E708 Volume 5 =**T* acis ,, Joint Environmental Programme JEP-li : South Karakalpakstan Main Collector Drain Project, Uzbekistan: Volume III: Terrain Analysis Mapping January 2003 (Prepared in support of the Drainage, Irrigation and Wetland Improvement Phase - I Project) ~~~ ' '. - ' 0 ri Lm W clrLe EC Tacis/World Bank Joint Environmental Programme JEP 11 South Karakalpakstan Main Collector Drain Project, Uzbekistan Volume III: Terrain Analysis Mapping (Prepared in support of the Drainage, Irrigation and Wetland Improvement Phase - I Project) January 2003 Reference 6536.11 For and on behalf of Environmental Resources Management Approved by: Kurt A. Lonsway Signed: Position: Technical Director Date: January 2003 This report has been prepared by Environmental Resources Management the trading name of Environmental Resources Management Limited, with all reasonable skill, care and diligence within the terms of the Contract with the client, incorporabng our General Terms and Conditions of Business and taking account of the resources devoted to it by agreement with the client. We disclaim any responsibility to the client and others in respect of any matters outside the scope of the above This report is confidential to the client and we accept no responsibility of whatsoever nature to third parties to whom this report, or any part thereof, is made known Any such party relies on the report at their own nsk. In line with our company environmental policy we purchase paper for our documents only from ISO 14001 certified or EMAS verified manufacturers. This includes paper with the Nordic Environmental Label This report has been prepared by Environmental Resources Management, the lead contractor for the EC Tacis-funded Joint Environmental Programme. For further information please contact: John Horberry George McDonnell JEP Project Director JEP Team Leader Environmental Resources Management Environmental Resources Management 8 Cavendish Square Visverkopersstraat 13 London WIG OER B-1000 Brussels Tel: +44 (20) 7465 7238 Tel: +32 (2) 550 0285 Fax: +44 (20) 7465 7350 Fax: +32 (2) 550 0299 Email: jhCoermuk.com Email: gm@Jermbelgium.be ERM TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 TERRAIN ANALYSIS MAPPING 1 1.1 BACKGROUND 1 1.2 METHODOLOGY 2 1.3 SUMMARY 3 2 TERRAIN CLASSIFICATION 4 3 VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION 11 4 LAND USE CLASSIFICATION 14 TERRAIN ANALYSIS MAPPING BACKGROUND The proposed South Karakalpakstan Main Collector Drain project extends approximately 300 kilometers from the existing Beruni Pump Station near the Amu Darya River, through the irrigation systems of the Amu Darya Plain, the old Akcha Darya River Passage, and then across the old Akcha Darya Delta to the old Jana Darya watercourse. The enclosed maps present the results of the terrain analysis of the landforms, or physiography, and the associated principal vegetative cover-and land use within the proposed project study corridor. The evaluation was performed using various sources of information and interpretive techniques as described below. The predominant applications of the terrain analysis mapping are a selection of the most appropriate alignment of a specific route within the selected study corridor, and a preparation of formal environmental assessments and mitigation recommendations for the project. The preliminary terrain analysis was initially conducted and field checked in June through July 2001, followed by extensive field reconnaissance and groundtruthing during September 2002 before finalization in October 2002. The terrain analysis consisted of identifying land units along the project study corridor that could be classified and mapped according to their physical, biological, or land use characteristics. The preliminary terrain analysis mapping covered the entire length of the study corridor, ranging from a nominal 20 kilometers in width along the existing collector, to a maximum of some 75 kilometers wide at the Akcha Darya Delta. The terrain analysis mapping was developed principally on the basis of satellite imagery interpretation, with the aid of collateral maps and descriptive information, and groundtruthing. Through use of the Geographic Information System (GIS), a digital database was prepared to support complex spatial analyses. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMFNT GOVERNMENT OF UZBEKISTAN / EU TACIS / WORLD BANK 1.2 METHODOLOGY The terrain units are the fundamental components of the landscape and natural physical environment. Although they can be broadly defined using geomorphological criteria, each unit also has a characteristic suite of soil types and vegetal associations. Mapping these units makes it possible to represent and define many other pertinent environmental parameters in cartographic form. As the first step in the terrain analysis process, available published information was reviewed to generate project-specific landform, land use, and vegetation classification systems. These classifications present the most common features and the interpretation of their generic characteristics using a combination of remote sensing techniques and limited onsite data collection. The generic terrain units are areas of land with similar topography, soils, drainage patterns, and natural flora. The land use units are areas of similar agriculture, demography, land tenure, community infrastructure, and state of preservation of the flora. The map unit classification systems are described below. Landsat 7 Thematic Mapper TM imagery (the principal data source) was used in conjunction with existing collateral data to develop terrain maps of the study area. The landscape within the study corridor was divided into its component landform, land use, and vegetation units. This was achieved through a systematic analysis of satellite imagery and the relevant topography, geomorphology, pedology, vegetation, and population distribution. The latest cloud free TM images covering the project area were obtained in geo-referenced digital format. This included a three-band image mosaic, comprising five Landsat 7 scenes dated between 31 July and 7 September 2000, which would facilitate combined scene analysis and map compilation and GIS data preparation. The terrain analysis map compilations were prepared at 1:200,000 scale using standard cartographic and remote sensing practice. Compilations were keyed directly to the image mosaic. Thus, the interpretive compilation data were developed in a defined map coordinate system to establish positional accuracy. Comparative review, analysis, and evaluation of all data sources were an integral part of the compilation procedure. The type, extent, and detail of physiographic and land use mapping units are determined in relation to the scale of maps on which they are presented. This mapping was prepared to be presented at a scale of 1:200,000. This is also an ideal scale for physiographic mapping using TM imagery, which generally has insufficient ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGFMENT GOVERNMENT OF UZBEKISTAN / EU TACIS / WORLD BANK 2 spatial resolution to meet the requirements for accurate mapping at scales larger than 1:100,000. Sitework forms and integral part of the overall terrain analysis and land use interpretation methodology. The interpretation of satellite imagery is not a substitute for site surveys, but rather a method of determining appropriate areas for investigation. The actual environmental data obtained by studying and sampling a selected unit can be extrapolated to other areas where both the spectral signature on the imagery and supplementary information from other sources indicate that the same unit occurs. Available collateral documents and limited groundtruthing data were key elements of the terrain analysis mapping. 1.3 SUMMARY Terrain analysis map compilation is a synthesis of principal and collateral information. In this case, the TM imagery served as the principal data source. The resolution of TM imagery is 30 meters, which is certainly adequate for 1:200,000 scale mapping of physical features. It should be stressed that the use of Landsat imagery and other remote sensing techniques cannot preempt the need for field survey work. The imagery contains spectral signatures that identify significant features in the landscape and environment. However, the actual characteristics of these features must be confirmed by collateral data sources and groundtruthing. Field verification at the reconnaissance level is essential to check the physiographic model that shows the interrelationships among the various components of the landscape and physical environment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF UZBEEISTAN / EU TACIS / WORLD BANK 3 2 TERRAIN CLASSIFICATION PLAINS - Relatively flat, gently inclined landforms, which represent most of the landscape within the project study corridor. MAP UNIT DESCRIPTION P1 ALLUVIAL PLAIN OF THE AMU DARYA The P1 unit consists of a broad, very gently sloping plain lying along the right bank of the Amu Darya River. Although the plain is extensively developed by intensive irrigated agriculture, some pockets of natural vegetation comprising scattered shrubs and grasses occur on occasional less developed areas with sandier soils. Additionally, some stands of flood plain forest are found on particular river bottomlands, which are subject to periodic inundation. Marsh grasses border rivers and lakes and colonize irrigation canals and drains. Generally, surficial soils include sands and fine grain alluvial materials, however a few relatively narrow bands of consolidated shallow sands overlay the base materials. These slightly undulated stretches of vegetated sands extend across the plain in a generally north-south direction and for the most part range in elevation from one to three meters above the surrounding plain. Numerous lakes, mostly small, have formed in the shallow depressions within and around the margins of the sandy areas. This is the likely result of runoff from the irrigations systems. For more vegetation and land use information associated with P1 unit, see the respective maps and corresponding unit descriptions. Vegetation units: Vi, Cl, Ml, Fl Land use units: Al, Li, RI P2 ALLUVIAL PLAIN OF THE AKCHA DARYA The P2 unit consists of a relatively narrow, very gently sloping plain associated with the riverbed of the old Akcha Darya River passage. The surface of the plain is for the most part smooth textured and often unbroken for hundreds of meters, interrupted only by occasional low and narrow sand dunes. These vegetated dunes are generally only one ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF UZBEKISTAN / EU TACIS / WORLD 13ANK 4 or two meters high. The surficial soils comprise sands and fine grain alluvial materials. The riverbed is only moderately incise, (two to three meters) by the meandering watercourse. Some of the old watercourse was channelized during construction of the existing collector drain, but in some places drain segments were put in place to isolate or to eliminate the particularly long meanders. However, once water was discharged through the drain, the result was the formation of significant backwaters in some of the old Oxbows and the subsequent beginning of wetland habitat development. The Akcha Darya passage leads through a desert landscape of vegetated Aeolian sand dunes (Si Unit), which generally rise approximately ten meters above the margins of the valley floor. Marsh grasses colonize the wetlands and the banks of the existing drain while the plain is vegetated by scattered desert shrubs, scrub and grasses. Occasional artesian wells occur along the valley floor, and observations indicate that herdsmen from surrounding areas presently use the Akcha Darya passage for watering and grazing livestock. For more vegetation and land use information pertaining to the P2 unit, see the respective maps and corresponding unit descriptions. Vegetation unit: Vi Land use unit: LI P3 ALLUVIAL PLAIN OF THE AKCHA DARYA DELTA The P3 unit comprises the relatively broad, very gently sloping plains associated with the principal watercourses leading through the old Akcha Darya River delta. These old watercourses are several kilometers wide in places and fan out extensively from the apex as the delta widens to about 100 km. The old delta lies within a desert setting of vegetated Aeolian dunes and occasional high sand ridges particularly on the southwest, east, and northeast. The delta is blocked abruptly on its northwest side by a range of rises and low hills which divide the principal lower reaches of the delta. The older reaches lead generally north, then west-northwest around the higher ground toward the Aral Sea. The seemingly most recent reach leads west-northwest along the southern edge of the higher ground until it meets the plain of the present day Amu Darya. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF UZBEKISTAN / EU TACIS / WOR.D BANK 5 A few extensive areas of vegetated Aeolian dunes are found within the delta itself, isolated between the old principal watercourses. The smooth textured hardpan surface of the plains often extends for stretches of a kilometer or more without interruption. However, the base material is repeatedly overlain by occasional low and narrow sand dunes. These vegetated dunes generally reach only one or two meters high. The surficial soils include sands and fine grain alluvial materials. The existing collector drain extends from the Akcha Darya passage about sixty-five kilometers into the delta. Over time, drainage water was allowed to flow into some of the old watercourses and shallow depressions creating wetlands and a sizable lake (about five kilometers), which are easily visible on the satellite images. Marsh grasses now colonize the wetlands and the banks of the drain. The plains of the old principal watercourses and the associated low dunes are generally vegetated by scattered desert shrubs, scrub and grasses. However, on the alluvial soils of the plain, the plants often grow noticeably larger and more closely spaced. Numerous Artesian wells are also found at locations throughout the delta, around which margins of graminoid vegetation is abundant. The delta therefore supports permanent pasturage for livestock. A permanent community of herders is located at Chukukak near the neck of the delta. For more vegetation and land use information, see the respective maps and corresponding unit descriptions. Vegetation unit: VI Land use unit: L2 P4 ALLUVIAL PLAIN OF [ANA DARYA The now dry Jana Darya River course meanders along the northern margin of the old Akcha Darya Delta in a northwesterly direction for some seventy-five kilometers or so. The course then passes generally to the west through the lowland plain for about fifty kilometers before turning to the northwest and leading across the coastal plain toward the Aral Sea. The relatively narrow plain of the Jana Darya, the P4 unit, is very gently sloping and generally ranges only between two and five kilometers across. For the most part, the lower reaches of the Akcha Darya Delta including some patches of sand dunes, border the Jana Darya on the southern side while vegetated Aeolian dunes and sand ridges of the Si unit border the northern side. The valley is incised by ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF UZBEKIS I AN / EU TACIS / WORLD BANK 6 an old watercourse about ten meters deep where the proposed collector drain will meet the channel and ranges from about two hundred meters to four hundred meters wide. The valley plain is relatively smooth textured comprising stretches of alluvial hardpan intermittently broken by mostly low vegetated sand dunes overlaying the base material. Surficial soils include sands and fine grain alluvial materials. The plain of the Jana Darya and associated low dunes are generally vegetated by scattered to widely scattered desert shrubs, scrub and grasses. The vegetation of the plain and occasional artesian wells support sporadic livestock grazing for moving herds. For more information on vegetation and land use, see the respective maps and corresponding unit descriptions. Vegetation unit: Vl Land use: Li P5 LOWLAND PLAIN The P5 unit consists of nearly flat plain intermittently overlain by the vegetated longitudinal sand dunes. The base material represents the margin of the old Aral Sea bed when it was much larger and the sea's levels fluctuated greatly. This was also the transitional zone between the old Aral Sea and the old Akcha Darya Delta. The relatively recent longitudinal dune deposits on the plain have formed a repeating pattern of salt pans (flats) on the exposed base material and lines of dunes running generally in a north-south direction. Vegetation comprises mostly scattered to widely scattered desert shrubs, scrub and grasses tolerant of saline soils. Sporadic livestock grazing by moving herds occurs over the more densely vegetated areas and around artesian wells. Additionally, in the zone north of Lake Karateren, extensive wetlands with significant areas of marsh habitat have developed. This is a result of drainage water from the irrigation systems on the lower Amu Darya River plain. P6 SAND PLAIN The P6 unit comprises a gently inclined relatively smooth sandy surface, which occurs generally in the transitional zone between alluvial plains and hills or between alluvial plains and sand dunes. Vegetation consists ENVIRONMENTAL REsouRcEs MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF UZBEKISTAN / EU TACIS / WORLD BANK '7 of scattered to widely scattered desert shrubs, scrub and grasses which are sporadically grazed by livestock herds. For more information on vegetation and land use, see the respective maps and corresponding unit descriptions. Vegetation unit: V3 Land use unit: Li P7 COASTAL PLAIN OF THE ARAL SEA The P7 unit is a nearly flat plain comprising the exposed margin of old seabed around the present day receded Aral Sea. The unit extends some thirty kilometers between the lowland plain (P5) and the seashore. Vegetation generally ranges from scattered to very scarce desert shrubs, scrub and grasses tolerant of saline soils. However, marsh vegetation is extensive in the wetlands formed by drainage water from the irrigation systems on the lower Amu Darya River plain. For more information on vegetation, see the respective map and corresponding unit descnption. Vegetation unit: V2 Si SAND DUNES The SI unit consists of vegetated Aeolian sand dunes and stabilized sand ridges generally ranging ten to twenty meters high. The dunes are generally longitudinal, aligned in a north-south direction. This undulated desert landscape is extensive, lying adjacent to much of the alluvial plain associated with the main collector drain project study area. Vegetation comprises scattered to widely scattered desert shrubs, scrub and grasses. Artesian wells are dotted about the landscape that is used by moving herders for sporadic grazing. However, some isolated dune areas within the Akcha Darya Delta are grazed on a more permanent basis. For more information on vegetation and land use, see the respective maps and corresponding unit descriptions. Vegetation unit: V4 Land use unit: Li, L2 ENVIRONMENTAIL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF UZBEKISTAN / EU TACIS / WORLD BANK 8 Hi RISES AND HILLS These slightly to moderately dissected landscapes occur infrequently and for the most part along the fringes of the project study area. The more dominant hills generally comprise steep rocky slopes with associated low relief pediments and gentle foot slopes bordering the base of the steeper slopes. The pediment surfaces are generally covered with alluvial gravels and sand. Rises comprise for the most part consolidated low sand hills and ridges. Vegetation on the Hi unit typically consists of scattered to widely scattered desert shrubs, scrub and grasses. In addition to important rock and gravel quarry operations, moving herders use this landscape for sporadic livestock grazing. See maps and corresponding vegetation and land use descriptions. Vegetation unit: V4 Land use unit: Li Dl DEPRESSIONS The Dl unit consists of naturally occurring closed basins, generally found in two settings within the project study area. The first, as with Lake Akchakul, is associated with the broad relatively flat alluvial plain of the Amu Darya. These basins are mainly small and likely occur behind old low river levees, or as Lake Akchakul on alluvial bottomlands associated with an old river channel, or along the transition between the irrigated zone and the stretches of sand. Though the numerous basins appear mostly as small lakes and cannot be mapped to scale, Lake Akchakul is extensive. The second setting, as with Lake Ayazkul, is the typical basin surrounded by significantly higher ground. Drainage water from the irrigation systems either seeps or is pumped for storage into these lakes. The margins and shallow areas of the basins are colonized by Graminoid vegetation, like that of the wetlands. Livestock graze the grassy margins of the lakes. The larger lakes support unspecified fish production. See maps and corresponding vegetation and land use descriptions. Vegetation unit: Ml Land use unit: Li ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF UZBEKISTAN / EU TACIS / WORLD BANK 9 Wi WETLANDS In the study area, wetlands occur along the reaches of watercourses with minimal gradient, and bordering lakes and reservoirs. Along the old Akcha Darya watercourses, wetlands are associated with low-lying portions of alluvial plain and old oxbow basins. These present day wetlands were formed and are maintained by drainage water form the south Karakalpakstan irrigations systems existing main collector drain. For the most part the wetlands are relatively shallow, particularly around the edges, and support significant fauna and flora habitats. The wetlands are dominated by Graminoid vegetation, and the margins are used by herders to water and graze animals. The larger wetlands are also used for recreational fishing. For more information, see maps and corresponding vegetation and land use descriptions. Vegetation unit: Ml Land use unit: Li, L2 W2 DELTAIC WETLANDS Within the study area the W2 unit occurs only once, on the coastal plain near the Aral Sea. This deltaic wetland is forming due to geomorphological conditions much the same as a river delta where it meets the sea. This wetland, as are a number of more traditional wetlands upstream, is being fed by drainage water from Lake Karateren and the irrigation systems on the lower Amu Darya River plain. The wetlands are extensive, dominated by graminoid vegetation, and support significant areas of marsh habitat. For more information, see maps and corresponding vegetation descriptions. Vegetation unit: Ml ENVIRONMENrAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF UZBEKISTAN / EU TACIS / WORLD BANK 10 3 VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION MAP UNIT DESCRIPTION Vi DESERT SHRUBS AND GRASSES OF ALLUVIAL PLAINS The Vl unit comprises, generally scattered but occasionally closely spaced, desert shrubs, scrub and grasses which habit the alluvial plains within the project study area. Principal plants include: 1. Tamarix hispida 2. T. ramosissima 3. T. laxa 4. Karelinia caspica 5. Alhagi pseudalhagi V2 DESERT SHRUBS AND GRASSES OF COASTAL PLAINS The V2 unit comprises desert shrubs, scrub and grasses, which are tolerant of the saline soils on the coastal plains around the Aral Sea. Cover ranges generally from widely scattered to scarce near the Aral Sea and from scattered to widely scattered farther inland where dunes are present. Principal plants include: 1. Halostashys belongeriana 2. Tamarix hispida 3. Atriplex tatarica 4. Salsola sp. 5. Suaeda sp. V3 DESERT SHRUBS AND GRASSES OF SAND PLAINS The V3 unit comprises scattered to widely scattered desert shrubs, scrub and grasses which habit the relatively smooth sandy plains. Principal plants include: 1. Halaxylom aphyllum 2. Calligonum caput - Medusae 3. Climacoptera lanata 4. Salsola sp. 5. Suaeda sp. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF U7BEKISTAN / EU TACIS / WORLD BANK 11 V4 DESERT SHRUBS AND GRASSES OF SAND DUNES AND HILLS The V4 unit comprises scattered to widely scattered desert shrubs, scrub and grasses associated with sand dunes and hills. Principal plants include: 1. Halaxylom aphyllum 2. Ammodendron conollyi 3. Calligonum caput - Medusae 4. Salsola sp. 5. Suaeda sp. Ml GRAMINOID VEGETATION OF WETLANDS/MARSHES The Ml unit comprises graminold vegetation associated with wetlands or marshy riverine settings characterized by commonly known plants such as marsh grasses, sedges and cattails. Although the diversity and dominance of plants varies from one wetland to another within the study area, the following plants prevail in the wetlands observed: 1. Phragmites australis 2. Typha angustifolia 3. Bolboschoenus maritimus Fl FLOODPLAIN FOREST The Fl unit comprises stands of riverine floodplain forest. This forest is associated with river bottomlands that are periodically inundated by the floodwaters required for reproduction. Of particular importance, and in the study area, is the forest of the buday Tugai Reserve which is the largest and best known. However, satellite imagery seemingly indicates other smaller less diverse areas both up and down stream on the Amn Darya River. The principal plants include: 1. Populas iriana 2. Populas pruinosa 3. Elaeagnus turcomanica 4. Salix songarica 5. Tamarix hispida 6. T. ramosissima 7. T. laxa ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENI OF UZBEKISTAN / EU TACIS / WORLD BANK 12 Ca AGRICULTURAL CROPS The Cl unit comprises agricultural crops associated with the irrigated areas within the project area. Although cotton is the predominant crop, the farms produce many others including vegetables, fruits, melons, grapes, flowers, garden plants, trees and animal feed. Note: Vegetation classes based on associated landforms are generally transitional between adjacent landforms. Thus, on an alluvial plain overlain by occasional or intermittent sand dunes the natural vegetation may include some of the types normally found on sand dunes as well as the types particular to the alluvial floor of the plain. Within the project area, this most likely occurs on the P2, P3, P4, and P5 terrain units. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF UZBEKISTAN / EU TACIS / WORLD BANK 13 4 LAND USE CLASSIFICATION MAP UNIT DESCRIPTION Al IRRIGATEDAGRICULTURE The Al unit comprises the farms and recent fallows associated with the irrigation systems within the project area on the Amu Darya plain. For the most part, the irrigated agriculture is highly intensive employing mechanized equipment and producing various crops over a long growing season. However, agriculture appears less concentrated along the margins of the irrigation systems and along the prominent north- south running sandy stretches. Li RECURRENT LIVESTOCK GRAZING The Li unit comprises the zones associated with landscapes having sufficient natural vegetation and water to support recurrent livestock grazing. Moving herders use these zones sporadically for various types of livestock production, including cattle, sheep, goats, horses and camels. L2 PERMANENT LIVESTOCK GRAZING The L2 unit is associated with landscapes having enough natural vegetation and water to support sedentary herding and grazing. Within the project area, this classification particularly applies to the Akcha Darya Delta where permanent and semi-permanent herder settlements are located. Livestock production in this zone includes cattle, sheep, goats, horses and camels. Rl RESERVE The Rl unit is associated specifically with the Baday Tugai Reserve located along the Amu Darya, near the end of the existing Main Collector Drain. The reserve is used for fieldwork and education as well as for biologic research and the protection of threatened resident animals and floodplain forest. ENVIRONMFNTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF UZBEKISTAN / EU TACIS / WORLD BANK 14 Terrain Analysis Maps Map Locator Legend: General: 7i il l rN-bs ;11 ' , - / Existing Main Collector Drain .~f " *. ;Collect6r Drain, Proposed ___,______I I /' Collector Drain, Partially Constructed t-y 24> -85 S I;- - i y ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Pump Station | | t r--- -'~---- r _ w ' ''~ , r 7 * Principal Town I I' *, ft; ;|9_e Sl 1 3 'E . *-sy [:1 Herder illage i,~~~~~~~l~~ hr , , PrincipaI Road t , , MA - 1, j j V | Jana Dgarya Watercourse / )- | lS } J iCOLEECTJR 0 Well / - . _ - A ,-/1 ;,^2 . ,bg4 n- ' i Main Collector Drain Study Corridor Limits *STUDY? __s y -': a- . E ! /- <, ....... | - L A / Terrain Units: Maps I through 8 at 1 250,000 Scale P1 Alluvial Plain - Amu Darya 1 _ -~. )'-} t - ,Maps 6Aand 7A at:100,000 Scale P2 Alluvial Plain - Akcha Darya ., ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~P3 Alluvial Plain - Akcha Darya Delta P4 Alluvial Plain - Jana Darya Z- --.i 1 ',-P5 LowliandI Plain P6 Sand Plain P7 Coastai Plain - Aral Sea S1 Sand Dunes ________ 1 ---5 - - a/ Hi Rises and Hills Dl Depressions Wi Wetlands W2 Deltaic iWetlands - . _I -____-____-_______________1____'___.____I_ Vegetation Units: Code. Type: 2500 0 2500 5000 7500 Meters 1000 0 1000 2000 3000 Meters VI DesertShrubs&Grasses-AlluvialPlains ,_________________ ,V2 Desert Shrubs & Grasses - Coastal Plains Scale l250,000 .Scale 1:100,000 V3 Desert Shrubs & Grasses - Sand Plains V4 Desert Shrubs & Grasses - Sand Dunes & Hills Ml Graminoid Vegetation - Wetlands/Marsh/River Bottom Lands Fl Floodplain Forest - Baday Tugai C1 Agricultu ral Crops Land Use Units: Landsat™ 7 Image Mosaic, 31 July - 7 September 2000 Code: Type Projection- Transverse Mercator (UTM Grid Zone 41) Al Irrigated Agriculture Spheroid: WGS 84 Li Recurrent Livestock Grazing Central Meridian 63 degrees L2 Permanlent Livestock Grazing Reference Latitude. 0 degrees Rl Reserve Scale Factor: 0.9996 False Easting: 500000 m False Northing 0 m TACIS Joint Environmental Programme SOUTH KARAKALPAKSTAN Prepared by ERM ~~~~~~~~~~~~~MAIN COLLECTOR DRAIN Prepared by ERM PROJECT October 2002 L,.-V TAri MAPS 133fHS dYlAlW wirm Mil~~~~~~I'5 d S ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~. 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