F'L- Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Report No. 3947-BA STAFF APPRAISAL REPORT BURMA TANK IRRIGATION PROJECT November 22, 1982 South Asia Projects Department Agriculture Division A This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS 1.00 Kyat = US$0.14 K 7.20 = US$1.00 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 1 foot (ft) = 0.305 meters (m) 1 acre (ac) = 0.405 hectare (ha) 1 square mile (sq mi) = 2.590 square kilometers (km2) 1 cubic foot (cu ft) = 0.0283 cubic meters (m3)28.32 liters (1) 1 cubic yard (cu yd) = 0.765 cubic meters (m3) 1 acre-foot (ac-ft) = 12,344 cubic meters (m3) 1 cubic foot per second (cfs) = 0.0283 m3/sec 1 pound (lb) = 0.453 kilograms (kg) 1 ton = 1,000 kilograms 1 Imperial gallon (Ig)= 1.2 US gallons = 4.5460 liters 1 million Imperial gallon (IMg) = 4,546.0919 cubic meters (m3) 1 cubic foot per second (cfs) = 28.3161 liters per second (1/sec) 1 acre-foot per year (ac-ft/yr) = 1,233.4818 cubic meters per year I Imperial gallon per minute (Igm) = 4.5460 liters per minute (1/m) (m3) 1 Imperial gallon per capita-day (Igcd) = 4.5460 literes per day (1/cd) 1 million Imperial gallons per day (IMgd) = 4,546.0919 cubic meters per day (m3/d) PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS USED Acronyms Used for Government Organizations AC - Agricultural Corporation AFPTC - Agriculture and Farm Produce Trade Corporation AMD - Agricultural Mechanization Department ARD - Agricultural Research Division ARI - Agricultural Research Institute CC - Construction Corporation ED - Extension Division GAD - General Affairs Department HD - Housing Department HVS - Horticulture/Vegetables Section ID - Irrigation Department MAB - Myanma Agricultural Bank MAF - Ministry of Agriculture and Forests MHRA - Ministry of Home and Religious Affairs MPF - Ministry of Planning and Finance FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY PIC - Project Implementation Committee PMEU - Project Monitoring and Evaluation Unit SLRD - Settlement and Land Records Department TexCorp - Textile Corporation TDC - Township Development Committee Acronyms Used for Government Officials PEM - Project Extension Manager SMS - Subject Matter Specialist TEM - Township Extension Manager VEM - Village Extension Manager VTEM - Village Tract Extension Manager Abbreviations and Other Acronyms ERR - Economic Rate of Return GDP - Gross Domestic Product HYV - High Yielding Variety ICB - International Competitive Bidding LSC - Long-Staple Cotton M - Million MSC - Medium-Staple Cotton MSL - Mean Sea level O&M - Operation and Maintenance PS - Prudent Shopping PV - Present Value PW - Present Worth SCF - Standard Conversion Factor SV - Switching Value This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of | their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. BURMA TANK IRRIGATION PROJECT STAFF APPRAISAL REPORT Table of Contents Page No. I. SECTORAL BACKGROUND ..................................... 1 General ........1......................................... I Agricultural Sector ..................................... 1 Irrigation Subsector .................................... 2 Water Supply and Sanitation Sector ...................... 2 IDA's Involvement ....................................... 3 Project Formulation and Preparation ..................... 3 II. THE PROJECT AREA ........................................ 4 Introduction ............................................ 4 Climate ................................................. 4 Topography .............................................. 5 Soils and Land Suitability .............................. 5 Existing Irrigation Facilities .......................... 5 Land Tenure ............................................. 6 Population and Farm Size ................................ 6 Present Agricultural Situation .......................... 6 Agricultural Supporting Services ........................ 7 Rural Credit ............................................ 8 Transportation .......................................... 8 Existing Water Supply and Sanitation in Mudon .... ....... 9 III. THE PROJECT ............................................. 9 General ................................................. 9 Principal Project Features ..... ....................... 9 Detailed Description of Project Features ............. ... 10 (a) Kinmundaung Dam and Reservoir .................... 11 (b) Azin Dam and Reservoir ........................... 11 (c) Kinmundaung Irrigation and Drainage System ....... 11 (d) Azin Irrigation and Drainage System .... .......... 12 (e) Mudon Water Supply System ........................ 12 (f) Water Courses and Field Ditches .................. 12 (g) Construction Camp and O&M Headquarters .... ....... 13 (h) Agricultural Extension ........................... 13 This report is based on the findings of an IDA mission that visited Burma in November/December 1981 comprising Messrs S.J. Baker, H. Azumi, J. Kampen, and Ms. J.P. Tan (IDA), and Mr.J.W. Robins (Consultant), and Messrs. D. Campbell and A. Zagni (FAO/CP), and of a follow-up mission in February/March 1982 by Messrs S.J. Baker, T. Skytta and K. Stichenwirth (IDA). -2- Table of Contents (Cont-d) Page No. (i) Agricultural Research ............................ 14 (j) State Orchard Farm ............................... 14 (k) Strengthening of Implementing Agencies .... ....... 14 Status of Field Investigations, Surveys and Designs ...... 16 Water Demand, Supply, and Quality (Irrigation & Urban Use) ............................................. 17 Equipment and Vehicles for Construction .................. 18 Cost Estimates .......................................... 18 Financing.19 Fiacn ........................................................ 1 Implementation .......................................... 20 Procurement ............................................. 20 Disbursements ........................................... 21 Budgeting, Accounts and Audits .......................... 21 IV. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT ............................. 22 Implementation Responsibility ........................... 22 Project Management and Coordination ..................... 24 Operation and Maintenance ............................... 24 Monitoring and Evaluation ............................... 25 V. PRODUCTION, MARKETING, FARM INCOMES AND COST RECOVERY .... 26 Agricultural Development With the Project .... ........... 26 Agricultural Development Without the Project .... ........ 26 Overall Agricultural Impact ............................. 27 Marketing and Pricing of Project Output .................. 27 Farm Income ............................................. 29 Agricultural Cost Recovery .............................. 31 Financial Aspects of Mudon Town Water Supply .... ........ 32 VI. BENEFITS, JUSTIFICATION AND RISKS ....................... 33 Overall Impact .......................................... 33 Employment Effects ...................................... 34 Household Income Effects from Irrigation .... ............ 34 Direct Foreign Exchange Effects ......................... 34 Environmental Effects . ......................... 35 Benefits to the Economy and Economic Analyses .... ....... 35 Project Risks and Sensitivity Tests ..................... 37 VII. RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................... 38 -3- LIST OF ANNEXES ANNEX 1: Project Area Data Table 1 - Climatological Data Table 2 - Population and Farm Size Distribution Table 3 - Summary of Dam, Reservoir and Irrigation System Data Table 4 - Irrigation Water Requirements Table 5 - Simulated Reservoir Operation Table 6 - Mudon Town Water Supply, Water Demand and Production Projections Table 7 - Present and Projected Cropping Patterns, Yields and Production Table 8 - Crop Input Requirements Per Acre Chart 1 - Crop Calendar - Kinmundaung Chart 2 - Crop Calendar - Azin Chart 3 - Implementation Schedule - Kinmundaung Chart 4 - Implementation Schedule - Azin Dam and Irrigation Facilities Chart 5 - Implementation Schedule - Mudon Town Water Supply Chart 6 - Procurement Schedule for Equipment and Material Chart 7 - Training Schedule for Implementing Agencies ANNEX 2 - Costs and Expenditure Data Table 1 - Summary Cost Estimates Table 2 - Kinmundaung Cost Estimates Table 3 - Azin Cost Estimates Table 4 - Mudon Water Supply Cost Estimates Table 5 - Strengthening of Implementing Agencies, Cost Estimates Table 6 - Annual Operation and Maintenance Costs Table 7 - List of Equipment Table 8 - Schedule of Expenditures Table 9 - Proposed Allocation of the Credit Table 10 - Estimated Schedule of Disbursements ANNEX 3 - Terms of Reference for Consultancy Services ANNEX 4 - Economic and Financial Analyses Table 1 - Prices Used in Farm Budget and Economic Analyses Table 2 - Farm Budget and Rent Estimates (a) Kinmundaung (b) Azin - Paddy (c) Azin - Private Orchard Farm (d) Azin - State Orchard Farm Table 3 - Present Value of Project Incremental Cost Recovery Table 4 - Summary Benefit and Cost Streams and Economic Rates of Return Table 5 - Sensitivity Tests (Switching Values) ANNEX 5 - Mudon Town Water Supply Financial Analyses Table 1 - Proforma Income Statements Table 2 - Assumptions on Financial Forecasts -4- ANNEX 6 - Organization Charts Chart 1 - Irrigation Department (Construction Organization) Chart 2 - Irrigation Department (O & M Organization) Chart 3 - Agricultural Corporation Chart 4 - Urban Water Supply and Sanitation ANNEX 7 - Selected Documents and Data in the Project File MAPS IBRD 16262 - Kinmundaung Irrigation Subproject IBRD 16263 - Azin/Irrigation and Multi-use Facilities IBRD 16388 - Mudon Town Water Supply Main Features BURMA TANK IRRIGATION PROJECT STAFF APPRAISAL REPORT I. SECTORAL BACKGROUND General 1.01 Since 1962, Burma's guiding philosophy known as "Burmese Way to Socialism" has reflected a combination of traditional Burmese values and socialist doctrine. Under this philosophy, public ownership of all sectors of the economy has increased, and greater equality in income has been achieved. However, the policies adopted have resulted in depressing Burma's annual GDP growth, which averaged only 2.7% during the 1960s and early 1970s, or little more than the prevailing population growth rate of 2.2% p.a. during that period. 1.02 Faced with this unsatisfactory performance, the Government of Burma (GOB) initiated a series of reforms in the early 1970s to stimulate economic growth, cautiously liberalizing its policies and opening up the economy to increased foreign assistance and capital. Some of its primary actions were to substantially increase agricultural investment and agricultural procure- ment prices and launch a major program to increase paddy yields. This approach proved generally successful, and growth in agriculture since 1975 has been impressive. The GDP growth rate during the first three years of the Third Four-Year Plan (1977/78-81/82) averaged about 6.5% p.a. without sig- nificant inflation. However, Burma still remains one of the poorest nations in the world as measured by per capita GNP (about US$180 in 1981 compared to more than US$670 in neighboring Thailand). Sustaining the current economic momentum should not be difficult given Burma's vast development potential within its 260,000 sq mi area, a highly literate and mainly rural (75%) population of 34 M (end 1980), and a relatively low population density of 120 per sq mi. Agricultural Sector 1.03 Agriculture (including livestock, forestry and fisheries) is the principal sector of the economy, accounting for about 45% of GDP in 1980/81, 65% of the labor force, and 80% of total exports. Rice is the major export commodity and is a significant source of government revenue. Rice is planted on 55% of the total cultivated area and accounts for more than one-third of total agricultural output. Other important crops include oilseeds (18% of the gross sown area), pulses (7%), industrial crops (5%), and plantation crops (5%). 1.04 Although favorable weather conditions played a part, the recent improvement in agricultural production is mainly attributable to the mass introduction of high yielding rice varieties through the Whole Township Extension Program and to expanded irrigation. Under the extension program, -2- increased amounts of improved seeds, fertilizer and other inputs were made available at subsidized rates and extension services were intensified. The program was initiated in one village in 1975/76 but has since been expanded to cover 72 townships (46% of the area sown to paddy) and other crops have been included. National paddy production increased by 41% (from 9.3 M tons to 13.1 M tons) during 1977/78 to 1980/81. Irrigation Subsector 1.05 Annual rainfall ranges from 20-40 inches in the Central Dry Zone to 160-240 inches along the coastal areas of Arakan and Tenasserim, concentrated mainly in the monsoon period from May to October. There is practically no rain from December to March. The heavy monsoon rainfall permits cultivation of a main season rainfed paddy crop in most parts of the country except the dry zone. In the Central Dry Zone, where rainfall is insufficient and unevenly distributed, supplemental irrigation is essential for paddy produc- tion in the wet season. Even in the highest rainfall areas, irrigation is necessary to ensure a productive dry-season crop. 1.06 Of the 20 M ac net cultivable area, 2.5 M ac were irrigated in 1980/81 versus an average of 2.1 M ac during the previous ten years. Since 1961/62, about-270 Government irrigation and flood protection projects with a total irrigable area of 390,000 ac and a flood- protected area of about 890,000 ac have been completed by the Irrigation Department (ID). These projects have increased the total irrigable area under Government schemes to about 1.4 M ac and the flood- protected area to 2.7 M ac. Nearly 60% of the Government irrigation schemes are diversion schemes on five main tributaries of the Irrawaddy River. Private initiatives in irrigation at the community and individual level include village diversion schemes covering about 700,000 ac, widely dispersed in the Dry Zone, and village tank schemes covering about 120,000 ac, largely concentrated in upper reaches of the Dry Zone catchment areas. 1.07 Having utilized most of the run-of-river diversion potential in the central dry zone, GOB is now shifting its emphasis to storage development for perennial irrigation. Two major multi-purpose dam projects (Kinda and Sedawgyi) are under construction. GOB's current priorities are for smaller storage developments which would diversify its investment in irrigation to areas in need of improvement not covered previously. Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 1.08 In Burma about 26 million people live in some 65,000 rural villages and about 8 million in 288 urban areas. Over 80% of these urban areas have a population below 20,000. About 14% of the rural population have access to safe water supply through use of about 7,000 tubewells. The rest of the rural population relies on pollution-prone shallow open wells, ponds, irriga- tion canals and rivers. In urban areas, about 35% of the population in 63 towns have access to a safe water supply, of which 60% live in Rangoon and Mandalay, the two major cities. Most systems provide only a few hours of water per day, mostly through standpipes. Including the rural population, nationwide coverage drops to about 19%. Rural sanitation service is -3- estimated to cover about 15% of the population, whereas urban areas have about 33% coverage. Enteritis and Diarrhea have been identified as the main diseases among out-patients nationwide and are the second leading diseases among hospital in-patients. Rangoon is the only place having a water-borne sewerage system, with a coverage of about 10% of its population. In other towns, including Mandalay, the sanitary facilities in use range from surface, pit and bucket latrines to septic tanks. Nationwide service coverage is estimated to be about 20%. 1.09 GOB has set year 1990 service development targets of 50% and 54% for the water supply and sanitation sectors, respectively. It is estimated that investments of about US$320M for water supply and US$190M for sewerage development (1981 prices) would be required to meet planned service targets. The program includes 30 towns for water supply improvements, in addition to Rangoon and Mandalay. GOB's Environmental Health Program for FY82/83 to FY85/86 includes construction of 700,000 latrines in rural areas and 105,000 in urban areas, in addition to providing sanitary facilities to a large number of schools, hospitals and rural health centers. IDA's Involvement 1.10 IDA has encouraged GOB to give more priority to agricultural develop- ment. Since 1973, 19 IDA Credits totalling US$517.3 M have been approved for Burma, nearly 55% of which were for agriculture. These agricultural projects include a large multipurpose dam, small pumps for lift irrigation, livestock, paddyland development, seed development, rubber rehabilitation, forestry, and grain storage. 1.11 IDA does not yet have any lending operation in Burma for water supply/sanitation projects, due mainly to lack of sector information and adequately prepared project proposals. The proposed inclusion of an urban water supply component under an irrigation project is expected to be the first step to future water supply sector operations financed by IDA in Burma. Project Formulation and Preparation 1.12 IDA participation in tank irrigation projects was first proposed by GOB in 1978 for a series of small storage and irrigation schemes in Magwe Division in the central dry zone. The IBRD/FAO Cooperative Program assisted ID in project preparation. In mid-1980, GOB added to its development priority tank irrigation in Mon State in the southern coastal area, compris- ing a series of small storage and irrigation projects with possibilities of providing an urban water supply to nearby towns. First priority was given to development of the Kinmundaung scheme in the Magwe Division and the Azin Scheme in the Mon State, since they were in a more advanced stage of prepara- tion. The ID submitted feasibility reports for Kinmundaung and Azin schemes in 1981. The Housing Department (HD) of the Ministry of Construction sub- mitted a separate feasibility report for Mudon in April 1982. -4- II. THE PROJECT AREA Introduction 2.01 The proposed project would benefit two distinctly different regions of Burma. The Kinmundaung subproject lies within Taungdwingyi Township in Magwe Division in the dry zone of central Burma (Map IBRD 16262). The Town- ship's largest center, Taungdwingyi, lies about 180 miles north of Rangoon. About 5,400 persons live in the project area and the population density is about 225 per sq mi, almost twice the national average. About 80 percent of the population is engaged in agriculture. Per capita income is less than 300 kyats (US$42) per year, less than one fourth of Burma's national average. The project area, covering 5,000 acres on both sides of the Kinmundaung River, is fertile, flat and ideally suited for cultivation. However, because of scarce and unevenly distributed rainfall, yields in the area tend to be low and cultivation is limited to the monsoon season. 2.02 The Azin subproject is located in Mudon Township within the southern coastal area of Mon state (Map IBRD 16263). The area comprises a narrow low-lying coastal plain bordered by terraces rising to the western slopes of Taungnyo Hills. The irrigation command area has a population of about 2,200 and Mudon Town about 40,000. In contrast to the Kinnundaung area, the Azin area has abundant rainfall, principally concentrated in the June-October period. Other than perennial orchard crops, agriculture is generally limited to a single rainfed paddy crop on the lower-lying lands within the area. Less than half of the population is engaged in agriculture but because of the lack of irrigation during the dry season, a large segment of the farming population must seek seasonal off-farm employment outside the area. The annual per capita income in the irrigation command area is estimated to be K 730 (US$104) and in Mudon K 1,000 (US$140). Climate 2.03 The warm, tropical climate is favorable for crop production throughout the year in both subproject areas (Annex 1, Table 1). In the Kinmundaung area annual rainfall averages about 38 inches usually between mid-May and end-October. However, dry periods of up to 15 days are not uncommon and wet season crops normally suffer significant yield reductions without supplemental irrigation. In the dry season, irrigation is essential for all proposed crops. Mean temperatures in the Kinmundaung area vary from about 72°F to 930F. 2.04 In the Azin area rainfall is much higher, averaging about 186 inches annually, and occurs mostly during early May to mid-October. Rainfall during this period is normally sufficient to meet water requirements of all crops. Irrigation is essential, however, for all proposed crops during the dry season. Temperatures in the Azin area vary from means of 72°F to 890F. -5- Topography 2.05 Irrigable lands in the Kinmundaung area are flat to slightly undulat- ing, sloping gradually from east to west. The area is dissected by several streams generally running from east to west. Micro-surface undulations have formed some low, slow-draining pockets as well as high spots which are dif- ficult to irrigate. 2.06 The proposed Azin command area also slopes gradually from east to west and is divided by natural westerly-flowing streams. Uplands in the eastern part of the area, mostly uncultivated or comprising orchards or rubber plantations, are gently rolling. The remaining area (alluvial plain of the Salween River) is relatively flat. Soils and Land Suitability 2.07 Kinmundaung. Soils of this area are alluvial (loam to silty clay loam) and even the heavier soils are such that tillage by draft animals is possible even in unsaturated conditions. The soils are fertile and charac- terized by high moisture retention capacity and well suited to growing a wide variety of crops under irrigation. With adequate fertilization and depend- able irrigation, paddy, cotton, sesame, groundnuts, maize and pulses can all be grown satisfactorily, and a high cropping intensity seems feasible. 2.08 Azin. The proposed Azin command area includes about 1,000 ac of free-draining upland soils located along the foothills and a much larger low-lying area of heavy-textured marine-alluvial soils along the Salween River. The upland soils are of variable fertility, with orchards and gardens cultivated in the more fertile areas, rubber on the less fertile alluvium, and no cultivation of the least fertile soils. About 75% of the lands proposed for irrigated orchards are highly suitable for irrigated fruit tree crops and the remaining 25% have minor limitations in terms of depth and/or drainage characteristics. No serious erosion problems are envisaged on these permiable soils of limited slope when cultivated to treecrops with intercrop- ping. The low-lying lands along the Salween River are typically recently-deposited clay alluviums and are highly suitable for paddy cultiva- tion, with excellent yield potential. The transitional lands lying between the uplands and low-lying coastal alluvial areas have lighter texture and could produce sunflower, pulses, groundnut and/or vegetable crops. Existing Irrigation Facilities 2.09 Kinmundaung. Existing irrigation facilities in the Kinmundaung area include a diversion weir located about four miles downstream from the proposed storage dam, two main canals serving the left and right bank command areas and farmer-constructed distribution ditches serving about 1,000 ac. The diversion weir would require modification as well as repairs to serve the enlarged project area. The two main canals are about 4,000 ft long and were originally designed for capacities of 100 cfs. They would require desilting and reshaping and would need to be extended to serve the proposed project area, with new control and turnout structures. The existing distribution -6- system is completely inadequate (both in size and location) and would need to be totally replaced. 2.10 Azin. Existing irrigation facilities in the upland areas consist of a few small farmer-constructed ditches leading from natural drainage channels and some dug wells constructed to irrigate fruit trees and garden plots. There are no irrigation facilities in lowland paddy areas. Land Tenure 2.11 Land reform laws and regulations enacted from 1953 to 1963 provided for the nationalization and re-distribution of land to tenants and hired workers. Village land committees were established to assign cultivation rights, organize the collection of land revenue and settle disputes on land problems. The Settlement and Land Record Department (SLRD) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forests (MAF) was entrusted with responsibility to administer the program at the national level. The Local Land Revenue Offices of SLRD are responsible for administration at the State or Division level. Individual land ownership is not permitted except for small plantations of tree crops. The allocation of land to a farm family is generally limited to what the family can cultivate. Village Land Committees customarily assign the rights of deceased cultivators to sons or other family members. Subdivi- sion or fragmentation of land holdings is a continuing problem and most farmers' holdings consist of small, non-contiguous plots. Families with no cultivation rights work as hired farm laborers. Population and Farm Size 2.12 Data on population and farm size for the project areas are summarized in Annex 1, Table 2. While reliable statistics on unemployment and under- employment are not available, field surveys indicate that surplus labor exists in the project area. In Kinmundaung virtually the entire population depends on agriculture for a livelihood, while in Azin some farmers engage in additional part-time activities such as weaving or work elsewhere as hired laborers. 2.13 The average farm size in both areas is smaller than the national average, e.g. about 5 ac in Kinmundaung and 8 ac for paddy and 2.5 ac for orchards and vegetables in Azin. Most of the upland areas in Azin (where orchard crop are proposed) are not presently cultivated or are in old rubber plantations. About one-third of the upland area is owned by GOB and two-thirds by private individuals, with holdings averaging about 4.4 ac. Present Agricultural Situation 2.14 Cropping Patterns and Yields. Cropping patterns for various regions in Burma are centrally determined in Rangoon by GOB. Farmers generally must grow at least one mandated crop such as paddy, Long Staple (LS) cotton, groundnuts or sesame. They are, however, allowed certain flexibility to grow crops such as vegetables, maize, beans, fruit trees, etc. Present average cropping intensity in the proposed Kinmundaung command area is about 85%, the main crops being paddy, sesame, maize, country bean, other pulses, and small -7- areas of sugarcane, groundnut and sunflower. Currently about one quarter of the total area is devoted to sesame from May to August, followed by tran- splanted paddy in about half of the area. Rainfall deficiencies and the unreliability of present irrigation systems often result in much of the paddy being short of water in the later part of the season, resulting in very variable yields. Less than 25% of the paddy is currently sown to HYV. If moisture is judged to be insufficient for upland paddy, it is replaced with beans planted in mid-September and harvested in December. In a relatively small area, beans are also grown as a second crop after early harvested maize. 2.15 Average yields in the Kinmundaung service area are low and and extremely variable, and in bad years the area actually harvested of the area sown is relatively small. These factors reduce incentives for using pur- chased inputs such as chemical fertilizer. Except in Special HYV areas, fertilizer use is generally inadequate and is a limiting factor to improved yields in years when rainfall is sufficient. 2.16 The Mon State coastal plain, which includes the proposed Azin serv- ice area, is cultivated almost totally to paddy during the wet season. Except for some shallow wells, there are no irrigation facilities in the low lying paddy areas and most of the land lies fallow during the dry season. In addition to lack of irrigation water, physical properties of these coastal clays are a major barrier to expansion of the area planted to upland crops in the dry season, particularly if such crops are to be cultivated in rotation with paddy. Heavy texture, subsoil salinity and slow permeability pose difficult management problems for crops other than lowland paddy. 2.17 The cultivated higher elevation terrace lands in the Azin area are planted to mixed crops. Generally, orchards (banana, coconut, durian, jack- fruit, pomelo, etc) and vegetables are grown near villages and rubber on adjacent foothill slopes. The orchard and vegetable crops are partially irrigated during the dry season from shallow dug wells. Estimated yields of different crops grown in the Azin area are summarized in Annex 1, Table 7. Agricultural Supporting Services 2.18 The Agricultural Corporation (AC) has responsibility for agricultural research and extension in Burma. Within AC, two research divisions are operative, the Applied Research Division (ARD) at Gyogon (Rangoon) and the Agricultural Research Institute (ARI) at Yezin. The Extension Division (ED) is also located at Rangoon. 2.19 The ARD administers 24 seed farms and 18 central farms scattered throughout of the country. Its objectives are to multiply and produce high quality seed. The farms are organized by crop; those producing paddy, groundnut, cotton, jute and sesame are receiving development support, improved facilities and technical assistance from IDA (Cr.745-BA). The central farms have responsibility for plant breeding, crop selection, yield testing, cultural and fertilizer experiments and training of extension managers. The ED has responsibility for implementing agricultural plans, -8- procuring and distributing agricultural supplies, and disseminating research information to farmers. 2.20 In terms of the research work carried out by crop, paddy takes priority while cotton and groundnut receive more limited attention; few researchers work with sesame. Although cotton production technology is known, major steps in making inputs available and strengthening extension services remain to be taken. Near Azin, there is one central farm primarily for paddy, although some preliminary experiments on upland crops such as maize, sesame and sunflower also have been conducted. The proposed project would strengthen activities at this central farm. 2.21 A central orchard farm (165 ac) is located at Kangalay, just south of Mudon. The farm was set up in 1956 and now has well-established orchards of coconut, durian, rambutan and cashew. Besides research on the performance of new, mostly imported tree varieties and demonstration of improved materials, its main function is the distribution of seedlings. The most important seedlings currently produced are coconut, rambutan, pomelo and durian. The farm is reasonably well equipped and its management and research staff is of good quality. Rural Credit 2.22 The Myanma Agricultural Bank (MAB) was established in 1976 to reac- tivate provision of seasonal credit to farmers through Township Banks and Village Banks. The current interest rate charged to farmers is 12% for seasonal and long-term loans. At present, 29 crops are eligible for MAB loans, the main ones being paddy and oilseeds. The former accounts for 82% of the total volume of lending. Paddy owes its dominance to the termination of the previously-used advance purchase system for this crop in 1978. MAB's loan recovery rate is excellent. 2.23 At present, medium-and long-term agricultural credit is scarce, although this situation is being reviewed under technical assistance provided by UK. To date, MAB has not extended long-term credit for orchard develop- ment, although there are no legal obstacles to such loans. Transportation 2.24 In the Kinmundaung area, a main highway from Rangoon to Prome and Taungdwingyi to Magwe runs along the western border of the project area. A road from Taungwingyi to Pyinmana runs through the center of the project area and would be upgraded under the project. These roads would provide the major means of transportation for goods and produce related to the project. A branch railroad line connects Kyaukpadaung with Pyinmana along the western edge of the project area. In the Azin area, the main road from the port city of Moulmein to Mudon, Tavoy and Mergui passes through the project. A rail- road line runs from Rangoon to Ye, just across the Salween River from Moul- mein. The Salween River also provides transportation for goods and produce to the Andaman Sea and ports beyond. -9- Existing Water Supply and Sanitation in Mudon 2.25 Mudon does not have a public water supply system. Most of the population (estimated at 39,700 in 1980) draws water from private shallow wells and ponds. The poorest depend on collecting rain water. All wells in the area dry up during the dry season for at least two months each year. During this period, water is hauled from the Kangyi lake, at the outskirts of Mudon. Vendors transport water from the lake by trucks and bullock carts and charge K 3 to K 6 per drum (48 Ig). Part of the population cannot afford such prices and carry their own supplies from Kangyi lake. Those living in the western and northern outskirts of the town are faced with carrying dis- tances of several kilometers, 2.26 There are no municipal sanitation facilities in Mudon and only slightly more than 50% of the residents have private facilities of any type. The incidence rate of gastro-intestinal diseases in 1980 was about 25% of local dispensary in-patients and 9% of out-patients. The overall rate in Burma of these diseases, based on official hospital and health centre data, is about one half the rate in Mudon (100 cases per 1,000 population vs 200 per 1,000). The incidence rates of water related skin-diseases and parasitic diseases in Mudon are 7% and 2.5%, respectively, based on hospital records. These rates clearly indicate that many of the shallow wells and other water sources are contaminated. The Mudon Township Development Committee (TDC) is aware of this situation and carries out a general chlorination of private wells during epidemic periods. The school and dispensary wells are chlorinated on a continuing basis. Drainage of storm water in Mudon is through open street drains, which are regularly maintained by TDC. III. THE PROJECT General 3.01 The proposed project would be the first medium tank irrigation scheme assisted by the Bank Group in Burma. The main objective of the project would be to increase crop production and farm incomes in Kinmundaung and Azin through construction of storage dams and new irrigation facilities. It would also improve health standards of the Mudon population by providing a piped municipal water-supply system. Water supplies developed by the project would be sufficient to irrigate two crops in the Kinmundaung area and a dry-season crop in the Azin area, as well as a full water supply for Mudon. Assistance would also be provided to strengthen the implementation capabilities of ID, AC and HD. Principal Project Features 3.02 Works, facilities and programs to be implemented over a four-year period would include: -10- Kinmundaung: (a) construction of an earthfill dam about 80 ft (24 m) in height; (b) rehabilitation of the existing diversion weir and canal bifurca- tion headworks; (c) rehabilitation and extension of two main canals and the construc- tion of an irrigation distribution system for 5,000 ac; (d) buildings and facilities for construction and operation and maintenance (O&M) use; (e) improved facilities and services for agricultural extension and and training; (f) facilities for a new research farm (50 ac); and (g) equipment and vehicles for construction and O&M. Az in: (a) construction of an earthfill dam about 92 ft (28 m) in height; (b) construction of main canals and an irrigation distribution system for 2,850 ac; (c) buildings and facilities for construction and O&M use; (d) improved facilities and services for agricultural extension, research and training; (e) facilities for a State Orchard Farm (250 ac); (f) equipment and vehicles for construction and O&M; and (g) construction of a water supply system for the town of Mudon, including water treatment, pumping and distribution facilities. Strengthening of Implementing Agencies (a) technical assistance; (b) training; and (c) equipment and vehicles. Detailed Description of Project Features 3.03 Design data for the dams, reservoirs and irrigation systems to be incorporated in each subproject are summarized in Annex 1, Table 3. Details of all project works are shown in the following paragraphs. -1 1- 3.04 Kinmundaung Dam and Reservoir. A homogeneous earthfill dam would be constructed on the Kinmundaung River at a site located in the foothills of the Pegu Yoma mountains, about 15 mi southeast of Taungdwingyi. The dam would have a maximum height of about 80 ft at crest elevation 630 ft MSL and a crest length of about 1,120 ft. A 200-ft wide service spillway (crest elev. 618) would be located in the left abutment, and a 300-ft wide emergency spillway (crest elev. 625) would be provided in the right abutment, just beyond a small (15 ft high - 185 ft long) earthfill saddle dike. The spillways could safely pass a maximum probable flood (10,000 yr) of 24,000 cfs. The outlet works, located on bedrock through the dam near the left abutment, would have a capacity of 110 cfs at the inactive reservoir storage level (597 ft MSL) and a capacity of about 300 cfs at full reservoir capacity (10,520 ac ft). The reservoir would store river inflows from a 28.5 sq mi catchment area and yield an average of about 16,750 ac ft of water annually. The maximum flood surcharge level would be about 627 ft MSL. Annual sediment accumulation in the reservoir is estimated to be 65 ac ft. 3.05 Azin Dam and Reservoir. The Azin Dam would be a homogeneous earth- fill structure and would be located on the Azin River about 1.5 mi upstream from the town of Mudon. It would have a maximum height of about 92 ft at crest elevation 125.5 ft MSL and a crest length of about 1,350 ft. The 90-ft wide service spillway (crest elev. 116.5) would be located in the right abutment and would have a capacity of 3,550 cfs, which could safely pass a maximum probable flood resulting from a repetitive 1,000-yr design cyclonic storm. The outlet works would be founded on bedrock through the left central section of the dam and have a design capacity of 50 cfs at minimum reservoir level. Since it would convey both irrigation and municipal water, it would have an elevated intake structure to reduce turbidity. The outlet works would consist of reinforced concrete pressure pipe from the intake to the center of the dam, where a steel pipeline would convey reservoir releases to the downstream toe of the dam, bifurcating at that point to serve the town of Mudon and the irrigation system. The reservoir would have an active storage capacity of 14,100 ac ft to regulate the high runoff resulting from the the intense rainfall within the small (2.3 sq mi) catchment area and an inactive capacity of 500 ac ft, with an estimated annual yield of 13,235 ac ft. Estimated 50-year sediment accumulation in the reservoir is 90 ac ft. 3.06 Kinmundaung Irrigation and Drainage System. Irrigation releases from the reservoir would be diverted to the Left and Right Main Canals at the existing diversion weir located about four miles downstream from the dam. The weir would be rehabilitated under the project as necessary to meet the needs of the enlarged system. The irrigation distribution system would consist of about 7 mi of main canals, 27 mi of distributary and minor canals, and necessary water courses and field ditches for delivery of project water to the 5,000-ac service area. The canals would be unlined. The Right Main Canal would serve 2,250 ac and have a capacity of about 50 cfs, whereas the Left Main Canal would serve 2,750 ac and have a capacity of about 60 cfs. The design capacity of the distribution system would be based on a water duty of about 55 ac per cfs. Natural drainage channels would be improved and intermediate open drains would be provided as necessary to drain low-lying areas and provide an outlet for storm runoff. -12- 3.07 Azin Irrigation and Drainage System. The irrigation distribution system would consist of about 12.7 mi of Main Canals and 9.1 mi of dis- tributary and minor canals. Water courses, field ditches (for paddy) and pipelines (for orchards) would divert from the canals to serve the 2,800-ac irrigation service area. The Main Canal (2.6 mi long) would divide into Right and Left branches, extending an additional 4.8 mi and 5.3 mi, respec- tively. The Main Canal would be concrete lined, as well as 2.0 mi of the Right Main and 1.4 mi of the Left Main. The remaining portion of the Main Canals and all distributaries would not require lining. The capacity of the Main Canal would be 60 cfs. The Right Main Canal would serve 650 ac of orchards and 750 ac of paddy and have a capacity of 30.5 cfs. The Left Main Canal would serve 200 ac of orchards and 1,250 ac of paddy and have a capacity of about 30 cfs. Design capacities of the Main Canals correspond to requirements during the peak day of the peak month. The design capacity of the irrigation system was based on an average water duty of about 50 ac per cfs. Natural drainage channels would be improved and smaller inter- mediate drains would be provided in the paddy areas to prevent the build up of storm runoff and to provide drainage for harvesting. 3.08 Mudon Water-Supply System. Geologic conditions preclude groundwater development in the Mudon area. Below 100 ft, the most common material is laterite with some limestone. The few drillings carried out in the past and the geological character of the area suggest that there is little potential for finding a deeper aquifer that could provide an adequate and protected source of groundwater for a large-scale water supply system. In contrast, storage provided by the project on the Azin River immediately upstream from Mudon could provide a full water supply for Mudon, in addition to irrigation requirements of 2,850 ac during the dry season. Water supply facilities provided by the project would be designed to meet the projected demands of year 2001. First stage facilities would be adequate to supply a peak daily demand of 2.36 IMg. These facilities would consist of: (i) a 1,000-ft long pipeline, with a capacity of 2,600 Igm (7 cfs) from the outlet of Azin Dam to the filter plant; (ii) a filter plant with a slow-sand filter system and a clear-water reservoir; (iii) a pumping plant with two 850 Igm pumping units, chlorination facilities, and space for a third unit for increased supply; (iv) a service and head regulating reservoir with first-phase capacity of 130,000 Ig; and (v) a water distribution network including about 13 mi of pipelines, 30 fire hydrants, 140 public standposts and provisions for household hookups. Distribution system pipe sizes would range from 3 to 12 inches in diameter. Living quarters would be provided for O&M staff as well as a workshop and storage facilities. Annex 2, Table 4, provides details and basic costs of the water supply component. The average investment cost per capita, based on year 2,000 population, is US$62 equivalent in mid-1982 prices. 3.09 Water Courses and Field Ditches. The water courses in the Kinmun- daung service area would convey water from the canal system to each farm block, averaging 25-50 ac. Individual farm units within each block would average about 5 ac in size. The project would provide turnouts for each farm unit, however water users would be responsible for constructing field ditches -13- from the water courses within the farm block. Some rough levelling would be required (estimated at 10% of the area) and would be provided by the project. 3.10 The water courses in the Azin service area would convey water from the canal system to irrigation blocks averaging 25-30 ac in the paddy area and 25 ac in the orchard areas. Average farm sizes would be about 8 ac in the paddy areas and 4 to 5 ac in the orchard areas. The orchards in the upland areas would be developed primarily on new land. The project would provide a low pressure piped-distribution system from the open canals in the orchard areas, with risers and outlets for each farm. 3.11 For both subprojects, service roads would be provided along the main and distributary canals to provide access to each service block. Existing drainage channels would be improved where necessary and intermediate surface drains would be provided in the paddy areas to remove excess surface water. 3.12 Construction Camp and O&M Headquarters. A construction camp, including office, laboratory, workshop and storage buildings and quarters for staff would be constructed in the vicinity of each damsite. Service facilities (electric and telephone lines, water supply and sanitary facilities) also would be provided, as well as improvements to the dam access roads. Upon completion of construction, the camps would be utilized as O&M headquarters for each scheme. 3.13 Agricultural Extension. Given the remarkable success of the Whole Township Extension Program (para 1.04) in promoting known technology, steps would be taken to strengthen the ongoing extension programs in both agricul- tural areas in regard to cropping patterns, water management and agronomic practices. The extension program would require provision of additional staff, regularly scheduled farm visits, on-farm demonstrations and pest and disease control (especially for cotton). Because of a lack of training facilities for tree crops and water management in Burma, short-term in-service training abroad would be provided for Subject Matter Specialists (SMSs). Special attention would be given to the upland fruit orchards in the Azin service area, where the diversity of tree crops and intercropping would necessitate a higher density of extension staff. Extension staffing require- ments are shown in Annex 6, Chart 3. 3.14 The project would operate research and demonstration plots at the centrally located research farm at Kinmundaung and provide at least one on-farm demonstration in each village tract as soon as irrigation water is provided by the project. The demonstration plots would study water manage- ment for furrow irrigation and associated agronomic practices, test the performance of various cropping and water management systems and train exten- sion staff in efficient on-farm development for irrigation and water manage- ment. At Azin, several trials and demonstrations would be set up at the experimental orchard farm at Kanglay during 1983. At least one demonstration plot would be laid out for every 200 ac of orchards, involving different fruit trees, intercropping and spacing. 3.15 Agricultural Research. At Kinmundaung, the project would establish a new training and research farm of about 50 ac. Research farm activities -14- would focus on agronomic requirements, management practices and irrigation water utilization as applied to the cropping systems envisaged in the project area. Special attention would be paid to cotton cultivation and water management, particularly rotational irrigation cycles for the range of crops to be grown. The research farm would be coordinated by the Agricultural Research Division of AC. Equipment provided (Annex 2, Table 7) would include tractors, sprayers, power tillers, and irrigation equipment. An agro-climatological station would be set up to facilitate experimentation on water management. Training equipment and transportation would be made available to research and extension staff to facilitate their work. 3.16 The two existing research farms in the vicinity of the Azin sub- project would be expanded and strengthened by providing tractors, equipment, buildings and transport. A full agro-meteorological station would be estab- lished at one of the research farms, while rain gauges would be installed at the other. Training facilities for extension workers and farmers would be provided at one of the research farms. Double cropping of paddy and irriga- tion and rotational water management practices would receive primary atten- tion at the Central Paddy Research Farm at Mudon. Management practices, spacing arrangements and crop water requirements for different fruit crops (of varying maturity), with and without intercrops, would be researched at the Kangalay farm. 3.17 State Orchard Farm. In view of the relative lack of experience of participating farmers in orchard establishment, and based on the successful operation of the nearby state owned rubber estate (Cr. 879-BA), GOB would establish a 250-ac (net) State Orchard Farm in one block of State-owned land in the upland area of the Azin service area. Unlike the existing Kangalay Research Farm, the proposed farm would be operated on a commercial basis by the Horticulture/Vegetables Section (HVS) of AC. The main orchard crops would be pomelo, durian, and mango, with inter-cropping of pineapples, bananas and vegetables during the maturing period of the orchards. Administration and storage buildings, shops, staff quarters, and equipment and vehicles would be provided under the project (Annex 2, Tables 3 and 7). The remaining 600 ac (net) of the uplands are privately held and also would be planted principally to orchards. The project would provide piped-irrigated facilities to all orchard farms. It is expected that about 250 orchards held by about 370 families would be established. The State Farm would provide storage facilities as a central depot for private holders. Strengthening of Implementing Agencies 3.18 Consultancy Services. During the last few years, operations of the ID have expanded rapidly. Sanctioned staff positions increased from about 6,800 in 1973 to 19,500 in 1981 and the number of major projects under implementation from 8 to 16. The budget has increased nearly seven-fold during this period and the rapid expansion has created strains within the organization. A major reorganization has been proposed including strengthen- ing of the central division, particularly Planning and Design, which have not expanded commensurately with the expansion of ID-s overall activities. Strengthening of planning and design capability is a top priority and GOB has agreed that consultancy services for this purpose be included in the proposed -15- project. A total of 76 man-months of consulting services would be provided for (a) in-house advisory services in general planning and training, (b) preparation of a second tank irrigation project, and (c) preparation of detailed designs for one major sluice structure for the proposed Lower Burma Paddyland Development Project, Phase III. Five man-months of consultancy services would also be provided to HD and Mudon TDC for review of detailed designs and tender documents for the Mudon water supply system and to assist in establishing necessary accounting, billing and collection system. 3.19 It is envisaged that the consultants provided to ID would be from an internationally reputable consulting firm and those assisting HD and Mudon TDC would be recruited individually. Draft terms of reference for the con- sultants are presented in Annex 3. Equipment to be provided (US$1.0 M) is listed in Annex 2, Table 7. Total costs of consultancy services are estimated at US$1.0 M. Average man-month cost would be about US$12,600 including billing rates, travel, per diem and other reimbursable expenses. Detailed cost estimates are shown in Annex 2, Table 5. 3.20 Training. The rapid expansion of ID (para. 3.18) has increased training needs for ID staff, especially at the assistant engineer level. The proposed consultancy services would provide on-the-job training to those staff. In addition, a total of 84 man-months of overseas training would be given to ID staff (especially Planning and Design Circle) in planning, design, implementation and management of irrigation projects. A proposed schedule for such overseas training is shown in Annex 1, Chart 7. In view of the special importance of agricultural extension for the project, a total of 42 man-months of overseas training would also be provided for subject matter specialists of AC in water management, oil seeds, cotton and horticulture. The tentative training schedule for AC staff is shown in Annex 1, Chart 7. The total cost of overseas training for ID and AC staff is estimated at US$0.4 M. Training of Mudon TDC staff in operation and maintenance of the water supply system would be organized by CC at the training center in Ran- goon, where courses in plumbing, mechanical work, electrical work and super- vision of civil works are being carried out. The CC will expand its course program to include water meter and instrument maintenance and repair. 3.21 A Short-Term Specialist for Dam Review. A Dam Specialist, as agreed with IDA, would review plans during various stages of design, perform peri- odic inspections during constructon, and provide advice to ID to ensure the safety of the dams and allied structures. The specialist currently is under contract to review the Kinda Dam in Burma and would be retained to make a review of each dam on an annual basis. Costs to the project for these serv- ices and in-country expenses total about US$20,000. An assurance was received from GOB to this effect. 3.22 Maintenance and Inspection after Construction. An assurance also would be obtained from GOB that they would propose to IDA, no later than one year before the expected completion of the dams and allied structures, appropriate arrangements to continue periodic inspections of these structures to ensure their safety and proper operation and maintenance. -16- 3.23 Agricultural Credit. The project would not provide additional funds for credit. However, farmers' credit requirements in the Kinmundaung project area would be increased to enable them to meet additional costs associated with land development, greater use of inputs and purchase of new farm equip- ment for furrow irrigation. The establishment of private orchard farms in the Azin upland areas would require special long-term credit arrangements to enable the farmers to survive the maturing periods of the orchards. Although intercropping of the planted area may provide some early returns, long-term institutional credit would be required to some degree. Total credit requirements arising from the project are estimated to be K 1.3 M p.a. for seasonal credits and K 2.9 M for long-term credits. COB has assured that the Government would make arrangements to review agricultural credit require- ments with the potential orchard farmers in the project area to arrive at adequate terms and conditions of such credit. The review would include principal amount required, interest rate, repayment and grace period, as well as method of repayment. The credit arrangements would be completed in time to allow orchard growers to receive required credit for the first planting season under the project. Status of Field Investigations, Surveys and Designs 3.24 Reservoir Storage and Irrigation Facilities. Engineering surveys, topographic mapping, geologic investigations, soils tests, land class- ification, hydrologic and runoff studies, plan formulation, and design and cost estimates were made by ID staff. Drilling explorations were continued to mid 1982 to obtain information needed for final location and detailed design of dam features and appurtenant structures. The foundation of each dam was found to be stable, and with moderate grouting the foundations and abutments should be water tight. Borrow areas were explored at both sites and an adeauate quantity of suitable fill material was located in close proximity to each dam. The height of each dam was economically determined and is near the optimal economic and technical limit. 3.25 Rainfall measurements have been made at Kinmundaung Weir since 1960, and streamflow measurements have been made since 1958. Maximum probable flood flows at the damsite for design purposes were estimated on a regional frequency basis. For Azin, metereological data from the Mudon station (about one mile from the dam site) was used for project studies. Daily water-level observations have been made since 1979 at Azin damsite and these observa- tions, correlated with recorded streamflows in the area, were used to estimate runoff at the damsite. 3.26 Design of Mudon Water-Supply System. Final Engineering Designs are being carried out between April and October 1982, with the completion of necessary field investigations and surveys scheduled prior to the onset of the monsoon rains. This is being done by HD's in-house staff with the assis- tance of engineers from the Construction Corporation (CC). Towards the end of this period tender documents will be prepared for the supply of required equipment and materials. The project provides for three man-months of con- sulting services of a water supply engineering specialist to review all detailed designs and tender documents and to advise HD's staff on completion of drawings and documents. HD has also launched a program to collect and -17- analyze water samples from the Azin river on a regular basis. As a result of this program, the quality of the raw water from the dam can be evaluated and firm criteria for the design of the filter plant established. Water Demand, Supply, and Quality (Irrigation & Urban Use) 3.27 Kinmundaung. As there are no competing water demands, the full flow of the Kinmundaung River would be available for irrigation in the Kinmundaung service area. Currently, run-of-the river flows are used to irrigate a limited portion of the area. Streamflow records or estimates at the damsite are available from 1959 to the present and estimated runoff during the 1959-81 period averaged 22,770 ac ft. Project irrigation requirements would be met from regulated releases to Kinmundaung river from the proposed reser- voir, diverted from the river to the main canals (left and right) at the existing weir about four miles downstream from the damsite. A simulated reservoir operation study (Annex 1, Table 5) was made for the twelve-year critical period to size the dam and reservoir and project service area. In the derivation of reservoir diversion requirements, river inflows were assumed to balance conveyance losses in the four-mile reach of the river from the dam to the irrigation diversion weir and an overall irrigation efficiency of about 50% (51% for paddy crops and 49% for upland crops) was used. Based on the cropping pattern and cropping calendar assumed for the 5,000 ac serv- ice area (Annex 1, Table 7 and Chart 1), the average yield of the reservoir would be about 16,750 ac ft. The annual irrigation shortage would be mini- mal, about 1% of average annual demand (a maximum of 9% in one year of the twelve-year study period). Analyses of water samples from the river shows the water to be of excellent quality for irrigation use. 3.28 Azin. Irrigation water for the Azin service area and urban water required by Mudon would be supplied from the regulated runoff of the Azin River basin provided by the proposed Azin Reservoir. Although the catchment area above the damsite is only 2.32 sq mi, the extremely heavy rainfall during the five-month rainy season (averaging 188 in per year) results in an average annual streamflow at the damsite of about 14,190 ac ft (or 13,500 ac ft if 1960-70 period of unusually high runoff period is excluded). A simu- lated reservoir operation study was made for the twelve-year (1968-79) criti- cal runoff period (Annex 1, Table 5) using the proposed cropping pattern and calendar shown in Annex 1, Table 7 and Chart 2. The study indicates that an active reservoir storage capacity of 14,100 ac ft would yield an aveage annual useable water supply of 13,235 ac ft, which could supply projected demand with only minimal shortage (less than 1%). 3.29 In the derivation of the Azin reservoir diversion requirements, water supply estimates for Mudon were based on an average per capita water use of 20 Iged for standpipe users and 40 Igcd for house connections, resulting in a year 1998 total requirement of 1880 ac-ft (14% of the total reservoir yield). In this respect, assurance was received from GOB that an average daily allocation of 1.4 IMgd and a maximum flow of 1,700 Igm would be made avail- able from Azin Reservoir for Mudon. Irrigation requirements were based on overall irrigation efficiencies of 59% for the orchard areas (utilizing concrete-lined canals and piped distribution systems) and 51% for the paddy areas. In addition to supplying the full water supply needs of Mudon to year -18- 1998, the project would provide the full irrigation requirements of the ochards (850 ac) and the paddy crop (2,000 ac) during the dry season, as well as a supplemental irrigation supply for paddy nursery and pre-irrigation during the wet season. The additional water supply requirements of Mudon beyond year 1998 levels of use would be supplied from the reservoir by exchanging some localized unused inflow from adjacent areas for irrigation use. Although only one water quality sample has been taken from the Azin stream, analyses showed it to be suitable for irrigation without treatment. Additional samples will be taken and tested to design the sedimentation and treatment facilities to be provided for the Mudon water supply under the project. Equipment and Vehicles for Construction 3.30 The project is envisaged as the first of a series of medium tank irrigation projects and would provide a significant amount of heavy construc- tion equipment and vehicles to be used initially on Kinmundaung and Azin and subsequently on other tank irrigation projects in Magwe Division and Mon State. Other equipment component, therefore, is tailored to these needs. Cost Estimates 3.31 The project is estimated to cost US$27.1 M, including import duties and taxes of US$1.32 M, reserved procurement of US$1.0 M and US$3.57 M for price escalation. Foreign exchange costs would be about US$13.1 M, or 48% of total costs. Costs were based on prices prevailing in December 1981 and were updated to July 1982 price levels. Administration and engineering costs are based on proposed organizational arrangements and operational expenses, and would amount to about 12% of construction costs. Physical contingencies were estimated at 15% of civil works costs. Price contingencies were estimated on the basis of annual inflation rates of 8% in 1982 and 1983, 7.5% in 1984, 7% in 1985, and 6% in 1986. Since about 50% of project costs would be for the purchase of equipment and vehicles in the first year of the project, price contingencies would be only about 15% of base costs, including physical contingencies. Cost estimates are detailed in Annex 2, Table I through 8. and are summarized below: -19- Summary Cost Estimate /a Item Local Foreign Total Local Foreign Total F.E ------ Kyats M ----- --- US$ M ------- % Kinmundaung Civil Works 19.4 2.6 22.0 2.70 0.36 3.06 12 Equipment & Vehicles 6.7 26.4 33.1 0.93 3.67 4.60 80 Subtotal 26.1 29.0 55.1 3.63 4.03 7.66 53 Azin Civil Works: Dam, Irrigation & Agric. Support 17.8 2.3 20.1 2.47 0.32 2.79 11 Mudon Water Supply 11.9 3.7 15.6 1.66 0.51 2.17 24 Equipment & Vehicles 8.9 31.0 39.9 1.23 4.31 5.54 78 Subtotal 38.6 37.0 75.6 5.36 5.14 10.50 49 Strengthening Imple- menting Agencies Technical Assistance & Training 0.7 9.5 10.2 0.10 1.32 1.42 93 Equipment & Vehicles 2.5 5.4 7.9 0.35 0.75 1.10 68 Subtotal 3.2 14.9 18.1 0.45 2.07 2.52 82 Engineering & Administration 10.4 - 10.4 1.44 - 1.44 0 Physical Contingencies 8.9 1.3 10.2 1.24 0.17 1.41 12 Project Base Costs 87.2 82.2 169.4 12.12 11.41 23.53 48 Price Contingencies 13.4 12.3 25.7 1.86 1.71 3.57 48 Total Project Costs 100.6 94.5 195.1 13.98 13.12 27.10 48 /a Includes duties and taxes amounting to US$1.32 M, and reserved procurement of US$1.0 M. The total costs net of duties, taxes and reserved procurement amount to US$24.78 M. Financing 3.32 The proposed IDA Credit of US$19 M would finance about 77% of total project costs, including the full foreign exchange cost of US$13.1 M and about 51% (US$5.9 M equivalent) of local costs, net of duties, taxes and reserved procurement. GOB would finance about US$8.1 M equivalent including US$1.0 M for reserved procurement. Since the Mudon Water supply facilities -20- would be constructed by CC under agreement with ID utilizing project funds, there would be no on-lending arrangement between GOB and the Mudon TDC. Implementation 3.33 The project is expected to be completed in four years (Annex 1, Charts 3-5). The remaining months in 1982 would be spent mainly in final design, and procurement of equipment and vehicles. Final designs of dams and appurtenant structures and irrigation facilities are expected to be completed by December 1982. Organizing and training staff, constructing camps and access roads, and clearing and preparing dam sites would be undertaken in early 1983. Construction of the dams and irrigation facilities is expected to start after the end of the rainy season in 1983. Dam fill would be placed in three working seasons. During the third dry season, river flows would be diverted through the outlet works while the final fill section is placed. 3.34 Construction of the canals and distribution systems is expected to start in late 1983 and be completed by June 1986. Since no project water would be available until the dams are completed and water is stored, irriga- tion water deliveries would not start until November 1986. Agricultural Extension and Research staff would be established and trained early in the program and extension facilities developed during the 1983-85 period. The estimated annual schedule of expenditures is shown in Annex 2, Table 8. 3.35 Work on the Mudon water supply component is scheduled to start in April 1983 with the tendering of equipment and materials. Actual construc- tion is scheduled to begin in November 1983 and is expected to be completed in June 1986 (Annex 1, Chart 5). During the period the reservoir is being filled (1986 monsoon), the treatment, pumping and distribution facilities would be tested prior to commencement of operations of the whole system. The Mudon TDC water supply operational staff (about 10 persons) will be required about three months prior to water diversions so that they can be trained in O&M procedures. Procurement 3.36 Materials, Equipment and Vehicles. Materials, equipment and vehicles, estimated to cost US$9.7 M including price escalation but net of taxes, duties and reserved procurement, would be financed by IDA and would be procured through ICB in accordance with IDA guidelines. However, individual items, costing less than US$30,000 and for which international tendering would not be practical, would be procured after comparing prices from not less than three independent suppliers in accordance with GOB procurement procedures acceptable to IDA. Such purchases, however, would be limited to an aggregate amount of US$400,000. A 15% preference margin, or the prevail- ing customs duty, whichever is lower, would be extended to local manufac- turers in bid evaluation under ICB procurement. Bidding documents for all procurements estimated to cost $100,000 or more and all proposed awards related thereto would be submitted to IDA for prior review. An estimated equipment procurement schedule is presented in Annex 1, Chart 6 and detailed equipment lists are included as Annex 2, Table 7. -21- 3.37 Civil Works. The dams and appurtenant structures, irrigation and drainage systems, construction camps and facilities, and land clearing (US$6.4 M) are unlikely to attract foreign contractors because of their relatively small size and diverse locations and would be carried out by ID, since no private construction industry exists in Burma. The ID has capacity and proven experience to carry out such works and has already designated construction forces for this purpose. Costs of construction are less that what would be expected under ICB. Construction of the Mudon water supply facilities (US$2.53 M) and the State Farm facilities in Azin (US$0.3 M) would be carried out by CC, which has sufficient capacity and experience in its specialized di'½sion for water supply and sanitation works, as well as general building and other construction works. Disbursements 3.38 Disbursements from the IDA credit would be made for: (a) 50% of expenditures for civil works, including the dams, irrigation and drainage systems, clearing, roads, cons- truction camps, and Mudon water supply facilities; (b) 100% of foreign expenditures for directly imported equip- ment, vehicles and spare parts; (c) 100% of local expenditures (ex-factory) for locally manu- factured equipment; (d) 75% of locally procured equipment; and (e) 100% of expenditures for consulting services and overseas training of staff. Disbursements for item (a) would be made against statements of expenditure, documentation for which would be retained by the implementing agencies for review by IDA upon request and audited annually by an independent auditor acceptable to IDA. All other disbursements would be made against full documentation. The ID would be responsible for preparation, review and submission of all applications for disbursement to IDA on irrigation works and on Mudon Town Water Supply works. The proposed allocation of the IDA Credit is shown in Annex 2, Table 9. The estimated credit disbursement schedule is shown as Annex 2, Table 10. It is expected that disbursements would be completed by mid 1988. Experience on past IDA-financed irrigation projects in Burma shows relatively quick disbursement profile. Disbursements are estimated to lag expenditure projections by about one year. Budgeting, Accounts and Audit 3.39 All GOB agencies maintain accounts according to procedures and forms established by the MPF. The Central Audit and Inspection Office, acting on behalf of the Council of People's Inspectors, is responsible for auditing GOB agency accounts and is acceptable to IDA as an independent auditor for -22- this project. The audit of accounts for the Mudon Water Supply component would be carried out by the Township Audit Office. Assurances were obtained from GOB that: (a) Separate accounts for each project component would be main- tained by respective implementing agencies and collated by the Project Implementation Committee (PIC) (para 4.09); (b) these accounts would be audited annually in accordance with sound auditing principles consistently applied by the Director General, Central Accounts Office, acting on behalf of the Council of the People's Inspectors of GOB; and (c) PIC would send to IDA copies of the summary of the unaudited annual project accounts within four months after the end of the fiscal year, followed by certified copies of the audited accounts and auditor's report within nine months of the end of each fiscal year. IV. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT Implementation Responsibility 4.01 The following Ministries and agencies would be responsible for implementing the various components of the project, however the Ministry of Agriculture and Forests (MAF) would have overall responsibility for project implementation. Agency Ministry (a) Irrigation Department (ID) Ministry of Agriculture and Forests (b) Agricultural Corporation (AC) -do- (c) Agricultural Mechanization Department (AMD) -do- (d) Mudon Township Development Ministry of Home and Religious Committee (MTDC) Affairs (General Affairs Dept.) (e) Housing Department (HD) Ministry of Construction (f) Construction Corporation (CC) -do- In addition, the Planning and Statistics Department of MAF and the General Affairs Department (GAD) of the Ministry of Home and Religious Affairs, as well as the Ministry of Planning and Finance, would be directly involved with -23- implementing agencies in project coordination and management, while the Agricultural and Farm Products Corporation (AFPTC), and Myama Agricultural Bank (MAB) would be indirectly involved with project implementation. 4.02 The Irrigation Department (ID) would have overall responsibility for project implementation and would be specifically responsible for: (a) construction of the dams and allied structures, including intake and outlet structures for the Mudon water supply; (b) construction/rehabilitation of the Main Canals and irrigation distribution systems; (c) construction of access roads, O&M buildings and camp sites; and (d) procurement of equipment and material for construction and O&M. A new Division would be established in the ID to assume responsibility for project construction management. A Project Director (Superintending Engineer), would be appointed, stationed in Rangoon, to head this Division, who would oversee the activities of the Project Managers stationed at Kinmundaung and Azin (Annex 6, Chart 1). 4.03 The Kinmundaung and Azin project offices would each be headed by a Project Manager (Executive Engineer) and staffed with a Geologic Investiga- tions Unit for explorations and foundation treatment, a Field Construction Unit for project layout and force account construction, a Mechanical Unit for equipment operation and maintenance, and an Engineering Design Unit. The last would be responsible for designs, laboratory analyses, construction quality control, and quantity and cost computations. Each unit would be headed by an Assistant Executive Engineer. 4.04 A moderate increase in ID staff would be necessary to implement the proposed project successfully within the scheduled time period. Staff assigned to the project would total about 680, including the Superintending Engineer, three Executive Engineers, eight Assistant Executive Engineers, and 16 Assistant Engineers. Most of these positions would be filled by transfers or promotions within ID from other projects completed or nearing completion. The appointment of the Project Director and the Project Managers for Kinun- daung and Azin by the ID are conditions of credit effectiveness. 4.05 The Agricultural Corporation (AC) would be responsible for (a) strengthening extension services in the project sub-areas, (b) establishing a new research-cum-training farm in the Kinmundaung area and strengthening the two existing farms near Mudon, (c) establishing a State Orchard Farm in Azin, and (d) monitoring and evaluating the agricultural aspects of the project. The AC would provide research support, intensify extension activities, conduct training of area farmers at research/training farms, and supply seeds, fertilizers and other inputs to project farmers. The AC's extension organization in both Taungdwingyi and Mudon Townships are headed by Township Extension Managers. For the proposed project, however, AC would appoint a Project Extension Manager (PEM) for each subproject, who would report directly to the Division/State Extension Manager. The extension organization to be provided would be as shown in Annex 6, Chart 3. 4.06 Monitoring and evaluation of agricultural aspects would be carried out by the Project Monitoring and Evaluation Unit under the Foreign Projects Division in the AC Head Office in Rangoon, or other appropriate unit (paras 4.13-4.15). -24- 4.07 The Agricultural Mechanization Department (AMD) would be principally responsible for land clearing and levelling in the project command areas (about 10% of the Kinmundaung proiect area and part of the 850-ac orchard area in Azin). 4.08 The Construction Corporation (CC) would be responsible for construct- ing both the Mudon water supply facilities and the Agricultural Research Farm at Azin under agreement with ID. The Huusing Department (HD) would plan, layout and design the water supply facilities. These organizations have specialized divisions for planning, design and construction of town water supply facilities and no extra staff would be required. In early 1986 the Mudon TDC would appoint ten staff during the final construction stages for training in O&M of the new facilities. The General Affairs Department (GAD) would be kept informed and consulted on the Mudotn water supply component at all times during its construction. The project organization for this com- ponent is shown in Annex 6, Chart 4e Project Management and Coordination 4.09 To coordinate work of the various implementing agencies, a Project Implementation Committee (PIC) would be formed in MAF similar to the PICs for the Lower Burma Paddy Land Development Projects I and II and Kinda Dam Multi- purpose Project. The PIC, chaired by the Deputy Minister of MAF, would be composed of the heads of the implementing and related supporting agencies (Annex 6, Chart 1). The Project Director would serve as member-secretary of FIC. The PIC would be responsible for: (a) administering, reviewing and approving annual work programs and budgets; (b) reviewing quarterly progress reports; (c) establishing inter-ministerial project-related policies and solving inter-ministerial problems; and (d) conferring with IDA on all project-related policy matters. Operation and Maintenance 4.10 O&M of Dams and Irrigation Facilities. After completion of construc- tion, responsibility for operation and maintenance of the dams and irrigation facilities would be transferred to separate maintenance divisions of ID. A review of the completed works would be made before transfer to ensure that the facilities are properly completed and are operational. The O&M Unit for Kinmundaung would be formed under the Magwe District Headquarters section of the ID's Meiktila Maintenance Division. The Azin O&M Unit would be under the Moulmein District Headquarters of the Rangoon Maintenance Division. Each Unit would be headed by an Assistant Engineer. Details of the O&M organiza- tions to be established are showrn in Annex 6, Chart 2. Equipment and vehicles required by the various O&M units would be provided by the project. 4.11 The O&M Units would operate and maintain the dams and irrigation facilities down through the distributary canals. Water courses and field ditches would be operated and maintained by the water users under the direc- tion of the Assistant Canal Inspector. Water would generally be available full time in the distributary canals, and deliveries would be rotated in the water courses and field ditches. The Canal Inspector would check the crops -25- grown, time of planting and harvesting, and irrigation practices. These activities would be coordinated with the project Agricultural Extension Service. O&M of project facilities is estimated to cost Kyats 36-43 per ac annually (Annex 2, Table 6). 4.12 O&M of the Mudon Water Supply. After completion of all project works, the Mudon TDC would take over responsibility for O&M during the test-run period. This transfer would be coordinated by PIC. The project would provide two field vehicles for maintenance crews, as well as necessary equipment and handtools. During the test-run period, the maintenance crews would begin installation of house connections, so that about 1,700 house connections would be in place when full-scale operations begin in November 1986. In 1986 and early 1987, during the last construction years, a finan- cial consultant, provided under the project, would train the finance staff of the Mudon TDC in appropriate public utility accounting, billing and collec- tion and help TDC to install the necessary accounting system. Monitoring and Evaluation 4.13 Monitoring and evaluation efforts would be directed to determining project implementation problems and progress and to assessing the agricul- tural and socio-economic impacts of the project. The monitoring program would evaluate (i) overall project implementation; (ii) establishment and functioning of the applied research-cum-demonstration farms and the State Orchard Farm; (iii) water management activities and effectiveness; (iv) agricultural extension progress and effectiveness; (v) agricultural and socio-economic impact of the project; and (vi) project implementation aspects applicable to planning and implementation of future tank schemes. 4.14 Agricultural surveys would be required to provide a consistent data base for monitoring agricultural development. An assurance was obtained from GOB that the Project Monitoring and Evaluation Unit (PMEU) of AC or other suitable unit would conduct benchmark surveys at two years intervals begin- ning January 1984 and ending January 1992, covering inter alia, cropped areas, yields, use of farm inputs, and project related changes in area, employment opportunities and in farm and family incomes. An assurance was also received that AC would submit its monitoring proposal to IDA by June 30, 1983. 4.15 For Kinmundaung, investigations would be conducted to determine system water-use efficiencies and the reliability and equitability of water deliveries. In Azin, the suitability of alternative irrigation systems for orchard crops would be investigated. Although studies would be initiated after the project construction is completed, they would be of considerable value to the success of future schemes. During the initial years of orchard establishment in the Azin project area, regular surveys would be conducted to determine the adequacy of credit and seedling and other input supply. Once fruit orchards mature (6-9 years after project completion), transport and marketing aspects would be continuously monitored by AC. -26- V. PRODUCTION, MARKETING, FARM INCOMES AND COST RECOVERY Agricultural Development With the Project 5.01 The proposed Kinmundaung subproject would provide supplemental irrigation for wet season crops in the full service area and full irrigation of a limited area during dry season. Special efforts would be made to better utilize available rainfall. The cropping intensity is expected to increase from about 85% to about 150% in the project area within a few years of com- pletion of project facilities. While paddy would be the most important crop, cotton, groundnut, sunflower and sesame also would be cultivated. For the financial and economic analyses, the crop mix shown in Annex 1, Table 7 has been used with the associated crop calendar in Annex 1, Chart 1. 5.02 In Kinmundaung, the area under paddy during the wet season would change from about 2,500 ac of primarily local paddy at present to 500 ac of local paddy and 2,500 ac of HYV paddy. In the higher lying lands (about 2,000 ac), the current crops (sesame, maize and beans) are expected to be replaced by LS cotton, sesame, and sunflower. Depending upon water availability, groundnut also would be grown during the dry season. Actual achievement of this cropping pattern would be dependent upon successful implementation of the water management and extension programs. More reliable and expanded water supplies, introduction of HYVs, greater use of inputs, and improved cultural practices are expected to result in significantly higher yields. Local paddy variety yields are expected to double (0.4 to 0.8 tons/ac) and HYV paddy to treble (0.6 to 1.7 tons/ac). 5.03 In Azin (Annex 1, Table 7 and Chart 2), the existing paddy area is ideally suited for a second paddy crop, and the future cropping intensity with the project is expected to reach about 200%. In addition, the upland areas would be planted to fruit trees and intercropped with bananas, pineap- ples, and vegetables until the main orchard crops mature. In the monsoon season, paddy yields are expected to increase as a result of improved drainage, more effective extension, and intensified use of inputs. The average yield of local paddy varieties is expected to increase from 0.8 to 1.0 tons/ac and HYV paddy yields from 0.9 to 1.5 tons/ac. Dry season HYV paddy would average about 1.8 tons/ac. Expected yields of fruit trees and other crops in the upland area are based on results obtained in similar areas under high levels of management, input availability and dependable irrigation (Annex 1, Table 7). Agricultural Development Without the Project 5.04 Without the project, cropped areas and cropping patterns are expected to remain broadly constant in both subproject areas. Although in Kinmundaung some yield increases could result from continued progress of the Whole Town- ship Extension Program, such increases might well be off-set by further deterioration of the run-of-the-river irrigation system, resulting in more unreliable water supplies and discouraging use of higher levels of inputs. Thus, only marginal yield increases have been assumed without the project for local paddy and other rainfed crops such as sesame, maize, beans, and -27- sunflower, whereas HYV paddy yields under irrigation have been estimated to rise by about 15%. For Azin, no development of the upland area is expected without the project, whereas paddy yields in the river delta have been estimated to increase slightly, primarily due to progressive adoption of improved practices and higher use of fertilizer. However, inadequate drainage in much of the low lying areas mitigates against significant increases beyond these levels without the project. Overall Agricultural Impact 5.05 Annex 1, Table 7 summarizes expected overall agricultural impact of both schemes under the project. At full development cropping intensities would almost double for both subprojects. Incremental paddy production would total about 8,100 tons p.a. and the value of cash crops is expected to total about K 8.8 M per year on average especially through introduction of LS cotton in Kinmundaung and new orchard establishment in Azin. Marketing and Pricing of Project Output 5.06 Paddy. Projected incremental paddy production is estimated at 3,900 and 4,200 tons at full development for the Kinmundaung and Azin areas, respectively. Part of this production would be marketed through AFPTC. Since 1975, AFPTC has procured about one third of national paddy production. Incremental paddy production from the two subproject areas would enhance rice exports marginally. Moreover, the quantity of rice currently shipped by GOB from Lower Burma to alleviate deficits in the Kinmundaung area would be decreased, thereby releasing rice from GOB stocks for export. Currently, official movement of rice within the country totals 1.8 M tons, of which roughly 63% represents internal consumption supplies. 5.07 After meeting government procurement quotas, farmers are permitted to sell any remaining surplus, at open market prices. Depending on quality, market prices are about 50-100% higher than GOB-controlled prices, the largest difference being in rice-deficit regions. Nevertheless, market prices are still only about 35-50% of international market prices after adjustment for domestic transport, handling, and processing costs. 5.08 In the Kinmundaung area, paddy is milled in Taundwingyi Township at the AFPTC-owned rice mill or at private establishments. Their combined capacity is about 40 tons per day, but at present they operate for only a few months annually. In the Azin area, milling is done almost exclusively by private millers; their capacity is considered adequate for anticipated addi- tional output. GOB-procured paddy is milled at the rate of K 26 per ton of milled rice. The rate charged by private millers is about 50% higher. 5.09 Seed Cotton. Officially, TexCorp procures 100% of all medium-staple cotton production (estimated to be 18,000 tons in 1980/81) and processes it to supply lint to its textile mills. Farmers purchase seed and other material inputs from AC, financing these and other cultivation costs by advance purchase payments from TexCorp. TexCorp is also responsible for cotton ginning, by-product processing, baling, lint marketing, and yarn and textile manufacture. By-product cottonseed is either allocated for AC seed -28- sales or is processed for oil and seedcake. Cake is exported through AFPTC, while cottonseed oil is distributed internally as cooking oil and for soap manufacture. Incremental cotton products from the Kinmundaung subproject (estimatd at 750 tons p.a. at full development) would be processed at the ginning, baling and oil extraction factory at Aung Lan, about 60 mi away. This factory currently operates below capacity for lack of raw materials. 5.10 Incremental cotton production would augment TexCorp's total procure- ment of LS cotton by about 4%, thus reducing imports by an equivalent quan- tity. Currently, cotton imports (yarn, thread and fibre) account for about 7% of total value of non-capital imports. Between 1974-76, the procurement price of LS seedcotton was increased twice. At K 4,278 per ton, the current TexCorp price is double the 1974 price; nevertheless, it is still about 20% below the corresponding farm-gate price based on international levels. Small quantities of cotton are reportedly being traded in the private sector at twice the government price, however GOB considers this acceptable to provide incentives to growers. 5.11 Other Annual Crops. Under guidance by the Ministry of Cooperatives, township cooperatives are heavily involved in the procurement of cottonseed, groundnuts, sesame and sunflower for vegetable oil. From 20 to 50% of these oilseeds, depending on the crop, are procured, milled and retailed by cooperatives. Almost equal amounts are procured, processed and marketed by private entrepreneurs. The remainder is kept for home consumption and milled by private millers. Open market prices are 30 to 50% higher than those offered by cooperatives. Although at full development oilseed production would increase almost seventeen fold over the present production level, demand is high and the public and private processing and marketing facilities are expected to expand accordingly. Production of groundnut and other oil- seeds is currently encouraged to reduce the economy's dependence on foreign supplies of vegetable oils. Between 1976-79, average annual import of these was valued at about US$1OOM. At present, the domestic oilseed market is free from government control, and production is not subject to Government procure- ment. Maize, beans and pulses are produced in the country mostly for domes- tic consumption, but a small amount is also exported through AFPTC. The government procures about 17% of maize production and 13% of beans and pulses. After procurement, any remaining marketable surplus is traded privately. For most pulses, procurement prices are about 45% of free market levels. 5.12 Orchard Crops (Azin). Mudon Township currently produces about 1,350 tons of fruit, all of which is marketed privately, mostly in fresh form. Fruits reach consumers mainly through two channels: (a) from the farmers themselves, who harvest, grade, store, transport and retail their products; and (b) through traders who purchase the fruit from the farmers and then grade and market the products. As a result of the project, incremental production of orchard crops would reach about 7,450 tons by year 2000 and intercrops (bananas and pineapples) about 3,300 tons by 1991. The bulk of the incremental production is expected to be marketed privately. The private growers would be given access to storage and transport facilities provided for the State Orchard Farm. The private farmers who obtain credit from MAB would be expected to sell their products at the State Farm, at which point -29- MAB would recover loans. Incremental production can be absorbed fully by nearby urban centers (Mudon, Moulmein, and Rangoon). The Azin orchard scheme could stimulate export promotion in potential markets like Singapore, Hong Kong, and Japan. The success of this scheme depends mainly on efficient marketing channels. GOB is planning to conduct a marketing and storage study for fruits and vegetables to determine future local and export needs for these facilities. Farm Income 5.13 Non-orchard Farms. Farm budgets have been estimated for five-ac non-orchard farms in the Kinmundaung and Azin subproject areas. The estimated farm budgets in Table 5.01 show a summary of present conditions and projected development with and without project. Details of the farm budget estimates are provided in Annex 4, Tables 2a and 2b. Corresponding cropping patterns and physical inputs and output quantities are shown in Annex 1, Tables 7 and 8. These quantities have been valued at estimated 1990 finan- cial prices in 1982 constant kyats as specified in Annex 4, Table 1. Table 5.01 Present and Projected Net Farm Family Incomes (Non-Orchard Farms) Project Future Future Related Present Without With Increase Farm Type (Acres) P W W ((W-W)/W) -------- Kyats '000s---------------- Kinmundaung Annual Crops 5 1.3 1.4 8.1 486% Azin Annual Crops 5 3.7 3.9 7.1 81% 5.14 As a result of the Kinmundaung subproject, average net family income at full development (year 15) is projected to be narly five times the level expected without the project. This dramatic difference is accounted for by increases in cropping intensity and productivity, as well as changes in cropping pattern. In particular, with an assured water supply, farmers would be able to plant substantial proportions of their land to high value crops such as cotton and oilseeds. Indeed, on the average farm, total revenue from cotton and groundnut cultivation would account for about 50% of projected cash inflow from crop production. 5.15 Assuming with-project yields and input requirements, net benefit to HYV paddy cultivation would be about K 710/ac, assuming roughly one-third of -30- production would be procured at the government price. 1/ Net benefits from oilseed cultivation is about K 900/ac (sesame and groundnut). For cotton, the corresponding long-term figure is K 2,070/ac. These calculations indi- cate that pecuniary incentives implied by existing price conditions are sufficient to induce a high level of farmer participation in the new cropping pattern proposed in the subproject. 2/ At full development (1990), the Azin (paddy area) subproject would increase net income by about 80% over without project levels. This increase is largely attributable to a two-fold increase in cropping intensity made possible with irrigation. Although income from off-season work would diminish, the reduction would be more than compensated by increased income from agricultural production. As in Kinmundaung, part of the paddy production is procured at GOB-controlled prices, implying a net benefit 3/ to HYV dry season paddy cultivation of about K 760/ac. Although this return is comparable with the corresponding amount for Kinmundaung, net farm family income at full development is lower in Azin because crop options are limited to paddy only, whereas farmers in the Kinmundaung area can plant higher-value crops such as cotton and oilseeds. 5.16 Orchard Farms. A Farm budget was estimated for a four ac-farm for the privately-held Azin orchard farms (Annex 4, Table 2c). The assumed cropping pattern, production requirements and yields are shown in Annex 1, Tables 7 and 8. Due to the long maturing periods of main crops, the average orchard-farm family would have a negative net farm income before financing during the first year of establishment even with the cultivation of inter- crops. A significant amount of long-term credit would be necessary to reduce the initial burden of the farmers. However, once past the initial critical period of about seven years, family income would dramatically increase and, at full development (about 20 years after settlement), average net family incomes would be well over ten times the estimated current level of incomes of participating private farmers. 5.17 The Horticulture/Vegetables Section (HVS) of AC, which would be responsible for the operation of the State Orchard Farm, is operated as a government department. As such, all revenues are paid over to GOB and both capital and operating expenses are met from GOB budgetary allocations. Annex 2, Table 2d, shows incremental costs of establishing the State Farm, and the financial cash flow of HVS. The cash flow shows a net outflow for HVS of about K 4.8 M during Year 3 to 5. From Year 6 onward, however, the project would result in an annual net inflow to HVS increasing from K 0.1 M in Year 6 and reaching K 4.2 M by Year 20. 1/ In computing farm incomes, compulsory paddy quotas were valued at the GOB-controlled price and the balance of paddy production was valued at the local free market price. Net benefit is before excluding cost of labor. 2/ Assuming labor requirements given in Annex 1, Table 8, the implicit wage to family labor is as follows: HYV paddy K 14.2/md; sesame K 27.3/md; groundnut K 19.1/md; and cotton K 40.5/md. 3/ Before excluding cost of labor. -31- Agricultural Cost Recovery 5.18 Unlike many other countries in Asia, Burma presents a unique case in irrigation cost recovery. By setting unusually low procurement prices, GOB recovers not only the full cost of O&M but also a bulk of capital costs. Cost recovery was analyzed from two perspectives. In Case I, nominal GOB official supply and procurement prices increase by the projected inflation rate, 6% p.a. (1983-1995), so that these prices are maintained in real terms. In Case II, nominal prices are kept constant to reflect GOB's traditional aversion to price adjustments. This policy implies that real prices deteriorate at 6% p.a. Cost recovery under Cases I and II for both sub- projects are summarized in Annex 4, Table 3. 5.19 Costs to GOB have been estimated in terms of present values (PV) 1/ over the 30-year project life of: (a) total capital costs (excluding price contingencies, taxes, and duties), (b) recurrent O&M equipment replacement expenses, and (c) subsidies on incremental fertilizer inputs based on dif- ferences between international prices and GOB-controlled prices. 5.20 Recoveries by GOB have been estimated in terms of PVs of GOB compul- sory procurement of paddy and cotton and land taxation. The compulsory paddy procurement system imposes an implicit tax on paddy growers that increases progressively with farm size and yields, and provides a significant cost recovery source. This amount has been estimated as the difference between the projected export price of rice and GOB's procurement price plus process- ing, storage and transport costs. GOB's compulsory purchase of incremental seed cotton production in the Kinmundaung subproject area provides a similar cost recovery mechanism. This was calculated as the difference between GOB's purchase price and the weighted average of projected border prices of cotton- seed oil, lint (import substitutes), and cottonseed cake (export), appropriately adjusted for processing, storage and transport costs. 5.21 Depending on land quality and the availability of irrigation/drainage infrastructure, farmers in project areas currently pay land taxes of K 0.50/ac for poor quality dryland, K 3.50/ac for irrigated paddyland, K 6.0/ac for fertile flood banks planted to onions, and K 12.0/ac for some garden lands. Anticipating standard tax reassessment by the Settlement and Land Record Department (SLRD), incremental tax revenues in project areas would be generated through increases in land taxes, conservatively estimated to average about K 2/ac p.a. in nominal terms beginning in Year 10. In addition to land taxes, a new Water and Irrigation Tax Law was enacted by the Pyithu Hluttaw (Peoples' Assembly) in March 1982. Under this law, any cultivated land supplied with water by irrigation works built and maintained by the State will be subject to an annual tax of K 10 per ac. 1/ A discount rate of 8% p.a. was assumed to be the financial opportunity cost of capital to GOB. Capital costs are net of residual value of con- struction equipment, and include physical contingency costs. -32- 5.22 Cost recovery rates corresponding to Cases I and II are 47% and 71% for Kinmundaung and 37% and 44% for Azin, respectively. In actuality, these rates would likely fall betwen Cases I and II. Although any price adjust- ments would increase GOB's initial outlay, this may be offset by increased procurement if production proves sufficiently price-elastic. Additional cost recovery revenues could be generated through future increase of water charges but the present system of paddy and cotton procurement already imposes a substantial tax on farmers, and further levies could lower overall recovery rates by reducing farmers- production incentives. 5.23 Rent recovery rates at full development are over 100% for Kindmaun- daung and 200% for Azin paddy land, mainly through the indirect agricultural taxation by official procurement. Rent recovery for the Azin orchard is nil because there would be no official procurement of orchard produce and the currently envisaged land and water taxes cover only a fraction of the project rent. The small rent recovery for orchard, however, is justified since it would give an incentive to private farmers to enter into new ventures with high risks. Financial Aspects of Mudon Water Supply 5.24 General. Since Mudon does not have a public water supply at present, there is no specific basis on which to build a financial analysis based on historic data. In order to get an appreciation of the results of the first six years of project operation (1986/87-1991/92), the normal recurrent cost of a water supply project of this magnitude has been extrapolated using the expected price escalation for the future years to arrive at current annual price levels (Annex 5, Table 3). 5.25 Revenues from Sales of Water. Proposed tariff levels have been deter- mined considering: (a) affordability based on annual family income; and (b) maximum possible cost recovery and minimizing of subsidy needs. The affor- dability has been estimated as a percentage of family income. No recent information is available on income representing the absolute poverty level in Burma. However, there is every indication that the abosolute poverty point is not higher than an annual family income of K 2,400. With a minimum reported family income level of K 2,500 per year (at 1982 price level) a "life line" tariff does not have to be taken into account in Mudon. 5.26 It has been assumed that families with annual income ranging from K 2,500 (lowest reported family income at 1982 price levels) to K 4,000 (overall median family income) would use water supplied predominantly through standposts. The cost for this water consumption should not exceed 2% of the lowest family income at 1988 price levels (K 3,350 per year - K 2,500 plus 5% p.a. for escalation), assuring the lowest possible tariff for the compara- tively poorest segment of the Mudon population. The resulting tariff would be K 0.59 (US cents 8.2) per m3. 5.27 House connections would be provided for those families with incomes ranging from K 4,000 (overall median family income) to about K 30,000 p.a. (at 1982 price level). For those families with income higher than K 4,000, -33- the annual outlay for water would amount to about 4% of the group-s average income. The resulting tariff would be K 1.86 (US cents 26) per m3. 5.28 On average, the revenues from sales of water (current prices) are expected to increase from K 1.17 (US cents 16) per m3 in FY1987/88 to K 1.30 in FY1991/92 (US cents 13). The increase is mainly due to an increasing proportion of house connections. Based on 1982 constant price levels, those revenues would be K 0.92 (US cents 12.8) per m3. These are similar to prevailing tariffs in South Asia. Furthermore, family income in Mudon is higher than in most developing countries and it is therefore likely that the population would be willing to pay for water at the indicated price level. 5.29 Capital and Recurrent Costs of Water Supply. The assumptions under- lying the cost calculation as well as the results are shown in detail in Annex 5. For the purpose of financial analyses, allocation of the joint costs of the Azin dam and appurtenent structures to the irrigation and water supply sectors has been made on the basis of water allocation (14% for the water supply component) (para 6.08). Agreement was reached with GOB that the financial allocation of the capital cost of the Azin Dam to the Mudon water supply component would be determined by GOB and IDA upon project com- pletion. 5.30 Financial Outlook. Under the assumptions described above, revenues are expected to cover annual costs plus depreciation throughout the projected period. Rates of return of up to 1.6% on non-revalued net fixed assets in operation are likely to be achieved. In order to achieve and maintain a reasonable financial position of the water supply activities in Mudon, agree- ments have been reached with GOB to permit the Mudon TDC to set tariffs at levels to cover the cost of operation, maintenance, administration and depreciation of the Mudon water supply facilities,as well as depreciation of the allocated portion of the Azin dam capital cost. VI. BENEFITS, JUSTIFICATION AND RISKS Overall Impact 6.01 Agriculture. The project would enable more intensive agricultural development through construction of two medium tank irrigation schemes in areas where agriculture is currently dependent upon scarce or unevenly dis- tributed rainfall and run-of-the river diversions. The project would ensure farmers a more stable irrigation supply, resulting in increased crop produc- tion and higher and more regular farm family incomes and employment. It would assist GOB-s efforts toward crop diversification, improve Burma's balance of payments, and reduce the regional imbalance in development activities. 6.02 Mudon Water Supply. Mudon lacks an adequate and safe drinking water supply, which limits its further growth and economic development. Health conditions can be expected to worsen as the population increases. The proposed Azin Dam would provide a technically feasible, economically viable, -34- and long term solution for development of a public water supply through provision of 1.4 IMgd of safe drinking water. Employment Effects 6.03 The Kinmundaung subproject would increase annual farm labor requirements from about 120,000 mandays at present to about 400,000 mandays p.a. at full development (Year 15). Currently, family labor on most farms exceeds on-farm requirements because of low cropping intensities, and off-farm employment opportunities are limited. The project would alleviate these conditions by significantly increasing cropping intensities on most farms. Annual employment on paddy farms in the Azin subproject area would increase from 61,000 mandays currently to about 179,000 mandays at full development (Year 7), mainly in the dry season during which little farming activity goes on at present. Farmers' dependence on off-season work in nearby urban centers would be substantially reduced. Additional employment of about 158,000 mandays annually would be created during the first six years of orchard establishment; thereafter, annual labor requirements would be around 86,000 mandays. In all cases, employment in processing, distribution and transport sectors would also be increased. This anticipated growth in labor requirements would be sufficiently met in all cases by seasonal migra- tion from surrounding townships and through the projected increase in the labor force in the project areas by full development. Household Income Effects from Irrigation 6.04 Current per capita incomes in the Kinmundaung area are low (less than K 300), principally due to the absence of an assured irrigation water supply. Subsistance agricultural conditions are likely to persist in the absence of the project, since little change is anticipated in the Kinmundaung economy without it. With the project, about 40% of the population would be expected to attain income levels above the current national average (US$180 per capita). Cotton growers would benefit relatively more than paddy growers in comparable farm size categories. 6.05 Current per capita incomes of paddy farmers in the Azin area (about K 730) are higher than levels prevailing in the Kinmundaung command area. The project is expected to result in significant increases in farm family incomes in this area. At full development, per capita incomes of about 70% of the project area population would exceed the national average. The cur- rent incomes of the participating orchard farmers are similar to those of the paddy farmers. However once past the critical period of orchard estab- lishment (about 7 years), even the smaller farms (2 ac) would surpass the national per capita income average and later attain considerably higher incomes. Direct Foreign Exchange Effects 6.06 The direct foreign exchange impact of the project has been assessed by comparing the gross foreign exchange value of incremental production of tradables with incremental recurrent foreign exchange costs for traded -35- agricultural inputs and those for replacement of O&M equipment incurred. The following table summarizes foreign exchange effects at full development: Kinmundaung Azin ---------US$…----- Increased Production of Tradables 1.50 M 0.90 M Incremental Foreign Exchange Costs 0.15 M 0.15 M Net Effects 1.35 M 0.75 M Environmental Effects 6.07 The project is not expected to result in adverse environmental effects. Although malaria is one of the few water-related diseases found in Burma, the project is not expected to aggravate existing conditions. In addition to an intensified extension program which would stress increased plant protection measures, training in the safe application of insecticides and herbicides would be given. On the positive side, the project would result in reduced flooding and improved drainage of lands within the command area and provide a safe and secure water supply for Mudon, resulting in environmental and public health enhancement in these areas. Sanitation would be improved in Mudon under GOB's environmental health program. The project would also provide a firm water supply to two existing fish hatcheries in the lowland command area of the Azin subproject to facilitate their operation. In addition, both reservoirs constructed under the project would have sig- nificant fish production potential. Benefits to the Economy and Economic Analyses 6.08 The Burmese economy would realize an overall economic rate of return (ERR) from total project investments, inclusive of physical contingencies, of about 13%. The following summarizes ERRs and NPWs from each project com- ponent and from the total project: ERR NPW /a (K M) NPW /a (US$) Kinmundaung 13.6 16.6 2.31 Azin 12.3 17.6 2.44 Project Total 12.8 34.2 4.75 /a Discounted at opportunity cost of capital (OCC) of 10%. The economic cash flows for the subprojects are summarized in Annex 4, Table 4. For the Azin multi-purpose subproject, NPWs were also estimated for single-purpose options. The results show that through implementation of the multi-purpose project, significantly lower economic costs would be incurred to achieve anticipated output levels than were separate irrigation and water supply projects undertaken. -36- 6.09 The following assumptions have been used for the economic analyses: (a) Project Life and Phasing. The project life has been assumed to be 30 years including a four year construction period. Project benefits would start in Year 5 (1987). Agricultural benefits would reach full development in Year 15 for Kinmundaung, Year 7 for the Azin paddy area, and Year 21 for the Azin orchard area. (b) Prices. For internationally traded goods, prices were based on the IBRD-projected world market prices expressed in mid- 1982 currency values. 1/ Appropriate adjustments were made for freight, handling, processing, and quality differences. Local costs and locally valued benefits were expressed in border kyats through application of appropriate conversion factors, principally a Standard Conversion Factor (SCF) of 0.80. Year-specific prices were used for inputs and outputs over the 1983-1995 period, after which real prices were assumed to remain unchanged. Shadow wage rates of farm labor during slack and peak periods were estimated to approximate respective financial wages. However, during the intermediate period, shadow wage rates were estimated at 70% of financial wages in Kinmundaung and 80% in Azin. Economic wages were derived by adjusting weighted shadow wage rates in these periods with SCF of 0.8 (Annex 4, Table 1). (c) Benefits. Incremental crop benefits were based on most prob- able yields attainable with project investments with assumed build-up rates (paras 5.01-5.04). Town water benefits were based on the estimated value of the consumers' willingness to pay for safe drinking water. The estimates were based on weighted averages of the proposed tariff (for ten months a year) and the price of domestic water that Mudon residents are currently purchasing from private suppliers during the dryest period (for two months a year at K 4.0 per drum of 48 Ig or K 18.0 per m3). (d) Capital Costs. For calculating economic capital costs, taxes and duties were excluded and were expressed on border bases. The project provides a significant amount of construction equipment for this project, which can be used to develop subsequent tank irrigation schemes. Residual values were determined for this equipment. For the capital costs of the Azin subproject, the cost allocation between the irrigation and Mudon water supply components was based on the water 1/ Projections by the Commodity and Export Projections Division, IBRD in June 1982. These projected prices of agricultural commodities are sig- nificantly lower than those available at the time of appraisal. -37- supply allocation (86% for agriculture and 14% for the Mudon water supply). (e) Crop Production Costs. Per ac input requirements assumed are summarized in Annex 1, Table 8. Adjustments were made in crop production cost streams to reflect realistically the staggered incurrence of costs and bebefits in agricultural activities. (f) Other Project Effects. The following minor or non-quantifiable effects have been omitted from the economic analysis: (i) incremental employment generated from commodity processing, handling, transport, and marketing. (ii) improved sanitation, reduced health care costs and improved labor productivity. (iii) relieving manpower input (mainly by women) for productive functions such as family-based industrial activities due to saved labor for carrying domestic water. (iv) demonstration effects to farmers outside the project areas; and (v) remaining extractable timber and residual wood usable for fuel. Project Risks and Sensitivity Tests 6.10 The Kinmundaung subproject would introduce furrow irrigation in areas planted to upland crops. This type of irrigation is not currently practiced in the area. Furthermore, in some years, LS cotton, which is new to the area, has experienced heavy losses due to bollworm. To mitigate this problem, the project would, inter alia, (a) establish a research-cum-training farm and demonstration plots to provide essential extension and research services to the farmers; (b) provide sprayers and chemicals for pest control; and (c) limit cotton cultivation to only one season and encourage proper post-harvest field sanitation. These efforts, together with further experience to be gained from Agricultural Research Institute in Yezin and the IDA-financed Kinda Dam Multipurpose Project, are expected to reduce project risk considerably. 6.11 The agricultural component of the Azin subproject would be economi- cally viable even if limited to paddy/paddy rotation (estimated ERR 13.8%). However reflecting GOB's desire for crop diversification, the subproject inclues 850 ac of orchard in the upland areas, which would enhance subproject viability. Irrigated orchard schemes, however, have a higher degree of risk than production based on annual crops because of the relatively long develop- ment period, commodity perishability, and current inexperience of participat- ing private farmers. The project would minimize such risks by (a) strengthening the existing research-cum-training farm for orchard crops; (b) establishing demonstration plots; and (c) providing higher density of -38- extension staff (para 3.13). Assurances were also received from GOB that necessary long-term credit would be provided to the participating orchard growers (para 3.23). 6.12 Sensitivity Tests. Switching values (SV) 1/ were calculated to assess the impact of variations in costs and benefit streams on the project. The results are shown in Annex 4, Table 5. The SVs indicate that the economic viability of the project is more sensitive to changes in agricul- tural benefits (particularly paddy and cotton prices and yields) than con- struction costs. Sensitivity tests were also performed to examine possible effects of risks discussed in paras 6.10 and 6.11 and other factors such as further drop in economic prices of paddy and cotton. The results of these tests are summarized below. As shown, the project would maintain its economic viability even if more conservative assumptions were adopted. ERR Change Kinmundaung Azin (a) Base Case 13.6 12.3 (b) Economic Price of Paddy -20% 12.6 11.6 (c) Cotton Yields with Project +20% 14.4 - (d) -do- -20% 12.6 - (e) Benefits of Orchard +20% - 13.0 (f) -do- -20% - 11.6 (g) Delay in Civil Works 1 year 12.2 10.6 (h) (b) and (d) 11.6 - (i) (b) and (f) - 10.8 VII. RECOMMENDATIONS 7.01 Assurances were obtained from GOB that: (a) arrangements would be made to provide adequate agricultural credit to project area farmers (paras 3.23 and 6.11). In particular, GOB would make arrangements to review agricul- tural credit requirements with the potential orchard farmers in the project area to arrive at adequate terms and conditions of such credit. These arrangements would be completed in time to allow orchard growers to receive credit for the first planting season under the project (para 3.23); 1/ Switching Value is the percentage change in the specified stream (benefit or cost) that reduces the NPV of the project to zero at a specified discount rate (10% is assumed for Burma, but SVs were also calculated at OCC of 8% and 12%). -39- (b) consultarts would be appointed to assist the various imple- menting agencies, including short-term specialist for dam review (paras 3.18 and 3.21); (c) a proposal would be submitted to IDA, no later than one year before the expected completion of the dams and allied struc- tures, for appropriate arrangements to continue periodic inspections of these structures (para 3.22); (d) with regard to accounts and audits, (i) separate accounts for each project component would be maintained by the respective implementing agencies and collated by the Project Implementation Committee (PIC) (para 3.39); (ii) these accounts would be audited annually in accordance with sound auditing principles consistently applied by the Director General, Central Accounts Office, acting on behalf of the Council of the People½s Inspectors of GOB (para 3.39); and (iii) The PlC would send to IDA copies of the summary of the unaudited annual project accounts within four months after the end of the fiscal year, followed by certified copies of the audited accotnts and auditor-s report within nine months of the end of each fiscal year (para 3.39); (e) The project Monitoring and Evaluation Unit of AC or other suitable unit would conduct: agricultural and socio-economic benchmark surveys at two-year intervals beginning January 1984 and ending January 1992, and AC would submit its monitoring proposals to IDA by June 30, 1983 (para 4.14); (f) The average daily water allocation of 1.4 IMgd and a maximum flow of 1,700 Igm would be made available from Azin Reservoir for Mudon (para 3.29); and (g) The Mudon TDC would set tariffs at levels to cover the cost of operation, maintenance and administration of the Mudon water supply facilities as well as depreciation for these facilities. 7.02 A condition for credit effectiveness would be the appointment of the Project Director and two Project Managers (para 4.04). 7.03 With the above assurances and condition of effectiveness, the project would be suitable for an IDA credit of US$19.0 M on standard IDA terms. The borrower would be the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma. BURMA Tank Irrigation Project Climatological Data Kinmundaung Area Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total (Lat.19 55N., Long.95 45 E) Mean Monthly Rainfall in Inches 0.04 - - 0.12 4.38 6.61 6.44 7.51 6.71 4.38 1.09 0.14 37.87 Mean Month Temp.- F Maximum 85.4 91.3 99.6 100.6 93.6 93.6 91.5 90.9 91.4 90.4 88.1 84.3 92.6 Minimum 57.1 61.3 70.2 72.2 79.2 78.0 77.5 77.2 76.8 74.4 68.6 60.7 71.5 Relative Humidity - % 6.0 47.0 40.0 45.0 58.0 74.0 77.0 77.0 77.0 76.0 69.0 67.0 64.0 Wind Speed - km/day 108.78 115.4 123.7 149.3 165.5 171.9 167.5 170.6 146.5 111.0 114.2 122.4 - Solar Radiation in Equiv. Evap. - mm/day 11.2 1.7 14.4 15.6 16.3 16.4 16.3 15.9 14.8 13.3 11.6 10.7 - Mean Monthly Pan Evap.-Inches 5.1 6.1 9.2 10.1 9.4 6.4 6.2 6.2 6.1 5.4 4.7 4.8 79.7 Water Use, ETo, by Ref. Crop - mm/mo. 132.4 155.4 222.3 224.2 226.1 164.1 154.4 149.7 141.2 132.3 124.8 117.8 1965.3 Azin Area (Lat.16 17.5 N, Long.97 40 E) Mean Monthly Rainfall in Inches 0.13 0.28 0.41 2.47 20.14 37.17 43.54 43.38 27.31 8.93 1.32 0.31 185.37 Mean Monthly Temp. - F Maximum 90.0 93.0 95.0 90.0 84.0 82.0 82.0 82.0 85.0 89.0 90.0 90.0 89.0 Minimum 65.0 67.0 71.1 76.0 75.0 74.0 74.0 74.0 74.0 74.0 71.0 69.0 72.0 Relative Humidity - % 62.0 63.0 65.0 67.0 81.0 91.0 93.0 94.0 90.0 81.0 70.0 66.0 77.0 Wind Speed - km/day 145.5 134.3 153.2 162.5 167.4 184.3 174.1 162.9 104.1 131.7 174.9 177.6 - Solar Radiation in Equiv. Evap. - mm/day 12.0 13.3 14.7 15.6 16.0 15.9 15.9 15.7 15.0 13.9 12.4 11.6 - Mean Monthly Pan Evap.-Inches 5.6 6.4 7.6 8.2 5.9 3.8 3.5 3.2 4.2 5.3 5.6 6.2 65.7 Water Use, ETo, By Ref. Crop- X mm/mo. 164.0 167.7 204.3 213.6 168.0 114.9 103.2 107.6 120.6 155.9 157.5 162.4 1839.8 -41- ANNEX 1 Table 2 BURMA TANK IRRIGATION PROJECT Population and Farm Size Distribution (1981) Azin Kinmundaung Subproject Area 2/ Subproject Paddy- Other National Area 1/ land Land All (1979/80) 3/ No. of Families 1100.0 - - 450.0 Population 5400.0 - 2200.0 Size Distribution by Farm Families Farm Size Interval (Acres) 0 - 1.99 17.4 15.2 81.0 60.6) 2.0 - 4.99 42.9 16.6 4.6 8.3) 61.4 5.0 - 9.99 37.1 29.4 6.5 13.6 24.1 10.0 - 19.99 2.4 34.3 6.4 15.0 11.8 20.0 - 49.99 2.0 4.2 1.2 2.2 2.6 50 and above 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1 Total (%) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Size Distribution by Area Farm Size Interval (Acres) 0 - 1.99 5.9 2.2 19.3 9.1 24.8 2.0 - 4.99 34.0 6.8 7.5 7.1 30.7 5.0 - 9.99 51.4 24.6 17.9 21.9 29.5 10.0 - 19.99 7.6 53.8 31.1 44.7 29.5 20.0 - 49.99 1.1 10.8 11.6 11.1 12.7 50 and above 0.0 1.8 12.6 6.1 2.2 Total (%) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Average Farm Size (Acres) 5.0 8.8 2.6 4.9 5.4 1/ Source: The Kinmundaung Dam Project. Agro-Economic Data. Irrigation Department, Nov. 1981. 2/ Source: Report on Soil Classification and Land Classification of the Azin Project. Irrigation Project, June 1981. 3/ Source: Report to the Pyithu Hluttaw on Financial, Economic and Social Conditions, 1981/82.. -42- ANNEX 1 BURMA Table 3 TANK IRRIGATION PROJECT Summary of Dam, Reservoir and Irrigation System Data Sub-project Dam and Reservoir Data Kinmundaung Azin Dam Dam Type Earthfill Earthfill Crest elevation (ft. MSL) 630 126 Crest length (ft) 1,120 1,350 Dam height (maximum) (ft) 80 92 Volume (1000 cu yd) 387 617 Reservoir Total Capacity (ac ft) 10,520 14,500 Active Capacity (ac ft) 8,870 14,150 Active capacity after 25 yr sediment accumulation (ac ft) 8,000 14,100 Max. W.S. elevation (MP design flood - ft MSL) 627.2 121.7 Inactive W.S. elevation (ft - MSL) 597 70 Catchment area (sq mi) 28.5 2.32 Reservoir area @ max W.S. elev (ac) 460 475 Service Spillway Crest elevation (ft - MSL) 618 116.5 Width (ft) 200 90 Length (ft) 450 400 Design Storm (Yr) 1,000 1,000 * Discharge Capacity (cfs) 14,000 3,550 Stilling basin length (ft) 75 60 Emergency Spillway Location Rt. Abut. None Width (ft) 300 Crest elevation (ft) 625 Design flood capacity (Yr frequency) 10,000 Outlet Works Use Irrig. Irrig. & Town W.S. Capacity (at min. reservoir level) cfs 110 50 Irrigation System Data Main canals: Length (mi,) 7 13 Capacity (cfs) 49 & 60 30 to 60 Concrete Lining (mi.) None 6 Structures Cross - Regulators 2 8 Checks and Drops 6 9 Turnouts 12 16 Distributary and Minor Canals: Length (mi.) 27 9 Capacity (cfs) 4 to 40 1 to 10 Concrete Lining None None Structures Cross regulators 3 5 Checks and Drops 80 5 Turnouts 49 10 Farm Delivery Facilities Area served by open ditches (ac) 5,000 2,000 Farm size per turnout (ac) 5 8 Area served by pipe conduit (ac) None 850 Farm size per turnout (ac) 5 * Cyclonic storm - design based on repetitive (3) storms @ 2 hr interval. -43- ANNEX I Table 4 BURMA TANK IRRIGATION PROJECT Irrigation Water Requirements Azin Subproject - Orchards Item May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Total Remarks Eto-Mod. Penuman - mm 168 115 103 108 121 156 157 163 164 168 204 214 - Crop Factor - kc 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 - Consumptive Use - mm 118 80 72 75 85 109 110 114 115 117 143 150 - U Use basin around Field Losses - Deep Perc. trees. 70-75% eff. and Surface Waste-mm 41 28 25 27 29 38 39 40 40 41 50 52 - plus deep perc. = net 65% Field Water Require.-mm 159 108 97 102 114 147 149 154 155 158 193 202 - - Effective Rainfall - mm 247 607 792 688 430 137 16 8 4 2 6 40 - 70% of 75% proba- bility. Irrigation Water Require. - mm - - - - - 10 133 146 151 156 187 162 - Close under lined Gross Irrigation Require.-mm - - - - - 11 147 161 167 173 206 179 1042 main canals. 90% Gross Effic. 58%. Require. in Acre-Feet - - - - - 0.04 0.48 0.53 0.54 0.56 0.68 0.58 3.41 Acre-Feet/Acre 3.41 x 850 Ac. - 2898 ac ft Azn Subproject - Dry Season Transplanted HYV Rice Oct. Nov. Nov. Dec. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Total Remarks Eto - Mod.?enman -mm 156 157 - - 78 79 81 82 82 82 84 84 100 104 - Crop Factor - kc 1.1 1.1 - - 1.1 1.1 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.0 0.9 - Consumptive Use - mm 171 173 230 230 86 87 84 86 86 86 88 88 100 94 - Perc. & Field Losses - mm 51 52 75 75 26 26 25 26 25 26 26 27 30 28 - 80% eff. plus deep x perc.-net 70% Field Water Requirement - mm 223 225 305 305 112 113 109 112 111 112 114 115 130 122 - Effective Rainfall - mm 100 11 10 5 6 5 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 3 - 80% of 75% Prob. Irrigation Requirement - mm 123 214 293 300 106 108 106 110 109 111 113 114 128 119 - Gross Diver. Requirement - mm 147 257 352 360 128 129 128 132 132 133 136 137 160 137 - 80% conv. effec. - Gross eff. 56% Adj. for Area & Time - mm 3.6 12.7 176 90 - 64 63 132 132 133 136 137 160 63 1302 Requirement in Acre-Feet 0.01 0.94 0.58 0.29 ---0.21--- ---0.64--- ---0.87--- ---0.89--- ---0.73--- 4.27 Acre-Feet/Ac. 4.27 X 2000 Ac. = 8540 A.F. Kinmundaung Subproject - (Ac Ft)1/ May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. March Apr. Total Paddy I - Second Crop 1500 ac - - - 1005 930 1140 1530 - - - - - 4605 Paddy II - Single Crop 500 ac - 30 530 320 295 370 - - - - - - 1545 Paddy III - First Crop 1000 ac - - 730 640 610 740 - - - - - - 2720 Cotton - Single Crop 1500 ac - - - - 195 945 1275 - - - - - 2415 Sunflower - First Crop 500 ac - 120 90 285 295 - - - - - - - 790 Sesamum - First Crop 1500 ac 450 240 900 - - - - - - - - - 1590 Sub-totals 450 390 2250 2250 2325 3195 2805 C(Variable- SeeBeow) 13665 Groundnuts: Second Crop 250 Ac. 95 232 370 82 930 (Depending Upon Water Supply) 500 Ac. 190 464 740 164 1860 750 Ac. 285 696 1110 246 2790 1000 Ac. 380 928 1480 328 3116 1250 Ac. 475 1160 1850 410 4650 1500 Ac. 570 1392 2220 492 5580 1/ Details of water requirement computations are available in Project File, Vol. I. BURMA Tank Irrigation Project Simulated Reservoir Operation Kindmundaung - Summary Reservoir Operation for Average Cycle Active Capacity - 8000 Ac., Dead Storage - 2520 Ac. Ft. (Units: Acre Feet) Net Irrig. Res. Res. Spills Yr. Net Irrig. Res. Res. Spills Yr. Net Irrig. Res. Res. Spills Inflow Demand Str EMC Short & Mo. Inflow Demand Strge EMC Short & Mo. Inflow Demand Strge. EMC Short e, _37 TT) --Fj- z;--:T +)(- 6/()-) -i- ()-) - -T6 (+)-) 7T -@7 6+ IT 1961 1964 1967 May 241 450 -209 1731 - - 276 450 -174 453 - - - 450 - 450 680 -79 June 597 390 -207 1818 - - 2803 390 2413 2726 - - 494 390 104 684 - July 521 2250 -1729 - -26 - 7609 2250 5359 7915 - - 1974 2250 - 276 318 - August 4369 2250 2119 1989 - - 6216 2250 3966 8000 +3711 - 4502 2250 2252 2440 - September 1095 2325 -1230 639 - - 9593 2325 7268 8000 +7098 - 4885 2325 2560 4850 - October 11124 3195 7929 8000 +398 - 7213 3195 4018 8000 +3848 - 2569 3195 - 626 4080 - November 1862 2805 - 943 6887 - - 1358 2805 -1447 6383 - - 127 2805 -2678 1286 - December - - 0 6717 1/ - - - 0 6213 1/ - - - - 0 1171 5/ - January - 570 570 5977 - - 570 570 5483 - - - - - 1056 - February - 1392 1392 4440 - - - 1392 1392 3951 - - - - - 941 - March - 2220 2220 2090 - - - 2220 2220 1611 - - - - - 826 - April - 492 492 1478 - - - 492 492 1004 - - - - - - 716 - 1962 1965 1968 May 333 450 -117 1246 - - - 450 -450 454 - - 483 450 33 639 - June 74 390 -316 815 - - 173 390 -217 157 - - 3285 390 2895 3394 - July 3371 2250 1121 1811 - - 2284 2250 34 111 - - 5275 2250 305 6249 August 12725 2250 10475 8000 +4116 - 5773 2250 3523 3494 - - 5512 2250 3262 8000 +1341 September 9602 2325 7277 8000 +7107 - 7239 2325 4914 8000 + 238 - 2367 2325 42 7872 - October 6953 31995 3758 8000 +3588 - 6876 3195 3681 8000 +3511 - 2811 3195 - 384 7318 - November 1956 2805 - 849 6981 - - 1858 2805 - 947 6883 - - 288 2805 -2517 4651 - December - - 0 6811 1/ - - - 0 6713 1/ - - - - 0 4511 3/ - January - 570 570 6071 - - - 570 570 5973 - - - 285 285 4086 - February - 1392 1392 4539 - - - 1392 1392 4436 - - - 696 296 3250 - March - 2220 2220 2189 - - - 2220 2220 2086 - - - 1110 1110 2010 - April - 492 492 1577 - - - 492 492 1474 - - - 246 246 1634 - 1963 1966 1969 May - 450 - 450 1012 - - 235 450 -215 1144 - - 355 450 - 95 1419 - June 262 390 - 128 769 - - 457 390 67 1096 - - 1457 390 1067 2356 - July 2387 2250 137 791 - - 3031 2250 781 1751 - - 3218 2250 968 3184 - August 4641 2250 2391 3042 - - 8306 2250 6056 7637 - - 2682 2250 432 3476 - September 4764 2325 2439 5326 - - 2817 2325 492 7959 - - 844 2325 -1481 1865 - October 6402 3195 3207 8000 + 363 - 3104 3195 - 91 7698 - - 2389 3195 - 806 890 - November 1066 2805 -1739 6091 1/ - 283 2805 -2522 5026 - - 401 2805 -2704 0 -1614 December - - 0 5921 - - - - 0 4876 2/ - - - - - (- 60)5/ - January - 570 570 5201 - - - 380 - 380 4356 - - - - - (-100) - February - 1392 1392 3669 - - - 928 -928 3288 - - - - - (-140) - a - March - 2220 2220 1329 - _ _ 1480 -1480 1678 - - _ _ - (-180) - a A April - 492 492 727 - _ - 328 - 328 1230 1230 - - - - - (-210) - - I/ Include 1500 Ac of groundnuts. 4/ Restrict groundnuts to 500 Ac. 2/ Restrict groundnuts to 1000 Ac. 5/ No groundnuts. 3/ Restrict groundnuts to 750 Ac. T/ End of month content (EMC) including evaporation losses. Note: Ave. annual project water yield through reservoir regulation would be 16756 ac ft. BURMA TANK IRRIGATION PROJECT Azin Reservoir - 14,100 A.F. Active Capacity - Summary Operation Study (Units - Ac. Ft) Year Net Total Net Res Spill (+) Year Net Total Net Res Spill (+) Year Net Total Net Res Spill (+) & Month inflow Demand Storage FMC Short (-) & Month Inflow Demand Storage EMG Short (- & Month Inflow Demand Storage EMC _Sort (-) 1968 - (+) ( 2) - 1972 1/ C+m C-) 2/ 1976 (+) C-) May 179 160 19 1655 - May 337 160 177 1810 - May 750 160 590 590 - June 2340 154 2186 3841 - June 2365 154 2211 4021 - June 3333 154 3179 3769 - July 4051 160 3891 7732 - July 5914 160 5754 9775 - July 3674 160 3514 7283 - August 3808 160 3648 11380 - August 4547 160 4387 14100 +62 August 2819 160 2659 9942 - September 2450 167 2283 13663 - September 763 167 596 14100 +596 September 2205 167 2038 11980 - October 530 231 299 13962 - October 760 231 529 14100 +529 Ocotber 789 231 558 12538 - November 2243 -2243 11719 - November 2244 -2244 11856 - November 2243 -2243 10295 December 2501 -2501 9218 - December 2503 -2503 9353 - December 2501 -2501 7794 - January 2393 -2393 6825 - January 2393 -2393 6960 - January 2393 -2393 5401 - February 2448 -2448 4377 - February 2448 -2448 4512 - February 2448 -2448 2953 - March 2225 -2225 2152 - March 2225 -2225 2287 - March 2220 -2220 733 - April 654 -654 1498 - April 654 -654 1633 - April 647 -647 86 - 13358 13495 - 14686 13498 13673 1 348 1969 1973 1977 May 870 160 710 2208 - May 342 160 182 1815 - May 392 160 232 318 - June 3399 154 3245 5453 - June 2835 154 2681 4496 - June 2554 154 2400 2718 - July 5241 160 5081 10534 - July 4668 160 4508 9004 - July 2671 160 2511 5229 - August 3948 160 3788 14100 +222 August 3632 160 3472 12476 - August 2947 160 2787 8016 - September 3243 167 3076 14100 +3076 September 1793 169 1621 14100 - September 3606 167 3439 11455 October 536 231 305 14100 +305 October 272 232 40 14100 +40 October 355 231 124 11579 - November 2244 -2244 11856 - November 2243 -2243 11857 November 2243 -2243 9336 - December 2503 -2503 9353 - December 2501 -2501 9356 - December 2501 -2501 6835 - January 2393 -2393 6960 - January 2393 -2393 6963 - January 2390 -2390 4445 - February 2448 -2448 4512 - February 2448 -2448 4515 - February 2438 -2438 2007 - March 2225 -2225 2287 - March 2225 -2225 2290 - March 2210 -1853 154 -357 April 654 -654 1633 - April 654 -654 1636 - April 647 -154 0 -493 17237 13498 13200 13495 12525 13461 (6Z) 1970 1974 1978 May 379 160 219 1852 - Majy 542 160 382 2018 - May 377 160 217 217 June 2574 154 2420 4272 - June 3299 154 3145 5163 - June 2747 154 2593 2810 July 4058 160 3898 8172 - July 2577 160 2417 7580 - July 2486 160 2326 5136 - August 4028 160 3868 12040 - August 4375 160 4215 11795 - August 5241 160 5081 10217 - September 2403 167 2236 14100 +176 September 791 167 624 12419 - September 1638 167 1471 11688 October 404 231 173 14100 +173 October 726 231 495 12914 - October 933 231 702 12390 November 2244 -2244 11856 November 2243 10671 - November 2243 -2243 10147 December 2503 -2503 9353 December 2501 8170 - December 2501 -2501 7646 January 2393 -2393 6960 January 2393 5777 - January 2393 -2393 5253 February 2448 -2448 4512 - February 2448 3329 - February 2448 -2448 2805 March 2225 -2225 2287 - March 2225 1104 - March 2220 -2220 585 April 654 -654 1633 - April 654 450 - April 647 -585 0 -62 13846 13498 12310 13495 - 13422 1344 (1%) 1971 1975 1979 May 295 160 135 1768 - May 458 160 298 748 - May 1000 160 840 840 - June 4821 154 4667 6435 - June 2631 154 2477 3225 - June 2608 154 2454 3294 - July 4041 160 3881 10316 - July 3746 160 3586 6811 - July 3781 160 3621 6915 - August 3587 160 3427 13743 - August 4173 160 4013 10824 - August 5267 160 5107 12022 - September 885 167 718 14100 +361 September 1146 167 979 11803 - September 1428 167 1261 13283 - October 514 231 283 14100 +283 October 782 231 551 12354 - October 291 231 60 13343 November 2244 -2244 11856 - November 2243 -2243 10111 - November 2243 -2243 11100 December 2503 -2503 9353 - December 2501 -2501 7610 - December 2501 -2501 8599 January 2393 -2393 6960 - January 2393 -2393 5217 - January 2393 -2393 6206 February 2448 -2448 4512 - February 2448 -2448 2769 - February 2448 -2448 3758 - March 2225 -2225 2287 March 2220 -2220 549 - March 2225 -2225 1533 - April 654 -654 1633 - April 647 -549 0 -98 April 650 -650 883 - 13142 13498 12936 13483 (17) 14375 13491 1/ Includes Mudon M&D (1880 AF) Irrigation (11,440 AF) & Net Evaporation loss from Reservoir. 2/ End of Month Content - 1968 includes 1636 AF carried over from 1967. ' x Average annual Reservoir Yield = 13,235 A.F. Average annual shortage = 17- BURMA TANK IRRIGATION PROJECT Mudon Town Water Supply Water Demand and Production Irojections 1986 1991 2001 1. Total Population (39,725 in 1980) (annual growth rate of 2.2%) 45,265 50,470 62,740 2. Served Population (i) by house connectiona - persons 9,050 15,140 21,960 - percentage of served pop. 27 35 39 (ii) by standposts - persons 24,900 27,760 34,510 - percentage of served pop. 73 65 61 (iii) total served population - persons 33,950 42,900 56,470 - percentage of total pop. 75 85 90 3. Water Demand per Capita (i) house connections, Iged/lcd 30/135 35/160 40/180 (ii) standposts, Igod/led 15/70 15/70 20/90 4. Water Production - aver. productIon in IMgd 0.65 0.95 1.57 - aver. production in m3d 2,950 4,320 7,135 - aver. demand per capita Igcd/lcd 19/87 22/100 28/126 5. Water Consumption (i) House Connections0 - total IMdg/m d 0.21/955 0.43/1,955 0.75/3,410 - per capita Igcd/lcd 23/105 28/127 34/155 (ii) Standposts - total IMgd/m3d 0.23/1,270 0.33/1,500 0.59/2,680 - per capita Igcd/lcd 11/50 12/55 17/77 (iii) Total Consurmption - IMgd/m3d 0.49/2,225 0.76/3,455 1.34/6,090 - av. per capita Igcd/lcd 14/64 18/82 24/109 6. Unaccounted-for water (i) percentage of av. production 25 20 15 H (ii) total IMgd/m3d 0.16/725 0.19/865 0.23/1,045 1/ includes provision for unaccounted-for water as in 6 of this Annex (public use, operational losses and users outside standpost service radius) -47- ANNEX 1 BURMA Table 7 TANK IRRIGATION PROJECT Present and Projected Cropping Patterns, Yields and Production Incr. Cropped Area (ac) Yield (T/ac) Production T Prod. I/ Crops P W W P W W P W W (T) Kinmundaung: Paddy-local 1091 1955 500 .43 .45 .8 469 475 400 -75 Paddy-'dYV 364 400 2500 .64 .74 1.7 233 296 4250 3954 Sesame 1454 1454 1500 .06 .065 .25 87 94 375 28.1 L.S. Cotton - - 1500 - - .60 - - 900 900 Sunflower 14 14 500 .16 .17 .30 2 2 150 148 Groundnut 1 11 1000 .15 .16 .95 2 2 950 948 Maize 984 984 - .24 .25 .60 236 246 - -246 Pulses 1082 1082 - .12 .13 .25 130 141 - -141 Azin: Paddy Paddy-local (M) 2/ 1800 1600 1000 .78 .8 1.0 1404 1280 1000 -280 Paddy-HYV (M) 2/ 200 400 1000 .93 1.0 1.5 186 400 1500 900 Paddy-HYV (DS) 3/ - - 2000 - - 1.8 - - 3600 3600 Orchards 4/ Durian - - 255 - - 7.5 - - 1594 1594 Mango - - 255 - - 10.0 - - 2125 2125 Pomelo - - 340 - - 9.0 - - 3060 3060 Banana - - 340 5/ - - 16 6/ - - 1285 1285 Pineapple - - 340 5/ - - 20 6/ - - 2013 2013 Vegetable (Groundnut)- - 170 5/ - - .95 6/ - - 65 65 1/ These are the production increases envisaged after the area and productivity build-ups are completed except for intercropped banana, pineapple and groundnut where the Azin scheme's maximum production has been given. 2/ (M) = Monsoon cropped paddy. 3/ (DS) Dry season paddy 4/ Orchards: Proj. Year. Yl-4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9-30 (a) Land development (ac) - 340 170 170 170 - (b) Maturity attained 5 years after planting for pomelo and mango and 9 years for durian. (c) Yield buildup is attained at the rates of Proj. Yr: Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% in succeeding years after maturity (d) Proportional area for developed land to be planted to intercrops (%): Y1-4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 YIO-30 Banana - 33 25 20 20 - - Pineapple - 50 33 25 20 20 - Groundnut - 50 33 25 20 20 - 5/ Intercropped area proportionally decreasing with time. 6/ Full non-intercropped yields, actual per acre yields are lower. BURMA TANK IRRIGATION PROJECT Crop Iaput Requirements Per Acre Unit Local Paddy bYV Paddy Cotton Sesame Maize Beans Groundnuts Sunflower Per _____________sam____ _aze_ansrou___u_s_uflo__ I. Kinmundaung Acre p W W P W W W P W W P W W P W W P W W P iW w Fertilizers & Pesticides Urea (46%N) kg 0 0 25 30 34.7 80 100 0 0 40 0 0 20 0 0 10 - - 20 0 25 75 TSP (46% P2 05) kg 0 0 12.5 0 0 40 50 0 0 20 0 0 10 0 0 5 - - 30 0 25 50 MP (60% K) kg 0 0 0 0 0 20 40 0 0 10 0 0 5 0 0 5 - - 30 0 0 20 Pesticides Kyats 0 0 0 0 0 85 220 0 0 70 0 0 35 0 0 0 - - 95 0 0 35 other Inputs Seeds kg 25 26.1 20 25 28.9 25 10 6 6.6 3 7 7.6 5 15 16.8 20 - - 30 3 3 5 Parm Yard Manure Carts 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1' 1 0 - - 0 1 1 Bullocks Pair-day 10.5 11 12.5 13.5 15.6 16 9.5 75 8.3 8 9.5 10.3 12.5 7.5 8.4 9 - - 11 5 6 9 Human labor Man-day 32 33.5 43 44 50.9 50 51 19 21 33 21.5 23.4 37 18 20.1 28 - - 47 15 15.5 25 Unit Local Paddy Monsoon HYV Paddy Monsoon bYV Paddy Dry Season II. Azin Paddylands Per Fertilizers & Pesticides Acre P W W P w W W Urea (46% N) kg 0 0 20 12.7 20 80 100 TSP (46% P2 05) kg 0 0 10 0 0 40 40 MP (60%) kg 0 0 0 0 0 20 20 Pesticides kyats 0 0 0 0 0 50 60 , Other Inputs Seeds kg 30 25 20 32 25 20 25 Farrm Yard Manure Carts 1 3 1 1 2 1 0 Bullocks Pair-day 9 9.5 12 10 10 13.5 15 Human labor Man-day 29 29.5 36 30 31 43 50 III. Azin Orchard lands Unit Main Crops (W) Inter Crops (W) Per Pomelo Durian Man o Banana Fineapple Groundnut Acre YI 17 Y2-5 Y6-30 Yl V1Y2-5 Y-100 YY l Y2-5 Y6-100 Yl 2J Y2-3 Yl 1Y2-3 Inputs Unit Per Acre Fencing Kyats 1000 0 0 1000 0 0 1000 0 0 - - - - Urea (46%N) kg 20 Seedlings No. 70 0 0 50 0 0 50 0 0 300 0 12000 0 TSP (46% P2 05) kg 30 Fertilizer Kyats 0 93 93 0 93 93 0 93 93 124 0 65 0 MP (60ZK) kg 30 Fare Yard Manure Carts 7 24 24 5 17 17 5 7 7 4 0 7 0 Pesticides Kyats 100 Pesticides Kyats 200 60 60 100 40 40 90 64 64 40 0 40 0 Seeds kg 30 Other Material Kyats 630 150 150 630 120 120 630 80 80 220 120 220 200 Farm Yard Manure earts I Labor Man-day 231 50 66 212 46 96 220 36 36 60 60 203 83 Bullocks Pair-day 12 Human labor Man-day 47 1/ Corresponds to Project Year 5 (after 4 years of construction of dam and irrigation facilities). -49- ANNEX 1 Chart 1 BURMA TANK IRRIGATION PROJECT Crop Calendar - Kinmundaung Subproject May Jun Jul | Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr ANursery p HYV) 1,500,. TAand AT'.splant Second Crop . I I I I AlNursery and Transplant N ursery .... (HYV) 1,000 . rand First Crop __ . I I Ground Nuts - Balance dWSecond Crop 8 6 4 2 0 MONTHLY RAINFALL PATTERN 1/ Size of area planted determined each year by availability of irrigation water from reservoir. World Bank - 23636 BURMA TANK IRRIGATION PROJECT Crop Calendar - Azin Subproject May June Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr 6 iPddy~(HYV) 1,OOOA '& ~~~~~~First Crop ~ ~ ~~~~i. . . . . . . . .............. /.~~~5' ,<,,,,,,,h " '. t, " n'' Paddy (HYV) 2r000 Second Crop ....... ....... .. . . ....... ...~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.:::x':N.. 50 _ _ _ _ _ 407,77777 c c 0~ 30777 // / -t 20 7 n 10/77 . 7 MONTHLY RAINFALL PATTERN World Bank - 23637 rt >X BURMA TANK IRRIGATION PROJECT KINMUNDAUNG SUB-PROJECT Implementation Schedule Calendar Year 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 Quarter 1 2 3 | 4 1 2 2 3 3 4 437 14 2 3 4 Wet Season Wet Season Wet Season Wet Season Wet Season i PROJECT APPROVAL I CREDIT EFFECTIVENESS i I I . CONSTRUCTION CAMP i i i I i Design and Layout I _ I I I j > Construction I EQUIPMENT PROCUREMENT i I _ I B i c Contracts Award I i T , u I i i Delivery of Equipment i i I r I I i KINMUNDAUNG DAM I i i i i I i i Finalize Designs _ i I n I I i Prepare Working Drawings Storage Construction of Dam and Appurtenant Works I I = n Preparation and I DIVERSION DAM MODIFICATIONS i Mobilization A i I - Intial IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM j D I Init al Design irField Layout+ Detailed Design and Field Layout I U i I | Delivery i I Construction of Canal System 1 I ,_I Construction of Drain and Road FacilitiesI 1,590 Ac ~~~2,000Ac I I 1,500Ac. I ON FARM DEVELOPMENT W A -j t I IFacilities and Staffing Training and Implementation Applied Resarch and Services I-I AGRICULTURE EXTENSION SERVICE i I | BrI Baseline SurveyfiI MONITORING AND EVALUATION i I I i TRAINING PROGRAM i I I ! I Continuous activity. V l n 2 w- __ Intermittent activity. World Bank 2 BURMA TANK IRRIGATION PROJECT AZIN SUB-PROJECT Implementation Schedule Dam and Irrigation Facilities Calendar Year 1982 1983 1984 198S 1986 1987 ITEM Quarter 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Wet Season Wet Season Wet Season Wet Season Wet Season PROJECT APPROVAL . I I I i CREDIT EFFECTIVENESS II CONSTRUCTION CAMP I I j I I I Design and Layout II I Construction i _ EQUIPMENT PROCUREMENT > ~ Contract Awards I i- i I F ne I iz e 0 asi9 ns ; ; t i 1 | ! I n lt I I Ii| I I t' Prepare Working Drawings InitIaio i ilZ tioatei i Construction of Dam and Appurtenant Wroks i Mobil zation IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE NETWORKS Oisn iFedLyui i i i Inta i Ie sgnI FilLy ~Inta Detailed Design and Field Layout _ i t l Z Z * wDelivery i Construction of System j| i | |i Z-sRoA oA 5 s. I A I I K'~130 A . ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT 250I A Ini Prepare1 Facilities and Staffing raining and Implementati Applied Research and Services I S AGRICULTURE EXTENSION SERVICE i| ZBslnSrr I r Z | |, | 1 111 * MONITORING AND EVALUATION !| Z | I!| | |TRAININ1xG PROGR{AM [- _Contn oativity.orld Bn- Csco fa nA rn W Intermittent activity. Woks Mobiliza>onC3 I I I I I I A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r BURMA TANK IRRIGATION PROJECT MUDON TOWN WATER SUPPLY Implementation Schedule 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1 2 3 4 1 23 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3we 4 1 1 2 3 4 Iwe-t I wet Iwet jwet vvwet Iwe I e season i | season s ason i sason season i I season i Engineering:I II IIIII (i) Feasibility Study 1e1111 I I I I I I I i (i i) Final Design '4 ' a 1 I I I I I B (iii) Tender Documents Arnie I _ I I L Test Run I (iv) Supervision I i r r T r Procurement: I II III (i) Major Supply Contracts Ii l li ti,_ 11... I I I I I (ii) M inor Supplies I i i I o I Civil Works:I I III II (i) Treatment Plant i I I L I I El I (ii) Pumping Station I I r (iii) Pumping Main > (iv) Primary Mains II II-1 (v) Secondary Mains i I i iI * W ir (vi) Service Reservoir I r I I _ (vii) Operational Buildings L I { 11L I *iii..... Major review of plans, designs and documents rt X ~~ Continuous activity. tn wAAw Intermittent Activity. World Bank-23860 CATEGORY il- eavyCntuto gi~s BIJRMA ~~~~~~~~PROCUREMENT SCHEDULE FOR EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALSTakI ig i-P j t OOONOITO PROCUR. COT3 84 8O5C 87 .z oC0 4 Craw ir Tractors, 1 PRIO - 300 IIP w/doZert & tippCet ICR3 1,325 OoTO - 6 Crawler Tractors, OPUOL -4-i 200OHPw/dozer &ripper 1.3 nooo4 T-TT1 attach. t 4 5Front-en,d loader 4 c.y 1B 1,0 APROAIOOL - wheci type 15 Dump Tracks, 12 cy. GB 1 25ORAaL- Heavy Cluty teat-cod ICB 1,2 IR-- - z 4 Poonp Trucks, 5c . y. CCB 120OPOIL Rear-end dloop tipperREIR 2 Motor graders 135 lp Ilasy dory 2 Motor graders- ------------ 70IIP read graders 2 IlydraolJic Excavators IAIA 195 HP, Track type IC 48.... Sloeopfoor Roller IC COPURC Twin sets - towed typeREIO - 2 Mobile cranes 5 t'on capacity ICB 250 essoI ~ PREoooLIF)COTION OCTIONS PROC RPOOC)OCO~~~ 00 A-TOC TOU ON t 0-IITATEPRPUTTIR P PROOLIICTIO OCOPNT PT OP RROOO GE O EECIICTINS 500,0eOLONTIIIIOeCAl T A TOI EITERUO50 --RNA T POLAIT 0C--A RP O0 IoIOoNE PSPi CTI S"CA""'PTTC_PIOU CL) -TC TOT .CoOUpOEPOc'O 0-oPRAAO ' OIIENROE RTTO 00INOO O 5PC ICN EREPOPT O OONROOTO PREUACPIOOTI0 000 0 OOPpOIT Eo mo p PTUT 0OUT -ECOO(NOTIQN O C CC C-RARITEAL-CTI R- -TSOTROONOiOOT O ...)0-TPOOoT T. O -0C0000IN A- I - -PEOA-TPOT -ROMMEEO 1000..A11 . . ... CATEGORY I - Heavy Construction Equipment, (Cont'd.) COTNTTO BURKA PROCUREMENT SCHEDULE FOR EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS Tank Irrigation Project 4EI"IONDF Core METHODrT = w 0 AIi ° | | u | olls, w z j 84 | 85 1ith 1 86 2 Roa Rlo ers ICB 88la 6 Power Augers, mounted2 bito (3c) rods and ICR 295 acpe css oror s 0GB 7 STOiTE - - - 4 concrete Mixers,g Diesel motors ICB41 RV19E +ICB 63 4 Compressors, 600c.f.m. ICB 1725ORSO ISOI 2 Tractors, Track type, IC 15 on35 HPc/.f4hm vibraitin ICB 195 4 roller ps hg WOA-IRETITE*SEOSR0TIONODF PRROOOLITOO TIDN OCOMUENTE IINITIATE CRETOROT ION FC YESCITICATION9 ONDEI D1 OsCoOTNTT 9 INITIAL OSLIOFTY AT SITE IC-NEN CTIOOFONCIRMN TD Y AND EOALONTIOR CRITERIA A TRANSMIT SFECIFICATION3SANL RIO DDCDMENTS TO ICC I0 INTRTIO DELIVERIES AT SIC, CTORTIITIVTR CIDING TO |F *-TRASERdTODOCCRAESTROMD RITERIO TO IO 3 IDAOCLEARANCE CT SSCIT ICATSIONoANDEIDDOCUMENTS II C INALCDELIVETY AT SITE LCO -I,OO0I CDMFETITIVE 0 0-IRA CL EARASECE OF DOOuESJATST SEES CRITERIE S ISSUE INYIYTSION TO SIC 91DDING Nh S-SENOR EREOOALITISATIOS NOTICE S OPE N 910S STTOTTSOTN UD E-RECEIP*TOFEON'TROCTORPRIEOoSLITICATION Oars S TRONTSMIT ECOLCOCI5N RETOOT AN0 00000 TECDMMENDATIONS TO leO 50 ENAVTIOT ION F-TRSRUIlT ETALOATIOSI RETORT ANO RECOEMERNSOTIhSE TO ISO I IOA CLTOSONCE CT TTCOTMTNCOTIONS 0-100 CLEARANCE OF PEO EWRAETSTIOSS 9 AWAAD CONITRACT CATEGORY II - Light Equi_ment BURMA PROCUREMENT SCHEDULE FOR EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS COUNTRY _rTOCR Tank 8rrigation Proiect 6 Pneumatic Drills PS 25 AP-AL - --- - w~CCeSSories 2 12 Concrete Vibrators R P- nechoanical IE 4 Configural Pumps RIEO I) 1,200 gpmRP 4------ 2 Bar cutting & Bending 5 - - - - - - machines ICB 13 I Arc Welding Set ICB 19 2 Compressors, 150 c.f.s. 1CB 25 A A- 4 Water Supply pumps ,PA-A.EL 30 gpm (o&m) -GB 3 Telecommunications APPRAISAL Equipme.t PS 25- - - - Laboratory Equipment mechanics - Sibop Equip. & Tools fo NAIO construction including I'S 38 ACNR 20 hoaydtY chaqosaus -IT AT. MU"ATI.. .1 ----ATI- OC..t- I "TIATI"IIAIATII I.ITIA1 -... ol~~~~~~~OTTA OF ROCTRORT P .~ A-IAITIATEPTEPRA^IRN or PREOAALIR ICOTION OOCUPARNTR INITIATE FTEFARATIAN CC ATECITICAT.ONR ANDO RIO DDCUMENTE 9 INITIAL OTLICERT AT RIOT ITR-INTCTNOTIONVL I/ ANR EVALUATION CRITERIA 2 TRANSMIT FECIF ICATIDNSANC E1O ODCUMENTS TO IRA 10 INTERIM OELIOERIESAT RITE COAPE'ITICRSIDOINA o I-l _TRAUAPT AOCWAERPSAEO RITERIATO IRA A IDACLEATANCA OF EFRCIRICATION CNO RIO TOCUIMENTS ,I FINA, TTLIVRA AT CITE .ca .CRL-COCORTITIVE C-I . O .JAEAN OE OOCU.MNTEANR CRITERIA 4 CASS-E INVITATION To SIC ROINA R O-El PIR-O-ALIPICATION NOTICE N OENSIDS- PR--PLENT SERORIEC a' 5.-R IPTOF CO-OTRARRR PR--AALIPICATION RATA 6 --ANROIT EVALUATION AEPs-T AN- AWARD RECOMMENDATIONSTO 1* NRA --NETTIATION -A R$MEIT -OALOATION REPORT AN- RECOEUN*-ATIONS TO IRA IOA CLEARANCE OF R[COMMENDATIDNS A-IRA CLEAPANCE OP EAOENOATIONS a AWATO CANTEACT CATEGORY II - Light Equipment (Cont'd . ) DOUNTRV BURMtA PROCUREMENT SCHEDULE FOR EOUIPMENT AND MATERIALS -0oire Tank Irrigation Project DECiSINT OP TeRE OSUR ESTIMATED - 92 _ _ -<_D _ Z8___ _ XIlil1 1; AMA MET84A8 III 8A A 087 1 Sprinkler Set ICEA49 APPRAISAL AM Irrigatio,n Equipssest ICE 33 - -E--S-- TatrIMplements PS 10- -E- -E- -- 4 Power Tillers RP 12------ 2 Power Mist BlOWers PS I MSSD- AD-ULIPINDTIDM ATIOSEMTOCCOEES ACIN MESCCC3 ASSIDII.TEET OEMS EoALDSEohNCRTERIAtoAlEA eOT ATSANSAIT EVASISISTIOSSA AIFDT CNOAWARTD S C ICCOINTETIA0> ToSIT ATA CIT CSMDeTCTT AIDDaNA OS G-SEDAWT C ANANceET 5MM CRIMTERIA TIO lAAD CIDDCLEU CNC T SPCDTCTO US D I SAEMSISNLSISSC IE.0 DC ORTTA C-EA SL AP SO 0 O CO SE DS A A RI E IUA SS E NS ST I N O-IDA1 01 0 5 A-ISiS S*EMUALISCASIOM PEOTICE OPEN - -C -S-.TU-ENTC-I-T-S- - E-EEOEOIPTO COSETRADYA SREADDLIPCUTION AUT S TOCNSSDTSDCLAAT IO MASCOT US COCOA O-A-O-TT-CTI-STC ISA SEA-EA-T-CTIA S-RUUITECLUTAT EPRTOA ECNSEATINSOIO IS CEOACASTACTASSTIN A-ID AEURUNE O AESMEESAUSOSE 0 CSAO US-AUL CATEGORY 111 - Vehicles BURMA PROCUREMENT SCHEDULE FOR EOUIPMENT AND MATERIALS I-CT T.nk Irrigation Project SECA R IPTIN eF ITEM F COC/E DATIDATRA |- _' _aOHtFOzOXI AND EDOCIRD. COST P A C 861 a 61 T,tucks - Water Bouse I' 14 A-PRAIAL - A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. .~ 1.1 I 0 6 Trr,cks Fuel Tankers P 14 1500 gal. 7 Tracks - Flat bed A I - 8-ton 35- X2000, Mazda Jeep, E 3 PRIA 4x4 1 2 -X72000, Mazda Jeep NE-P-A-S-L XV. 1itmotorcycles 100 cc. IGB 17 7DChRIta t(StaLe Fart aTId 06W) AEA O 2 Fatm Ttactorts - 60 HiP ICB 113 APPRIS- su/dozet & bucke,t PSISA 7Fatrm Tractors - 50 HiP OPAR u/trailer (construct ion) RP 6-------- 3 Tippet a/winch RP 50 -SPA-SL- 41 Bicycles, ID, State Farms, Research, & RP 5 AmD Traisning Farms _ A-ISIdIKTC REPRSRATIAN OF PASS CALIFICAC ASA5CDDCMNTD - CN I AT CCSCPACAIC zCC O PCCCCICIAC 155 AhDIC S CCCCsAeTCT A I CIAC CC.IA5TT AT 01CC CR -IS.TSDSCT IINAC -S It : ASS SCALUASCIN CRITERIA C CT ACTAIC COICCA sE llcThl>s 551. SIll IIIICTCMENS TO IDA oC INCSITCIIADlTCICnsAn CIA C< CCOSntT N'ITI-eCCIsA C S-TRANRIT AAALRAPNTS ASS CRITERAI TA IDA C DCA ACCACATICS DF OTACIFCAT CC ASIC SIC CCIACIT S I T IDA1 DS <5V1C ATTISIT CR, aLA.LACTTTTITICS ° C--IDA CLEARANCE AS DACCAMENTS ANT CRITERIA ISU MrAoNo DEDOG D S-SUA PREAAALISICOCION NATICE C CPSN3FS PSC CC CLC NT TEAsECINA 03 e.READISOtTOCANSRATTOR PMESAALICICOCA1NODATA ECrAANCsIaTCSAuA ..... - Roads for Rehabilitation _ 1 t\--N New Roads . -r--.---+ - Raliways ° I 2I A3 tsnan Sar\ t-.-~r 0Rivers KILOMETERS i - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 2 WN _ \s1 Villages o-MILES 2 _ _ ( MI LES Tro NgAern Forest Rese-e- 15 C ne56 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~/ KIMNAN ) \ / X3< Py952 k se, 1, k 52 To All-r,-. 5l§py T Pyinmand 965,40' 95°44' IBRD 16263 9703E BURMA97 -40' 97°42' To Mo-/i-n 97044. MARCH 1982 BURMA ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~INDIA _ CHINA TANK IRRIGATION PROJECT \, AZIN SUBPROJECT ABANI.ADESH C-1 PROPOSED DAM AND RESERVOIR \URMA EI\ -' ^PROPOSED IRRIGABLE AREA -UPLAND(ORCHARDSI) PROPOSED IRRIGABLE AREAS- LOWLAND(PADDY) t MAIN CANAL ., R X ALAN.A SECONDARY CANALS 1 ,/ - TERTIARY CANALS W'- -DRAINS 0,-- ssis 1 sso ROADS - A U N, ROAD UJNDERCONSTRUCTION ORj'{7/,,<, 24t "-uv ' - 97O46' 7 w-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - /117' -- / / 05 atien. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*< j ~~~~This -ap has bees prepa-d by the ,x / /7/, ~~~~~~~~ / I ~%;World Baks staff -oo-i-rly for 7, / / '~~~~~~~~~~'2' ' -, ~~~~~~~~the --veiene of the reder of ~~~' ;%/~~~~~~~~~~~~~ / - ,/' ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~the report to orhh it is attached. '7-> <4~~~~~ '\'~~~~.i. ,~~~~ .,. ./ -~~~~~~ rhoe deno,i-ations soed-ad the - TSeii 1 b ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~6 dle soft-this map ( if "" / ii'>ii,,n W ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~do sot imply, so the part of tha I - // 4/ / ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~jodgosest so the lega otat- of anf territory or soy e-do-se-t j 0 / ~~~~~~~~~" // ~~~~~~~ // ~~~~~~ niosts/'~~~~~~~~~~~ B-paskas ftsh b-d:tos : 7-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Es '7 / ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A,,tf e,,, --~~~~~~~~~~~~Mo,, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -P /.m j(p q,a r KILOMETERS 0 2 MILES 970389 97 40' 42' To T.i-'v974 To1oy709 IBRD 16388 97.43' 97°44 97°45' ~ ^ . I APRIL 1982 97043' 97044. 97049 I To Moolo,eifl 16016 1601' t X -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~P :~~~' '.\ ' . 'ei (t,~~~~~~~~> A angopn~ ~~~ 9h 8. ___ ,~, o' // E 0 nn 60 80 10 Prolect~ ~ ~~~ An d -fT >an;aa E~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I fIeheCSnr wih d7nks afeesvl o h ove@ E/o.olodKd /\ ! fga e lstmtPlrfo te S f t Vod 3g d7q | . /5 To Yd 97 44 97 TANK 1/ ~~~~~~~ I~~R .......I..'..,NWA E Ar,1 A----- RIAYMANI"12 i. SECONDARY MAINS(3"-4410.1) -. K- V.-,' '-~~~~~~~~~~~~~"-'--- RUBBER PLAANTA TIOAVS jWATER TREATMENT PLANT / j ~~~~~~~~~~~~~PUMPING STATION 10,226 -- <9 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~PROPOSED DAM AND RESERVOIR I~L I( ELEVATED SERVICE RESERVOIR 97'43' .jr-~:-:: FUTURE RESIDENTIAL AREAS I - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~RESIDENTIAL AREA BOUNDARIES INDIA ~CHINA 1 ADY IEDSWARD NUMBERS INDIA PADDY FIELDS -7, y ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ /93 POPULATION -- .,-. - - ~~~~~~ROADS r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~~~RAILWAYS BA. O 113 E SH 3 6U6314 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~ /.~~~~~~ - - __ ~~~~~~~~~~~RIVERS -~~ -. - - - Moo~~~~~~~o~~o,y /../ - ~~WARD BOUNDARIES - --- / ~~~~~~~~~~ROAD UNDERCONSTRUCTION 9o09oPr~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Iy~~~~~~~~~~A' - ~~~~~~~~~~~0 290 406 666 696 1 000 -3! 1 - ~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 20~0 460 600 999 109 Pro ject Area ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~T,, TI,bnv-szI'a if Toll~~~~Y 9744' 97045.