AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Federal Republic of Nigeria ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) Final Report For AMUDA ACHARA GULLY EROSION SITE UMUNNEOCHI LGA OF ABIA STATE, ABIA Abia State Project Management Unit (SPMU) NIGERIAN EROSION & WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT (NEWMAP) ABIA STATE -NIGERIA EROSION & WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT (ABIA-NEWMAP) UMUAHIA, ABIA STATE WORLD BANK ASSISTED December , 2014 i AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Table of Contents Content Page Table of Contents ii List of Tables v List of Figures v List of Plates vi List of Boxes vi List of Abbreviations/ Acronyms vii Definition of Terms viii Executive Summary ix CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 The Intervention Work 1 1.3 Need for ESMP for the Proposed Intervention Work 2 1.4 Objectives of this Environmental and Social Management Plan 2 1.5 Scope/Terms of Reference of the ESMP and Tasks 3 1.6 Approaches for Preparing the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) 3 1.6.1 Literature Review 3 1.6.2 Interactive Discussions/Consultations 3 1.6.3 Field Visits 3 1.6.4 Identification of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures 4 CHAPTER 2: POLICY AND REGULATORY FRAME WORK 5 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Summary of Relevant Local and Federal Policy, Legal, Regulatory and Administrative Framework 5 2.2.1 State Legislations 5 2.2.2 State Policies, Legislations and Standards 5 2.2.3 World Bank’s Environmental and Social Guidelines 6 2.3 World Bank Safeguard Policies Triggered by NEWMAP Proposed Activity 6 2.4 Nigeria EA Guidelines and World Bank EA Guidelines 7 2.5 Making the ESMP Response to Good Practice 8 CHAPTER 3: EXISTING BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF PROPOSED PROJECT SITE 9 3.0 Introduction 9 3.1 Location of the Gully and Extent 9 3.2 The Watershed 9 3.3 Biophysical Environment 10 3.3.1 Hydrological Study 10 3.4 Geology 11 3.5 Soil Study 11 3.6 Geotechnical Analysis 12 3.7 Flora and Fauna 13 3.8 Water Resources and Quality Assessment 13 3.9 Climate and Meteorology of the Study Area 14 3.10 Noise Level Assessment 16 3.11 Air Quality Assessment 16 3.12 Physiography and Drainage 16 3.13 Environmentally Sensitive Areas 17 CHAPTER 4: SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY AREA 19 4.1 Introduction 19 4.2 Quality of Life 19 ii AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP 4.3 Settlement Pattern 19 4.4 The People, Culture and Religion 19 4.5 Economy 20 4.6 Occupation and Livelihood 20 4.7 Education 21 4.8 Age, Sex, Marital Status and Number of Children of Respondents 21 4.9 Awareness of the Proposed Intervention Project 22 4.10 Respondents Important Valuables to be Protected 23 4.11 Conflict Resolution 23 4.12 Health Status Assessment 23 4.12.1 Respondents Common Health Problems 23 4.12.2 Awareness of HIV/AIDS 24 4.12.3 Awareness of Malaria 24 4.12.4 Respondents Opinion on Causes of Health 24 4.12.5 Risk of Health Problem as a Result of the Intervention Work 25 4.12.6 Main Source of Water Supply to the Facility 25 4.12.7 Availability of Health Care Facility 25 CHAPTER 5: ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 26 5.1 Introduction 26 5.2 Impact Identification and Evaluation 26 5.3 Potential Environmental and Social Impacts of the Project 27 5.3.1 The Project Benefits 27 5.3.2 Negative Impacts 27 5.3.2.1 Construction Phase 28 5.3.2.2 Operation Phase 28 5.3.3 Irreversible Environmental Changes 28 5.3.4 Cumulative /Secondary Impacts 28 5.3.5 Environmental Justice 28 5.4 Analysis of Project Alternatives 31 5.4.1 No Project Option 31 5.4.2 Delayed Project Option 31 5.4.3 Go Ahead Option 32 5.4.4 Gully Treatment Options 32 CHAPTER 6: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 33 6.1 Introduction 33 6.2 Mitigation Measures 33 6.3 Residual Impacts after Mitigation 33 6.4 Enhancement of Positive Impacts and Reduction/Avoidance of Negative Impacts 33 6.5. Waste Management Plan 44 6.6 Maintenance and inspection of Treated Gully 44 6.7 Gender Issues 44 6.8 Environmental Monitoring and Auditing 45 6.8.1 Site Inspection and Monitoring 45 6.8.2 Site Inspection and Maintenance 45 6.8.3 Site Inspection Frequency 45 6.8.4 Vegetation Establishment Monitoring 46 6.8.5 Maintenance Problems 46 6.8.6 Inspection and Maintenance Reports 46 6.9 Reporting Procedure 47 6.9.1 Complaints Register and Environmental Incidents 47 6.9.2 Record Keeping 47 6.10 Disclosures and Public Consultation Plan 51 iii AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP 6.11 Institutional Arrangements 52 6.12 Institutional Capacity Building & Training 53 6.13 Review and Revision of the ESMP 54 6.14 ESMP Budget and Schedule of Work 54 CHAPTER 7: PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS 56 7.1 Introduction 56 7.2 The Objectives of community Consultations 56 CHAPTER 8: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 58 References 59 Appendices 60 iv AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1: Triggered Safeguard Policies 7 3.1: Rainfall Intensifies and Time of Concentration for the Gully 11 3.2: Soil Particles, Characteristics & Plasticity of Gully Area 12 3.3: Ambient Noise Levels at Project Intervention Zone 16 3.4: Results of Air Quality Measurements taken at the Proposed Intervention Zone 16 3.5: Summary of Some Specific Baseline Conditions of the Zones 18 4.1: Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Study Area 19 5.1: Consequence Severity, Likelihood Ranking & Risk Matrix Tables 26 5.2: Identified Potential Impacts 29 5.3: Gully Treatment Options 32 6.1: Environmental and Social Management Plan 35 6.2: Environmental and Social impact Mitigation Monitoring Plan 48 6.3: Summary of the Planned Stakeholder Engagement Schedule 51 6.4: Institutional Responsibilities 52 6.5: Training Modules on Environmental and Social Management 53 6.6: ESMP Budget Summary 55 6.7: ESMP Budget and Implementation Schedule 55 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1.1: Dimensions of the Engineering Works 2 3.1 Watershed of the Amuda-Achara Isuochi Gully Erosion Site 10 3.2: Rainfall Pattern in the Study Area (2000-2012) 14 3.3: Average Temperature in the Project Area for the Period 2002-2012 15 3.4: Average Relative Humidity in Study Area for the Period 2002-2012 15 4.1: Religion of Respondents 20 4.2: Income of the Respondents 21 4.3: Educational Attainment of Respondents 21 4.4: Age Distribution and Sex of Respondents 22 4.5: Marital of the Proposed Intervention Project 22 4.6: Proposed Project Awareness among Respondents 22 4.7: Respondents Important Valuables to be Protected 23 4.8: Respond Way of Conflict Resolution 23 4.9: Common Health Problems occurring in the Respondent’s Area 24 4.10: Likely Causes of the Various Health Problems of Respondents 24 v AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP LIST OF PLATES Plate Page 3.1: Location of the Erosion Site along Amuda-Achara Road 9 LIST OF MAPS Map Page 3.1: Gully Area showing Drainage 17 3.2: Aerial View of the Gullied Erosion Road and Settlements 18 LIST OF BOXES Box Page 7.1: A Summary of the Outcome of the Consultation Meetings 57 LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix Page 1: Description of the Components of the Project – The Engineering Profile of The Civil Works 60 2: Terms of Reference for the ESMP Preparation 61 3: Summary of World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard policies (10+2) 64 4: Environmental Quality Standards and Criteria – Permissible Levels 65 4.1: Soil Characteristics 67 4.2: Result of Water Samples at the Proposed Intervention Area 67 4.3: Summary of Some Specific baseline Conditions of the Zones 68 5: Stakeholders Met and Summary of the Meetings 69 6: Erosion and Sediment Control Measures 71 7: General Environmental management Conditions for Construction Controls 77 8: Indicative Framework for Assessing and Mainstreaming Gender Concerns 84 vi AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand BP Bank Policy CBO Community Based Organization CDD Community Driven Development CSO Community Support Organizations DO Dissolved Oxygen DS Dissolved Solids EA Environmental Assessment EAR Environmental Audit Report ESA Environmentally Sensitive Areas ESIA Environmental & Social Impact Assessment EIA Environnemental Impact Assessment E(S)MP Environmental (and Social) Management Plan ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESSO Environmental and Social Safeguard Officer FGN Federal Government of Nigeria FMEnv Federal Ministry of Environment FPMU Federal Project Management Office FRDP Federal Roads Development Project GIS Geographic Information System HSE Health Safety and Environment IDA International Development Association IPM Integrated Pest Management LB Land Bureau LGA Local Government Area LFN Laws of the Federation of Nigeria MDAs Ministries, Departments & Agencies MDG Millennium Development Goals MIGA Multilateral Guarantee Agency MOE State Ministry of Environment MOW State Ministry of Works MoH State Ministry of Housing NEEDS National Economic Empowerment & Development Strategy NEWMAP Nigerian Erosion and Watershed Management Project NGO Non-Governmental Organization NS Not Specified OD Operational Directives (of the World Bank) NGO Non-governmental Organization NIWA National Inland Waterways Authority OP Operational Policy PPE Personal Protective Equipment RAP Resettlement Action Plan RPF Resettlement Policy Framework RRC Road Rehabilitation Contractor SEPA State Environmental Protection Agency SMENV State Ministry of Environment SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SPMU State Project Management Unit TDS Total Dissolved Solids TOR Terms of Reference TSP Total Suspended Particulate vii AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS, Cont'd UNITS OF MEASUREMENT CHEMICAL ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS cfu/ml Colony forming unit per milliliter Al Aluminum cm Centimeter C Carbon dBA Decibel Ca Calcium ft Feet CaCO3 Calcium Carbonate g Gramme CCl4 Carbon Tetrachloride k Kilogramme Cd Cadmium g/cm Gramme per Centimeter Cl Chloride Km Kilometer CO Carbon Monoxide m Meter CO2 Carbon Dioxide m3 Meter Cube Cr Chromium meq Milliequivalent Cu Copper mg Milligramme Fe Iron mg/Kg Milligramme per Kilogramme H Hydrogen mg/l Milligramme per Litre H2O water ml Millilitre H2S Hydrogen Sulphide mm Millimetre Hg Mercury m/s Meter per Second K Potassium NTU Turbidity Unit Mg Magnesium o /oo Parts per thousand Mn Manganese oN Degree North N Nitrogen PH Hydrogen ion concentration Na Sodium ppb parts per billion Na2PO4 Sodium phosphate ppm parts per million NaOH Sodium hydroxide ToC Temperature in degrees Celsius NH3 Ammonia + g Microgramme NH4 Ammonium ion S micro Siemen NH4F Ammonium flouride m micrometer Ni - Nickel % Percentage NO2 Nitrite ion - NO3 Nitrate ion NOX Nitrogen Oxides O2 Oxygen P Phosphorus Pb Lead PO4 Phosphate SiO2 Silicate SO2 Sulphur dioxide SO4 Sulphate ion V Vanadium Zn Zinc DEFINITION OF TERMS Landslide A down slope movement of rock and soil along a slip surface. Shale Fine-grained rocks that contain between 50 and 100% clay sized particles with clay mineral constituting at least 25% of the total rock volume. Structural practices Sediment and erosion control devices used to divert storm water flows away from exposed areas, convey runoff, prevent sediments from moving offsite, and can also reduce the erosive forces of runoff waters. Erosion The action of water in which soil and rock material is loosened and removed which could be geological (soil-forming as well as soil- removing) or man-made by clearing, grading, or otherwise altering the land which can greatly accelerate the natural erosion process, including the breakdown of soil aggregates and the increased removal of organic and mineral particles. Erosion of soils that occurs at construction sites is man-made erosion. viii AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction The Government of Nigeria is implementing the multi-sectoral Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP), which is financed by the World Bank, Global Environment Facility, the Special Climate Change Fund, and the Government of Nigeria. NEWMAP finances activities implemented by States and activities implemented by the Federal government. The project currently includes 7 states, namely Anambra, Abia, Cross River, Edo, Enugu, Abia, and Imo. The lead agency at the Federal level is the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV), Department of Erosion, Flood and Coastal Zone Management. State and local governments, local communities and CSOs are or will be involved in the project, given that the project is a multi-sector operation involving MDAs concerned with water resources management, public works, agriculture, regional and town planning, earth and natural resources information, and disaster risk management. The development objective of NEWMAP is: to rehabilitate degraded lands and reduce longer-term erosion vulnerability in targeted areas. The Abia State Government as one of the participating States represented by the State Project Management Unit (SPMU) has selected the Amuda-Achara gully head as one of the priority sites to rehabilitate and remedy the degraded land. The gully head is located on Amuda-Achara, Isuochi in Umunneochi Local Government Area, Abia State. The gully erosion site starts behind the Timber Market on Amuda-Achara Road with the gully on both sides of the major road. The site lies between latitude 05° 26’ and N05° 41’ North of the Equator and longitude 007° 12’ and 007° 20’ East of the Greenwich Meridian. The proposed intervention works or project shall involve small-sized civil works and use of vegetation for the gullies stabilization, reclamation, protection and reinforcement to stop scouring action of water flow velocity due to exposed soil surface. In the light of the anticipated impacts of the proposed intervention work activities, it was considered necessary to prepare a site specific Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the proposed intervention work aimed at protecting and minimizing any potential adverse environmental and social impacts in course of work and in the operational life of the intervention work. Existing Policy, Legal and Administrative Frameworks Duty and responsibility for environmental protection and management related to projects in various sectors of Nigerian economy are mandated under:  Current Federal, State and Local relevant acts, rules, regulations and standards, and the common law of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (FRN)  International environmental agreements and treaties ratified by the Federal Republic of Nigeria  World Bank Policies Amongst the existing pieces of legislations there are a number of national and international environmental guidelines applicable to the proposed project with regard to both environmental and social concerns. Some of these extent legal and policies frameworks include:  Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act Cap 131 LFN 1992  National Environmental Standards and Regulatory Enforcement Agency Act No 25 of 2007  Sectoral EIA Guidelines  Nigerian Urban and Regional Planning Law No 88 of 1992  Land Use Act Cap 202 LFN 1990; and  Several other international policies including the World bank Safeguard Policies ix AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP To make the ESMP responsive to the objectives of good practice as required by the Nigerian government and the World Bank, the relevant Nigerian EIA/EA requirements and World Bank Operational Procedures were harmonized. It is especially made responsive with the consideration and inclusion of the followings:  Early consideration of environmental and social issues;  Identification and early consultation with stakeholders;  Prevention of adverse impacts through the consideration of feasible alternatives; and  Incorporation of mitigation measures into planning and design.  Strengthening the framework for the systematic management of environmental responsibilities, impacts and risks. The Intervention Work Activities The project activities for this gully erosion site will consist of: 1 Filling of the gullied portion of the road 2 Installation of reinforced rectangular concrete Type 1 and Type 2 drainage channels on both sides of the road to Achara village, a distance of 1,080 m. 3. Installation of reinforced concrete catch pit on the right side to the road to collect storm water into the culvert. 4. Installation of reinforced concrete single cell box culvert at chainage 1+080 m, of dimensions: Length of 9m, width of 1.2 m, depth 1.5 m and thickness 0.25 m. 5. Construction of chute channel, catch pit, baffled funnel shaped drainage channel within the confluence with the left side drainage type 2. 6. Restoration/reconstruction of the Amuda – Achara road, Dimensions: Length of 1080 m and, width 9 m. 7. Construction of 8 no. check dams from the end of the 15 m long baffled chute channel from the culvert to a distance of 880 m along the waterway leading to the Okide River. This is to ensure the protection of the works upstream of the check dams. Biophysical Environment and Socio Economics Gully erosions are reinforced by human activities leading to further degradation of the environment. It is a geomorphic process which occurs only when a threshold in terms of rainfall, topography, flow of hydraulics, nature of vegetation, nature of soil and land use and capability have been exceeded. Essentially, to this end, the relevant biophysical environmental baseline conditions were captured and described, as presented in CHAPTER 3 of this ESMP. This provides the context upon which the proposed intervention activities were related to the environment to identify the impacts and develop the necessary mitigation measures. The summary of the socio-economic of the proposed project location is highlighted situations, presented in chapter 4, inter alia:. Item Feature Amuda Achara Umunneocha LGA, Abia State. rural setting Population 163,928 (2006 census) with growth rate of 2.83% and Amuda Achara is estimated at 47,650 (Male 78% & Female 22%) Area Coverage 368 km² Settlement Pattern Dispersed People & Religion Igbo and Christians (85%) Economy Agriculture - major occupation and subsistence with food crops grown including yam, cassava, rice, cocoyam and maize while the cash crops include oil-palm, rubber, cocoa, banana and various types of fruits. Income of 31.58% earn below N15,000, 26.32% earn between N15,000 and Respondents N30,000.28.95% earn between N30,001 and N60,000. The High income earners i.e. >N60,000 are 13.16% Education Majority (50%) secondary education, 27% had primary education while 18% Respondent had tertiary education. Common Health Majority- 90% Malaria. x AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Issues Health Care Facility 81.22% confirmed to the presence of health facilities while some complained of Availability no immediate facility, and others not sure about the availabilkty. The Project Benefits The major benefits will occur in the form of improved erosion management and gully rehabilitation which will provide for:  Reduced loss of infrastructure including roads, houses, etc.  Reduced loss of agricultural land and productivity from soil loss caused by surface erosion.  Reduced siltation in river leading to less flooding and the preservation of the water systems for improved access to domestic water supply.  Reduced risks of floods (due to reduced siltation)  Progressively restored vegetative cover, improved environmental conditions and more humid local microclimates. This results in increased vegetation cover for wildlife and carbon sequestration.  Environmental improvements due to land stabilization measures which preserve the landscape and biodiversity. The Project Negative Impacts The proposed development unfortunately is also likely to exert adverse impacts on the social and physical environment within which it is executed. These impacts can be divided into short-term construction related impacts and long-term operation unavoidable impacts. The short-term impacts include construction traffic, dust, construction related noise, siltation of the downstream river, etc. A more project specific potential negative impacts and the level of impacts that could emanate from the intervention work are presented in relevant Section of this ESMP. Mitigation Measures A priority in project planning and design is to avoid potential negative environmental and social impacts. For instance, in the design and selection of site, work methods, equipment, for the project, etc. negative impacts are as much as possible mitigated. Nevertheless, some of the impacts could require additional measures and others will require sound operational procedures. Provisions have been made for this in the entire arrangement of the project for impacts that are unavoidable to be mitigated. The mitigation measures and the general Environmental code of Conduct have been developed which shall be integrated into the project design and tender documents. Using this approach, the mitigation measures and code of conduct as contained in the report will automatically become part of the project construction and operation phase. By including mitigation measures in the contract or in specific items in the Bill of Quantities, monitoring and supervision, mitigation measures implementation shall be covered under the normal engineering supervision provisions of the contract. ESMP Implementation and Management The successful implementation of the ESMP depends on the commitment of the sector and related institutions, and the capacity within the institutions to apply or use this ESMP effectively, and the appropriate and functional institutional arrangements, among others. Hence these key ESMP areas relevant to its successful implementation were included in the ESMP, namely: institutional arrangements, capacity building, environmental and social monitoring. In order to effectively and efficiently implement this ESMP, a system for monitoring and auditing has been built into the overall management plan. Monitoring and auditing assist in the examination of management, employee knowledge, programme responsibilities, records & effectiveness The Environmental monitoring activities shall be based on direct or indirect indicators of discharge to the environment and resource use applicable to the project. Monitoring frequency shall be sufficient to provide representative data for the parameter being monitored. Monitoring shall be conducted by trained xi AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP individuals who can carry out the monitoring and record-keeping effectively using properly calibrated and maintained equipment. Monitoring data shall be analyzed and reviewed at regular intervals and compared with the operating standards so that any necessary corrective actions can be taken. As part of monitoring programme, visual inspections and quality monitoring for light attenuation will be conducted daily, for instance. Stakeholders and their Concerns The key stakeholders identified and consulted in the area include leaders in the communities, individual people who own properties that will be directly or indirectly affected, and business owners, etc. At the meeting, the overview of the proposed project and appreciation of ESMP were presented. Furthermore, the challenges that could impede the implementation of the project and the support needed from all parties to ensure effective project and successful implementation were also discussed with the stakeholders. A summary of stakeholder perceptions, concerns and how these concerns were addressed is shown in Box a below with more details of the public consultation in Chapter 7. Budget ESMPs have associated costs. Thus to effectively implement the environmental and social management measures necessary budgetary provisions shall be made for this ESMP. The Budgets for the ESMP include the environmental management costs other than the good engineering practices, cost of environmental and resettlement monitoring. All administrative costs for implementing the ESMP shall be budgeted for as part of the project costing. The cost of each measure have been estimated and included in the overall ESMP budget as indicated in Table 6.6 to be N6, 957,500.00 (Six million, nine hundred and fifty seven thousand, five hundred Naira only) . The key elements of the implementation schedule are shown in the Table 6.7. Disclosure This ESMP has been prepared in consultation with the relevant stakeholders. Copies of this ESMP that have been prepared for the project shall be made available to the public by SPMU in the various relevant local government councils, State Ministries of Environment and other stakeholders as well as the Federal Ministry of Environment. All reasonable efforts must also be made to disclose/display them to the public at strategic points within the project’s areas of influence so as to allow all stakeholders to read and understand how their environment stand to be impacted by the project. SPMU will also disclose this ESMP electronically through the World Bank Info Shop. xii AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Left Blank xiii AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The Government of Nigeria is implementing the multi-sectoral Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP), which is financed by the World Bank, Global Environment Facility, the Special Climate Change Fund, and the Government of Nigeria. NEWMAP finances activities implemented by States and activities implemented by the Federal government. The project currently includes 7 states, namely Anambra, Abia, Cross River, Edo, Enugu, Abia, and Imo. The lead agency at the Federal level is the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV), Department of Erosion, Flood and Coastal Zone Management. State and local governments, local communities and CSOs are or will be involved in the project, given that the project is a multi-sector operation involving MDAs concerned with water resources management, public works, agriculture, regional and town planning, earth and natural resources information, and disaster risk management. The development objective of NEWMAP is: to rehabilitate degraded lands and reduce longer-term erosion vulnerability in targeted areas. The Abia State Government as one of the participating States represented by the State Project Management Unit (SPMU) has selected a gully heads as one of the priority sites to rehabilitate the degraded land. The gully heads are located at Amuda-achala Isuochi in Umunneochi Local Government Area of Abia state. The gully erosion site starts behind Timber Market at Amuda-achalaIsuochi with the gully on both sides of the major road. Isuochi is accessed through Okigwe-Awgu on the Enugu Port Harcourt Express way. It can also be accessed through Umunze- Owele Ezukala Achi road. The site lies between latitude 05° 26’ and N05° 41’ North of the Equator and longitude 007° 12’ and 007° 20’ East of the Greenwich Meridian. The proposed intervention works shall involve small-sized civil works and use of vegetation for the gullies stabilization, reclamation, protection and reinforcement to stop scouring action of flow velocity due to exposed soil surface. In the light of the anticipated impacts of the proposed intervention work activities, it was considered expedient and necessary to prepare a site specific Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the proposed intervention work which is directed at protecting and minimizing any potential adverse environmental and social impacts. 1.2 The Intervention Work Essentially, the intervention work shall include the civil engineering designs and vegetative land management measures. Figure 3.1 shows the dimensions of the Engineering works. The bio-engineering design seeks to provide a more holistic and permanent solution to the gully erosion problem by recognizing three major contending variables, namely: man, earth and rain water. The scope of the control works for this gully erosion site will consist of: 1 Filling of the gullied portion of the road 2 Reinforced rectangular concrete Type 1 and Type 2 drainage channels on both sides of the road to Achara village, a distance of 1,080 m as indicated in the schematics design shown in Appendix 1. The concrete channels are made to stop at the section where the gullies are stabilized without destroying the bamboos and other vegetation cover which are beneficial to the mitigation of the effects of gully erosion. 3. Reinforced concrete catch pit on the right side to the road to collect storm water into the culvert. Dimensions: 3 m deep, 2 m wide, 2m long, x 0.25 m thick. 4. 1 no. Reinforced concrete single cell box culvert at chainage 1+080 m, of dimensions: Length of 9m, width of 1.2 m, depth 1.5 m and thickness 0.25 m. 1 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP 5. Construction of chute channel, catch pit, baffled funnel shaped drainage channel within the confluence with the left side drainage type 2. 6. Restoration/reconstruction of the Amuda – Achara road , Dimensions: Length of 1080 m and, width 9 m. 7. Construction of 8 no. check dams from the end of the 15 m long baffled chute channel from the culvert to a distance of 880 m along the waterway leading to the Okide River. This is to ensure the protection of the works upstream of the check dams. owed 9m long x 3m wide x 1.2m deep chute channel, followed by 4m long x 4m wide x 2m deep catchpit, foll by Proposed Type 1 Rectangular 10m long x 3m expanding to 6m wide x 2.5m deep sloping apron, Drainage Channel Left Side (see drawings no ----) complete with baffles and riprap to the water way Length 260m X Width 1m X Depth 1m Proposed Type 2 Rectangular 7 nos check dams to Drainage Channel Left Side Isuochi - Owerre Ezukala -nUmunze, Uga Ekwuluobia Road the Okide stream Length 820m X Width 1.2m X Depth 1m (Refer to Drawing No.TCL/ABIA/NEWMAP/ISUOCHI/23/2013 on page 23) 260m 820m To Okide stream Natural water way Amuda - Achara Isuochi Road Road to Achara 1080m long Proposed Single Cell Box Culvert at chainage 1+080m: Length 9m X Proposed 1080m of asphaltic Catch pit Width 1.5m X depth 1.5m layered road from Amuda To divert flow from the right side to Timber the left side. Market to Achara Village. Width: 9m Boundary between type 1 and type 2 channels Proposed Type 2 Rectangular Proposed Type 1 Rectangular Drainage Channel Right Side Drainage Channel Right Side Length 820m X Width 1.2m X Depth 1m Length 260m X Width 1m X Depth 1m Figure 1.1: Dimensions of the Engineering works 1.3 Need for ESMP for the Proposed Intervention Work By design, the proposed intervention works shall involve small-sized civil works and use of vegetation for the gullies stabilization, reclamation, protection and reinforcement to stop scouring action of flow velocity due to exposed soil surface. To this end, this proposed project intervention activity triggers World Bank (WB)’ s Operational Policy, OP 4.01 on Environmental Assessment. In order to develop site specific, costed, measurable, and monitorable actions for the intervention site it became necessary to prepare this Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). The ESMP mainly consist mitigation, monitoring, and institutional measures to be undertaken during implementation and maintenance of the intervention work to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels. It should be noted that parallel to this ESMP, a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), has been prepared to manage issues of involuntary resettlement or displacement that could result from implementation of the intervention work. Also, during the preparatory stage of the project, two national instruments, a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) which provides guidance for the mitigation and compensation of adverse social impacts and an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) which provides guidance on how general environmental and social impacts arising from these will be managed had been prepared. The ESMP and the RAP provides the specific actionable elements of these national instruments. 1.4 Objectives of this Environmental and Social Management Plan The overall aim of this ESMP is to document the actions necessary to prevent or minimize predicted negative impacts as well as provide a framework for systematic managing of the responsibilities associated with the works. Specifically, this ESMP is designed to ensure the following: 2 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP  Compliance with relevant legislative requirements;  Achievement, enhancement and demonstration of sound environmental performance built around the principle of continuous improvement;  Provision of standards for overall planning, operation, audit and review;  Encouragement and achievement of the highest environmental performance and response from individual employee and contractors;  Rationalizing and streamline environmental activities to add value in term of efficiency and effectiveness;  Enabling management to establish environment priorities;  Integrating environment fully into the various activities of the proposed project and ensuring inclusion of environmental requirements into tender documents, continuing management and evaluation of the environmental performance of the project.  Providing detailed design criteria for specific mitigation measures to be implemented.  Tracking to ensure the effectiveness of the mitigation measures at meeting the discharge standards.  Specifying appropriate roles and responsibilities, and outline the necessary reporting procedures, for managing and monitoring environmental and social concerns related to projects. 1.5 Scope/Terms of Reference of the ESMP and Tasks The Terms of Reference is summarized in Appendix 2 of this ESMP. 1.6 Approaches for Preparing the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) The main approach for preparing the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) include the following: 1.6.1 Literature Review Review of the existing baseline information and literature material was undertaken. This assisted in gaining a further and deeper understanding of the project and the environmental and social conditions that exist in the intended states. Among the documents that were reviewed in order to familiarize and deeply understand the project included: Nigeria’s National laws and/or regulations on environmental assessments, World Bank Operational Policies, Project Appraisal document and other relevant literature 1.6.2 Interactive Discussions/Consultations As a process of initiating the process of continual consultation and involvement of the public in the project, various discussions were held with some key relevant community groups/CDAs/CBOs and members of the public in the states. In addition, as part of the process of public consultation/participation a program for the disclosure of the ESMP to facilitate the work has been developed. 1.6.3 Field Visits Field visits were made to the intervention site, and in particular the sub-watershed as delimited in the given gully stabilization design. Particular interest was paid to the proposed civil engineering designs, vegetative land management measures and other activities aimed at reducing or managing runoff that would be carried out within the sub-watershed. With this in mind, the natural resources and infrastructure that could be potentially affected during project implementation and operation were identified and assess. Based in this the management strategies needed to ensure that environmental risks are appropriately mitigated have been designed for the intervention work. The various sites were visited with a view to gathering information on the baseline environmental conditions, institutional arrangement, capacity, etc. in relation to the project implementation. The field work informed the preparation of the existing conditions and any anticipated changes before the start of the sub-projects. Attention was paid to the physical environment (i.e. topography, geology climate and meteorology, surface water hydrology); biological environment (i.e. Flora types and diversity, rare and endangered species within or adjacent to projects intervention sites, including wetlands, sensitive habitats); and socio-economic and cultural environment, such as population, land use, planned development activities, community structure, employment and labour market, sources and distribution of 3 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP income, cultural properties – such as historical and archaeological significant sites, indigenous people, and traditional tribal lands and customs). 1.6.4 Identification of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures The potential impacts were identified through generic and specific assessment of the sites for anticipated changes that could result in the light of the socio-environmental conditions (project-environment interactions) Mitigation measures have been proffered to either eliminate or minimize adverse environmental and social impacts of specific actions, projects or programs while also enhancing positive effects. The approach to mitigation has been primarily preventive principles of anticipated impacts based on well- known negative outcomes of project-environment interactions. 4 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP CHAPTER 2: POLICY, LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 2.1 Introduction This section covers Nigeria’s legislative and World Bank Safeguards Policy requirements for environmental protection. The essence of the consideration of this legal aspect is to show the commitment of the intervention work to meeting the set standards and guidelines. It should be noted that a number of the national and international environmental guidelines applicable to the operation of the NEWMAP have already been discussed in CHAPTER TWO of the ESMF prepared for NEWMAP. Thus cross references can easily be made to the ESMF. Nevertheless, to show the level of commitment of this intervention work to the overall policy, legal and regulatory framework some these and those not previously presented have been highlighted in this Section. 2.2 Institutional Framework As mentioned in the introduction above, the relevant national and international policies, protocols, regulatory and administrative framework related to the interventions works have already been treated exhaustively in the precursor document, ESMF. So cross reference should be made to detailed analyses of this Section. Suffice it to say that the National Policy on Environment, 1989 (revised 1999), provides for “ a viable national mechanism for cooperation, coordination and regular consultation, as well as harmonious management of the policy formulation and implementation process which requires the establishment of effective institutions and linkages within and among the various tiers of government – Federal, State and Local Government”. The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) was Set up by Presidential Directive No. Ref. No. SGF.6/S.221 of October 12, 1999 and empowered to regulate all environmental matters in order to protect enhance and preserve the Nigerian environment. And in response to its mandate the Ministry has developed far reaching legal reference instruments for achieving environmentally sound management of resources and sustainable development across all major sectors of the economy and supervises the activities of a number of Agencies with one directly having a bearing on the proposed intervention activities, namely: National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) The National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) [with Gazette No. 92, Vol. 94 of 31st July, 2007 with responsibility for the protection and development of the environment, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development of Nigeria’s natural resources in general and environmental technology, including coordination and liaison with relevant stakeholders within and outside Nigeria on matters of enforcement of environmental standards, regulations, rules, laws, policies and guidelines. Each State of the Federation has an Environment Ministry/EPA that is charged with the responsibility of providing decent, orderly and reasonable conducive environment for habitable society, as contained in the assignments of Ministerial responsibilities. Inter alia, the Ministry of Environment in the State is empowered to give direction to all issues concerning the environment; monitor and control pollution and the disposal of solid, gaseous and liquid wastes generated by various facilities in the state. Some of the functions of the State Ministry of Environment include: (i) Liaising with the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) to achieve a healthy or better management of the environment via development of National Policy on Environment (ii) Co-operating with FMENV and other National Directorates/Agencies in the performance of environmental functions including environmental education/awareness to the citizenry (iii) Responsibility for monitoring waste management standards, (iv) Responsibility for general environmental matters in the State, and 5 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP (v) Monitoring the implementation of EIA studies and other environmental studies for all development projects in the State. The Local Government Councils, without any specific laws on environmental management are charged with the following responsibilities, inter alia:  Co-ordinating the activities of Local Government Council;  Maintenance of Law and Order in collaboration with Law Enforcement Agencies;  Collection of taxes and fees;  Establishment and maintenance of cemeteries, burial grounds and homes for the destitute or infirm  Construction and maintenance of roads, streets, drains and other public highways, parks, and open spaces;  Naming of roads and streets and numbering of houses;  Provision and maintenance of public transportation and refuse disposal; 2.2 Policies and Legal Instruments Duty and responsibility for environmental protection and management related to projects in various sectors of Nigerian economy are mandated under:  Current Federal, State and Local and relevant acts, rules, regulations and standards, and the common law of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (FRN)  International environmental agreements and treaties ratified by the Federal Republic of Nigeria  World Bank Safeguard Policies, especially those supported by the Bank All these have been treated in the ESMF. Nevertheless, since the intervention is now more or like at the State level, consideration has been given to this aspect at that level. Abia State Environmental Basic law 2004, amended on 10 June 2013: This is the main relevant legal instruments by the state for managing Environmental issues. This instrument enables the State to manage issues pertaining to the environment such as waste management, flood and erosion control, forest depletion and degradation and general environmental and atmospheric pollution. The Abia State Ministry of Land, Housing & Survey has the mandate to manage all lands in Abia State, survey, map and chart all real estates in the State. To acquire value and allocate public real property for public projects and gazettes such acquisitions by the State with the ministry. The policy objectives of the Ministry are to process all instruments evidencing ownership and possession of real estate in the state. And to keep in custody all real estate instruments, records, and their management. 2.3 World Bank’s Environmental and Social Guidelines The World Bank's environmental and social safeguard policies are a cornerstone of its support to sustainable poverty reduction. The objective of these policies is to prevent and mitigate undue harm to people and their environment in the development process. These policies provide guidelines for bank and borrower staffs in the identification, preparation, and implementation of programs and projects. The effectiveness and development impact of projects and programs supported by the Bank has substantially increased as a result of attention to these policies. Safeguard policies have often provided a platform for the participation of stakeholders in project design, and have been an important instrument for building ownership among local populations. The World Bank has 10+ 2 Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies to reduce or eliminate the adverse effects of development projects, and improve decision making (Box 1). Appendix 1 summarizes these WB Safeguard Policies. The World Bank's environmental and social safeguard policies are a cornerstone of its support to sustainable poverty reduction. The objective of these policies is to prevent and mitigate undue harm to 6 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP people and their environment in the development process. These policies provide guidelines for bank and borrower staff in the identification, preparation, and implementation of programs and projects. The Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) and Social Assessment of projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are both socially and environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making. The World Bank's environmental assessment policy and recommended processing are described in Operational Policy (OP)/Bank Procedure (BP) 4.01: Environmental Assessment. 2.4 World Bank Safeguards Policies triggered by NEWMAP proposed activity The World Bank has 10+ 2 Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies to reduce or eliminate the adverse effects of development projects, and improve decision making which are summarized in Appendix 3. Of these Safeguard Policies, the intervention work at the proposed site triggers Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) and Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) as indicated in Table 2.1. Table 2.1: Triggered Safeguard Policies Safeguard Policies Triggered Triggered by Applicability to How Project Address Policy by Site-specific Project due to Requirements NEWMAP? Project? Yes No Yes No Environmental [x] [] [x] [] Civil works with ESMF prepared for NEWMAP Assessment (OP/BP site-specific & site specific mitigation 4.01) impacts measures developed in this ESMP Natural Habitats [x] [] [] [x] NA* NA (OP/BP 4.04) Pest Management (OP [x] [] [] [x] NA NA 4.09) Physical Cultural [x] [] [] [X] NA NA Resources (OP/BP 4.11) Involuntary [x] [ ] [x] [ ] Restriction of RPF prepared for NEWMAP & Resettlement (OP/BP access to sources a standalone RAP spells out 4.12) of livelihoods. site specific issues to be addressed & how. Indigenous Peoples [] [x] [] [x] NA NA (OP/BP 4.10) Forests (OP/BP 4.36) [ x] [] [] [x] NA NA Safety of Dams (OP/BP [x] [] [] [x] NA NA 4.37) Projects in Disputed [] [x] [] [x] NA NA * Areas (OP/BP 7.60) Projects on [x] [] [] [x] NA NA International Waterways (OP/BP 7.50) *NA= Not Applicable 2.5 Nigeria EA Guidelines and World Bank EA Guidelines 7 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP The Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86 of 1992 requires that development projects be screened for their potential impact. Based on the screening, a full, partial, or no Environmental impact assessment may be required. Guidelines issued in 1995 direct the screening process. According to these guidelines,  Category I projects will require a full Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).  Category II projects may require only a partial EIA, which will focus on mitigation and Environmental planning measures, unless the project is located near an environmentally sensitive area--in which case a full EIA is required.  Category III projects are considered to have “essentially beneficial impacts” on the environment, for which the Federal Ministry of the Environment will prepare an Environmental Impact Statement. With regard to environmental assessment, the Bank has also categorized projects based on the type of EA required, namely:  Category A - projects are those whose impacts are sensitive, diverse, unprecedented, felt beyond the immediate project environment and are potentially irreversible over the long term. Such projects require full EA.  Category B - projects involve site specific and immediate project environment interactions, do not significantly affect human populations, do not significantly alter natural systems and resources, do not consume much natural resources (e.g., ground water) and have adverse impacts that are not sensitive, diverse, unprecedented and are mostly reversible. Category B projects will require partial EA, and environmental and social action plans.  Category C - Projects are mostly benign and are likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EA action is required for a Category C project, although some may require environmental and social action plans.  Category FI - A proposed project is classified as Category FI if it involves investment of Bank funds through a financial intermediary, in road projects that may result in adverse environmental impacts. This World Bank categorization ( A, B, & C) corresponds in principle with the Nigeria EIA requirements of Category I, II and III, which in actual practice is done with regard to the level of impacts associated with a given project. The relevant good practice guidelines/policies in line with the World Bank process shall be applied. This is more so since the proposed project is co-sponsored by the World Bank. However, it should be noted that in the event of divergence between the two (World Bank safeguard policy and Nigeria EA laws, guidelines and or standards) the more beneficial to the environment takes precedence between the two. 2.6 Making the ESMP Response to Good Practice This ESMP is seen as being responsive to the objectives of good practice, which must be abided with in the course of the intervention work. This is because the ESMP is prepared in compliance with existing Federal, State and local laws of Nigeria as well as the World Bank’s Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) safeguards instruments prepared for NEWMAP at the preparatory stage. Specifically, the Nigeria’s EIA requirements and World Bank operational procedures were harmonized as far as possible; hence it is made responsive to the objectives of good practice. It is especially made responsive with regard to the followings: Early consideration of environmental and social issues (starting at the screening stage); Identification and early consultation with stakeholders; Prevention of adverse impacts through the consideration of feasible alternatives; and Incorporation of mitigation measures into planning and (engineering) design. Thus this ESMP is seen to be a good guide to drive the sustainability of the intervention work, in addition to other instruments that have been prepared for it, with a view to avoiding and mitigating adverse impacts. 8 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP CHAPTER 3: EXISTING BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF PROPOSED PROJECT SITE 3.0 Introduction Gully erosion clearly is a threshold phenomenon. This geomorphic process occurs only when a threshold in terms of flow hydraulics, rainfall, topography, nature of vegetation, nature of soil/pedology and land use and capability has been exceeded. Can we identify critical thresholds for the initiation, development and infilling of gullies in different environments? Thus this section and the next provide an overview of the environmental and asocial characteristics of the intervention work area of location, particularly those elements of the environment that may be impacted upon by the intervention work and which should be included in the monitoring programme. The information presented were obtained through extensive literature review, field observations and sampling/surveys and analyses. 3.1 Location of the Gully and Extent The Amuda-Achara Isuochi gully erosion site starts behind Timber Market at Amuda-Achala Isuochi, with o I the gully on both sides of the major road. It is geographically located within the coordinates N05 26 and o I o I o I N 05 41 Latitude and E007 12 and E007 20 Longitude. nd rd The Amuda–Achara road gully in Isuochi is mainly road gully which is at 2 and 3 stages of development. The gully developed as a result of concentrated runoff from the road construction in 2008. No drainages appear to have been included construction of the road. This has given rise to the force of erosion setting in to the extent it is today (Plate 3.1). Since this road became gullied, economic activities between Abia and Enugu along this axis has grounded. The evidence is shown in the closure of the Timber Mill and market in Amuda Isuochi. People coming from Achara village to Isuochi now have to transverse long distances through Achi and Maku in Awgu, a distance of over 20 km which hitherto would have been a journey of 2 km. The only Timber markets in the Local Government Area are under serious threat of devastation by the gully. Plate 3.1: Location of the Erosion Site along Amuda–Achara road 3.2 The Watershed 2 2 The watershed area for gully erosion site is about 0.143 km at the gully head, and about 0.375 km at the outlet of the gully. Figure 3.1 shows the demarcation of the Watershed. 9 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP ISUOCHI 3500 3000 The entire watershed area: 0.375km 2 (37.5 hectares) 2500 2000 Area contributing to the gully head 2 0.143km (14.3 hectares) 1500 1000 500 SCALE: 1:6500 50 57’57.26”N 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 70 23’35.21”E Figure 3.1: Watershed of the Amuda-Achala Isuochi gully erosion site 3.3 Biophysical Environment Obviously, the gully erosion is mainly due to geomorphic process which occurred when the threshold in relation to rainfall, topography, flow hydraulics, nature of vegetation, nature of soil and land use and capability were exceeded. To this end, only information considered relevant with regard to the biophysical environment components are presented in this baseline condition description. 3.3.1 Hydrological Study Hydrology deals with estimating flood magnitudes as the result of precipitation. This is fundamental to the design of drainage facilities with regard to peak rate of runoff, volume of runoff, and time distribution of flow. The rainfall characteristics such as intensity and distribution, as well as run-off are vital in analysis and design Based on the empirical template adopted for NEWMAP at the Calabar Workshop Clinic in January 2012, a 24-hour duration rainfall intensities values were used to generate the IDF for the project site. The rainfall intensity for the gully head of the project was derived as 280mm/hour while the rainfall intensity for the gully end of the project was derived as 240mm/hour (Graph 3.1). Table 3.1 shows the derivation of the Rainfall Intensities for different return periods for intervention site. 3 The discharge (Q) for 100-year return period for the gully head is 5.5 m /s and the discharge (Q) for the 3 end of the gully is 12m /s. The Gully Site Overland flow time was calculated at 4.122 mins and Channel flow time at 14.29 mins. Thus the Time of Concentration for the gully head and Channel flow is 19 mins. The Time of Concentration at the End of the Gully is as outlined in Table 3.1. 10 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Table 3.1: Rainfall Intensities and Time of Concentration for the Gully 24-HOUR RAINFALL INTENSITIES FOR THE SPECIFIED RETURN PERIODS 2-Year 5-Year 10-Year 25-Year 50-Year 100-Year 5.396 6.695 7.377 8.178 8.762 9.349 Time of Concentration at the End of the Gully Site Lov H1 H2 Lch H2 H3 (m) N (m) (m) Sov Tov (m) (m) (m) Sch Tch Tc 11 0.0545 4.1222 0.03842 22.8 27.0 0 0.02 353 347 5 6 1,900 347 274 1 9 1 Developed Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves for Isuochi 100-Year 50-Year 25-Year Rainfall Intensity (mm/hour) 10-Year 5-Year 2-Year Duration (minutes) Graph 3.1: 24- Hour Rainfall Intensity – Duration – Frequency Curve 3.4 Geology Amuda – Achara Isuochi project area falls within the oldest known geologic unit in Abia State; the Anambra - Imo River Basin. The major geologic formation existing in the area include: Imo shale group, Bende – Ameke formation and some fingers of Ajali formation. Minor rivers and streams in the area form some kind of dendritic patter and drain into Odoko Amuda River before emptying into the Imo River. The lithology of Imo shale comprises of bluish-gray fossilferious shale that is locally sandy and consists of thin bed of mud stone and siltstone. The sand stone forms a good aquifer which is exploited for water supplies in different parts of the Local Government Area. Along the corridor, in addition to being within this formation, shale units could be seen exposed. 3.5 Soil Study The soil is dark reddish brown at top. It can be described as sandy loam and has a tendency to be eroded by weathering agent mostly by water. The Gully vertical profile consists of relatively uniform dark brown to reddish non-indurated lateritic sandy soils grading into yellowish white sand stones with pebbles of 11 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP unconsolidated and consolidated mud stones, silt stones, and sand stones. Bands of sandy grey shale occasionally intercalate with the sand stones. Generally, the soil profile from the gully head shows a uniform grading down to the bed of the gully that is reddish brown lateritic silt-clay. At the middle of gully at about 500m towards the stream, the top soil becomes pronounced but about 0.2m deep after which the dark brown sandy clay continues up to 1.6m.below this point, is sandy grey shale with an intercalation of sandstones and siltstones At about 1.5km from the gully head near the timber market there are exposures of consolidated sandstones, pebbles of sandstones and mudstones overlaying the grey sandy shale. At this point the gully erosion becomes reduced and stability begins to be noticed to the stream which is the outfall. 3.6 Geotechnical Analysis The laboratory test result carried out on the soil samples from the project area in a standalone report by the SPMU is summarized in Appendix 4.1 . The liquid limit (LL) of the samples collected, ranged between 21 and 35 with an average of 26%, the plastic limit of the same samples ranged between 11 and 22 with an average of 15%, while the plastic index ranges from 6 and 24 with an average of 13%. The percentage materials passing sieve 200 is 19% on the average. The Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) of the samples range between 10 and 16 with an average of about 14%. The maximum Dry Density ranged 3 between 1.70 and 1.93 with an average of 1.85gm/cm . The California Bearing Ratio ranged between 10% to 49% with an average of 27%. The natural moisture content is between 9%and 16% with an average of 13% and the cohesion is between 25kpa and 40kpa averaging 33kpa% for laboratory compacted samples. The soil in the area is uniformly graded as indicated by the grain size analysis. The soil materials are silts and silty clay from sandstone with little cement materials that falls into a category of erosion prone soils. The soil depicted an interesting phenomena grading from dark-brown silt to reddish sandy clay soil. From the section, the sub-grade material exhibit CBR value greater than 15%. Any of the materials can be used as fill material in case of gully reclamation works. The primary source of the materials is weathered sandstones Furthermore, with regard to the soil Particle Size, Characteristics & Plasticity of Gully Area, th e data shows that the top part (lateritic soil) contains more fines (silt/clay) than the bottom stratum. It is apparent that the entire sequence is sand, with a small percentage of silt/clay, a condition that favours easy soil dispersal and erosion (Table 3.2). The low density values show that the soils are loose . This makes the soils susceptible to erosion, a point that is buttressed by the high void ratios and porosities. The samples exhibited low to medium plasticity despite the sandy nature of the soils. The lateritic top layer displays some degree of plasticity and can be used as a base for the control measure. Table 3.2: Soil Particle Size, Characteristics & Plasticity of Gully Area a. Particle Size parameters Location Depth Fine Coarse Medium Fine Silt/clay Sample (m) gravel % sand % sand % sand % Description Gully Head >1 2 8 2 80 10 Red silty clay soil Gully Midway 4 0 2 3 84 11 Dark bown sany silt soil Gully end 3 0 40 30 20 5 Loose sands 12 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP b. Density characteristics: Location Depth (m) Bulk Lab. O.M.C. Void Ratio Porosity density Max. dry (%) 3 (Kg/m ) density 3 (Kg/m ) Gully Head 2 1692 1985 10 0.82 45.0 Gully Midway 4 1735 1830 13 0.76 44.0 Gully end 3 1730 1865 16 0.85 46.2 c. Plasticity and Strength tests parameter Location Depth Liquid Plastic Plasticity Cohesion Angle of shearing 2 (m) limit (%) limit (%) Index (%) (KN/m ) resistance degree) Gully Head >1 35 11 24 6 35 Gully Midway 4 22 16 6 20 29 Gully end 3 32 22 10 10 34 3.7 Flora and Fauna The proposed project area and its surroundings are in the secondary succession Rainforest with a mix of few forest flora. The area is a community of regenerating secondary plants, which has been left to fallow with some pockets of functional and abandoned farmlands, and extensive land being badly eroded The important cultivated plants around the area are Cassava ( Manihot esculenta), Maize (Zea mays), Beans (Vigna unguiculata), white yam (Dioscorea esculenta), vegetables, pepper (Capsicum spp.) and fruits such as Mango (Mangifera indica), Oranges (Citrus spp.), and Cashew (Anarcardium occidentale). The most important naturally occurring useful plants are locust bean plant ( Parkia biglobosa), economic timbers such as Afzelia sp., paper plant (Gmelina plant) and Daniella oliverii (Butter plant), Lophira lanceolata (Iron wood). Economic trees in the cashew, oil-palm, oil bean, icheku trees, banana and oha trees. Based on interviews with the communities’ members, the fauna animals found in the area giant rat (Cricetaomys gambianus), ground squirrel (Xerus erythropus) and greater cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus), grass cutters, antelopes and wild pigs. Smaller animals such as lizards and skinks, as well as the larger ones like the monitor lizards were sighted including and a number of migratory birds during the field survey while some were seen foraging. The wildlife in the area is said to be greatly reduced because of excessive hunting and farming activities by the people. 3.8 Water Resources and Quality Assessment There are two small streams that pass across the road which are seasonal. The proposed intervention work is not expected to physical reach any of the locations of the streams in terms of actual work. However, because of the sloppy nature of the area of work, siltation is likely during rain in the first stream. The other is uphill and no interference is expected from the work. The results of the Mmiri Achara (AKu Stream) physico-chemical, heavy metal and microbiological analysis of the surface water samples are presented in Appendix 4.2. Physical observation of the water shows that the water samples are clean, colourless and had no odour. The pH of the water samples were slightly acidic (Mean=6.5) at the upper- stream and the downstream of the water body. The total dissolved solids, the total suspended solids, total hardness and the total Hydrocarbon contents were within the FMEnv limits for surface water with value of 7,635 and 6410mg/l, 1,331 and 1,656mg/l, 1323 and 1,610mg/l and 3.3 and 3.4 at the upstream and downstream respectively. The background concentrations of heavy metals in the surface water body were analysed both at the upstream and the downstream. The values of the heavy metals detected were: Calcium, 53.6mg/l at both ends of the stream; Iron 0.02 and 0.03mg/l; Lead, 0.04 at both end; Zinc, 0.03 and 0.06mg/l; Copper 0.04 13 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP and 0.07mg/l; Chromium 0.03 at both ends; Magnesium 63.3 mg/l, and potassium 0.32 and 0.40 mg/l at both ends. The background levels of all the heavy metals in the water body were low when compared with the national and international standards (Appendix 4). 0 0 The results of the heterotrophic bacterial population in the water samples, incubated at 22 C and 37 C 4 were 1.1 x 10 cfu/ml both at the upstream and downstream. The results showed that the total bacterial 0 count marginally exceeded the maximum recommended limit of 100 colonies/ml at 22 C and 20 0 colonies/ml at 37 C. Apart from domestic uses, Achara water is fit for agricultural and domestic uses other than drinking. Treatment will be required the water is intended for drinking. Consumption of water that does not meet potability standard put human at the risk of gastro-intestinal diseases apart from other chronic ailments. Such diseases include diarrhea, dysentery and cholera among others. 3.9 Climate and Meteorology of the Study Area The climate of the project area is humid tropics (i.e. semi-hot equatorial). It is controlled by latitudinal locations, prevailing (seasonal) winds and nearness to the Atlantic Ocean. There are two dominant air masses, namely: (i) The dry Northeasterly Tropical Continental (cT) from across the Sahara, North of the West African region, and (ii) The wet Southwesterly Tropical Maritime (mT) from across the Atlantic Ocean in the South. Separating the two air masses is an Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), often referred to as Inter- tropical Discontinuity (ITD) or Inter-tropical Front (ITF). The front oscillates with the apparent location of the sun towards the North and South of the equator thereby accounting for the dominant seasons of the area. Marginal alterations are also recorded due to other landform characteristics, especially the dominant ocean currents, configuration of surrounding shoreline and the generally flat topography of the region. Rainfall (i.e. amount and distribution) is the single most important element for defining the climatic seasons in the tropics where the project corridor is located characterized by two dominant seasons; the wet and the dry seasons. Other significant climatic elements in the area are sunshine (hours), atmospheric pressure, wind (direction and speed), and relative humidity. The pattern of some of these elements for the past ten years (2002 - 2012) is highlighted. Rainfall: Rain falls in many months of the year. However, the characteristics vary indirectly with latitudinal location but directly with the location of the ITD and monsoon-initiated winds. Traditionally, onset of rains in the project area actually starts around April, while cessation is about November. Figure 3.2 shows the trend of rainfall in the area over a period of 10 years with the lowest of about 0mm recorded in December, while the highest peaked at 431mm in August . Figure 3.2: Rainfall Pattern in the Study Area (2002 – 2012) (Source: NIMET) Temperature: Temperature values are high throughout the year over the project environment as shown o o in Figure 3.3. Mean maximum ambient temperature values range between 32 C in February and 28 C in 14 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP o o July and September, while minimum temperatures range between 29 C in March and 27 C in August. A quick overview of the data indicates that higher temperatures were recorded at the peak of the dry season, between November and May, while lower temperatures were recorded in the rainy season, between June and October. It is obvious that the rains appear to have a moderating influence on temperatures. Figure 3.3: Average Temperature in the Project Area for the Period 2002 – 2012 Wind Speed and Directions The mean annual wind speed vary between a narrow range of 4.0 and 6.2 m/s. Speeds are higher between July and August, the period of August break. Conversely, at the peak of the rainy season in September and October, wind speeds are lowest, measuring between 4.1and 4.2 m/s. From December, wind speeds begin to rise steadily till March, just before the rains begins and later rises during the August break. There are slightly lower speeds in October/February while high wind speeds are obtained from March to September. The wind pattern follows the migratory ITD. According to the statistics available for the last ten years the prevalent wind directions is South-westerly. Often, the South-westerlies dominate the wetter period of the year in the area while North-easterlies dominate the drier season. Depending on the shifts in the pressure belts in the neighbouring Gulf of Guinea, they are interspersed respectively by South- easterlies and North-westerlies. Humidity (RH) RH is usually in excess of 70%, especially during the peak of the wet season (Figure 3.4). This is understandable given the geographical location and the fact that rain falls almost all the year round. Highest values of 78% occur in June to October and the lowest value of 57% was recorded in February. Figure 3.4: Average Relative Humidity in Study Area for the Period 2002 – 2012 15 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP 3.10 Noise Level Assessment The noise level was measured using a sound level meter called N09AQ™ Environment meter, which was calibrated before being used for the analysis. The noise levels were taken at three sampling points; within the proposed site, 30m upwind and 30m downwind. The readings recorded from the digital meter were in decibels dB(A). The meter’s measurement range is between 35-100 dB(A). Table 3.3 shows that the ambient noise levels in the site area averaged 50.8 dB(A) compared to the set regulatory limit of 50-60dB for residential areas. Table3.3: Ambient Noise levels at project Intervention Zone Station Location Noise Level (dB) Northings Eastings 1 5.99022 7.40387 53.5 2 5.98859 7.41011 48.2 3 5.98864 7.41056 50.7 Control 5.98859 7.41011 44.1 FMENV LIMIT FOR RESIDENTIAL AREAS 50-60 Field Work, 2014 3.11 Air Quality Assessment The results of the baseline in situ ambient quality assessment were based on direct measurements using potable gas analyzers. The ambient air quality around the proposed project area was measured at three points around the project area. The air quality parameters were measured using the MultiRae™ 11 digital gas monitor. The levels of the air quality parameter measured are shown in Table 3.4. With the exception of hydrogen sulphide, Ammonia and oxides of sulphur levels that were not detected in proposed intervention area. The level of Nitrogen and Carbon monoxide gasses in the area was within the Federal Ministry of Environment’s limit for the gaseous compound in the proposed project area. The values for the Nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide gas were. If these gasses exceed the above threshold levels, its major effects are respiratory problems. CO emission is usually caused by incomplete combustion of fuels. 3 The levels of suspended particulate matters range from 35 to 52 µg/m , and the values are below the threshold limits set by the Federal ministry of Environment (FMEnv). Table 3.4: Results of Air Quality Measurements taken at the Proposed Intervention Zone 3 Stations Location Parameter (µg/m ) Northings Eastings NOx SOx CO H2S NH3 SPM VOC 3 (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) ug/m (CH4) Station 1 5.99022 7.40387 0.65 <0.01 <0.01 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 35.00 10 Station 2 5.98859 7.41011 0.50 <0.01 <0.01 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 43.00 ≤0.01 Station 3 5.98864 7.41056 0.50 <0.01 <0.01 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 52.00 25 Control 5.98859 7.41011 0.04 <0.01 0.1 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 52.00 <0.01 FMENV LIMIT 75.00 26.00 10.00 <0.01 0.20 250.00 160.00 Field Work, 2014 3.12 Physiography and Drainage The topography is characterized by rolling terrain and steep slope undulating surface area rising from about 160 metres in the eastern end at Achara to about 350 metres in the western end of the gully at Amuda to giving a difference of 190 metres. The drop in elevation and associated steep gradients results 16 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP in a high velocity of flow of water along the road since there is no drainage and has led to the development of the gully. The gully area is drained by two main streams called Aku Amaohia stream and Ananko stream. These two streams became the headstreams of the tributaries of Imo River after traversing the area. The area lies at the end of the highland areas define the Enugu - Nsukka - Okigwe cuesta. This area has an average height of between 120 m and 180 m above sea-level and lies within Ezi-Aku shale formation. The area has been described as comprises mainly of coarse grains, alternating sediments of grey sands, dark shale which contains sands of impure coal in place of vertical horizon. MaMap 3.1: Gully Area Showing Drainage 3.13 Environmentally Sensitive Areas There are no threatened or endangered species — Plants and Animals reported in the zones. Also there are not any areas on or around the locations which contain important, high quality or scarce resources which could be affected by the Project. There are no areas on or around the gully corridors which are occupied by sensitive land uses such as Schools, Places of worship and Community facilities. Vehicular traffic do not utilize the road at present except motorcycles, whose riders do that at great risk. Thus if any, only movements of motorcycles will be impeded temporarily during the project execution. This will be necessary to allow for the rehabilitation of sections of the road that are already damaged by erosion. Map 3.1, 3.2 and table 3.5 presents a Summary of Some Specific Baseline Conditions of the corridor depicted in. Table 3.5: Summary of Some Specific Baseline Conditions of the Zones 17 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP S/No Latitude Longitude Condition 1 5.99022 7.40387 Beginning of the Gully Refuse dump, secondary vegetation and shrubs e.g. Awolowo plant. Cashew orchard with no access road 2 5.98997 7.40516 Secondary vegetation and shrubs. No access road to cashew orchard 3 5.98978 7.40572 Island of tarred road with secondary vegetation. 4 5.98888 7.40880 Locust bean trees, bamboo trees 5 5.98859 7.41011 Secondary vegetation, curve in the gully 6 5.98864 7.41056 Agba trees, Inyema trees 7 5.98894 7.41183 Akpaka trees and shrubs. Slope 8 5.98843 7.43210 End of slope. Secondary vegetation 9 5.98734 7.41531 Spring by the road with palm trees 10 5.98762 7.41965 Clayey soil palm trees and secondary vegetation 11 5.98856 7.42112 River Aku in Achara 12 5.98577 7.42864 Achara stream, culvert almost collapsing 13 5.98557 7.42701 Health Centre, Achara 14 5.97858 7.43926 Ngada Umuelem Primary School 15 5.97003 7.40236 Amuda Junction 16 5.97110 7.44729 Ngada Emuelem 18 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Map 3.2: Areal View of the Gullied Erosion Road and Settlements 19 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP CHAPTER 4 Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Study Area 4.1 Introduction This section focuses the socio-economic characteristics and the health condition of people living in the project site area (Table 4.1). The specific aspects that were considered included the peoples’ education, population profile, religion, and economic status and their health condition. Table 4.1: Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Study Area Item Feature Amuda Achara Umuneocha LGA, Abia State. rural setting Population 163,928 (2006 census) with growth rate of 2.83% and Amuda Achara is estimated at 47,650 (Male 78% & Female 22%) Area Coverage 368 km² Settlement Pattern Dispersed People & Religion Igbo and Christians (85%) Economy Agriculture - major occupation and subsistence with food crops grown including yam, cassava, rice, cocoyam and maize while the cash crops include oil-palm, rubber, cocoa, banana and various types of fruits. Income of 31.58% earn below N15,000, 26.32% earn between N15,000 and Respondents N30,000.28.95% earn between N30,001 and N60,000. The High income earners i.e. >N60,000 are 13.16% Education Majority (50%) secondary education, 27% had primary education while 18% Respondent had tertiary education. Common Health Majority- 90% Malaria Issues Health Care Facility 81.22% confirmed to the presence of health facilities while some complained of Availability no immediate facility, and others not sure about the availabilkty. 4.2 Quality of Life The quality of life is a measure of the amount and distribution of socio-economic variables, such as electricity, pipe-borne water, communication (transport, access road and telephone) educational institution, health facilities, markets etc. There are good infrastructural facilities such as extensive road networks which are paved with drainages, electricity, communication facilities which is provided by the private GSM operators, health facilities, schools (primary, secondary and tertiary) in the local government area. These infrastructural facilities and the high literacy rates have tremendously contributed to the socio-economic development of the area 4.3 Settlement Pattern The village is the traditional unit of settlement like any other lgbo speaking community. The dispersed type of village settlement is traditional among the lgbos. Each homestead is made up of houses arranged in an oblong form o around a compound. At the gate or in the middle of the compound is a shrine for the gods. The hut of the head of the household is separated from those of his wives and other adult members of the household. Compounds in lgbo communities are walled, thus separating one compound from the other. Traditional houses are built of local materials such as clay for the walls and roofed with mat or thatch or, in more recent times, with corrugated aluminum sheets as a demonstration of increasing prosperity. 4.4 The People, Culture and Religion The gully is situated in Umunneochi, a Local Government Area of Abia State with headquarters in the town of Nkwoagu Isuochi. Nkwoagu is in Amuda and was originally inhabited by the Europeans because of its beautiful scenery. It therefore serves as the political rallying point for Isuochi and presently Umunneochi people. The other towns in Amuda are Umuogele, Umucha, Umumeze and Umurehihie. 20 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP They have since been re-organized with their traditional heads known as ndi eze with their chiefs and eze-in-council. The people of isuochi are decendants of ochi, a warrior and wrestler who, in search of a "a healthy, stone less and wind swept area for wrestling and other forms of sport", settled at Nkwoagu in the heart of the area called isuochi. According to oral history, ochi came from the east, passing through ishiagu in Afikpo and Umuchieze and finally settled at Isuochi. Ochi waged war against a village that had settled in the area now enclosed by Nkwoagu, Umuelem and Ndiawa. Ochi had one son called Isu who later had two sons 'Ezi' and 'Ihite'. Ezi Isu had five sons namely Abuga, Egbebi, Logu, Ekegbu, and Digbo who later gave birth to the present villages of Umuelem, Achara, Amuda, Lomara and Umuaku respectively. Ihite Isu had four sons namely Awa, Aguogba, Araka and Atuga who also gave birth to the present villages of Ndiawa, Mbala, Ngodo, and Ihie respectivley. This brings the villages that make up Isuochi community to nine. Over half (85%) of the respondents were found to be Christians, 10% were Muslims while the remaining 5% are animists (Fig 4.1) Fig 4.1: Religion of Respondents 4.5 Economy Crude oil and gas production contributes 39% of the GDP. Agriculture, which employs 70% of the state’s workforce, is the second main economic sector of Abia State and is responsible for 27% of the GDP. With its adequate seasonal rainfall, the project area produces yams, maize, potatoes, rice, cashews, plantains, and cassava. 4.6 Occupation and Livelihood Ethnically, the people are widely known to be very resourceful, hardworking, sociable, friendly, accommodating and peace loving. They are highly enterprising and are reputed for their business acumen. Skilled manpower resources are readily available in every field of human endeavour. A majority, 62.0% of the men and 67.2% of the women were noted to be self-employed. Fig.4.2 shows the average income of the respondents around the sites for the proposed base stations. Many (88%) of the persons were self-employed and the majority had incomes in the range N5, 000.00– N20, 000.00 per month 21 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Fig 4.2: Income of the Respondents 4.7 Education The highest level of education attained among the greater number of the respondents (50%) is secondary education. About 27% had primary education, those without any formal education was 6% while 18% had tertiary education (Fig 4.3). Fig 4.3: Educational Attainment of Respondents 4.8 Age, Sex, Marital Status and Number of Children of Respondents Fig.5.2 depicts the age distribution of the respondents around the base station locations. It reveals that (18%) of the persons were within the age bracket of 26 to 35 years of age while (32%) were within the age bracket of 46 to 65 years broken into 46-55 years old, 16% and 56-65 years, 16%. 28% of the respondents were within the age bracket of 36 to 45 years of age. Underage (legal age) of less than 18 years old were 8% while there was none above 65 years of age. There were more Males (78%) identified within the buffer zone as revealed by the interview as shown in Figure 4.4. Figure 4.5 revealed that 78% of the respondents are married, where about 25% of them have three to four children, 16% had one to two, 11% had above six children and 8% had five to six children. Others (22%) are single. 22 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP M al e Fe M… m al e <18 % Age of respondents (years) Sex of respondents Fig 4.4 Age Distribution and Sex of Respondents Marital status No of children of respondents Fig 4.5: Marital Status and No. of Children of Respondents 4.9 Awareness of the Proposed Intervention Project The response gotten from the respondents towards the awareness of the proposed intervention zone is significantly loud, which is achieved with the priority gully community stakeholders meeting 92% of the respondents in the area agreed to the response of being aware of the proposed intervention site, while 8% of the respondents claimed not to have any idea on the intervention projects within their zone but all gave their view positively on the encouragement of the proposed intervention project (Fig. 4.6). Fig 4.6: Proposed Project Awareness among Respondents 23 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP 4.10 Respondents Important Valuables to be Protected Several community and private valuables were categorized for priority selection for protection. Fig 4.7 shows that the respondents most important valuable for protection are the people, followed by the people’s property 27%, the church 15% then the water bodies 2%. No recorded response for shrine. Fig 4.7: Respondents Important Valuables to be Protected 4.11 Conflict Resolution While Court is seen as good to settle most issues (9%), as many as 91% of the respondents consider informal reconciliation with community leaders as the best with less acrimony (fig 4.8). Fig 4.8 Respond Way of Conflict Resolution 4.12 Health Status Assessment This sub-section presents the baseline health data of communities in the Territory. It is comprised mainly of information (perception) generated from sampled groups around the project site and members of the communities. 4.12.1 Respondents Common Health Problems From the analysis of the survey instrument, the most common health challenge in the respondent area is malaria (90%) while the least common is jaundice (2%) as shown in Figure 4.9. 24 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Fig. 4.9: Common Health Problems occurring in the Respondent’s Area 4.12.2 Awareness of HIV/AIDS Overall 85% of respondents confirmed that they are aware of HIV/AIDS but only 15% admitted knowing persons living with HIV/AIDS. This implies the incidence of awareness is high however . 4.12.3 Awareness of Malaria Many respondents had fever several times in the last one year. 24% of respondents had fever 4 times, 19% three times, 24% two times, 15% one time and 18% none. This demonstrates that there was a recurring high incidence of fever among respondents in the last one year. 4.12.4 Respondents Opinion on Causes of Health According to Fig. 4.10, most (94%) of the respondents feels that poor sanitary conditions/ mosquito bites are the likely causes of the various health problems with the least being bad weather condition. Fig. 4.10: Likely causes of the Various Health Problems of Respondents 25 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP 4.12.5 Risk of Health Problem as a result of the Intervention Work Majority (95%) of the respondent are of the opinion that they are not at risk of any health problem as regards the intervention work. The remaining 5% are not sure or feels they are at risk of health problems 4.12.6 Main Source of Water Supply to the Facility The main source of water supply to most facilities is borehole with 56%, pipe water 28%, open well 10%, covered well 2% and others 4%. 4.12.7 Availability of Health Care Facility Majority of respondents 81.22% stated that there are health facilities in their communities while 18.78% confirmed the existence of no immediate health care facility in their communities. A further 6% are not so sure. 26 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP CHAPTER 5: ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 5.1 Introduction This Chapter contains a summary of the impacts that are likely to result from the intervention work as a result of the interaction between the project components and the environmental elements. The method employed for impact identification and evaluation is also given in this Chapter 5.2 Impact Identification and Evaluation The identification and management of impacts associated with work activities were based on a risk assessment method which involves:  Identification of intervention activities that may interact with the site environment.  Implementing controls to reduce the risk of impacts.  Monitoring the effectiveness of the controls. The key activities of the proposed intervention work were identified and then interacted through the pathways (or events) that may cause impacts on the environment. The associated potential impacts where then identified and listed. The risk of the impacts occurring was analysed by determining the consequence severity of the impacts and the likelihood of consequences occurring. The severity of the consequences was determined using a Consequence Severity Table and the likelihood of an impact resulting from a pathway was determined with a Likelihood Ranking Table and then the level of risk was determined using a Risk Matrix (Table 5.1). To prevent or minimise the impacts, controls were placed on the pathways in this order of priority:  Elimination of the activity.  Substitution with a lower risk activity.  Best solutions (engineering and administrative) to reduce the impact of the event and/or control the activity.  Clean up or remediation measures to mitigate impacts after an event. Table 5.1: Consequence Severity, Likelihood Ranking & Risk Matrix Tables Consequence Severity Table Level Consequence 1 Insignificant No detectable impact to the existing environment 2 Minor Short term or localized impact 3 Moderate Prolonged but recoverable impact on the environment and commercial industries 4 Major Prolonged impact to the environment which may not be recoverable and threatens an ecological community, the conservation of species or the sustained viability of commercial industries. 5 Catastrophic Non-recoverable change to existing environment leading to loss of endangered species or creation of human health risk. Likelihood Ranking Table Level Likelihood A Almost The incident is expected to occur most of the time (i.e. every time). certain B Likely The incident will probably occur in most circumstances (i.e. regularly, weekly) C Moderate The incident should occur at some time (i.e. quarterly) D Unlikely The incident could occur at some time during the life of the project. E Rare The incident may occur only in exceptional circumstances and may never happen. 27 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Risk Matrix Table Where:  H (High impact) - Senior management involvement and planning needed  S (Significant impact) - Senior management attention needed and careful planning and implementation  M (Moderate) - Impact Management responsibility must be specified  L (Low impact) - Manage by routine procedures. 5.3 Potential Environmental and Social Impacts of the Project 5.3.1 The Project Benefits The project is envisaged to have a range of positive environmental and social impacts. Some of these are a function of the objectives of the project, while others are a function of the way in which the project is designed to meet its objectives. The major benefits will occur in the form of improved erosion management and gully rehabilitation which will provide for:  Reduced loss of infrastructure including roads, houses, etc.  Reduced loss of agricultural land and productivity from soil loss caused by surface erosion.  Reduced siltation in rivers leading to less flooding and the preservation of the water systems for improved access to domestic water supply.  Reduced risks of floods (due to reduced siltation)  Progressively restored vegetative cover, improved environmental conditions and more humid local microclimates. This results in increased vegetation cover for wildlife and carbon sequestration.  Environmental improvements due to land stabilization measures which preserve the landscape and biodiversity. 5.3.2 Negative Impacts The proposed development unfortunately is also likely to exert adverse impacts on the social and physical environment within which it is executed. No major potential environmental impacts are expected, but only minor impacts associated with site preparation, earth works, waste generation, traffic and safety which are localized and reversible. The potential negative impacts of attention are:  Increased level of noise and dust nuisance during the preparation of site, and trucking materials to sites.  Generation, temporary storage and disposal of waste from the labor camp. These may cause dust emissions, erosion, littering, damage to soil.  Contamination of soil and groundwater by stored fuel, lubricants, paints; and refueling of vehicles.  Safety of labor and public during the construction phase in site and around it 28 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP  Traffic disruption These impacts can be divided into short-term construction related impacts and long-term operation unavoidable impacts. The short-term impacts include rehabilitation/construction related traffic, dust, noise, and disruption of vehicle and pedestrian traffic. A more project specific potential negative impacts and the level of impacts that could emanate from the projects are summarized in Table 5.2. 5.3.2.1 Construction Phase The most damaging impact normally occurs during the construction stage. Generally, due to the type, duration and nature of construction activities envisaged, the anticipated environmental impacts are not expected to be significant. Construction activities are one time activities and not permanent, about six months - one year. Based on the duration of the construction activities, impacts associated with construction activities are rated “Low” on duration. - Nevertheless, unless good construction management practices are followed, the short-term construction-related impacts shall include impacts such as increased runoff, air quality, noise and vibration, drainage, flooding and solid wastes management. Social negative impacts are unlikely as no displacement is expected other than occupational health and safety. 5.3.2.2 Operation Phase The operational Phase could be seen as the long-term, permanent activity and thus impacts under this as well as their management issues are considered recurring problems. Therefore the impacts are expected to be long-term operation and unavoidable impacts. These are likely to consist mainly of waste generation due to inspection, maintenance of the erosion control devices, etc. 5.3.3 Irreversible Environmental Changes The proposed project site will neither consume nor alter significant land, environmental and socio-cultural resources except for structures within 15 m of the set back. The proposed project will not generate significant demands on natural resources of the immediate or surrounding area nor disturb archaeological sites. Thus no long-term losses of significant resources are anticipated during the intervention works. 5.3.4 Cumulative /Secondary Impacts Cumulative impacts are changes to the environment that are caused by an activity in combination with other past, present and future human activities. The concept of cumulative effects is an important one. It holds that while impacts may be small individually, the overall impact of all environmental changes affecting the receptors taken together can be significant. When a resource is nearing its tolerance threshold, a small change can push it over. The objective of the cumulative impact assessment is to identify the environmental and/or socio-economic aspects that may not on their own constitute a significant impact but when combined with impacts from past, present or reasonable foreseeable future activities associated with this and/or other projects result in a larger and more significant impacts. The envisaged cumulative /secondary impacts arising from the intervention works is considered minimal. This is based on the fact that the project area is not located close to any environmentally sensitive area or human habitation; there is no known environmental degrading facility close to the project location. Most importantly, the project is an intervention work to rehabilitate the devastation of the environment and road. This will enhance public good and reduce travel time and distance for the community members. The project plan includes the planting of vegetation which are environmentally supportive. 5.3.5 Environmental justice The intervention activity serves the remedy the devastation of a road gullied by erosion which has caused nightmare for members of the communities. Thus the outcome is not meant for a particular section of the society, in respective of status. The neighborhood within which the intervention will take place will rather be enhanced and not affected negatively by the physical environmental impacts more than other areas. 29 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Table 5.2: Identified Potential Impacts S/N Envisaged Activities Potential Impact +/- Impact level N L M H Preconstruction: Planning & Preparatory activities Civil Work A Construction 1. Movement of Equipment &  Dust raising and noise generation X materials  Increase in noise nuisance  Accidents 2. Land acquisition for right of  Displacement of asset x way  Negative perception and discontent expressions by members of the community. B Construction C BIOPHYSICAL ISSUES 1 Site clearing of set-back from  Removal of Flora & fauna X edge of gully  Displacement of asset Earthworks - Excavation,  Disturbance of the natural drainage x grading, compaction, filling of site and other civil works  Increase in the amount of disturbed soil and could in turn increases the amount of erosion which can occur.  Increase sedimentation and runoff  Risk of pollution to water courses  Destruction of visual scenery  Damage to abutting land use construction sites 2. General Treatment of the  Failure due to poor integration +/- X gully erosion between physical and biological measures.  Failure to complete the treatment works for any reason – tantamount to not getting the required protection and a waste of time and resources. 3. Gully Stabilisation/Use of  Failure of lined drainage channels X Vegetation as control & and energy dissipaters after major buffers Grass-lined Channel storms/runoffs enters the channel. (Turf reinforcement mats)  Debris/ sediment accumulation in outlets and points where concentrated flow enters the channels, bank instability, and scour holes developing 4. Structural Erosion and  Drainage lines and ephemeral X Sediment Control waterways may have areas that Practices - Structural could be ‘erosion starters’. practices used in sediment  Degrade water quality and erosion control to divert  Alteration of local hydrology storm water flows away from  Damage of valuable ecosystems and exposed habitats areas, convey runoff, prevent  The release of fine sediments and sediments from moving turbid water into water body can offsite, and can also reduce adversely affect the health and the erosive forces biodiversity of aquatic life in water body downstream, increase in the 30 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP S/N Envisaged Activities Potential Impact +/- Impact level N L M H concentration of nutrients and metals, reduce light penetration into the water 7 Use of heavy  Vibration generate lateral waves to X Equipment on site and the surrounding structure and could transport vehicles on the lead to failure public roads  Contaminate ground or surface water when hydraulic oil, motor oil or other harmful mechanical fluids are spilled  Noise generation and air quality degradation, especially dust  Sediment transport from the site onto public roads or adjacent properties via the wheels, chassis and side of vehicles.  Disruption of visual scenery 8. Construction  Soil contamination, Unhygienic work X camp and crew environment and disturbance of the neighbourhood  Dis-affection in the community 9. Storing  Loss of the stockpiled material X Materials/  Damage to valuable ecosystems and habitats  Leaks of hazardous materials from equipment or storage 10 Social Issues  Poor social interaction between X community members and workers. 11 Waste/Spoil disposal  High volume of waste/spoil X  Spoil tipped away from designated areas 13 Local culture and society  Socio-cultural values may be altered X and the stability of communities adversely affected by presence of construction workers in the area  Exposure to rapid social change or tourism. 14 Land use/Land take  Displacement of assets or means of X livelihood 15 Utility Disruptions  Construction activities and the need X to realign utility supply lines 16 Quarry for fill materials  Use of agricultural land X  Exposure of other erosion prone sites 17 Site Work – occupational &  Excavation exposes inhabitants and X Public Safety and Health crew to risk of falls and injuries in excavation pits  Use of equipment and movement of vehicles includes accident rates/ traffic hazards.  Burrow Areas for fill materials could lead to accidents  Exposure to atmospheric emissions 31 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP S/N Envisaged Activities Potential Impact +/- Impact level N L M H from construction equipment  Exposure to excessive and continuous noise and vibration from construction activities  Risk of water source pollution  Dust emission D  Operation and Maintenance 1 Maintenance  Poor maintenance create gullies and X standing pools  Create mud-holes, potholes  Breed disease vectors in settling basins and retention ponds E  Decommissioning 1 Break up old surface and  Cause soil erosion X soil, etc.  Degrade water quality  Dust generation  Disruption of the secondary/ newly emerged flora 5.4 Analysis of Project Alternatives In the context of this ESMP, analysis of project alternatives refers to the performance of the natural and socio-economic resources with or without the project or with or without the implementation of the measures of this ESMP and/or other safeguard instrument considered appropriate. For intervention work of this nature, there are usually a number of viable options that can be considered. These alternatives include: the no project option; delayed project; alternative site/location and project execution options. For this project, analysis of the various alternatives is presented as follows: 5.4.1 No Project Option The no project option implies that the intervention work shall not be executed; hence there is no need to carry out this study. This implies the site will remain in its current state and perhaps widen due to natural forces without even any interference from man. Nevertheless, this situation will worsen and put the activities of man and the environment into further jeopardy since the area is already exposed to the forces of erosion. The intervention work is designed to stop these forces and mitigate any negative impacts that may arise. Therefore, choosing the no project option will mean a loss of efforts made by all parties to ensure the erosive forces do not continue to pose risk to lives and the environment and even loss of job opportunity to Nigerians. The ‘no project option’ is therefore not considered a viable option. 5.4.2 Delayed Project Option This option implies that the planned intervention be delayed until a much later date. Such option is usually taken when conditions are unfavourable to project implementation such as in heavy rainfall, war situation, or where the host community is deeply resentful to it. Also, if the prevailing economic climate is not quite favourable, then delayed option may be feasible. None of these conditions is applicable at present. Further delay will mean the onset of heavy rainfall that is not favourable for the proposed treatment method. At present, both the economic and the political environment and natural environmental phenomena are most favourably disposed towards it. Therefore, the implication of delayed project option will mean that all the preliminary work and associated efforts/ costs incurred would have come to nothing. Also, because of inflationary trends, such a delay may result in unanticipated increase in project costs, which may affect the final target from the project. These, and other related problems make adopting the delayed option impracticable. 32 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP 5.4.3 Go Ahead Option This option means going ahead to implement the intervention work. This also entails incorporating professional advice on the most practicable option such as are spelt out in this ESMP and other relevant safeguard instruments and/or best practices relating to the execution of the intervention. This will definitely reassure the public of their safety and the environment. It will also aid employment creation. The environmental threats from the gully erosion will be reduced drastically, if not totally solved in that area. The devastation by erosion that has rendered the existing road impassable will be addressed and solved. This option is therefore considered the most viable and recommended for implementation. However, in going ahead, appropriate measures for the gully treatment must be adopted and applied. 5.5.4 Gully Treatment Options Treatment of gullies depends on a range of factors including: the size of the gully, whether it is actively eroding or not, the soil type, the size and frequency of water flow, the gradient of the area and the desired use of the land after rehabilitation. The situation of the proposed intervention area shows that the best option or combination of the following options should be employed: Table 5.3: Gully Treatment Options S/No Treatment Option Scenario For Proposed Intervention work 1 The do nothing  Applicable when assets are not at risk from Not applicable approach erosion.  This option can result in downstream significant sedimentation problems.  Generally the slowest option to achieve a stable gully. 2 Backfilling the gully  Generally only viable for small gullies. Applicable and forming a stable  This option requires only cheap supplies of drainage state materials for gully/earth filling  Generally the quickest Option to achieve a stable gully. 3 Partially backfilling  This is usually the cheapest option in the long Not applicable the gullies using run. natural  This option relies on the on-going supply of sedimentation sediments from the upstream gully erosion. If processes the upstream gully is stabilized as part of the overall gully rehabilitation, then there may be insufficient sediments to backfill the weirs.  This option is often adopted, when the gully extends upstream of a given property. 4 Partially backfilling  This option requires heavy machinery. Not Applicable using local or  High safety risks are often associated with imported materials such project and Earth works.  Battering the gully bank to provide a source of fill usually accelerate the rehabilitation of the gull bank. 5 Stabilization of gully  This option can result in a long drawn-out Not Applicable without partial process, requiring planting and replanting. backfilling of the  Significant sediment loss can occur before the beds or battering of gully bank reach a stable form the banks Adopted from Catchment & Creeks Pty Ltd, 2010 33 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP CHAPTER 6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 6.1 Introduction In the project design the impacts identified were duly incorporated. While the design stands to strengthen the positive impacts, a priority in the project planning and design has been to avoid potential negative environmental and social impacts. Thus as much as possible in the design and selection of site, work methods, equipment, for the project, etc. identified negative impacts are already mitigated Nevertheless, some of the impacts will require additional measures such as sound operational procedures and good housekeeping. Provisions have been made for this in the entire arrangement of the planned work for construction and operation for impacts that are unavoidable. With all intent and purpose, the proposed project activities whether during construction or operation shall not constitute environmental and social burdens to the environment that cannot be managed effectively. 6.2 Mitigation Measures The mitigation measures are activities aimed at reducing the severity, avoiding or controlling project impacts and where possible enhance environmental quality through the designed alternatives, scheduling or other means. Mitigation may be in the form of avoidance (alternative action taken to avoid impact), compensatory payment of money or replacement in kind for losses or recreation of lost/damaged habitat. The measures proposed are specific, measurable, achievable and relevant to the proposed and time based (SMART). The measures also took into account the environmental laws in Nigeria, and internationally and the principles of sustainable development and best available technology. Most of the likely impacts due to the proposed project have been considered in the design and selection of treatment options. As outlined in Table 6.1 outlines a summary of the potential impacts associated with the project, together with corresponding mitigation measures. 6.3 Residual Impacts after Mitigation Residual Effects can be considered as those that remain significant following the application of mitigation measures, although they are likely to have been reduced in magnitude as a result of the mitigation measure implemented. Overall, on balance, with the provision of the proposed mitigation measures as outlined in Table 6.1, the positive impacts of the scheme will considerably outweigh the negative impacts. The public as a whole will benefit from the completion of the scheme. 6.4 Enhancement of Positive Impacts and Reduction/Avoidance of Negative Impacts. A Mechanism for Enhancement of Positive Impacts and Reduction/Avoidance of Negative Impacts has been developed as shown in Appendix 6 in relation to the  Project Concept and design,  Construction and Operation,  Control of Earthworks and  Erosion and Sediment Control Plan,  Control of Water Quality, Waste Management ,  Control of Air and Noise Pollution  Environmental Code of Conduct for tender documents and  Social Integration and Participation All these management programmes have been developed as part of the ESMP to make it effective and functional. Appendix 7 highlights the General Environmental Management Conditions For Construction 34 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP In the course of work, the contractor shall execute all the mitigation measures under the monitoring and supervision of the safeguard officers of the PMU and Ministry of Environment officials with intermittent World Bank supervision mission. 35 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Table 6.1: Environmental and Social Management Plan S/N Activities Potential Impact Mitigation measures Monitoring Frequency Responsibility Cost of Envisaged Indicators implementat monitoring Mitigation ion Measures A  Moblisation/ Preparatory activities 1. Movement of Dust raising and Increase in noise nuisance Levels in relation to During Contractor, SPMU 100,000.00 Equipment & noise generation Raise public awareness of unusual regulatory limits Moblisation/ Environmen Materials Noise activity lower, Number or actual tal and Plan activities such that Regulatory absence of public movement Social limits are not exceeded complaints to the Safeguard site/staging officer 2 Movement of Reduction in air Employ fuel efficient and well Levels in relation to During Contractor, SPMU Equipment & quality due to maintained haulage trucks with regulatory limits, Moblisation/ Environmen Materials vehicular proper exhaust system to minimize Number or actual tal and movement emissions. absence of public movement Social All parked vehicles on the site shall complaints to the Safeguard have their engines turned off; site/staging officer Service vehicles as at when due and stick to manufacturers’ specifications in use Develop and follow a controlled fueling, maintenance and servicing protocol 3. Movement of Accidents - Place visible warning signs on roads Zero accident/No During Contractor, SPMU Equipment & Movement of and vehicles of accidents Moblisation/ Environmen Materials - heavy equipment Raise public awareness of unusual actual tal and Health & to worksite which activity movement Social Safety Issues - may pose danger to the Safeguard to public site/staging officer  Sub-total 100,000.00 B.  Construction        BIOPHYSICAL ISSUES 1 Site clearing of Removal of Flora Perform clearance in stages Absence of land Once SPMU MH, MOE & 50,000.00 + 36 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Table 6.1: Environmental and Social Management Plan S/N Activities Potential Impact Mitigation measures Monitoring Frequency Responsibility Cost of Envisaged Indicators implementat monitoring Mitigation ion Measures set-back from &fauna Develop compensation plan for degradation due to during site ESSO, MOW, MoE Payment via edge of gully Displacement of displaced asset in line with the RAP avoidable clearance Contractor, RAP asset that was prepared where only the LG vegetation was identified as the only PAP clearance/no scar, absence of complaint from PAP/communities 2. General Failure due to Careful planning and attention to Absence of failure During SPMU MH, MOE & 250,000.00 Treatment of poor integration detail due to poor Constructio ESSO, MOW World the gully between physical Remove the cause of the gullying. integration between n -weekly Contractor, Bank erosion, and biological Ensure quality work physical and measures. Do gully filling only after the water biological Failure to flow that caused the gully has been measures complete the controlled or diverted above the gully treatment works head. Otherwise fill placed in the gully for any reason – is likely to be undermined and tantamount to not washed away. getting the Avoid filling gullies with rubbish, logs, required rocks, car bodies and other foreign protection anda material that are not suitable. waste of time and Use earthen banks that divert runoff resources. away from the gully head, and convert it to slower, less erosive flow away from the actively eroding area. 3. Gully Accumulation of Design structures so that the flow in Absence of debris During SPMU MH, MOE & Stabilisation, debris, sediment the gully is reduced to a non-scouring accumulation Constructio ESSO, MOW Use of accumulation, velocity No of debris n, Contractor, Vegetation as died grasses, Plant vegetation between the remove and repairs especially control & shrub/bush and structures and the gully stabilised made on outlets after heavy buffers - tree planted, lack Locations of the structures must be and points where downpour 37 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Table 6.1: Environmental and Social Management Plan S/N Activities Potential Impact Mitigation measures Monitoring Frequency Responsibility Cost of Envisaged Indicators implementat monitoring Mitigation ion Measures Grass-lined of integrity placed so that as much sediment is concentrated flow of rain- Channel collected as possible, while still enters channels, weekly (Turf ensuring that the structures are structures. reinforcement stable. No of inspection mats) Sites should also be relatively smooth made on lined at the gully floor, and have a gentle drainage channels slope between the gully floor and and energy sides. dissipaters after Choose the right time to do it. From major late Dry season to early onset of rainy storms/rainfall . season before heavy rains is generally a suitable time as there is less chance of high volumes of run- off, yet there is sufficient soil moisture and warmth to promote the growth of vegetation. 4. Earthworks - Disturb the natural Develop a site plan that does not Number of During SPMU MH, MOE & Excavation, drainage of site, require a significant amount of grade drainage lines and Constructio ESSO, MOW grading, Increase the changes–that fits into existing land ephemeral n, Contractor, compaction, amount of contours. waterways that especially filling and other disturbed soil and Site that will not be re-disturbed for a could be ‘erosion after heavy civil works could in turn long period should be stabilized to starters’. downpour increases the reduce the erosion force No of Complaint of rain amount of erosion These areas until they are disturbed from the which can occur. again. E.g. if soil excavated from a community due to Increase temporary sediment poor water sedimentation and Trap is stockpiled to be used later to quality/sedimentati runoff backfill the trap (when the area is on Risk of pollution to stabilized) then the stockpile watercourses Carry out earthworks operations such 38 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Table 6.1: Environmental and Social Management Plan S/N Activities Potential Impact Mitigation measures Monitoring Frequency Responsibility Cost of Envisaged Indicators implementat monitoring Mitigation ion Measures that surfaces have adequate falls, profiling and drainage to control run- off and prevent ponding and flooding. Control run-off through silt/sediment traps as appropriate to minimise the turbidity of water in outfall areas. 5 Use of heavy Vibration generate As much as possible avoid use of Absence/number of During SPMU MH, MOE Equipment on lateral waves to heavy duty equipment like bulldozers, oil leakage/spill, Constructio ESSO, & MOW site and the surrounding pay loaders and trucks used in absence of impact n, Contractor, transport structure and excavation and loading at the control on vehicles on the could lead to site, structures/cracks/ public roads failure Work schedule to minimize Absence/number of Contaminate disturbance. damage to abutting ground or surface Alert the public when loud noise will construction water when be generated site hydraulic oil, Sound-proofed machines shall be Absence/number of motor oil or other employed complaint due to harmful Construction vehicle, machinery and noise & dust mechanical fluids equipment move or station always in generation are spilled or the designated area only and do not Absence of dumped carry activities beyond land sediment transport Spills, leaks or hired/given from the site onto injuries from any public roads or type of hazardous adjacent properties material (e.g. via the wheels, bitumen, cement, chassis and side of paint, explosives, vehicles. fuels, lubricants) 6. Construction Soil Identify suitable camp site in Wholesome Daily/All SPMU MH, MOE & 100,000.00 camp and crew contamination, consultation with relevant authorities environment through ESSO, MOW 39 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Table 6.1: Environmental and Social Management Plan S/N Activities Potential Impact Mitigation measures Monitoring Frequency Responsibility Cost of Envisaged Indicators implementat monitoring Mitigation ion Measures Unhygienic work Regular collection and proper Absence of conflict during Contractor, environment and disposal of Solid Waste. with community Constructio disturbance of the Ensure and enforce good members n surrounding housekeeping neighbourhood Dis-affection in the community 7. Storing loss of the Stockpiles should not be located Presence/absence Daily/All SPMU MH, MOE & Materials/ stockpiled within an overland flow path. of moved stored through ESSO, MOW material In order to mitigate the flow of water material by during Contractor, Damage valuable away from stockpiled material, flow rain/wind Constructio ecosystems and diversion banks can be constructed Presence/absence n habitats up-slope of the stockpile to divert run- of leaks from Leaks of off. substance stored hazardous install a sediment fence (or materials from heightened bund wall) on the downhill equipment or side storage Social Issues 1 Waste/Spoil Waste generation As part of contract requirements, Volume of waste Daily/All SPMU MH, MOE & 100,000.00 generation & volume of contractor will be required to develop, generated and through ESSO, MOW, management waste/spoil implement and maintain a Waste disposal method. during Contractor, Waste Spoil tipped away Management Plan during the Good waste Constructio Managemen from designated construction works with emphasise to management plan n t authority areas minimise waste and segregate waste in place-acceptable Protection of neighborhood from in light of best debris due to construction practice Minimize spoil by balancing cut and fill wherever possible Safe tipping areas identified and 40 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Table 6.1: Environmental and Social Management Plan S/N Activities Potential Impact Mitigation measures Monitoring Frequency Responsibility Cost of Envisaged Indicators implementat monitoring Mitigation ion Measures enforced. Spoil traps constructed. Dispose in approved sites 2 Local people Conflict Incorporate methods within the skills Number of Twice SPMU MH, MOE & 100,000.00- excluded from of local people. community during ESSO, MOW activities Contractors encouraged using local members involved construction Contractor, Officer, labour wherever possible. in construction Local Government /Site Committee 3 Quarry for fill Use of agricultural Avoidance of agriculture lands as Presence/absence During SPMU MH, MOE & 350,00.00.00 materials land borrow areas and other sensitive of scouring, construction ESSO, MOW, Local areas erosion, damage to Contractor, , Government Redevelopment of borrow areas property, water /Site Redevelopment of quarries in case supply disruption. Committee new quarries are setup for the Project Complaints from local people 4 Site Work – Excavation - Take safety precautions to protect Zero Every day SPMU MH, MOE & 200,000.00 occupational Expose being injured by flying or falling rock Accidents/incidents during ESSO, MOW, Local &Public Safety inhabitants and Poorly planned borrow pits and construction Contractor, Government and Health crew to risk of falls quarries pose threats, ranging from /Site Dust – water- and injuries in falls from quarry faces to drowning in Committee, sprays to excavation pits quarry pits that have become control excavation slope standing water reservoirs particulates. instability causing Use equipment with low operating injury/death noise levels Use of equipment Restrict construction works to day and movement of time hours in location close to vehicles includes residence accident rates/ Introduce traffic/speed control devices 41 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Table 6.1: Environmental and Social Management Plan S/N Activities Potential Impact Mitigation measures Monitoring Frequency Responsibility Cost of Envisaged Indicators implementat monitoring Mitigation ion Measures traffic hazards. Provide safety warning and excessive and instruction signboards continuous noise Use of excavation dewatering, side- and vibration from walls support, and slope gradient construction adjustments that eliminate or activities minimize the risk of collapse, Risk of water entrapment, or drowning source pollution Provide safe means of ingress and egress from excavations, such as graded slopes, graded access route, or stairs and ladders Sub-total 1,450,000.00 C Operation and Maintenance Operation - Collapse of Monitor and maintain intervention Number of failure Once in Community, Environment 1,000,000.00 Maintenance structure/failure of work for continued stability and of structure three Site al and Social and Utilization measures quality months committee, Safeguard of Shortcomings in the control structures during dry SPMU Officer, MoE Rehabilitated should be corrected before they periods and MoW, Gully develop into serious problems. immediately FPMU, Any grass, shrub/bush and tree after heavy World Bank planted which dies should be down pour replaced during rainy Treated gullies should be checked season regularly and the healing process monitored closely. Structures built in the gully for stabilization purpose should be observed for damage especially during rainy seasons and after heavy storms. Damaged check- 42 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Table 6.1: Environmental and Social Management Plan S/N Activities Potential Impact Mitigation measures Monitoring Frequency Responsibility Cost of Envisaged Indicators implementat monitoring Mitigation ion Measures dams should be repaired immediately to avoid further damage and the eventual collapse. Conduct gender study to assess the challenges and opportunities for the mainstreaming of gender concerns in the use of, access to and maintenance of the gullies Avoid delay repair even in small damage or break of control structure Operation - Unsustainable use Identification of users and Number of Once every , Community SPMU, 600,000.00 Maintenance of rehabilitated development of a use concept or agreement signed six months members, FPMU World and Utilization gully areas management plan. with Sustainable Bank of crossing different Before treatment of gullies, the users users of Rehabilitated land uses owned should be identified and the rehabilitated gully Gully by different land boundaries should be clearly areas users/ Conflict demarcated, the gully rehabilitation Presence/absence Disharmony in process should be objective oriented of land users/ and responsibilities of owners in Conflict managing, maintaining and utilizing Disharmony in the gully should be agreed upon. Operation - Poor maintenance Maintain healthy pasture swards on Presence/absence Once every Community, Environment Maintenance of vegetated area, slope to reduce bare ground. of Healthy six months Site al and Social and Utilization Minimum or no tillage techniques that vegetation committee, Safeguard of protect soil structure as fine soil SPMU Officer, MoE Rehabilitated particles erode more readily MoW, Gully Regular inspection. FPMU, World Bank Sub-total 1,650,000.00 Decommissio Cause soil Break up old surface and soil. Absence of soil All through Contractor, Environment 400,000.00 43 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Table 6.1: Environmental and Social Management Plan S/N Activities Potential Impact Mitigation measures Monitoring Frequency Responsibility Cost of Envisaged Indicators implementat monitoring Mitigation ion Measures ning erosion, Degrade Remove and dispose of surfacing erosion, water the SPMU al and Social water quality, Dust material if necessary and loosen soil quality degradation decommissi Safeguard generation, of previous track to accelerate and dust oning and Officer, Damage valuable regeneration of vegetation generation equipment/ Local ecosystems and Reshape eroded or culled surfaces material Government habitat with out-sloping, re-vegetate as period /Site needed. Committee Sub-total 400,000.00 Grand Total 3,600,000.00 44 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP 6.5 Waste Management Plan During the construction and subsequent operation and maintenance phases, it is inevitable that discharges of materials to the environment will occur. If these are not controlled, they may act as a source of environmental disturbance or nuisance. The rehabilitation/construction activities could yield a variety of wastes in the form of construction materials, scrap metal, municipal wastes, etc. For effective management, the waste management plan during construction and operation phases will ensure that all the waste must be properly identified, minimized, segregated, properly stored, reused, tracked, monitored and audited. All the wastes that cannot be re-used will be safely managed and disposed of in a manner that meets regulatory requirements. Furthermore, awareness shall be created amongst community members not to dump waste in treated gully erosion channels. 6.6 Maintenance and Inspection of Treated Gully In order to be effective, the intervention work must be properly designed, implemented, inspected and maintained. To maintain the integrity of the intervention work (treated gully) the site check shall include regular inspection. Maintenance generally shall focus on the following:   Eroded areas repaired immediately.  Debris removed and repairs made where necessary from the channel.  Outlets and points where concentrated flow enters the channel.  Seeded slopes identified for signs of erosion, filling these areas slightly above original grade, then roughen, reseed, and mulch as soon as possible.  Lined drainage channels and energy dissipaters at regular intervals and after major storms.  Sediment accumulation, piping, bank instability, and scour holes, and repair promptly  Use of sandbags during rainfall events if extra height is needed on the ridges of contour drains.  Repair or reinstate drains if destroyed by machinery movement or other forces.  Check dams cleaned after each significant storm event or when accumulated sediment reaches half the height of the check dam. To this end, inspection system shall check:  Drains after rainfall or storms and outfall for erosion  Remove any accumulated sediment deposited in diversion channels where there is a risk of overtopping due to a lack of freeboard.  Vegetation is growing.  Check seeded slopes for signs of erosion.  Reseed areas to prevent sheet and rill erosion. Spot seed in small areas.  Lined drainage channels and energy dissipaters should be inspected at regular intervals and after major storms.  Check dams for undermining and/or short-circuiting and keyed into the channel banks a minimum of 18 inches to prevent flow around the dam 6.7 Gender Issues Women are key to ensuring the sensibility and sustainability of the overall project management at the watershed management levels especially. As key players, managers and direct actors in managing natural resources in the watershed areas and addressing the household food security women gender participation is critical. The empowerment of women through generating employment, knowledge and skill development even without formal education would work well collectively through the encouragement of formation of cooperatives amongst them. Income generating activities directly relating to sustainable land and water management through soil, water and biodiversity conservation, including specific technologies 45 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP such as natural regeneration of vegetation/tree cover and agroforestry at the local levels should be strengthened amongst the women. The empowerment of women groups is essential for public good, to ensure for every watershed management and opportunities at least 60% of major activities should be targeted at women. A gender study that strives to mainstream gender concerns in the use of, access to and maintenance of the watershed and treated gully areas is relevant. Appendix 8 outlines some information that should be provided in an assessment of the challenges and opportunities for the gender concerns. 6.8 Environmental Monitoring and Auditing In order to effectively and efficiently implement this ESMP, a system for monitoring and auditing has been built into the overall management plan. Monitoring and auditing assist in the examination of management, employee knowledge, programme responsibilities, records & effectiveness Specifically, this shall help to:  Improve environmental and social management practices;  Check the efficiency and quality of the environmental management processes;  Establish the scientific reliability and credibility of the ESMP for the project and  Provide the opportunity to report the results on safeguards and impacts and proposed mitigation measures implementation. 6.8.1 Site Inspection and Monitoring To continually achieve the benefits of the gully treatments, site inspection and monitoring programme shall be ensured with the following objectives:  Ensure that the Gully Erosion Treatment and Control Plan (GETCP) is appropriate for the site and is being implemented effectively;  Ensure Gully Erosion Treatments are being appropriately maintained; and  Identify any works at the site that may be contributing to environmental harm. 6.8.2 Site Inspection and Maintenance Following the gully treatment/remediation work or installation of erosion and sediment control measures, a walkthrough or site inspection should be conducted to ascertain that all measures have been implemented in the field, that erosion is being controlled, and that sediment and other pollutants are not being transported off-site or into critical areas on-site. Any improper installation or any repairs necessary to complete the job should be noted at this time. Another purpose of the site walkthrough is to identify critical inspection locations and monitoring points where control measures will need to be routinely checked for performance and checked after storm events. These critical points must include: • All disturbed areas of the site • Material storage areas • Locations where vehicles enter or exit the site • All erosion and sediment control measures • Discharge outfall visual monitoring points. The control measures must be in good operating condition until the area they protect has been completely stabilized and the construction activity is completed. In the absence of significant runoff events, all measures must be inspected by the contractor in accordance with any schedule required by the SPMU and Ministry of Works and before any predicted, significant rainfall. During rainfall events, the contractor’s inspector must have the ability to call out work crews to immediately repair the erosion and sediment control measures. Appropriate materials and equipment should be kept on hand to enable a quick and rapid response. 6.8.3 Site Inspection Frequency It is recommended that during the gully erosion treatment inspection should be carried out in the following manner: 46 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP  At least daily during rainfall events;  At least weekly, even if the works are not being conducted;  Within 24 hours of a forecasted rainfall or storm event; and  Within 18 hours of a rainfall or storm event of sufficient intensity to cause run-off. Furthermore, active sites must be inspected by the contractor daily during storm water runoff and within 24 hours after any storm event greater than 0.5 inches in a 24-hour period. Active sites must be inspected at least every 7 days during periods of no runoff. Any site that is inactive for greater than 7 days must be inspected every two weeks. Exposed areas must be stabilized and inspected before a site is left in an inactive state. The inspector should record any damages or deficiencies in the control measures on an inspection report form. The damage or deficiencies should be corrected as soon as practicable after the inspection but in no case later than 7 days after the inspection. Any changes that may be required to correct deficiencies should also be made as soon as practicable after the inspection but in no case later than 7 days after the inspection. Inspections oversight should rest with the SPMU supported by the Ministry of Works with local knowledge, policies and procedures. Inspections of erosion control works should be conducted by a person clearly identified as responsible for this role and may be the project manager, site supervisor or principal contractor representative etc. All inspection details should be formally documented, filed and made available for inspection as required by PMU and relevant authorities. 6.8.4 Vegetation Establishment Monitoring Since vegetation typically is the primary form of permanent erosion control, it is important to ascertain how quickly and how well the vegetation is becoming established. Monitoring for vegetation establishment should be conducted in accordance with local requirements.. Vegetation should be monitored monthly to evaluate the following: • The type of vegetation that is growing (as compared to the type of vegetation that was planted); • The density of vegetation that is growing, including the percent of ground that is covered; and Based on regular evaluations of vegetation establishment, recommendations should be made as to whether the vegetation is establishing well, or whether additional measures should be taken, such as over seeding, fertilizing, erosion repair, or irrigation. Vegetation monitoring should continue until the vegetation reaches maturity and is providing the anticipated erosion control effectiveness. 6.8.5 Maintenance Problems The most frequent cause of failure is lack of preventative practices and poor maintenance of treatments administered. Erosion prevention and sediment control must be inspected regularly and operated and maintained using specific procedures to perform properly. Installation mistakes can also impair the performance of the measures. Inspectors should pay particular attention to maintenance problems and installation mistakes during inspections. 6.8.6 Inspection and Maintenance Reports Inspection reports should be prepared during each inspection conducted by the contractor or SPMU or Ministry of Works for civil works and Ministry of Agriculture for vegetation aspect, as the case may be. Reports should include information on damages or deficiencies, maintenance or repair activities, monitoring information, and vegetation establishment. Inspection reports should be kept for a period of three years after completion of final site stabilization. 47 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP 6.8.7 Environmental Monitoring The Environmental monitoring activities shall be based on direct or indirect indicators of emissions, effluents, and resource use applicable to the intervention works. Monitoring frequency shall be sufficient to provide representative data for the parameter being monitored. Monitoring shall be conducted by trained individuals who can carry out the monitoring and record-keeping effectively using properly calibrated and maintained equipment. Monitoring data shall be analyzed and reviewed at regular intervals and compared with the operating standards so that any necessary corrective actions can be taken. As part of monitoring programme, visual inspections and quality monitoring for light attenuation should be conducted daily, for instance. A categorized mitigation measures and its implementation is given in Table 6.2 while summary of Environmental Monitoring Plan during construction and operation is shown in table 6.3. 6.9 Reporting Procedure The nature of issues to report and manner of reporting are outlined below: 6.9.1 Complaints Register and Environmental Incidents Any environmental or social incidents shall be documented (Appendix 8). The report shall be transmitted to the relevant authority by the SPMU, where necessary/applicable. The reporting shall be with a view to taking appropriate mitigation measures. All complaints received should be investigated and a response (even if pending further investigation) is to be given to the complainant within 5 days. The following information must be provided: • Time, date and nature of the incident/report; • Type of communication (e.g. telephone, personal meeting); • Name, house location and contact telephone number of person making the complaint. If this person wishes to remain anonymous then “not identified” is to be recorded; • Details of response and investigation undertaken as a result of the incident/complaint; • Name of person undertaking investigation of the incident/complaint; • Corrective action taken as a result of the incident/complaint. The report shall be rendered for both internal (in-house) uses all phases of the project for internal and external (public) consumption through the regulators. 6.9.2 Record keeping Good records are the paper trail that will prove that this ESMP is working as intended. Keeping records of inspection of maintenance programme for erosion control measures, training programme, etc will be useful to demonstrate that the ESMP is being complied with or not (Appendix 9). The type of records from the various management and monitoring programmes include: • completed forms, checklists and maintenance logs • identified problems and corrective actions undertaken • monitoring data / results Some other types of records will also be valuable for assisting with the implementation of the ESMP and/or ESMP Review such as: • Incident forms (especially pollution incidents and response, accidents, etc.) • Internal and external communications regarding the ESMP (e.g. with waste management) • Results of internal or external assessments and compliance visits. 48 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Table 6.2: Environmental and Social Impact Mitigation Monitoring Plan Environmental Monitoring Plan Construction Phase (Pre- Construction) S/No Activity/Issue Mitigation Measure Implementation Monitoring Activity Frequency Monitoring Cost (N) Responsibil ity 1 Erection of  Contractor to identify suitable camp site in  Retain a record of discussions  After each SPMU/Cont contractor consultation with SPMU/ relevant MDAs discussion ractor construction  Contractor obtain approval for camp site from  Retain a record of approval  Once camp members of the public/Local government 2 Materials  SPMU to include requirement for independent  Retain copy of contracting  Once SPMU Site testing materials testing in contracting documents documents with the requirement  When Engineers  SPMU to ensure that Contractor complies with  Check record of materials testing materials are requirements delivered 3 Operation of  Inclusion of requirement for regular watering of  Retain copy of contracting  Once SPMU Contractor camp site and construction sites in contracting documents with the requirement construction documents  Maintain record of implementation  Daily during camp  Contractor to implement approved Contractor activities dry weather work plan  submit monthly reports on Contractor  Daily monitoring condition Contractor implementation of approved work plan and  Ensure all complaints are mitigation measures recorded in the register  Daily 300,000.00  Establish and maintain public complaints  Maintain a record of working register hours  Monthly  Include the following requirements for worker  Maintain a record of discussions facilities in contracting documents  As required with local members of the public in - Covered rubbish bins for scraps SPMU Site - Adequately stocked first aid medical kits relation to requests for extension of working hours  Once Supervisor - Trained person to provide first aid assistance if required  Maintain a record of any  Include requirement in contracting documents agreements for extension of  As required for Contractor to provide facilities for disposal of working hour solid and liquid wastes  Retain copies of contracting  As required  Contractor to undertake regular disposal of solid documents with requirement and liquid wastes undertake frequent regular monitoring to ensure compliance with  Retain copies of waste disposal requirements dockets  Daily and  Maintain a photographic record of weekly disposal activities  Maintain documentary record of monitoring activities 4 Heavy  Ensure contracting documents include  Retain copy of contracting  Once SPMU/Cont machinery specifications relating to type, weight and documents on project files  Once ractor operation operation of heavy machinery  Include reference in acceptance  Weekly  ensure that acceptance of CCMP includes advice consideration of heavy machinery operation  Contractor to operate machinery in accordance  Maintain record of inspections and with accepted CCMP public complaints 49 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP 5 Excavation  Include requirement in contracting document for  Maintain photographic and  Daily SPMU generally Contractor to remove and dispose of surplus documentary record of Contractor material at approved sites material disposal activities  Include the following requirements for  Retain copy of approved list on Contractors in the contracting documents: - Provide temporary services acceptable standard project files where required  Retain copy of contracting - Undertake permanent repair works for disrupted documents on project files services within specified times  Retain copy of contracting SPMU/Cont - Provide warning and safety signs in local documents on project files ractor language at excavation sites  Maintain duplicate copies record  Once - Provide PPE for site workers of Contractor performance  Maintain photographic and documentary record of Contractor performance 6 Management  Ensure that requirements relating to spill  Retain copy of contracting  Once SPMU/Cont of spills and management and debris are included in documents on project files ractor construction contracting documents  Maintain photographic and debris  Ensure that Contractor addresses spill documentary record of Contractor  Daily management and debris removal as criteria for acceptable Contractor work plan performance  Ensure that Contractor to promptly attend to any spills 7 Social issues  Continual undertake public consultation  Retain copies of minutes of  After each SPMU/Cont  Conclude all resettlement issues that may arise discussions discussion ractor  SPMU to include requirement for continual stakeholder consultations and public enlightenment in contracting documents 8 Health and a) SPMU to include requirement for contract  Retain copy of contracting  Once SPMU/Cont Safety Issues document need for contractor to mount in documents on project files ractor advance of the construction work awareness  Maintain photographic and campaign relevant to health and safety and adequate road signs to warn pedestrians and documentary record of Contractor motorists of construction activities, diversions, performance etc. provided at appropriate points. 9 Traffic Safety a) SPMU to include requirement for contract  Retain copy of contracting  Once SPMU/Cont and Traffic document need for contractor documents on project files ractor Management b) to ensure public safety, and meet traffic safety  Maintain photographic and requirements for the operation of work to avoid accidents. documentary record of Contractor c) be responsible for the safety along the corridor performance related to the site,  d) provide and maintain necessary barricades, suitable and sufficient flashlights, flagmen, danger signals, and signs. e) Submit weekly activities schedule and the locations of his work along the Sub-Total for Pre- Construction Monitoring 300,000.00 50 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan during Construction and Operation Air quality Dust Visual Observation at location of Everyday during SPMU/Contractor 200,000.00 activities construction PM, SO2, CO, NOX , CO2 Ambient air monitoring using standard Annually or where SPMU/Contractor method of sampling and analysis at visual observations established sampled locations for the indicate unpleasant baseline data scenario Noise Level Disturbance/pinch Everyday during Contractor 50,000.00 construction Level Sensor measurement around the annually SPMU/Contractor premises at established sampled locations for the baseline data Erosion Top soil movement/ground cutting Visual assessment Routinely during Contractor 100,000.00 Control and retention of disturbed soil at construction earthwork Water pH, TSS, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Chlorine, total residual, Standard method of sampling and Where it is established Contractor/ 250,000.00 Quality Phenols, Total coliform bacteria, analyses at established sampled that construction Consultant Temp, etc locations for the baseline data caused impact Annually SPMU/ Consultant, Soil Quality pH, Conductivity, Heavy Metals, Sampling and analyses at designated • monthly during 250,000.00 TOC, Total Hydrocarbons, Cations locations construction; • Quarterly during the first 3 years of operation; • Half yearly Subsequently Sediment Sediment build-up Visual Assessment& decants/level After all rain. Contractors/Site 125,000.00 retention spreaders/fore bay During heavy rain Committee pond members/SPMU Vegetal Vegetation growing well & maintained Visual assessment Routinely Contractors/Site 100,00.00 Cover Committee members/SPMU General Reduction, Segregation protocols, proper Visual Assessment, General Aesthetics, Routinely, Daily Contractor/HSE 150,000.00 Waste handling, storage, treatment, and transportation hazard free environment along the Officer Management corridor Training Responsible HSE behavior and culture General HSE Awareness and specific Routinely and as need SPMU, Contractor See table 6.6 training for workers arises Socio- Project benefit opinions, Lifestyle, no of Questionnaires, direct observations and Once in two years SPMU 200,000.00 economics livelihoods opportunities created, income, gender interviews. characteristics, no of women participating in watershed management programs, etc Health & Incidents Hazard assessment Before Start of work Contractor/SPMU 200,000.00 Safety and routinely Management Sub-Total for Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan during Construction and Operation N1,525,000.00 Grand Total for Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan during Construction and Operation N1,825,000.00 51 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP 6.10 Disclosures and Public Consultation Plan All reasonable efforts must be made to disclose/display this ESMP to the public at strategic points within the project’s area of influence so as to allow all stakeholders read and un derstand how they stand to be affected by the project, and if they do not agree with, to make their grievance known before the start of the project. It should also be disclosed at the Federal Ministry of Environment and the Ebonyi State Ministry of Health and Environment A key element of sustaining stakeholders’ support in any project execution is to consult and communicate with the stakeholders effectively and to engage them as early as possible with the project which has been done during the preparation of this ESMP and further enhanced in the course of preparation of the intervention work. Like any other business function, stakeholder engagement needs to be managed and driven by a well-defined strategy. Table 6.3 provides a Summary of the stakeholder engagement plan while Appendix 5 provides Stakeholder Engagement and Communication Process. Table 6.3: Summary of the planned stakeholder engagement schedule Activity Stakeholders / Community Frequency / Timeline Pre-Construction / Prior to Project Commencement Project email, postal address and All stakeholders Once-off establishment contact details Fact Sheet and FAQ sheets All stakeholders As required, subject to any updates on the Project Briefings State Government , Local Government, As required, subject to the Site committee, World Bank approvals process Newsletters, Media and All stakeholders As required, subject to any Advertising updates on the Project Site tours Regulators, Site Committee, community, As required World Bank, etc. Personal meetings Targeted stakeholders As required Community Sessions Residents of affected areas/ Community As required, subject to approvals and interest groups route and feedback from the community Develop and disseminate All stakeholders As required, subject to any Feedback and Complaints updates on the Project Mechanism and communications procedures Briefings, Site Tours and Government authorities, Local Prior to Work Plan approval Community Sessions - for communities, • Additional relevant development of the Rehabilitation stakeholders and Closure Plan Advertising / media release All stakeholders Regular (update on milestones) Project lunch All stakeholders Before civil works Construction and operations Ongoing community liaison Local community Ongoing Project updates All stakeholders Monthly Responding to issues and inquiries All stakeholders Ongoing / as required as per Feedback and Complaints Mechanism Annual reporting All stakeholders Annually Personal meetings All stakeholders Ongoing / as required * Budget to be determined based on profile of stakeholders, duration, location and size 52 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP 6.11 Institutional Arrangements Since one of the main purposes of ESMPs is to establish responsibility for the activities that have to be undertaken, this sub-section details below, institutional arrangements and the roles and responsibilities of the various institutions in the implementation of the ESMP as outlined in Table 6.4. Table 6.4: Institutional Responsibilities S/No Category Roles & Responsibilities  SPMU Implementing authority, has the mandate to:  Co-ordinate all policies, programmes and actions of all road construction across the States  Ensure the smooth and efficient implementation of the project’s various technic al programmes  Cooperate through a Steering Committee that provides guidance to the technical aspects of all project activities;  Maintain and manage all funds effectively and efficiently for the projects  State Ministries of  Site assessment and monitoring of works and engineering activities works,  State Ministry of  Lead role to ensure adherence to this ESMP and applicable standards, Environment, environmental and social liability investigations, Monitoring and evaluation process and criteria  Ministry of Lands,  Compliance overseer at State Level, on matters of Land Acquisition and Survey and Urban compensation and other resettlement issues, Other MDAs  Come in as and when relevant areas or resources under their jurisdiction or management are likely to be affected by or implicated projects such as utility.  World Bank  Assess implementation  Recommend additional measures for strengthening the management framework and implementation performance.  Site Manager  Ensure land disturbance activities are conducted in accordance with relevant legislation;  Minimise on-site erosion and control sediment in accordance with the site Erosion and Sediment Control Plan;  Communicate the content of, and any changes to the site Erosion and Sediment  Control Plan to all employees and contractors;  Inspect the operation of erosion and sediment control devices and initiate repair or maintenance as required;  Instruct employees and contractors in the purpose and operation of erosion and sediment control devices and the need to maintain these devices in proper working order at all times;  Provide adequate onsite waste collection bins, ensure proper disposal, not to litter and not to create environmental nuisance;  Contractor  Compliance to BOQ specification in procurement of material and construction and adherence to the ESMP and good practice  Site  Provide oversight function during construction and decommissioning to ensure Engineers/Supervi adherence to good practice and the ESMP sors  Site Committee  Ensure compliance to BOQ and quality  Local government  Support in monitoring project execution within their domains to ensure compliance with this ESMP and other relevant requirements  Local Community  Promote environmental awareness  Assist and Liaise with other stakeholders to ensure proper siting and provision of approval for such sites  Support with provision of necessary infrastructures and engage/ encourage carrying out comprehensive and practical awareness campaign for the proposed projects, amongst the various relevant grass roots interest groups.  CDA/CDOs  Ensure Community participation by mobilizing, sensitizing community members;  NGOs/CSOs  Assisting in their respective ways to ensure effective response actions, Conducting scientific researches alongside government groups to evolve and 53 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP devise sustainable environmental strategies and rehabilitation techniques, Organizing, coordinating and ensuring safe use of volunteers in a response action, and actually identifying where these volunteers can best render services effectively & Providing wide support assistance helpful in management planning, institutional/governance issues and other livelihood related matter, Project impacts and mitigation measure, Awareness campaigns  Others/General i  Identify issues that could derail the project Public  Support project impacts and mitigation measures, Awareness campaigns 6.12 Institutional Capacity Building & Training Based on the interaction with the relevant stakeholders, assessment and determination of the characteristics of all the relevant stakeholders with key roles in the project as well as the assessment of the institutional capacities of the different parties shall be involved in the ESMP implementation; areas of awareness creation and training/capacity building/strengthening have been identified. To enhance the respective roles and collaboration of the relevant stakeholders, the following broad areas for capacity building have been identified as deserving of attention for effective implementation of the ESMP. Specific areas for effective institutional capacity needs are given in Table 6.5. Table 6.5: Training Modules on Environment and Social Management Programme Description Participants Form Of Duration/L Training Conducting Cost (#) Training ocation Agency Sensitization Introduction to Environment: Engineers and Workshop ½ Working Environmental & 250,000 Workshop Basic Concept of Environment, Environmental/Safe Day Social Specialists of Environmental Regulations and guard Unit, Design Statutory requirements as per Procurements & Consultant/External Government and World bank other relevant Agency engaged for groups capacity building Module I Introduction to Environment: Engineer/MoE Lecture ¼ Working Environmental & 150,000 Basic Concept of Environment, Day Social Specialists of Environmental Regulations and Design Statutory requirements as per Consultant/External Government and World bank Agency engaged for capacity building Module II ESMP and its integration into SPMU Engineer, Lecture and ½ Working Environmental & 200,000 Designs: Methodology of Contractors/MOE, Field Visit Day Social Specialists of Assessment of Pollution Design Monitoring, Methodology for site Consultant/External selection of waste disposal Agency engaged for areas, e.t.c. capacity building Module III Civil works and use of Officials of MoE, Workshop ½ day Environmental & 200,000 Vegetation for gully stabilization and other line Social Specialists of in environmental management MDAs Design practices: Consultant/External Roles and Responsibilities of Agency engaged for officials/contractors/consultants capacity building towards protection of environment and Implementation Arrangements Monitoring mechanisms Module IV Monitoring and reporting system Engineers, MoE, & Workshop ½ day Environmental & 100,000.00 Community Participatory relevant MDAs, Social Specialists of Monitoring and Evaluation Community Design leaders/CDOs/NG Consultant/External Os Agency engaged for capacity building Module IV Alternative income generation Community liaison hands-on To be Environmental & Seen as part of program -income generating and support determine Social Specialists of the normal activities with [adequate] professional, site d Design operation cost commercial potential in the committee Consultant/External agricultural and non-farm members, local Agency engaged for sectors. government staff, capacity Agricultural methods and etc building/World Bank technology to increasing 54 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Table 6.5: Training Modules on Environment and Social Management Programme Description Participants Form Of Duration/L Training Conducting Cost (#) Training ocation Agency production on non-affected land and enhancing the treatment works at the gully site. Skill for off-farm work within or outside of the affected area Total 900,000.00 6.13 Review and Revision of the ESMP There is need to review and update the ESMP regularly to ensure it reflects the unfolding situation that could occur on site and take into account changes that have occurred since this first version. The changes could be in the project description or new requirements/legislation coming into effect in the course of the project execution. Any changes to the ESMP need to be reflected in the information in the ESMP about the site, pollution controls and/or programmes and systems. Each of these will therefore also need to be updated. A copy of the revised version will be sent to relevant regulatory authorities as the case maybe. 6.14 ESMP Budget and Schedule of Work ESMPs have associated costs. Thus to effectively implement the environmental and social management measures necessary budgetary provisions shall be made for this ESMP. The Budgets for the ESMP include the environmental management costs other than the good engineering practices, cost of environmental and resettlement monitoring. All administrative costs for implementing the ESMP shall be budgeted for as part of the project costing. The cost of each measure have ben estimated and included in the overall ESMP budget as indicated in Table 6.6 to be N6, 957,500.00 (Six million, nine hundred and fifty seven thousand, five hundred Naira only) . The key elements of the implementation schedule are shown in the Table 6.7. 55 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Table 6.6: ESMP Budget Summary S/No Element Responsible N 1 Mitigation Measures SPMU ESSO, Contractor, MH, MOE & 3,600,000.00 MOW 2 Monitoring & Audit Contractors/Site Committee 1,825,000.00 members/SPMU 3 Training SPMU , Contractor/HSE Officer, 900,000.00 Consultant, Sub-total 6,325,000.00 10% contingency 632,000.00 Grand total 6,957,500.00 / 34,787.5USD Table 6.7: ESMP Budget and Implementation Schedule S/N Activity Description Responsible MONTH (Contruction) Operation Gully Pre- Gully Treatment Gully Treatment Period Treatment Maintenance 1 2 3 4 5 6 1. Disclosure of ESMP Report PMU 2. Allocating Budget for ESMP PMU 3. Appointing Support Staff for PMU ESMP 4. Review and Approval of PMU Contractor’s ESMP and Sediment, Waste & Safety Plan 5. Finalisation of Engineering PMU/Contractor Designs 6. Implementation of Mitigation PMU/Contractor Measures 7. Supervising ESMP PMU/Contractor Implementation 8. Environmental Auditing PMU/FMENV/Mo A year after E/ Environmental construction Consultant 9. Monitoring & Reporting on PMU /Contractor ESMP Implementation 10. Environmental Training Contractor/HSE Consultant 11. 56 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP CHAPTER 7 PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS 7.1 Introduction The consultation conducted in the course of the preparation of this ESMP dovetailed into the one already initiated and established by SPMU, which is routinely carried out in the project zone. It is recognised that one key factor that exists in all successful approaches to project development and implementation is participation by relevant stakeholders. The more direct involvement of the local level people in the planning and management processes, the greater the likelihood that resource use and protection problems will be solved as well as the likelihood of development opportunities occurring in a balanced way and to the broad benefit of all communities in the project area. Community Participation was considered in the entire process as a fundamental tool for: managing two- way communication between the SPMU and the public, building understanding and improving decision- making by actively involving relevant stakeholders, especially the project affected persons and organizations with a stake and reducing the likelihood for conflicts. 7.2 The Objectives of Community Consultations 1. Canvass the inputs, views and concerns; and take account of the information and views of the public in the project design and in decision making. 2. Obtain local and traditional knowledge that may be useful for decision-making; 3. Facilitate consideration of alternatives, mitigation measures and trade-offs and ensure that important impacts are not overlooked and benefits maximized; 4. Reduce conflict through the early identification of contentious issues; 5. Provide an opportunity for the public to influence the designs and implementation in a positive manner; 6. Improve transparency and accountability in decision-making; and Increase public confidence in the project. 7.3 Methodology of the Public Consultations To strengthen the consultation process, meetings were held with the vendors along the corridor, and other relevant stakeholders between March and September, 2014. Stakeholders met include the market women association, National Union of Road Transport Workers, Local Government officials, Ministry of Environments in both states, individuals, community leaders, and other Government officials, Different methods of communication to reach the stakeholders included face to face meeting, telephones and emails. 7.3 The Stakeholders Consulted and their Concerns The key stakeholders identified and consulted in the area include leaders in the communities, individual people who own properties that will be directly or indirectly affected, and business owners, etc. A list of those that had been met is shown in Appendix 5 and the issues discussed. At the meeting, the overview of the proposed project and appreciation of ESMP were presented. Furthermore, the challenges that could impede the implementation of the project and the support needed from all parties to ensure effective project and successful implementation were also discussed with the stakeholders. In Appendix 7.1 those consulted are presented with Plates of some of the stakeholders in Plate 7.1. The highlights of the meetings are presented in Appendix 7.2 and summarized Table 7.1. 57 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Plate 7.1: Some of the Stakeholders Consulted Box 7.1: A summary of the Outcome of the Consultation Meetings th Date 7 March, 2014 Venue Amuda Achara Attendance See Appendix Language of Communication Ibo & English Stakeholder Met and Attendance Chiefs, community village heads, local government council representatives, members of Erosion site committee, women leader and the youths, SPMU, State House of Assembly Rep Issues/Comments Raised by Communities Response/How Addressed at the meetings or by the Project  We are very happy to see the project come out  SPMU is happy to have everyone’s support as the successful as we shall cooperate and support the project is for the common good of everyone, successful execution of the project. especially those that are close to the gully corridors.  This erosion problem has been giving us nightmare  We look forward to this cooperation as it is needed because the community may be encroached by the for the project to succeed. gully if care is not taken.  The project has a properly defined scope based on  The community wants the NEWMAP engineer to come the engineering design and analyses. The bridge is and address the community and also wants the not part of it. culverts at Aku-Amohia bridge to be strengthened.  All fears and concerns shall be properly addressed  Opinions of the people must be made to count by and people’s opinions count that is why, for instance, utilizing information/suggestion provided as the youth this consultation was initiated. leader We express fears as per poor construction.  Please, ensure that the quality of the rehabilitation is  Qualified persons shall be engaged by the worthwhile so that we do not face reoccurrence again. contractors at the various sites on merit. Also, with the supervision of you the community members, the quality of work can be ensured.  How soon will the project commence, we are tired of  The project shall commence once all the necessary waiting? documentations are ready The essence of the rehabilitation work is to ensure  Road affected by the gully connects two towns, Amuda accessibility to all assets on the corridor Very shortly and Achara and there are farmlands along the route, the work will commence once all the necessary which has been rendered inaccessible. documentations are in place for the civil works to commence without any hindrance  The community market may soon be encroached by the gully if care is not taken  58 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP CHAPTER 8: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The proposed intervention work is designed to improved erosion management and gully rehabilitation which will provide for:  Environmental improvements due to land stabilization measures which preserve the landscape and biodiversity.  Reduced loss of infrastructure including roads, houses, etc.  Reduced risks of floods (due to reduced siltation)  Reduced siltation in rivers leading to less flooding and the preservation of the water systems for improved access to domestic water supply.  Reduced loss of agricultural land and productivity from soil loss caused by surface erosion.  Progressively restore vegetative cover, improved environmental conditions and more humid local microclimates expected to results in increased vegetation cover for wildlife and carbon sequestration. Enhancement of multipliers effects such as as employment opportunities, poverty reduction, enhanced national reputation and cultural promotion, among others is expected. The report also revealed some negative impacts that were identified. Thus, this ESMP has revealed that:  Potential impacts of sufficient magnitude that could interrupt the execution of the project were not detected. Although, there were few negative impacts that may potentially occur due to the activities associated with the proposed works but adequate and SMART measures have been provided to address them.  Appropriate institutional framework has been drawn up to implement the mitigation measures and environmental management plan while the proposed monitoring programmes shall be set in motion as soon as possible.  The proposed intervention work is most desirable because of the obvious environmental, health and socio-economic benefits. These far out-weigh the negative impacts that could arise in the course of implementation.  Mitigation measures and management plans have been suggested and developed for the negative impacts. Generally, the study has indicated that the establishment of the proposed project will not severely impact negatively on the existing environmental, social and health as well as safe conditions of the people, locally, nationally or internationally. This inference is further made strong, owing to the fact that a number of the equipment that would be used at the location would be modern equipment and technologies that have the potentials not to constitute further environmental burdens in relation to the present existing environmental conditions. 59 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP References  Commonwealth of Australia (1999): National Water Quality Management Strategy, Effluent Management Guidelines for Intensive Piggeries in Australia  CSIR. 2002. Guidelines for standardised Environmental Management Plans for projects within the water resource management component of the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. CSIR Report ENV-P-C 2002-032. Prepared for DWAF, Directorate: Social and Ecological Services, Pretoria.  Department of Environmental Affairs & Tourism (DEAT). 2004b. Environmental Management Plans, Integrated Environmental Management Information Series 12. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria.  Hill R.C. (2000): Integrated Environmental Management Systems in the implementation of projects. South African Journal of Science 96: 50-54.  Lochner, P. (2005): Guideline for Environmental Management Plans. CSIR Report No ENV-S-C 2005-053 H. Republic of South Africa, Provincial Government of the Western Cape, Department of Environmental Affairs & Development Planning, Cape Town.  Ministry Of Agriculture And Animal Resources (Minagri) (2010): Environmental Management Plan (EMP) For Nyanza 23 Sub Project , Land Husbandry, Water Harvesting And Hillside Irrigation Project (LWH) Prepared by Green and Clean Solution Ltd  Multiple Development Services (MDS )(2010): Environmental Management Plan for Infrastructure (a Multi-level Office Building Complex in Lekki, Lagos  Ramsay , J. (2006): Compendium on Relevant Practices on Improved Decision-Making, Planning and Management of Dams and their Alternatives, Key Issue – Environmental Management Plans, Final Report , United Nations Environment Programme Dams and Development Project, November  UNEP (1988): Environmental Impact Assessment , Basic procedures for developing Countries.  World Bank (1999 ): Environmental Management Plan , OP 4.01 - Annex C January, po  Federal Republic of Nigeria (1999): Summary of The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study Second National Fadama Development Project (NFDP II)  Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources (2003): Third National Fadama Development Project (Fadama III), Rural Infrastructure, Manual No. 4, August  Okpoko, E, Egboka B., Anike, L & Okoro, E.(2013): Rainfall Harvesting as an Alternative Water Supply in Water Stressed Communities in Aguata-Awka Area of Southeastern Nigeria in Environ. Eng. Res. 2013 June,18(2) : 95-101  J. Poesena, J., Nachtergaelea, J., Verstraetena, G., & Valentinb, C (2002): Gully erosion and environmental change: importance and research needs, Catena 50 (2003) 91 –13, www.elsevier.com/locate/catena  LAKEW DESTA & BELAYNEH ADUGNA (2012): A Field Guide onGully Prevention and Control A Field Guide on Gully Prevention and Control, Nile Basin Initiative Eastern Nile Subsidiary Action Program (ENS AP)  Umec Associates, a Consulting Civil, Structural and Water Resources Engineering firm, is one of the consultants engaged by the Anambra State Ministry of Environment to study and design appropriate erosion control structures for St. Thomas Aquinas/Neros Plaza gully gully erosion site,  Uzoije, A.P, onunkwo, A, A, Ibeneme, S.I and Obioha, E.Y (2014): Hydrogeology Of Nsukka Southeast, – A Preliminary Approach To Water Resources Development, in American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) e-ISSN : 2320-0847 p-ISSN : 2320-0936 Volume-03, Issue-01, pp-150-162  Civil Contractors Federation (,2011):ENVIRONMENTAL BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE GUIDELINEs EROSION & SEDIMENT CONTROL  Otti V. I., Ejikeme, I. R., Nwafor, A.U. (The Environmental Effects of the Drainage System and Flood Control in Awka Urban City  International Journal of Engineering and Technology Volume 3 No. 1, January, 2013 ISSN: 2049-3444 © 2013 – IJET Publications UK. All rights reserved. 28  Awogbemi, A. (2013): Project Baseline Assessment Voice to the People (V2P): Making Governance Work for Poor and Marginalised People, Prepared for Christian Aid Nigeria, October.  Nigerian Meteorological Agency. Nigeria climatic data: Umuhaia. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2013.18.2.095  Catchment & Creeks Pty Ltd, 2010: Gully Erosion - Part 2 Assessment of Treatment Options 60 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP  www.nr.qld.gov.au APPENDICES Appendix 1 Description of the Components of the Project - The Engineering Profile of the Civil Works The geotechnical survey revealed that the problem arose from unguarded floodwater, adequate control measures are highly recommended. This includes control through construction of concrete flood channels, vegetative control methods, use of stone pitches or rip raps. River training to tame the flow pattern may be necessary as uncontrolled river can erode anything on its path including hard rock as shown below. owed 9m long x 3m wide x 1.2m deep chute channel, followed by 4m long x 4m wide x 2m deep catchpit, foll by Proposed Type 1 Rectangular 10m long x 3m expanding to 6m wide x 2.5m deep sloping apron, Drainage Channel Left Side (see drawings no ----) complete with baffles and riprap to the water way Length 260m X Width 1m X Depth 1m Proposed Type 2 Rectangular 7 nos check dams to Drainage Channel Left Side Isuochi - Owerre Ezukala -nUmunze, Uga Ekwuluobia Road the Okide stream Length 820m X Width 1.2m X Depth 1m (Refer to Drawing No.TCL/ABIA/NEWMAP/ISUOCHI/23/2013 on page 23) 260m 820m To Okide stream Natural water way Amuda - Achara Isuochi Road Road to Achara 1080m long Proposed Single Cell Box Culvert at chainage 1+080m: Length 9m X Proposed 1080m of asphaltic Catch pit Width 1.5m X depth 1.5m layered road from Amuda To divert flow from the right side to Timber the left side. Market to Achara Village. Width: 9m Boundary between type 1 and type 2 channels Proposed Type 2 Rectangular Proposed Type 1 Rectangular Drainage Channel Right Side Drainage Channel Right Side Length 820m X Width 1.2m X Depth 1m Length 260m X Width 1m X Depth 1m Amuda Achara Gully Erosion Engineering Report, 2012 61 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Appendix 2: Terms of Reference for the ESMP Preparation Background The Government of Nigeria is implementing the multi-sectoral Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP), which is financed by the World Bank, Global Environment Facility, the Special Climate Change Fund, and the Government of Nigeria. NEWMAP finances activities implemented by States and activities implemented by the Federal government. The project currently includes 7 states, namely Anambra, Abia, Cross River, Edo, Enugu, Ebonyi, and Imo. The lead agency at the Federal level is the Federal Ministry of Environment (FME), Department of Erosion, Flood and Coastal Zone Management. State and local governments, local communities and CSOs are or will be involved in the project, given that the project is a multi-sector operation involving MDAs concerned with water resources management, public works, agriculture, regional and town planning, earth and natural resources information, and disaster risk management. The development objective of NEWMAP is: to rehabilitate degraded lands and reduce longer-term erosion vulnerability in targeted areas. At State level, NEWMAP activities involve medium-sized civil works such as construction of infrastructure and/or stabilization or rehabilitation in and around the gullies themselves, as well as small works in the small watershed where gullies form and expand. These works trigger the World Bank’s Safeguard Policies including Environmental Assessment OP 4.01; Natural Habitats OP 4.04; Cultural Property OP 11.03; Involuntary Resettlement OP 4.12 Safety of Dams OP 4.37; Pest Management Safeguard Policy OP 4.09; and Projects on International Waterways OP 7.50. The environmental and social safeguards concerns are being addressed through two national instruments already prepared under the project: an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) and a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF). These framework instruments need to be translated into specific costed, measurable, and monitorable actions for specific intervention sites through the preparation of site-specific management and action plans. ESMF. In general, the ESMF specifies the procedures to be used for preparing, approving and implementing (i) environmental/social assessments (ESAs, or alternately both an SA or an EA) and/or (2) environmental/social management plans (ESMPs, or alternately both an EMP and SMP) for individual civil works packages developed for each project. ESMPs are essential elements for Category B projects. RPF .The RPF applies when land acquisition leads to the temporary or permanent physical displacement of persons, and/or loss of shelter, and /or loss of livelihoods and/or loss, denial or restriction of access to economic resources due to project activities. It sets out the resettlement and compensation principles, organizational arrangements and design criteria to be applied to meet the needs of project-affected people, and specifies the contents of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for each package of investments. Objective and Scope of the Consultancy The objective of the consulting services is to prepare an environmental and social management plan (ESMP) for the ABIA State sub-projects in Amuda Achara (Umunneochi Local Government Headquarters) intervention site. This TOR covers only the Amuda Achara (Umunneochi Local Government Headquarters) intervention site. The Abia State Government as one of the participating States represented by the State Project Management Unit (SPMU) has selected the Amuda-Achara gully head as one of the priority sites to rehabilitate and remedy the degraded land. The gully head is located on Amuda-Achara, Isuochi in Umunneochi Local Government Area, Abia State. The gully erosion site starts behind the Timber Market on Amuda-Achara Road with the gully on both sides of the major road. The site lies between latitude 05° 26’ and N05° 41’ North of the Equator and longitude 007° 12’ and 007° 20’ East of the Greenwich Meridian. The proposed intervention works or project shall involve small-sized civil works and use of vegetation for the gullies stabilization, reclamation, protection and reinforcement to stop scouring action of flow velocity due to exposed soil surface. In the light of the anticipated impacts of the proposed intervention work activities, it was considered necessary to prepare a site specific Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the proposed intervention work aimed at protecting and minimizing any potential adverse environmental and social impacts in course of work and in the operational life of the intervention work. The ESMP is site-specific and consists of a well-documented set of mitigation, monitoring, and institutional actions to be taken before and during implementation to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels. The ESMP also includes the measures needed to implement these actions, addressing the adequacy of the monitoring and institutional arrangements for the upper and lower watersheds in the 62 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP intervention site. The consultant will work in close collaboration with the engineering design consultants and NEWMAP State Project Management Unit’s (SPMU) safeguard team, and with other actors as directed by the SPMU. In that respect the sequencing of the technical/feasibility studies and the ESMP will be critical. The consultant will have to receive the draft technical/feasibility studies in order to take into account the technical variants of the proposed activities and also in return inform the technical design consultants of any major constraint that may arise due to the social and environmental situation on the ground. In each intervention site, the consultant will visit the full sub-watershed as delimited in the given gully stabilization design. These sub-watersheds are an average of four square kilometres in southern Nigeria. The consultant will take into account the proposed civil engineering designs, vegetative land management measures and other activities aimed at reducing or managing runoff that would be carried out within the sub-watershed. The consultant will assess natural resources and infrastructures potentially affected during project implementation and operation and select the management strategies needed to ensure that environmental risks are appropriately mitigated. Tasks of the consultant include the following: a) Describe the existing status of the sub-watershed and gullies; b) Identify the environmental and social issues/risks associated with the existing conditions; c) Select and measure appropriate baseline indicators (for example, m3/sec of runoff collected in the sub-watershed during a heavy hour-long rainfall); d) Develop a plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with construction and operation in the gully in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies; Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels; e) Develop a time-bound plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with sub-watershed management in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies; Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels; f) Identify monitoring objectives and specifies the type of monitoring, with linkages to the impacts assessed and the mitigation measures described above(in a-e); g) Provide a specific description of institutional arrangements: the agencies responsible for carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures (e.g., for operation, supervision, enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing, reporting, and staff training) and the contractual arrangements for assuring the performance of each implementing agency; h) Define technical assistance programs that could strengthen environmental management capability in the agencies responsible for implementation; i) Provide an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the project, showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation plans; and j) Provide the expected capital and recurrent cost estimates and sources of funds for implementing the ESMP and inform accordingly the design consultants so that these costs are duly taken into consideration in the designs. The following socio-economic issues shall be addressed in the ESMP: • A summary of the impacted communities for the proj ect: location, access, population (number, demographic and social characteristics); economy (employment rate, income distribution); services (types, capacity, and adequacy) and housing. Concern is the ability to provide work force, service new development and absorb and adjust to growth (worker/family). • A summary of the views of the population including vulnerable groups, determined through thoroughly documented discussions with local communities. These meetings and discussions must be documented and should show how issues and problems raised are or will be resolved (note that a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) could be developed for the Site, and this is covered under separate TORs). • Cultural: Summarize the possible effects of the project on historical/ar chaeological sites, heritage/artifacts, native religious or harvest sites of the affected communities and identification or development of mechanisms for handling chance findings. Information will be gathered from field surveys and secondary data sources (interviews, structured questionnaires, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions). Other Tasks: The consultant shall assist the SPMU to: (i) Register the ESMP with the environmental assessment (EA) departments at Federal and State levels; and (ii) Disclose the finalized ESMP at National, State, LGA and Community levels. Qualifications The consultant(s) must have expertise and advanced degrees earned in relevant fields including but not limited to: civil/environmental engineering, environmental sciences, or the social sciences. Minimum experience should be eight (8) years with a minimum specific experience of four (4) years on planning related to infrastructure development or disaster response. The consultant(s) must have experience in design and preparation of an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for infrastructure projects. The consultant(s) must have competency and documented experience in social and environmental scientific analysis and development of operational action plans. The consultant(s) must have a working knowledge of World Bank operational safeguards policies gained through hands-on experience in the preparation and implementation of environmental and social management plans in an urban area. Deliverables and timing • Inception Report: One week after contract signing. 63 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP • Week 4: A draft ESMP will be submitted for comments in Four weeks from the date of signing the contract. • Week 6: The draft final ESMP Report will take into account all comments, and will be submitted to the SPMU. • Week 8: The Final ESMP acceptable to Ebonyi State and to the World Bank. A comprehensive database of relevant information collected in Excel format. Project-specific background documents • Environmental and Social Management Framework(ESMF) • Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) • NEWMAP Project Appraisal Document (PAD) • NEWMAP Project Implementation Manual (PIM) • World Bank safeguards policies • Intervention design Payment Schedule 20% of Contract sum on successful conclusion of inception deliverable 30 % of Contract sum on submission of Draft Report 40% of Contract sum on submission of Draft Final Report 10% of Contract sum of submission and Acceptance of Final Report Annex 1: Outline and Substance of the ESMP report The ESMP Report shall be presented in a concise format containing all studies, processes, analyses, tests and recommendations for the proposed intervention. The report shall focus on the findings, conclusions and any recommended actions, supported by summaries of the data collected and citations for any references used. The ESMP report will include the following topics, organized in a suggested outline that can be adjusted for local needs: Cover page Table of contents List of acronyms and their definitions Executive Summary Chapter 1: Introduction • Description of the proposed intervention • Rationale for ESMP • Map Chapter 2: Institutional and Legal Framework for Environmental Management • Discussion of the World Bank safeguard policies triggered by NEWMAP and the proposed activity • Summary of relevant local and federal policy, legal, regulatory, and administrative frameworks Chapter 3: Biophysical Environment • Description of the area of influence and environmental baseline conditions Chapter 4: Socio -Economic Characteristics and Consultation with Stakeholders • Analysis of existing livelihoods opportunities, income, gender characteristics, age profile, health, transport access, existing community structures – at watershed, community, household, and individual levels • Analysis of existing formal and informal grievance redress mechanisms in and around the intervention area • Presentation of consultations with relevant stakeholders and affected persons • Other topics as relevant Chapter 5: Assessment of Potential Adverse Impacts and Analysis of Alternatives • Methods and techniques used in assessing and analyzing the environmental and social impacts of the proposed project • Discussion of alternatives to the current project and reasons for their rejection, including short description of like ly future scenario without intervention; • Discussion of the potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts of the proposed project Chapter 6: Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP),including: • Discussion of the proposed mitigation measures • Institutional responsibilities and accountabilities • Capacity building plan • Public consultation plan • Description of grievance redress mechanism (in alignment with the ESMF, RPF, RAP, and Project Implementation Manual) to address situations of conflicts or disagreements about some of the project activities • Monitoring and evaluation plan, including suitable indicators for the proposed project • Costs of implementing the ESMP Chapter 7: Summary, Recommendations and Conclusion Annex 1: List of Persons Met Annex 2: Summary of World Bank Safeguard Policies Annex 3: General Environmental Management Conditions for Construction Contracts/Civil Works. Annex 4: References Annex5: Summary of the data base of information collected for ESMP Annex6: Maps Annex7: Photos 64 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Appendix 3: Summary of World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies (10+2)  Use of Country Systems (OP 4.00). The Bank's environmental and social ("safeguard") policies are designed to avoid, mitigate, or minimize adverse environmental and social impacts of projects supported by the Bank. The Bank encourages its borrowing member countries to adopt and implement systems that meet these objectives while ensuring that development resources are used transparently and efficiently to achieve desired outcomes.  Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01). Outlines Bank policy and procedure for the environmental assessment of Bank lending operations. The Bank undertakes environmental screening of each proposed project to determine the appropriate extent and type of EA process. This environmental process will apply to all sub-projects to be funded.  Natural Habitats (OP 4.04). The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the environment, is essential for long-term sustainable development.  Pest Management (OP 4.09). The policy supports safe, affective, and environmentally sound pest management. It promotes the use of biological and environmental control methods. An assessment is made of the capacity of the country’s regulatory framework and institutions to promote and support safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management.  Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12). This policy covers direct economic and social impacts that both result from Bank-assisted investment projects, and are caused by (a) the involuntary taking of land resulting in (i) relocation or loss of shelter; (ii) loss of assets or access to assets, or (iii) loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location; or (b) the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. The ESMF and RPF reports discuss the applicability of this policy in detail.  Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20). This directive provides guidance to ensure that indigenous peoples benefit from development projects, and to avoid or mitigate adverse effects of Bank-financed development projects on indigenous peoples. Measures to address issues pertaining to indigenous peoples must be based on the informed participation of the indigenous people themselves. Sub-projects that would have negative impacts on indigenous people will not be funded  Forests (OP 4.36). This policy applies to the following types of Bank-financed investment projects: (a) projects that have or may have impacts on the health and quality of forests; (b) projects that affect the rights and welfare of people and their level of dependence upon or interaction with forests; and (c) projects that aim to bring about changes in the management, protection, or utilization of natural forests or plantations, whether they are publicly, privately, or communally owned. The Bank does not finance projects that, in its opinion, would involve significant conversion or degradation of critical forest areas or related critical habitats.  Physical Cultural Properties (OP 4.11). Assist in preserving physical cultural resources and avoiding their destruction or damage. PCR includes resources of archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious (including graveyards and burial sites), aesthetic, or other cultural significance..  Safety of Dams (OP 4.37). For the life of any dam, the owner is responsible for ensuring that appropriate measures are taken and sufficient resources provided for the safety to the dam, irrespective of its funding sources or construction status. The Bank distinguishes between small and large dams.  Projects on International Waterways (O 7.50). The Bank recognizes that the cooperation and good will of riparians is essential for the efficient utilization and protection of international waterways and attaches great importance to riparians making appropriate agreements or arrangement for the entire waterway or any part thereof.  Disputed Areas (OP/BP/GP 7.60). Project in disputed areas may occur the Bank and its member countries as well as between the borrower and one or more neighbouring countries. Any dispute over an area in which a proposed project is located requires formal procedures at the earliest possible stage.  Disclosure Policy (OP 17.50).Supports decision making by the Borrower and Bankby allowing the public access to information onenvironmental and social aspects of projects. Mandated by six safeguard policies that have specific requirements for disclosure in country (Before project appraisal in local language and in English) and World Bank INFO-Shop (Before project appraisal in English). Documents can be in draft but must meet WB standards). 65 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Appendix 4: Environmental Quality Standards and Criteria - Permissible Levels Ambient Air Quality Standards S/N Emissions and Average Period World Bank NAAQS Ambient Air Quality Guideline Indicators 1 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) 24 hour 20 26 10 minutes 500 2 Nitrogen Dioxide 1 year 40 (NO2) 24 hour 200 75 3 Particulate matter 1 year 20 (PM10) 24 hour 50 250 4 Ozone 8 hour daily max 100 Nigeria National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Air Pollutants Emission Limits Particulates 250 (ug/m3) SO2 0.1 (ppm) Non-methane Hydrocarbon 160 (ug/m3) CO 11 (ug/m3) or 10 (ppm) NOX 0.04-0.06 (ppm) Photochemical Oxidant 0.06 (ppm) Maximum Permissible Noise Levels for General Environment Noise Exposure Limits for Nigeria COLUMN COLUMN 2 Maximum Permissible NOISE LIMITS dB (A) (Leq) DAY NIGHT A Any building used as hospital, convalescence home, home for the aged, 45 35 sanatorium and institutes of higher learning, conference rooms, public library, environmental or recreational sites. B Residential buildings 50 35 C Mixed residential (with some commercial and entertainment) 55 45 D Residential + industry or small scale production + commerce 60 50 E Industrial (outside perimeter fence) 70 60 Above noise levels are weighed average in the facility over the hours defined for night and day below. Time frame: use duration : Day - 6.00a.m – 10.00p.m, Night - 10.00p.m – 6.00a.m The time frame takes into consideration human activity. Maximum Permissible Noise Levels (Continuous or Intermittent Noise) from a factory or Workshop Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Leq dB (A) Duration (Daily) Duration (Weekly) 85 8 hours 40 hours 88 4 hours 20 hours 91 2 hours 10 hours 94 1 hours 5 hours 97 30 minutes 2.5 hours 100 15 minutes 1.25 hours 106 7.5 minutes 37.5 minutes 109 1.875 minutes 9.375 minutes Noise Levels shall not exceed a Leq of: Factory/Workshops 85 dB (A), Offices 50 dB (A), Factory/Workshop Compound 75 dB (A). World Bank Ambient Noise Standards* Receptor One Hour LAeq (dBA) Daytime 07:00 - 22:00 Nighttime 22:00 - 07:00 Residential; institutional; 55 45 educational Industrial; commercial 70 70 Comparative Figures of Limits for Substances Affecting the Acceptability of Water for Domestic Purposes Substances WHO Limits International European USA Limits EEC Limits 66 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Appendix 4: Environmental Quality Standards and Criteria - Permissible Levels Limits Limits Highest Desirable Maximum Permissible Guide Level Maximum Admissible Phenolic 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 - 0.001 compound (as phenol) Fluoride (as 1.0-1.7 - 0.2-1.7 0.7-1.5 - 0.7-1.5 F) Nitrate as 50.100 - - 10 (as N) - 0.7-1.5 (NO3) pH - 7.0-8.5 6.5-9.2 6.5-8.2 6.5-8.5 9.5 Copper(as 0.5 0.05 1.5 1.0 - 0.05 Cu2+) Iron(as Fe2+) 0.1 0.1 1.0 0.5 0.1 0.05 Manganese(a 0.05 0.05 0.5 0.1 0.02 0.5 s Mn2+) Zinc (as 5.0 5.0 15 5.0 - 0.1 Zn2+) Magnesium(a 50.125 50-150 150 - 50 50 s Mg2+) Sulphate(as 150 200 400 500 50 50 SO4 2- Hydrogen 0.05 - - Sulphides - nil Sulphate (as H2S) Chloride (as 200-600 200 600 350 5 200 Cl-) Chlorine - - - nil - - (free) Anionic 0.2 0.2 1.0 - - 0.1 detergent Ammonia(asN 0.5 - - 2.0(as N) 0.05 0.5 H4) Carbon nil - - - - - dioxide (free) Calcium (as - 75 200 - 100 - Ca2+) Mineral oil - 0.01 0.5 0.5 - 0.01 Mineral oil - - 0.1 0.1 - - with high Sulphur content Turbidity - 5 25 1.5 5 10 (units) Organics 0.2-0.5 - - - Appendix 4.1: Soil Characteristics 67 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Sam Locati Depth Atterberg Compactio ple on (M) Limit Percentage passing B.S. Sieves No. L P PI 4.76m 7 14 25 36 52 100 200 O.MC. L L m % 2.36 1.18 0.60 0.4 0.30 0.15 0.07 4.175 0 0 0 5 BH1 1. 0.0 – 1m 35 11 24 96 88 8o 64 23 28 17 12 10% BH2 2 0.0 – 2m - - - 99 93 77 53 46 10 6 4. - BH3 3 0.0 – 2m - - - 100 89 75 68 51 47 31 12. 13% BH4 4. 0.0 – 1m 32 22 10 100 99 96 95 70 55 38. - BH5 5. 0.4 – 2m 21 12 10 100 99 98 94 80 75 57 37. 16% BH6 6. 0.2 – 2m 22 16 6 98 86 61 45 38 27 15 10 15% BPT 7. 1m> 18 14 4 100 99 86 52 42 20 11 8% BPT 8 0.5> 34 20 14 99 95 92 82 63 60 40 10 Appendix 4.2: Result of Water Samples at the Proposed Intervention Area S/N Parameter Up Stream Downstream FMENV LIMIT (N (N (E (E A Physical Appearance Colourless Colourless Clear 0 Temperature 31.2 30.6 < 40 C pH 6.8 6.1 6.0-9.0 Odour Unobjectionable Unobjectionable NS Turbidity 3.0 3.0 NS Conductivity 61.0 73.7 NS Total Dissolved Solid mg/l 6,653mg/l 7,310mg/l NS Total Suspended Solid 1,337mg/l 1,684mg/l NS Total Hardness 1,441 1,750 NS Total Hydrocarbon Content 3.2 3.4 10mg/l B Chemical DO (mg/l) 6.6 6.0 >2 BOD (mg/l) 15.0 10.3 90.0mg/l COD (mg/l) 1324 1231 Chloride(mg/l) 12.9 12.9 250 Hardness (mg CaCO3/l) 117 117 200 C Heavy metals Ca mg/l 53.3 53.9 180mg/l Fe mg/l 0.02 0.03 0.1mg/l Pb mg/l 0.04 0.04 0.1mg/l Zn mg/l 0.03 0.06 0.2mg/l Cu mg/l 0.04 0.07 1.0mg/l Cd mg/l <0.01 <0.01 0.5mg/l Cr mg/l 0.03 0.03 0.5mg/l Mg mg/l 62.3 63.3 40.0mg/l K mg/l 0.32 0.40 XXX D Biological THBC (cfu/100ml) THBC (cfu/100ml) 1.1 x THBC (cfu/100ml) 4 4 10 1.1 x 10 68 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Appendix 5: Stakeholders met and Summary of the Meetings, 69 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP 70 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Appendix 6 Erosion and Sediment Control Measures (ADAPTED FROM Fraser Thomas Ahuareka Trust No.2 Ltd (2012)) Staging Staging reduces the time exposed ground is prone to erosion and breaks down earthworks into smaller work packages. This reduces the area and time from stripping topsoil to permanent stabilisation. Proposed Sequencing The expected sequence of bulk earthworks and associated activities is summarised below: • Install all silt/sediment control structures required for each stage for the main earthworks, including silt fences, flume/pipe drop structure, decanting earth bunds, sediment retention ponds, diversion drains/bunds and construction entrance for machinery access to site, as appropriate. Obtain approval from Engineer prior to commencing works • Remove vegetation as required • Strip topsoil and unsuitable materials and stockpile (separately) on designated stockpile areas • Spread excess topsoil over effluent disposal areas (after erosion and sediment control measures are installed) • Undertake earthworks, filling and compacting (with drying when required) all fill areas with cut volumes. Any unsuitable materials will be removed off-site as cleanfill (with approval) if unable to be disposed on-site. • Install essential services, wastewater & stormwater infrastructure, swales and culverts etc • Form inlet/outlet structures and diffuse discharge devices or energy dissipaters (detailed design to be completed) • Re-spread topsoil across cut/fill and disturbed areas not designated for hard stand • Mulch, hydroseed or grass all batters and exposed surfaces, as appropriate. Mulching or hydroseeding will be done on intermediate exposed surfaces, while grassing will be done on completed earthworks areas. This will be done progressively as different areas are completed and must be completed prior to 30 April, unless approval is obtained for “winter works”. Exact sequencing and staging methodology will be agreed upon by the Engineer prior to commencement of works. Further details on specific items from the above list are given in the following sections as required. 71 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Vegetation Removal/Plantation Vegetation tends to improve erosion and sediment control by binding of the soil via root systems of trees, grass and other vegetation, which provides mechanical reinforcement and resists erosion by surface water. It also reduces surface water flows via increased seepage due to roots and by the evapotranspiration process. Vegetation strips also enhance the natural sediment filtering process. As a consequence vegetation removal shall be limited as much as practicable to within the bulk earthwork areas. Any vegetation removal outside earthwork areas shall occur prior to commencement of bulk earthworks and has not been included in this ESCP. Vegetation removal within the disturbance areas shall be postponed as much as practicable prior to commencement of the stage area. These areas shall be stabilised as soon as practicable. Earthworks Trenchless methodology and mole plough installations will be encouraged as they generally cause less land disturbance. The majority of the below ground services can be installed by way of work packages that are no more than a couple of days long, undertaking excavation, laying bedding & pipe and final inspections prior to starting the next length. We believe this methodology will significantly reduce the time disturbed ground is exposed and allow permanent stabilisation measures to be taken as soon as practicable. It is proposed that trench spoil is placed upgradient of the trench and provision made for covering this spoil with pinned geotextile when wet or windy weather is predicted. Provision should also be made for placing Siltsoxx or similar, downslope of the disturbed ground when trenching is located outside dirty water collection areas and/or on the boundary with the neighbouring site. The trench will then act as a cutoff drain in the event of rainfall, providing a buffer for the downstream erosion and sediment controls while the mounded trench soil shall divert clean runoff around the works. Topsoil shall then be spread and permanently stabilised. Perimeter Controls Prior to earthworks activities commencing, adequate perimeter and open channel drain controls must be installed to prevent sediment from entering the permanent and intermittent streams running through the site. Principal perimeter controls for this site include the installation of two construction entrances, silt fences and diversion drains/bunds. A temporary water supply will be made available to the areas so that vehicle wheels can be washed prior to leaving the site, if necessary. All sediment laden water from wheel washing is to be directed into runoff diversion channels and into one of the decanting earth bunds prior to discharge to the intermittent stream. Siltsoxx Siltsoxx are a tubular stormwater and sediment control device, consisting of a mesh tube filled with filter material (e.g. compost, sawdust, straw). Where works are detached from the main bulk earthwork areas and diversion drains are not required or diverting flows to the sediment retention ponds is not possible, filter socks may be used instead of siltfences to bund the works area and treat the associated dirty runoff. The main advantage of these devices is their portability and flexibility allowing constant adjustments as the land is shaped and gradients change. Siltsoxx will generally be installed: • Where small gradients exist and the works area is small. • As a containment structure where it is not possible to drain to the erosion and sediment control device (e.g works in gullies). • As check dams to slow flow in the diversion drains. • Filter truck wash and cement waste. 72 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Contour Drains & Surface Roughening Contour drains or excavated channels are constructed to convey water across sloping land on a minimal gradient, the purpose being to break overland flow down disturbed slopes by limiting slope length and thus the erosive power of runoff. Surface roughening can also be used to reduce runoff velocity and aid establishment of vegetative cover and assist in sediment trapping. Contour drains will be diverted into the dirty water diversion drains and constructed according to the table on Temporary Diversion Drains/Bunds Diversion drains/bunds will be installed upgradient of earthwork areas for the diversion of clean runoff flows around disturbed or exposed areas and discharged at appropriate locations following energy dissipation and flow distribution structures. Temporary pipe drop structures or flumes (constructed of watertight materials) will be utilised to convey clean water through the works area where required during stage overlaps or due to diversion hydraulics. These drop structures/flumes will protect the sediment removal devices from overloading due to upgradient runoff. Runoff collection drains/bunds will be used to collect dirty runoff from the topsoil stockpiles, access road, joint owned access ways, and bulk earthworks areas and convey it to the sediment removal devices. Proprietary Sediment Retention Plant Due to the steep topography in some locations of the proposed earthwork areas and buffer zones, it may be necessary for the contractor to employ proprietary sediment retention plant. This will reduce the additional earthworks required to construct sediment retention ponds on steep grades and allow treatment at source rather than constructing extensive networks of diversion drains. It can also be utilised in conjunction with sediment ponds or decanting earth ponds for dewatering and maintenance. Stockpile Areas During earthworks, it is estimated that a total of approximately 40,000m3 of topsoil will be stripped from the bulk earthwork areas. In addition it is expected there will be some material unsuitable for engineered fill, imported material and material due to relocated as part of cut to fill bulk earthworks. All stockpiles will be located within the bulk earthwork areas or just outside, but within the catchment of the erosion and sediment control devices. Diversion bunds will be provided around the stockpile areas and laid to drain to the sediment removal devices. Dust Control Measures Appropriate dust control measures will be implemented at the site where necessary, such as the use of water carts to dampen exposed areas, or mulching. Dust control measures will be implemented in accordance with health & safety requirements and conditions of consent. Mulching, Temporary and Permanent Seeding The primary objective of erosion and sediment control is to minimise the time ground is exposed prior to permanent stabilisation. If delays occur during the works or an intermediate form of stabilisation is required (such as on stockpiles or on subgrade prior to final grading), mulching or hydroseeding may be utilised. Permanent stabilisation can be achieved via the application of topsoil (100mm minimum), followed by seeding or planting. Permanent stabilisation is designed to permanently stabilise soil on disturbed areas to reduce sediment and runoff to downstream or off-site areas. Culvert Installation Procedure The following procedure applies to all culvert located in natural gullies and outlines culvert installation in terms of ESC: a) Check all erosion and sediment controls and make necessary repairs. b) Install perimeter controls – silt fences and diversion drains/bunds, including a 300mm diameter 73 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Siltsoxx or equivalent across the gully, below the works area. c) Install a temporary bund across the gully at the upgradient end of the works, to capture and temporarily store any runoff flowing through the works area while step 4 is undertaken. This shall remain until all civil works are complete. Steps 3 and 4 will only be done during fine weather, ideally after several days without rain, and should be completed within one day. A 2m minimum width bund will be installed at an appropriate location comprising of a 1.0m nominal height of compacted earthern bund. d) If required, runoff outflow flume will be by at least two 150mm diameter SN16 pipes installed through the bund at the base (1) and mid-way height (1) to provide further contingency, should these works continue beyond one day or an unexpected heavy rainfall event occur. These pipes will normally be capped. At night time or following heavy rainfall, they shall be connected to 150mm diameter non-perforated draincoil, which will be run through the works area to discharge to the natural stream channel below the lower Siltsoxx. If gravity flow is not possible, overland flows may be pumped through the works area. e) Undertake required works within the bunded area to the relevant engineering specification, clearing the works area of any accumulated silt/sediment on completion of the works (manual removal or off-site tankerage). f) Grass, hydroseed or mulch where applicable. The use of biodegradable geotextile soil blanket may be required for the stream reinstatement. g) Remove any Siltsoxx temporary bunds at the upper and lower ends of the works. The following measures will be undertaken during swale/culvert construction to minimise the potential for silt/sediment generation and erosion: a) Completing the works as quickly as practical and after detailed planning of required work package inputs. b) Working in dry weather to reduce the risk of runoff flowing down the open channel system. c) Constructing the culvert crossing using high quality materials in accordance with the civil/geotechnical engineering specifications. d) Monitoring of the silt fence at the downstream end of the works area following any significant rainfall event to ensure it is effective and not allowing silt/sediment to seep through it. e) Integration with planting contractor to ensure planting as soon as practical. MAINTENANCE The sediment control measures shall be regularly monitored during operations and after any significant rain event should this occur during construction. Maintenance of all structures including silt fences, decanting earth bunds, diversion drains and/or bunds shall be carried out throughout the course of site earthworks and restoration. Exposed surfaces should be stabilised with grass by hydroseeding or by geotextile fabric or mulching, and reinstated as soon as practicable after works. Maintenance shall be the responsibility of the contractor and shall be carried out daily-weekly and subsequent to any storm event that produces runoff. DECOMMISSIONING Sediment control works may only be decommissioned once it has been determined that all surface soils have been suitably stabilized through consultation and inspection by the contractor, council and design engineer. Decommissioning shall be undertaken by light weight equipment or manually where possible and include the following: 74 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP a. Respread any topsoil stockpiled and decommission the topsoil stockpiling area b. Backfill any temporary collection drains and/or remove any diversion bunds and turf or sow grass seed as appropriate c. Removing all silt fences, and any accumulated silt/sediment and reinstating the ground surface in those areas by turfing, sowing grass or planting as appropriate d. Remove the embankments, bunds and decant structure. Reinstate the areas by grassing e. Remove the construction entrance once earthworks are complete and mulch or sow grass seed as appropriate f. Remove any temporary sediment control devices on stormwater inlets g. Integration with wetland planting contractor. COMMUNICATION, INFORMATION AND MONITORING It is important that good relations be maintained with potentially affected neighbours and the local community throughout the duration of earthworks. Immediate neighbours will be informed of the intended scope and duration of earthworks and associated activities at least one week in advance. They will be kept informed of any changes to earthworks scheduling throughout the duration of the works. All site contractors, including sub-contractors shall be made familiar with this plan prior to the commencement of any site works.. SEDIMENT AND EROSION Sediment will be removed by the various sediment control measures proposed for this site, primarily silt fences, sediment retention ponds, decanting earth bunds and proprietary devices were required. Detailed design of these devices in accordance with best practice will be undertaken as part of a regional consent application. RUNOFF CONTROL Runoff volumes are likely to increase during earthworks due to a change in the ground surface from grass and vegetation to bare soil. Earthworks will be monitored on site by the supervising engineer, who will review sediment control performance. Overall, given the application of the aforementioned measures, the associated potential negative environmental effects are considered manageable. However additional mitigation measures for runoff control are able to be installed where deemed necessary. NEIGHBOURHOOD EFFECTS The main neighbourhood effects associated with earthworks are noise and dust. Dust from site earthworks and associated activities is considered to be minor and will be minimised by a number of measures, including wetting and mulching, to mitigate potential negative effects on neighbours. Noise will be produced by construction machinery and equipment during normal working hours over the earthworks period. Construction noise shall meet the limits in and be measured and assessed in accordance with NESREA requirements. Work shall not continue on the site if compliance with the above standard is not achieved. Mitigation measures to reduce noise levels will be implemented, if required. ECOSYSTEMS An assessment of ecological features, constraints and opportunities has been undertaken based on this report. Best practise site sediment controls to prevent degradation of the natural environment shall apply. Adequate measures shall be taken to minimise the potential for silt/sediment to enter the downstream receiving environments, while the proposed maintenance regime will check that these measures are in 75 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP place and functioning properly. Hence, it is considered that the potential negative effects of earthworks on any ecosystems in the receiving environment will be avoided or mitigated by these means provided the measures are correctly constructed and maintained. 76 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Appendix 7: General Environmental Management Conditions For Construction Contracts SPECIFIC OBLIGATIONS OF CONTRACTORS The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)  Inform himself and those who work with him about this ESMP.  Prepare his work strategy and plan to fully take into account relevant provisions of the ESMP.  If the Contractor fails to implement the approved ESMP after written instruction by the Supervising Engineer (SE) to fulfil his obligation within the requested time, the PMU reserves the right to arrange through the SE for execution of the missing action by a third party on account of the Contractor.  Where it is established that there are persist flouting of the guidelines and other relevant provisions sanction shall be made on the contractor Sustainability Issues  The Contractor shall ensure in its performance of the construction service to ensure that it uses working methods, equipment and materials that will improve the sustainability of delivering the contract requirements, with particular emphasis on the following sustainability objectives: o Increased recycled content; o Reduced transport distances; o Whole life cost considerations; o Reduced energy use and CO2 emissions; o Waste reduction; and o Reducing impact on the community i.e. noise and disruption of traffic).  The Contractor shall encourage their supply chain to help them meet the sustainability objectives of this contract.  The Contractor shall produce a materials sourcing plan for the items covered under the Schedule of Rates Transport of products and tools to the site  Delivery of products to the site in concentrated form and then dilution on site  Use of reusable containers to transport products to the site  Delivery of products in bulk and outside peak traffic times  Disposal of used products or packaging from products  Products or packaging taken away for reuse, recycling or appropriate disposal by the contractor Training of contractor staff The contractor needs to indicate members of its Staff who are trained on the environmental impact of their work and the environmental policy of the authority on whose project they will be working. Health and Safety  Precautions for maintenance of Contractor’s personnel H&S  Appointment of an accident prevention officer at the site and reporting on H&S conditions HIV-AIDS prevention Prohibitions  Prohibitions on child labour  Prohibitions on forced labour.  Prevent pollution of water bodies and neighbouring environ from wastes arising from construction sites. Taking Over of Site By Contractor  The date on which the site is handed over to the Contractor shall be recorded and certified in writing by both the Engineer and the Contractor’s Agent and from the date on which the site is taken over the Contractor shall be responsible for maintaining that portion of road in good condition and for repairing damage of an kind to the road culverts or bridges from whatever cause arising whether caused by constructional traffic or not. Contractor Not To Enter Neighbouring Land  Where it is necessary to enter onto land during the course of construction or maintenance for the purpose of making temporary road diversions, winning construction or maintenance materials or for any other reason, the landowner or occupier shall first be consulted by the Contractors, and his written permission obtained. In the event of the owner of occupier withholding his permission full circumstances of the case shall be referred to the Engineer and no further action shall be taken until 77 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Appendix 7: General Environmental Management Conditions For Construction Contracts his instructions are received.  Under no circumstances is land to be interfered with until the compensation, if any, has been paid by the Contractors.  When permission has been obtained and work is carried out, care shall be taken to ensure that no unnecessary damage is caused to the land and that all reasonable precautions are taken to prevent soil erosion, and mosquito breeding. On completion of the work, all land shall be left in a tidy condition with the sides of all borrow pits battered down to a reasonable slope as directed by the Engineer’s Representative. All borrow pits shall be adequately drained to as to pre vent storm water collecting in them. No compensation will be paid to the Contractors for any delays due to negotiations with the owners of the land. Any costs incurred in complying with the requirements of this Item shall be deemed to be included in the tendered rates and prices. Notice Of Operations  No important operation, particularly blocking or cutting of any road, water pipe or other services shall be carried out without the consent in writing of the Engineer. The request in writing must be made sufficiently in advance of the time of operation so as to enable him to make such arrangements as may be deemed necessary for its inspection and the provision of all relevant safety precautions. Weather Conditions  The Contractor shall be deemed to have taken weather conditions into account when preparing his Tender and he shall not be entitled to extension of time by reason of the occurrence of delays due to weather unless he can show that such conditions could not have been reasonably foreseen in the area of the site. Precautions Against Pollution Of Streams  The Contractor shall take all necessary precautions to secure the efficient protection of all ditches, streams and waterways against pollution. Copies Of Orders  The Contractor and Sub-contractors shall provide the Engineer’s Representative with copies of all order, which they may place for the supply of materials or goods required in connection with the Works. Work During Period Of Maintenance  After the commencement of the period of maintenance the Contractor shall do nothing, which might endanger the safety of the public, and he shall obey all instructions of the Engineer or other duly authorised person or authority in this regard. Throughout the Period of Maintenance the Contractor shall notify the Engineer ’s Representative what work or operations it is intended to carry out on the Site, and he shall obey any instructions which the Engineer’s Representative may give as to times and manner of working so that any inconvenience to the Public is kept to a minimum General 2. Notwithstanding the Contractor’s obligation under the above clause, the Contractor shall implement all measures necessary to avoid undesirable adverse environmental and social impacts wherever possible, restore work sites to acceptable standards, and abide by any environmental performance requirements specified in an EMP. In general these measures shall include but not be limited to: (a) Minimize the effect of dust on the surrounding environment resulting from earth mixing sites, asphalt mixing sites, dispersing coal ashes, vibrating equipment, temporary access roads, etc. to ensure safety, health and the protection of workers and communities living in the vicinity dust producing activities. (b) Ensure that noise levels emanating from machinery, vehicles and noisy construction activities (e.g. excavation, blasting) are kept at a minimum for the safety, health and protection of workers within the vicinity of high noise levels and nearby communities. (c) Ensure that existing water flow regimes in rivers, streams and other natural or irrigation channels is maintained and/or re-established where they are disrupted due to works being carried out. (d) Prevent bitumen, oils, lubricants and waste water used or produced during the execution of works from entering into rivers, streams, irrigation channels and other natural water bodies/reservoirs, and also ensure that stagnant water in uncovered borrow pits is treated in the best way to avoid creating possible breeding grounds for mosquitoes. 78 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Appendix 7: General Environmental Management Conditions For Construction Contracts (e) Prevent and minimize the impacts of quarrying, earth borrowing, piling and building of temporary construction camps and access roads on the biophysical environment including protected areas and arable lands; local communities and their settlements. In as much as possible restore/rehabilitate all sites to acceptable standards. (f) Upon discovery of ancient heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archaeological or historical importance during the execution of works, immediately report such findings to the SE so that the appropriate authorities may be expeditiously contacted for fulfilment of the measures aimed at protecting such historical or archaeological resources. (g) Discourage construction workers from engaging in the exploitation of natural resources such as hunting, fishing, collection of forest products or any other activity that might have a negative impact on the social and economic welfare of the local communities. (h) Implement soil erosion control measures in order to avoid surface run off and prevents siltation, etc. (i) Ensure that garbage, sanitation and drinking water facilities are provided in construction workers camps. (j) Ensure that, in as much as possible, local materials are used to avoid importation of foreign material and long distance transportation. (k) Ensure public safety, and meet traffic safety requirements for the operation of work to avoid accidents. 3. The Contractor shall indicate the period within which he/she shall maintain status on site after completion of civil works to ensure that significant adverse impacts arising from such works have been appropriately addressed. 4. The Contractor shall adhere to the proposed activity implementation schedule and the monitoring plan / strategy to ensure effective feedback of monitoring information to project management so that impact management can be implemented properly, and if necessary, adapt to changing and unforeseen conditions. 5. Besides the regular inspection of the sites by the SE for adherence to the contract conditions and specifications, the Owner may appoint an Inspector to oversee the compliance with these environmental conditions and any proposed mitigation measures. State environmental authorities may carry out similar inspection duties. In all cases, as directed by the SE, the Contractor shall comply with directives from such inspectors to implement measures required to ensure the adequacy rehabilitation measures carried out on the bio-physical environment and compensation for socio-economic disruption resulting from implementation of any works. Worksite/Campsite Waste Management 6. All vessels (drums, containers, bags, etc.) containing oil/fuel/surfacing materials and other hazardous chemicals shall be bunded in order to contain spillage. All waste containers, litter and any other waste generated during the construction shall be collected and disposed off at designated disposal sites in line with applicable government waste management regulations. 7. All drainage and effluent from storage areas, workshops and camp sites shall be captured and treated before being discharged into the drainage system in line with applicable government water pollution control regulations. 8. Used oil from maintenance shall be collected and disposed off appropriately at designated sites or be re-used or sold for re-use locally. 9. Entry of runoff to the site shall be restricted by constructing diversion channels or holding structures such as banks, drains, dams, etc. to reduce the potential of soil erosion and water pollution. 10. Construction waste shall not be left in stockpiles along the road, but removed and reused or disposed of on a daily basis. 11. If disposal sites for clean spoil are necessary, they shall be located in areas, approved by the SE, of low land use value and where they will not result in material being easily washed into drainage channels. Whenever possible, spoil materials should be placed in low-lying areas and should be compacted and planted with species indigenous to the locality. Material Excavation and Deposit 79 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Appendix 7: General Environmental Management Conditions For Construction Contracts 12. The Contractor shall obtain appropriate licenses/permits from relevant authorities to operate quarries or borrow areas. 13. The location of quarries and borrow areas shall be subject to approval by relevant local and national authorities, including traditional authorities if the land on which the quarry or borrow areas fall in traditional land. 14. New extraction sites: a) Shall not be located in the vicinity of settlement areas, cultural sites, wetlands or any other valued ecosystem component, or on high or steep ground or in areas of high scenic value, and shall not be located less than 1km from such areas. b) Shall not be located adjacent to stream channels wherever possible to avoid siltation of river channels. Where they are located near water sources, borrow pits and perimeter drains shall surround quarry sites. c) Shall not be located in archaeological areas. Excavations in the vicinity of such areas shall proceed with great care and shall be done in the presence of government authorities having a mandate for their protection. d) Shall not be located in forest reserves. However, where there are no other alternatives, permission shall be obtained from the appropriate authorities and an environmental impact study shall be conducted. e) Shall be easily rehabilitated. Areas with minimal vegetation cover such as flat and bare ground, or areas covered with grass only or covered with shrubs less than 1.5m in height, are preferred. f) Shall have clearly demarcated and marked boundaries to minimize vegetation clearing. 15. Vegetation clearing shall be restricted to the area required for safe operation of construction work. Vegetation clearing shall not be done more than two months in advance of operations. 16. Stockpile areas shall be located in areas where trees can act as buffers to prevent dust pollution. Perimeter drains shall be built around stockpile areas. Sediment and other pollutant traps shall be located at drainage exits from workings. 17. The Contractor shall deposit any excess material in accordance with the principles of the general conditions, and any applicable EMP, in areas approved by local authorities and/or the SE. 18. Areas for depositing hazardous materials such as contaminated liquid and solid materials shall be approved by the SE and appropriate local and/or national authorities before the commencement of work. Use of existing, approved sites shall be preferred over the establishment of new sites. Rehabilitation and Soil Erosion Prevention 19. To the extent practicable, the Contractor shall rehabilitate the site progressively so that the rate of rehabilitation is similar to the rate of construction. 20. Always remove and retain topsoil for subsequent rehabilitation. Soils shall not be stripped when they are wet as this can lead to soil compaction and loss of structure. 21. Topsoil shall not be stored in large heaps. Low mounds of no more than 1 to 2m high are recommended. 22. Re-vegetate stockpiles to protect the soil from erosion, discourage weeds and maintain an active population of beneficial soil microbes. 23. Locate stockpiles where they will not be disturbed by future construction activities. 24. To the extent practicable, reinstate natural drainage patterns where they have been altered or impaired. 25. Remove toxic materials and dispose of them in designated sites. Backfill excavated areas with soils or overburden that is free of foreign material that could pollute groundwater and soil. 80 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Appendix 7: General Environmental Management Conditions For Construction Contracts 26. Identify potentially toxic overburden and screen with suitable material to prevent mobilization of toxins. 27. Ensure reshaped land is formed so as to be inherently stable, adequately drained and suitable for the desired long-term land use, and allow natural regeneration of vegetation. 28. Minimize the long-term visual impact by creating landforms that are compatible with the adjacent landscape. 29. Minimize erosion by wind and water both during and after the process of reinstatement. 30. Compacted surfaces shall be deep ripped to relieve compaction unless subsurface conditions dictate otherwise. 31. Revegetate with plant species that will control erosion, provide vegetative diversity and, through succession, contribute to a resilient ecosystem. The choice of plant species for rehabilitation shall be done in consultation with local research institutions, forest department and the local people. Water Resources Management 32. The Contractor shall at all costs avoid conflicting with water demands of local communities. 33. Abstraction of both surface and underground water shall only be done with the consultation of the local community and after obtaining a permit from the relevant Water Authority. 34. Abstraction of water from wetlands shall be avoided. Where necessary, authority has to be obtained from relevant authorities. 35. Temporary damming of streams and rivers shall be done in such a way avoids disrupting water supplies to communities downstream, and maintains the ecological balance of the river system. 36. No construction water containing spoils or site effluent, especially cement and oil, shall be allowed to flow into natural water drainage courses. 37. Wash water from washing out of equipment shall not be discharged into water courses or road drains. 38. Site spoils and temporary stockpiles shall be located away from the drainage system, and surface run off shall be directed away from stockpiles to prevent erosion. Traffic Management 39. Location of access roads/detours shall be done in consultation with the local community especially in important or sensitive environments. Access roads shall not traverse wetland areas. 40. Upon the completion of civil works, all access roads shall be ripped and rehabilitated. 41. Access roads shall be sprinkled with water at least five times a day in settled areas, and three times in unsettled areas, to suppress dust emissions. Blasting 42. Blasting activities shall not take place less than 2km from settlement areas, cultural sites, or wetlands without the permission of the SE. 43. Blasting activities shall be done during working hours, and local communities shall be consulted on the proposed blasting times. 44. Noise levels reaching the communities from blasting activities shall not exceed 90 decibels. 81 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Appendix 7: General Environmental Management Conditions For Construction Contracts Disposal of Unusable Elements 45. Unusable materials and construction elements such as electro-mechanical equipment, pipes, accessories and demolished structures will be disposed of in a manner approved by the SE. The Contractor has to agree with the SE which elements are to be surrendered to the Client’s premises, which will be recycled or reused, and which will be disposed of at approved landfill sites. 46. As far as possible, abandoned pipelines shall remain in place. Where for any reason no alternative alignment for the new pipeline is possible, the old pipes shall be safely removed and stored at a safe place to be agreed upon with the SE and the local authorities concerned. 47. AC-pipes as well as broken parts thereof have to be treated as hazardous material and disposed of as specified above. 48. Unsuitable and demolished elements shall be dismantled to a size fitting on ordinary trucks for transport. Health and Safety 49. In advance of the construction work, the Contractor shall mount an awareness and hygiene campaign. Workers and local residents shall be sensitized on health risks particularly of AIDS. 50. Adequate road signs to warn pedestrians and motorists of construction activities, diversions, etc. shall be provided at appropriate points. 51. Construction vehicles shall not exceed maximum speed limit of 40km per hour. Repair of Private Property 52. Should the Contractor, deliberately or accidentally, damage private property, he shall repair the property to the owner’s satisfaction and at his own cost. For each repair, the Contra ctor shall obtain from the owner a certificate that the damage has been made good satisfactorily in order to indemnify the Client from subsequent claims. 53. In cases where compensation for inconveniences, damage of crops etc. are claimed by the owner, the Client has to be informed by the Contractor through the SE. This compensation is in general settled under the responsibility of the Client before signing the Contract. In unforeseeable cases, the respective administrative entities of the Client will take care of compensation. Contractor’s Environment, Health and Safety Management Plan (EHS-MP) 54. Within 6 weeks of signing the Contract, the Contractor shall prepare an EHS-MP to ensure the adequate management of the health, safety, environmental and social aspects of the works, including implementation of the requirements of these general conditions and any specific requirements of an EMP for the works. The Contractor’s EHS-MP will serve two main purposes:  For the Contractor, for internal purposes, to ensure that all measures are in place for adequate EHS management, and as an operational manual for his staff.  For the Client, supported where necessary by a SE, to ensure that the Contractor is fully prepared for the adequate management of the EHS aspects of the project, and as a basis for monitoring of the Contractor’s EHS performance. 55. The Contractor’s EHS-MP shall provide at least:  a description of procedures and methods for complying with these general environmental management conditions, and any specific conditions specified in an EMP;  a description of specific mitigation measures that will be implemented in order to minimize adverse impacts;  a description of all planned monitoring activities (e.g. sediment discharges from borrow areas) and the reporting thereof; and  the internal organizational, management and reporting mechanisms put in place for such. 82 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Appendix 7: General Environmental Management Conditions For Construction Contracts 56. The Contractor’s EHS-MP will be reviewed and approved by the Client before start of the works. This review should demonstrate if the Contractor’s EHS-MP covers all of the identified impacts, and has defined appropriate measures to counteract any potential impacts. EHS Reporting 57. The Contractor shall prepare bi-weekly progress reports to the SE on compliance with these general conditions, the project EMP if any, and his own EHS-MP. An example format for a Contractor EHS report is portrayed in Annex 6. It is expected that the Contractor’s reports will include information on:  EHS management actions/measures taken, including approvals sought from local or national authorities;  Problems encountered in relation to EHS aspects (incidents, including delays, cost consequences, etc. as a result thereof);  Lack of compliance with contract requirements on the part of the Contractor;  Changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to EHS aspects; and  Observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to EHS management during site meetings. 58. It is advisable that reporting of significant EHS incidents be do ne “as soon as practicable”. Such incident reporting shall therefore be done individually. Also, it is advisable that the Contractor keep his own records on health, safety and welfare of persons, and damage to property. It is advisable to include such records, as well as copies of incident reports, as appendixes to the bi-weekly reports. A sample format for an incident notification is shown below. Details of EHS performance will be reported to the Client through the SE’s reports to the Client. Training of Contractor’s Personnel 59. The Contractor shall provide sufficient training to his own personnel to ensure that they are all aware of the relevant aspects of these general conditions, any project EMP, and his own EHS-MP, and are able to fulfil their expected roles and functions. Specific training should be provided to those employees that have particular responsibilities associated with the implementation of the EHS-MP. General topics should be:  EHS in general (working procedures);  emergency procedures; and  social and cultural aspects (awareness raising on social issues). Cost of Compliance 60. It is expected that compliance with these conditions is already part of standard good workmanship and state of art as generally required under this Contract. The item “Compliance with Environmental Management Conditions” in the Bill of Quantities covers this cost. No other payments will be made to the Contractor for compliance with any request to avoid and/or mitigate an avoidable EHS impact. 83 AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP Draft ESMP Appendix 8 : Indicative Framework for Assessing and Mainstreaming Gender Concerns Preamble Nigeria made several commitments to ensuring that gender issues are not only a part of the national discourse but also that they are integrated into policies and development programs. These commitments are contained in frameworks such as the Vision 20:2020 Plan, the National gender Policy and the United Nations’ MDGs framework. To this end and as part of project preparation, a gender study and consultations with communities should be conducted to assess the challenges and opportunities for the mainstreaming of gender concerns in the use of, access to and maintenance of roads. Objective 1. Ascertain how to promote women’s participation in the project and in particular i n treated gully maintenance activities. 2. Determine under what conditions women could participate in the community-based treated gully maintenance activities. As part of project preparation, a gender study and consultations with communities should be conducted to assess the challenges and opportunities for the mainstreaming of gender concerns in the use of, access to and maintenance of treated gully areas. Focus/Scope of the Study In particular, the study should provide information on: - Women’s agricultural and income0generating needs: aims to assess women’s needs and identify ways to address such needs, including during and after gully treatments. - Women’s voice in community consultation: aims to identify mechanisms to ensure women’s preferences are reflected in community consultations in the course of project implementation - Women’s participation in community-based maintenance: aims to identify context-specific entry points and mechanisms (e.g. quotas) for women’s participation in the maintenance of rehabilitated treated gully areas. - Project impact on women’s livelihoods: recommend indicators or give indications on sex- disaggregation of existing indicators to reflect the project direct and indirect impact on women’s livelihoods. 84