of the actual discharge. For the care of these pumps, it would be essential that a maintenance structure be set up either as part of the Rural Engineering Department or at the level of the village community concerned. A well of this type can dis- charge 3-4 m /hour. 12. Piped Supply. Schemes of this type are justified for densely populated areas, say 3,000-5,000 inhabitants, or when the location of the spring is too far away from the residential areas and at a higher elevation. A typical piped facility comprises a collection system from one or more springs or a river offtake. The water is carried through a network of pipes to public fountains. Schools, clinics, and public buildings can be hooked up to the system if the discharge is heavy enough. 13. Under the project, the type of piped schemes to be constructed would be determined on a case-by-case basis depending on the type of water source, (spring, river offtake, groundwater), discharge, accessibility, and the number of people to be supplied. For each location, a brief evaluation of these aspects would be prepared before construction. Afterwards, regular flow measurements would be taken. Estimated Farm Water Requirements 14. Coffee is harvested between October and mid-December, with 90% harvested in the first 50 days (the harvesters going around the farm every 2-3 days). The coffee is first sorted by being placed in water to eliminate floaters, then the wet cherries are pulped, fermented overnight, and washed. Treatment has to start within 24 hours of harvesting to prevent parasite fermentation. Stinking beans is also avoided by correct cherry treatment, which requires an abundant supply of clean water at each stage (Annex 9). At present, the farmers either treat their coffee in basins, using water drawn from the springs (this means they use far too little water, which leads in particular to inefficient sorting), or else they ANNEX 8 Page 5 immerse the baskets of harvested cherries in the streams or the stagnant polluted waters of the bottomlands. 15. For planning purposes, it can be assumed that each farmer reaps 30 kg of dried coffee every three days. On this basis, in view of the large number of farmers, there would be an average regular daily input of cherries at the water point af 10 kglfarmer/day. For every kilo of cherries, 10 liters of water is required. Another 100 liters are required for the family's domestic uses. Thus an average farm consumes 200 liters of water a day during the coffee treatment season. Although this average figure is sufficient for planning the region's overall supply requirements, a more precise survey of the coffee area would be needed to determine how these requirements are distributed. Location Criteria 16. The number and location of water points would be determined on the basis of the following factors: (a) Discharge. A properly developed spring will discharge an average of I liter/sec in November-December, and the flow does not start to decrease significantly until February. This flow makes available a volume of 40 m3 of water during the day (11 hours) to 200 families, or 1,400 inhabitants, assuming seven persons per family. (b) Distance. A water point cannot supply people living more than 1.5-2 km away, so that its total service area cannot exceed 12 km2. People living further away would continue to use the nearest streams. Consequently, for areas with a population density lower than 120/km2, provision would be made for one water point every 12 km2, even if it is under utilized. For areas with a population density of over 120 km2, there would be one water point for every 1,400 inhabitants. On these bases, the theoretical requirement for water points is estimated at 291, distributed as follows (see Table 3): Menoua - 81; Bamboutos - 78; and Mifi 92. Nde (project area) - 13; Haut Nbam (project area) - 12; and Bamoun (project area) - 15. The number of potential sites far exceeds this theoretical figure. Certain areas which appear to lack suitable sites (Bangou arrondisement in Mifi, Batcham group in Bamboutos) would be prospected early in PY 1. The Proiect Component 17. The number of schemes proposed would meet 75% of requirements, allowing for some continued use of streams and rivers. The program of ANNEX 8 Page 6 construction, allowing for the ongoing activities (including rehabilitation of existing schemes) of Genie Rural would be as follows: Area Spring Collection Small Piped Schemes Medium Piped or Wells Schemes Menoua 55 4 2 Bamboutos 50 3 Mifi 70 Haut Nbam 10 Nde 10 Bamoun 13 Total 208 7 2 Annex 4 shows the detailed distribution by arrondissement. 18. The first schemes to be constructed would be those supplying people who live the furthest away from existing sources of supply, whether natural or developed. Installation of new schemes would be dovetailed with the other project activities, in particular with the provision of training and supervisory structures designed to make the farmers aware of the importance of water to good-quality coffee treatment. The phasing would be as follows: Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Total Spring collection of wells - 65 80 73 218 Small piped schemes - 1 2 4 7 Medium piped schemes - 1 1 - 2 Rehabilitation of existing schemes 11 20 20 - 51 Rehabilitation of the existing schemes would be carried out by Genie Rural, and would be financed out of its annual operating budget which is sufficient for this purpose. With 50% of its budget assigned to rehabilitation, the Department could complete this program in three years. The other 50% of the budget should support regular maintenance of all water supply schemes. Costs 19. The costs shown in summarized form below are detailed in Tables 4-6 and Annex 10, Table 11. ANNEX 8 Page 7 Item Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Total Local Foreign % --------------------… Millions CFA--------------------- Equipment and Vehicles 29.1 - - - 29.1 6.5 22.6 78 Water Supply Installa- tions - 54.9 59.8 60.6 175.3 105.3 70 40 Operating Costs (vehicles and miscellaneous) 1 8.6 10.6 11 31.2 15.6 15.6 50 Annual Total Net of Taxes 30.1 63.5 70.4 71.6 253.6 127.4 108.2 46 Costs Total Estimate /1 with Taxes and Duties 32.4 70 77.5 78.8 238.7 150.5 108.2 42 /1 Calculation of Taxes: 10% on c.i.f. prices for equipment and vehicles. 10% on works. Cost of Maintenance 20. Maintenance of the water supply facilities takes place every three or four years, at an approximate cost of CFAF 250,000 (i.e. CFAF 70,000 per year). The construction of 220 schemes would require the inclusion in the national budget of incremental annual maintenance outlays of CFAF 15 million. Participation by the beneficiaries, which has been started in a small way, must be strongly encouraged. The savings from self-help maintenance are hard to assess, but could easily represent around 25% of the cost of main- tenance, while such savings are offset by the cost of the necessary extension service, it is essential to encourage the participation of local human resources. But this type of human investment should not replace a main- tenance budget. Without a budgetary provision for maintenance, the new facilities would, in a few years, be in the same state of disrepair as the existing ones are today. Organization 21. Construction. The water supply component would be constructed by Genie Rural which is experienced in this field. A Village Water Supply Unit would be created within the Department, to be responsible for con- struction. The necessary personnel and equipment would be assigned to this unit, which would be headed by a technical officer, who would be directly responsible to the Chief of the Provincial Service. Project- financed resources would be assigned to this unit to be used exclusively in its programmed activities. These resources would be distributed temporarily among the Departmental sections as needed for construction purposes, and until construction is completed. Management of construction ANNEX 8 Page 8 personnel would be the responsibility of the Chief of the Village Water Supply Unit (hiring, wages, vacations, etc.). Control by project management over all operating resources is an essential prerequisite for success. 22. Works Control. Before the beginning of each year, Genie Rural would prepare the annual works program and a draft expenditure budget. These would be submitted to Project. Management for approval. Upon completion of the works, an acceptance report would be drawn up, and also a technical brief describing the nature of the schemes, exact location, discharge, etc. This brief would facilitate follow-up. 23. Management. Financial management would be the responsibility of UCCAO which would sign an agreement with Genie Rural defining their mutual obligations. UCCAO would have special accounts for the expeaditures of the Village Water Supply Unit. The Unit would have its own analytical accounting system to keep track of the cost of the works. The head of the Provincial Department would be responsible for all technical matters pertaining to village water supply installations. Supervisory staff is insufficient at present and Government has agreed to assign two new technical assistants to the unit. WS7~.I VI_KAE hA.-L D 2VrWPM "azCt T.bie I Villag V.1.4 isli.e - Y_ef sod State of Pt.... Ip.e.iItlatss Deps c dA .1.i8sevaCt SuCt tpeo of Ytor S.Pply auisll.cinm mebd. In r4d.r s4 of or4*V ?lOUA Arrot asem.o de lechong Spring cotlLtettm 20 17 3 Well a 44 Ptiped e.py _0 7 4 3 sam-u.L 35 23 lO Arfwati.u e Peek le $1Ictping colectIe L W ll _ sOtstritc Feb 39rtqs coll ctle 431 0.11 0 - Pt"& .uLy sch_e 5 I 7 12 * 0 t0ss .a. Spring oLL-cstio 15 211 tYeL 14 4 10 Pipe soPppy ec.h.n 10 4 10 ZSIi S5 31 24 Lut4qras ArrOWLawmded.i 4t 4 p Spring eol1cci_, 13 12 1 Pipd .."Ly . _ t I1 Uzsu taul 14 13 1 Av?AotSeddis 4. A.1e.4. Spring ellea.lea 2 1 1 4.11- Ptip Oespp safehem 2 2 Sub-COCOL 4 3 L__ Distrtet d4 C.lts Spritrg OlLentlam 3 3 Well - ?tped esuVPL dcm 3 3- Sk*L-tQc,1SS toCtl semboucs. Spring s,11.ctla. Is IS 2 pt"d o sutl sc^_ S pip~~~~~_.d ,apk .s:.. 4 _ Arraftilasedmast vgftmamd~ rdrat SL-ing toli24 33 i !L .0t@ndXee. lafeesm eterl Syrtag se10.cttte 15 ) Well - 0 1] 5 PIped s.pply ch_W 1 ) 3ub-tcatl 16 1 '- W*ll ~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~10 ) I * ?Ctt I ArreZysidommat I ddje - Optin cotloet.r 4 ell 1o ) I I (se spectfIed by oZ) ?Pipd e.PPIT och.A 2 ACTORisedd*erC &.WM n.ssd Wends Spring sekl.stise I 0 v4.1 7 1' 2 (Mc.s eKsfied by CZ) pipe su°ppy ch_a., 3) Sub-ctcal 14 14 2 A2tOdomiemi de le11djoes Iptiug4 0lloetiee S S Va11 0 Pipd sewpLy "tam0 Total gift primg cellecti. 31 Well 17 iped s$pplT *.e. A ZoAU. 54 39 1' NAW AUX ArOditemmut Ce d .4 l4 Spring sOL Sle m I 25 leCWfngie. 8rc4401. Jeanne, Opteig oeLleileu 3Mg.. Vell ed ptpd a.pply s4ch em VA V P5wb44 S pring cetll.cleu 43 13 30 U W/F t )Sell soltO i ZN Piped soply esc =IAL 'KTW-' ARZA sqrtaig sollosion 74 47 Well 31 ~ 12 Piped s.ply ech.. 25 1 l2 1L belt lank dots en ises .185 74 1/ aftia lur.i *ca r" i ....urc. ANNEX 8 Table 2 CAHELROON tIESTERN 11i1(;lIlANnS RIItRAL DEVE1A3llHFN' PROJ l ' Viflage Wateler StMea - Eattmated Requireameota Beisa ty Total Needs of Present Need of New I.da I o) Area K%m2 Rural Population (lnh/knt2) Water JInstallaton Installation WAter Insta11at1ois MlN(\IJA Arirtl.IsSemloevt de Dachang 585 111.000 190 83 35 48 Artt-idissc,net .le ldenka Hicliol 276 55.000 196 39 8 31 wi)itrlt! de ioktoue 162 120.000 14 14 12 2 | !al Ictuodra 1023 118.000 174 136 55 8 8A118l ()tfl ta:i Au-ri tdissegloorit de Mbotida 47? 67.000 140 48 14 34 ArrottidlisOoiment di! Batlitaik 183 59.000 322 42 4 38' DitStrict de t alim 513 18.000 35 12 6 6 Totail l1amitbouuo tI'i 3 141.000 120 102 24 78 Arrond.ssetent, de Bafousaaa 402 81.000 201 58 16 42 Atrtttttl l:~.&tttnite de Baudlouin 264 47.0()O 178 34 16 18 Aiu,ttI i iti1,,,nt to le,agort-dahiam 303 40.000 132 28 16 12 Ai Oo Nuile;it ; w a tt . Ii;uttrdJt&tt /1)1 41 _i_ _____-____ 9fl h.TI ILIIij 1170 204.000 175 146 54 13 rlA NKAM Art t,l1.tti vie%wit Company-alian 286 25.000 88 lb 4 12 Pro ject Area 135 15.000 III 18 5 13 liAIi 111III Au (,oodl ss~iettIt lte froutitbot 805 40.000 56 5 4 ) A,t ott.II () :idiseot tie Fotuittbaal 660 42.0(0 ) ) )) .,>4,,1 1ti,,"oute 1465 82.000 ~11'AI. 1'11(111/1'T AIIIA 5252 645.000 123 476 185 291 CAMEROON WESTtEN HIGHIANDS RURAL DEVETOPMENS POCRAOM ANNZX a VILLAGE WATER SUPPLIES Table 3 Locacion of Prooosed Inscallations Origin: GCnie Rural Piped Supply Spring Location Schemes Collection Wells_ XZOUA Zinpouss l 3 aedouIZI 1 5 Potomna 1 Pensa ls& che1 1 BAfou 1 5 Doch Djuititsu 1 Fonco Tango Foto 5 Pogo Deng 4 Foreals Dechang 4 Poasong Wantchang 2 Sal..vengS Poteata l Fonta Ssoula 2 Folsoue 2 Baloum 2 Eanso. 4 Bolosaing 4 Fozope. 2 Total Xanou 6 55 - BAMB0UTOS 3abad1ou 1 4 Ssg*a 1 - 2 SalAtchi 1 3 Batcham 3 5 langang 3 - Bamendjing 3 - Bafounda 2 - samendio 1 1 Samnkombo 2 Bamendjinda 1 2 Bamsso 3 _ . meuaingue 2 1 Mbouda 2 - Gali. 2 - Sabett 1 2 BaA nyuaa 3 3 Total 3zboutos 3 35 15 X1IFI (l) AZr. de Eafouassa - 20 4 Arr. 3adjoun - 20 4 Arr. 3anjou 3ahaa - 6 6 Axr. de 3Bamdjou - 10 - Total ±ifi _ 56 14 aAuTT WA2 (1) _ 10 NDE (1) - 10 3AgmOU (1) 13 TOrAL P1OJECS AREA 9 179 29 (1) 7--act snaring zecveen wells ana spr:ng collec:ions ire n- ± :_-e CAMEROON WESTERN HIGHLANDS RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT ANNEX 8 VILLAGE WATER SUPPLIES Table 4 Cost of a Spring Collection System 1/ Unit Quantity Unit Cost Total CFAF CFAF Personnel Technical Officer month 0,65 80,000 52,000 Yard Chief " 15 20,000 30,000 Mason 1,5 15,0C 23,000 Unskilled labour 22 9,500 209,000 Driver o,8 25,000 21,000 SuLbtotal 335,000 Materials Cement ton 5,0 27,000 135,000 Gravel m3 3,5 4,000 14,000 Sand m3 2 2,000 4,000 Reinforcing Steel ton 0,50 180,000 90,000 Plumbtng u 1 30,000 30,000 Miscellaneous u 1 20,000 20,000 Subtotal 293,000 Operating Costs Trucks km 1,000 100 100,000 Pick-up km 300 40 12,000 Miscellaneous 25,000 25,000 Subtotal 137,000 TOTAL 765,000 1/ Net of tsx ANNEX 8 Table 5 CAMEROON WESTERN HIGHLANDS RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT VILLAGE WATER SUPPLIES Cost of a Small Piped Supply Scheme 11 Unit Quantity Unit Cost Total CFAF CFAF Personnel Technical Officer month 0,7 80,000 56,000 Yard Chief month 2,_ 20,000 45,000 Mason 2,3 15,000 35,000 Plumber " 3 19,000 46,000 Unskilled labour " 40 9,500 380,000 Drivers " 0,8 25,000 21,000 Subtotal 583,000 Material Cement ton 5,5 27,000 148,000 Gravel m3 4 4,000 16,000 Sand m3 2 2,000 4,000 Reiaf. steel ton 0,55 180,000 99,000 Pipes and plumbing m 1,200 1,000 1,200,000 Public fountain u 3 250,000 750,000 Miscellaneous u 1 50,000 50,000 Subtotal 2,268,000 Operating Costs Trucks km 1,200 100 120,000 Pick-up km 400 40 16,000 Miscellaneous 90,000 90,000 Subtotal 226,000 TOTAL 3,0777,000 .;ote: Medium piped supoly schemes (at Bafou, Djuititsa) cost about 2,5 times more. 1 Net of tax ANNEX 8 Table 6 CAMEROON WESTERN HIGHILANDS RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT Village Water Surnlies - Costs of Eduipment (Million CFA) Unit Total Total Net Item Quantity Cost Cost Taxes of Tax 3/4 tons Pick-up 3 2,33 7 0,65 6,35 Tipper Truck 7,5 t 3 4,4 13,2 1,2 12,0 Compressor 3,500 1/mm 1 3?7 3,7 0,4 3,3 Air pump 2 0,50 1,0 0,1 0,9 Air tools 3 0,28 0,83 0,08 0,75 Sheerlegs 4 0,33 1,32 0,12 1,2 Prefabricated Pipe Moulds 2 1,1 2,2 0,20 2,0 Well-lining shuttering U= 10 aI 1 1 0,10 0,9 Small tools - 1,5 1,5 0,40 1,1 Miscellaneous - 0,6 0,6 - 0,6 Total 32,4 3,3 29,1 ]BIRD I iO72 -6'30' 10,00' to, JO' 11,00, CAMEROON TT 11'AIF 11 lis'L W estern Highlands Rural Development Project -T -------------- r-, , WESTERN PROVINCE A) - \ r- 6.00 DELIMITATION OF PROJECT AREA N - - - Projeci areo iccordinct lo adininistrative boundories Pliysical project tirea Pi ovinciul bouii(iciries J, Deportmentof bm"Ida, IPS -0 1.1 Disirict (Ar roodis,,ernrnt) boun(iories Chief-doni (Chefferie) bOLin(lories BAF(USS Province heolquorlers Piefecturp headquarters 0 Stjbpfefectute twa&iuarters District lieadquatters 6-00' N,le: Lhief t do,,ei sho.. only in Pl1lj1,Ll OleO r AA-jb C- 40 Kil --1AF1FHS" N 5 IMF x ban "NESTERN PROVINCE MAIN SOILS GROUPS :hy,,Cal projeCt n,eci OGIollm' oundoty Black deposition soils boundaries Ilydromorpliic soils H f,rovince tieadquarters Red forrolitic soils Reworked fei,alific soil V, Ds'cloong il]BAFOUSSAM p O.'andr- 13"A... '7 NIGERIA CHAD J yl-\ A -ch,"y 0K,k-n Hongongte AfRICAtl .... ...... EMPIP1 00' KPIA 11 (3(-, in 00. io-)o filoo, ______________________ - - I -.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ l~ORD 13013 - - l~t iietriOlsnl Rionda,ies rY \ - ~- !; CAMEROON l _ b 'i(t 1 Western Highlands Rural Development Project WESTERN PROVINCE r7' ¢ POPULATION DENSITY AND MAIN ETHNIC GROUPS j < ' CHAD BAMIELKE 1O0 Ih Iul sins NIGERIB 1 AMILEKt 1000 In.,il-matjs NIGERIA (r A BIAM()UN 110 0liobitoilo f 81 * ~~~~~~~~~~~BAMOUN -DX IDh0 l fi.FNWMt /l Js,, ( / OIIIER INIIIAHITANTS J, r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 7.3) 0 URBAN POPULATION IN lNOUiAID5 OF IIIIIAUIIANTS < r'~ j/CNTRAL - - PROVINCIAt BOIJNDAIIIML( MAFRICAN - - IEPAIIIMENIAL BOUIINDARIlS / WESTERN E tMPIRE D- - ISTRICT B1(IINDAriIF S PHOVINCE i PROVINCL llFAOOIIAIITFA S g^>YVOUNIE ? l PIIEFECI,fItI IiIAIt)IUAIIl-lIT _ ' _i. \k-i \ K I Hll t CI Ic - u O rs.NS IIOADS EGUINEIA i GAAHON ? CONGO \) KILOMEIERS I I 0 9°30 4 A / " {^- '^ - 5MilE S , I A 9039. o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~" A This ap ha, bes p r-d by h .0 " - ; A : WVlId Bank s slIt. et.-sey for . . r. I 0,0 con cemen of the.e,dersof Ai of w k- the iep.rt 1. h,,h itit vtnehedt A- 2~ Thu do,on -l,,s od aad theA29 bo-ndaiie- sho oa this -oP 7~ 2. dot .np.l, on thf part of the j -* Wodsd Beak *nd ids afh*Ia(,-t Iy ' , ' t ,F jud.qienf on the /.e. sta.tus of A A-' ,ay Ie... 1ry or a,y efdorse--enf t _ Ml' Iili r 54 cv acepis-- of s-c boundar-e A- ~>A5 530e *#5i -dws Ce-c'-. ltAl-OII~S.. 's - AAif - < / r~0 * A /J'isi -< -o C r / \ '_ _ __ _ _ t _ __ _ l _ I S s 1L13~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~stiritilM 00,30 ,l' I hF'[J P 3V CAMEROON fl -.Ex1ig Cooperative Stores /FWTER N HIGHLANDS r3-- o Upgraded to Ser-ce Centers WETR HIGHLANDSU rl New Sites for Servqce Centers ' RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT '.,>3 Chief lown of Province ?) Chief Town of Division Feeder Roads and Proposed Service Centers ir Chief Town of Svbdrvision Ch.ef Town of Districl * Vilfoges Mcvii Roads * y aNho,irr Mrrtr r Feeder Roads AUM~~~~~~~~~ r5 5 t0 15 20 ( s lt,-m'I E ~~" _ kILCrcvE I FRS O ) It'ill vS.. l 1 ~~~~~~5 tO fh ;Y0 u f0m Nzrnd~~~~~~~~~O N T~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~BTl ci fif a qld, l-X eEr5 | tIZrtr,nvy P< )X Ef;lKA* O Ba"xva\ - A M7/ aX ' Id- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~(t I s sr1v} 1 Idlng ~~~~~~~~~~i t J /\ oo UN|/\>_§rJ\t"/#v AREA Oft M -A P= U % 2 t < \ J t f o / r J ) I n te s o n ol he sto lt,. 0 !~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' 0 - °s.X W11c BAFANG{ y ( FfotleXt \ S ( l] /10 EM t F Sririlckilv i / i * / ) 4 ) *t tcIS/oqons ( S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~F _____ ______ _______________ ___ so21rtJFhO re AIb c1 t 1m(211