The World Bank Loan China Food Safety Improvement Project (Guangdong Province Sub-project) Pest Management Plan Client: Guangdong Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Improvement (Demonstration) Project Management Office Prepared by: Guangdong Yueke Zhibao Agricultural Science and Technology Co., Ltd Contents Preface 1 1 PMP of vegetables and lychee............................................................................................. 7 1.1 National policies on plant protection and pest management policy .......................... 7 1.2 Pesticide supervision organizations of Guangdong and their Responsibility ........... 8 1.3 Natural condition of Guangdong Province and major crop pests in the project areas ....................................................................................................................................... 13 1.4 Pest management situation in Guangdong at Present.............................................. 16 1.4.1 Pest and disease monitoring and early warning ............................................ 16 1.4.2 Breeding and use of resistant varieties .......................................................... 16 1.4.3 Agricultural and physical control methods ................................................... 17 1.4.4 Biological control methods ........................................................................... 18 1.4.5 Chemical control methods............................................................................. 18 1.5 Current situation and Countermeasures of pesticide application in Guangdong Province......................................................................................................................... 19 1.5.1 Pesticide application status ........................................................................... 19 1.5.2 Countermeasures to change the backward status of pesticide application .... 23 1.6 Status quo of integrated pest management .............................................................. 25 1.7 Pest Management Plan (PMP) of vegetables and lychee ........................................ 26 1.7.1 Operating regions, measures and aims .......................................................... 26 1.7.2 Implementation content ................................................................................. 27 1.7.3 Comprehensive management of major crop pests ........................................ 30 1.7.4 The principles of using pesticides ................................................................. 34 1.7.5 Pesticide varieties and dosage intends to be used ......................................... 36 1.7.6 Forbidden pesticides varieties ....................................................................... 38 1.7.7 Recommended spraying equipment .............................................................. 50 1.8 Implementation strategy of PMP ............................................................................ 51 1.8.1 Institutional settings and responsibilities ...................................................... 51 I 1.8.2 Capacity building .......................................................................................... 51 1.8.3 Monitoring and assessment ........................................................................... 62 2 Pest Management Plan of pigs .......................................................................................... 66 2.1 National policies and regulations related to pig-breeding....................................... 66 2.1.1 Main laws and regulations in China .............................................................. 66 2.1.2 Relevant regulations and policies in Guangdong Province........................... 69 2.2 Pest management organization, responsibilities, and construction of pig-breeding in Guangdong Province ..................................................................................................... 70 2.2.1 Pest management and prevention organization of pig-breeding in Guangdong Province.................................................................................................................. 70 2.2.2 Construction of pest management organization ............................................ 71 2.3 Status quo of pig-breeding in Guangdong Province ............................................... 73 2.4 Variety and causes of pest in pig-breeding and existing issues in the application of veterinary drugs in the project area ............................................................................... 74 2.4.1 Main variety of pest in pig-breeding in the project area ............................... 74 2.4.2 Causes of pest of pig-breeding ...................................................................... 75 2.4.3 Issue existing in the usage of veterinary drugs in pig-breeding .................... 76 2.5 Pest management experience and existing issues of pig-breeding in China ........... 78 2.5.1 Major experience ........................................................................................... 78 2.5.2 Existing issues ............................................................................................... 79 2.6 Integrated Management of Pest (IMP) concept of pig-breeding ............................. 79 2.6.1 Integrated pest management .......................................................................... 80 2.6.2 Disease prevention of pigs ............................................................................ 80 2.6.3 Detection on food safety and drug residue .................................................... 81 2.7 Domestic and foreign requirements for the use of pig medicine ............................ 81 2.7.1 Ministry of Agriculture ................................................................................. 81 2.7.2 Hong Kong .................................................................................................... 81 2.7.3 UK and EU .................................................................................................... 82 2.7.4 The USA ........................................................................................................ 82 II 2.7.5 Japan .............................................................................................................. 82 2.7.6 Australia ........................................................................................................ 83 2.7.7 Canada ........................................................................................................... 83 2.8 Pest Management Plan (PMP) of pig-breeding ....................................................... 83 2.8.1 Implementation contents ............................................................................... 83 2.9 Execution strategies of pest management plan ....................................................... 89 2.9.1 Organization arrangement and responsibilities ............................................. 89 2.9.2 Capacity Construction ................................................................................... 90 2.9.3 Monitoring evaluation ................................................................................... 95 3 Pest management plan of aquatic products ....................................................................... 98 3.1 National policies and regulations related to aquatic products ................................. 99 3.1.1 Main laws and regulations in China .............................................................. 99 3.1.2 Relevant regulations and policies in Guangdong Province......................... 100 3.2 Pest management organization, responsibilities, and construction of aquatic products in Guangdong Province ............................................................................................... 101 3.2.1 Pest prevention and management organization of aquatic products in Guangdong Province ............................................................................................ 101 3.2.2 Construction of pest management organization .......................................... 103 3.3 Situation of aquaculture of major aquatic products in Guangdong ....................... 108 3.4 Variety and causes of pest in aquaculture of aquatic products and existing issues in the application of fishery drugs in the project area ..................................................... 108 3.4.1 Main variety of pest in aquaculture of aquatic products in the project area 108 3.4.2 Causes of pests and disease of Aquaculture of aquatic products ................ 109 3.4.3 Issues existing in the use of fishery drugs of aquaculture of aquatic products .............................................................................................................................. 110 3.5 Pest management experience and existing issues of aquaculture in China ........... 111 3.5.1 Major experience ......................................................................................... 111 3.5.2 Existing problems........................................................................................ 113 3.6 Integrated Management of Pest (IMP) concept of aquaculture of aquatic products III ..................................................................................................................................... 114 3.6.1 Integrated pest management ........................................................................ 114 3.6.2 Epidemic prevention of aquatic animals ..................................................... 115 3.6.3 Food safety and drug residue detection ....................................................... 115 3.7 Requirement of application of fishery drugs by the World Bank.......................... 116 3.8 Pest management plan (PMP) of aquatic animals ................................................. 116 3.8.1 Content of implementation .......................................................................... 116 3.8.2 Integrated pest control methods of major aquatic organisms ...................... 126 3.9 Execution strategies of pest management plan ..................................................... 132 3.9.1 Organization arrangement and responsibilities ........................................... 132 3.9.2 Capacity Construction ................................................................................. 132 3.9.3 Monitoring and evaluation .......................................................................... 137 4 Public consultation .......................................................................................................... 141 IV Preface Food safety is related to people’s health and public safety. In recent years, the work of Guangdong food safety has significantly worked. However, problems in some regions and particular steps are still prominent, and the trend of food safety is still severe. To conduct food safety improvement project is an essential key-point to implement general secretary Xi Jinping's "four most stringent" requirements and to promote Guangdong to speed up the implementation of rural revitalization strategy and take the lead in China; is an urgent request to satisfy people’s new expectation for a beautiful life and maintain the harmony and stability of society; is a forceful measure to enhance the regional food safety management and improve the food safety level in Guangdong province; is a realistic choice to promote agricultural transformation and upgrading and cultivate new driving force of rural development; is the inherent requirement to increase high-quality food supply and promote the high-quality development of agriculture; is an efficient method to learn foreign advanced experience and enhance food safety oversight capability. Guangdong is a typical agriculture province in China. The production of special food such as vegetables, lychee, pigs, and aquatic products is in the forefront in China, ensuring the high-quality safe food supply of vegetables, lychee, pigs, and aquatic products in Guangdong province, which is significantly essential to guarantee the physical health and life safety of customers in Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macau. The aim to implement the World Bank Loan China Food Safety Improvement Project in Guangdong is to construct food safety demonstration projects with government planning, industrial leading and social participation with support of the World Bank through decreasing local quality safety risks of the entire industrial chain of such kinds of food and in the form of focusing on vegetables, lychee, pigs, aquatic products and other food. The use of pesticide, veterinary medicine, fishery medicine will be reduced through the implementation of the project. According to the project security demands, during the process of carrying out the project, the use of pesticide, veterinary medicine, fishery medicine and other medicine 1 must be decreased, the integrated pest management of vegetables, lychee, pigs, aquatic products and other food shall be developed, the severity of pest’s damage shall be under control to reduce medicine pollution. Therefore, the implementation of projects shall pay more attention to the use of sustainable technology of planting and breeding. Refer to the requirement and regulations in Pest Management OP/BP4.09 of the World Bank, after combining the current situation of pest damage in the project area and potential new issues caused by project activities, the Pest Management Plan is formulated. The pest management plan would provide technical assistant, equipment procurement, monitoring and analysis through encouraging growers, farmer and enterprises to adopt environmentally friendly planting and breeding practices and integrated pest management technology, which could improve the food safety level and reduce the medicine pollution. The main work focuses are as follows: Improve the capability to resist disease and stress of seedlings through choosing high- quality healthy seedlings, pigs, and fish. Introduce demonstrated biological medicine to replace chemical medicine to avoid using highly toxic drugs, increase the usage of integrated pest management technology and biological medicine, which is to lessen the negative impact on the environment and human bodies of medicine. Provide training of medicine storage and use to growers, farmers and enterprises in the project area to improve the awareness of medicine management and regulations of use. Strengthen the communication with relevant quality supervision departments to crank up the supervision of medicine sale and use, which could ensure the demonstration sites to obey the relevant requirements of the World Bank for this project (OP/BP4.09) and other norms of international conventions. In order to execute this plan effectively, a supervision and guidance group and an expert advisory group for integrated pest management in Guangdong will be established; the project office will arrange specialists to take responsibility of performing and management of this plan. Objectives of Pest Management Plan: Recently, Guangdong Province has deepened the side structural reform of agricultural 2 supply, increased superior green food supply, and adhered to "four most stringent" requirements, which results that the general situation of food safety has remained stable and improves and major food safety incidents have not occurred. However, it shall be clearly noticed that the profound problems impacting on food safety in Guangdong have not been completely addressed yet. Risk factors are difficult to be eliminated in a short period, such as a large number of food imports and exports in Guangdong, the large population of customers, complex consumption structure, excessive pesticide and veterinary drug residues and environmental pollution. Besides, animal and plant diseases, illegal addition and other issues still exist in some regions and particular links. Compared with the requirement of the central government and people’s pursuit of a better life, food safety could be enhanced to a significant extent. Food safety is the foundation to implement the rural revitalization strategy as well as an important perform form of rural revitalization. Executing food safety improvement (demonstration) project in Guangdong, accelerating the perfection the food safety security system from field to market, and defending “safety on the tip of the tongue” is political and mission responsibility to fully implement the spirit of General Secretary Xi Jinping's important speeches and instructions, and to promote Guangdong to speed up the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy and develop to the top of the country. Currently, although food supply in Guangdong is sufficient, the profound issues impacting on food safety have not been solved yet. Pesticide residue, illegal addition, environmental pollution, and other problems are still relatively prominent, and agricultural supply could not in line with the new expectation for a better life of people. In conclusion, integrated pest management has become an inevitable trend at home and abroad. The formulation of Guangdong project area PMP will powerfully encourage the integrated pest management in Guangdong project area, popularize efficient and secure planting and breeding technology, reduce frequency and usage of chemical pesticides, fishery, and veterinary drugs, prohibit to use highly toxic, highly residue or triple toxic drugs; prohibit to use drugs that would seriously damage the environment and water which is difficult to repair; prohibit to directly splash antibiotics to aquaculture waters; prohibit to use human drugs as the major or minor component of fishery medicine and veterinary 3 medicine to guarantee the physical health of consumers, protect ecological environment and maintain ecological balance, which could realize the sustainable development of planting and breeding, and improve the security of food quality and market competition. The execution of the Pest Management Plan (PMP) in Guangdong will focus on the following work according to three parts which are vegetables and lychee, pigs and aquatic products: (I) Pest Management Plan of vegetables and lychee 1. Popularize and apply PMP technology in the project area and popularize technical measures of pesticide reduction and damage control to lessen the usage of pesticide and improve its utilization rate Pesticide reduction and damage control are measures to effectively control pests and disease through Pest Management Plan, combined with green prevention technology to reduce the usage of pesticide, apply pesticide reasonably and effectively, improve the utilization rate of pesticide and reduce pesticide residue on food from the source. 2. Establish a new security protection system based on intelligent agriculture to realize the reduction of the use of agricultural chemical fertilizers and pesticides Deploy video monitoring, soil moisture, pest and diseases and other early warning and prevention equipment, generalize precision “Internet +” on the basis of environment perception, real-time monitoring and automatic control. Implement precise control and automatical management during manufacturing to realize the reduction of usage of pesticides and to establish a new security protection system based on intelligent agriculture. 3. Strengthen PMP monitoring management PMP monitoring could amplify pest and disease PMP awareness and actual operation skills of farmers in the project area, so as to enhance pest management skills, apply pesticides securely and efficiently, increase application rate of pesticides, reduce pesticide residues on vegetables, lychee and other food, and guarantee food safety; address package rubbish of pesticide properly, minimize the pollution and damage of chemical pesticides on the agricultural ecological system, popularize pesticide with high efficiency and low residues to lessen the pollution to the environment. (II) Pest Management Plan of pigs 4 1. Popularize and apply PMP technology in the project area, integrate healthy breeding technology of pigs, standard medication technology, vaccine immune evaluation and use rules, prevention and control technical regulations of important animal diseases and other mature technologies. In addition, with the guidance of experts in the countryside, disease diagnosis and treatment, technical training, distance video service and other measures, the improvement of healthy breeding quality and management level of grass-root breeding personnel will be maximized. 2. Through participatory learning methods, increase practical operation skills of breeding personnel, and cultivate them to master skills of integrated pest management. Promoting the technology docking between the expert team and industrial park, counties with secure quality of agricultural products, major pigs producing area, industrial cooperatives and other relevant pig industry entities to achieve precision service and enterprise demand technology research, maximize the improvement of integrated pest management ability of demonstration enterprises, leading enterprises and medium-sized enterprises. Taking it as the template, carry out technical demonstration and popularization and application in medium and small-sized enterprises, to enhance the level of industrial healthy breeding expansively. (III) Pest Management Plan of aquatic products 1. Promote the application of PMP technology in the project area, including generalizing the comprehensive prevention system by tightly combining biological, physical, chemical and ecological prevention on the basis of fishery control, and conduct biodiversity monitoring and other important measures, so as to moderate the negative effect on the environment and human health of fishery medicine. 2. Through participatory learning methods, increase practical operation skills of breeding personnel, and cultivate them to master skills of integrated pest management. Provide technical training about safe and scientific utilization of fishery medicine to breeding personnel in order to strengthen their awareness of fishery medicine management and rules of use. Provide training to technicians and distributors in fishery technology promotion department so as to strengthen their awareness of pest management plan (PMP) of aquatic products. 5 Thus, the execution target of this project is to increase the PMP understanding of farmers in the project area and their practical operation skills, improve the pest management level, utilize drugs efficiently and safely, which could control the pollution to the environment at the meantime of increasing agricultural production and efficiency. Minimize the pollution and damage on planting and breeding ecosystem of chemical pesticide, fishery medicine and veterinary medicine, and vigorously promote the application of drugs with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residues, to lessen the pollution to the environment. Popularize the implement of PMP to significantly increase biodiversity of major diseases and insect pests; standardize the level of integrated pest management of planting and breeding industries in the project area, following the relevant requirements of the World Bank (OP4.09 and OP4.01) and other regulations of international conventions and norms. 6 1 PMP of vegetables and lychee 1.1 National policies on plant protection and pest management policy Mainly includes: (1) Pesticide Management Regulation of PRC (issued by State Council, put in force in May 8, 1997, revised in Nov. 29, 2001; Revised and adopted at the 164th executive meeting of the State Council in Feb. 8, 2017). The regulation was enacted in order to strengthen the supervision and management of pesticides. It could ensure the quality of pesticides, the safety of agricultural products, and the safeguard of human and animal and protect agricultural and forestry production and ecological environment. (2) Implementation Method of Pesticide Management Regulation of PRC (issued by Ministry of Agriculture in April 27, 1999, put in force and revised in Mar. 12, 2008). (3) Regulations on the control of crop pests (adopted at the 86th executive meeting of the State Council in March 17, 2020, and put into force in May 1, 2020). (4) Management measures for the recycling and treatment of pesticide packaging wastes (deliberated and adopted by the 11th executive meeting of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in July 31, 2020, and approved by the Ministry of Ecological Environment). It is put into force in October 1, 2020. (5) Management Method on Pollution-Free Agricultural Products (issued by Ministry of Agriculture and Quality Inspection Quarantine Bureau in Apri 29, 2002. According to the results of “Cleaning up the current regulations of the Ministry of Agriculture” from the order No. 6 of the Ministry of Agriculture in Nov. 8, 2007, the management method was amended) (6) Pesticide Safe Use Rule of PRC (1982) (7) Rules for Restrict Use and Management of Pesticide (issued by Ministry of Agriculture in Aug. 1, 2002). It was established according to “Pesticide Management Regulation of PRC.” i. Standard of Safe Use of Pesticide GB4285-84; ii. Guideline for Safe Application of Pesticides (Ⅰ) GB/T8321.1; iii. Guideline for Safe Application of Pesticides (Ⅱ) GB/T8321.2; 7 iv. Guideline for Safe Application of Pesticides (Ⅲ) GB/T8321.3; v. Guideline for Safe Application of Pesticides (Ⅳ) GB/T8321.4; vi. Guideline for Safe Application of Pesticides (Ⅴ) GB/T8321.5; vii. Guideline for Safe Application of Pesticides (Ⅵ) GB/T8321.6; viii. Guideline for Safe Application of Pesticides (Ⅶ) GB/T8321.7; ix. Guideline for Safe Application of Pesticides (Ⅷ) GB/T8321.8; x. Guideline for Pesticide Application in Green Food Production (NY/T393-2000); xi. Test of Pesticide Residues of Organophsphorus in Food GB/T5009.20-2003; xii. The General Guidelines for Pesticides Safe Use (NY/T1276-2007). All these standards and guidelines are mainly the regulations for usage of pesticides, times, safety interval maximum residue limits and matters needing attention. Through the enforcement of these standards and guidelines, our country has established a well-established system, including pesticide research, production, application, inspection and management service. 1.2 Pesticide supervision organizations of Guangdong and their Responsibility In order to well operated in the prevention and control of major crop pests and ensure the safety of agricultural production, the provincial people's government has decided to adjust “the provincial headquarters for the prevention and control of major crop pests” to “the provincial headquarters for the prevention and control of major crop pest epidemic”. The chief commander of the headquarters shall be the provincial leader in charge of agricultural and rural work, and the deputy general commander shall be the Deputy Secretary General of the provincial government coordinating the agricultural and rural work and the Director of the provincial agricultural and rural department. The member units include: the Provincial 8 Development and Reform Commission, the Department of Education, the Department of Science and Technology, the Department of Public Security, the Department of Finance, the Department of Natural Resources (Provincial Forestry Bureau), the Department of Transportation, the Department of Water Resources, the Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, the Department of Culture and Tourism, the Health Commission, the Emergency Management Department, the Central and Southern Administration of Civil Aviation, the Guangdong Branch of the General Administration of Customs, the Provincial Postal Administration and the Provincial Meteorological Bureau. Agricultural administrative departments at different levels in Guangdong are responsible for the supervision of the pesticide production, management and use. Responsibility of each organization: Plant protection and plant inspection division of Department of agriculture and rural affairs of Guangdong Province: to draw up plans for the development of agricultural plant protection, plant quarantine and pesticide industry and organize their implementation. The works include undertaking the supervision and management of pesticides in the whole province and being responsible for the safety production; organizing and implementing quarantine, epidemic monitoring, prevention and control, supervision and inspection of agricultural plants and plant products; guiding the prevention and control of major crop pests and the scientific and rational use of pesticides. Agricultural comprehensive law enforcement and supervision division of Department of agriculture and rural affairs of Guangdong Province: to guide, supervise and coordinate the agricultural administrative law enforcement of the whole province. The works include undertaking the investigation and treatment of major illegal cases in agriculture (including planting, animal husbandry and agricultural machinery); handling the reports of illegal agricultural activities according to law; organizing the preparation, inspection and supervision of the implementation of special emergency plans for agricultural emergencies; undertaking the work of early warning and assessment, risk investigation, emergency drill and coordinated disposal of agricultural emergencies; leading in organizing agricultural disaster prevention and mitigation work, coordinating agricultural emergency supplies and financial support; guiding and supervising the work of safety production in agricultural 9 industry and units directly under it; coordinating the agricultural emergency work of cities and counties; supporting township agricultural comprehensive technical service center; assisting and coordinating relevant law enforcement and technical departments to carry out publicity, training and guidance on pesticide management and integrated pest management technology. Planting department of agriculture and rural bureau at prefecture-level cities: to formulate and implement the development plans of planting industry, crop seed industry, plant protection, quarantine and pesticide.; to guide the structural adjustment of planting industry, standardized production, control of major pests, and release agricultural information. The works also include the responsibility for the safe use of fertilizers and pesticides, quality supervision and related safety work, the organization of the protection and management of crop germplasm resources, quarantine of plant and plant product. For epidemic management, monitoring, control, supervision and inspection are all required to be implemented by these organizations. Additionally, they are also responsible for the guidance of the replace of chemical fertilizer by organic fertilizer, and waste recycling of pesticide packaging. Law enforcement and supervision department of agriculture and rural bureau at prefecture-level cities: to be responsible for the investigation and treatment of major illegal cases in agriculture (including planting, animal husbandry and agricultural machinery), early warning and assessment of emergencies, risk investigation, emergency drill, and coordination and disposal. The works also include the responsibility for law enforcement investigation and punishment of unqualified samples detected in food safety supervision and random inspection, the acceptance and handle of reports of illegal agricultural activities, and the organization of prevention and mitigation of agricultural disaster. Planting unit of agricultural and rural bureau at the county-level: to formulate and organize the implementation of development plans for agricultural and forestry plant protection, plant quarantine and pesticide industry. The works also include the responsibility for the supervision and management of pesticides in the whole region, the safety production, and the prevention and control of major crop pests. For forestry pests, their responsibility includes the prevention and quarantine, and the guidance of the scientific and rational use of 10 pesticides. For the construction of plant epidemic prevention and quarantine system, they are responsible for the organization and implementation of agricultural plant and plant product quarantine, epidemic monitoring, prevention and control, supervision and inspection, release of epidemic situation and organization of eradication. Law enforcement unit of agricultural and rural bureau at the county-level: to implement the relevant laws and regulations of the state, province and city on agriculture (including planting, animal husbandry, fishery, forestry and agricultural machinery), to be responsible for the implementation of agricultural administrative law enforcement in the whole region, and undertake the investigation and treatment of illegal cases in agriculture (including planting, animal husbandry, fishery, forestry and agricultural machinery), and to accept and handle reports of illegal agricultural activities according to law. The works also include the organization of the preparation, inspection and supervision of the implementation of special emergency plans for agricultural emergencies, as well as early warning and assessment, risk investigation, emergency drill and coordinated disposal of agricultural emergencies. They shall take the lead in organizing agricultural disaster prevention and mitigation work, coordinate and organize agricultural emergency supplies and financial support, coordinate the agricultural emergency work of each town. When necessary, they may request the county emergency management bureau to deploy relevant prevention and control work in the name of the county emergency command organization. 11 The provincial headquarters for the prevention and control of major crop pest epidemic Agricultural comprehensive Plant protection and plant Pesticide law enforcement and inspection division of managementDivision of supervision division of Department of agriculture Department of agriculture Department of agriculture and rural affairs of and rural affairs of and rural affairs of Guangdong Province Guangdong Province Guangdong Province Law enforcement and Planting department of supervision department of agriculture and rural bureau agriculture and rural bureau at prefecture-level cities at prefecture-level cities Law enforcement unit of Planting unit of agricultural agricultural and rural bureau and rural bureau at the at the county-level county-level Agricultural extension center at twon-level Figure 1 Establishment of management and organization for pesticide and crop pest control in Guangdong Province The laws and regulations of pesticide production, packaging, storage, transportation, sale and use in China are still defective when compared to the international laws and regulations. Taking risk assessment as instance, the related works in China has been starting in recent years, but there is a lot of work to be done. China are constantly revising and improving the existing regulations to enhance the full supervision on pesticides to accord with the international standards gradually, including making the limits of pesticide residues stricter, etc. In Guangdong Province, the pesticide management institutions at the provincial level are relatively perfect and sound, but some prefecture-level and county-level institutions are relatively weak. Due to the reasons of post establishment, most of them can only be placed in the planting departments. 12 1.3 Natural condition of Guangdong Province and major crop pests in the project areas Guangdong is located in the Southernmost part of mainland China. It is adjacent to Fujian in the East, Jiangxi and Hunan in the North, Guangxi in the West and the South China Sea in the South. The Pearl River Delta is bordered by Hong Kong and Macao in the East and West, respectively. The Leizhou Peninsula in the Southwest of Guangdong faces Hainan Province across the Qiongzhou Strait. The land area of the whole province is 179,800 square kilometers. Guangdong belongs to the East Asian monsoon region, from North to South under the control of the Mid subtropical, South subtropical and tropical climates, respectively. It is one of the regions which are richest in the national light, heat, and water resources. The annual average temperature is about 19℃-24 ℃. Guangdong is abundant of rainfall and the average annual rainfall is between 1,300 to 2,500 mm, and the provincial average is 1,777 mm. The distribution of precipitation is uneven during the year, from April to September the season precipitation accounted for more than 80% of the whole year. The precipitation also changes greatly among different years, which in the rainy years is over 2 times than in drier years. Flood and drought disasters occur frequently, and the typhoon is also frequent. Different types of disastrous weather including cold rain in spring, cold dew wind in autumn, and cold wave and frost between late fall and early spring are very frequent in Guangdong. Guangdong is one of the areas richest of light, heat and water resources in the country, and is very suitable for the cultivation of various crops, especially tropical and subtropical crops. However, the perennially hot and humid climate has caused great difficulties for pest control. The main crop production of Guangdong is as follow: 13 Table 1 Production of main crops in Guangdong in 2019 * Harvest area Total output (10000 tons) yield per mu Index Number Increase number Growth (kg / mu) (10,000 mu) （%） (10,000 tons) （%） 1. Industrial crop 1123.67 2.8 1.1 Sugarcane 254.52 -1.7 5637 1434.65 1.6 # Sugarcane for sugar 220.60 -1.2 5629 1241.64 2.8 1.2 Oil crops 522.42 2.1 211 110.22 3.7 #Peanut 510.77 2.4 213 108.69 4.1 1.3 Bast Fiber Crops 0.10 -5.2 193 0.02 -1.1 1.4 Tobacco 25.10 -4.2 166 4.17 -3.8 1.5 Cassava 98.33 0.9 1408 138.43 2.9 1.6 Medicinal materials 73.19 15.3 1.7 Other industrial crops 150.02 10.4 2、Other crops 2171.44 3.4 # Vegetables (including melon used for 1980.78 3.8 1781 3527.96 5.9 vegetables) * Network from Information of Guangdong statistical In the second half of 2020, the occurrence of crop pests in Guangdong Province overall has a bias towards serious, with an area of 153 million mu times. Occurring characteristics are: the occurrence of insects is more serious than that of diseases, and the occurrence and distribution are disequilibrium. Among them, the occurrence of striped beetle, diamondback moth, Bactrocera dorsalis, citrus red mite, and etc., are more prominent on vegetables and fruit trees, with the occurrence of medium or above degree. （1） Vegetable pests: The occurrence of vegetable pests has a bias towards serious. The occurrence area is 49 million mu times. Striped flea beetle: occurrence with a bias toward serious, and occurrence with a severe prediction in some regions. The occurrence in Pearl River Delta region is severe, and the occurrence of the rest regions is moderate or has a bias towards serious. The occurrence area is 5.6 million mu times. Diamondback moth: occurrence with a bias toward serious. In some regions of the Pearl River Delta, the occurrence is severe, and the occurrence of the rest regions is moderate or has a bias towards serious. The occurrence area is 5.6 million mu times. 14 Bactrocera cucurbitae: occurrence with a bias toward serious, and occurrence with a severe prediction in some regions. The occurrence area is 1.55 million mu times. Melon thrips: mildly occurring overall, and seriously occurring in some regions. In the Eastern Guangdong Province, the occurrence is mild, while in other regions it is moderate toserious. The occurrence area is 2.7 million mu times. Spodoptera litura: mildly occurring overall, and seriously occurring in some regions. The occurrence in the Pearl River Delta has a bias towards serious. The occurrence area was 4.2 million mu times. Bemisia tabaci: mildly occurring overall, and seriously occurring in some regions. The occurrence in the Pearl River Delta has a bias towards serious. The occurrence area was 2.7 million mu times. Bean pod borer: mildly occurring, and seriously occurring in some regions. The occurrence area is 1.8 million mu times. Downy mildew: mildly occurring, and seriously occurring in some regions. The occurrence area is 2.9 million mu times. Powdery mildew: mildly occurring, and seriously occurring in some regions. The occurrence area was 2.3 million mu times. Liriomyza variegata, Pieris rapae, Spodoptera exigua, virus disease, Fusarium wilt, soft rot, Phytophthora blight, anthracnose, and etc., are predicted to occur moderately. （2） Fruit pests: The occurrence of fruit pests is moderate overall and serious in some regions. The occurrence area is 25 million mu times. Bactrocera dorsalis: occurrence with a bias toward serious. The occurrence area is 3.3 million mu times. Citrus red mite: occurrence with a bias toward serious. The occurrence area is 4.1 million mu times. Phyllocoptruta oleivora Ashmead: moderately occurring overall and seriously occurring in some regions. The occurrence area is 2.2 million mu times. Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton: moderately occurring overall and seriously occurring in some regions. The occurrence area was 2.7 million mu times. Citrus brown spot, banana borer, banana leaf spot, banana anthracnose, etc., are 15 predicted to occur moderately. Citrus anthracnose, citrus Psylla, longicorn and Erionota thorax are also predicted to occur in different degrees. 1.4 Pest management situation in Guangdong at Present 1.4.1 Pest and disease monitoring and early warning Guangdong has the complete pest monitoring and early warning system at provincial, municipal and county levels, which can monitor more than 50 kinds of plant diseases and insect pests on major crops of foods, vegetables and fruits. At present, there are 15 national monitoring point, 50 provincial monitoring points, 21 municipal monitoring points, and more than 130 county-level monitoring points. Monitoring points have established long-term gardens for pest observations, pests forecasting lights, and weekly report system. According to the pest monitoring data, the monitoring points at different levels could publish the long- term, medium and short-term pest forecast or warnings, the accuracy rate of which are more than 85%, 90% and 95%, respectively. Guangdong Province has established the provincial biological disaster monitoring and early warning system for crops. Monitoring points distributing the whole province can report the pest information through this system. Plant protection agencies at all levels can also get the dynamic information of pests. The system realizes information exchange, resource share and accelerated pest information report. Pest information transfer still mainly depends on the issuance of leaflets. At present, television, mobile text and wechat, were also used for the pest forecasts. 1.4.2 Breeding and use of resistant varieties Using resistant varieties is one of the most effective, economical and convenient ways to control crop pests. Especially, some stubborn diseases are difficult to be controlled by different agricultural measures, or existed pesticides, or biocontrol agents, for instance, soil- borne diseases, viral diseases, air-borne diseases, breeding and use of resistant varieties is thus particularly important. To control rice blast, rice bacterial blight, pepper virus diseases, 16 potato virus diseases, vegetable viral diseases, rice planthoppers, and rice gall midge, etc., this nontoxic way could be effective to reduce their harm. Use of disease resistant varieties: promoting the horizontal resistant and durable resistant varieties, multi-line varieties or mixed resistant varieties. Multi-line varieties are a mixed group of rice lines with identical agronomic traits and heterogeneous resistant genes, helping to slow down the change of pathogen species composition. Rational distribution of varieties: genetic diversity of resistant varieties is an effective way to control the popular diseases in large scale, for example, rice blast and corn leaf blight. Specific methods are as follows: adapting the varieties of different resistant genes in different disease epidemic areas, and rotation to use resistant varieties with different genes in one epidemic area. At present, farmers do not pay enough attention to the control technology of pest resistant varieties. 1.4.3 Agricultural and physical control methods Agricultural and physical methods for pest control are as follows: (1) Selection and use of non-pest infected seeds, seedlings and vegetative propagation materials； (2) Rational crop rotation； (3) Opportune sowing； (4) Timely farming； (5) Attention to rural health； (6) Enhance water and fertilizer management； (7) Manual removal of the eggs and capturing larvae in the harm peak of pests； (8) Trapping and killing the pests by yellow board and insecticidal light ； (9) Bagging of fruits. At present, the farmers do not pay much attention to the agricultural and physical technologies of pest control, and the popularization and application areas are very limited. 17 1.4.4 Biological control methods Biological control methods used in large scale are as follows: (1) Release of Trichogramma against Corn borer; (2) Usage of Beauveria against Corn borer; (3) Usage of Bt, Avermectin, Emamectin benzoate against Diamondback moth, Borers, Spodoptera litura, Spodoptera exigua and Cabbage caterpillar; (4) Usage of Jinggangmycin and Waxy Bacillus against Rice sheath blight; (5) Usage of Kasugamycin against rice blast; (6) Predatory mite or other biological control methods against citrus red mite (7) Application of rice-duck models to relief the harm of rice pests and weeds, and reduce the medication. At present, farmers do not pay much attention to the biological control technology of pest control, and the application area is very limited. 1.4.5 Chemical control methods The chemical control methods for crop pests is the most effective and widely used way with the advantages of quick and favorable effects, and convenient application. On another hand, there will be several disadvantages if the use is improper, such as environmental pollution, endangering human and animal safety, and phytotoxicity. 1.4.5.1 Non-chemical synthetic pesticide control methods (1) Use of non-chemical synthetic pesticides against certain crop pests; (2) Use of diluted oil emulsion against mites of fruit trees; (3) Smearing the lime on the trunks of fruit trees to control the diseases, and spraying the copper oxychloride to control citrus canker and other bacterial diseases; (4) Usage of sex hormones and insect nutrition agent to trap crop insects. 1.4.5.2 Chemical synthetic pesticide control methods (1) Seeds coating with insecticide and fungicide coating agents; (2) Seed soaking and dressing with insecticide and fungicide; 18 (3) Soil treating with insecticide and fungicide; (4) Direct spraying plants to control the diseases, insects and weeds. 1.5 Current situation and Countermeasures of pesticide application in Guangdong Province Guangdong Province is located in the tropics and subtropics regions, with warm climate, abundant rainfall and high indexes of multiple cropping. It is suitable for planting a variety of crops, as well as the occurrence of different kinds of pests. It is one of the provinces with large pesticide consumption in China. In recent years, the occurrence areas of crop pests in Guangdong Province are about 250 million mu times and the control area is 260 million mu times, and the save of economic loss is more than 500 million Yuan. In the meantime, pesticides play a very important role in the prevention and control of crop pests, providing a guarantee for the stable and high yields of crops. In another case, the use of pesticides is inseparable from plant protection machinery. However, there is a situation in Guangdong Province that the pesticide application tools and techniques are far behind the world's advanced level while advanced pesticide products are used, thus the control effect of pesticides and the quality of agricultural products are directly affected, as well as the safety of ecological environment and users. 1.5.1 Pesticide application status 1.5.1.1 The pesticide applicators is poorly educated overall In addition to some agricultural production bases (vegetable farms and orchards) in large scale, most of farmers in Guangdong Province are mainly working singly, poorly educated, lack of awareness of the importance of advanced plant protection machinery and pesticide application technology, thus their capability of pesticide application is very week. A survey conducted in 2004 in Guangdong Province showed that among 806 rural labor forces, 70 (8.68%), 251 (31.14%), 384 (47.64%), and 101 (12.53%) of them were illiterate, primary 19 school educated, middle school educated, and senior school or above educated, respectively. Among them, 321 (39.82%) were educated below primary school, as showed that the overall education level of rural labor force in Guangdong Province was low. 1.5.1.2 The technical level of most plant protection machinery is low Plant protection is an important tool to ensure the safety of crop production machinery. In this regard, Guangdong Province and even the whole country have similar problems: firstly, the level of mechanization is low. According to an incomplete statistics, the total number of plant protection machinery in this province is 3.4 million, of which 3.3 million are manual sprayers and account for more than 97%. The number of mobile sprayers is 90 thousand accounting for about 2%, which is far below the national average (4.8%). According to a survey conducted in 2004, many farmers in Guangdong Province were still using water pumps, which are a kind of much simple tools. At present, more than 75% of the total area of crop pest control in the province is conducted by manual sprayers. Secondly, the model and technology of pesticide machinery are backward, and the product quality is poor. The plant protection machinery commonly used in Guangdong province is mainly Gongnong-16, WFB-18 and Gongnong-36 sprayers. They are all designed and finalized in 1950s and 1960s with poor models and technologies, and they are poor in spray performance and have simple spray parts. Many products are poor of quality and defective in running, emitting, dripping, and leaking seriously. In 2004, National Quality Inspection Administration sampled 202 sprayers of 199 enterprises from 19 provinces (cities) and autonomous regions, among them 140 were qualified with a pass rate of only 69.3%. 111 of them were manual sprayers, and 65 (accounting for 58.6%) were qualified. Plant protection machinery in China is at least 40- 50 years backward the advanced machineries of developed countries, like anti floating sprayers, recurring sprayers, and automatic targeting sprayers. Waste of a large number of pesticides has leaded to environmental pollution, excessive pesticide residues in agricultural products, crop pesticide accidents, and week effectiveness in pesticide control. 1.5.1.3 Backward in application techniques Along with the outmoded application techniques and poor quality of plant protection machineries, the poor education level of rural labor force in Guangdong Province has resulted in the prevalence of unscientific spray methods, like using large volumes, rain types and full 20 coverage methods in the control of crop pests. The utilization rate of pesticide in this way is very low, the utilization rate of pesticide is only 20% - 30% in China, and 60% of the pesticide drifts into the air or into the soil, as causes pesticide poisoning in the process of pesticide application. At the same time, it wastes a lot of pesticides and causes pollution to the environment, resulting in the occurrence of pesticide residues of agricultural products, crop pesticide accidents, and the week control effect of pesticides. 1.5.1.4 Illegal application of pesticide Due to the lack of the awareness of the importance and necessity of safe use of pesticides, illegal application often occurs in the process of pesticide use. For example: when the plant protection machinery has the fault of drip or nozzle blockage, the user does not repair in time, sometimes just directly blow and suck the blocked nozzle with his mouth; most users do not wear protective clothing, protective shoes, mask, hat and protective gloves when spraying; there are smoking, eating and drinking at the site of dispensing and spraying; after the pesticide spraying, part of the users do not take a bath with soap and change the clean clothes immediately, and wash the clothes, trousers, shoes and caps in time. This illegal operation can easily cause acute and chronic poisoning. 1.5.1.5 Recommended pesticide varieties Recommended list of pesticides for pest control of vegetables and lychee in Guangdong Province Toxicity Risk Pesticide varieties Target species (WHO,2009) assessment Kasugamycin III Cucumber angular leaf spot These Pieris rapae and other Lepidoptera Beauveria U pesticide pests Pieris rapae and other Lepidoptera s used in Trichogrammatid U pests this Pyrimidine nucleoside Powdery mildew, anthracnose, downy project U class of antibiotics mildew, early blight are low Diamondback moth U Diamondback moth toxicity granulosis virus or slight Polyoxin III Powdery mildew toxicity Predatory mites U Mites 21 Diamondback moth and Pieris rapae to human Azadirachtin, Osthol III and other Lepidoptera pests body, insecticidal bacterium U Lepidoptera larvae and have "shaming-ganjun" significa Streptomycin III Soft rot of Chinese Cabbage nt effect Leaf blight of Chinese Cabbage, on Streptomycin + III Bacterial wilt of tomato and leaf spot of oxyteracykine targets Chinese Cabbage Jinggangmycin U Damping off of melon Pieris rapae and other Lepidoptera Nuclear polyhedrosis virus U pests Diamondback moth, leaf mite, 1.8% Avermectin III Meloidogyne Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, Coleoptera Bacillus thuringiensis（Bt） U and Diptera pests Conopomorpha sinensis, and Bradley Chlorantraniliprole U Pieris rapae and other Lepidoptera pests Lychee downy mildew and vegetable Pyraclostrobin . metiram III downy mildew Difenoconazole III Anthracnose of lychee and vegetables Diamondback moth, Spodoptera Indoxacarb III exigua Dinotefuran III Phyllotreta striolata and Bemisia tabaci Diamondback moth, Phyllotreta striolata Spinetoram U Spodoptera exigua, thrips, Liriomyza sativae Spodoptera exigua Nuclear U Spodoptera exigua Polyhedrosis Virus Thiamethoxam III Stink bug, Phyllotreta striolata, thrips Diamondback moth, Spodoptera litura, Emamectin Benzoate III Pieris rapae, Spodoptera exigua, thrips, Bean pod borer 22 Sulfoxaflor III Stink bug, aphid, Bemisia tabaci 1.5.2 Countermeasures to change the backward status of pesticide application 1.5.2.1 Strengthen the training of safe and scientific application We should strengthen the training of safe and scientific pesticide application, and improve the awareness of the importance of plant protection machineries and pesticide application techniques. In recent years, agricultural administrative departments at different levels and agricultural technology extension institutions in Guangdong Province have carried out extensive publicity in various forms, such as training courses, radio, television, newspapers and magazines, and billboards depending on local conditions, and these have made a great progress. Due to the limitation of human and material resources, however, these works could not be carried out in a comprehensive and in-depth way. We hope that the relevant departments of governments at different levels can increase their support and arrange more training funds. At the same time, it is also hoped that some pesticide enterprises can strengthen cooperation with agricultural departments at different levels and actively participate in the work like the member units of Plant Protection (China) Association (Syngenta, Dow, DuPont, BASF, etc.) and Hebei Weiyuan Agrochemical Co., Ltd., so as to promote the image of enterprises and promote the development of agriculture in China, and make contributions to society and farmers. 1.5.2.2 Vigorous promotion of advanced plant protection machinery In recent years, the plant protection department has done a lot of work in promoting advanced plant protection machinery, some advanced manual knapsack sprayers, such as WS-16 knapsack manual sprayers and WS-18D electric knapsack sprayer (manufactured by Shandong Weishi Plant Protection Machinery Co., Ltd.), Songguo electric sprayer (manufactured by Boluo Dongtian Industrial Co., Ltd.), knapsack mobile sprayer, and Gong- yu-SHP series of knapsack sprayer (made by Japan's Gong-yu Industrial Co., Ltd) have been 23 widely used in Guangdong Province, and the level of plant protection mechanization has been significantly improved in the whole province. However, the general level of agricultural production in this province is still low at this stage, and the financial capacity of farmers is also week overall. Thus, it is necessary to adopt the form of appropriate government subsidies for supporting and guiding advanced plant protection machineries, leading to a great improve in the extension of advanced plant protection machinery. This improve can change the backward situation of plant protection machinery in Guangdong Province as soon as possible, guarantee the safety of human and livestock, protect the ecological environment, and guarantee the safety of agricultural production. 1.5.2.3 Strengthening supervision and inspection on the quality of plant protection machinery Plant protection machineries are a kind of agricultural machinery products listed in the compulsory product catalogue in China. In 2003, the National Quality Certification Center began to implement "3C" certification for plant protection machineries. After that, plant protection machineries should not only be produced according to product standards, but also passed the "3C" certification of national quality certification center, and then it can be promoted and sold after the certification mark is affixed. The departments of industrial and commercial administration, or technical supervision, or agricultural machinery management in different regions of Guangdong Province shall clarify their respective duties, strengthen the supervision and inspection of the production and sales of plant protection machineries, close down and punish the enterprises that violate the regulations in production and sales of plant protection machineries, to avoid plant protection machineries with poor quality damaging the benefit of farmers. 1.5.2.4 Carrying out the test, demonstration and promotion of pesticide application techniques Since 1950s, a series of new techniques, such as low volume (LV), ultra-low volume (ULV), droplet controlled spray (CDA), recurring spray (RS) and anti-floating spray (AS), have been continuously improved and perfected, which has improved the efficiency of pesticide application and the rate of pesticide utilization and greatly reduced the pollution of pesticides into the environment. And we are still using the unscientific spray methods 24 including large volume, rain type, and full coverage in the control of crop pests. Therefore, agricultural technology extension departments at different levels shall actively carry out test, demonstration and promotion of advanced pesticide application techniques, to promote the pesticide application techniques, to improve the utilization rate of pesticides, and to raise the ability of major pest control. In the management of crop pests, the problems as follow should be paid attention to: (1) Pay attention to the impact of pesticides on the ecological environment. More and more pesticide residues are accumulated in the environment where pesticides are used, which will be harmful to the ecological environment in various ways. In addition, there are many problems existed, including the pesticide resistance of crop pests, and the pesticide residues in agricultural products. (2) Rational use of pesticides and technical operation. The period, frequency, usage, and method of pesticide application, should all be reasonable. (3) The use of highly toxic pesticides (WHO class I) is prohibited. (4) Pesticides and other agricultural chemicals should be kept reasonably; pesticide packaging waste should be treated harmlessly and should not be disposed of at will. (5) We should pay attention to the crop varieties with pest resistance and biological control technology; to popularize the agricultural control measures; and to assemble the integrated control measures; (6) Improve the knowledge of integrated pest management and PMP knowledge of farmers, primary agricultural technicians, and pesticide dealers. (7) Improve farmers' awareness of safe and scientific use of pesticides. 1.6 Status quo of integrated pest management Plant protection organizations at provincial, municipal and county levels are responsible for the promotion of the integrated pest management, but the agricultural technology promotion agencies and plant protection organizations at all levels are limited by enough technicians to train the farmers in the progress of field extension of Pest Management Plan (PMP). The county agencies could not widely acquire training materials for PMP, and fail to train farmers 25 effectively. Limited personnel activity funds for township agricultural stations cannot fully support the extension staff to train farmers. Meanwhile, lack of incentives for the promotion works of PMP in county and township agencies leads to depressed initiative and effectiveness for promoting PMP. Works need to be done corresponding to the above-mentioned problems: (1) Plant protection organizations at all levels should put the promotion of PMP applied technologies for crop pests and diseases control on top agenda and develop incentives for the promotion works of PMP in county and township agencies. (2) Plant protection organizations at all levels should provide training courses of advanced PMP methods for plant protection experts and agricultural extension agents of county and township agencies. Farmers should be trained with more field operations, depending on their actual needs; and PMP training textbook and audiovisual materials should be prepared in local concise language and distributed to the farmers. The project will train the supervisors and farmers and consummate the incompletion systems, to enhance the supervision and management, to promote PMP techniques and toxicity controlling technology by pesticide reduction, to reduce agricultural pollution caused by pesticide inputs, and to guarantee food safety. 1.7 Pest Management Plan (PMP) of vegetables and lychee 1.7.1 Operating regions, measures and aims The plan will focus on following tasks: (1) In order to relief the adverse impact of chemical pesticides on environment and human being, this plan will introduce and popularize PMP technology in project areas, including: inspection of biological diversity, protection and use of the resource of natural enemy, extension of effective control technologies(agricultural, physical and biological pesticides), to reduce the harm of chemical pesticide on the environment and human health. (2) The plan will improve farmers’ practical skills and train farmers to master the skills of the integrated management of pests and diseases, through participatory learning types in field 26 schools, etc. The plan will also provide technical training of scientific use of pesticide for farmers in project areas, in order to raise farmers’ awareness of pesticide management and use regulations. Moreover, the plan will provide training to technical staff in agricultural extension agencies, pesticide marketers and city (county) project offices, to improve their awareness of integrated pest management (PMP) for crops. The project aims: (1) to improve the awareness of PMP concept for pest and disease and practical skills of farmers in the project areas, to improve the level of pest management by using the pesticides efficiently and safely, to control the environmental pollution, to increase utilization rates of pesticide in the project areas; (2) reasonably handled pesticide packages; (3) to reduce negative effects of chemical pesticides pollution to a minimum on agricultural ecosystem and reduce the contamination of pesticides on the environment through vigorous promotion of the efficient and low residue pesticides,. Through the implementation of the PMP, the pesticides-resistance of main pests can be depressed markedly, biodiversity are also improved, and the losses caused by pests can be limited under 10%. Abiding by the requirements of World Bank (OP4.09 and BP 4.01) and pesticides use specifications of other international conventions and guidelines, including “The International Conduct for Pesticide Sales and Use” by FAO and “Implementation Method of Pesticide Management Regulation of PRC” by Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of P. R. C, the implementation of PMP can be normalized and standardized in the project areas. With the demonstration effect, PMP implementation is driven to cover the whole province, as will reduce pesticide contamination on agricultural environment thoroughly. 1.7.2 Implementation content The pest controlling technology with pesticide reduction will apply agricultural, physical, biological, and chemical measures to control pests on vegetables and lychee. In order to reduce the reliance on chemical pesticides and pollutions on agricultural environment, the pest controlling technology will develop appropriate field operation behaviors of farmers, including the recycling and recovering the pesticide packaging wastes. 1.7.2.1 Integrated pest management measures 27 The forecast and popularization of pests and resistance breeding should be adopted at first. For controlling the diseases and pests, agricultural measures should be adopted firstly, and physical and biological control secondly, and chemical prevention at last. (1) Enhance the forecast of plant diseases and insects Municipal and county plant protection organization should timely offer the forecast information of prevention and control of diseases and insects to farmers 7-10 days before controlling the pests, as well as control objects, control timing, control techniques, drug varieties. Timely pest treatments can improve control effect and reduce pesticide usage. (2) Agricultural control According to specific situations of project areas, the following agricultural control measures are made depending on local conditions: 1) Selection of resistant varieties: The selection of resistant crop varieties is one of the most important measures to improve crop resistance and reduce chemical pesticide usage. 2) Crop rotation: Crop rotation, especially the rotation of flood and drought, can avoid the continuous cropping induced aggravation, and reduce the pest cardinality to effectively prevent diseases and insects. 3) Reasonable intercropping: Corn and pepper intercropping can reduce the migration of winged aphids and the occurrence of Phytophthora capsici. 4) Adjudication of sowing dates: The adjudication of sowing date earlier or later can make crops escape the peak period of pests and diseases in their susceptible stage, and therefore avoid or reduce the incidence of pests. 5) Farming measures: Burying the stubble and the weeds into soil after deep plowing can avoid the eggs breeding；Plowing stubble immediately after the rice is harvested can reduce the incidence of rice stem borer and weeds. 6) Cultivation of disease-free and strong seedlings: seed and soil disinfection can remove ill seedlings and retain nurturing seedlings. 7) Intertilling and weeding: Intertillage and weeding can reduce pests and diseases. 8) Deep plowing and farming and high-ridge cultivation: timely deep ploughing by appropriate 26-33cm after dry land crops are harvested, can turn the pests and diseases on the surface into the soil, and expose the overwintering pests and diseases under the ground 28 onto the surface, as could suffocate or freeze the pests to dead. 9) Rational fertilization, timely irrigation and drainage: Using enough basic fertilizer, controlling nitrogen fertilizer, economizing phosphate fertilizer, and increasing potassium fertilizer can enhance the ability of crops resistant to insect pests. Implementation of scientific water management can also play a certain role in pest control. 10) Cleaning the farmland: The clean-out of worm-infected leaves, dead branches, and crop residues can reduce pest sources. (3) Physical control 1) Erection insect nets: The insect wets applied in the cultivation of vegetables and fruit trees can play great roles in pest control, prevention from rain, wind, and light, and moisturization. 2) Trapping and killing: Yellow viscose boards are used for killing whiteflies, aphids and others. Insecticidal lamps are used for trapping adult moths, beetles, and Orthoptera insects. Insects nutritional agents can trap moths and fruit flies. 3) Bagging fruits: Bagging fruits can reduce the losses caused by pests. (4) Biological Control 1) Using biological agents: The use of biological agents, such as Nuclear polyhedrosis virus, Beauveria bassiana, Kasugamycin, Jinggangmycin, Avermectin, Emamectin benzoate, and Agricultural Antibiotic 120 can prevent and control crop diseases. 2) Natural enemies: The use of pest natural enemies, such as Trichogramma can prevent and control crop pests. (5) Chemical control The combined application of chemical control and other control measures, can improve the effectiveness of prevention and control, and guarantee the yields. Pesticides used for crop safety is required to be high quality, effective, and low toxicity to humans and animals; The timely and appropriate use, advanced plant machineries, and precise application techniques are also adopted. The main chemical control measures should include: 1) strict prohibition of the use of extreme toxic, high toxic, high residual pesticides (WHO I class); 29 2) use of different types of pesticides responding to different pests, and prescribing the right medicine; 3) timely medication according to the pest occurrence; 4) appropriate usage, and advanced medical devices and precise application technique for using pesticides; 5) reasonable mixing and alternating the use of pesticides; 6) strict enforcement on safe harvest intervals. 1.7.2.2 Disposal of pesticide packaging wastes “Management measures for the recycling and treatment of pesticide packaging wastes” have placed clear obligation that packaging wastes should be recycled and processed, such as glass bottles, metal cans, metal drums, plastic containers, and paper packaging. 1.7.3 Comprehensive management of major crop pests 1.7.3.1 Vegetables The major pests of vegetables: soft rot, downy mildew, viral disease, anthrax, cabbage caterpillar, diamondback moth, Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera litura, cabbage aphid, spider mites, flea beetle, etc. (1) Aims of control Control aims are: raising control effect up to over 85%, the loss rate of pest damage below 10%, and reducing the use of chemical pesticides and pollution to agro-ecological environment. (2) Control strategy We shall persist in the principle of plant protection, "prevention first, control comprehensively ". This principle mainly focuses on major diseases and insects, pays close attention to the prevention and control of pests in main damaging generations and critical epidemics periods , as leads to improve the effect of prevention and control, to protect the environment of vegetable fields, and to achieve the sustainable management of vegetable pests. (3) Technical measures for prevention and control 30 1) Agricultural control: Firstly, resistant varieties should be selected, and seed treatment and seedbed disinfection should be performed before planting. The second measure is plowing the soil deeply and using enough maturity basic fertilizer. The third measure is rational crop rotation and intercropping which can change the physical and chemical properties of the soil, improve the soil fertility, and reduce the pest source. The fourth measure is to strengthen field management including timely cleaning up diseased leaves, stubble and weeds in fields, this measure can disrupt the spreading way of pests and prevent their expansion. 2) Physical control: According to the taxis of the pests, insecticidal lamps and yellow plates and so on are used to trap Spodoptera litura, Spodoptera exigua, diamondback moth, Striped flea beetle, aphids, Bemisia tabaci, Liriomyza, etc.. One insecticidal lamp is installed every 15-30 mu, and used as light trap. For sex pheromone trapping, 1-2 traps are hung per mu in vegetable plot, and transparent collecting bottle with 8 cm caliber is appropriate for the traps. A sexual lure is fixed with a lead wire, about 1cm above the mouth of the bottle, and the bottle is filled with soapy water to the point 2cm below the mouth of bottle. The sexual lure needs to be replaced every 15 days, and the period could be appropriately shortened in high temperature and drought. The soapy water should be replaced frequently, and kept enough water inside. For attracting insects onto yellow plates, the yellow boards are placed according to the amount of insects in vegetable growing areas, generally 10-15 plates per mu, and 20-30cm higher than the crops. 3) Biological control: For using natural enemies or biological pesticides to control vegetable pests, we should consider principles of using insect to control pest, using bacteria or fungus to control bacteria or fungus, and using bacteria or fungus to control pests to reduce the usage of chemical pesticides and create good ecological environment for protecting natural enemies, for helping natural enemies in controlling pests. According to the actual occurrence of pests, the following biological pesticides can be rationally used, such as Bt, Pyrethrins, Azadirachtin, Metarhizium, Avermectin, Emamectin benzoate, Spinosad, agricultural Streptomycin, polyoxin, agricultural Antibioticsthe, Dioctyl divinyltriamino glycine, etc. 4) Chemical control: Efficient, low toxicity and low residue pesticides should be used 31 primarily, and extremely toxic, highly toxic, and highly residual pesticides are prohibited to be used. Additionally, the safe use of pesticides should strictly comply with the following standards to delay drug-resistance of pests: mastering the technology of safety interval, applying pesticides according to indications, timely and appropriate medication, alternating medication, mixing medication, etc. Chlorantraniliprole, Emamectin benzoate and other pesticides are used to control diamondback moth, Pieris rapae, Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera litura larvae. When incidence of plants with soft rot symptoms, the affected plants should be cleaned up, and the infected areas should be smeared with the lime for disinfection and then handled with copper oxychloride. For preventing downy mildew, Propamocarb, dimethomorph, and metalaxyl-M, etc, can be used in the early stages ； Chlorothalonil, Carbendazim and Kresoxim-methyl are the optional choice of preventing anthracnose. 1.7.3.2 Lychee (1) Aims of prevention and control Raising control effect up to over 85%, controlling the loss rate of pest damage below 10%, reducing the use of chemical pesticides and pollution to agro-ecological environment, controlling the fruit pesticide residues within the scope of state regulations, meeting the purpose of high-quality fruits and harmless to environment. (2) Control strategy The control strategy is: adhering to the working principles of plant protection “prevention firstly, control comprehensively”. This principle mainly focus on major diseases and insects, paying close attention to the prevention and control of pests in main damaging generations and critical epidemics period, as leads to improve the effect of prevention and treatment, to protect the environment of fruit fields, and to achieve the sustainable management of fruit pests. Technical measures for prevention and control 1) Agricultural control: Firstly, strengthening the management of fertilizer and water, to increase plant resistance to diseases and pests. Secondly, fallen fruit should be removed timely and treated under centralized management. Thirdly, shoots controlling and pruning should be performed timely. Fourthly, fruit gardens should be cleaned in winter, and diseased sticks should be cut off to reduce pest source after fruit are harvested. 32 2) Physical control: An electronic moth-trapping light is installed every 10-15 mu, to kill the Lychee stinkbug, scarabs, fruit-piercing moths and other pests, and other artificial hunting for longicorn. 3) Biological Control: Ageratum conyzoides or other benign weeds are planted in orchards to protect natural enemies. In the egg laying period of Lychee stinkbug, Anastatus japonicus can be released artificially for controlling. 4) Chemical control: Timely and appropriate medication, strict requirements of spraying frequencies, and drug concentration, are used to reduce the fruit residues and improve fruit quality, as well as save costs to improve economic benefit. In priority, it is necessary to improve forecast accuracy of the incidence of pests in orchards, helping timely and appropriate medication. Generally, orchard needs medication of 6-8 times one year, and the usage of pesticides should accord to the instructions, such as, one time spraying mainly for controlling stinkbugs in March, 4-5 times spraying for Conopomorpha sinensis and downy mildew from May to July in the fruit development period, 1-2 times spraying lime sulfur from August to September following the works of pruning trees and cleaning garden. The strict implementation of Pollution-free Agricultural Quality Standards needs to master accurate safety interval of different types of pesticides; mastering the safe intervals of pesticides can minimize the fruit residues and control the residues within the allowable range of Pollution-free Agricultural Quality Standards. The general safety interval of last spraying is 15-20 days before fruit harvest. Table3 Agriculture, physical and biological measures of the comprehensive management of pests of Vegetables and Lychee Crops Agriculture or physical Biological control control 33 Vegetables Pest forecasting, Deeply tilling, Selection of resistant varieties, Burning the leaves infected by Trapping by sex pheromone. pests and diseases. The Using natural enemies of pest Attracting aphids with yellow board, Attracting moth with sweet sour or light Lychee Pest forecasting, Cutting off Using natural enemies of pest and burning the branches infected by pests and diseases, Shallow ploughing, Strawing to keep the soil's moisture. Light trap 1.7.4 The principles of using pesticides Selection and use of pesticides by the project, is in accordance with the following criteria: (1) Harmless to human being. (2) Obviously affecting target species. (3) Less impact on non-target species and the environment. (4) Non-repeatedly using the same drug, to avoid the resistance of pests and diseases. (5) Belonging to high efficiency, low toxicity and residue, or non-residue biological pesticides. The following table listed the toxicity of biological pesticide used in this project, and their impacts on the target species and non-target species, and induced resistance to pests. Pesticides in this project meet standers of World Bank, which is referred to "The pesticides classification advice according to the guidelines of harmfulness and classification" (Geneva, WHO, 2009), drew up by WHO. The project will not procure the banned, non-registered, or WHOⅠPesticides. Table 4 The effect of biological pesticide to be used in the project Pesticide Toxicity Target species Non-target Pesticide resistance Risk (WHO) species of target species assessment 34 Kasugamy Rice blast, tomato LC50 (48 hours All the pesticides cin leaf mold, mg / L) of carp used in this cucumber bacterial and goldfish: > Avoid resistance to project have low angular leaf spot, 40; LD50 target organisms or slight toxicity pepper bacterial (exposure) of to human body, U scab and early bee: > 40 μ g; and have blight acute oral LD50 obvious effect on of Japanese target, and have quail: > 4000 little effect on mg / kg non-target. Bacillus Diamondback No data Avoid resistance to Measures have thuringiens U moth, Helicoverpa target organisms also been taken is (Bt) assulta for pesticide Liuyangmy Aphids, leaf mites It is non-toxic to Avoid resistance to resistance. cin bees and insoluble target organisms U in water. There are no other records Pyrimidine Black spot of No data Avoid resistance to nucleoside Chinese cabbage, target organisms class of powdery mildew antibiotics and anthracnose of U vegetable, early blight of tomato and downy mildew of vegetable Diamondb Diamondback moth No data ack moth U granulosis virus Polyoxin Downy mildew and LC50 (48 hours) Avoid resistance to powdery mildew of of Cyprinus target organisms Cucumber carpio: > 40 mg / L, plant source, U and could not be mixed with acid and alkaline chemicals. U Predatory Mites U mites streptomyc Soft rot of Chinese No data Avoid resistance to in+oxytera cabbage, Bacterial target organisms U cykine wilt of tomato, Leaf spot of Cabbage 35 Jinggangm Melons Wilt disease The acute oral Generally, it is not ycin LD50 of rats and easy to produce drug mice was more resistance U than 20000 mg / kg., and LD50 > 5000mg / kg for rat skin 1.7.5 Pesticide varieties and dosage intends to be used The project primarily selects control measures of agriculture, physics such as trapping, biology or biological pesticides (such as Bt). The project mainly supports biological control measures and seed coating agents, and they have minimum impacts on the environment and human being. In addition, the same pesticides will not be used continuously, repeatedly on the same crops, to avoid the emergence of drug-resistance. The following pesticides are national registration products, and be properly used according to “Standards of Rationally Using Pesticides” (National standards) and keep make the target crops and human being safety; and be properly used according to the labels and package inserts of pesticide products and will not damage the environment. “Pesticide Management Regulation of PRC ” stipulates that: the production, operation and use of pesticides in the People’s Republic of China, should comply with the regulations. The regulations have made detailed requirements on the registration, production, operation and use of pesticides. Pesticides used for controlling vegetables and lychee pests in this project, are listed as follow: Table 5 Recommended list of pesticides for pest control of vegetables and lychee Toxicity Risk Pesticide varieties Target species (WHO,2009) assessment Kasugamycin III Cucumber angular leaf spot These Pieris rapae and other Lepidoptera Beauveria U pesticides pests 36 Pieris rapae and other Lepidoptera used in Trichogrammatid U pests this project Pyrimidine nucleoside Powdery mildew, anthracnose, downy U are low class of antibiotics mildew, early blight toxicity or Diamondback moth U Diamondback moth slight granulosis virus Polyoxin III Powdery mildew toxicity to Predatory mites U Mites human Diamondback moth and Pieris rapae body, and Azadirachtin, Osthol III and other Lepidoptera pests have insecticidal bacterium significant U Lepidoptera larvae "shaming-ganjun" effect on Streptomycin III Soft rot of Chinese Cabbage targets. Leaf blight of Chinese Cabbage, Streptomycin + III Bacterial wilt of tomato and leaf spot of oxyteracykine Chinese Cabbage Jinggangmycin U Damping off of melon Nuclear polyhedrosis Pieris rapae and other Lepidoptera U virus pests Diamondback moth, leaf mite, 1.8% Avermectin III Meloidogyne Bacillus thuringiensis Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, Coleoptera U （Bt） and Diptera pests Conopomorpha sinensis, and Bradley Chlorantraniliprole U Pieris rapae and other Lepidoptera pests Pyraclostrobin . Lychee downy mildew and vegetable III metiram downy mildew Difenoconazole III Anthracnose of lychee and vegetables Diamondback moth, Spodoptera Indoxacarb III exigua Phyllotreta striolata and Bemisia Dinotefuran III tabaci 37 Diamondback moth, Phyllotreta Spinetoram U striolata Spodoptera exigua, thrips, Liriomyza sativae Spodoptera exigua U Spodoptera exigua Nuclear Polyhedrosis Thiamethoxam III Stink bug, Phyllotreta striolata, thrips Diamondback moth, Spodoptera litura, Emamectin Benzoate III Pieris rapae, Spodoptera exigua, thrips, Bean pod borer Sulfoxaflor III Stink bug, aphid, Bemisia tabaci 1.7.6 Forbidden pesticides varieties Table 6 List of pesticides prohibited by the state (41 kinds) Date of Reason for No sale Announcemen No. Pesticides Range deregistrat prohibition date t ion 1 Hexachlorocyclohexane 2 Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane Persistent 3 Toxaphene organic 17 4 aldrin metabolized to dieldrin pollutants kinds 5 Dieldrin Announcement are 6 Ethylene Dibromide June 5, June 5, No. 199 of the forbidd 4-(2,4- 2002 2002 Ministry of 7 Carcinogenesis, en by Dichlorophenoxy)nitrobenzene Agriculture teratogenesis the 8 chlordimeform and reproductive state is-A-tda,N,N'-Bis(1,3,4-thiadazol- 9 toxicity 2-yl)methane diamine 10 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 38 11 Stele, lead High toxicity 12 Mercury preparation and enrichment 13 2-fluoroacetamide 14 glyftor TETRAMETHYLENEDISULFO 15 TETRAMIDE（TETS） 16 sodiumfluoroacetate 17 silatrane 18 Methamidophos June 30, High toxicity, Announcement 19 Parathion 2004 extreme toxicity No. 274 of the 20 Parathion-methyl (mixed December Ministry of 21 Monocrotophos preparatio Forbidd 31, 2003 agriculture; No. n); en to be (mixed 1 January 9, used preparation announcement 2008 22 phosphamidon ) of the five (technical departments in and single 2008 dose) In the process of production and Announcement Forbidd bis(2,3,3,3-tetrachloropropyl) use, it has great March 1, January 1, No. 747 of the 23 en to be ether risk and harm to 2007 2008 Ministry of used human and Agriculture animal safety 24 fenamiphos Announcement Forbidd 25 FONOFOS October 31, October No. 1586 of the High toxicity en to be 26 posfolan-methyl 2011 31, 2013 Ministry of used 27 Calciumphosphide Agriculture 39 28 magnesium phosphide 29 Zinc phosphide 30 cadusafos 31 Coumaphos 32 Sulfotep 33 Terbufos On July 1, 2014, the registration and Announcement production No. 1745 of the license of Ministry of paraquat agriculture, the were On July 1, Ministry of cancelled, 2016, the industry and and the water information Forbidd production agent was technology and 34 Paraquat aqueous solution It is poisonous en to be was stopped the General to human and used stopped. from Administration livestock The being sold of quality registration and used supervision, of water in China inspection and agent Quarantine of export for the people's technical Republic of drug China production enterprises was 40 retained and allowed to be used exclusively for export production Chlorsulfuron (It includes December December 35 technical drug, single dose and 31, 2013 31, 2015 compound preparation) On December 31, 2013, On the December registration 31, 2015, certificate sales and of single use of Announcement Long residual Forbidd dose single No. 2032 of the effect causes en to be product dose Ministry of drug damage used 36 Ethametsulfuron-methyl was products Agriculture cancelled; were On July 1, prohibited 2015, the ; product On July 1, registration 2015, the certificate sales and of technical use of drug and compound compound preparatio 41 preparation ns were was prohibited cancelled On On December December 31, 2015, 31, 2013, single The agent registration products certificate were of single prohibited dose to be sold product and used was in China; 37 metsulfuron-methyl cancelled; On July 1, On July 1, 2017, it is 2015, the forbidden registration to use in certificate domestic of technical sales and drug and keep the compound registratio preparation n of was overseas cancelled use for export High risk to December December 38 tris(dimethyldithiocarbamoyl)- human and 31, 2013 31, 2015 arsin environment, 42 impurity methylarsinediyl 39 causescarcinoge bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate) nesis Announcement September October 1, No. 2445 of the 40 Dicofol High toxicity 7, 2016 2018 Ministry of Forbidd Agriculture en to be Announcement Persistent used No.148 of the March 26, January 1, 41 ethyl perfluorooctylsulfonamide organic Ministry of 2019 2020 pollutants agriculture and rural affairs 43 Table 7 List of pesticides restricted by the state (48 kinds) Date Reason for No. Pesticides Range Announcement put in Note restricted use force Announcement No. 194 of the 2002. Cabbage Ministry of 6. 1 Agriculture 1 omethoate Announcement No. 1586 of the 2011.6. Citrus Ministry of 15 Agriculture Announcement These No. 194 of the 2002. Fruit pesticides Ministry of 6. 1 shall be Agriculture sold by Announcement Vegetables, fruit designated No. 199 of the 2002. 2 trees, tea, Chinese operation, isofenphos-methyl Ministry of 6.5 herbal medicine and the Agriculture label shall Announcement also be No. 2445 of the 2008. Sugarcane marked Ministry of 10. 1 with the Agriculture High toxicity word Announcement "restricted No. 194 of the 2002. Apple use". Ministry of 6. 1 If it is used Agriculture 3 Aldicarb for edible Announcement Vegetables, fruit agricultural No. 199 of the 2002. trees, tea, Chinese products, Ministry of 6. 5 herbal medicine the safety Agriculture interval Announcement shall also No. 194 of the 2002. Citrus be marked. Ministry of 6. 1 Agriculture Announcement Vegetables, fruit 4 Carbofuran No. 199 of the 2002. trees, tea, Chinese Ministry of 6. 5 herbal medicine Agriculture Announcement 2008. Sugarcane No. 2445 of the 10. 1 Ministry of 44 Agriculture Announcement No. 194 of the 2002. Citrus Ministry of 6. 1 Agriculture Announcement Vegetables, fruit No. 199 of the 2002. 5 Thimet trees, tea, Chinese Ministry of 6. 5 herbal medicine Agriculture Announcement No. 2445 of the 2008. Sugarcane Ministry of 10. 1 Agriculture Announcement No. 194 of the 2002. Sugarcane Ministry of 6. 1 Agriculture 6 Terbufos Announcement Vegetables, fruit No. 199 of the 2002. trees, tea, Chinese Ministry of 6. 5 herbal medicine Agriculture 7 Methamidophos 8 Parathion-methyl 9 Parathion 10 Monocrotophos High toxicity / 11 phosphamidon 12 posfolan-methyl 13 Sulfotep Announcement Vegetables, fruit O,O-diethyl S-(1- No. 199 of the 2002. trees, tea, Chinese 14 sulfanylbutyl) Ministry of 6. 5 herbal medicine thiophosphate Agriculture 15 Ethoprophos 16 posfolan-methyl 17 Coumaphos 18 FONOFOS 19 isazofos 20 fenamiphos 21 Dicofol The impurity is The label Announcement organic chlorine, shall be No. 199 of the 2002. Tea and the residue marked 22 fenvalerate Ministry of 6. 5 exceeds the with the Agriculture standard word 23 daminozide Peanut Announcement 2003. carcinogenic "restricted 45 No. 274 of the 4. 30 use". Ministry of If it is used agriculture, for edible NongNongFa agricultural (2010) No. 2 products, notice the safety It has high risk to interval It is only used for crustacean shall also sanitary use, corn Announcement aquatic be marked. and other dry field No. 57 of the 2009. 24 Fipronil organisms and seed coating agents Ministry of 10. 1 bees, and slow and for export Agriculture degradation in products only water and soil 25 Isocarbophos Citrus These pesticides shall be sold by designated operation, and the label shall also be marked Citrus, apple, tea, Announcement with the 26 Methomyl cruciferous No. 1586 of the 2011.6. word vegetables Ministry of 15 "restricted Agriculture use". High toxicity If it is used for edible agricultural products, the safety interval shall also be marked. 27 cadusafos Citrus, cucumber / Apple tree, tea tree These Announcement pesticides 28 endosulfan No. 2552 of the 2019. shall be Agriculture Ministry of 1. 1 sold by Agriculture designated Announcement High toxicity / operation, Strawberry, 2011.6. 29 Methyl bromide No. 1586 of the Montreal and the cucumber 15 Ministry of controlled label shall 46 Agriculture substances also be Limited to soil (ozone depleting) marked Announcement fumigation, under with the No. 2289 of the 2015. the guidance of word Ministry of 10. 1 professional and "restricted Agriculture technical personnel use". If it is used for edible Announcement agricultural No. 2552 of the 2019. products, Agriculture Ministry of 1. 1 the safety Agriculture interval shall also be marked. 30 Chlorpyrifos The label shall be marked with the word "restricted Announcement use". No. 2032 of the 2016. Residual over Vegetables If it is used 31 Triazophos Ministry of 12. 31 standard for edible Agriculture agricultural products, the safety interval shall also be marked. 32 Methidathion Citrus / These pesticides shall be sold by designated Limited to soil Announcement operation, fumigation, under No. 2289 of the 2015. High toxicity and the 33 Nitrochloroform the guidance of Ministry of 10. 1 label shall professional and Agriculture also be technical personnel marked with the word "restricted use". 47 If it is used for edible agricultural products, the safety interval shall also be marked. The label shall be marked with the word "restricted use". 34 flubendiamide Rice High toxicity If it is used for edible agricultural products, the safety interval shall also be marked. Limited to standard These packaging of Announcement pesticides aluminum phosphide No. 2445 of the 2018. shall be pesticide products. It Ministry of 10. 1 sold by should be packed Agriculture designated inside and outside. operation, The outer packing and the should be airtight, label shall waterproof, also be moisture-proof and It is highly toxic marked 35 Aluminium phosphide gas leakage proof. to human and with the The inner package livestock word should have "restricted permeability, which use". is convenient for If it is used direct fumigation. for edible The inner and outer agricultural packages should be products, marked with high the safety toxic label and "no interval use in residential shall also 48 places for human and be marked. livestock". The label shall be marked with the word "restricted use". Announcement Extreme toxicity, 36 Acephate Vegetables, fruits, If it is used No. 2552 of the 2019.8. High toxicity tea, fungus and for edible Ministry of 1 herbal medicine agricultural Agriculture products, the safety interval shall also be marked. 37 carbosulfan High toxicity 38 Dimethoate 39 Flocoumafen These 40 paraquat pesticides 41 Butyl 2,4- shall be dichlorophenoxyacetate sold by 42 Type C hotulinous's designated toxin protein operation, 43 Type D hotulinous's and the toxin protein label shall 44 diphacinone also be 45 warfarin Announcement marked 46 coumatetralyl No. 2567 of the 2017. with the / 47 Broprodifacoum Ministry of 10. 1 word 48 Brodifacoum Agriculture "restricted use". If it is used for edible agricultural products, the safety interval shall also be marked. Table 8 Cessation of new registration of pesticides (25 kinds) 49 No. Pesticides Reason Announcement Date put in force O,O-diethyl S-(1- High Announcement No. 194 of the April 22, 2002 (application for 1 sulfanylbutyl) toxicity Ministry of Agriculture provisional registration) thiophosphate 2 Thimet 3 omethoate 4 Isocarbophos 5 Terbufos April 22, 2002 (application for 6 posfolan-methyl High Announcement No. 194 of the provisional registration) 7 Sulfotep toxicity Ministry of Agriculture 8 isofenphos-methyl Announcement No. 1586 of the June 15, 2011 (registration application) 9 Aldicarb Ministry of Agriculture 10 Carbofuran 11 Methomyl 12 fenamiphos 13 FONOFOS 14 Calciumphosphide 15 magnesium phosphide 16 Zinc phosphide 17 cadusafos High Announcement No. 1586 of the June 15, 2011 (registration application) 18 Coumaphos toxicity Ministry of Agriculture 19 Methidathion 20 Ethoprophos 21 aluminium phosphide 22 Methyl bromide 23 endosulfan 24 Streptomycin sulfate 25 Bismerthiazol Any pesticides should be used in accordance with the scope of use approved by pesticide registration, and the use out of the scope is prohibited. 1.7.7 Recommended spraying equipment Spraying equipment used to control crop pests and diseases should be in line with FAO, ISO, or national standard of China. 50 1.8 Implementation strategy of PMP 1.8.1 Institutional settings and responsibilities Setting up an advisory group of experts: drafting the provincial scheme of pesticide reduction and pest controlling technology, and directing the PMP implementation of the project construction agencies in subordinate cities and counties; providing technical assistance to the PMP technical problems; involving in the training of project personnel, organizing study tour activities, establishing contacts with international PMP project, preparing field operations manual, as well as other works related to the PMP project. Municipal and county-level Plant Protection Station: organizing the implementation. County-level agricultural technology promotion center is the project's commitment unit, and is responsible for drafting the scheme of pesticide reduction and pest controlling technology, and technical training of the technical personnel of the township. The promotion center should take effective approaches and measures to ensure that the successful implementation of local works of PMP. Township agricultural technology promotion station is responsible for guiding the investigation of the farmer association on plant diseases, insects and weeds, and subsequently reporting to the county (city) level of agriculture bureau. Under the guidance of the county (city) level agriculture bureau, the promotion station is responsible for organizing the implementation of PMP, and technically guiding and training the involved farmers. 1.8.2 Capacity building 1.8.2.1 Training The training of safety use of pesticides: (1) Specific training of possible impacts of pesticides on the environment, recommended applied methods and equipment, for village cadres, farmers and pesticide sales. (2) Training and presentation of related knowledge for the village cadres, farmers and pesticide sales, to enhance the consciousness on the following problems: 51 ① the possible effects of various pesticides on occupation or health; ② recommend use of the processing and spraying methods; ③ approved devices (such as sprayer, nozzle size etc.) and instructions; ④ wearing safety clothing (such as long sleeved shirt, masks, hats, gloves, pants, shoes); ⑤ spraying in calm weather; ⑥ safe storage of pesticides, pesticides locked in cabinets, pesticides out of the access of children; ⑦ safely handling with packages and wastes of pesticides, as far as possible buried or burned; (3) Monitoring the implementation of the above operations. If implemented incorrectly, the operations should be retrained. In the project, physical and biological control tools are purchased, and a variety of pest management technology (such as agriculture, physics, biology, chemistry measures) are applied, as to make sure the pest non-resistant to pesticides. 1.8.2.2 Policy implementation Pest management measures promoted by the project include: (1) Strict implementation of pesticide regulations; (2) Banning the use of unregistered pesticides in the project activities; (3) Banning the use of WHO I pesticides in the project activities; (4) Strict compliance with the following regulations: a) The action code of pesticide management, sale and use by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (Or corresponding legal documents in China). b) Guide of pesticide packaging and storage by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (Or corresponding legal documents in China). c) Guide of correct labeling method for pesticides by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (Or corresponding legal documents in China). d) Guide of processing with discarded pesticides and pesticide containers by the United 52 Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (Or corresponding legal documents in China). (5) The relevant environmental standards for agricultural chemicals including pesticides should be implemented, drafted by national environmental protection department, and ecological demonstration counties should also implement the environmental standards for ecological demonstration counties. (6) In order to encourage the promotion and support of PMP, the township government and the county government are provided successful cases of PMP program, including their benefits (especially long-term benefits). (7) Farmers participated in the construction of demonstration bases are requested to purchase the permitted and registered pesticides. (8) Financial supports on the PMP research and promotion of the project are in priority. 1.8.2.3 Supervision and administration To strengthen the implementation of PMP, following methods should be applied: (1) Training for the technicians and promotion personnel in the county and township, as well as farmers; (2) Developing a monitoring program to evaluate the application and management of PMP technology in the project, and to monitor the biological diversity in the project areas and the resistance of the main diseases and insects to the main chemical pesticides; (3) One staffs of project office is designated to be specifically responsible for examining the organization and implementation of agricultural pest management and PMP methods, and appropriate economic support will be provided to local management office of PMP; (4) Determining the PMP as the direction of the research and promotion programs; (5) Establishing and strengthening the cooperation relations with domestic institutions, to improve the capacity of PMP project; (6) Strengthening the connection between provinces, cities, counties, townships and villages, and solving the existed problems, to guaranty the implementation of PMP project; (7) Vigorously promoting the measures and methods for reducing the use of chemical pesticides, and encouraging private owners to apply the methods of PMP, especially agricultural chemicals business owners. 1.8.2.4 Technical training and development of human resource 53 The training programs will be provided for technicians from province, city, county, township agencies in the project. The project will carry out the following works on the capacity construction for diseases and insects management: (1) Providing new methods of pest management for plant protection experts and technicians from qualified inspection institutions in the province, city, and county levels, including PMP methods responding to specific diseases and insect pests on specific crops; (2) The plant protection experts in the province, city, county levels regularly train the promotion personnel with the pest management methods, including PMP methods responding to specific diseases and insect pests on specific crops; (3) Providing the training for promotion personnel in the county and town levels, to ensure the effective implementation of the management regulation of pesticides; (4) County technicians regularly and timely provide trains to farmers through field schools, etc, like the newly pest management methods and PMP responding to specific crops or pests. (5) Preparing and distributing the PMP training materials which should be concise in language, and assisted with appropriate audiovisual teaching materials. (6) Encouraging the minority and women to participate in activities of the PMP. (7) In the applied research projects, the researches on PMP practical technology should be carried out according to the actual needs of agricultural production and farmers. 1.8.2.5 Farmers training The technical training in this project focuses on the industrial parks of modern agriculture in 4 prefecture level cities such as Guangzhou, Huizhou, Jiangmen, Zhaoqing, and will promotes the technology to 100 industrial parks in the whole province through the training. The farmer training aims to enhance farmers' safety and their skills of common biological pest control, which is the capacity of economical and effective controlling pests and diseases, including: how to identify plant diseases and insect pests, how to correctly make control decision, and how to take appropriate prevention measures. Every farmer will be trained 3-4 times annually during the period of preventing and controlling diseases and pests (1 days each time, and 50 farmers each training). 54 The training contents include the follows: (1) The characteristics and control methods of plant diseases and insect pests; (2) The harm of various diseases and insect pests; (3) Natural enemies of a variety of major diseases and insect pests, and their application; (4) Field investigation methods; (5) Control index; (6) Prevention and control measures, including comprehensive methods of agricultural, physical, biological and chemical control; (7) Safe storage, management and treatment of pesticide waste and packaging containers; (8) Use of chemical pesticides, and its protection requirements. Trainers may be: (1) The advance large plantations and the demonstration households; (2) Trained promotion personnel in provincial, county and township levels; (3) Pesticide sales; (4) Staff of Plant Protection Station of Guangdong Province; (5) Other institutions in Guangdong or other provinces of China (such as Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences). 55 Table 9 Contents and plans of PMP training for vegetables and lychee Trained Training times Implementing Category Content Objective Location people Training form each year agency each time Pest 15 management Guangzhou Extension plan， and personnel, Counselor training laws and plant Huizhou 14 Classroom 2 program regulations protection teaching on rational technicians, Jiangmen 14 use of etc. Zhaoqing 14 pesticides Vegetable Industrial 90 Rural Park, etc. Guangzhou PMO IPM technicians, Lychee Industrial 90 technology, farmers, and Park, etc. Farmer field and disposal pesticide Vegetable On site Industrial 80 6。 school of pesticide dealers in observation Park, etc. Huizhou packaging the township Lychee Industrial 80 wastes (town) of the Park, etc. project area Vegetable Jiangmen Industrial 100 Park, etc. 56 Lychee Industrial 100 Park, etc. Vegetable Industrial 100 Park, etc. Zhaoqing Lychee Industrial 90 Park, etc. Industrial parks outside those Training in other industrial parks 1000 1 four cities Table 10 Budget of training cost for vegetables and lychee pest management plan Training Cost for Total cost Trained Training Training times each day. (Ten Implementing Training objectives Project area people each type days each time thousand agency time year (Yuan) Yuan) Technical promotion Guangzhou 15 Training of personnel from Huizhou 14 agricultural 3 2/year 450.0 76.95 municipal-level, and Jiangmen 14 technicians county (District)-level Zhaoqing 14 57 agencies Guangzhou Vegetable Industrial Park, 50 etc. Guangzhou Lychee Industrial Park, 50 etc. Provincial Huizhou PMO Vegetable Industrial Park, 50 Rural technicians in the etc. On site Huizhou Lychee township (town), observation Industrial Park, 50 1 2/year 450 180 farmers, and pesticide etc. training Jiangmen dealers Vegetable Industrial Park, 50 etc. Jiangmen Lychee Industrial Park, 50 etc. Zhoaqing Vegetable Industrial Park, 50 etc. 58 Zhaoqing Lychee Industrial Park, 50 etc. 100 industrial Training for Industrial Park of other parks in 100 8 2 450 180 cities and counties in the province Guangdong Province Table 11 Budget of technology discussion, training experts, teaching materials and supervision and management for PMP of vegetables and lychee Total cost (Ten Implementing Supervisory Type Personnel Number of people thousand agency agency Yuan) Personnel from province, or Organization The meeting lasted for one day and the Provincial Project workshop city, or county PMO, experts, 4.0 of World number of participants is 80. PMO personnel of relevant Bank 59 agricultural departments Personnel from PMO, plant protection personnel, farmer Summary and The meeting lasted for one day and the technicians, demonstration 17.5 discussion meeting number of participants is 60. households, pesticide dealers, etc. Training materials Compilation of series training materials, and equipment Experts, professors 63.1 and design for wall chart consumption Research on green prevention and Research on integration and control technology Research institutions demonstration of green control technology 96.0 of vegetables and for major pests on vegetable and lychee lychee 60 Expert consultation Famous experts, professors On site tour guidance in the project area 30.0 service Rural technicians and Service fee for farmers participating in the 34.2 technical personnel training Monitoring and Organization evaluation in Fixed monitors arranged by of World project area, and the agricultural technology Municipal 24.0 Bank and the supervision and departments or plant PMO provincial management of protection departments PMO pesticides Training in other 200 industrial parks 61 1.8.3 Monitoring and assessment During the project execution, it is needed to monitor the implementation of PMP, the using patterns of pesticides, crop yield and quality, dynamics of main diseases and pests and natural enemy populations, and the impact on the environment after the implementation of the project's in the project areas. The monitoring contents were shown in the figure: Figure 2 Schematic diagram of monitoring contents in the project 1.8.3.1 Monitoring contents The monitoring contents are: (1) Registration of pesticides; (2) Use of WHO I class pesticides; (3) Policy issues of using pesticides; (4) Implementation of monitoring plan. The related experts will check the implementation of the PMP annually in the peak period of the occurrence of pests. 1.8.3.2 Indicators for monitoring and inspection content 62 (1) Indicators for monitoring 1) The adoption of the comprehensive management measures are: a) sampling survey of the number of farmers using the integrated management measures; b) the total area performing the farmland integrated management measures; c) the number of farmers using resistant varieties; d) the number of farmers participating in the integrated pest management; 2) The application pattern of pesticides: a) times of applying pesticides each crop / ha / growing season; b) species and amount of applying pesticides each crop / ha / growing season (check whether WHO class I or unregistered pesticides are used); c) costs of pesticides usage each crop / ha / growing season; d) procedures of safely handling and applying pesticides (Such as safe storage, and the number of farmers wearing protective clothing, etc.) ; e) the excessive number of pesticide residues in agricultural products; f) the number of complaints of excessive pesticide residues in agricultural products; g) the number of refused deals because of pesticide residues; h) the incidents number of pest and disease resistant to pesticides; i) the incidents number of masses poisoned by pesticides; j) other forms of environmental poisoning or contamination, such as poisoning livestock (poultry), wild animals and bee, and water pollution and soil pollution. 3) Indicators of crop production are: a) the yield per hectare; b) profit per hectare; c) change of agro-ecosystems, and resistance of pest and disease; d) the number and type of pest and disease outbreaks of each crop annually; e) the number of predatory and parasitoid natural enemies of pest in unit area each pilot; f) species and diversity of beneficial insect, such as: the number of bee in each pilot district. 63 4) Other indicators are: a) the visits number of pesticide sales to the project area; b) the number of pesticides advertising on the medias (television, c) radio and newspapers); d) the number of pesticide brands sold by the retail points in the project areas; e) the number of pesticides brands for sale. (2) Inspection contents Pesticides registration inspections are focus on: 1) Registration of new pesticides; 2) Usage of class I pesticides; 3) On-site checking pesticide cabinets at the pesticide sale points and the farmers, to determine whether Class I pesticides are sold or used in the project areas. Policy issues inspections are focus on: 1) The subsidies extent of government on pesticide (if any); 2) The implementation of policies and regulations related to the use of pesticides and the promotion of integrated pest management. Monitoring inspections focus on: 1) The evaluation on the local monitoring plan by the inspection teams from World Bank; 2) The problems in the process of implementing PMP; 3) Inspection of implementing PMP by different levels of agencies. (3) Monitoring and inspection plan 1) Pest management monitoring: it is implemented by various project offices and peasant association together, and is responsible for reporting timely and process the pest. 2) Inspection plan: it is usually in charge of various project offices, while the screening and prevention is implemented by plant protection and quarantine stations during the peak of plant diseases and insect pests. 3) Responsibility: plant protection and quarantine stations at all levels are responsible for the guidance, inspection, monitoring and raining of PMP, and also undertake the obligations and responsibilities of timely investigating and reporting for pest incidences, and the implementation of PMP according to the requirements, together with the implementers 64 in the project. 4) Professional technology needed: various plant protection and quarantine stations should provide plant protection experts and PMP methods. 5) Project budget: pest management works should be included in the daily management of various projects offices, and the required funds are included in the budget of monitoring and assessment. (4) The arrangement of progress report of the implementation of PMP project 1) Commitment units of the project are obliged to submit project progress report annually, submit interim performance report in the midterm of the project, and submit the project performance report at the end of the project. 2) Annual reports and interim reports of the project should include: project implementation period, the use of project funds, project progresses, the effect of project implementation, the difference of the actual effect and the expected effect of project implementation, and the existing problems and solving methods during the implementation of the project, etc. 3) Concluding report of the project should include: project implementation period, the use of project funds, project progresses, the effect and evaluation of project implementation, the difference of the actual effect and the expected effect of project implementation, and the existing problems and solving methods during the implementation of the project, etc. The evaluation of implementation effects refers to the adoption of standardized technologies promotion, the increase of farmers’ income as well as the improvement of living standard due to the use of new technologies, the qualitative safety of agricultural products, the impact on ecological environment, the sustainability of projects, and organization and management of the project, etc. The overall achievement of the implementation of the project is evaluated by the effect of the complete project. 65 2 Pest Management Plan of pigs 2.1 National policies and regulations related to pig-breeding There are a series of laws, regulations, standards, methods, procedures, and guidelines established and executed by national and local governments successively. Through carrying out these laws and regulations, the integrated management plan (IMP) of pest and disease of pig-breeding has been further spread and applied. 2.1.1 Main laws and regulations in China (1) Law of the People's Republic of China on Agriculture (Revised at the 30th meeting of the Standing Committee of the Eleventh National People's Congress); (2) Animal Husbandry Law of the People's Republic of China (Order No. 45 of the president, Revised at the 14th meeting of the Standing Committee of the Twelfth National People's Congress, April 2015); (3) Animal Epidemic Prevention Law of the People's Republic of China (Order No. 71 of the president, Revised at the 3rd meeting of the Standing Committee of the Twelfth National People's Congress, June 2013); (4) Law of the People's Republic of China on The Entry-Exit Animal and Plant Quarantine (Order No. 53 of the president, Revised at the 22th meeting of the Standing Committee of the Seventh National People's Congress, October 1991); (5) Wildlife Protection Law of the People's Republic of China (Revised at the 6th meeting of the Standing Committee of the Thirteenth National People's Congress, October 2018); (6) Food Safety Law of the People's Republic of China (Revised at the 7th meeting of the Standing Committee of the Thirteenth National People's Congress, December 2018); (7) Food Safety Law of the People's Republic of China (Revised at the 6th meeting of the Standing Committee of the Thirteenth National People's Congress, October 2018); (8) Veterinary Drugs Administration Ordinance (Revised by order No. 726 of the State Council in March 2020); 66 (9) Emergency Regulations on Major Animal Epidemics (Revised by order No. 687 of the State Council in October 2017); (10) Regulations on Prevention and Control of Pollution from Large-scale Breeding of Livestock and Poultry (State Council in November 2013); (11) Regulation on Feed and Feed Additives (Revised by order No. 266 of the State Council in March 2017); (12) Regulations on Pig Slaughtering (Revised by order No. 238 of the State Council in January 2016); (13) Regulations on the Implementation of the Law on Import and Export Animal and Plant Quarantine (Revised by order No. 206 of the State Council in December 1996); (14) Emergency plan for foot-and-mouth disease prevention and control (Ministry of Agriculture in March 2010); (15) Emergency Plan for Swine Influenza A (H1N1) infection (Trial) (Ministry of Agriculture in May 2009); (16) African Swine Fever Emergency Response Plan (second Edition, 2020) (Ministry of Agriculture in May 2020); (17) Food Safety Monitoring And Management Measures (Ministry of Agriculture Decree No. 7 in August 2012); (18) Measures for The Administration of Animal Quarantine (Amended No.2 in 2019 by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs); (19) Measures for Examination of Conditions for Animal Epidemic Prevention Ministry of Agriculture Decree No. 7 in 2010 (January 2010); (20) Measures for the Management of Animal Epidemic Reports (No. 18 [1999] of Farming and Animal husbandry, October 1999); (21) Measures for The Assessment and Administration of Animal Epidemic Areas without Provisions (Order No. 2 of the Ministry of Agriculture in May 2017); (22) Measures for The Administration of Animal Diagnosis and Treatment Institutions (Amended No.8 of the Ministry of Agriculture in November 2017); (23) Measures for The Administration and Approval of Biosafety in Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganisms of Highly Pathogenic Animals (Amended No.3 of the Ministry 67 of Agriculture in May 2016); (24) Measures for The Conservation and Management of Animal Pathogenic Microorganism (Virus) Species (Amended No.3 of the Ministry of Agriculture in May 2016); (25) Measures for The Administration of Labels and Specifications of Veterinary Drugs (Amended No.8 of the Ministry of Agriculture in November 2017); (26) Registration Measures for Veterinary Drugs (Ministry of Agriculture Decree No. 44 in November 2004); (27) Administrative Measures for The Development of New Veterinary Drugs (Amended No.2 in April 2019 by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs); (28) Measures for The Management of Livestock and Poultry Identification and Breeding Archives (Ministry of Agriculture Decree No. 67 in June 2006); (29) Measures for the Management of Animal Biological Products (Ministry of Agriculture Decree No. 3 in March 2007); (30) Measures on The Import Administration of Veterinary Drugs (Amended No.2 in April 2019 by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs); (31) Measures for the Administration of Veterinary Prescription Drugs and Non- Prescription Drugs (Promulgated by Decree No. 2 of ministry of Agriculture in September 2013); (32) Measures for The Administration of The Approval Document Number of Veterinary Drug Products (Amended No.2 in April 2019 by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs); (33) Measures on the Supply, Use and Management of Veterinary Narcotic Drugs(November 1980 [80] Agricultural (Animal husbandry) No. 34, [80] Health Medicine No. 36, [80] National Medicine Supply No. 545); (34) Rural Veterinary Practices (Amended No.2 in April 2019 by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs); (35) Measures on the Administration of Veterinary Practitioners (Amended No.5 in December 2013 by the Ministry of Agriculture); (36) Measures for the Administration of Production License for Feed and Feed Additives (Amended No.8 of the Ministry of Agriculture in November 2017); 68 (37) Measures for the Administration of New Feeds and Feed Additives (Amended No.3 of the Ministry of Agriculture in May 2016); (38) Measures for The Administration of The Approval Number of Feed Additives and Additive Premixed Feed Products (Ministry of Agriculture Decree No. 5 in May 2012); (39) Veterinary Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (Ministry of Agriculture Decree No. 587 in 2005); (40) Implementation Rules for Organic Product Certification (CNCA Notice No. 11 of 2014); (41) Regulations on The Management of Sodium Amide for Veterinary Use (Amended No.6 of the Ministry of Agriculture in November 2017); (42) Control Plan and Official Sampling Procedure for Residues in Animal and Animal- Derived Food of the People's Republic of China (Agricultural and animal husbandry hair [1999] No. 8, May 1999); (43) Provisions for Quality Supervision sampling of Veterinary Drugs (Amended No.6 of the Ministry of Agriculture in November 2017); (44) Standard for Quality Management of Veterinary Drug Production (Amended No.8 of the Ministry of Agriculture in November 2017); (45) Catalogue of Animal Pathogenic Microorganisms (Ministry of Agriculture Order No. 53 in May 2005); (46) Standard for Quality Management of Veterinary Drugs (Amended No.8 of the Ministry of Agriculture in November 2017); (47) Opinions of The General Office of the State Council on Strengthening the Prevention and Control of African Swine Fever (GBF [2019] No. 31); 2.1.2 Relevant regulations and policies in Guangdong Province (1) Regulations of Guangdong Province on Pig Slaughtering (Decree No. 162 of the Guangdong Government, amended by Decree No. 266 of the Guangdong Government on 23 September 2019); (2) Management Measures for Pig Transport in Central and Southern Region (No. 1 69 [2020] of the Joint Defense In Central and Southern Region); (3) Measures of The Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Guangdong Province for the Issuance of Breeding Livestock and Poultry Production and Operation Licenses and for the Record of Livestock and Poultry Breeding (Guangdong Regulations on Agriculture and Rural Areas [2019] No. 10); (4) Opinions of The People's Government of Guangdong Province on Strengthening the Whole-Process Supervision of The Quality and Safety of Pigs and Pig Products and Promoting the High-quality Development of The Slaughtering Industry (Guangdong Government [2020] No. 24); (5) Measures on The Assessment and Identification Management of Pig Slaughtering Standardized Enterprises (Guangdong Regulations on Agriculture and Rural Areas [2018] No. 4); (6) Interim Measures on Risk Assessment of Site Selection for Examination of Animal Epidemic Prevention Conditions (Guangdong Regulations on Agriculture and Rural Areas [2020] No. 5); 2.2 Pest management organization, responsibilities, and construction of pig-breeding in Guangdong Province 2.2.1 Pest management and prevention organization of pig-breeding in Guangdong Province 2.2.1.1 Management organization and respobsibilities of pest prevention The pest management organizations in pig-breeding in Guangdong Province are mainly the veterinary and slaughtering management office, animal disease prevention and control center, animal epidemic prevention materials reserve center, animal husbandry technology promotion station, agricultural law enforcement and supervision department, food safety center and other provincial organizations of Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Guangdong Province, as well as the animal husbandry and veterinary departments at the city and county level, and animal epidemic prevention and control institutions. 70 The responsibilities of the veterinary and slaughtering management office of the Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Guangdong Province are to establish the development policies and planning of veterinary and poultry slaughtering industry and organize the implementation. To supervise and manage veterinary medical administration, veterinary drugs, and veterinary instruments. To undertake the management of veterinary practice and animal diagnosis and treatment. To organize and implement the supervision over animal epidemic prevention and quarantine. To organize the early warning and management of animal disease risks. To organize and guide the major animal disease control. To guide the construction of animal epidemic prevention system and regional management of animal disease. The main functions of Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center of the Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Guangdong Province are to undertake the monitoring, detection, diagnosis, epidemiological investigation, epidemic report and other works on early warning, prevention and control; to organize the development of research on the application of animal Disease prevention and control, assist with the development of the planning and construction of Veterinary Systems Laboratory, guide the biological security management Provincial Veterinary Laboratory and other works; to carry out animal health service and technology popularization; The main functions of Animal Epidemic Prevention Materials Reserve Center of Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Guangdong Province are to assist with local departments to execute the compulsory storage and allocation of animal vaccines, disinfectants, epidemic prevention instrument and other epidemic prevention materials; to take responsibility for supplying psychotropic drugs and drug-making drugs for animal use; to develop the popularization and application of biological products; to carry out the statistical analysis of immune density and follow-up statistics of immune effect. 2.2.2 Construction of pest management organization Department of Veterinary and Slaughter Management of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in prefecture-level cities: to formulate the development plan of veterinary and poultry 71 slaughtering industry and organize the implementation. To supervise and manage veterinary medical administration, veterinary drugs, and veterinary instruments. To undertake the management of the veterinary practice and animal diagnosis and treatment. To organize and implement the supervision over animal epidemic prevention and quarantine. To organize the early warning and management of animal disease risk. To organize and guide the major animal disease control. To guide the construction of animal epidemic prevention system and regional management of the animal disease. Enforcement Oversight Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in prefecture-level cities: to guide and supervise the agricultural administrative execution and the secure production of directly controlled units, and to assist with emergency work in counties (districts). To take charge in the investigation and handling of major illegal cases, early warning evaluation of emergencies, risk screening, emergency drills and coordination of disposal of agriculture (including planting industry, animal husbandry, agricultural machinery). To take charge of the investigation and punishment of unqualified samples detected in the random inspection of food safety supervision. To organize the implementation of the special emergency plan for agricultural emergencies, eliminate the dark forces and avoid risks in the social field. To accept and address the report of agricultural illegal activities based on law. To organize the disaster prevention and reduction in the agricultural field, and to assist the organization of agricultural emergency materials, fund guarantee and secure production. Animal Health Inspection Institute in prefecture-level cities: to take responsibility in guidance and implementation of the quarantine of animals and animal products, and other animal disease prevention supervision and law enforcement work among the city, as well as executing the quarantine of animals and animal products from municipal production and operation units, and other animal health supervision and administrative law enforcement work. To take the responsibility to guide and organize the execution of monitoring, detection, diagnosis, epidemiological investigation, epidemic report, animal identification and animal disease traceable system construction, animal disease compulsory immunization and other animal disease prevention and control technical work. The veterinary and slaughtering management unit of Agricultural and Rural Affairs in 72 counties: to establish the development plan of veterinary and poultry slaughtering industry and organize the implementation. To monitor and manage the veterinary medical administration, veterinary drugs, and veterinary instruments. To undertake the management of practising veterinarian and animal diagnosis. To be responsible for the supervision and management work of animal epidemic prevention and quarantine. To take charge in the supervision and management work of pig slaughtering. To organize the implementation of risk warning management of animal diseases. To organize and guide the disease control of major animal epidemics. To guide the construction of animal disease prevention system and regional management of animal epidemics. Provincial Agriculture and Rural Affairs Agricultural Integrated Law Veterinary and Slaughter Animal Disease Prevention Animal Epidemic Prevention Enforcement Supervision Management Office and Control Center Materials Reserve Center Office Enforcement Oversight Department of Veterinary and Prefecture-level Municipal Ministry of Agriculture and Slaughter Management of Animal Health Supervision Rural Affairs in prefecture- Agriculture and Rural Affairs Institute (Epidemic Control level cities in prefecture-level cities Center) Veterinary and Slaughtering Law Enforcement Group in Management Unit of County Agricultural and Rural Agricultural and Rural Affairs Affairs in counties Township Veterinary Station Figure 3 Pest Management Organization of pig-breeding in Guangdong Province 2.3 Status quo of pig-breeding in Guangdong Province Guangdong is a major province of pig breeding and consumption in China. At the end 73 of 2018, there were 20.2426 million reared pigs and 37.574 million pigs for slaughtering, which accounted for 5.4% of total slaughtering amount in China. The production of pig decreased in 2019, while the number of reared pigs remained 13.3379 million, and the number of pigs for slaughtering was 29.4017 million, and the production of pork reached 2.2193 million tonnes. 2.4 Variety and causes of pest in pig-breeding and existing issues in the application of veterinary drugs in the project area 2.4.1 Main variety of pest in pig-breeding in the project area Due to the shock of the African swine fever epidemic, prohibition and restriction and other factors, the number of breeding pig in Guangdong Province significantly decreases, which affect the further development of pig industry directly. Meanwhile, since the specific warm and humid climate in the South China and the frequent trades, African swine fever, highly pathogenic porcine blue ear disease, viral diarrhea, foot and mouth disease, parasitic diseases refer to table 12. Table 12 Common diseases and pests of pigs and corresponding control measures Pest species Protozoa Prevention strategies Carry out disinfection management in farms and the surrounding area, kill African swine fever African swine fever virus，ASFV ticks to block transmission. Trace and kill sick pigs. Monitor and control logistics strictly, etc. 74 Carry out disinfection Highly pathogenic Variation of highly pathogenic strictly, strengthen the porcine respiratory porcine respiratory syndrome management of vaccination syndrome virus and strengthen breeding management, etc. Immunization, strengthen breeding management. Feed sick pigs with oral Viral diarrhea Porcine rotavirus rehydration saline and inject sick pigs with enrofloxacin. Immunization, strengthen Foot and mouth Foot and mouth disease virus daily breeding disease management. Use anthelmintic drugs to Ascaris lumbricoides, pulmonary deworm regularly, carry Parasitic diseases nematodes,echinocephala, out scientific and effective toxoplasma suis, scabies, etc. breeding management, etc. 2.4.2 Causes of pest of pig-breeding (1) African swine fever Currently, there might be 3 routes of transmission of African swine fever. The first is direct transmission. The virus is transmitted by direct contact and aerosols. The healthy pigs will be infected through the digestive tract, respiratory tract, or skin damage after contacting with sick pigs. As ASFV is more stable in blood and excreta, contacting such materials with the massive virus may lead to virus infection. The second is the indirect transmission. The healthy pigs would be infected after being fed with feeds and water that are polluted by ASFV, and swill contaminated by ASFV without high-pressure treatment or feed swill prepared by 75 it; the polluted semen will make female pigs be infected through fertilization; the transportation, circulation and transaction of infected animals and pork production; polluted environment such as soil, water source are routes of transmission of ASFV. The third is biting transmission. Ornithodoros moubata is the only host of ASFV, the virus could be spread through ornithodoros moubata. (2) Highly pathogenic porcine respiratory syndrome The virus existing in saliva or excreta of sick pigs will pollute feeds or drinking water. Healthy pigs will be infected after eating. Meanwhile, the improper breeding density of farms, the too narrow or too large breeding space will accelerate the transmission of the porcine respiratory syndrome. This disease will happen throughout the year while it is more frequent in hot and humid seasons. (3) Viral diarrhea This kind of virus could be transmitted through the air, droplets, as well as milk and excreta. Once the source of infection appears in pigs, the infection will be accelerated, which results in severe infection. (4) Foot and mouth disease Foot and mouth disease on pigs is transmitted mainly by animal secretions and excretions. There are two ways of transmission, which are indirect transmission and direct transmission. The indirect transmission refers to spread through the air. If the virus inside the sick animals is not eliminated completely, other animals tend to be infected, which results in a large-scale infection. If the dead animals are not be treated with disinfection timely, the vehicle used for the transportation of dead animals will lead to a large-scale infection. (5) Parasitic diseases It is transmitted mainly by parasite eggs contained in the feed and the potential fecal- oral transmission caused by excrement of pigs. The poor sanitary condition in farms is a significant reason for parasitic diseases. 2.4.3 Issue existing in the usage of veterinary drugs in pig-breeding (1) Relatively low management level of medicine application in medium and small 76 sized farms A considerable proportion of medium and small-sized farms are included in the management scop of large-scale farms, with some are equipped with a certificate of epidemic prevention conditions. However, the level of medicine application is relatively low and veterinary professionals are insufficient and it is common to see that the medicine usage depends on experience and according to the veterinary drug production enterprises or stores. In the aspect of veterinary medicine procurement, it lacks awareness and ability of quality assessment, and the storage and delivery management system is not established. In the aspect of usage of veterinary medicine procurement, it is hard to carry out the veterinary prescription system. At the same time, the main breeding body has no record of drug use due to cost control, leading to the occurrence of discarding eggs and milk after feeding medicine in laying and lactation period. (2) Scattered-feed households in rural area are not equipped with the awareness of standardizing medication and pay few attention on security of medicine usage Risks in the usage of medicine of scattered-feed households. Though the breeding amount of such breeding bodies is small, the real issues are outstanding, such as large coverage, large population, and severe potential quality hazard. However, the drug use of this group belongs to self-medication with weak awareness of safe drug use. Thus, improper medicine use, exceeding medicine use and other issues remain prominent. (3) Systematic shortcomings in standardizing the use of veterinary drugs Compared with the production and operation of veterinary drugs, the breeding stage is the most difficult to manage. The regulations that shall be obeyed are massive while the number of regulations that achieved is small. The specific requirement of improvement is hard to be completed as it is unknown to follow which regulations or rules. 77 2.5 Pest management experience and existing issues of pig-breeding in China 2.5.1 Major experience (1) Vaccine immune monitoring and health care medication are main measures Vaccination is the most effective measure to control the disease. Based on the current situation of pig-breeding in China, the economic benefit of pig-breeding could be significantly increased through vaccination, as well as the reduction of incidence rate and mortality rate. However, whether the clinical symptom of animals after infection would be shown is related to multiple factors including animal age, vaccination status, genetic factors, stress factors, management level and nutritional factors. Hence, it is necessary to vigorously implement the research on new or labelled vaccines, providing technical measures to pig disease prevention in China. (2) Breeding management and environment control are the absis of disease prevention The level of breeding management will decide the operation situation of pig farms to a large extent. The reasonable distribution and vegetation could improve considerably the temperature, humidity, flow and air quality inside the farm. Meanwhile, it could reduce noise and dust quantity, bacteria and virus content in the air. The breeding management of pig farms shall establish practical pig herd management model according to the age, functional unit of pigs. Adopt all-in and all-out production mode to increase population immunity of live pigs by reducing swine stress in multiple ways. (3) The establishment of biological security system is to ensure the disease prevention With the improvement of intensification and deepening of people’s understanding of disease prevention and control, a new concept of “breeding is more important than prevention, prevention is more important than management, execute both breeding and prevention to realize comprehensive prevention and control” has currently formulated. During the 78 prevention and control of infectious diseases, people have known gradually that it is required to be carried out from the source of infection, transmission routes and susceptible pigs, and the economic benefit will be maximized by integrating power to construct positive biological security system to reduce incidence rate and mortality rate. 2.5.2 Existing issues (1) Weak awareness of disease prevention of individual farmers Disease prevention awareness of scattered farmers with a small population is weak. They could not clean and disinfection timely and fail to inject pigs with the proper vaccine in a proper time, which results in the bacteria and viruses thriving and weak resistance of pigs to bacteria or viruses. Then the disease incidence would increase. Secondly, when disease occurs, pig farmers could not be aware of the loss caused by the outbreak of the disease in time, which will delay the treatment time. Besides, the random use of veterinary medicine that not in accordance with the doctor’s advice will spread the disease instead of curing it. (2) Epidemic prevention work is not in place The construction of animal disease prevention system in China is relatively strong at the national level, while the grass-roots level is weak. The number of grass-roots veterinaries is short especially. Unstable funding for grass-roots epidemic prevention further limits the perfection and development of disease prevention system, which results in the insufficient ability of monitoring and early warning when disease incidents. 2.6 Integrated Management of Pest (IMP) concept of pig-breeding The aims of pest control and management policy of Chinese government are to implement the concept of integrated pest management (IPM), remaining the severity of pest in pig-breeding in a relatively low level, as to accelerate the healthy development of pig- breeding industry and secure production of pork quality. Its objective is to ensure the stable supply and price of the pork market. The protection regulations of pork production of China have emphasized the execution of the policy of “Prevention first, prevention is more 79 important than treatment” and the prevention strategy of “Strengthen leadership, close cooperation, rely on science, law, mass prevention and control, resolute disposal” for many years. 2.6.1 Integrated pest management Integrated pest management (IPM) is the core content of principle of integrated pest prevention, is the essential method to prevent pest, as well as the requirement of the relevant business policy "Pest Management OP4.09" of the World Bank loan project. Since 1975, Chinese governments have adopted integrated pest management (IPM). 2.6.2 Disease prevention of pigs Disease prevention of pigs is a method adopted by the country to prevent pigs from pests. Developing disease prevention of pigs aims to strengthen the management and control of pig diseases, establish the effective monitoring system to prevent pigs from diseases, control the transmission of pig diseases, so as to realize the target of controlling, reducing, preventing, even eliminating major diseases; to enhance the reputation and product competitiveness of pig products in the international market; to gradually be in line with international and domestic entry and exit quarantine work. Disease prevention of pigs is a systematic work to guarantee the health of pgs and its products through implementing measures of prevention, control, extermination and quarantine from the introduction, breeding, management, sales, transportation, slaughter to animal products processing, operation, storage, transportation, sales and other links by integrating multiple measures, mobilizing social power, and discovering scientific law of occurrence, development and extinction of pig animal diseases. It includes the prevention, control, eradication of pig diseases and the quarantine of pig and its products. China quarantine began in the 1930s. Chine executed Law on entry and exit animal and plant quarantine in 1991. There are more than 300 quarantine institutes constructed at the national customs, inland and air ports, in order to avoid the entry, transmission and spread of foreign pests. these institutes play an essential role in pest prevention. 80 2.6.3 Detection on food safety and drug residue The Chinese government pays a lot of attention to food safety. According to the prevention policy of “Prevention first, prevention is more important than treatment”, the prevention and control measures based on biosafety management in pig farms will be gradually adopted in the future. Veterinary Drugs Administration Ordinance (revised in 2016) issued by Chinese government specified that, it is prohibited to use human drugs on animals; veterinary administrative departments under the people's governments at or above the county level take responsibility to detect the drug residue on animal products; and it is forbidden to sell edible animal products containing prohibited drugs or exceeding veterinary drug residues. 2.7 Domestic and foreign requirements for the use of pig medicine 2.7.1 Ministry of Agriculture It is prohibited to use steroids, sex hormones, gonadotropins, anabolic hormones, hypnotics and sedatives, diazepam, flupentine, isoproterenol, dopamine, β - adrenoceptor clenbuterol hydrochloride, tetramine, tetracycline, fluoroacetamide, hydroxymethyltert butyl adrenaline, chloramphenicol, aminopropline, etc. Since December 31, 2001, 10 kinds of drugs have been under control: sulfonamides, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, aureomycin, doxycycline, ampicillin, benzylpenicillin, o-chloropenicillin and dichloropenicillin. 2.7.2 Hong Kong It is forbidden to use clenbuterol hydrochloride, salbutamol, chloramphenicol, avermectin, diethylstilbestrol, hexestrol. 37 kinds of limited usable drugs within the limitation of residues listed in Public Health Animal and Bird Chemical Residues Regulations are: amoxicillin, ampicillin, bacitracin, benzyl penicillin, kappa oxygen, cephalosporins thiamethoxam Lin, aureomycin, cloxacillin, polymyxin b, the company fluorine effect, double penicillin streptomycin, hydrogen chloride, dimethyl imidazole, 81 nitrate, erythromycin and doxycycline, and grace of sand flumequine, furan he ketone, furazolidone, gentamycin, ivermectin, enzyme/sand grain, kitasamycin, clindamycin, a nitro acid ketoneses hydroxyl ethyl azole, neomycin, evil, terramycin, salad fluorine effect, spectinomycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, sulfur, sulfur, amide colistin, trimethoprim, tylosin, dimension and toxin. 2.7.3 UK and EU It is forbidden to use avoparcin, and to restrict penicillin, aureomycin, oxytetracycline, sulfanilamide, and furan as feed additives. EU only allows to use enrofloxacin, flumequine, Mapofloxacin, daflofloxacin, difluorofloxacin and oxaquine for livestock, and allows to use enrofloxacin, difloxacin and mapofloxacin for companion animals. 2.7.4 The USA There are totally 32 kinds of drugs that are approved to be added in feed specified in United States Feed Compendium, details are as follows: amproline, arsenic acid, methylene disalicylic acid bacitracin, zinc bacitracin, bambaramycin, chlortetracycline, clopyridin, salomonin, ethoxyquin, erythrin sulfate, hydrobromide changshanone, hygromycin-B, lasalinomycin, lincomycin, maduramycin ammonium, monensin, nanin, nanin/nicarbazine, nicarbazine, nifenic acid, novobiocin, nystatin, oxotetracycline, penicillin, diclofenac hydrochloride, roxoxan, salinomycin, sunduramycin, sulfadimethoxine and dimethoxine Trimethoprim, tylosin, virginiamycin, sclerotium. Any kind of floxacin is prohited by the USA to be used for livestock and fish. The USA only approves to use enrofloxacin and salad floxacin for livestock, use enrofloxacin, difloxacin and mapofloxacin, and obifloxacin for companion animals. 2.7.5 Japan Japan only approves to use enrofloxacin, dafloxacin, obifloxacin, difloxacin, oxaquine, ofloxacin and mapofloxacin for livestock, and approves enrofloxacin and obifloxacin for 82 companion animals. 2.7.6 Australia Floxacin is forbidden to be used for livestock, poultry, and fish. Australia only approves to use enrofloxacin for companion animals. 2.7.7 Canada Canada only approves to use enrofloxacin for livestock and companion animals. 2.8 Pest Management Plan (PMP) of pig-breeding 2.8.1 Implementation contents Pest management shall be executed according to the World Bank's EHSG Guidelines for environmental health and safety in the field of mammal livestock breeding. Use of insecticide Insecticides might be applied directly on livestock or structure of buildings (such as livestock sheds and barns), or be applied through medical baths, sprayers, and sprinklers for the pest control (such as parasites and vectors). Potential contaminants from insecticide include: various active and inert ingredients, diluent and persistent degradation products. Insecticide and its degradation products may enter groundwater and surface water with solution, emulsion and soil particles. In some cases, an insecticide may lead to unavailability of ground water and surface water. Some kinds of insecticide are suspected or known that they could cause chronic or acute diseases in humans and negative ecological influence. Through reducing the use of insecticides, mammal and livestock breeding units would better protect the environment besides cost reduction. Utilization of insecticide shall be a part of integrated pest management (IPM), and it shall be stated in pest management plan (PMP) to prevent insecticide spreading to regions or water bodies beyond the farm. When formulating and implementing integrated pest management strategies, the following stages shall be 83 considered. Alternative pest management methods shall be applied first, and synthetic chemical insecticides will be used as a last resort. Integrated pest management The influence on the production of pest could be controlled within acceptable limits of economic loss, and the negative impact on the environment and human health could be minimized by integrated pest management through understanding the life cycle of pests and the interaction with the environment at the same time of adopting existing various pest control methods. Following integrated pest management measurea are recommended for mammal and animal husbandry: a) Conduct effective management for the structure of buildings to prevent propagation of pests (such as plug leaks and close gaps around doors and windows); b) Use mechanical control measures to kill, displace, or repel pests (such as traps, obstacles, lights, sounds); c) Control pests with natural enemies. Protect the natural enemy of pests by providing benefic ecological environment (such as nesting shrubs and other primitive vegetation where pest predators can hide); d) Implement good management of livestock sheds and other facilities, as to limit the food source and ecological environment of pest; e) Improve the drainage system, reduce water accumulation and control the number of mosquitoes; f) Consider to use geotextiles to cover Manure pile to reduce the number of flies (allowing water to enter the manure while maintaining the composting effect); g) If an insecticide is chosen, it shall be stated in the integrated pest management plan, and the effects of insecticide and potential influence on the environment shall be analyzed, in order to ensure the selection of insecticide with minimum harmful impact (such as unfiltered insecticides). Good management practices If insecticide shall be utilized, recommended measures in General EHS Guide should 84 be adopted to prevent and control the leakage incident of insecticide and other potential danger materials. Besides, the following measures for raising mammals and livestock shall be applied to minimize the impact on environment: a) Cultivate workers to apply insecticide according to the pre-planned procedures and wear necessary protective clothing. If it is feasible and necessary, personnel applying pesticides should be certified in this regard; b) Consult recommendation about dosage limits and usage of manufacturer and relevant public document about how to reduce the usage of insecticide without impacting effect, then utilize minimum effective dosage; c) Insecticides with danger level of 1a and 1b listed in World Health Organization recommendations for pesticide classification shall be avoided. d) Insecticides with II danger level listed in World Health Organization recommendations for pesticide classification shall be avoided, when the project host country lacks limits about selling and application of such chemicals, or such chemicals may be easily obtained by persons who are not properly trained, equipped and located in the proper transportation, storage, application and handling of such products; e) Insecticides listed in Appendix A and B of Stockholm Convention shall be avoided, excluding the use under terms of the Convention; f) Insecticides manufactured by licensed manufacturers after registration by the relevant authorities for approval according to the food and agriculture organization (FAO) International Code of Conduct for the Sale and Use of Pesticides shall be only used; g) Insecticides that are labelled according to international standards and criterions (such as FAO Revised Guidelines on Proper Labelling of Pesticides) shall be only used; h) Application skills and measures that could reduce unintentional drift or spread based on design shall be only used under controlled conditions; i) Maintain and calibrate equipment for applying insecticide according to the 85 suggestion of manufacturer; j) Store insecticide in original package in a dry, cool, frost-free and well-ventilated place where is only accessible for authorized staffs. Such place shall not contain food for humans or animals; k) Mixing and transfer of insecticide shall be developed by trained personnel in areas with good ventilation and lighting. Besides, mixing and transfer shall be executed in specified special containers; l) The containers shall not be used for other purposes (such as drinking water storage), and shall be managed as harmful waste according to General EHS Guide. The containers polluted by insecticide shall be discarded according to FAO guides and instruction of manufacturers; m) Purchased and stored insecticides shall not exceed the needs, and the principle of “first in, first out” shall be adopted to prevent the expiration of insecticide. Besides, expired insecticides shall not be used absolutely. A management plan shall be formulated including measures to block, store and eventually destroy all expired inventory complying with FAO guidelines and country commitments to The Stockholm Convention, Rotterdam Convention and Basel Convention; n) Construct an insecticide application and storage protection area at groundwater supply source; o) Keep records of application and effect of insecticides. Insecticides listed in Appendix A and B of Stockholm Convention shall be avoided especially. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2001) stated the provision of the application of the following persistent organic pollutant insecticides: aldrin, chlordane, DDT, detelin, antrine, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, toxaphene. (1) Technical measures of African swine fever prevention As there is currently no effective vaccine available for injection for African swine fever, strengthening the construction of biological security system of pig farms, cutting off the transmission chain of pathogens play an essential role in the production, mainly including 86 control measures including pig farm site selection, layout and production modes of pig farms, management of decontamination center, introduction control, means of access of main pathogen carriers (pigs, vehicles, feed, materials, semen, human, food, animals, air, etc.) and internal production turnover. Cutting off the transmission chain of pathogens is the top priority of prevention and control. The effective disinfectant for African swine fever must be used for disinfection, and the main disinfectant includes glutaraldehyde or potassium bisulfate compound. For example, when the temperature of the lab is 10℃, 0.2% of mixture of glutaraldehyde and quaternary ammonium salt could kill ASFV completely and effectively and when concentration is 0.3%, it could kill respiratory syndrome virus; potassium monopersulfate 1:200 could completely kill ASFV and respiratory syndrome virus. (2) Technical measures of highly pathogenic porcine respiratory syndrome prevention The basic method to control highly pathogenic porcine respiratory syndrome is immune. Combined with seasonal variation and epidemic disease, set up standardized immune procedures. Commercial pigs shall be vaccinated with highly pathogenic porcine respiratory syndrome vaccine when they are 25 days old. Besides, female pigs shall be vaccinated with 4ml 30 days before sow production as well as half-year male pigs. Also, pigs new in the farm shall be under the prevention and control of highly pathogenic porcine respiratory syndrome. Meanwhile, disease immune shall be monitored, especially for circulation, to prevent the spread of the epidemic. During breeding, relevant staff shall keep the environment clean and pig farm disinfection. Remove the excretion of pigs to ensure a dry and well-ventilated pig farm. Strengthen the control of breeding. The closed and scale breeding mode shall be selected, the closed mechanism shall be established, and visit shall be forbidden to ensure autotrophy. Pig feed should have the condition of full-price combination, as to strengthen the resistance level of pigs, reduce the introduction and isolate sick pigs scientifically. (3) Technical measures of viral diarrhea prevention There are currently no specific drugs for such a virus. Sick pigs with mild symptoms shall be injected with ribavirin at a dose of 0.2 mL/kg (weight) once a day. To prevent 87 secondary infection, enrofloxacin was injected intramuscularly at a dose of 0.1 mL/kg (weight) twice a day lasting for 3 days. When utilizing the principle of antiviral prophylaxis to stimulate infection, rehydration salts can be added to drinking water. Piglets without drinking desire could take 40-80 mL totally with syringe 5-6 times a day. After adopting pre- mentioned measures for a period, the disease could be controlled effectively. In the daily breeding, control the tempreture and humidity of farms well, make the sanitary environment clean, remove faeces timely, strengthen sanitary disinfection, improve breeding management of pigs, guarantee the comprehensive and easy digestion of nutrition of the feed, prevent diarrheal diseases caused by feed, do a good job in vaccination of pigs, develop targeted immunization by using a triple inactivated vaccine against porcine epidemic diarrhea, transmissible gastroenteritis and porcine rotavirus, and guarantee the effects of immunization. (4) Technical measures of foot-and-mouth disease prevention Strengthen access management. In the high incidence season of foot and mouth disease, pig farms must strengthen the access management. It shall be strictly prohibited to enter the pig farm for outsiders, to introduce breeding pigs or live pigs from outside, and to enter the pig farm without disinfection for vehicles. Meanwhile, wild animals management must be strengthened. Control and intercept susceptible animals, enhancing the benefit of distance barrier and keeping them away from pig breeding region. Develop disinfection regularly. Utilize disinfectant that can effectively inhibit foot and mouth disease virus. Iodine containing disinfectant is commonly used for pig disinfection and caustic soda is for environmental disinfection. While disinfecting the surface of an object or pig, all the surface of the object shall be sprayed wet to achieve proper disinfection effect. In the high incidence season of foot and mouth disease, disinfection shall be carried out once a day compared to once to twice in a week in other seasons. Meanwhile, disinfection equipment filled with disinfectant must be set up at the entrance and exit of the pig farm, so as to execute disinfection for personnel and vehicles. Immunize scientifically. According to age and gender of breeding pigs, formulate corresponding immunization system. Boars, reserve boars and sows should be injected with 2 mL high-efficiency seedlings every 4 months by subcutaneous intramuscular injection; 88 before fertilization and delivery, sows shall be injected with 2 mL high-efficiency seedlings by subcutaneous intramuscular injection respectively, as to ensure the sufficient maternal antibodies in milk; piglets shall be injected with 2 mL high-efficiency seedlings by subcutaneous intramuscular injection respectively when they are 30-40 days ole; piglets shall be injected with 3 mL high-efficiency seedlings by retroauricular intramuscular injection when they are 70-80 days old. (5) Technical measures for parasitic diseases prevention Deworm regularly, discover early and treat early. Parasitic diseases shall be early prevented in pig farms, pigs new in the farm shall be treated with parasite examination and treatment strictly. Carry out deworming for female pigs before fertilization to guarantee the quality of piglets. Strengthen the monitoring management during breeding in pig farms, discover and treat sick pigs timely and isolate sick pigs. For pigs have been infected with parasitic diseases, 2% trichlorfon solution shall be used to scrub or spray the skin in the initial stage of scabies infection, which could kill scabies parasites effectively. In severe cases, ivermectin should be injected. If pigs suffer from ascariasis, mebendazole treatment shall be implemented. Strengthen breeding management. Feed pigs with feed with reasonable nutrition, ensure the daily physiological activities of pigs and improve their immunity. Clean pig farms every day and disinfect regularly to ensure good air circulation. According to weather change to conduct warm-keeping work. Follow the principle of autotrophy strictly, try not to purchase live pigs from outside. 2.9 Execution strategies of pest management plan 2.9.1 Organization arrangement and responsibilities Animal husbandry and feed division, veterinary and slaughtering management office of Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Guangdong Province and departments in charge of animal husbandry at city and county level are management organization of pest of pigs. And the expert advisory group is established by experts engaged by Department of 89 Agriculture and Rural Affairs. Main functions of expert advisory groups: to assist with the formulation of biological prevention technical plan of pig-breeding; to provide technical assistance for PMP technical issues; to participate in the training of project personnel; to help with the organization of visit and learning activities; to contact with international PMP project; to prepare biosafety prevention and control technical manual and other work related to PMP project. Municipal and County Agricultural Bureau shall take responsibility for the organization and implementation, County-level animal husbandry technology extension center shall be the undertaking unit, being in charge for the formulation of biosafety prevention and control technical plan and technical training of technicians in counties. Adopt effective methods and measures to ensure the implementation of local PMP work. Town animal husbandry technology extension station shall be responsible for the investigation of pest in pig-breeding and report to animal husbandry department at county (city) level; shall organize the execution of integrated pest prevention and control plan of pig-breeding under the guidance of animal husbandry department at county (city) level. 2.9.2 Capacity Construction 2.9.2.1 Technical training Technical training includes: (1) training of laboratory ability, which is for laboratory and management personnel of epidemic disease prevention and control center of breeding enterprises; (2) training for disease prevention and treatment of breeding and production skills (teaching standardized breeding knowledge, promoting a healthy breeding mode of aquatic products), which are for pig epidemic prevention and control workers and breeding practitioners in all counties and urban areas. During the implementation period, the plan and budget of the overall training and technical service shall be formulated, including details of times, number of participants, site of training and service, detailed training plan and training document of training class and technical service every year. The provincial project office shall approve the detailed plan of annual training and technical service in advance. 90 Table 13 Training budget of pest management plan of pigs Total Number of Training Training cost(ten Implementing Level Objects Site Duration participants form fees(yuan/day.times) thousand agency yuan) Guangzhou 15 Technical Technical Huizhou 14 Twice a personnel promotion 3 450.0 76.95 Jiangmen 14 year training personnel Zhaoqing 14 Guangzhou 50 Provincial Pig farm Pig farm Huizhou 50 Twice a Project Office 1 450 90 training personnel Jiangmen 50 year Zhaoqing 50 Pig industrial parks in other prefecture level 200 90 cities 91 Table 14 Training budget of PMP discussion of pigs Total Cost cost Time/Site/Times (ten Implementing Subject Objects (ten /Duration/Number of participants thousand agency thousand yuan) yuan) Technicians and experts of provincial, municipal, Symposium Duration is 1day，90 participants 8.0 8.0 county and town project offices Project office, administrative personnel, Provincial technicians, Project Office Summary and 3.5 ten demonstration discussion Duration is 1day，60 participants thousand 17.5 households, meeting yuan ×5years representatives of veterinary drug dealers, etc. 92 Training Experts from scientific materials and research institutions and Preparation and design of training 63.1 equipment agricultural technology materials. consumption extension departments Research on key Study the methods to solve the key technology of Research institutions problems and carry out 96.0 pig pest demonstration and promotion. management Consulting Experts and proffesors On site instruction or mobile training 30.0 service Technicians, farmers, Technical veterinary drug dealers According to training plan, 200 yuan 34.2 service fee participanting in training per person for each time. project 93 Monitoring and Monitor of agricultural veterinary drug technology and 。 24.0 supervision and veterinary management Promotion and application of 60 other industrial parks 94 2.9.2.2 Execution of policies (1) Implement Veterinary Drugs Administration Ordinance to manage production, sale and application of chemical veterinary drugs, including: it is forbidden to add hormone drugs and other prohibited drugs specified by the veterinary administrative department under The State Council in feed and animal drinking water; veterinary drugs which is approved to add in feed shall be only added after being made into drug feed additive by veterinary drug production enterprises. It is prohibited to directly add active pharmaceutical ingredients in feed and animal drinking water or feed animals with active pharmaceutical ingredients directly; it is forbidden to apply human drugs on animals. (2) Through discussion, provide successful cases of PMP plan and its benefits (especially long-term benefits), encourage county, town governments to promote and support PMP methods. (3) Require farmers participating in the construction of demonstration base to purchase approved fishery drugs. (4) Provide financial support to PMP research and promotion of this project priorly. 2.9.2.3 Monitoring management Strengthen the management of PMP implementation through the following measures: (1) Train farmers and animal husbandry technology extension personnel at county and township levels. (2) Formulate a monitoring plan to evaluate the application of pest management and PMP technology. (3) PMP is determined as the direction of research and promotion plan. (4) Construct cooperation with domestic relevant institutes, and strengthen the cooperation to improve the ability of PMP technology in this project. (5) Strengthen the connection between province, city, county, town and countryside, and deal with emerging issues in time to allow a fluent implementation of PMP. 2.9.3 Monitoring evaluation During the implementation of the project, it is required to carry out on-site monitoring 95 in the project area for execution situation of the integrated pest management plan, application mode of veterinary drugs, quality and production of pigs, major pests and impact on the environment after implementation. 2.9.3.1 Monitoring content （ 1） Policy problems of pesticide application （ 2） Implementation situation of monitoring plan Relevant experts would check the implementation situation of PMP at the peak of the pest every year. 2.9.3.2 Monitoring indicators and examination content (1) Monitoring indicators ① Application extent of integrated treatment measures: a) Sampling survey the number of farmers who adopt integrated treatment measures b) The number of pig farms which adopt integrated treatment measures ② Be able to understand the quantity of pesticides used by farmers with diseases and insect pests: a) Times of using drugs every year b) Species and quantity of drugs used ③ Cost of drugs used a) Yield of each pig farms b) Profit of each pig farms c) Change in agricultural ecosystem d) Quantity and type of pest and disease outbreak every year ④ Other indicators: a) Frequency of visits by veterinary drug sales to the project area b) Number of advertising media (TV, radio and newspaper) for veterinary drugs c) Number of veterinary drug brand in retailers in the project area d) Number of veterinary drug brand available for selling (2) Examination content Pesticide registration: Registration situation of new veterinary drugs Policy issues: 96 1) The subsidy level of veterinary drugs by governments (if there is). 2) Execution situation of regulations and policies related to veterinary drugs application and promotion of integrated pest management. Monitoring situation: 1) Evaluation by the World Bank inspection group of local monitoring plan 2) Problems emerging during the implementation of PMP 3) Situation of inspection at each level (3) Monitoring and inspection plan 1) Monitor of pest management: to be carried out by project offices at each level and farmers association, pest discovered shall be reported and solved timely; 2) Inspection plan: project offices at each level shall take responsibility for inspection in normal times 3) Responsibility: veterinary station at each level shall be in charge for guidance, inspection, monitoring and training of PMP; and also share responsibility with implementors for the timely detection and reporting of pests and the implementation of PMP as required; 4) Required profession skills: veterinary station at each level shall provide veterinary experts and PMP methods. 5) Budget: the pest management of the project shall be listed in the daily management of project offices at all levels, and the required funds shall be included in the monitoring and evaluation budget. (4) Report arrangement of implementation of pest plan progress 1) It is the obligation for undertaking units of the projects to submit a progress report of the project each year, submitting interim performance report of the project in the middle of project implementation and submitting execution situation report of the project when the project is completed. 2) The annual report and interim report of the project shall include project implementation period, use of project funds, project progress, project implementation effect, the difference between implementation effect and expectation, problems in execution and corresponding solution, etc. 3) Report submitted at the end of the project shall include project implementation period, 97 use of project funds, project progress, project implementation effect and evaluation, the difference between implementation effect and expectation, problems in execution and corresponding solution, etc. The evaluation of project implementation effect refers to the adoption of standardized promotion technology in the project, increase in income of farmers and the extent of improvement in living standards by using new technology, level achieved by food safety, impact on ecological environment, the sustainability of the project, project organization and management, etc. Evaluating the performance of the completed project could conduct the analysis of the overall result of the implementation of the project. 3 Pest management plan of aquatic products 98 3.1 National policies and regulations related to aquatic products There are a series of laws, regulations, standards, methods, procedures, and guidelines established and executed by national and local governments successively. Through carrying out these laws and regulations, the integrated management plan (IMP) of pest and disease has been further spread and applied. 3.1.1 Main laws and regulations in China (1) Fisheries Law of the People's Republic of China (2013): (2) Animal Husbandry Law of the People's Republic of China (Order No. 45 of the president); (3) Animal Epidemic Prevention Law of the People's Republic of China (Order No. 71 of the president); (4) Measures for The Administration of Animal Quarantine (Order No. 6 of Ministry of Agriculture); (5) Law of the People's Republic of China on The Entry-Exit Animal and Plant Quarantine (Order No. 53of the president); (6) Wildlife Protection Law of the People's Republic of China Revised at the 11th meeting of the Standing Committee of the Tenth National People's Congress (August 2004); (7) Veterinary Drugs Administration Ordinance Adopted at the 45th Executive Meeting of The State Council (March 2004); (8) Emergency Regulations on Major Animal Epidemics Order No. 450 of The State Council (November 2005); (9) Veterinary Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (Order No. 587 of Ministry of Agriculture in 2005); (10) Measures for Examination of Conditions for Animal Epidemic Prevention Order No. 7 of Ministry of Agriculture in 2010 (November 2010); (11) Implementation Rules for Organic Product Certification (Notice No. 11 of 2014 of the CNCA); 99 (12) National Standard for Organic Products (Aquaculture) (GB/T19630.1-2011 Part I); (13) Water Quality Requirements for Freshwater Aquaculture; (14) Water Requirements for Pollution-Free Food Mariculture (NY5052-2001); (15) List of Drug Varieties Prohibited in Feed and Drinking Water for Animals (Announcement of the Ministry of Agriculture No. 176); (16) Measures for The Administration and Approval of Biosafety in Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganisms of Highly Pathogenic Animals (Order No. 52 of Ministry of Agriculture, May 2005); (17) List of Veterinary Drugs and Other Compounds Prohibited for Food Animals (Announcement of the Ministry of Agriculture No. 193); (18) List of Veterinary Drugs and Other Compounds that are banned or under Special Supervision in Some Countries and Regions (Announcement of the Ministry of Agriculture No. 256); (19) Prohibition of the use of various salts, lipids and preparations of lomethasone and other raw materials in food animals (Announcement of the Ministry of Agriculture No. 2292); (20) Technical Specifications for Sampling Inspection of Prohibited Drugs in Aquatic Seedlings (Announcement of the Ministry of Agriculture No. 1192); (21) Guidelines for The Use of Green Food Veterinary Drugs (NYT 274-2013); (22) Guidelines for the Use of Pollution-free Food and Fishery Drugs (July 2002); (23) Limit of Fishery Drug Residues in Pollution-free Food and Aquatic Products (NY 5070-2001); (24) Notice of The General Office of the State Council on Further Strengthening The Administration of Pesticides and Veterinary Drugs to Guarantee Food Safety (State Office announcement [2017] No.10) 3.1.2 Relevant regulations and policies in Guangdong Province (1) Implementation Opinions on Accelerating The Green Development of Aquaculture (Draft for Comments)( Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in January 2020); 100 (2) Regulations of Guangdong Province on Fishery Administration (Third revision on 25th September 2019); (3) Regulations of Guangdong Province on the Quality and Safety of Aquatic Products (Adopted at the 33rd Meeting of the Standing Committee of the 12th Guangdong Provincial People's Congress on 2nd June 2017); (4) Regulations of Guangdong Province on Animal Epidemic Prevention (Revised at the 29th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the 12th Guangdong Provincial People's Congress on 1st December 2016); (5) Guangdong Province Food Safety Regulations (Amended on 25th May 2016 and effective as of 1st September 2016) 3.2 Pest management organization, responsibilities, and construction of aquatic products in Guangdong Province 3.2.1 Pest prevention and management organization of aquatic products in Guangdong Province 3.2.1.1 Management organization and respobsibilities of pest prevention The pest management institutes of aquatic products in Guangdong Province are mainly Fisheries Development Division of Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Guangdong Province, Guangdong fishery technology promotion station, Guangdong aquatic animal epidemic prevention and control center, and municipal and county fishery authorities and fishery technology promotion station. The main functions of Fisheries Development Division of Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Guangdong Province: to formulate fisheries development policies and organize the implementation. To guide the fishery constitution, layout adjustment and standardization, and healthy aquaculture. To supervise and manage Ocean fishing and fishing vessels, fishing ports. To guide the disease prevention and control of aquatic animals and plants. To guide the safe fishery production. Guangdong Fishery Technology Promotion Station mainly undertakes work related to 101 for fishery technology popularization, promotes the business construction of fishery technology popularization system, undertakes the transformation of advanced industrial- technological achievements, develops introduction, absorption, demonstration and popularization of fishery machinery and breeding new varieties, undertakes monitoring of quality and safety, risk evaluation of the production of aquatic products and other relevant works. Guangdong Aquatic Animal Epidemic Prevention and Control Center undertakes the provincial disease prevention and control of aquatic animals; organizes research on the epidemic situation of major diseases among aquatic animals, carries out disease monitoring and early warning, analysis and emergent treatment. The responsibilities of the veterinary and slaughtering management office of the Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Guangdong Province are to establish the development policies and planning of veterinary and poultry slaughtering industry and organize the implementation. To supervise and manage veterinary medical administration, veterinary drugs, and veterinary instruments. To undertake the management of the veterinary practice and animal diagnosis and treatment. To organize and implement the supervision over animal epidemic prevention and quarantine. To organize the early warning and management of animal disease risks. To organize and guide the major animal disease control. To guide the construction of animal epidemic prevention system and regional management of the animal disease. 3.2.1.2 Supervision and management organization and respobsibilities of fishery drugs According to Article 74 of the Regulations on the Administration of Veterinary Drugs, departments in charge of fisheries under the people's governments at or above the county level and the fishery supervision and administration agencies under them shall be responsible for the use of veterinary drugs, detection and monitoring of veterinary drugs residues and administrative punishment for illegal use of drugs in aquaculture. The main functions of supervision and management organization of fishery drugs are: firstly, to guide the use of fishery drugs in aquaculture, to organize the preparation technical specifications for the use of fishery drugs, to public medication guidelines regularly or irregularly, to guide aquaculture producers to establish a drug registration and traceable syste, 102 to vigorously organize training of medication knowledge for producers, as to ensure proper and standardized medication; secondly, to strengthen the monitoring and management of the use of fishery drugs in the process of aquaculture, strictly investigate and punish the use of prohibited drugs, and to crack down illegal activities including manufacture and sale of counterfeit medicines; thirdly, to organize qualification certification of fishery drug residue testing institutions with relevant departments, to organize the detection of residues on aquatic products, as to ensure the quality safe of aquatic products; fourthly, to actively organize the development and research on new drugs and alternative drugs used for aquaculture as to ensure the security of production; fifthly, to establish improved socialized organizationsnvolving fishery drugs production, management, use, supervision agencies and personnel, to strengthen industry self-discipline and self-supervision management and to standardize production and operation. 3.2.2 Construction of pest management organization Division of Fishery Development and Resource Protection of Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of prefecture-level city: to formulate planning for fishery development, resource protection and utilization and organize implementation. To guide the structure adjustment and standardization of fishery industry. To supervise and manage ocean fishing and fishing vessels, fishing ports. To guide the disease prevention and treatment of aquatic aminals and plants and secure fishery production. To protect and reasonably develop fishery resources, and to organize the protection of fishery water ecosystem and aquatic wild animals and plants. To be responsible for the determination, construction and management of aquatic germplasm resources reserve and aquatic wildlife habitat. Division of Veterinary and Slaughter Management of Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in prefecture-level cities: to formulate the development plan of veterinary and poultry slaughtering industry and organize the implementation. To supervise and manage veterinary medical administration, veterinary drugs, and veterinary instruments. To undertake the management of the veterinary practice and animal diagnosis and treatment. To organize and implement the supervision over animal epidemic prevention and quarantine. To organize the 103 early warning and management of animal disease risk. To organize and guide the major animal disease control. To guide the construction of animal epidemic prevention system and regional management of the animal disease. Enforcement Oversight Division of Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in prefecture-level cities: to guide and supervise the agricultural administrative execution and the secure production of directly controlled units, and to assist with emergency work in counties (districts). To take charge in the investigation and handling of major illegal cases, early warning evaluation of emergencies, risk screening, emergency drills and coordination of disposal of agriculture (including planting industry, animal husbandry, agricultural machinery). To take charge of the investigation and punishment of unqualified samples detected in the random inspection of food safety supervision. To organize the implementation of the special emergency plan for agricultural emergencies, eliminate the dark forces and avoid risks in the social field. To accept and address the report of agricultural illegal activities based on law. To organize the disaster prevention and reduction in the agricultural field, and to assist the organization of agricultural emergency materials, fund guarantee and secure production. Prefecture-level city Fishery Research and Promotion Center: to be engaged in fisheries comprehensive application technology research, pilot, demonstration and promotion; to develop research on ecological environment of tidal flats, and research on ecological restoration technology of tidal flats and corresponding application; to develop research, demonstration and promotion of application in the fields of conservation and genetic breeding of aquatic germplasm resources, protection of endangered aquatic animals, investigation and assessment of fishery resources, aquaculture technology, quality standards of aquatic products; to develop research on marine economy; to undertake proliferation and release of aquatic biological resources in the entire city, to organize the development of the experiment and demonstration of new varieties and technologies; to guide the construction of grass-root fishery technical promotion system; to undertake the marine and fishery public welfare services and science education in the entire city; to implement or undertake other tasks issued by state, province and city. Animal Health Inspection Institute in prefecture-level cities: to take responsibility in 104 guidance and implementation of the quarantine of animals and animal products, and other animal disease prevention supervision and law enforcement work among the city, as well as executing the quarantine of animals and animal products from municipal production and operation units, and other animal health supervision and administrative law enforcement work. To be responsible to guide and organize the execution of monitoring, detection, diagnosis, epidemiological investigation, epidemic report, animal identification and animal disease traceable system construction, animal disease compulsory immunization and other animal disease prevention and control technical work. The veterinary and slaughtering management unit of Bureau of Agricultural and Rural Affairs in counties: to establish the development plan of veterinary and poultry slaughtering industry and organize the implementation. To monitor and manage the veterinary medical administration, veterinary drugs, and veterinary instruments. To undertake the management of practising veterinarian and animal diagnosis. To be responsible for the supervision and management work of animal epidemic prevention and quarantine. To take charge in the supervision and management work of pig slaughtering. To organize the implementation of risk warning management of animal diseases. To organize and guide the disease control of major animal epidemics. To guide the construction of animal disease prevention system and regional management of animal epidemics. Animal Husbandry Management Unit of county-level Agricultural and Rural Bureau: to formulate the development plan of animal husbandry, feed industry and veterinary, livestock and poultry slaughtering industry and plan of fishery development and resource protection and application and to organize the implementation. To be responsible for the production management of animal husbandry (livestock farming, fisheries), and to guide the structure adjustment of animal husbandry and standardized breeding. To be responsible for the supervision and management in stage of purchasing of feed and feed additive, fresh milk production. To organize the execution of protection and management of genetic resources of livestock and poultry, germplasm resources of fishery waters, and to be responsible for the protection of aquatic wild animals and plants. To organize the implementation of epidemic prevention and Quarantine of animal and aquatic animal and plant diseases, and to guide the pest prevention and control of aquaculture and major animal disease control. To be 105 responsible for the industrial management of veterinary, veterinary drug, and livestock and poultry slaughtering. To guide the resource utilization and supervision and management of fishing vessels. To manage animals and aquatic wild plant alien species. A four-level aquatic technology promotion system at provincial, municipal, county and township levels in Guangdong has basically established besides the specialized fishery management departments in various cities and counties. According to the statistics, by 2009, there were 991 aquatic technology promotion organizations in Guangdong, including a provincial station, 21 municipal stations, 105 county stations and 864 town stations. Among existing 991 institutes, there were 237 fishery stations and 754 comprehensive stations. The provincial station is fishery station; there were 18 fishery stations and 3 comprehensive stations among municipal stations; there were 89 fishery stations and 16 comprehensive stations among county stations; there were 129 fishery stations and 735 comprehensive stations. Government authorities manage the production, sale, and utilization of chemical fishery drugs by implementing Veterinary Drugs Administration Ordinance. The major measures include: (1) It is forbidden to directly add active pharmaceutical ingredients to feed and animal drinking water, or directly feed animals with active pharmaceutical ingredients; (2) It is forbidden to use human drugs on animals. The disease prevention of major aquatic animals in the project area in Guangdong mainly relies on fishery prevention, physical prevention and biological prevention. 106 Procinvial Agriculture and Rural Affairs Agricultural Integrated Law Aquatic Animal Disease Veterinary and Slaughter Fishery Resource Protection Fishery Technology Enforcement Supervision Fishery Development Office Prevention and Control Management Office Office Promotion Station Office Center Enforcement Oversight Department of Veterinary and Ministry of Agriculture and Slaughter Management of FIshery Development and Fishery Development and Prefectural Municipal Animal Rural Affairs in prefecture- Agriculture and Rural Affairs Resource Protection Office Resource Protection Office Health Supervision Institute level cities in prefecture-level cities Veterinary and Slaughtering Law Enforcement Group in County Level Municipal Management Unit of Fishery Development and County Agricultural and Animal Health Supervision Agriculture and Rural Affairs Resource Protection Division Rural Affairs Institute in counties Township Veterinary Station Figure 4 Aquaculture pest management organization in Guangdong 107 3.3 Situation of aquaculture of major aquatic products in Guangdong From 1981 to 1990, the proportion of marine fish production in the total output of marine products reached a maximum in Guangdong (83.7%±27.9%), but this proportion decreased gradually. From 2011 to 2017, the proportion was (34.01% ±17.01%). meanwhile, the proportion of mollusks (shellfish, octopus, squid, squid, etc.) started to rise gradually and surpassed the proportion of marine fish from 2001 to 2010, with reaching (45.08% ± 20.16%). From 2011 to 2017, it climbed to (47.56%± 23.78%). The proportion of shrimps and crabs in the total output of marine was less than fish and mollusks, while it kept rising year by year as well; the proportions from 1981 to 1990 and from 2011 to 2017 were ( 8.93%± 2.98%) and (15.37% ±7.68%) respectively. additionally, the yield of algae and other marine products increased as well with a relatively low proportion in the total output of marine products. In the aspect of freshwater products, the ratio of fish in the total output of freshwater products slightly dropped from 1981 to 1990 to 2011 to 2017. The ratios of fish in the total output of freshwater products were (98.54% ±32.85%) and (89.55%±44.79%) respectively in 1981-1990 and 2011-2017, while fish are still dominant in all stages. The proportion of shrimps and crabs in the total output of freshwater products is on the rise. The ratios were (0.34% ± 0.11%) and (8.06% ±4.03%) respectively in 1981-1990 and 2011-2017. The proportion of mollusks in four stages is relatively low and change is tiny. 3.4 Variety and causes of pest in aquaculture of aquatic products and existing issues in the application of fishery drugs in the project area 3.4.1 Main variety of pest in aquaculture of aquatic products in the project area (1) Freshwater fish: they are easy to suffer from bacterial septicemia, rotten gill disease, enteritis, canker disease, red skin, trichoderma, ring worms, nocardia and iridovirus disease, 108 etc, pay more attention to grass carp, tilapia, perch, snakehead, etc. ①Grass carp: easy to suffer from hemorrhagic disease, gill rot disease at fingerling stage, pond culture area with low immune injection rate shall be paid more attention to. ②Tilapia: easy to suffer from streptococcosis, the main breeding areas in western Guangdong and Pearl River Delta shall be paid more attention to. ③Perch: easy to suffer from iridovirus disease, Pearl River Delta shall be paid more attention to. ④Snakehead: easy to suffer from nocardiosis, the main breeding areas in Pearl River Delta shall be paid more attention to. (2) Marine fish: easy to suffer from parasitic diseases such as cryptonucleosis, coastal cage culture and breeding area shall be paid more attention to. (3) Shrimps: easy to suffer from intestinal bacterial disease, vibriosis, acute hepatopantral necrosis, iridovirus disease, the main breeding areas in western Guangdong and Pearl River Delta shall be paid more attention to. 3.4.2 Causes of pests and disease of Aquaculture of aquatic products (1) Environmental factors Fishponds and reservoirs are mainly at where has been used for several years without slop protection. The great majority of farmers pay less attention to the removal of sludge at the bottom of pond (reservoir), then sludge would be thicker and thicker year by year, which results in shallow ponds (reservoir), decreased water carrying capacity and more organics deposited. Combined with the situation that ponds and reservoirs are rarely idle in winter, so it is difficult to dry ponds (reservoirs) in winter. Secondly, the construction plan of ponds is relatively poor. The water intake and drainage system is not perfect and water source could not be treated in advance, which results in Waterborne diseases and mutual transmission, especially in breeding base with continuous ponds. Thirdly, due to the massive promotion and application of complete pellet feed, the concentration of ammonia nitrogen content would increase with more feeding and more excreta. Then the change in water quality of pond (reservoir) would be relatively quick. However, ponds with high density are not 109 equipped with oxygenating equipment and there are no corresponding measures taken, the fish diseases are therefore induced. (2) Organism factors Intensive fishponds commonly adopt complete pellet feed containing various nutrition and growth-promoting additive, in order to accelerate the growth and development of fish. Besides, the release density is high, water space is limited, and fish cannot get exercise, then the disease resistance would drop, fish diseases are therefore induced. (3) Manual factors Many farmers have fewer vigilance to the occurrence of fish disease. The phenomenon of cross-use of fishing tools exists commonly. What even more extreme is random discard of dead fish and sick fish, which results in the mutual transmission of fish diseases. 3.4.3 Issues existing in the use of fishery drugs of aquaculture of aquatic products (1) Drug abuse is common Part of farmers could not understand the conditions and scope of use and rules of drug rest period before harvest, allowing exceeding drug residues on aquatic products. Some farmers tend to increase the dosage or drug concentration used randomly, drug-resistant strains are therefore produced after long-term utilization. As results, pesticide effects would decrease, leading to a vicious circle or more drug used. (2) Lack of research on residue toxicity of drugs All drugs are toxic to a certain extent. If drugs are utilized improper, not only cannot be effective for disease prevention but will bring massive toxic and side effects. Also, the residue drugs will pollute the breeding environment and make the normal ecosystem in a breeding environment imbalance. (3) Lagging development of fishery drugs Currently, there are fewer varieties of drugs specified for aquatic products in China. The majority of fishery drugs are from human and animal active pharmaceutical ingredients. When some drugs are prohibited because of homology with human medicine or congener, 110 the forbidden fishery drugs would be forced to utilize due to lack of alternative drugs. (4) Blind drug use False diagnosis, improper drug uses, and false compatibility of medicines. Then the therapeutic effect cannot be achieved besides wasting drugs, as well as the delay of treatment opportunity. As a result, production loss will occur. (5) Existence of concept of despising prevention but focusing on management The focus on disease pre-prevention of some breeding units or farmers is not sufficient. The importance of pre-prevention is not aware adequately. However, once disease occurs, they are not able to apply drugs properly and scientifically, leading to uncontrollable results after the occurrence of disease. A chaotic situation of drug use and administration would appear. 3.5 Pest management experience and existing issues of aquaculture in China 3.5.1 Major experience Firstly, to strengthen the monitoring and early warning forecast of diseases and pests. The importance of disease detection and reporting in aquaculture shall be aware sufficiently. Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center shall assist with the strengthening of construction of reporting station with relevant towns, implement responsibility system of surveying and reporting, seriously organize the implementation of monitoring, complete early warning and forecasting of epidemic diseases well, carry out a general survey of occurred aquatic animal diseases and newly discovered diseases, develop the monitoring of the quality of seedlings, feed use, fishery medicine use, water quality and epidemiological survey, environmental sampling test, Vibrio and virus monitoring in aquaculture ponds. Secondly, strengthen the combination of daily management and epidemic prevention and control. The seedlings purchased and released by breeding households shall have Animal quarantine certificate and Aquatic seedling production license, and high-quality fingerlings shall be chosen. Meanwhile, pay attention to material control, water temperature control and 111 anti anoxia. The use of drugs with high residues and high stimulation shall be avoided to control the transmission of the pathogen from the source of seedlings. The producer shall scientifically control the breeding capacity, reinforce daily management, complete daily disinfection seriously, combine external sprinkling disinfection with bacteriostasis and internal mixture, combine comprehensive nutrition with enhanced immune resistance, pay attention to the improvement of water quality, properly use microecological agents to regulate water quality, choose granular material with good quality, improve the nutrition condition of breeding aquatic products and healthy growing environment, and reduce disease incidence rate. Based on the local reality, actively carry out the analysis, study and judgement of occurrence regularity and trend of aquaculture diseases, guide farmers to standardize drug application, record fishponds, and implement disease prevention and epidemic control scientifically. Thirdly, to reinforce the technical training and guidance on epidemic prevention and control. Guangdong fishery technology promotion station, Guangdong aquatic animal disease prevention and control center and fishery technology promotion stations in each city and county shall vigorously develop the technical training on prevention and control of aquatic animal diseases, actively organize fishery science and technology personnel, adopt various methods to enter production line deeply, guide and help breeding enterprises and breeding households to develop guidance on prevention and control of aquatic animal disease and standardization of drug use, spread measures of main prevention and control for aquatic animal epidemics to key enterprises and key breeding households, utilize adequately internet, messages and other platforms to send early warning information timely and relevant prevention measures, and finally, improve the production management level, and reduce production risks and unnecessary losses. Fourthly, strengthen the awareness of production safety and management of the use of inputs. Guide breeding households to establish the accurate idea of prevention and control of aquatic animal diseases, allowing them to pay more attention to prevention than management. Usually, adjust water quality in daily management to make the growing environment of aquatic animals better and reduce the occurrence of diseases. Once diseases occur, the awareness of safe production shall be reinforced, and forbidden drugs shall be avoided. 112 Meanwhile, good disease treatment consciousness shall be established. The cause of disease shall be firstly diagnosed accurately for proper drugs use. Then, the usage of drugs shall be precisely calculated based on knowing medication object and etiology and determining the concentration of drugs. Finally, proper ways and time of applying drugs shall be selected properly according to condition, course and needs in order to use medicine timely. Avoid hearsay and blind use of drugs to prevent benefits from loss due to late drug use or improper treatment measures. 3.5.2 Existing problems In aspects of prevention policies, little attention on prevention would lead to untimely response when diseases and insect pests and epidemics break out; little attention on unified defence would lead to the difficulty of controlling the popularization of pests and diseases through diverse drug use by each household. The reasons are that the concept of integrated pest control has not reached the farmers yet, the pest forecast, and reporting system is relatively behind, mass prevention and treatment cannot be fully covered. Excessive dependence on chemical fishery drugs would result in more and more amount of drug use, and the larger area of chemical prevention, bringing worse ecological environment and significantly increased drug resistance. Due to lack of working expenses and technicians in basic fishery technology promotion station, it could only focus on the prevention and control of diseases and pests of aquatic organisms causing severe losses. Prevention system and skills need to be improved. Meanwhile, due to the limitation of technicians of fishery technology promotion station at all levels, the research and promotion of physical prevention and biological prevention technology are slow. Physical and biological prevention methods are quite simple so that the prevention could not be as effective as expected. Main problems existing in disease prevention of aquatic organisms are: weak equipment basis of epidemic prevention of animals, incomplete technical supporting system, unstable epidemic prevention team with low professional skills, inadequate supervision of epidemic prevention of animals, weak awareness of epidemic prevention of part breeding farms 113 (households) managers, etc. 3.6 Integrated Management of Pest (IMP) concept of aquaculture of aquatic products The policies of pest prevention of aquaculture of aquatic products of Chinese government aim to implement the concept of integrated management of pest and control the severity of pests of aquatic products within a relatively low level, as to promote the quality of aquatic products and improve the sustainable utilization of aquatic products resources, which equals to protect aquatic organisms and ecological environment. It has been emphasized the protection policy of "Prevention priority, scientific prevention and control, legal management, and health promotion" of the aquatic product by the nation for many years, focusing on aquatic products quarantine to prevent the encroachment and spread of pests and disease of aquatic products, paying attention to the prevention method based on biological prevention and production of high-quality food. 3.6.1 Integrated pest management Integrated pest management (IPM) is the core content of the principle of integrated pest prevention, is the essential method to prevent pest, as well as the requirement of the relevant business policy Pest Management OP4.09 of the World Bank loan project. Since 1975, Chinese governments have adopted integrated pest management (IPM). When implementing integrated pest management, not only shall economic benefits be considered, but also eco- balance and social public safety. Based on this theory, the principle of pest prevention and treatment of aquatic products shall include: to create good water environment according to ecological characteristics, to cultivate and choose high-quality fingerling with strong disease resistance, to promote the prevention system based on fishery prevention by combining biological, physical, chemical and ecological prevention measures to avoid the encroachment of new pathogen, to cut off the transmission of pests, to protect and utilize benefit organisms, to make full use of natural controlling factors function, to advocate the application of 114 biological fishery drugs, to recommend the use of non-toxic and residue-free probiotics to enhance water quality, and to apply fishery drugs with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residues properly and scientifically. Formalin cannot be added into the production system directly, and malachite green shall be forbidden to apply. 3.6.2 Epidemic prevention of aquatic animals Epidemic prevention of aquatic animals is a method adopted by the nation to protect aquatic animals from pest and disease damage. The aims of development of epidemic prevention of aquatic animals are to reinforce the management and control of diseases of aquatic animals, to establish an effective monitoring mechanism for epidemic prevention of aquatic animals, to control the spread and epidemic of aquatic animal diseases, in order to achieve the target of controlling, reducing, preventing, even eliminating major diseases; to enhance the reputation and product competitiveness of aquatic products in the international market; to gradually be in line with international and domestic entry and exit quarantine work. China quarantine began in the 1930s. Chine executed Law on entry and exit animal and plant quarantine in 1991. There are more than 300 quarantine institutes constructed at the national customs, inland and air ports, in order to avoid the entry, transmission and spread of foreign pests. these institutes play an essential role in pest prevention. 3.6.3 Food safety and drug residue detection Chinese governments have paid lots of attention to food safety. According to the protection policy of “Prevention priority and comprehensive management”, the prevention measures on the basis of biological control will be adopted gradually in the future. Quickly developing high-quality food market has led to less use of fishery drugs through price stimulus, even fishery drug would not be utilized sometimes. Veterinary Drugs Administration Ordinance (revised in 2016) issued by Chinese government specified that it is prohibited to use human drugs on animals. Departments in charge of fisheries under the people's governments at or above the county level and the 115 fishery supervision and administration agencies under them shall be responsible for the use of veterinary drugs, detection and monitoring of veterinary drugs residues and administrative punishment for illegal use of drugs in aquaculture. It is prohibited to sell edible animal products containing forbidden drugs or exceeding the standards of drug residues. 3.7 Requirement of application of fishery drugs by the World Bank As the security level of residues cannot be determined, the Appendix IV of Regulation 2377 / 90 / EEC listed nine kinds of materials that could not be used in food production: chloramphenicol, chloroform, chlorpromazine, colchicine, dapsone, dimethimazole, metronidazole, furacilin (including furazolidone) and ronidazole. Formalin cannot be added into the production system directly, and malachite green shall be forbidden to apply. 3.8 Pest management plan (PMP) of aquatic animals 3.8.1 Content of implementation The aquatic breeding must be carried out according to guidelines for environmental health and safety in aquaculture by the World Bank. EHS guidelines provide information related to semi-intensive and intensive/industrial commercial aquaculture of major aquatic species, including crustaceans, mollusks, algae, and fish distributed in temperate and tropical developing countries. It consists of the following parts: Impact and management of specific industries; Indicators and supervision; Pieces of literature and other sources of document. Fishery drugs utilized in aquaculture are mainly antibiotics, aiming to prevent and cure bacterial diseases. Antibiotics are always applied with feed or added or coated on feed surface in the feed processing by manufacturers or farmers. After the resistance of one or more antibiotics that cannot be resisted in the early stage obtained by the pathogenic bacteria, it would obtain antibiotic resistance, which would finally lead to the efficacy lost when using antibiotics for curing human bacterial diseases. Additionally, when antibiotics are absorbed as food residue unexpectedly, the intake could not be quantified and controlled, which may 116 result in direct health problems (such as aplastic anemia) and be harmful to human health severely. The livestock manure might be applied as fertilizer by comprehensive fish farm system, the antibiotic residue may enter the fishponds, leading to similar issues as well. The understanding of the harm caused by the use of fishery medicine has led to some kinds of antibiotics are prohibited to use in the production of aquatic products, and some kinds of antibiotics with known risks are specified with Maximum Residue Limitations (MRLs). The compliance with MRLs could be achieved in state-owned farms relying on laws and realized in other farms relying on encouragement. Farms shall be encouraged to apply resistant strains and effective breeding techniques to maintain the health of cultured fish stocks. The following measures are available to limit the use of antibiotics: （1） If possible, vaccination shall be deemed as a measure to limit the use of antibiotics; （2） When appropriate, the farm shall take recuperation measures after an a-year operation, as a part of pathogen management measures in the open production unit. The minimum recuperation period shall be four weeks after each breeding cycle; （3） Aquatic products farms shall utilize veterinary services, inspecting and evaluating fish health, worker competency and training frequently. According to the evaluation result of veterinary service, farms shall establish an aquaculture health programme including the following aspects: （ 1） Conclude current and potential major diseases; （ 2） Policies of disease prevention; （ 3） Treatment measures adopted under common conditions; （ 4） Recommended vaccination measures; （ 5） Recommended parasite control measures; （ 6） Recommendations on drug treatment of feed and water. If antibiotics are recommended, the following measure shall be considered: （ 1） Using approved over-the-counter antibiotic shall strictly follow the instruction of the manufacturer to ensure safe utilization; （ 2） Approved antibiotics shall be purchased and utilized under the guidance of professional personal according to prescription; 117 （ 3） Formulate an emergency plan related to how to use antibiotics after disease outbreak; （ 4） Store antibiotics in the original package in a specific area, such as: （ 5） Lock and label it, only authorized personnel are permitted to access; （ 6） Leakage protection, in order to avoid antibiotics to spread to the surrounding environment; （ 7） Provide pallets or other platforms for container storage, in order to promote the visual monitoring of leakage. （ 8） Avoid storing waste antibiotics and adopt the principle of “first in, first out” to protect antibiotics from expiration. （ 9） Treat all expired antibiotics following relevant regulations of the state. As the security level of residues cannot be determined, the Appendix IV of Regulation 2377 / 90 / EEC listed nine kinds of materials that could not be used in food production: chloramphenicol, chloroform, chlorpromazine, colchicine, dapsone, dimethimazole, metronidazole, furacilin (including furazolidone) and ronidazole. It is common for wastewater of aquaculture system to contain high organic matters, nutrient load and suspended solids, potentially including chemical residues such as herbicides and antibiotics. The possible effects include pollution of surface water or groundwater caused by the emission of wastewater, or impact of open aquaculture and storage ponds (such as ponds and lagoons) on receiving water bodies. The influence on the aquatic system includes the formation of the eutrophic zone in receiving water, rising of fluctuation range of dissolved oxygen level, the formation of visible contaminants and gathering of nutrients in receiving water bodies. (1) Behaviors of increasing production manually by rising the supply of feed for aquaculture will lead to high nutrient load. It is caused by the increasing primary production rate by directly increasing feed or indirect fertilizing the pond, which leading to the rise of available nutrition. The circulation ability of regenerated organic matter and nutrients in pond ecosystem which could be destroyed by increasing aquaculture is limited, and leading to the accumulation of organic matter, nitrogenous waste and phosphorus in water, bottom of pond 118 or bottom of fence/cage. (2) Suspended solids are from particulate organic matters, and erosion of pond bottom, wall and drainage channels. Chemical residues might include fishery drugs residues (such as antibiotics) used to breed objects, and toxic substances, for example, formalin and malachite green for the treatment of carassius auratus parasites and finfish egg fungi, which is a kind of carcinogenic agent. Malachite green is forbidden in the majority of countries. Formalin could be only used under controllable conditions (such as in soaking container). It shall be noticed that formalin cannot be directly added to the production system. 3.8.1.1 Fishery prevention and treatment (1) Choose fingerlings with good disease resistance. According to local resource condition and breeding level, breeding varieties with Good market, high yield, high efficiency, high quality, strong resistance to disease and adverse environment shall be selected. (2) Choose the proper breeding base which requires a quiet environment, sufficient sun light, good ecosystem, away from industrial and mining enterprises and various pollution sources. Besides, water used in aquaculture shall meet the standard of aquaculture water. (3) Pond cleaning. Before breeding, it shall carry out dry pond cleaning and pond cleaning with water by using quicklime, bleaching powder and other pond cleaning agents. 80-100 kilograms of quicklime or 5-7 kilograms of bleaching powder shall usually be used for dry pond cleaning, the usage shall be doubled when carrying out pond cleaning with water. (4) Disinfection. The first one is disinfection of fingerlings which shall be conducted before releasing. Common drugs include salt, potassium permanganate, copper sulfate, etc. The second one is the regular disinfection of the water body of aquaculture. The third one is fertilizer disinfection by adopting high temperature composting, fermentation and adding human drugs into fertilizer to kill bacteria and insect eggs. The fourth one is the tool disinfection. Nets, breeding equipment and containers shall always be insolated or disinfected by potassium permanganate and other solutions (5) Breed other varieties in the ponds. A pond that has raised the same dominant variety for more three years shall raise other breeding varieties. Then, the accumulation of pathogens 119 in water sludge could be controlled, reducing the source of invasion and the incidence of fish diseases. (6) Early stocking. Commonly complete stocking of breeding varieties from 1 st January to the Spring Festival. In this period, the temperature of water is relatively low and the amount of fish activities is small, which could decrease risks of fish body injury and pathogen invasion. Additionally, early stocking and feeding could enhance the physical quality and disease resistance of fish. (7) Select nutritious and safe feed. It must be noted whether the feed source in breeding production complies with the requirement. Damp, moldy, rotten, deteriorated or contaminated feed shall not be utilized. The addition of additives, antibiotics, auxin and other ingredients in the feed shall strictly follow relevant standards or regulations. 3.8.1.2 Physical prevention (1) Facilities protection. Set up filter screen at inlet and outlet. Set up shading objects in summer. (2) Flushing and oxygenation. Add fresh water to the ponds or carry out mechanical oxygenation regularly to increase the dissolved oxygen in water. (3) Precipitation purification. When conditions permit, aquaculture water shall enter the reservoir for precipitation purification and full aeration. Sprinkle proper amount of quicklime to promote the organic matter precipitation, keeping week alkaline water body, reducing the retention of nitrite, increasing water transparency and photosynthesis and finally increasing dissolved oxygen in water. (4) Removal of silt and impurities. Dry the pond in winter. Remove the sludge, making the bottom of pond exposure and freezing. During breeding production, feed residue and faeces, sick fish and dead fish shall be cleaned timely to eliminate the environmental conditions for the occurrence of diseases and insect pests. 3.8.1.3 Biological prevention (1) Add beneficial live bacteria, such as EM bacteria and photosynthetic bacteria, etc. Apply vaccines, microbial preparations and Chinese herbal medicines to prevent diseases. (2) Eco-adjustment. Plant emergent, submerged and floating plants, or use the symbiosis principle of fish, fungi and algae, to realize the diversity of aquatic organisms and increase 120 the production of ponds. (3) Integrated aquaculture. Develop breeding modes of fish and poultry, fish and fruit, fish and grass, etc. Achieve the best utilization of various resources through the circulation and reuse of internal wastes of breeding system. (4) Raise fish with fish. According to different ecological habits and activity space of different types of fish, coordinate stocking reasonably and keep good living space of fish. 3.8.1.4 Chemical prevention (1) Choose proper drugs. Only apply drugs when other prevention measures do not work. The fishery drugs used shall have a production license and qualification certificate. “Four no” fake and inferior fish drugs shall be avoided to use. (2) Fish drugs with high toxicity and high residues are forbidden. Less use hormone fish drugs, limit the species and amount of fish drugs. Fish drugs that have been prohibited by the state must not be used. (3) Apply drugs properly, alternately and scientifically. Utilize drugs with similar prevention effects alternately to enhance efficacy, delay the production of resistance to insecticides. If fishery drugs need to be mixed, mix them when using. (4) Strictly follow the guidelines for safe use of fish medicine and safety interval. It shall not randomly increase the dosage for the pursuit of control effect. Implement the safety interval of fish medicine use before fishing strictly, for example, the safety interval of bleaching powder is 5 days, the safety interval of chlorine dioxide is 10 days, etc. (5) Refer to Table 15 for main recommended fishery drugs. 121 Table 15 Recommended major species of fish drugs Aquatic Species of diseases Therapeutic method species (1) Sprinkle copper sulphate in the entire pond with 0.7g for per cubic meter of water Oblique tubulosis (2) Sprinkle mixture of copper sulfate and ferrous sulfate (5:2) 0.7g. 1) Marine fish shall be washed with fresh water for 5- 10 minutes. (2) Apply 0.3-0.5g areca powder with thunder bolus each time for per kilogram of the fish body, combined Trichodiniasis with feed lasting for 5-7 times. (3) Sprinkle copper sulfate and ferrous sulfate (5:2), the concentration of pond water will be 0.7mg/L by fresh water, and 0.8-1.2 mg/L by seawater Freshwater (1) Soak in the salt solution. Soaking in a salt solution fish with salinity ranging from 20 to 30 would help with treatment and prevention, or increasing temperature of water to above 28 ℃ to achieve the goal of insect Ichthyophthiriasis body falling off automatically and dying. (2) Sprinkle copper sulfate and ferrous sulfate powder solution with a concentration of 0.7mg/L in the entire pond. (1)Treat with Chinese herbal drugs: Chinese herbs such as Shuanghuang kushen powder, Qingban Bacterial gill rot Huangbai powder, Sanhuang powder, banlanggen disease end, Rhubarb powder, Dahuangqinyu powder and Rhubarb Gallnut powder could be applied. Refer to instructions for usage. 122 (2) Apply quinolones for treatment: apply 10-20 mg enrofloxacin powder with feed (specification: 100g: 5g) per kilogram of fish weight for each time everyday lasting 3-5 days; or using other antibiotics for aquaculture stated by the state symptomatically and for cause. (1) Treat with Chinese herbal drugs: Shanqing Wuhuang powder, Shuanghuang Kushen powder, qingban Huangbai powder, Sanhuang powder, Banlangen powder, rhubarb gallnut powder and other Chinese herbal drugs could be selected for treatment, referring instruction for usage. (2) Apply amide alcohols for treatment. 0.35g Bacterial enteritis thiamphenicol powder (specification: 100g: 5g) with feed twice or three times a day per kilogram of fish weight lasting 3-5 days; or apply other antibiotics for aquaculture stated by the state symptomatically and for cause, such as relapsed sulfamethazine powder, compound sulfamethazine and enrofloxacin powder, etc. (1) Apply antibacterial Chinese herbal medicine for aquaculture stated by the state for treatment. (2) Apply sulfonamides for treatment. Feed fish with 80-160 mg (calculated by sulfamonomethoxine Edwardsiella sodium) sulfamonomethoxine sodium powder per septicemia kilogram of fish weight for each time everyday lasting 4-6 days. Double amount in the first time. or apply other antibiotics for aquaculture stated by the state symptomatically and for cause, such as norfloxacin 123 lactate soluble powder, enrofloxacin powder and florfenicol powder, etc. Tetracycline doxycycline hydrochloride powder, enrofloxacin powder and other drugs with inhibitory effect on Gram-positive bacteria could be used referring to instruction for usage. When tilapia suffers from streptococcosis, florfenicol premix Streptococcosis (specification: 50%) could be applicable (calculated by florfenicol premix). 20mg florfenicol premix would be combined with per kilogram of feed everyday lasting 3-5 days. The withdrawal period is 375 degree *days. Apply aquaculture drugs prescribed by the state. Utilize tetracycline doxycycline hydrochloride Nocardiosis powder, enrofloxacin powder and other drugs with inhibitory effect on Gram-positive bacteria. Medeen (Compound Methylene cream powder), Fusarium disease hydromildew net (thioether floxacin), dithiocyanate methane and other water purifiers Add hepatobiliary herbs, multivitamins and immune Iridovirus disease enhancers, etc. in the feed. Sprinkle refined trichlorfon powder aqueous solution in the entire pond, allowing the concentration of pond water to reach 0.3-0.7mg/L. For sensitive species such as siniperca, the concentration of drugs shall Dactylogyriasis decrease properly. Or combine 0.2g albendazole powder [specification: 6%] with feed per kilogram of fish weight every day for 5-7 days; when black carp, grass carp, silver carp, bighead carp and mandarin fish 124 suffer from the disease, sprinkle 1-1.5g mebendazole solution [specification: 10%] 2000 timed diluted with water per cubic meter of water every day; the dosage of European eel and American eel is 2.5-5g. This kind of drug is forbidden for Channel catfish and catfish. Hang copper sulfate mixture and Cryptonucleosis trichloroisocyanurate tablets in the cage. Hang 1-2 irritant tablets in each net cage. There should be a week for rest after using for a week. (1)Utilize Chinese herbal drugs for treatment. Marine Combine 5-7 g herba euphorbiae with feed per fish kilogram of fish weight for 5-7 days. Vibriosis (2)Based on drug sensitivity test, choose proper national standard antibiotics (such as thiamphenicol powder, florfenicol powder, compound sulfadiazine powder, etc) for treatment. Shrimp virus There is currently no commercial drug for treatment disease of Shrimp virus disease. (1) Combine 0.1-0.15g florfenicol powder [specification (calculated by florfenicol): 10%] with per kilogram of feed once a day for 3-5 days. (2) Peel and mash garlic with weight of 1%-2% of Shrimps Gill rot of feed weight. Add water and combine with feed. After and crabs macrobrachium the solution is fully absorbed, feed continuously for rosenbergii 3-5 days. (3) While orally having the above antimicrobial agents, use one of chlorine-containing disinfectants such as chlorine-containing isocyanurate powder, bleach powder (containing more than 30% chlorine), 125 bromochlorine-containing hyine, etc for water disinfection. # From the National Aquatic Animal Disease Remote Assisted Diagnostic Service network (FISH Disease Internet) 3.8.2 Integrated pest control methods of major aquatic organisms Determine targeted prevention and control methods according to occurring pest species and severity of local aquatic organisms. 3.8.2.1 Freshwater fish (1) Oblique tubulosis 1) Kill pathogen on fish before overwintering then conduct fattening. Meanwhile, shorten the period of fasting during the wintering period as much as possible. When fish start to feed, the feed with high nutrition shall be used. 2) Soak and wash marine fish which suffers from parasitic whipworms on gills for 3-5 minutes, or sprinkle copper sulfate in the entire pond making the concentration be 0.8- 1.2mg/L. 3) When freshwater suffers from this disease, sprinkle copper sulfate and ferrous sulfate mixture (5: 2) in the entire ponds, making the concentration be 0.7mg/L. (2) Trichodiniasis 1) Soak and wash marine fish with freshwater for 5-10 minutes. 2) Sprinkle copper sulfate and ferrous sulfate (5:2), the concentration of pond water will be 0.7mg/L by fresh water, and 0.8-1.2 mg/L by seawater (3) Ichthyophthiriasis of freshwater fish 1) Filter inflowing water with 80 mesh screen to prevent wild fish entering breeding system and protect breeding fish from ichthyophthiriasis. 2) For fishponds which have ever suffered from ichthyophthiriasis, the excessive sludge at the bottom of the pond shall be removed. Wash and brush the wall of the pond, carry out disinfection with quicklime or bleaching powder. Besides, the pond shall exposure to the sun for a week. 126 3) Ensure the nutrition of fish. For example, feed with full price feed and plenty of vitamins to enhance the immunity of fish, which could reduce the risk of occurrence of ichthyophthiriasis. 4) Conduct regular sampling inspection. If any parasitism is found, the following measure could be taken: ①Soak in the salt solution. Soaking in a salt solution with salinity ranging from 20 to 30 would help with treatment and prevention, ② increase temperature of water to above 28 ℃ to achieve the goal of insect body falling off automatically and dying. ③ Spray pepper and ginger in the entire pond. Spray 0.8-1.2g pepper and 1.5-2.2g ginger per cubic meter of water. After crushing and boiling with water for 30 minutes, sprinkle the whole pond with slag and juice. Once a day for 2-3 days. ④ Sprinkle methylene blue to make the concentration of pond water be 2mg/L, lasting for several times. ⑤Sprinkle formalin with the concentration of 15-25mg/L in the entire pond. Once two days, totally 2-3 times needed. ⑥While carrying out treatment, the tanks, tools for fish breeding must be washed and disinfected, otherwise, the other fish would be infected after hatching the sacs attached to it. (4) Bacterial Gill Rot Disease Utilizing antibiotics for treatment is the most common method currently. If the sick fish is in early stage, antibiotics approved by Open Paper on Drug Use in Aquaculture 2019 could be used for treatment; if the sick fish is in the late period or septicemia occurs, the oral antibiotics are administered. Probiotics always have better efficacy on the prevention and treatment of columnar disease, which can significantly reduce the death rate. Vaccination is the most common method to prevent bacterial infection. (5) Bacterial enteritis Try best to prevent fish from injury. The density of stocking shall not be high. Control the environment of the aquaculture water body and strengthen the management of feed, such as regularly adding freshwater, regularly utilizing limewater, spraying chlorine-containing disinfectant in seasons of onset, hanging baskets for disinfection in food farm, avoiding feeding deteriorated bait, etc. Strictly executing “four disinfection and four regular” is the key point of prevention of this disease. (6) Edwardsiella septicemia 127 It is always mixed with streptococcus, inducing massive deaths. The symptoms and pathological changes for different types of sick fish are different. It is significantly sensitive to florfenicol, enrofloxacin, compound sulfamethoxazole, etc. (7) Streptococcosis The immunity of tilapia would reduce due to high concentration of ammonia nitrogen (≥ 0.3ml/L) in water body, which increase the susceptibility of streptococcus; the occurrence of streptococcus is tightly related to high breeding density, low water exchange rate, poor freshness of bait and large amount of bait. Therefore, the amount of bait must be decreased during the period of treatment; increasing dissolved oxygen in water and maintaining good water quality are common methods to prevent this disease. Meanwhile, adding "Vitamin C+ Coptis chinensis (or Rhubarb)+ Hepatobiliary Likang powder" would improve the efficacy of drugs. The oral drugs shall be utilized more than 7-10 days. "8% chlorine dioxide" or "30% chloramphenicol" etc. could be chosen as an external topical medicine. (8) Nocardiosis Remove sick fish timely to avoid the spread of epidemics. Control the environment of the aquaculture water body and strengthen the management of feed, such as regularly adding freshwater, regularly utilizing limewater, spraying disinfectant in seasons of onset (9) Fusarium disease 1) Utilize disinfectants such as povidone iodine (PVP iodine), bromochlorhein, etc according to instruction for disinfection with water; 2) Sprinkle medeen (Compound Methylene Cream Powder) according to instruction in the entire pond; 3) Sprinkle water purifying agents such as hydromildew net (thioether floxacin), dithiocyanate methane, etc in the entire pond; 4) Turn on aerator or inject with air when utilizing drugs. (10) Iridovirus disease Reduce the usage of feed in the disease period. Spray diluted iodine preparation in the entire pond. Sprinkle microbial agents and substrate modifiers to adjust water quality. Add hepatobiliary herbs, multivitamins and immune enhancers, etc in the feed to strengthen nutrition. 128 (11) Dactylogyriasis 1) Completely clean pond. Reduce times of water exchange during the aquaculture. Enhance the biological improvement of the bottom material and water quality of the pond, and release fish-eating zooplanktons. 2) If fingerlings have been infected before releasing, soak them in 2×10 -6 potassium permanganate solution. 3) During aquaculture, the infection stage of ciliated larvae (February to March, September) is the key period to prevent dactylogyriasis. Potassium permanganate, trichlorfon, praziquantel, and mebendazole have better efficacy. However, dactylogyrus could be susceptible to obtain drug resistance to chemical drugs. Therefore, different types of drug shall be applied alternately to strengthen efficacy. The seven-day medication interval is appropriate. 3.8.2.2 Marine fish: (1) Cryptonucleosis of marine fishes 1) Improve water environment. In the closed water environments such as ponds or indoor fishponds, carry out lots of water changing in the early stage of cryptonucleosis. Set up equipment to filter at inlet and outlet to screen miscellaneous fish, shrimp and aquatic plants, reducing the risk of the entrance of cryptocaryon irritans with such organisms. In open water bodies such as marine cages, drag cages that are sick and will be sick to the clean area with good water flow, which could significantly reduce harm and death caused by cryptonucleosis. 2) Reinforce nutrition to improve disease resistance. In the seasons of cryptocaryon irritans, add compound vitamin through feeding nutritious feed to enhance physical quality and disease resistance of fish, which could prevent the occurrence of cryptonucleosis. For example, feed with fresh bait which shall be immersed in freshwater for 5-10 minutes before feeding. 3) Strengthen the isolation of epidemic area: sick fish shall be isolated in epidemic area, disinfect water body, tools and surrounding environment. The dead and sick fish should be buried deep with lime, as to reduce transmission of disease. (2) Vibriosis of marine fish 129 ① Clean sludge at the bottom, reduce breeding density, qualify feed and enhance disease resistant of objects; ② Preventing fish from injury could reduce the possibility of occurrence of disease; ③ Carrying out vaccination for marine fish could resist vibrio infection for a long time; ④ Externally use bromochlorhein and other water disinfectants to prevent the spread of disease, internally eat antibiotics such as flurfenicol powder combining with feed could control and kill pathogenic bacteria. When carrying out both, the outbreak could be controlled. 3.8.2.3 Shrimps and crabs (1) Shrimp virus disease (white spot syndrome, iridovirus disease, infectious subcutaneous and hematopoietic tissue necrosis), bacterial disease (stealthy death or acute hepatopancreatic necrosis), parasitic diseases (hepatoenteric cytology), reovirus disease of cynomolgus cynomolgus/dicistron virus, etc 1) Management of shrimps and crabs in the pond Water quality management: rise water level to 1-1.2 meters to maintain the water temperature; change the water in the pond appropriately to keep water quality stable. Strengthen the monitoring of aquaculture water body. Physical and chemical indexes of the water body at the bottom of the pond such as dissolved oxygen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrous nitrogen and pH value shall be examined at least once a day, as to reduce the occurrence of non-communicable diseases. Turn on aerator on rainy days to ensure oxygen could be dissolved in water body; apply microecological preparation to promote the virtuous cycle of bacteria and algae ecosystem in the water body, as to accelerate the oxidative decomposition of organic matters. Disease and pest management: utilize bleaching powder and quicklime regularly for disinfection, as to prevent the breeding and accumulation of pathogen. In order to avoid viral diseases of shrimp and crab, vitamin C, Chinese herbal compound and other antioxidant preparations could be fed to increase anti-stress ability. Partial reasons for deaths caused by viral diseases of shrimp and crab is resulted by a concurrent or secondary bacterial infection. Prevention of bacterial infection could enhance the survival rate of virus therapy. Antibiotics and animal protection products with low irritation shall be utilized. 2) Early management of a new round of shrimp and crab breeding 130 Formulate breeding plan reasonably: in order to decrease breeding risks, the plan shall be established as early as possible, including the quantity and specification of seedling stocking and the investment of breeding process, etc. Pond cleaning and disinfection: sludge removal, pond exposure, repairment of ridge, banks and gates. 15 days before stocking, appropriately sprinkle quicklime, bleaching powder, chlorine dioxide, tea seed cake in the entire pond and carry out pond cleaning. Water quality management in the early stage: after clearing the pond, applying 120 mesh and 60 mesh screens to filter inflowing water. Keep turning on aerator for 2-4 hours each day in the early breeding stage. Maintain the tenderness and transparency of the water body. Besides, adjust water quantity and oxygen concentration timely according to the specific situation of the breeding pond. Fingerlings delivery management: the first one is to release healthy and strong shrimp fingerlings without specific pathogen. The second one is to control the releasing density of fingerlings: the releasing density of different aquaculture system shall be controlled to prevent the occurrence of stress diseases due to density. The releasing density of different species is different, while the total principle is to reduce releasing density as much as possible. The density of penaeus vannamei under industrialized cultivation shall not be more than 700 per square meter, and density in traditional pond shall not exceed 30000/mu. The density of crab fingerlings in the mixed pond is around 1000/mu (with the specification of 60-80). The larger the specification, the smaller of releasing the amount. (2) Black spot of Macrobrachium rosenbergii Firstly, it is necessary to create a good ecosystem in water bodies with fresh water and reasonable density, as to be a benefit for the growth of macrobrachium rosenbergii; secondly, the breeding management shall be reinforced, feed proper bait to promote the molting of shrimp, and minimize mechanical damage; sprinkle chlorine dioxide in the entire pond for disinfection and take antibiotics orally. (3) Gill rot of Macrobrachium rosenbergii Carry out disinfection for water bodies. Spray the entire pond with 0.3 g chlorine dioxide (8% content) per cubic meter of water every 20-30 days, as to improve the breeding environment. Sprinkle microbial agents and sediment improvers to adjust water quality. Add 131 multi-dimensional and immunopotentiator, etc in the feed to enhance nutrition. 3.9 Execution strategies of pest management plan 3.9.1 Organization arrangement and responsibilities Fisheries Development Division of Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Guangdong Province and departments in charge of fishery industry at city and county level are institutes of pest management of aquatic products. And the expert advisory group is established by experts engaged by Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. Main functions of expert advisory groups are to formulate the provincial technical plan of pesticide reduction and control, to guide construction units in cities and counties to implement pest management plan (PMP); to provide technical assistance for PMP technical issues; to participate in the training of project personnel; to help with the organization of visit and learning activities; to contact with international PMP project; and to prepare guidelines of drugs and other work related to PMP project Municipal and County Agricultural Bureau shall take responsibility for the organization and implementation, county-level animal fishery technology extension center shall be the undertaking unit, being in charge for formulation of technical plan of pollution treatment of fish drugs and technical training of technicians in counties. Adopt effective methods and measures to ensure the implementation of local PMP work. Town fishery technology extension station shall be responsible for the investigation of pest in aquatic animals and report to fishery department at county (city) level; shall organize the execution of integrated pest prevention and control plan of aquatic animals under the guidance of animal husbandry department at county (city) level. 3.9.2 Capacity Construction 3.9.2.1 Technical training Technical training includes: (1) training of laboratory ability, which is for laboratory and management personnel of epidemic disease prevention and control center of breeding 132 enterprises; (2) training for disease prevention and treatment of breeding and production skills (teaching standardized breeding knowledge, promoting a healthy breeding mode of aquatic products), which are for aquatic products epidemic prevention and control workers and breeding practitioners in all counties and urban areas. During the implementation period, the plan and budget of the overall training and technical service shall be formulated, including details of times, number of participants, site of training and service, detailed training plan and training document of training class and technical service every year. The provincial project office shall approve the detailed plan of annual training and technical service in advance. 133 Table 16 Training budget of pest management plan of aquatic pro Times of Number of Training Training fe Level Objects Site Duration training participants years (yuan/day.tim per year Guangzhou 10 Technical Technical Huizhou 10 personnel promotion 2 2 5 450.0 Jiangmen 10 training personnel Zhaoqing 10 Township Guangzhou 30 On site technicians Huizhou 30 3 2 5 450 observation and Jiangmen 30 farmers Zhaoqing 30 Technology promotion and application of other 120 industrial parks 134 Table 17 Training budget of aquatic products PMP Total Cost cost Time/Site/Times (ten Implementing Subject Objects (ten /Duration/Number of participants thousand agency thousand yuan) yuan) Project offices, experts and personnel of relevant Symposium 60-80 participants 9.0 9.0 agricultural departments at all levels Project office, veterinary Provincial department personnel, Project Office Summary and farmer technicians, 3.5 ten and Municipal discussion representatives of thousand 14 Project Office meeting demonstration yuan ×4years households, veterinary drug dealers, etc. Training Experts and professors. Compilation and design of training 。 10.1 135 materials and materials equipment consumption Research and application of Research, integration and application Research institutions 200 aquatic PMP of aquatic PMP key technology key technology Expert consultation Experts and professors On site instruction or training. 24 service Instructors of rural technicians, farmers, Service fee 25 veterinary drug dealers participating in training Fixed monitors arranged Project by agricultural supervision and 36 technology and management veterinary departments 136 3.9.2.2 Implementation of policies (1) Implement Veterinary Drugs Administration Ordinance to manage production, sale and application of chemical fishery drugs, including it is prohibited to directly add active pharmaceutical ingredients in feed and animal drinking water or feed animals with active pharmaceutical ingredients directly; it is forbidden to apply human drugs on animals. (2) Through discussion, provide successful cases of PMP plan and its benefits (especially long-term benefits), encourage county, town governments to promote and support PMP methods. (3) Require farmers participating in the construction of demonstration base to purchase approved fishery drugs. (4) Provide financial support to PMP research and promotion of this project priorly. 3.9.2.3 Monitoring management Strengthen the management of PMP implementation through the following measures : (1) Train fishery technology extension personnel at county and township levels. (2) Formulate a monitoring plan to evaluate the application of pest management and PMP technology. (3) PMP is determined as the direction of research and promotion plan. (4) Construct cooperation with domestic relevant institutes, and strengthen the cooperation to improve the ability of PMP technology in this project. (5) Strengthen the connection between province, city, county, town and countryside, and deal with emerging issues in time to allow a fluent implementation of PMP. 3.9.3 Monitoring and evaluation The execution of an environmental monitoring project of the aquatic industry shall face to all activities that might lead to the severe potential impact on the environment under normal operation or abnormal conditions. Environmental monitoring activities shall be based on direct or indirect indicators of waste gas, wastewater and resource utilization applicable to specific projects. The frequency of environmental monitoring shall be sufficient to provide representative data for monitoring parameters. Environmental monitoring shall be carried out 137 by systematically trained personnel with correctly calibrated, well-maintained equipment according to detection and recording program. The data produced shall be analyzed and examined regularly, and compared with operation standards to adopt appropriate calibration activities. General EHS Guidelines introduced the sampling and analyzing methods about monitoring of waste gas and wastewater. Therefore, during the period of the implementation of the project, it is required to monitor the execution situation of the pest management plan in the project area. (1) Monitoring indicators ① Application extent of integrated treatment measures: a) Sampling survey the number of farmers who adopt integrated treatment measures b) Total area of aquaculture adopting PMP c) Number of farmers who are able to understand the pest of aquatic products d) Number of farmers participating in PMP ② Usage of aquatic drugs: a) Times of using aquatic drugs per year b) Varieties and number of using aquatic drugs per year (detect whether forbidden drugs are used) c) Cost of using aquatic drugs d) Number of farmers adopting safe treatment and using procedures of aquatic drugs e) Number of aquatic products with exceeding antibiotics f) Number of complaints of aquatic products with exceeding antibiotics g) Number of rejected transactions due to exceeding antibiotics in aquatic products h) Number of occurrences of antibiotic resistance i) Situation of water pollution ③ Aquatic production: a) Output of aquatic products per hectare b) Profit of aquatic products per hectare c) The change information of aquatic ecosystem d) Number and type of outbreak of pests and diseases per year 138 ④ Other indicators: a) Frequency of visits by fishery drug sales to the project area b) Number of advertising media (TV, radio and newspaper) for fishery drugs c) Number of fishery drug brand in retailers in the project area d) Number of fishery drug brand available for selling (2) Examination content 1) Policy issues: The subsidy level of fishery drugs by governments (if there is). 2) Monitoring situation: a) Evaluation by the World Bank inspection group of local monitoring plan b) Problems emerging during the implementation of PMP c) Situation of inspection at each level (3) Monitoring and inspection plan 1) Monitor of pest management of aquatic products: to be carried out by project offices at each level and farmers association, pest discovered shall be reported and solved timely; 2) Inspection plan: project offices at each level shall take responsibility for inspection in normal times, while plant protection plant inspection station shall take responsibility for inspection and prevention at the peak period of aquatic diseases and pests; 3) Responsibility: fishery technology promotion station at each level shall be in charge for guidance, inspection, monitoring and training of PMP; and also share responsibility with implementors for the timely detection and reporting of pests and the implementation of PMP as required; 4) Required profession skills: fishery technology promotion station at each level shall provide PMP methods. 5) Budget: the aquatic pest management of the project shall be listed in the daily management of project offices at all levels, and the required funds shall be included in the monitoring and evaluation budget. (4) Report arrangement of implementation of pest plan progress 139 1) It is the obligation for undertaking units of the projets to submit a progress report of the project each year, submitting interim performance report of the project in the middle of project implementation and submitting execution situation report of the project when the project is completed. 2) The annual report and interim report of the project shall include project implementation period, use of project funds, project progress, project implementation effect, difference between implementation effect and expectation, problems in execution and corresponding solution, etc. 3) Report submitted at the end of the project shall include project implementation period, use of project funds, project progress, project implementation effect and evaluation, the difference between implementation effect and expectation, problems in execution and corresponding solution, etc. The evaluation of project implementation effect refers to the adoption of standardized promotion technology in the project, increase in income of farmers and the extent of improvement in living standards by using new technology, level achieved by food safety, impact on ecological environment, the sustainability of the project, project organization and management, etc. Evaluating the performance of the completed project could conduct the analysis of the overall result of the implementation of the project. 140 4 Public consultation In order to further perfect the text of PMP project, during the preparation process, opinions and recommendations were solicited for many times from agricultural administrative departments, technical departments, agricultural associations at all levels and farmers, provincial agricultural technology extension departments and staff of World Bank specific project office. Where, in December 2020, there are 100 industrial parks received Public Opinion Survey on The Use of Pesticides, and 91 pieces of form were recalled. At the same time, the consulting survey was carried out to 62 industrial park and medium- and small-sized enterprises through internet video. Analyze opinions of basic farmers and existing issues adequately, to allow PMP plan to be more in line with the reality of the project area and management principle of the project office of the World Bank. 141 Table 18 Public consultation form Provided Answers to Time Place Participants Questions raised document questions 2020.12 Guangz Fundamen 4 prefecture 1. Targes of the 1.Reply after hou tal level cities and project and scope of contacting with materials relevant implementation. the World Bank of the technical 2. Frame format file Office. project are departments, and of pest plan of 2.Refer to provided authorized project existing PMP according organization of document to to the the preparation prepare the requireme of PMP plan outline. nt of the World Bank project 2020.12 Guangz Sorted authorized Insufficient reflect Preparation hou content organization of of participatory personnel will related to the preparation concept in PMP carry out PMP of 4 of PMP plan, plan preparation. research prefecture project office according to the level cities participatory concept. 2020.12 Guangz Consultati 100 industrial Properly use It shall be hou on form of parks and pesticides and strengthened in PMP agricultural veterinary drugs PMP, especially technology the training. promotion institutions in 142 their counties 2020.12 Guangz Revised World Bank Check the PMP The PMP hou PMP plan Project Office management management text (expert) organization of pig organization of and fishery, and the pig and fishery, budget of training and the budget funds. of training funds mentioned in the text have been checked according to the World Bank standards. 2020.12 Guangz Secondly World Bank Strengthen the The integrated hou revised Project Office integrated pest pest PMP plan (expert) management in management in text EHSG, and good EHSG and good management management methods methods have been added according to the World Bank suggestions. 2020.12 Guangz Public Farmers / How to improve the In PMP, hou opinion cooperatives / knowledge training strengthen the survey on professional of using pesticides, advertisement the use of companies veterinary drugs and training of pesticides, and aquatic drugs relevant veterinary safely knowledge. And 143 drugs and promote in 100 aquatic industrial parks drugs in Guangdong 144