」，굳r&!--,／』‘,.&&&―··‘·．！…』［J&［·！，』‘-.,‘·」――…卜；Jㅕ1- 았 ACXNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are Robert Constanza, Associate Professor at the- Center for Marine and Estuarine Studies, University of Maryland, and Ban Haskell-and Laura Cornwell, who are both Research Associates at the same Center. Herman Daly is Senior Economist in thi Environmental Policy and Research Division of the World Bank, and Twig Johnson is Acting Director at the USAID Office of Forestry, Environment and Natural Resources Department. Together they were the organizers for the 'Ecological Economics of Sustainabilityl Conference, the abstracts of which are presented here. Departmental Working Papers are not formal publications of the World Bank. They present preliminary and unpolished results of country analysis or research that are circulated to encourage discussion and', comment; citation and the use of such a paper should take account of,it* provisional character. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. I Because of the informality and to present the results of research with the least possible delay, the typescript has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no respqnsibility for errors. TABLE OFCNTENT Introduction ....... ........y...................................................................... O0gniadn Of This Caaog ..................... 9..4 ..i............ 9 o............3 Authors and by Topic.... ... ......................,...4 Invited Session 1: AN ECOLOGICAL ECONOMIC WORLD VIEW ....4 Contributed Sesstons - An Ecological Economic Xorld View.....................5 EcoEconomics of Sustanable A~ am.......... Ec9l* ca Econonics of Suanable Develope ........................ .5 and EcologicalEconomic oT eoes..........6 Develping and EcologcalEconomc World View: Debate ...............7 QuestioninBasic Asntons~ ............. Managing tConimmosforSsalnabty..................................8 Invitd Session 2: ACCOUNTING, MODELING AND ANALYSIS 3..9 Contributed Sessions - Accounting, MOdeing and Analyss............ ...........10 l Economic Approach to Ntral Resource Acm ntng .........10 M I Eclial Econmic Systegm.....................................11 olcTnptalnofEcologicalooncAayi ~** **~**91 Measurement and Valuation of Natural Resources...........................13 Invited Session 3: INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES.............................14 Comrlbuted Sessions - Insuitutional Changes .........................................15 cntives and Disncentves for Acheving SustWinbNtky..................15 EcologicalEconomicSolutionstoEnvirnmealDegmanitan ............15 Integra1~ T lo ...............................1 Institutions To Sustain Biologicel Resources.................................17 Individual Responsibilties n Ad ~ Sustainability......... *.....18 Invie Abstracts ...........................................................1 Contib~e Abstrct ....................... ........ .............3 Index of Authors.......... ................. ................ ................8 Confe~ec Par~pants............................................9 -91 INTRODUCTION This catalog is a research tool. It presets the abstracts, classified by topic, of nearly 200 current works m Ecological Economics with authors' address and Institutional affiliation. The process that generated this document was not a library search, because the field Is too new. Nor is it a random sample of work in progress at various research institutions. Rather it was generated by a conference called by the Intemational Society for Ecological Economics (ISEE)l. The conference was held at the World Bank In Washington, D.C. on Wa 21-23, 1990. Major funding was provided by the Pew Charitable Trusts. Additional funding was provided by the Jessie Smith Noyes Foundation, the World Bank and US AID. Additional sponsors the conference included the Aspen Institute, the Coastal and Environmental Policy Poalof the University of Maryland, the Center for Policy Negotiation, the Coastal Soc , the International Society for Ecological Modeling, the World Wildlife FundtonervaionFoundation, the Nature Conservancy, the Global Tomorrow Coalition, and the World Resources Institute. The theme of the conference was "The Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Making Local and Short Term Goals Consistent with Global and Long Term Goals." Over 370 people from all over the world attended, many others had to be turned away for lack of space. Because of the intense and widespread interest in this subject, which we feel accurately measures its importance, the ISEE and the World Bank have decided to make these abstracts available in this form. It is our hope that by doing so we will facilitate communication and the formation of a network or community among man researchers in different disciplines who have converged in identifying "The Ecological Economics of Sustainability" as a top priority for the policy research agenda. The statement of aims and scope for the conference, to which these abstracts were a response, was as follows: There Is increasing awareness that our global ecological We support system is endangered Decisions made on the basis of local, short-term criteria can produce disastrous results globally and in the long run. There is also increasing awareness that traditional economic and ecological models and concepts fall short in their ability to deal with these problems. The International Society for Ecological Economics is concerned with extending and integrating the study and management of "nature's household" (ecology) and "humankind's household" (economics). Ecological Economics studies the ecology of humans and the economy of nature, the web of interconnections uniting the economic subsystem to the global ecosystem of which it is a part. It is this larger system that must be the object of study #'we are to adequately address the critical issues that now face humanity. This international, interdisciplinary conference focused on these concerns and provided a forum for work on these topics from around the globe to be presented and discussed. IFor information about Joining ISEE contact: Dr. Robert Costanza, Coastal and Environmental Policy Program, Center for Environmental and Estuarne Studies, Univirsity of Maryland, Box 38, Solomans, MD 20688-0038. Phone: (301) 326-4281 FAX: (301) 326.6342. 2 Ornnzatlon of Ti Catalog This catalog is organized similarly to the conference. It begins with a list of all the papers presented, organized by topic. Each day had a morning session with invited talks on a general topic and In the afernoon, several concurent contributed sessions on severalselated subtopics. The- authors' names, addresses, and the titles of their papers are listed alphabetically under each topic In the fast section of this catalog, beginning on page 4. Following this list of authors and papers by topic are the abstracts of all the presented alphabetically by author. The Invited abstracts are in the first grou, be g on page 19. These are followed by the contributed abtracts, beginning on page 34. Aindex of authors follows the abstracts, beginning on page 88. The page numbers in the Index refer to those places in the document where the author's name appears, either in the list of topics (the first number or numbers in the index) or int the list of abstracts (the last number or numbers). A list of all paricipants who attended the conference completes the catalog, page 91. The invited apers will ape in book form in early 1991. Selected contributed paperswllbep specia ssuesof the journal Ecological Economics in 191. If you wish to receive copies of the full papers before these publications appear, write directly to the authors. Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Authors and Tides by Topic AUTHORS AND TITLES BY TOPIC Invited Session 1. An Ecoogica Economic World Iew BOULIENG, KENNETH E, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado at Bouldw, Capus Box 484, Boulder, Colorado 80309 What Do We Want to Sustain? 4nvirosmealism and uman Evaluations DALY, HERMAN I.. Environment Department, World Bank, 1818 H. Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Towards and EnvironmentalVWEconomics EHRUCH, PAUL A.; Deparment of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, and DANIEL, LISA 4 Buna of Eoonomic Research, Federal Trade Comuission, U.S. Department of Commer Outgrowing the Planet FABER, M4 and MANSTETTEN, L; Afred Weber. Instita, Departnt of Sconomics, Unlversit* Ieiderg, rabagese, 6900 Heldetherg, Federal Republic of Germesy, and PROOPS, J.L.R4 Deparfment of Beca and Management Science, Uniaersity of Keee. Stqlordshire, 580, United Kingdo Towards an Open Future: Ignorance, Novelty and Evolation FUNTOWICZ, SILVIO 0.; Institute for Systems Eagincering, Joint Research Centre, Commission of the European Conmunities, 21020 lapra(VA), ITALY, and RAVETZ, JERRY R.; Department of Philosophy, The Universiy, Leads L82 9JT, United Kingdom A New Scientific Methodology for Global Environmental Issues HARDIN, GARRETr; Depatnent of Biological Sciences. University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 Paramount Positions in Ecological Economics JANSSON, ANN-MARI; Department of Systems Ecology, University of Stockholm, S-10691. Stockhohn On the Significance of Open Boundaries for an Ecologically Sustainable Development of Human Societies MARGALEF, RAMON; Department of Ecology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, Barcelona 08028. SPAIN Reconsideration of Basie Themes In Ecology Might Clarify Relations with Economics MARTINEZ-ALIER, JUAN; Department of Economics and Eonomic History,.Universitat Ant ma de Barcelosa, Bellatera, 108193. Barelona, SPAIN Ecological Perception, Environmental Policy and Distributional Conflicts: Some Lessons from History NORGAARD, RICHARD B.; and HOWARTH, RICHARD B.; Department of Agricoulttal and Resonsoe Economics, Eoergy and Resources Group. Univershy of Califomia, Berkeley, California 94720 The Conservationist's Dilemma Revisited NORTON, BRYAN; School of Social Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology. Atlanta, GA 30332 Ecological Health and Sustainable Resource Management TIEEZI, ENZO MARCHMTTINI, N.; and ULGIATI, S.; Department of Chemistry, University of Sia, Plan del Mantallini, 144-53100 Sieu, Italy Biomass and Entropy 4 Ecological Economics of Sustainab~lyty: Authors and Titles by Topic Contributed Sessions - An Ecologcal Ecosomie World View Efoloical Economfex of Sustainable Agr~enitr. DIETZ, FRANK; Department of Public Administrafion, Erasmus University. PO. Box 173g, Rotterdam, The Nesherands, ad HOOGERVORST, NICO; Agricutural Economics Research Institute, P-0. Do 29703.2502 IS Den Haa, The Netherlands Towarde a Sutaluable' Use of Nutrients In Agriculture FLORES RODAS, JOSt G. and SCHLICHTER, TOMAS M.; Centr Agronomco Tropicl De Investigaclon Y Enseäanza, TW~rilba,Costa Rica What is Sustalnablity and How do We Achieve It? A Case in the Central Ameuican Troples HALL, CHARLES, CORNELL, JOSEPH; SUNY ZSF, Syraeme NY, ad LEVIITAN, LOIS; Cornell University, hate, NY Lan* and Energy Coastrants and the Future of Costa Rica Agriculture NINAN, .N.; Institute for Socil amd Econoic Change, Nabhavi PO., Hägdore 560 072 &di Economics of Shifflng Cultivation n Idia HUGHES, DAVID; PENARANDA, WALTER; and BUTCHER, WALTER; Washington State University, JARADAT, ABDULLA; Jordon University of Science and Tecknolgy, and DAY, JOHN; Economic Rese~ch Services USDA Econouie Analyss of Farmng Practices that Increase Sustalnable Produetin tn the Barley Cropping Area of Jordan IGOE, JIM ; Department of Anthropology, Bstn University, 232 Day Sta~e Road, Doston, MA 0221S The Ecologeal lai of Economic Policy for Maasa Livestock Systems In Kenya JIANG, XEMIfNf; Departnent of Agriculud Economic, Maaskong Agricultura University, Wa City, China Some Fundamental Pråndples on Eco.economfds of Agricultural POMAREDA, CARLOS F.; Agricultural Pddicy en Planning. Intr-America Institute for Cooeration on Agrculu (MCA); P.O.39x 55 -2200 Corondo, San Jos, Costa Rica Instatutional Chaflenges In the Achievement of Sustainable Agrclture SHORTLE, JAMES . d MUSSER, WESLEY N.; Department of Agricuturd Economics ad Rurd So~.osogy The Pennmy~renia State University, University Part, PA 16802 Ecounomc Foundatons of Low-Input Sustaiable Agiculture SESHADRI, C.V. and HOON, CV.; Skri A.M. Murugappa Chettiar Research Centre, Tharanmui, Madras 600 113 India The_Ecological EconomIcs of Sustainabllty: Lessous Learned form Isolated Conmunaltes I 3UNGMAN, R.2.; Deparent of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institte and State University, Dlachburg, Van ad ERVIN, LT.; Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409 Virginia Corn ProducersO Use of Insectäcdes to Control Corn Rootworms Even Though They Rotate Their Crops: A Case Study EWAMEN, ROBET Ecosns Ltd., Enviromental Management Consultants, P.O. Do CH-4M2, Zurich, Siåerlmnd Faunre of Irrigation Projeets and Coasequences for a Different Approach: A Case Study Ecolog~cal Ecnomics of Sustminafse Develppment ANDREASSON-OREN, INGE-MARIE; The Swedish University of Agricultual Sciences, Depanent of Econ ns, Do 7013. S-75007 Uppsala, Sen Wtlands and Sustalnable Development tn the Swedish Islad Gotland BLANCO, SERGIO; Deparent of City and Regkoal P.ing, The Uniersity f Pennsylvaia, Ph&u~pha-Pfefl~nIa The Eutroph~cation of Local Economes 5 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Authors and Tfdes by Topic NFOaD, MICHAEL W.; Graduate School of Design, Harvard Uniwviy, 40 Quincy St., Cawrge, MA 02138 KOLATA, ALAN R. ; Department of Anthropology, lniversity of Chicago, 1126 B. 9th St., Chicago, IL 60637, and BRNNER, MARK ; Florida Mwean qf Natural History, Uiveruity of Floria Gainesville, FL 32611 ReVhbilitating Ancient Raised Fields I the Bolivian Altiplano: Palesecological and Archaeological Evidence for Sustainable Agriculture. BOJ6RQUEZ-TAPIA, LUIS A.; and FLORES.VILLELA, OSCAR Centrede Eelogle, LNAM. Apartedo Postal 70 275, Mexico 04510 A Method For Land.Use Planning and Conservation Ia Mexico BROWN, PETER G. ; School of Putl Aj,sW, MerrP Hal, Uniaersity of Marlmnd, College Park, MD 20742 Intergenerational Costs and the Grebabouse Effect ERSKINE, J. M.; Institute of Natural ResAources, University of Natal, P.O. Box 375, Pieterariburg 3200, South frica Environment, Agriculture and Economicss Achieving Sustainable Development In the Less Developed Rual Areas of Southern Africa GUPTA, ANIL L; Indian Institute of Management, Vastrapr. Ahmedabad India Sustainable Development of Indian Agriculture: Green Revolution Revisited RLINK, FEDERICO AGUILERA; GUTIERREZ, CARLOS CASTILLA; and PADRON, MIGUEL SANCHEZ ; Departaento de Economa Apticada, Universided de La Lagiusa, 38071 La Laguna, Teneife, Islas Canriws Spain Interpreting Ecological Economics In a Postmodernism Era: Sustainable Development Versus the Lack of Development Towards an International Ecological Order. MONK, TRACIE E.; 1917 S. Randolph St., Arlington, VA 22204 Conflicting Priorities: The Struggle for Sustainable Development In Indonesia NICHOLSON, GUY ; BiWlax, 6 Ind&a Place, K loof 3610 South Africa An Approach to the EnvIronmental Planning of Growing Third World Cities that is Compatible with Ecological Sustaluability SADLER, BARRY ; Lstite of the NorthaficiamWat, Victoria, British Colmambi, Canada An Impact Compensation Theory of Sustainable Development TOBEY, AM A4 United States Depart*ent of Agricate. Economic Research Service, 1301 New York Awne, NW Room 50, Washington, DC 20005-4788 Opportunities for Eav-anental Sustainablity In OECD Agriculture VAN PELT, MICHAEL J.., KUYVENHOVEN, ARIE; Netherlands Econoaic Istitute, RoetterdalWageningen Agricturar University, Roterdam, The Netherlands, and NIJEAMP, PETER; Free University of Aasterdan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Sustalnablitty and Project Appraisal -n Developing Countries: Methodological Challenges RoW'elg md &mkW Smnomic .torldd ew*. ThAesRI AMIR, SHMU L; Deparament of Applied Physics and Mathemarics, Soreq Nuclear Research Center, Yne 7061il, brael ThermodynamIes, Economics, and Ecology: An Analogy CARPENTER, STANLEY R*4 PAilosophy of Techology, School of Social Sciences, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, Go 30332 Sustaluablity and Forms of LIfe ROCHELEAU, DIANNE E.; Department of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, Ma Indigeness Ecological Economics: Projecting the Long Term View from Local Space SHOGREN, JASON F.; Department of Economics, Iowa State University, Ames. Iowa 50011, and NOWELL, CLIFFORD ;Depavent of Economics, Weber State College, Ogden, Utah 84403 Economics and Ecology: Comparison of Experimental Methodologies and Philosophles 6 Ecological Economics of Sustainabilty:y Authns and Titles by Topic SODERAUM, PETER ; Swedish University of Agricult~ral Sciences, Depatment of Rcoomcs, Ax 7013, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden Neoclassical and Institutional Approaches to Development and Envronment TOMAN, MICHAEL and COSSON, PIERRE; Resources for dhe Futre, 1616 P Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036 The Different Dimensions of Sustainabfity: A Review UNDERWOOD, DANIEL A. ; International Center for Water Resources Mngement, Central State University, Wilherforce,0hio 45384 Lessons From Adaptabillty Theory For Sastainable Environmental Management VIEDERMAN, STEPHEN ; President, Jessie Smith Noyes Fo^dation, 16 East 34th St., New York, NY 10016 Building the Field of Ecological Economics Develoning and Ecological Economie World View: Debate ALLEN, P.M.; CLARK, N. and PEREZ.TREJO, F.; International Ecotechnology Resear~ Centre. Cranfeld lstitute of TechoWy, CraBeld De4frdM43 OAL,UNITED MODOM C-ange and Sustalnability: The Evolution of Wisdom COMMON, M.S.; Centre for Resource and Environmental Studis, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia A Pragmatic Approach to the Development of an Ecological Economics IL, J. LLOYD JR.; Epire State Colege, S.U.NY. , Candögua NY 14424 The Economic Trade Off-Growth vs the Environment MACPHERSON, D1.. AND THOMAS, .F.; CSIRO Divison of Water Resources, Private Dag, PO Wenbley, Western Australia 6014 Ån Inteligent Data aue for Order~ng n Ecologial-Eeeneamis Debate MAIEL-RIGAUD, GERHARD; Inmtite for Europen Environmental Po~cy. Aloy-Schulte.Str. 6, 5300 Don Interventious in Naturo-or Economy? On the Scientific Background of a Conflict Onestioninn Basic Assu ~ntions BAINES, J.T. ; Principal in James 8Dne, & AssociatesPO Box 8620, OautaiChristchurch, Aotearo,New Zean~d, and PEET, NJ. iSenior Lecturer in the Department of aemicl & -Process Engineering, University of Canterbry, 0tautaiChristchurck, Aotearoa,Mew Zea~4. Sustalnable Development and Stock Resources: Is There a Contradiction? (Energy Policy Within a Framework of Bustainable Development) ERIKSSON, KARL.ERIC and MANSSON, BENGT A.; Institute for Physical Resource Theory, University of Goteborg and Chalmers Univrsity of Technog. S-41296, Goteborg, Sweden Physical Concepts in Ecologicul Economics LOWE, IAN; Division of Science and Tecknology, Science Policy Researcm Centre, Grith University, Nathan. Drisbane, Queen~d, Austria, 4111 Economics of Sustainability: A Case Study LOZADA, GABRIEL A4 Department of Econ~uics, Tas A&M University, Cllege Station, TX 77843-4228 Lidtations on the Scope of Neodassical Resource Economics NAREDO, JOSZ MANUEL; ClEladia Lope Vilches, 12, 29033 Madrid, Span From the Economde System Towards the Economics of Systems REM, WILLIAM E.; The University of British Columbia, School pf Community and Regional Plann.g, 6333 Memorial Road, Vancouver, DC,Canada V6T IWS Why Economics Won't Save the World Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Authors and Titles by Topic SMITH, GERALD ALONZO; Center for a Human Economy, Makato State Uiver*iy, Mankato, HN 56001 What Rationality? Whose Efficiency? Manasiin the Commons far stainabilitv BERKES, FICRET; Iat:hte of Urban and Environmental Studies, Brock University. St. Catherine, Ontario 12S MI, Conada Sequential Exploitation and the Ecological Economics of Living Resources CAPISTRANO, A.D. and KER, C.4 University of Florida, Food and Resource Bonomics, Galierlle, Floride 32611 Global Economic Influences on Tropical Closed Broadleaved Forest Depletion CASTILLO, SERGIO; PRMC, CATIE. 7170 Twrlba. Costa Rica, Central America Management of an Ecosystem as a Multiproduct Asset In a Developing Country Context CHOPRA, KANCHAN and KADEKODI, GOPAL K4 latitute of Ecomic Growth4 Deah. India - - People's Participation and Common Property Resources: Some Refetections RAMMER, MONICA; Ask Laboratory. Depareent of Ndaral Resource Management. StockholU University. -106 91 Stockholm. Sweden Marine Ecosystem Support In Relation to Fisheries Management MAY, PETER 4 R. PalOandO. 269103. 22210 Rio de Janeiro. RU Brai Savage Capitalism International Market Alliances to Conserve Neotropical Forests SWART, RJ. and MAAS, RJ.M4 National lnaritate for Public Health and Environmental Protection, Bilthosen, The Netherlands From Global to National Climate Policy 8 Ecological Economics of Sustainability:sAuthos and Titles by Topic Invited Sension 2:, Accoitling. Modeling and Analsis ~AAT, LEON C4 Instite for avfronnsental Suudlu, Fra Universty Am~erdan, P,.~os 7161, Aut^dn, 1007 MC Nerkerlandö Ecological.Econoint Models for Sustafnable Regional DevelopMfet CLARE, COLIN W4 laarkare of AppOfed Ma~earla, The Universky of British Colubia, Vacoief0, VT 144, British Columa, Canad Blage Against Sustainable Development CLEVELAND, CUTLER .; Deparnt of Oeography and Center for Bery and Unvron~ental MadEr, BStron Universkty 675 C~,-~~egtra Av.. Boston, MA 02144 Natural Resource Scareity and Economic Growtb Revisited: Economic and Blophyscal Perspectivea d'ARGE, RALPH C. and SPASH, CLIVE 2 Dpar~nent of eanomIcs, Bo 39. UnOversity Utaden, Univerity of Wyon#i, Lfram*le, Wynlng 82071 Compensatng Feture Generato~s for Adverme EconoMMIC Impads EL SERAFY, SALA; Tåt Wormd Bn1, 1518 mi Bwae, N.W. Wrkltesn, DC 20433 Time Environment as Capital HANNON, BRUCE; Dpanunet of Geography, Univusky of Mllinois, Ubana, I, 61801 A General Acounting Framework for EClogleal Systems U EilN, oRE; Neherhids Central Bureau of B ~atistica, Prineu Beatr~rlamn 428^ 2270 AZ V~orbu ShOuld Nat~onat Incoe be Correted for Environmtal Lsses? A Theoretical Demma, et a Praectioa Salution MCGLADE, JACQUEfiNE; Theoukal Scaloi W~rkig 0rep, EPA. Jäl~s~,FederM Repui Gfm.ny The Iv~sible Criss The Need fur-New Medes of Analysik Sa Mdeming Ca Resour s MICH,WILIM 4 So of NWe j ~ ~ Res=os, The 0ki# a~e Univeru~ry, Ca.abu, Ohii 43210 Ecotoglea Egineerng - An Envronmetat Methodhlogy ror Sustalmabity aud modvsty PESKIN. HENRY M. Edgevete Auae lnc., 1210 Edgeae Road, Sier Spring, MD 20910 Alternatdve Evrnsentat and Resseac Accaunting Approaches PROOPS, JL4 Departmet of Ecm~o,o- and Manaenu Science, Universty of Keele, St 'b � а � w 8 � I� � � � � � '� о о � '� �° � .�^ '� � � � • � � .� 'е! ь w � у,� � ��и 8 а .S & �s�g .Q � о �i � 8 g уΡ� � .д а �,,,, � � & � � � � . � � � $ а �- '�'8� ° � �� `� й � г� ад о С� S�� С " w. �'� � �� л " �' ~ .� о � ,. `д � � � � , �9 '� ,� � О w о о � '� �о � � +. � � � � � ,ое .� � � � • � � � �t,� � �° � � е � Е. � �8 � ко ° '8 .� '"` `� ,� � � о � 8 • � � � � ` � "а ° °� � � � а .�i` � W � '�'� � � `° � � � � ,� � � � � '� � ,� � Z •� � � �,,,. � а '!9 8 . о $ , � � �g Ег, . 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Ri , .� � � Ecological Economics of SuMnMity: Contributed Abstram tfäh ~ MV~ td with ~ I:o a rda~ ~ om bo dm with *e hö¥ d iho hot *quiv~te a noxlou mbs=om m defi~ a du w bu gm~ by a~ in a PMU~ pm~ of giva affity 0150« di~ by the ~ 6~ ~ into a not prod~ pm~ of the am ~ ~ poktion Offitröl in 0* mm bu to ~ lm dmt in m wbamw into the bio~ r~ b~ äniting v~ ddu~ by då asa~ and ~W consum In dm db~ mm~ dm MONS m about 0.1% ta 80% Not ndo~ 1% - 4.4% for 60% - M d~~, 38% tu M% = n~ ad ~ and 00% - 3% for dm &~ of rad~ve ~kw fad m& 11* t~ ~ ~W m~ for the å~ Proc^ of pobdon 0~ is equel to the IMONS with dm ao~ of dm m~ fid rok ~ OM - 0.9% b~ to bo a~ for die m~ lut in q^ R&Mo M m~ b do ~ ~ty ~ via dm conv~ effic~ of 38% for 0081 ~WJ3 h@et of ~ 18 ud~ - 6 kW for d~~ I MW fat = ad o~ and 3 - 118 kW for nwiew fäl red db~ 3~ to då 8~ ~~B of w~ wam w~ polå~ts in dm Own= w~ laq law, dm hm ar o~ *quivaluts of w~ ~~ May m v. a om o~ kw d~ team and ~ te a~ LEE, DAMT ad PAULSEN, CHARLES ~os 1w 0* Fx~. 1616 P S~ NW, WM~^ DC. =36- Inteigrated Zcolodtal and Zcoaomle Modelling for Flebortas Planalag In the Columbia River Basta Hy*o~ dowelo~at and o~ons in the Celn~ Riva ~ off we~ ~ A~ haft nduced =~delly the m~ of ~ ~ and me~ cm rewning to dm bok auh yem. ~ and r~ a~ am invälvoxi in a ~ve effint to m~ *a bio~ b~ of dm by*o~ q~ and mbuce the ca~ of dm bada to s~ h~M ma Om of *ankan~ IhL flat nåd~ and enhow*amt at dds ~ 0~ at a hm ~ In term of a~ ~ ftem ad ~M h-k-p- ~~ bu~ mo~ ad ~k~ ~ am m~ to ~tify omsocedvo 6~ for g the 0~ $o ~ *mm~ p~ d~ and fish ~~ oh~es. This ~ wiff r~ ~= effleft to dovcig an intepaud mdm of ~ te mw éh necd and ftom pm~ ~ M am being osed in a~ LILL, J. LLOYD JR. &¥irc Swe C~#. LUX.Y. . Ca~gua, NY 14424 The Zconomle Trade Off-Growth va the gåviroament The envåon~ ~ and its cm en ~ have d~ o~ ~ do ocenonde ad wo~ i~ kmq odety. IM d~ la no 1~ du Om ~ is =4 bet ~ path wo w~ bo ab and at what ~ Iho g~ *nd WMäMp ova dm paa wo cm~ bu a~ ~9 ~ork me of en~ wam ad couq~ Vwda~ The 9~ of wson~ ad cavh=nonsäl pollution ha dram~ a~ o~ and a~ *och oävkon~tal ~~ m (1) ~1 ww~ (2) The dop~ of the omm layer. (3) Pop~ pmå in *e Third World amtries. (4) lade~ poll~ commucd In the iaduur~ ~w but rmving 4~ to Third Watid o~Mu. (3) Acid t^ Thå peW wili begin wah an exanå~ of wo~ g~ and ~Olm km a bio~ per~ve foä~ by an «a~ of bu~ g~ in AmakL ~~ andyså c~cat of ind~ poffpum wiU be cridqud. Two d~ båM cnTh~ in ibis Ma, b~ a dM ta coonovJu ft= om dat cwqb~ ~ and emplo~ to on* dut hg~ mm~ wäh ush~ty and self-Mi^ Dec~ ~ou will bo sevm a ~ å~ woold bo in our value ~ ftm om cu~ maxin*ing opd~ and ~ing m~. to oec dua dm at a eco~ j~ - LINM, u~ end TÄMR01 NKARCO ~ cf £w~ and Dcpý of Bå~~ Sé~ U~fty of hdy Atradnin A Non Point Source Pollution Problem EnvåmnMät&I ma~ with pa~ fob b= aipdc~ ~~ bes dram the a~on of «mo~ who kw faond dm poky q~ In mm ~ #mm ~ chål~ ~ choW and m~ for pofi~ vo~ =M in ~ omw pro~ sub as komry mddm d~ and ek pol~ may not bo f~le when ~måg mm am hw4 Ah~ve, p~ ~~ fla a ~ am ar åm~ (änd pm~) for Wlikving (et w9 ~ oavkommul ~ pah have bom fwm~ in a ~1 w ~ oquffibdum ftamv~ b wha ~ wo om a am study of dm pe~ u~ (a dmp ha~ q~ m ~ in die ~ of V~ to å~ doa ~ am emu for wffi ~ tucs wffi bo hoffecdvo in m~ dm nu of dm ~ pe~ Thet is. no k~ I«y wffl h~ a ~-n=~ k~. in a ~ equff~ contu14 to eximo tbc q~ uff a~ appliod per b~ to, a de~ ~ Fw~ncm b is mm diat in a m= m> ~ u~ km ~ondb 0» '64 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contrbuted Abstracts necessry levy would be even - unacceptable. Given that market diuncentäves we of quesdenable revance for =nädim and other cheap agricultural chemicals, the authors suggest that at Meast i the cas of Veneto and Italy in gen~ml. a refecusing of ah~ady ~xising subsides could do a great deal towad reducing the dangers that s 9ch subatances pose to the local populaton. LONERGAN, STEPHEN and RARTE, MICHAEL Deparw~nt of Geography, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700. Victoria, D.C. V8W 2y2 Cnada Market Oriented Strategles for Redudg CO2 Emissfonss Taxes, Price Inducemente and Regional Impaets The Energy Options Advisory Committee was establshed by the Candtan govemment in 1987 to mine energy issues and options for the future, la their recently submitted report, the committee remn the adoption of market.orented regulatory policis to promote envbonmental goals and a move towada *full ot energy prl*ng. In the transportation sutor alone, this would amomnt to an additional cost of over $3000 per automble. Other counries have considered sim~r measures with respect to reducing con dioxide an s as on element en an over~i strategy to lower greenhouse gas emisins. Sweden, for example, is considering 3.g cent per k =ogram carbon tax. Othms have estinmted that 5.5 cent per kg is the minimum e that should bo imphemented. This paper will address the iss~e of full cnt energy pricing by concentrating on the carbon emission tax issue and providing an initial asseasment of the regional economic cosms of iposing sc a tax. The purpose of this paper will be threefold. First, to review emission taxes and pricing inducements prsently being condead internationally to reduce greenhous gas emissions. This will include a discussion of appropriate tax levels and the offered for these levels. Second, to discuss the need for, and utillty of, setting emission taxes and incorporating all cosa in energy pricing. And third, to present the prel~minary resuhs of an Input-output study aimed at aeingthe impaci of a carbon tax on the British Columbia economy. The presentation will ond with a brief discusson on the potential cosa of clate change to society and what level of crbon emission tax is approprate. LOWE, IAN Divisn of Sciace md Technoloy, Science Policy Research Centre, Onifith University, Natha , Bribane, Qmensld, Aurlia, 4111 Economdes of gustainabUity: A Case Study Tammania is one of the states of Australia. It is also an island. Although its economy is complated by being part of a federal system, is geographical separation facilitates treating Tammania as an isolat unit: nputs and outputs me well documented. Inaeasing envronmental awareness and an unusuay democratic eletoral system have conbined to give Tasmana a parliament in which the balance of power is held by a group of Green ~dependents. On* of the consequences has been the commissioning of a study of the organizing principles which could be used to convert the economy of Tasmana into an ecologicay sustsånable system. Tasmana is by any critera a small economic unit The state is roughly 70,000 square kilometres in ar, and its population is only 500,000. The climate is, by Australian stadards, cool and weL Tho state aready has a very strong commitment to the se of renewable energy the endre electrical system, apart from on small back-up generator is hydro- olectric, and wood is the pdicipal heating fuel for half the residents. The economi` srategy has tcadtionally been based on the principle of using cheap nergy to attract energy-Intensive industry, bet this strategy has not been a oonspicuous success. Tasmnua has suffered mare than most other Australian stats from the application during the 1980s of convention economic theodes having an unemployment rate above 8% and a steady loss of young people to other states. Principal industries am minerals, forestry and tourism. The development of a sustainable economic strategy has been based on identifying activities which could be developed withot damage to the biophyscal system. Thus, industries which conserve natural resoues, such as insulating buildings or harnesing renewable energy, were considered preferable to exploitative activities. Cradle-to-grave accounting has been deployed to ascertan the total environmental impact of varous activities. The overall conclusion is that an ecologically sustainable system actually offers economic prospects which ae at least as good, even by conventional mensures, as the traditional approach of trsting the market. Development of a strategy for sustalnable development and associated policy measures will be described as a cae study in the appfication of the principles of ecological economics. 65 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contributed Abstracts LOZADA, GABRIEL A. Dep~ ~nent of Economis, Texas A&M Univeruity. Colege Station, TX 77843-4228 Limitations on the Scope of Neoclassical Resonrce Economics There has been very little communiados between tho neoclassical and non.caula "amp" of psourco economist, and even less has there been a lear delinmaon of the eunder which one approach or tho other is valid. This paper shows that the ~copo of neeclasial naeibMe tesource conomics i ted to poblems in which the exhaustible resomxc is not essental to productdon. Since poblems couning resomes which ame ssential is precisly what the non-neoclassical school concerns its~lf with, it is ear when the approach of on school Is apppdate and when tho approach of the other school has to bo used. To demonstrate the neoclmascal approach's mitatons, suppob» the demand crvo doms not interset the pricoe axis; for example let prco p be relatd to quanduy Q byQ = 1/ln p for large p. If extradon costs are, ny, er, then competitive equlibrium ocmrs when the rusoure p rses menentially at tho rt of intrest. Combning this with the demand curve gives quantity at dm t an 11rt + ln po). Howe r,if quantity grows in such a fashion thn total quantity extracted will eventually exceed any finite depost sine, which is infeasible. MACLEAN, JOHN C. 548 Märsachsweu Avenue. B3ton, MA 02118 Factoring Environmental Externalltles Into Electric Power Supply Dedsion-Maklng Electric utilities needing new power supply sources are acqu~ing additional capacity by soliciting power supply proposals from small and independent power producers. Stato regulatory commsion are eablishing guidelines which utilities must follow in procuring and cvaluating thes new power supply options. In sevral states, reguaors are beginning to requ~ utillties to explicitly account for envhonmental extemalities in övaluating power supply options. The New York Public Service Commission is requirång that up to 1.4 cents/kwh b added to the cost of certain, pr~marly fossil fuel based, sapply options to represent cxternal costa of air and water pollution and other envenmental impact. In Wisconsin, regulators established a 15% "non-combustionu mndit to account for im~pats of coMbstion ddven power and reduce tho relative costs of non-combustion options, inluding conservation, for deteanining mplementation priorities. In Illinois, Oregon, Main, Vermont, and Virginia, utility comn oninos we developing or promulgaxing guidelines for factoring environmental externalites into power supply decislon-maSng. This pper reports en the policis and methodologies that State PUC's are establiehng in this ame, identfies conf~ots and difikulties thes. nascent guidelines face in their further development and enforcement, and speculats on the impact whieh their tro nforceanent can have en our energy futum, especiy an conservation and renowables. MACPHERSON, D.L AND THOMAS, JJ. CSIRO Division of Wwrer Resouces, Privatk BaN, PO W~sMey, Western Ausalia 6014 An Intelligent Data Base for Ordering an Ecloigical.Economics Debate Economic and envionmental Modeners have c ~ been nmericeally oriented. Yot policy debates often hinge upon conceptual distioctions (eg. utiftly versus susmn,~ ty); referential beundares (o.g. pardal versus general); assumpdons (o.g. cteris paribs, existence of catautrophic suri'ioes, subadtutional behavlor or technical chage); stance (e. positive or normative); and above all the interplay of relevant opidons. Nearly all at.mpts to resolve differences of this kind rely on natural language argument When simuladon is exhausted, policy resolution is widely aomplished by interaction of viewholders. These may be expert, or not; and their arguments ay bo rigorous, inforal or rhetodcaL This paper argues that soft-systems techniques can promot tho derivation of acceptable plans based on ecological-economic analysis. They may also ad to tho reforulation of probles in ways that alter the mode of analysis. MAIER.RIGAUD, GERHARD Isuiute for Europeanm Enviroameal Policy, Aloy~s te-Str. 6, $300 om Interventions in Nature or Economy? On the Scentfic Backgrond of a Couflct Enviunmental policy is til confronted with the con~ic between economy and ecology. Nuneros teap of reconc~laden have resultod in a sort of political compromis.'This paper is an investigation into the logical some of the conflict. It is stressed that oven what we call coological ag or t the outcome of natural sciences. The interpretaen of sech findings a a problem is, on thene hand, du to sciend u ra of the ankaivo capacity of naure and en tho other hand due to prevalling ideas en ecenomic adjustment c ~ide. An mnvironna1 problem 66 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contributed Abstracts would not exist if sfentio adings woudm state mither an inf~nite assmindatve capacy of nature or perfeot adjustments of the economy to environmetal chalenges. All cmpromises in enho=mental policy are, hefore, based on caret hypothesis as to the adaptubiliy of the natural and economi systa. This reveals fundamntal que~dons of the valdity of s^entic ~ndings. Are the prevamling empiuical methods of scientific discovery a solid bas to detd~ne t Wreshold levulh of po~uton? And what about evidence cn economics? What do wo actually know about the driving fme. behind o*nmic development and endogenous structural procsses How solid an judgement of economists be as far as tolable env munrental charges on the economy are concerned? From this point of view, the guiding ine of env*omneatal policy should first of all be the acceptance that all our knowiedgo is prelminary. Taerefore, in order to preserve the eokloal basis of mankind we have to minimize interventions up to a yet unknown deguee. Ecological economics ccontribute by w~thdrwing ttos obstacles which have been planted in our minds during the history of econmic analysi. The result shows that the confict hypoes~s is obsolete But even more inportmnt is that the conservation of the natural basis of life becomes the primary concern of economic ativby. Envirnarental policy turs from being a burden or a restrcuion of economic actlvides into a very economical end. MARTIN, LARRY 1442 Ha~ard St., NW Wäringten, DC 20009 The Grss National Waste Produet The ~NP measure of aggregate purhases is widely viewed as an indicator of economoic health and thus social welfare. The cas is made that the escalating price of wast. management and pollution control is representative of increasing distlides none-tho-ss calculated as contributing ver more to our measue of economic ha1th." Wesar business trategy founded on inoreasing the flow of resoumes in the ecoomy to genert utility has overmhot is Pareto optimum and now also produces disutiHty. Waste management and pollution control are ~ilustrative production mntematies (and disutilies) whose costs are transferred to the public and household soctors (harming these setors). lntanalinati a of costa is possible, but reqires severe structural adjustmets to mature economies. The adjusment mun in larg part come in the for of reducing the flow of resources through the economy. This is done by simultaneously increasing the utility of resources (product, services, etc...) and so avoding any nct loss of wealth (capital) in the economy at any point in time. Products are made to last longer, be mom asy repaired or upgraded, and mor easily recycled. The oconomy becomes more decentral~zed, at las geograpically, as repair and maintenance services becom mor impornant. Produca me designed to last and to alow their mater~a to be recovered when discarded. Cites become the mines and milis of tomorrow as waste is recovered for its matedal resouroe vale. Athough mway jobs will be tran~ferred from primary and secondary producnton to service, It is possibe that educing production will bad to decreased overall t*ditonal employment. This a revisiting the distibuton of wealt. Inoreasing the role and aut~nomy of the ocal economy in product service and resource recovery decentralies the econoy. and is more responsive to pardcipatory denocracy. Strong local economis can be better struetued to provide for people's basic needs (tha can national or global economics), and free their ti m to deveop their creativ poteal. A thorough quandfication of wastes contribudon to the economy is made, and itial formulations assigning wastä's opportunity costa agant the changes out~ined above presented. MAY, PETER H. R. Påairn~d, 2691)03, 22210 Rio de ~seiro, RJ, Bruil Savage Capitallsn International Market Allianes to Consuve Neotroplcal Forests Improbable as thcy are, the recently emerged alliances between social movements of forest pooples and progressive intmrnatioal entrepreneurs investing in now market for tropical forest prodncts represent an important phenomenn ite struggle to preserve the Amaznon and indigenous cultures. 'This paper traes. trends and probable resulta of thes alliances with regard to both w~pical resource conservation and the paui~pation of marginal social groups in national economic development. Pkoducers' level of organization and control over reaources are posited to detrnina the direction of these outcomes. The trade-off betwen capitalist objc~tives and disributive proposals of forest people Mhlu~tnte possible contradictions in sndainab development. Nevertheess, these internaional al=nces reprebent a new, perhaps widey replcable ~nodel of global cooperateon to manage trnamned common poo resorces. Suct aliances recognis forces driving moder capnatimn--profts, growth and incom en t-whil at the sam dme respet the value of conserving indigenous knowedge, irrepbe~le gene pools and prisdne ecosyemt. MAYU~U, KOZO Reserch Feiow, ~ . prten~ of Appled Muäa~atics nd Physics, Fcaty of Engineing. Kyvo Universy, Kyoto 606 67 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contributed Abstracs The Law of Dimlnishing Returns Radically Reconstructed: Its Physle-Chemical Foundaion and ImplicatIon for the Resource and Envfronmental Constraint In the Future Economy The osimtial theme of this study focuses on the 1arg, sae water-energy transfornatIon i* the present world and ite plausible consequence upon the futur economy In trmm of four vaudations of the kw of &dnin g retmas, on of which is that of traditonal economics. These four var~ations will help ns to face up to the unnoticed physo-chemalc reality, which has been the source of motiva power in the present indusatrial world, so to speak, bet has not attracted economsts' attention for a long time. After touching pon the history of the law of diminishing returas with the donain of economic science in Se~don , Section II first Introduces a thennodynamic analysi initiated by Georgescu-Roegen in order to appreciate not only the physico-chanical reality of conomi* process bet also the res=e and avronmontal limtation threatening our futum existence on the earth. Then two types of efficiency in pbysica term wil be ineoduced in otder to appreciate the tremendous spued of matter-energy degrdation in the present industrial world. Bffciency of TypI I (EFTI) refors to the ratio of ouput to input EFT1 leave time required out of consderation. On tho other band, Efficiency of Typa 2 (EFT2) refers to output per unit time. IM2 leaves the amount of Inputs out of account. Ther ta an opdmal combnaon of EFT1 and EFT2 under some technical crterion. However, the present state of technology appropriates 1F2 much more thn EFT1-we call this situation of the modem technoloal matrix E 2 feiidhism-and the high level of EFT2 is guaranteed by low entropy resources, especiatly fousil fuels, stored in the past. The ratonalo that Georgescu-Rogen proposed the Fouith Law of Themodynamics will also be presented in ter s of EM2 fetisbism. SectIon DII rexnsi tho views of two great minds, Justus von Liebig and Karl Mar, who both had prophetic vision concerning EFT2 fedism of modern agricuure and Its possible o~t~ome in the fuure economy. Seotion IV deas with four variations of the law of dmnishlng retrns througb which we can see the true pictaure of our resoure and envkonmental constraint due to the pressat EP12 fetisbism. Thee examples a also presented how these laws are now threatening our cconomy as a wbole. Seon V considerm some Implieations of these laws for the futre generations. MCKELVEY, ROBERT Maåhemadcal Scines Deparnent, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812 A Mayeslan Approach to the Coservation of Biologleal Diversity A regulatory decison, involving endangered species or degmaded ecosystems may b posed as a trade-off between incommensurates: a balancing of leves of survival expectations against competng socioconomic goals, with no comon curreoncy available for measuring the utiliy of the trade-off. A common pr~dce In mulitrion enviroumental regulation is to mandat minimum standards for the envkonmental criteria, and then to optmisn, e bsnef te within dies. conutraints. A similar approach to conservation of biodiversity is complicated by rrevesibility, ncmne~ information, and inherent uncertainty: by the vast gaps in our present understanding of the stability and reslience of natural bilogieal systems, and the certain ireversibiity of extinctions should we misjudge by uncertainties in anticipating future environmental condittons, and in apprasing fature benefits of preserving biological diversity. Bayeuian desion th"eoy is a well-developed methodology to guide rational regulatory decisions in the face of incomplete information and uncertoanty. I outline hero a formal Bayesian approach to sequential decision-&aking in conservadon biology. I dien apply die genera approach to an analysis of the conflict over the barvest of old-growh timber in the Pacife Northwest, and its plications for the continuing viability of the Northern Spotted OwL. MCKONE, THOMAS E. Unhersity of Calfo~, Lawrence Liver~re Nadn- Laboratory, P.O. Box 5507, L-453, Liversre, CA 94550 Tracking the Global Fate of Industrial Emisslons on a Madtosh Using STELLA Using information collected under the Superfund Reauthoriation Act die Envirnmental Prote~don Agency bas revealed that som 2.4 bilo pounds of toxic chemicals me released annually to the atmsphere from industdes in the U This type of information has focused attention on die behavior of chemicals roleased from modern economies nto the envronment Many of these chemicats can be transported over long distances in die troposphere and stratosphere or throgh river and oceans. We know that och long-rouge transport can ead to cid precpitat n and oliten moäfia~ln However, these findings also as. questions about the health and envronmental risk aWributable to the ansport and transforMation pat~rna of the thonsandå of chemicats produced or mobilied by human advides. 'Ie goals of this paper ae to (1) review the sae of the art in modelling multimedia transport and transformaton processus for indusdal residuas, (2) quantif the associated human and ecosystem exposures, and (3) consider the types of models and mame needed to de~ne pathway exposure factrs, which retate an industrial source to levels of human or ecosyste contact with contamiuanti . UsIng the STLLA simutation model, I will examine a test case esnate of expose to chtorlat volate organic chemical relemed to a air. soil, and water. I will examine how chemical properies effect both dhe ndmae rea. and quantily of human and ecosystem exposure. F ynaly. I will assess the uncerta~ntwe in ecunma of expas~ and 1dntify soces of uncertainty. 68 Ecological Economics of Sustainabilyty: Conbuted Abstracts MONK, TRACIE . 1917 3. Radolph St., Arfington, VA 22204 Coanieting PrIorities: The Struggle for Suutainable Developmnt in Indonesla For Indonesa, attempts to achieve envonmental and other long-term objectvs are often t~warted by the conflicting national priorities almed at ueducing poverty, unemployment and population growth and promoting industria~zation and economic gwth. Boological I oonsldeed by many decision nkers to be a luxury that the country can not yet afford. The focus on short-torm inturesta mans that enforeement of Indonsa nironmental standards and regulations is often inimal. Corruption is also commonplace in gove nt and business cirelm, further aggravating amempts by ndonesia's Minister for Enviroment and Population, Emil Sali, and other to ser the nation toward environmentally sound development. With the move in 1988 placing the Envinämental Ministry diredy und the Priesident, supporte hoped that Indonesa's critical envionmental pro.bsms would re~ive more weight in government decison mng The omtnm of the country's fist environmental lawsuit and envrnmentalists' 'empty vitory' over Scott Paper's propomed US$650 milon pulp and paper investment, however, illustrate the slow progress of suslnable development within IndonesLa. This paper discuss te complexkties surounding ecologoa~ y sustalnable development in developing counies. It Investigates the varous rolm of Indonis government agencies, courts, non-government organiatlins (NGOs). and corporations in formulating and enforcing cologically sound policies. It alma discusses how, for Indonenäa, the most important players in the current movement towad su~sinability may be the intemational don=r comun~ity. MOREHOUS, WARD ComaWE on om ternatioal and Pubic Affir; laternmte Technology Devopment Grop of NOrh merica; School of ~terational Afflrs, Colnba Univerity, New York, NY. Equity and Ecology in the Great Global Clean-Up: A gtperad for Toic Workers The 1990s are increauingly being recognitud as the decade of the Great Global Clean-Up if we reay want to preserve the bo=phere from irrevasible damage. A critical element in moving from thetori~ about the need to clean up the environment to concret action lies in designing measures that are economically feasible and po~ticaRy possibleIf we really are serious about this clean-up, steps taken mo far me a pale shadow of what must sdl be don. Luts of workers in polluting industrines- from chemicals to mining and metal working-wil lose their jobs if we really do get seious. But it is not fair that the burden of this clean-up which benefita al of us should fall mo heavily on on segment of the populadon-namely, the workers In these indusafe. Unlsa we can find ways of achieving a mre equitable distribution of those burdens, there will in~vitably be sMong resistmnce to much a lean-up. What is neded is the opportunity for those displaced toxc workers to retool themselves for the mars demmnding, highr skiM jobs of the 1990s and beyond which ae at the sams time environmentay benig. This will mean in mast instanaes an extended period of tranng, leading where appropriate to a university degre or m sim~ar professional qualfication. At least soms of these dinplaced toxi workers may be encouraged to prepare themselves for poions in cdu~aon and other social and comm~nity services that forecasters tell m will be so hud to ffi in the years ahead, especiay in the industrialiked countries, bet also in varying degrees in developing conies too.in de USA, there is aheady in place a Superfund to cean up to~ic waste du=ps. And there 1a likely soon to be in place as well cofpreheasive oi-spil legislation. the main featre of which is the establishment of a $1 bilion induay-finance fnd to pay for spUil lean-up and damage s.i tims for. Superfund for toxic wodkers to enable them to prepare for a very different kind of f~ute.The design of such an initative in the USA is presented, inoluding projections of displaced worker ranked by the severity of the envronmental polluton caused by different categories of indusry, ~lkely costs for retraining sild workers, and alternative methods of financing. Parallel experenaes and possbitlas in other countries, both indur~lis-d and developing, will also be examina MROZEK, CARL Colege oEn komental Science nd Foresry, Syracuse Univsy, Syrac e NY 13210 TVNideo: The Magic Box for Mixing Environmaentu Education with Development Television has been much maligned, especia y by die Intelligenti, as an "opiate for the masses, * box creator of ~couch potatoes*... Howeer, this sociay endrsed egg-throwing ignores the emendousuccesses it has spawned in the arm of ed nacn-infranuzlnal programming, espeaa~y in the sciences. Public TV, in the US, and BBC 1- in Rritain, have been the purveyors of muh of the best of this ge with adas like Nova, Natm, Natonal Geographoi Presants, Cosmos, The Living Planet, 3-2-1 Contact, etc. A growing body of research has been linking the viewing of such programing with knowledgsabity and interest in the sciences, and in environmental issues, perdiularly amnong cetala age group.. ln a suve of 1th and 12th 69 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contributed Abstracts g~ader in 33 u~atos Pmrke and BohI (1976) found 42% and 39% of their respondena using TV as teir prinmuy information somce. Whil Richmond and Morgan (1977) fond 4g% of senor hIgh school Modont relying on the mas medlia as their primary sonre of environmental information. Studies such as theso tesify to the important role which mas med~a-TV plays in shaping atttuds on onvironmental Issues at the local to the global levols. While this typ. and qualty level of programing is readily ava~lablo in Noth America, ~moe Japan, etc., what abont tho rest of the world? Can television play a comparable role in the dissemination of envkonmental information in Equador?, in Inda?, in Mexico?. My preentation will provide an overview of avronmental programming efforts in the "devoloping world and suggest ways in which the infomation-dissemination rote of TV may bo expanded soon via technology transfer, and via beter use of existing technology. MUNROE, MARTIN J. Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Aairs, Univerui*y of Teuse. Austin, Texar 78711 Public Policy and Bilomass Transportation Fuels: Economically Useful Information From Energeties The development of appropriate public policy toward production and use of b~omass derived ethanol as an alternativ transportation fuel requires mor information tian the conditions for financial viabity of the in~nstry or a me liang of sparoly documented beneffis: air qualty, job creation, primary energy independence, debt redu~don, and natonal se~uity. By using sultable energy conversion factors, the full extent of social energy inveatments in the othanol prodution process, including the agricultural phase of corn and sugaane feedstoks, Is compard with the maoconomio vulue of the energy of ethanol and byproducts as practical information for use by policy advisors. Our smate of the enagedes output/Input ratio for ethanol produdon is 0.74 (feedtocko grown within Texas' border) to 1.4 (feedstocks purchased from other stats). Although this information suggests the near-term prodtidvity of the Texas economy cannot be sun~d by the ~ag wcale production of ethanol, the potential importance of fuels that or~ginate frm biomass is addressed under the merging scenaro of reduced fossg fåe availabity. NAREDO, JOSE MANUEL CIElWia Lopez Vilces, 12. 29033 Madrid, Spain From the Economic System Towards the Economics of Systems Firat of all, the differences arising between, on the one hand, the approach to the the pupose of study that are peculiar to ecology and, on the other, those relating to standard economics, are analyzed, go as to set forih, with full knowledg of the facto, the reasom behind the "ack of unders~aning that so often springs up between the pacatione , and the m ~itants, of the two disciplir.s, not forgetting the gap between different fields of reasoning: the physical and the monetary, local, and short-term goals and global and long-term goals. Let it be said in passing that, paradoxicaly, tht samo Greek rot, o~ko. is used to name the respeedve discipline.. Afterwads, the irends almed at applying economic analysis to the managmenat of our physical am= n in which humn societes develop, are consid ed, bringing out two different ways of going about it. The firt of these, known so g Etries to establish "new theoretical oonnecotions between ecological and economic systeR" (EE, no. 1). Hee, reasoning is based on an economics of systems rarely seen in standard economics. In the latter case, reasoning is usually based on the singlo notion of an economic system, whos. figures are the daily bread of thosm of our midst who ae involved in national accounting. The second, known as Envrmental Econom attept to broaden the conceptual tools of sa~ndrn economics o the treatnent of problems deriving from the management of physical surronad.ng. The clarificaton of theso tpics is consideed essential when it comes to estabhing fim foundations on which to build an ooncconomåa pystem tha procludes tho above mentioned gaps right from the start. NICHOLSON, GUY Siopan, 6 lnåo Place, K &of 3610 South Africa An Approach to the Environmental Planning of Growing Third World Cities that Is Compatible with Ecological Sustalnability It is proposed that managing the rapid growth of third world cities has Imporant implications for achieving the l of eolc a ~it A pomin p is being dve in rqpily g Durban (South Afdia). In tisa appoc a concet~a model is formn~te which Integraesnvironmental quait, envirnn=tal producon and mann functons into a single meropolitan system. Geographic information systems ae derived from tho onceptual model and thos. systems are transplanted into proces models consisting of planing pathway opdons, gul~n and scenarios that are relevant to both urban planners and the newly urbani~i people. '%e roles attude urveys 70 Ecological Economics of Sustaiabty: Contributed Abstracts and educaton play in influencing planning pahway choc* is dem~ribud and the relaionship between changes in the quallty of life of the inhabitasa of a region and the ecological au~talnabilry of th system they are pat of is ouggested. NINAN, KN. Astant Profb r, Inthate for Social and wnonic Change. NgarbhI P.., Haqa~are 560 072 ln&a Economics of Shifting Cultivation In ndla Shifting cultivation is one of the facor. contrib*m dng to tho coglcal degradation mch as doclining forat cover, soil erosion of many regions inoluding north-east Inå. It is obvious that efforts to prvent furthor decline in the forest cove and other forma of ecologcal degradaton in thes= regions also d~pend upon the success of measurem to curb or stop tho pratice of shifting cultivation. This will largly depnd upon how far a~ternato and viable smu~cs of livelihood such as settled cultivation me provided to shifdng cultivators. This papr, thereforM, analyses the economics of shifting (or Jhurn) cultävation via-a-vis mettled (terrace) cultivation in no -east India, with the help of dero-ävol data and information available in tho studio s conducted by some agro-econonde research centers. Tho study indates that settled (terras) cultivation is not as remnunrative as shifting cultivation. Tho paper arguem that the stratgy for hill. ua development which has hitherto focussed on the narrow isue of shifting (Jhum) versus seutled cultivation should shift i emphasis to tho lager and mre relevant ismse of diversification of economic activities in the hill regions, which holds tho key to the f~ture and economic prospriy of hill and tribal regions. ODUM, HOWARD T. EnvironmentalEngining Sciences and Center for Wetlandr. Unieriy of Florida, Ganesville, Florida A Comparlson of EMERGY (speled with an "M") Amalysis and Input Output Embodled Energy Accounting A 3 mtor energy-economic nework is used to make numerical catMniatians of EhI GY and of emnboded energy by the matrix inversion method of calentating embodid energy. The network umed has typical distribution of energy flow, mater~els flow, and dollar flows, where energy flow is largest in low Uunsformity sectors, money circulation is largest in the high ~ransfor~y* sector, and materials are mars uniform. Embodled energy with the input-output method difTers depending on what data (energy, matkrials, or money) are umed as tho basis for assigning the input energy. Results of EMERGY analysis arm different from dose of input-otput wbodied energy accountg. Critiisms arm made of the use of Input-~utput methods for evaluating environmental and resourco con~ibutions to weah and the grass economwc product. (*Tnsformity is deffned as the Energy of type one requred per unit of another type and is a measure of position in energy hierarchy). ODUM, HOWARD T.. and ARDING, JAN Enviromenial Engineering Sciences and Center for Weands, University fFlorida. Gainesville, Florida EMERGY Analysis of Shrlmp Mariculture and Foreign Trade In Ecuador EMEGY (spelled wih an M") evaluation of tho shuimp aquaculture industry in Ecuador was made by sumning the inputs esch reprsented in solar emjoles, the energy of ons typ* (solar EMERGY) prevously requinrd for these inputs. With sale of shr~p higher EMERGY is delivered to the market than is paid back, even within Ecuador. When exported, much greatur contibution is made to the wealth of tho buying country tha the ~sling country for two reaso~s (1) noney pays only for tho human service component of the sales, and (2) the EMERGYXS ratio is much higher than that of the developed n~nkt countries causing a 4 fold difference in bu~yg power of exchanges involving Intemational dollars. Becase of the high intensity of tho n operations, the costa ars too high for sal in Ecuador so that the pond oprastors and niddlemen becom and enclave of foreign economies with higher standard of living at the expense of the displaced people that formrly used the estuarin EbMERGY now rgely diver~d to rease standard of living of developed countries. Discussion includes alernativ. policies for internationel development to sid underdoveloped countries and a bter foreign polby for tho United Sates. Suggestions are made for an EMEGY basis for recalculating intenational debts. 71 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Conrbuted Abstracts PATTEN, BERNARD C. Dep.rwnt of forat meosystems in tenm of globa wa~ing ab~umet. One way to express the ecomoi valmo of carbo aoenassd in vegetation is in =em of the stimated cost to society of mitigadig carbon dioxide cmissin anmed by the comb~deo of fossi fels. Recent 0 ~imasen of thes~emission ued~otion eosts am minimaud y $50 per ton of carboa. The world forstg m- caently a nat monr,e of from 400 o 1600 milloa tons of cabon amay. While thero may b econoi mnt. inolved ln reducing nt defor~taion te tho beh of doikg mo In ter~s of avoiding th cost of alternatIv form of cub m ~ redution Is cn tho order of $20 to $80 b=on a~nualy. TWis concept is qpäed to a regional ad mse problem: mecond ho e devb= opmant in the Ad ~ondack Park of New York State. PEZZEY, JOHN Depr of Economics. Unversity of Britol, 40 Berkeley Squa.r Dristul Mg HR0 Charges vs Subsidles va Marketable Peredts as Effient and Acceptable Methds of Zffuemt Control: A Property ights Analymis Under perfet competton, both o~mbined hesubsidy ~cenam and m~ketable permit oem~ for uduat control can achieve short and log run nifiency and also pold~al acceptabwity. providkd that bod amd os embody inent basene~ that am ~eated as full propety rghts. The reaizing symmeury bet4e e.m bs a ned amakb permit , a symey ovedooked ha the mRatmre beam of the etryxt s o ak *k ~d for ms u d schemes, opens up a useful choice between tho two echeama dat may have pradal remvance ha onsollng global poffion. A chage ha emmlogy from subsidy' to 'napna~lom' might help In arguing the a for b PIKILOMENA, ANTONIO F13 Unin~ do Rio Grade, Labom~lo de Eoolo, rna Alberto Tores 161. Porto Alegro BrasB What Should Be Taught in Ecologleal eonaodes? Im order to umaih a good basis for the deelopment of Röological oomom the auho r pposes two teaching approaches o bo dim~ussed: 1) one is a mInimumenal come of intr& pn r~ may h ad phiosphialprincippes respoaslble for the begining of this new field. An ndrewngof these roots enble as to vInalln the himtodcal confluence of a multitude of eids much as ecology, economy, hnformatlan and sociology, all reaultant of a necessty to solve today'. most prominent pmblem: the miu betwen man and natur. At ds basi central core, coumrs like History of Booloal and Bäonomic Thoghts, World Problem, Envkommentel Ethis, Boehnology and Developmnt, and Energy and Materia Processe ae famdamena· 2) here is the am whe tho field will develop lm the near future and duo to its dynamis It can develop differently ao~rdng to the voalan effort of esch g~op, Insito, or cont y. Sine cological soomocs bs just developig, it lv vay oppu o dicuss and map new ft~ners that are behg opened. Hee coem suld ho balanced beween rceminis and boltI*nop.. Th1e aae proposes that a list of new coe can bo discuased and anauged during his premet.. 73 Ecological Economics of Sustainabiity: Contributed Abstracts PILLET, GONEAGUE Paul Schener Insatute, Villigen & University of Pdorg, Fribourg, Swibedand BARRANZINI, ANDREA Department of Economics, University of Genva, GOneva, Switerland HALL, CHARLES Stats Univrsity of New York at Syracus BSF, Syracus, New Yak GREPPIN, HUBERT Department of Botany, University of Goneva, Genva, Switerland SANDOZ.TERRAZ, SYLVIE Department cf Geography, University of Genava, GenOva, Swkland Assussing Som@ Economeic and Ecologleal Evalnations on Environmental Isses with Special Reference to Switzerland According to our intuprean, tho perspeeuvos for the envnmentd and public policy of the ninodes involve two mea ines that we will analye In this paper. with special aton to some cae studies concoming Swityerland. The firt one concems natura envir~nentu which "e kin to ocks of nomenewable resources that ao consumed once and for al" (Fisher and Peterson, 1976). but we much mors than just nomen~wable roucs in being unique. Tho second ons deal with eergy anayuis of environment and economic process derived from systms ecology whch is used to "demonstrate that economic and environmental problems can bo evaluated according to a common measu~: The engy (or solar equivalents) generated by th system" (Odu, 1983. 1988; Pifl and Odum, 1987). The two isses m closely related to the svaluation of natual environments. The first, beig eonomics.orented, I.e. oriented by human preferences, dosis with the use of natural resources that potentily m in the m ~rlac1 and with tho natural onvhenmats that voluntarily ars preserved. The second issue is systems ec oyiented, .. odnted by engy webs and processes, and des with assessing the work of nat~sal contributing to economic proen For both issues, tho fundemental queston is: How mch are natural environments worth to tho economic world? Consequently, our task In this paper is to go back and forth from the economy to the environment. In pat I wo consider alternative se of natural eavhonments. In part I economic production processs ar analyzed from an ecological-oconomic viewpont. POMAREDA, CARLOS F. Agricultural Picy and Planning, IWter-Amican Innisaute for Cooprahion on Agricalare (IICA) P.OJox 55 2200 Coronado, San JMd, Costa Rica Institutional Challenges in the Achievemmnt of Sustainable Agriculture The paper bighlights that Achiving Su8nab Agricultr requ~es a fundamental change in attiu of people and institutions to bomer valuo tho futuro and thus to make a ammk nt with fåture generations. Achieving sunaiiry requires effarts that am Inultidiscipliary, mult~parddary, mtisecorial and multinational. Thus, a conceptual framework and an operational scheme is rquled for åntions to ~ng1ment thoir experdse; for public and privat. entitis to work in partnersip; for urban and rural organizations (public and privaté) to asum thoir respons btlides and the cost of tho external~ia for which they am responsible and for nadons and international organistions to promot~ and commit to global goals. Decaus of tho current scenario, the du~ans of åndb the challenga to aviate pressing conditions of poverty, etc., people and institutions ae fnda=iun11y concerned with managing the presset and, tho very short run policies are, therefore, pr~anarily eiented to guide the aonnmana of dcisions to tho marker performances. However the cuat workings of tho market n ay have to be chalnged as an effective means to chiev su agricult~. On the other hand tho rolö of the stats is being rconsidMerd and the capability of public entides severely quesdoned to undertake spocific responsb~lties in a renewed "market economics with social responsibility". The Institutions need fundamental refors, moivations and a different conception to bs usoful means dhough which governments can constituto to achiev enm~le agricltwo. RAPPORT, DAVID i. Intitue for Research on Enironmen and Ec~no .y, SMard Hal,University Of tawa, OOtawa KIN 6NS Can~a HILDEN, MIKAEL Statistics and Economics Seten, Fimk Gane and Fisees Research In~due, P.0. Box 202, SF00151 Heluinki. Finland Patterns of Temporallpacal Propagatlon of ZEosystem Pathology In the Gult of Bothna Spadal and temporal development of symptom of environmental degradad~n wo studed at varous spadal aes in th nortern region of the BaldW Sea (~ult of Bothnia). The response to sress from human ae~vitis has resulted In the development and spread of what is here termed eosyste pathology" at all spadal scale. The temporal sequencs of 74 Ecological Economics of SustaIbiity: Contributed Abstracts sign of coesyssem degradaden varies. ln some cases th uffect of omess w o from loa to regonal tove!., and then 2 basin wide lpacts. In other cases a basin disturbmnce has propagated to nactoo.! regns (ay, ear). The p~tern of propagaton is dependent on th mode of impact of the sesss and ecosysm charaäterLstics. Damage to centers of ecosystm organiation" appear to play a crucial role in determiuing tho patial and temporal spreading of disturbanc. Tho implications of the oase study for the design of monitoring program. an changes in the state of environment ae discussed. ]RS, WILLIAM E. The Un~•eraly of BriA Calumba, School of Co~sanity and Regiona Plaung, 6333 Meerld Road, Vaouver, B.C., Cad V6fT W5 Why Economics Wot Save the World Humankind is no different from other species in being dependent for life on material and process resources extrated from the ecosphere. Ths, in ecoogical terms, all material econoio "production is actally oansumpd~n, at best involving the comversian of ecological capital into man-made capia!. From this perspective, such persistent galbal onvironmental tends as oo deplotion and greenhouse gas aa atn indioate that cueu nt consumption already oxceeds the long-tem prad~ctive oapacity of the eosphere. They also dhalleng prospe~t for futao material gowth. ~Proper resoue pricing, free marken , and inoentive-bued ecanomic mechanisma are cently being embraced by policy-makers as the most effetive means to address tho amerging ecologcal crisis and achiev sustalnae developmen. However, neo.classical economics assumes a world of sati equlibria, smooth change, and mechanical reversibility, while the ecosphere is a non-equilibrum system charateried by lags, thresholds, and thermodynamc mreveruiblity. This reality introduces an intractable risk factor which limita economi incentives to facilitating more efficient resource os. The fndamantal questions of how m"uch wnatul capita*a can be narketed and what mix of natural capital stock most bo preserved to ensuro ecological sec~rity reman subjeot to political intervention informed by inadequate science and individual judgement. ROCHELEAU, DIANNE E. Department of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, Ma Indigenous EcologIeal Economlcs: Projecting the Long Term View from Local Space The Word Commission on Environment and Development speaks optimstically of a common future, of a ahaed stake in maintaning the ecological basis for conuinued growth and a just world oder. This implies that growth and equity are compatible and further assume the existence of a global conoensus om the shape and texturn of a single futme aas gender. clas, race, ethuic and nadonal boundaries. This paper smggests that a common futuro is likoWy to reflet the interets and vision of the dominant forces in the cmnent world order. It argues instead for a mu~tiplicty of shared fut~s that maintain and reate rather than forelose opdons in rurain ad es An exampi" rm Kenya serves ana point of departeu. Stores from rara! women's work and lives kn Machakos district illustrate: (1 die complementarity of women's and men's knowledge and expriene (2) the changing functonal, structural and spadal division of labor; and (3) women's interests in blodiversity and the "domesdcation" of whole ecosystens in rura landscapes. Women's experace and analysis of the drought and famineo of 1984-1985 show how ~rucal it is to support r~al people's efforts to oreat. space and nmintain opdons for a muplicity of unfolding economic and ecological fu~ures. RUBINO, MICHAEL C. Bluenrer Ic. and Påleto Aq ~ultue, 4330 East West Hy, Site 600, Detheda, MD 20814 Sustanable Aquacultures Shrimp Farming Worldwide aquaculture production is projected to daubl durng the next decade as seafood demand continues to increase and wild catches in many aeas declne. Aquacuke can be entoämentally destrctive; afernatively, it can be condeuted in a susmiale manner that min*m~e envronmental h~pacts and maximizes the us of natural prodution inpu . Shrlmp is one of the most lucrativ and widey c~~ivated species. Shrimp aquaturo poa= severa! sustinable development issues: 1) seletion of producion muethods that follow sa~ina development principles 2) the commeial pro~abilty of sustainable aquaculturo method; 3) goverament regalon of the ue of or protection of natural resources and 4) public and private sector cooperadn for aquacultm development. These issues are mnalyned In this artile using shrimp alna-unre in South Carlina as an exampe. AM una -ampa are drawn from shrimp famning in South America and Asia. The issues raised by shrmp aquacultur appTly to other farns of coasul aquunmine. Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contributed Abstracs SADLER, BARRY Insktute of the NortbMerk West. Victoria, srsh C01~Na, Cada An Impact Compensation Theory of Sustalnable Development This buffds on prevous analysms that place the concpt of annabhllty in a decision akng framework. Sustanable d t is envisaged as a commonwah of mnvhonmenal, economic and social vaes. that ca be formally msated into polcy goals and ohoice critera. However specfied, ths.. criteria canfot be maximised imultaneously in decision akng and mun be adjusted through a political proesss of 'negodated' trad-offs. This is not to restate the pardigm of maknnalthy a bnes as usual i implies instead a baan~e and discipned omodadon of envunmeut and economic considerad ns Q~ite obviously, this balane a) will be difficu to deeuni~., and b) will vay with conla ad chmustances. It ts at this point that enthonmental thresholds become of fundamental importance. Bea.m ecological limi are alm and h~acterised by hrrve~s^bilies, they represent the enabling condi~on for sunaet devlopmenL The nation of carylng ~apacity in relation to development odvities takes as loser to an operations grasp of envronmental snu~alability. It may be den~ed as the consancy of natural capital, 1.e. resoume sto~ks and flows plus the ecologcal process which support their prouedve (some) and/~ ausmitative (sk) funon. Strictly intapreted, this su~nilty ariterion amounas to a requftement for ero envhoomental damag er no not loss of natural capital. As It stands, the riterion is una~c'able (exoept to deep ecologisa) bena. it would effeotvely halt all fhnns of exploitive development. At the regional (or program secor) level, howe.r, the nosat loss of natural capital criteron becomes much less onerous; I alow for åntensive sb and projeci specific development (subjeci) to approprate terms and conditions) bet *as for residual impacc to be offset er onmpaaied by envimnmental rab ati n or resome nnoement within contingent arma of the regional ecosysiem. This formi~ladi frames the operadonal tema of refer~as for desion man for sia~aale development and is suggestive of the process related hanges which will be necessry. SAVORY, ALLAN Center for Holtic Resource Manage . 800 Rio Grande Boulevard, N.W. Sar 10, A ~uquerque, New Mexico 87104 The olstic lesmree Management Model A nunber of cvilkzan have fallen duc to the erosion of their ecological foundatons. Pour ecological processs susta conom and all Efe: biological sacooein, water c n cyaling and solar eneg flow. No economic model can be sound without this foundaon. A *bolstic" model, based on this foundation and catering as wel for social and monetary factors, ha been under development for over 25 years. It is now used by land managu (both privat and publi), researhers, extension advisors and others la iv. languages (Eglihh, French, Arabe, Spanish, Navajo). T. moMdel is universal, applying across cultures, economi and poldial systems, envkonment and climae Usd in four md anagn poäc a y pbm diagosis and research orientadn-the model is throwIng new light on old problems. It shows why current efforts in co~onde ~ %de in ~aldag deserdflcadon and global warning cannot sue~d It also indicates a promising path to solions. Its use has enabled land manager to achieve measured reversal of desertification whle simultaneously generattg new wealth. We are seelg economist. to work with ua in g this ela as a base for new thiakg in ecomic modelin g SCfROYER, TRENT Professor of Scology-Pkuesophy, Raapo Colege of New Jery, 505 Ranäp V~l.e Road, Makwah, NJ 07430 Cuaent research in sustainable development has been oriented to tesource depleton and the avoldance of envonmental degradaions. Another dimension of sustalabilty that is being advocated in the new economics movemim, as well as thos. conoaned abot altematives to structual adjusent for debuor nations in Latin Amedca and Africa, is cia and P~ulsanby. Pocusing on the Importance of susining socialomm and indigenous cultural prot~es and stack. of knowledge is on. of the major dimensions of the "new economics movement" as that has been repeented in The Other Bonomic Sunnt (TOES) projecs - for ezample as co~eced by Paul Ekins 0tor). hk . Enm. propose to present a paper interpedag how the prautoners and advocates for a new economics, brought toguther by past TOES events (12984-g9), have presented the importance of social and cultural aainabillty as part of an ecologically viable economics. This systemic inteipretadlons will ond with an explicadlon of how this theme is being used to strucetre the counter-sumnmit la Texas in July of 1990. As Progran Director for this event, I offer this aterpretatians as both a history of a foning social novement and as lnvitation for participadon in the coming event. 76 Ecological Economics of Sustånabilty: C0tibubud Abstracts SESIADRI, C.V. and ROON, C.V. Shri AM-V< Murugapp Chetar ReAec Cenaf,Th.~ nani, Madras 600 113 Indi The Ecologleal Economies of Sustanlability: Lesons Learned form Isolated CommunitIe Sustainable and self-reliant development is only possible if the wological balance of resource use within an eco- ystenm is maintained. Isolated tribal communities ofoen know how to maintain this balance. This paper present findings from two detaled studie. condted by the authors. (1) a human ecology of ~amsyan nansnmne and nonadi 2. An energy and raom . smovey of an island 1n the Indian Ocean. These soci~des live in relativm Isoladon. They have bad limited interaction with "development processes" until recently. The sodel ae in transition now. The ynger mi- educated members reject the traditional life style. Government policy seem to have encouraged dependencc and since import of energy are subsidiaed and guarantecd, these area have become non-self reliant and have opted for a non- sustanable life style. At the same time an energy analysis of the traditional life style of the 1nalayan nads has shown that pastorl nomadIsm is the most appropriat way of living in the mamginal mountain envonment. Not only does it lead to sustuinable development of the mountain environment bot als contvibots to the nadinal economy. An analysis using Odum's transformity rados bears out the intuitive conclusions just sed. Data will be presented from both studies and analyzed to substmntiate the conciuins. An ~ lanep Is made to appreiate tho ecological economics of sustainablihy by learing from the wisdom of tradidonal socides. SHARP, BASIL MJ. Dep ~nent f Econacs, University of Aucklaa, New Zeland Global Pollution: An Assessment of Transferable Permits Significant global environmental issues confronted the intemational community dwing the 1980. Pollution of the earth's atmosphe wift bo one of the foremost environmental ises in the 1990s. Global atmospheric pollution is characterzed by uncertainty, distant time hrons, valuation probloms, differeat distribution of costs and benefits, conflicting domestic policie, a variety of political system. divergent oconomic interests and the pressres of soveregnty. The relative merits of tansferabl polltion perito have ben quite extensvely examined in tho context of doest environmental policy and a county' comparative advantage in tho global economy. This papor examines the use of transferable permits in the context of global pollution, A system of international transferable poiuton rghts will require a unique institutional structure. While contributing to the reduction of pollutants there is little likelhood of uncoordinated acdon leading to eficient solutions. Inoentives will exist for governinent to fren ride on the benefits derived from the actions of others. Governments pmsuing a domesti polky targeted at reducing emission, without recogning the relativ. cost and benfits of the policy to be local community, will mpose excessivo mestm on its citizens. International cooperation Is necessary. The thesis of the paper is that the cosa and bonefits of international cooperations are a function of the inftudonul arrangemena that comprise global initiatives. An instdutional structure for an international system of transferable pollution pemmita is proposed. Pard~ular attention is given to the task of establishing initial entitlements among governments, adjustmenta to aggrgate global entitlements, Incentives, monitoring and enforcement. SHOEMAKER, ANDREW L UVeniy of Vrginia School of Law, TOWNSEND, ENNETH N. Hamp ~-Sydney CoVege, H ~ampdn-Sydey, Vrginia 23943 The Chinese Environmentt An Analysis of Environmental Policy Problem within The People's Republic of China The People's Republic of China, with its rapid development under the leadership of Dong Xiaoping, is experiencing envionmental problems very similar to that of the developed countries during thuir early stages of growt and development. While the Chinese appear to bo attupdig to intemaize many polludon extaa~te and limit growth of populaion, thr eist structumrl and goveramental barrers that they mout overo~e to head off environnntal problem of epic propord~on. With the liberalifation of the economy brought about by changes in oconomic policy during the last feen years, the Chinese appear to be attenpag to follow a well-won, bet perhaps impuahl path to developmeat. Akhough a rapidly growing industdal setor staggea that China is capable of replicadng the Pacic Rim mira~l" made famous with tho mapid industrati«atlon of Japan, Korea, and Taiwan, scal. problems assoated with the sheer siae of China's populadon, as well as problem. with the legal incentive strcture associated with China's envronmental protection apparats bid fair to disrupt China's development plas, with potenially disasous ecological spillover effepts threatening the envirenmnat of ne~iboring auntries. Curently the largest borrower from tho World Bank, China boats a leve of investent equal to 30 percent of total ~NP; by compadson, the United States' inve~tment If approximately sxtean percent of total ONP. Chin's import and export total $80 billion per year, mre than ten times the level of a decade ago. As a fracdon of GNP, Chinase export. 77 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contributed Abstracts have grown even faster than Japan's (Lardy, 3 August 1988). With 400.000 new enterprises (XuQing Hus, 8 August 1988) and 163,000 now investment projects (far Eastern Economic Review 120), China has the fastest growing economy in the world with a growth rate in GNP of eight-to-vine-perceat per year. Although economic liberalization has obviously benefitted China In many ways it has consequently Imposed an immense new burden on an environment aheady encumbered with the pressures of absorption of tremendous amounts of simple domestic effilents. SHOGREN, JASON F. Deparment of Economics. Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 NOWELL, CLIFFORD Deparbnent of Economics, Weber State College, Ogden, Utah 84403 Economics and Ecelogy: Comparison of Experimental Methodologies and Philosophles Views of the proper tole of experiments in economics and ecology has evolved quite differently. Economics has devoted the majority of effort developing abstract theory, with experimentation coming in a distant second. Kagel quotes a colleague who illustrates a common perception among economists. "I am a 'tue believer' in microeconomic theory, and as a result I am perfectly willing to accept mathematical proofs without experimental evidence." In contrast, ecology has focused on observation-based experiment as the primary tool of research, almost separate from the development of abstract theoretical ecology. As a consequence. Karlva notes that the *sad truth is that ecological theory exists largely in a world of its own, unnoticed by mainstream ecology" The purpose of this paper Is to explore how and why the divergence of views has developed and posisted over tho decades. Our goal is to provide insight into the different methodological approaches to experimentation, thereby creaing another bridge of communication between the two camps. The paper examines general tethodologies and philosophies of the disciplines, rather than actual experimental design techniques. As economists, our obvious bias is toward experiments in environmental economics. Highlighting the economic viewpoint allows econondsts to see how their approach differs from ecology, and it also allows ecologists room to point out how their discipline can assist in economic decisions by ensuring that major variables are identified and uncertainties indicated. SHORTLE, JAMES S. and MUSSER, WESLEY N. Deparknent of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 Economic Foundations of Low-Input Sustainable Agriculture Modern agricultural production methods are criticized Increasingly for the impacts on food safety, environmental quality, farm worker safety, long-term agricultural productivity, and the structure of agriculture. Low inputlaustainable agricultural (LISA) production practices have captured the interest of farm groups, environmental groups, and others as a means by which to help solve these problems. There is, however, considerable debate about the profitability of these practices, the adequacy of research and development related to them, and appropriate public policy for fostering their adoption. The purpose of this paper is to help structure the debate on LISA along constructive conceptual and empirical lines. Specific issues include: (1) the policy*televant meaning LISA production practices and LISA relevant research; (2) the technical and conditions under which low Input practices could in fact be equally or more profitable than conventional practices given existing technology, with special emphasis on identifying systematic vs. nonsystematic factors explaining variations in profitability; and (3) firm level vs. aggregate level Impacts of LISA technology of adoption and policy implications the analysis are developed. SIMONIS, UNO E. and LEIPERT, CHRISTIAN Wissenschaftrentrum Berlin fur Sozialforschung. Reichpietach4(er SO, D-1000 Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany Environmental Damage and Environmental Protection Expenditures: The Example of the Federal Republic of Germany It is argued that the conventional economic accounting systems have not played an enlightening role in statistically revealing the actual damage to the environment. They can, however, be methodologically improved; and they must be complemented by asessments of the ecological costs of the production process. In the paper statistical evidence is provided on the level and structure of environmental damage and protection expenditures in the Federal Republic of Germany, i.e, on the environmental damage Itself and on the environmrAal protection investments by industry and goverament, the capital stock for environmental protection, the total costs of and expenditures for environmental protection. 78 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contributed Abstracts SKLAR, FRED I. Belle WJarch bnttt for Marne Diology and Coastal Research1 University of South Caoa, GeOrgetown, SC 29440 COSTANZA, ROBERT Center for Enviromnetal and Estuarkw StudlS, Unersity of Maryland, B« 38, Sotan~o, MD. Modellng Natural and Humn Impacts on Wetlands Weland resources aro diminishing as a result of the oumulativo impacts of both natural and *au~opogeui altratlons to the environment. Wetlands suffer from pesticide runoff, subsldono, oi and gas eutraction, and eutrophication, to name a few problems. Computer modets can be used to predict wetland respons, to environmmntal change. The objctive of a land~cape model is to simulate the synorglstic inteacdons between external forces such -as sea level rise, and intricate int processes such as primary production, acoss large geogmphic regions and long tim. ales. We can uso lanscapo modets to study ecological principtes, evaluate cumulative iacts, itigate envimnmental alteraton, and provent large scal human "Wmsa from degrading wetland funwtions. sMITU, GERALD ALONZO Center for a Hänan &onomy, Ma~ato State Unversity, Mankato, MN 56001 What Rationallty? Whosc Effiiency? At the beginning of very text in economics is a orucial discussion on rational behavie and/or e~ciency. This initial discusson mets the boundaries within which economics explores de intelletual terrin. And although thes definitions of effciency and rationality are frequently passed over quickly and in a perfuntory menner, they am crucial in determining tho impact of tho economic system upon the environment. If economic solutions a:e to bo consistent with global and long-term goals, wo must reexamine these fundamental assumptions. That Is the taak of this ppr. Together ties. two definidons dec that tho desires of consumers are de final arbitrators of what is of vatue. TiM is rcial because if all deses becom. final goals in themselves, dien oconomi growth has to be the pr~nury goal for an bconomy because it is only through ecnono growth that -or such desires are fulfiled. However, such a goa leads socities and economies and the natural environment that nurtures them to destrucion. Such a goal excludes from its consideration tho possbiity: 1) that the environment may be of inherent valut in itself; 2) that non-economic qualties (mch as community, self-respect, sense of beauty and *we, love of others, etc.) have any val^ot and 3) that future generations have valme b~yond what the c~nent generation decides. SDERAUM, PETER Swedis Unlersity of AgricrS~ural Sciences, Departnent of &on~omcs, Box 7013, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden Neodassical and Institutionat Approaches to Development and Environment Paraigaa pluralism is suggested as a fruitful attitude for economists approaching public policy issues. A dialog . between advocates of different perspectives such as neoclassical and institutiona economics is judged neo ,y in relation to environmental and developmental issues. It is aso argued that a scholar with preferences for a specific perspective will benefit from comparing this perspective with alternatives in a dialectic nunnor. An attenmp is madto discuss some of the characteristics of environmental and development problems snc as tho irreverbility of many processen concerningeosystems and tho ethical or ideological natur of decison making in diese areas. A discussion of tho mnin diff~rences between the neoclassical and Institutonu approsches then follows and it is suggested that tho relationship between he two approachos is somedmes complementary, sometimes competitve. Differences between neoclassical and instiuional economics is dien dealt with with respect to viw of economics (reductionist and holsd*), viows of development and progress (emphasis on ONP growth versus an open attitude o other devlopment views mich an sustainability), appoaches to decision making (cost-bonoflt analysis versus positionat anaysis), information and accounting systems (conventional accounting In business and at tho national lovet versus alternativen) and views of social and Instituional change (public choico theory versus actor-network approach). It is clear that some of the above mentioned subfields will be emphasized mor dan others. The paper concludes with poicy proposals fom the point of viow of varios actor categories and at the national lovel, based upon the prevous analysis and discussion. SOUSA, CLARA DE and PERKINS, PATRICIA E. Faculdadede Eoea.« Universidadr Ed~ardo Mongane, Maputo, Mormbique Evironmental Effects of the IMF Economic Program In Mozambique, 1987-199 åGpambquo's econ my, devastated by war since 1982, has been subjcted to new pressures by tho IMF-sponsred Ptograna de Rall~ao Economica (PRE), instituted in 1987. Ile PRB incorporates a damatio shiff in emphasis from - 79 Ecological Economics of Sustaibility: Contribated Abstracts incom.equalaing to distribution-worsening poffces. The effects for the contry's envonment - viewed broadly, as Is neo~ in one of the world's poorest countries - havs been diuturbng This pper provides speuific amplT1 of how ind~atl, ugricultural, and human pollution problen have worsened in Mozambique under the PRE. t also addresae the iss~e of how envronfental concerns could b~tter handled tinugh supporive intenational policies. SOUTHGATE, DOUGLAS Department of Agricultural Economics ad Rural Sociology. Olå State University, 2120 Fife Road, Colubus, Ohio 43210-1099 How To Prmo Tropcal Defbrestation: The Case of Ecuador The converson of Ecuador's lowIand, humid for~ts inte opland and pasture has been accelrating and the country's agricultural frontier now traverses frgils land with important non-agicultural valus. Malthuosa explanaudons of deforc in the country do not suffic, rural populahion growth being modest in many muas whrm land clearing is rapid. Instead, deforestation is largely a consequence of inappropriate tnurlal arrangements, governental interference with pric signal, and nadequate investment in eearch and extension. Thes thes causas of eoxessive land clearing must be addr d nitaneously, both in Ecuador and in other Latin American counties where the policy envronment is SOUTHWORTI, FRANK$ IILLSMAN, EDWARD L.; DALE, VIRGINIA H; PROHN, ROBERT .; JIMENEZ, BRAULIO D.and O'NEILL, ROBERT V. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, Tennese 37831 Modellag Land Tenure Patterns, Highway Infrastructure Polldes and the Ecologica* Impacts of Deforstation tn Rondonla, Brazlt Tropical deformstatan is a major issue for global change becmse it affets global biodiversity and atmospher ouncenatation of CO and, thus, ctsmata changs. Bril contains the plane' largest tropical forest in term of both arem and boms , bet this forest is being cleared at an increasing rat. Most of the deforetation resul from oad development and the associated clearing for agicultume. The state of Rondona in Braeil has had numerous colontion projea ad, as a result, large.scale deforestaica has taken place over the pas wo decades, as a resu of slash and bom agriculture, often followed by catl~ ranching. We present a modeling approach that ~iks a seatlement diffuson and land tenure model to highway infUrtre and ecological damag~ mndels. The initial objective of this medel buiding exerciss is to s~nuwate this spatial and temporul di~fusion of frest elearance in Rondonla, and to undr the atasips be~ween forest cleaace, diffent ~teaent and road building policies, and the ecological damg that res~lts from thess activities. Satelite images of the region provide de basis for calibration and evaluation of the model predictions, requiring that a geographic information system become an integm~ part of the model-buldng excisa. SWART, RJ. and MAAS, RJ.M. National Inadiate för Public HealM and Envirom~ental Pro an, BitWosn, The Netherlalwd From Global to National Climate Policy Over the last fcw years the anticipated climate change has capared a promnåent position on the polidial agendas. Internadonally, UNEP and WMO establishod the Intagovern s Panel on Climate Change. Joining forces with the US Enviromental Prottion Agency, the Netherlads' National Institute for Public Heaith and Environmental Protetion (RIVM) developed emirion soenados for gremnhouss gases within the framework of the Response Strategies Working Group of this panel. These soenarios can be used to review diffment international renpns opons. To mit risks asociated with climate change and fac~hiate ustainable development strategies have to be adopted that w not only deeply chang the world's engy system, bet may also influence global economic groth as defined in the cla~ic way. At the nadonal level in the Nethedands global environmental problerns play an important role in formulating ational po~iy gals. This importance is reeilted RIVIs Concern for Tom ow' the nadonal envirnmental murvoy 1985-2010 that formad the basis of the National Environmental Policy Plan (NEPP 1989). Ater thorough economic, political and environmental evalnation of different policy optuonstabilizad n of in 2000 at the av~ege 198911990 lvel was in4luded as a political ~ in the NEPP. Depending on internatina dv this policy wold bs upMded in the nea future. Bconcanic-uacltaolog scenarios indicate that a 20 to 30 % C02-emssion raacton in 2010 could bs combined with a doubling of the ONP, sven when; CO2-measures would only bs taken in the Netherlands and the competitiveness of the Netherlands' industry would worsen. 80 Ecological Economics of S Stainability: Contibuted Abstracts TRUPP, LORI ANN 8nergy ad Resor Progren,Uiusrsim y of 6lifornM, Berkeley, California 96720 The Political Ecology of Natural Resource Strategles In Costa Ria This paper analymes naural resource managemmnt strategies and susnable development dilemmas in Cental America, concentrating on the ca of Costa Rica. It is argued that although Cosa Rica has a reputation of having *succesfur envronmental policies and has mfade some Progess in conservation efforts., the natral resource v~anales a~tualy have major consaints and weaknesses, such as insuffcient atention to the envbtnmatal needs of the poor, perpetating the domination of U.S. interest, and failure to address political-econommc mota of the problems. Moreover, resource d publes have accelerated. Using a political ecology approach, this analysis explitly reveals connad~odons of mainstream pteservationists s~ategies. In the end of the papor, ~sns are daved from the Costa Rican experlence, and alternative actions are suggested, emphaszing the ned for srong poli~ical changes. TIETENIRG, TOM Dep of Econns, Colby Co.ge, Wtevile, Mane 04901 Managing the Transitlom to Sustanabillty: The Potential Role for Economkc Inceative POulicies Envonnmental regulators and lobbylng groups with a special intermt in envhronmtal proted~n in the Unied Statm have tralanay loked upon the market system as a powerful and potentiagy dangerus adv~rsary. That the market uneashed powerful fmroes was widely reonie~ and that those frma clearly acted to degrade the mvkonment was widely lamented. Meanwhe growth proponents have traditionally seen environmental concerns as blocking projecs that had the potential to raie lving sandards sgnitantly. conflict and confrotation becam the modus operandi for dealing with this clash of objctives. The olate for dea~ag cooperavely and effeotively with both conce s has improved dramatieay within the past few years. Not only have growth proponents hearned that in may case short-term wealth enance projects which degrade the evironumeat are ultimately counterproductive, but envhonmental gromps have come to ealis that poverty itsef is a major threat to euvbonmental protodon. Susta~nability has become an impo~tat if still somewhat vaguely den~ r~erlon for chosing among almative paths. Rathe the focus has shifted toward the datifMao of pocies or po~y lnsutruments which can pronmte the allevation of poverty while proecting the environment. One approach that is generating a great dead of interest is known generica y as an eonomn d incentives appach to environmental regulation. By changing the incentives an individual agent face, that agent can am his or her typically superor Informaton to selet the bemt muma of meeting his or her assigned responsibi~ty. How can economi incentives be sed to provide the kinds of signals that will make susta~le development possible? Perhaps the best way to answer this quesdon is to share a few e~acpls of how this approach has worked In pracd~e in an international contet and how it mght be usMd in the future. That is the focus of this piper. TOBEY, JAMEg A. United States Department of Agriculure, Economic Research Service, 1301 New York Avenue, NW Room 508, Washington, DC 20005-4788 Opportuantine for Envfronmental SustaInabilty in OECD Agriculture Greater attendon is now being paid to environmental proble~s aring from agricultural producton practics in industriatied~ countries. Foowing a brief survey of the type f environmental stress that agricultural prodution generats, the structural changes in *griculture that have contributed to diese forms of envronmena1 stress are exp~ored. Some Important changes include the gro~t in famtilier ad pesticide chemical inputs per acre of cropland, and domestic agd&~ltal policy that has encouraged both intensive and extensive agricultural produton. The paper identifics three broad categories of envbonmental policies toward agriculture that policym~akam in OECD countries have considered to ameorate the environmeatal problems associated with coaventional agricultural produed~ns sysen. Thesm include polkoes dreeled at agriuiteral inputs, praedie~ , and produets. The ent that OECD counties have ~ ~plent-d policies In the.ser categores is explored. Finully, to illustrate the direct and indirect effects of agricultural commodity policy and envnmental policy toward agdealtare on environmental qualiy, a simple three sector general equ~=hrium model of the U.S. econmoy is developed. Policy såm~atlns show that commodity policy is highly inconsistent with environmetal qualdty objectives. 81 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: "Contrbuted Abstracs TOLEDO, VICTOR M. Cnäo de Ecologia, U]NAM. APDO 70-2y. Me72 c7 A Conceptual Framework for the Ecologicui-Econfic Analysia of Real Production b any fom of rural or agraran production (agriculture, catde ~ising, forest extrac~ion, flaerXes) producer ineio natural reources the basi and irrep~acea m ns of prdmrdau l inhabhants ae pram ary pkducera facing both natural and social forces. They are economic ator withi n ecological and economc contt. Therefor , any analysis of rural producion must incude bolh ecologcal and economic variables dat affect dis process. Contrary to this basi assumption, ~conomists exanino the phenomena of rural produ~tion separately from is environmental context, and human (or culural) ecologists reduce tho procs to energeti enchanges. Intending to overcome tho above. this piper is inoposing and dlsuis a conceptual framwork to th ~ intagsted ecologic-economic analytds of rural produton. Based os tho Id a that ml prnduedo nab. empbo icaly educed to fows of material, energy, lgor, commodities and information, and that al these flows $ake place in the conorte space, the paper offer an approprtte way to tho integrated analysis. After dellning the mal cuncept udliand in the framework, the paper presens a discussion of its theoretical implications. The paper finishes showing some exampla where, through the se of empirical data, this conceptum a flamwork han been appled. TOMAN, MICHAEL and COSSON, PIERRE Resources for he Faure, 1616 P Saeest N.W., W hington. D.C. 20036 The Different Dimensions of SustainabNity: A Review This paper begins with the prmie that sustainabifty is an issu i that is boch important and far from fuly understood. In particular, sstainah1o econond~ development involves far more thm envkonmental prnetin the focus of much recent sustainability discusson, and it is mor than conectng rror in resource valuation and ullatnon. Sutalinablity rests on fundamental ethical precepts whos implcatons have not yet been fully as~.sd It depends riticaly on the nat~e of the technologies humankind oses for transforming resources and achieving it poses a strong challenge to economic and other social institutions. The paper i4 divided into three puts. The firat two draw upon recent literature in an effort to moe precisely identify the scope of the susta~nablity issue and the magn~ud of ~ffors needed te achievm global wiaabliy over the longer m. Included in this discusso a the principles of tgenainal equity that uderlie a the problems in asceurining what bnles of caphal stocks should form the endowments of successivo geradon; the nat~r of inherent limits faced In substiuting other inputs for natural resources (including envonment) as thse grow scuce and the role of knowledge and innovation in amelorating scarty. The last seot of the paper snmmmriza rosech eads for advancing understanding of sustainabilty, and offers sme prel~minay obsrvatlnnu on policy dkections. T SAS.ROLFES, MIKE 23 Eten Park 6 Eton Road 2196 So ~.dbes, South ANoc The Economics of Rhino Coaservation The drasG dcline in hinoceros populatins in Afdca han been a cause for concern for som time. Efforts to control poachin s ave been largely nnem fur and at die curret rate of explotation, Afdean shinos could be etinct in the wild by the year 2000. This paper examines sone of tho underlyag economic for~es driving the pricament, and queons whether current govenment policies no apprpdate. Research unde~taken r~veals that govement policy has e ex bated de problem, by creating incentives for the public to exploi rhinos rahe than conservö diem. By recognising private rghts to rhinos, and by allowing the use and trade of ~hine prodmcs, govemmartB could create incenves for pr~iate cancerns to start rhino farming. If commercial exploitation of rhinos was a~owed in Afica, hey woold be no mmor endangered than domeade catde, ostriches or exocodiles. Such n has not ken place in the pant, simply becase government regulation has either discouraged it of forbidden it altoge~er. 1 argue that it is still not too late to save rhinos from e«tinction. A regulated return to a nadet controlled system of rhioc udaflon could provide die solutiom. UNDERWOOD, DANIEL A. INtenadonal Center för Water Remorves Manaent, Central State University. Wilberforce. Ohio 458 Lessons From Adaptabfifty Theory For Sustainable Environmental Management This article provides insght into the invesngation of autainala environmental mana t strategi by integrating fundaental behavoral str~ctures from adaptabity theory. A conceptual model is developed that makes 82 Ecological Economics of Sustaibdty: Contributed Abstracts possible examinauion of insttudonaty driven econospheo adaptaton to an envionment adversely affeted by economia activity. Intea~ion betwen o and envimoment sh bm the ocological impac of rosoce-use patterns pon tho envkonment. A qualtativo diminution in the onvironment changs both the ecological and institutional pmranmeters that dbet econosphede evoluden. The pnoblem is to develop a structue to evain~e alternative technological and inutitudonal responues to uncertain o nvirmmntal conditions. Suach a general utrategy must sadsfy near term demands for envronmental services without sarif loango term adaptability (su~aablity) to uncertain future envionmental conditions. Adaptabity depends upon potndal ulzation of fre energy from compartmental elements within the econosphere and from the natural environment. Adaptabifity is onhanced by independence between elements. Independenoo inras s the potntal modifiabity of componente in response to uncertain cha gs in tho environment, .e., them ao multiple pathways to obtain fr». enrgy. Heno, there is a positve rla~onship bntween the degree of dpendanco btween elemnnta and thoeost of energy flow dibruptions. A number of strategic insights for sustinable envkonental management me derived from this analysis. VAN DEN 8ERGH, JEROEN and NIJKAMP, PETER Fre Unirsity A~ ~erdwm, P.O. Box 7161.1007 MC Amstrden. The Neterland Aggregate Economnc.de-logical Modets for Sustalnable Development In this paper we concentrate on the structurm of simple modls that can bo used in clarifying snstainable development issuus and may provide a basis for analyding salnabno development mn operational context. The alm is to develop a genea integrated dynamic mode for sua~be development that will both bo simple of srume and summauize the main objectives, process and constraints applying to sustanable development in olosed economlo- ecological syoma. The models focused on in the pper provide simple and highly awgate represenatons of econm cological systems, which mans that tbey: have no subdivision ln regions take simlar enties (industdes, cosymtem ancls.onmskem) together in one aggregate v~abh. di~daguish between a very Imitod number of subsystems In tho read wedd sysem; represent such real world subsystems by a simple des~ription of that dynami featur of the reat world system, which is regarded as being most osental or central in it; and include a minimn of interaotions betwemn subsystems. lTe most general implications for models arising from the noton of susanable development are discussed, thereby concentating on tho following list of consid ns: 1. an integrnd rather than a patial approach; 2. allowing for feedback from the cology to tho ecoonomy, 3. inclusion of intergenerationat considerations 4. possibiity of des~dbing qua~lative ~hanges 5. inolusion of finitenes of available material and certa n types of cnergy 6. limitations of substltution, tochnologcal progress and poputation grow and 7. the openness of tho global economic-ecologlcal system. Some of thes. consedlns wil make it possible to ds~nguish models for sstnale development from many other models that a used for dealing with conomic.envonmmntal problems. In the light of the conclusions, short de p of some repr vo analydcal modets that have arisen in theries on economic growth with renewable and non.rcnewable reources and pollution ar oriticaly looked upon. Also attention is paid to simple aggrogate modets that take an amrnaive point of vew on growth and development. 1Te next stop is to provide additMonal lm t& and ideas for constructing a general economic-ccologleal modet for susainable development. For this rean wo consider the suitability of incluso n simple modes of several conceps originating from economics, cology and physics. A complete simple comi c modet for suinable development is fimmlated in that way m al dlscussoos. Simnoation is sed to tace the charactedsdes of this modet VAN DER STRAATEN, JAN Tbu.~g UxiMnIty , PD. Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilbugiland The Pocy of the Netheulands Regarding Acid Rata in a Single Internal Market. Itis ofen agued that a freer internal nadrk will incease economic welfar. ln the Cecchini Report - which is the basis of European m an - this lie of reasoning is dominant But hardly any atentlon is given, howover, to envromnental problems. This approach neglee the impoutant effets which tho environment has pon economic we~fare. Clean air may be dened as a collective propry resource, which is a~eoted by acid ra. An international approach may solvo this problem and so economic welfare may incese. An analysis of tho most recent Dutch policy can give mo insig t into the inter=ntn aspe t of Dutch polcy and the possibilties of the Single Internal Market. The poundag substanmes are eittod by ol refneries, oloido power plans, motorcars and intensive farming. The abatement of these easl-ns has bee hamperd by the we organied internr~ of tho indeside conceed. This is Ospecialy the ense with oil renerles and intensive fUming. Tho conclusion can ho dawm that the Dutch policy has not been a~miny at a welfae op~nmm regading acid rain; they proteted their own poll~dg intri. So, harmonization of environmental policies in Euope wi bo very dif~in1t 83 Ecological Economics of Sustainiity:y Contributed Abstracs VAN DER STRAATEN, JAN Tilb~ru Univrsty, P.O. Rox 90153, 5000 m rbur m ~lland Harmonäation of Environmeutal Rules in the Single Internal Market: The Cas e the Scheldt In the Cm~chin Repr it is argued that a furher mon of mles and meues in the Eopean Coammaity would increase p~od~odon and employment. However, the hn of envhunental eIs has not tuceved adequate attention. Economd welfme, bowever, is inflUened by the level of envrammtal . With n n pan in Burope, the international abatment of en~heomenal deteroratin will be of greater importmnce thma ever befor. We can get an idm about the possibitis of harmonizing the envhomnental roulm in the Common Maket by invesdgating an important internatonal problem as the water poRtion in the Scheldt River. This potia ocus mainly in Belgiu, as a resut of wiMch the water q~ulity of the Schldt in de Netherlands is rater infedor. Thee ae only two b states The Netherlands and Belgium. The VAN PELT, MICHAEL J.. and KUVENHOVEN, ARIE Netherl 4s Economin ~.situte, R«terdampWqeningen Agricdtural Unieity, Reardm. The Nethurland NIJKAMP, PETER Fr University ofAmsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Sustaabfity and Projeet Appralsal ln Developing Countries: Methodological Chalenges The pper c~ireay examines the potential of two groups of project appralsal methods (vi. the OBCD/World Rank variant of cost-benefit analysis and muldriteria analysi), to satisfactorily treat some of the most pressing sustainablw y imues in thrd world counres. The alm is to contribute to answering the quesden which method is =oet suitable for wimich sustainabil^y issue. VIEDERMAN, STEPHEN President, Jesie Smith Noyes FoAudaion, 16 Eart 34th St., New York, NY 10016 Building the Field of Ecological Economics The economics professon psys little attention to ecological economics. The ~so-called" teAing economics departments neither have nr me seeking facuhy with a serous interest in the field. Graduat stdents comnitta to the field. Omnduate stndmna commited to the field am at risk of being poorly trained, not buing taken seriously and not being employable. Young facu y members may have difOcuty obmtaining tenule. In indtition such as the Worm ank and the United States Government, incentives to apply ecological economics are, at best, lihed. How can inmdt~deal interest and comnitmnt be developed o expedite the development of ecoogical economics? What consitutes institudonal commitment? How can economist who know that their work is incomplete be encoumged to mest the dhange of developing e economics, respoading to the world we livo in and not the ficdon that economistm have created by om~aing natur ? What re the incentives to encopag social and professional acceptance for 8nudnen and professionals? What tools-exts, internships, journals, emc.-aro needed for the ield to proper? Can the field oveome the problems that have hinderd other inter-, multi-, transdisciplinary programs? VYASULU, VINOD Social Servicr Mangemen Unit, lusoitute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore S600y2, lda On Choosng Environmentally Sound and Self-Rellant Techeologiest Refleettons en Indian Expertence This paper explores the polidial economy approach in choosing environmentaty sound and self-reUant echnoogy in elass societen using India as an exaple. The term technology as ustlspaper refs not only to technical knowedge or enginearing blue pdts, bet also to the institftional forms thugh which such knowedge is profitably used; in capitalist society - commercializod. Ao, tecMnology and environment me scen ma being closely intertwined. Bach technology has som impact o the enviroment. The configuradon of classes and sociedes wi influence the ate of such envkonmental impat. Thpaper uses two cas ~ studian both dawing upon the expedeuces of Karnataka State in India. On is with the expeience #. ~iffusing a ocaly developed appropdate tecnoogy - a highly ificient wood burning stv - as opposed to he Sta's sponsored program of diffusing tdehnology through imports. The second cass study draws *n the debate en energy planning in Karnatak, contasdag the conventonal supply a approach wih a new development focussed paadigen which pe both envhunmental soandness and self-reliance. This is folowed by a dis~usdo of te mle of 84 Ecological Economics of Sustinability: Contributed Abstracts tho working class In choosing envkonmenally scund hnalogy using mxampls of cerain cho«ces oha~ need to be uade in India in te un ture. The paper illstrates the - that ssues d ttnok~en chaice from the mnvhonmental and self- rel~ance point ow form a pat of th pa~ilienl onomy of sutainable development. WALKER, ROBERT Depa nent of Geogrhyv, Florid SWate U ~iversiy, Tallae~., FL 32306 Å Behavlorel ModeI of Tropkcal Deforestaton Under the Systm of Conkession Logging Doforestation in ~topical coutris commonly osu~s when foo fm= fol logging rods, built by concessin loggers, ite cutover forests and apppriate land. Å model of thIs process of land ss conversion, resuting frot loggr-fores farmer interaoni, has appe~ed in the luerstre. * t is model, howevr, ufte fram ~svera wealmess that liti its utlity a both an explanat y dvce and an bnsumnt for policy fonn"ultion. The present pap offen a riti of this model which is wholly detrminisde and rlies on an unrealisticay long planning hor~on for concession loggers. A behavioral mode bs presented in which forest ploitadon is con%eptnni~et as i spadal process with Markov deision-making. 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