RESTRICTED ^ '" "A PS2! VOL. 2 I.w They do not accept responsibility for its accuracy or completeness. The report may not be published nor may it be quoted as representing their views. INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION IDTD CD:C\ A T C rv>T)A A NT A f-rrT NT TT t-e A X A EAST PAKISTAN AGRICULTURE AND WATER DEVELOPMENT VOLUME II AGRICULTURAL ANNEXES July 17, 1970 Special Projects Department -CuRRENCY Efr'U1vALE'rS 'uo? ;.00 = Rupees (Rs) 4.(Oc Rs 1.00 = US$ 0.21 Rs 1 million = US$ 210,000 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 1 Acre (ac) = 0.405 hectare (ha) 1 mile (mi) = 1.609 kilameters (Ion) 1 square mile (sq mi) = 6h0 ac = 259 ha 1 foot (ft) . 3Q.5 centimeters (cm) 1 long ton (ig ton) = 1.016 metric tons (m ton) 1 acre-foot (ac-ft) = 1,234 cubic meters (m3) 1 cubic foot per second (cusec) = 0.028 m3/sec (Local Units) 1 maund (md) = 0.0367 lg ton 1 maund = 82.2 lb INITIALS AND ACRONYMS EPADC - East Pakistan Agricultural DAvelonment Gninoration EPWAPDA - East Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority IRRI - International Rice Research Tnstitute. Philippines PARD - Pakistan Academy for Rural Development (at Comilla) SInA - Sqeidinh Tnt0rnAti nl 1invalepmPent Authority TIP - Thana Irrigation Programme UNDP - United Nations Develoiwient Proga,nmime tJSAID - United States Agency for International Development USC-S - United States Cn-eollogiicall Survey GLOSSARY amuan - rice planted before the monsoon and harvested .n No-vember or December aus - rice planted in Marcn and harvested in June or July boro - winter rice pianted in October or November and harvested in March or April khal - small natural water course kharif - summer (wet) cropping season rabi - winter (dry) cropping season EAST PAKISTAN AGRICULTURE AND WATER DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS FOR AN ACTION PROGRAM VOLUME II --- AGRICULTURAL ANNEXES-i ANNEX 1 AGRICULTURAL CREDIT ANNEX 2 AGRICULTURAL TRAINING ANNEX 3 JUTE ANNEX 4 SELECTED MINOR CROPS ANNEX 5 INTEGRATED MARKETING AND CROP PRODUCTION AND TRANSPORTATION ANNEX 6 ACCELERATED RICE PRODUCTION PROGRAMME ANNEX 7 EVALUATION OF THE THANA IRRIGATION PROGRAMME IN EAST PAKISTAN (1968-69) ANNEX 8 POPULATION AND FOOD IN EAST PAKISTAN 1/ This is the second volume of the report Proposals for an Action Program, East Pakistan Agriculture and Water Development dated July 17, 1970. There are also Volume III The Water Program and Volume IV References. I ANNEX 1 AGRICULTURAL CREDIT 1. Agricultural credit is necessary for the successful introduction of modern agriculture. Although the performance of agricultural credit to date has been disappointing, a tailor-made improvement in the institutio{nanl mechanism has been evolved, pilot-tested, and accepted by the Governmenl:. This improvement is ready for systematic build-un. Tts mainr conRtraint: is the lack of trained manpower. 2. The need for credit and the difficulty of institutionally dis-- pensing it in East Pa-kistan are related to ench other, and are not diffi.- cult to explain. Small farmers normally do not conform to the creditworthi- ness snpeif4iationns of lendin-g institutions In order for small farmerS to use modern agricultural techniques and, perhaps even more important, in order for themo to gain a fair economic return from their inputs -- including the holding capacity to optimize the price of their output -- they must be able to obtain credit on non-usurious term--. 3. In 1969 the State Bank of Pakistan estimated that e approxiate total annual rural credit requirements of both East and West Pakistan was between Rs 5,000 ar.d Rs 6,000 m4114on., an.d that the combined insti.t.Ut.onal credit service would be able to provide no more than Rs 500 to Rs 600 mil- lion, or 10 ------.t. The State Bank esti*Ated the ProV4nce t supply of credit in 1966 from institut4onal services to be nearly 14 percent of all credit di4sburseA. Private sources supplied 86 percent of all credi't Udis- -- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~IV LLAJ. -.A WV .iI L a.LJ. ~ UL bursed. Table No. 1 shows the breakdown of the sources of credit in East Pakistan an L their cor.tributior, as a perce.tage o'L the totaL. 4. Durinrg the hird Plan the -volwue of agricultural credit has ex- panded substantially (Table No. 2). The expansion grew parallel with the launching of the "grow-more-food campaign". Since the principal source of funds for the institutional agricultural credit is the public treasury, the expansion of this cred;t also mwant thnat the Government financed credit mechanism actively supported the inputs programs. However, this support suffered from various proolems examlned Delow. J. There is IlttiLe or no institutional savings by the farmers in East Pakistan. The small size of the great majority of farms combined with losses from floods anid period of draught have caused many of the farmers to go into debt. The disappearance of the Hindu Zamindars (landlords) after partition left an institutional vacumm at the village and particularly at the inter-village level and removed at one stroke the prime source of rural credit. Tne reliance of the farmers on credit has enabled the indigenout; money lenders to charge highly punitive interest rates and, according to several reliable obervers, to acquire land at an increasing rate in lieu of default. 6. The Government, since Independence, has become active in the agri- cultural credit field, but has not been successful in making credit avail- able to the mass of small farmers. Prior to partition, Government gave loans for relief purposes (both socially and politically desirable) but not for productive purposes. Consequently, the repayment of loans was not part of the contract until the 1960's. The absence of new agricultural inputs that might have dramatised the productive aspect of agricultural loans has hindered the development of a successful large scale agricultural credit system. 7. Over half of all loans from all sources are from friends and relatives. Though convenient and usually granted without security, these loans are seldom free of charge. Labor or crop sharing is usually demanded to service the loan when interest is not charged. Tenant farmers generally rely on their landlords to assist them with loans. Security is seldom re- quired, but interest rates are high (and have been reported to range as high as 240 percent). Traders lend against the crop, a portion of which has to be sold to them at a pre-determined rate. Money lenders as a class dis- appeared after partition. However, a new class of money lenders has arisen. They charge from 50 percent to 200 percent interest and often demanded security in the form of personal effects. 8. The Taccavi loans by Government began in 1884 to assist farmers in distress -- a fairly common condition in the Province due to flooding and, less frequently, to drought. The affected farmers have tended to consider the loans as Government hand-outs with the result that 80 percent of the loans made are never recovered. In 1959 the "Credit Enquiry Com- mission" recommended that the Government should only act as a lender in the total absence of any other institutional agency capable of granting loans. The volume of loans granted since 1960 is shown in Table No. 2. The Taccavi loans have increasingly been given for productive purposes though the relief aspect remains dominant. Interest rates have remained between 6 percent and 7 percent. The repayment record is extremely poor, less than 10 percent. 9. The Agricultural Development Bank is sponsored by the Central Government which owns most of its capital stock. The Bank's operations have a strong bias in favour of the medium and long term development field, in particular mechanization. The Bank has found that its short-term lending for production purposes is expensive and awkward. It cannot, on its own, reach efficiently the mass of small farmers. At present the average holding operated by ADB loanees in the Province is 8.39 acres, which is considerably larger than the holding of the typical farmer in East Pakistan. Loans granted by the ADB have by law to be fully secured, except for those under Rs 500 against which personal securities may be given. The ADB has an elaborate machinery for the investigation of borrowers and for the suner- vision of loans suited to its natural and appropriate constituents who are the large farmers and the agricultural businesses. The ABD apnears to be an efficient farm credit organization which, however, cannot reach the mass of farmers. For this task. the ADB recuires supplementarv inytitutions The ADB has recently undertaken a review of its lending procedures to simplify them, and ann examinatio of its leondiAn program. to adjust it to the needs of the foreseeable future. While officially shy of short-term lending nopratins, the a ATl will coni-4nue in. that- fed1A ...s- 4 1 oth i.ors perform the function as or more efficiently. -3- IlO. ThIe C'o=operative Credit4 4yte. in + Eas Pkisanco.isa tre .LV *I.LLC tI~ j~tO SV tJ~%J b .Y 0~ 1.fllf --- LiO L * aa. -O La.. *M O LU1L A-- institutions at different hierarchies -- the Primary Credit Societies at the Ur,Lon level; thlle Central C Lo=operative Banks whilch serve or,e or m.ore Thanas each; and the Apex or Provincial Co-operative Bank which serves the rrov'±nce. In 17-68UD there were 62 Central Co-operat'Lve Banks andLU 4,012 Primary Credit Societies with 1,291,038 members. The East Pakistan Pro- vincial Co-operatiLve Bank (ErPr"CB) obuta'Lr.s nearlLy all 'Lts 'loanI Lfun,us f'rom the State Bank, most of it on a year to year basis. The EPPCB cannot pos- sibly funnel down millions of rupees through the system to the members, have the funds perform a productive cycle, and have them collected and sent back to the system, all within one year. The year to year basis of the State Bank's lending is no more than a prevailing practice, but one which the State Bank appears to wish to continue in an effort to maintain control over the EPPCB whose repayment rate is only around 70 percent. While the EPPCB is handicapped by the current conditions, more flexible terms may have to await the overhaul of the present co-operative system. The dif- ficulty is particularly acute as the Co-operative System does not own any sizeable percentage of its own capital. The share of capital owned by the Co-operatives has decreased since 1967 as the total volume of loans dis- bursed has risen rapidly. 11. In the 1950's the previous pattern of village co-operatives was altered to a pattern of primary societies at the Union level. The idea was to provide sufficient business at the Union level to allow the new societies to develop into multi-purpose societies dealing with credit, farm materials and with marketing. In 1963, 500 of the Union Multi-purpose Co-operatives were selected as "development" societies. Under the plan, these societies were to develop marketing activities. Government loans enabled them to construct storage godowns, to procure agricultural produce and to extend medium term loans to their members. It proved difficult to establish the marketing aspects on sound lines. A planned Marketing orga-- nization failed to materialize and, in the absence of a supporting organi-- zation, distrust became rife. In 1969 the Registrar of Co-operatives ordered the development societies to discontinue both the marketing and the supply business. The present position is that the Union Multi-purpose Co-operative Societies deal only with credit. Since they are not owned bv their members, they could be described more accurately as credit dispensaries. Membership is small and usually limited to those villages close to the village in which the Society's office is located. 12. Each of the Central Co-operative Banks serves roughly 100,000 farmers who may live in more than one Thana. The Central Co-operative Banks undertake a limited number of business transactions because they only main- tain the accounts of the Co-operative Societies. Their establishment costs are therefore quite small. On a 2 percent margin between funds purchased and sold, with an average loan to members of the primary societies of Rs 200, it has been estimated that 15 percent of the farmers must be members for t:he Central Banks to be viable. This estimate also assumes a 100 percent re- payment record. - 4 - 13. A renort written in 1969 stated that "in some Central Co-oDerative Banks 80 percent of loans were long overdue and it must be regarded as doubt- ful that tiiev wilL be recovered". Many of the Banks are not only highly illiquid but possibly inisolvent. In 1967 only 1,000 Societies out of the 4.200 then registered were eligible to receive loans from the Provincial Co-operative Bank due to their prior repaymeiit records. The Apex Bank, the EPPrB; ha-d ouprdui Ioans from all the Centrrl L1anks totrllinQ Rs 34 million in 1968. The large sums of overdue loans have been explained as due to the ePriouly1v rediircd rpnavment canacitv of the borrowers following floods etc'. The preponderance of large farmers amongst the borrowers, and therefore pre- siumably nmong the rural well-to-do;. does not fit surh in epyn1nation- Tt i8 more likely that poor loan administration is the cause within what remains nn insftitutionnal vaunrm IL4 A ea-rt-ain overlinnnina of the drult-ies of th-ep field st-aff Of the. Co-operative Directorate and of the office staff of the Central Banks may act to ensure the purc,,ut of a uiniform noliru cy. However, the oetr rlpping of duties causes an important dissipation of the responsibility for the lending operation which in turn impairs administration. Ideally the responsibility for the sanctioning of loans and for their recovery should belong to one organnization. Even then the remoteness of thp offiricl4 from village life cannot instill in the rural communities any sense of moral pressure to repay. The only official who direct Ailu ntact with the farmers is the T.ana Co-operative Officer. He has the impossible task of dealing with from 10 to 1 R00 f.r f-4 1 4a. P.n1l-. nn4A 8 nr .74 14- 1i4t- -1 n,no nfvi- f 4 , o4_ tance, he understandably concentrates on routine work: assisting societies to prepare loana their books. MUe F.. . level officers spend little time in the supervision or recovery of loans and, unduer the present conditions, are r.ot trained or m,otivated to engage in th-e ULUCI UC 1C IIL A,,tt .A410CL * IJ U I OuCU~J IA 4. a . L.' C LCC 11 UI crucial extension and education work necessary to a healthy program. 15. In view of the institutional and management shortcomings of the lo-operatiLve systeLI at preser.t, Lt e overLuieLt's udecision to aUdpt t[le Comilla approach, the Integrated Rural Development Program, is to be com- mended. 16. At Comilla a set of rural co-operative institutions have been evolved, the record of which promises that its off-spring, the Integrated Rural Development Program, should play a large and vital role in the Pro- vince's development. The village unit at Comilla has been retained as the basic unit in what is really a "pre-cooperative" society with the important communal aspects of a credit union incorporated. The village societies have been sensitively linked to a proper co-operative at the Tnana level. Two farmers elected by their society attend weekly instruction and business meetings at the Thana, one as the society's treasurer and the other as the village's model farmer, and then hold a weekly demonstration and business meeting with the members in the village. The Thana has proved to be an ideal administrative and business unit for the Comilla type co-operative. It is large enough to elicit sufficient business to warrant good staff and to allow co-operative ventures on an economic scale. At the same time the Thana is sufficiently small so that Thana residents can travel to the Thana headquarters and back in a day. As the site of the principal market in the aren andi nf commercial an.d trnsportation services, the Thana is the natural unit of identity. The institutional vacumm under wahich the existing co-operative structure has laboured has been broached at Comilla and hopefully, along with the Rural Works and the Thana Irriga- tion Programs, the Integrated Rural Development Program t., 1 have tho same effect over the Province. 17. It will take at least 5 years before the new program covers the entire Province ar.d u..till t1hen teexistir.g Co-operatilve sstruicture will lZon- tinue to play the major institutional role in credit. The crucial role that credit m-ust p"lay ir, furth6er-ing the adoption of Ile r,ew aqriAcu lturall L.IL &L LLU±L. LLIU L. jJa & LA I L 6AL L I u a L .LJL IL J L LZ L A. W UL ULa inputs and water developments require that the Co-operatives be strenlb:- _AJT - - - - - - _ JAA2w_ - - erxedU . Important policy dUecDisions should bUe mae to mak-e the CU-UCLMLVa:8 either similar to those proposed under the Integrated Rural Development Program, or to create a v'±ab.Le alternative. Ine presence uL a large ex- isting organization which, though inefficient, has still to play a vital role will command the Government's attention. Tne estimated volume of lending by the Co-operatives in the financial year ending July 1970 will have risen by 55 percent over the previous year (Table No. 2). Tnis rapid increase in lending was largely the result of the credit support given to the Tnana Irrigation Program begun the year before. And this program Will continue for several years. With the accelerated rice production program just beginning, it will increase the total demand for institutional credit considerably. The desire on the part of the Agricultural Development Bank to concentrate on medium and long-term loans and its limited ability to handle short-term production credit, re-emphasizes the role of the Co- operatives in short-term production credit. 18. The productive aspect of credit given for the new seed varieties, for fertilizer and for the installation and running of minor irrigation facilities provides the basis to change the image and the partial purpose of credit away from relief. The enlarged water and agricultural prograim3 to be undertaken in the next plan period will require substantial increaises in the availability of credit. The general transformation of the concept of credit by both the farmers and the bureaucracy to that of a productive input capable of creating the wherewithal for repayment is vital if the cost of credit is not to become a constraint to the successful implementa- tion of the programs. 19. The strengthening of the existing Co-operative system appears to be inevitable if the system is to be utilized to the maximum extent. Two recent reports, one written for the World Bank, both envisage a number of organizational, staff, and training improvements which should bring in- creased efficiency and service in the short term. The Government of East Pakistan has accepted the key recommendations of the reports. 20. Certain conclusions with broader implications for East Pakistan also emerge. Within the East Pakistan environment an effective system of both lending and collecting must be a highly decentralized one in which local pressures play a large part in governing performance -- both of the -6- borrower and the lending institution. Three basic approaches stand out: (a) build upon the relevant parts of an experience from rural infrastructure and the knowledge gained from the Comilla experiment -- especially building the credit operation around a nucleus of economic improvement; (b) provide an incentive to the commercial banking system to provide rural credit; (c) extend credit to the distributors of inputs -- fertilizer, fractional pumps, improved seed. etc. -- to permit the distributors in turn to extend credit to the cultivators on non-usurious terms. 21. The province-wide expansion of a proiect for rural credit buildin- on the organizational capacity of the rural works program, integrating the 18.000 already functioning groups of the thana irrigntion program, an.d employing the relevant portion of the Comilla experience has already been accepted by the Government and is commended by the World Bank. The nositive exploitation of the commercial banking network in the agricultural input distribution system should be studied inmmediately. 22. Agricultural credit has been descrihed in several reports as the weakest link in the present effort to increase agricultural production. It should not be treated in isolation. however,, for the cost of credit to the country will remain high until credit is integrated with extension and marketing. Integration of the services renuired bv the farnmers can. only come through institutions with which they can identify and control. Until the Co-oneratives ran achieve this, the communal and moral pressures to re- pay will remain dormant and the scale of business required to support good management will not be possible. Annex 'L Table :I SOURCE OF RURAL CREDIT IN EAST PAKISTAN (1966) Non-Institutional P-riail nAc Ps oIs.QM-raq 9 lR Tndl ords, Traders, Moneylenders 3lw.0 86.14% Is t i-.ti +- 0rl Co =op,e ratives 7.73-e _d1 U V L k.U 0 IV I IJdt U * 13.86% Total 100 % A_nex 1 Table 2 EAST PAKISTAN - INSTITUTIONAL AGRICULTURAL CREDIT ANNUAL VOLUME OF LENDIING (Millions cf Rupees) Agency/Type ,1960 61 1961-62 1962 -63 1963-64 1964-65 1565-66 1966-67 _67-68 1968-69 1(s69-m7 Taccavi 13.48 21.45 29.00 38.45 30.22 17.79 19.04 15.28 25,,40 :30.00 A.D.B.P. 38.19 0o.54 37.67 38.34 36.48 41.55 47.11 65.oc) 75,79 69.5( Co-operatives 43.08 45.70 37.82 35.35 25.57 9.38, 23.18 i70.10c 79.,o5 123.80 Source: Planning Department, using: data of: a) Department of Agriculture, Goveirnment of East Pakistan. b) Directorate of Co-operatives, Dacca. c) The Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan, Dacca. ANNEX 2 ACRICULTURAI. TRAITTNn 1. The action program proposed by the report has important implica- tion8 for the training nf Avrptltirrsal statnff. At oenF th age.cies which employ agricultural staff are in general understaffed and are all concerned with the niinlitv nf the staff they have. The different agencUea all have plans to upgrade their present staff and to hire additional staff. While their nrop--t--- rlns are 4n more or le88 advanced stages of preparation, no basis exists for the co-ordination of the demand for agricultural staff nnA tia4rv sply fvrom x4la4ting 4lstit-4 ns o r with the help of new instl=. __rr_J -m -~~*S l.a.%%.J -. i Lk- 61UCU A. *c LID tutions. The likely severe shortage of trained agricultural staff, even in the nevxt FM, -,fa:a th,-ateon th,e -----e…- …f se…1er parts o- the jL and requires immediate attention. 2. To highlight the problem, projections for the demand for different grades -s agricultural stsffJ 4Urom I 1970/I'7U1 to £1979/0 have beeni prepare'. The projections are based on certain assumptions which limit their value "Loe'Ly Lt hLa&L ofL .order U oL Lu. UMU.LLUUC. 1Eie projections will Lnen Pe set against the current and anticipated supply position for the different grades. Th.e assumptions are given irn the following subparagraphs: (a) Tne figure below refer tO tne irrigatea area to be served by the major multi-purpose projects with con- sideration given to construction schedules as discussed in Chapter VI in Vol. I. The number of additional Union Agricultural Assistants required year by year shown in the first set of figures was projected considering these areas. Two assumprions have been made: that the effective utiliza- tion of the Irrigation facilities will necessitate the presence of agricultural staff prior to the facilities' completion to plan the agricultual inputs based upon the specific project operation plan and to prepare the farmers for the change in farming practices that will have to be employed wnen flooding ceases and irrigation begins. On the polder projects it has been assumed the full staffing of the projects will be required cwo to three years before their completion to assist the farmers to adapt to the changing conditions. rne Second assumption is that one agricultural assistant is required per thousand acres, the ratio is that recently accepted for the Chapter II Project which is regarded as the likely model in terms of management and extension for many of the projects to come (Line A). (b) Lines B and C show the additional agricultural assistants required, on the same basis of one agricultural assistant per thousand acres, for the ADC Low Lift Pump and Tubewell projects. (c) Line D shows the total number of agricultural assistants required year by year to service the additional areas to be irrigated in the period 1971/72 to 1976/77. - 2 - (d) Line E includes the assumption that three years after completion of the projects the need for Union Agricultural Assistants on the projects declines by one-third, thereby reducing the increased staff required in that year. Line F gives the "net addition" required in the prolect areas year by year. The irrigated areas constitute at present 7.6 percent of the cultivated area of the Province. By the end of the Fourth Plan Period, 1974/75, almost 30 percent of the Province will require full staffing by agricultural assistants on the basis of one assistant per thousand acres. (e) During the period to 1974/75 the increased effectivenesn of the Extension Service in the non-irrigated areas must still remain a priority. This includeR the 6 milllnn acres located primarily in the Northwest area suitable for IR-20. which will nlav a minor role in both inereased food production and also in crop diversification. At present the 4,000 odd Union Agricultural Assistants are poorly trained and work under disheartening conditions. The Denartment of Agrfeulture has a nrnioeo tn improve the Extension Service by upgrading the present staff. Line G aims at raisinQ the numher nf TTninn Agrrriultural Assistants in the non-irrigated area to 6,000 by 1975/76 or rouehlv one asAistant per 3n000 acres or some 1,200 farms. In the following four years the rate of increase of staff goina to the non-irrigated naeas halves to 200 a year (as the claim on staff from the irrigated areas rises nast 40 nerrent) so that by 1980 there would be 6,800 Assistants or one Assistant per roughly 2,000 acres, or 700 farm . (f) iine H inrluden the number of AdMtAionnin stnff for both irrigated and non-irrigated areas employed after 1970 who will havu to ha replarce hbfnore 1o°n (g) It should be noted ta no account has been It a. the training task involved in upgrading the existing corof 4,000 Ags4stant-s -loyedI ly -le "irec-orate of Extension Services or of the estimated 1,500 Agri- _lua AssiLstants employed, by t.LIe zuJJ,, EPWYAPDA nUM other agencies. However, the fact cannot be ignored that with a 3 percent *eplace-mnUt rate, the present number of Union Agricultural Assistants requires 165 new memuers eacn year (Line I). 3. The total projected requirement for Union Agricultural Assistants to enter employment each year from 1971/72 to 1979/80 does not include any estimates for the demand for similarly trained men by the private sector or by other agencies working in somewhat related fields; i.e. Plant Protection, Fisheries, Co-operatives, etc. The projections are below: The Projected Requirement for Union Agricultural Assistants 1971/72-1976/77 71/72 72/73 73/74 74/75 75/76 76/77 A. EPWAPDA Projects 225 545 700 1,217 985 512 B. ADC Low Lift Pumps 120 200 190 180 140 70 C. ADC Tubewells 20 30 50 60 80 180 D. Total Proiect Areas 365 775 940 1j457 1n205 772 after completion - - - 50 100 150 F. Net addition irrigated areas 365 775 940 1 ,.A7 1 622 H. Replacement ne stafs 0 0 4 40 0 400 I. Relae.en preseUL staff 165 165 165 i65 165 i65 Assistants Required Per Year 930 1,340 1,505 2,022 1,750 1,127 4. In September of 1969, the Planning Department of GOEP issued the First Report of the Skilled Manpower Project entitied manpower Pianning in East Pakistan. The Report estimates the "stock" of Union Agricultural AsuiLtants, at 5,500, in 1970. From ;97i-75, 250 Diploma and 175 Certi- ficate holders will be produced per year, or a total per year of 425 merL trained to be Union Agricultural Assistants. Nearly 325 per year wiii come from the seven Agricultural Extension Training Institutes in the rrovince and the balance of 100 from FAO's training center in the Ganges- Kobadak area. 5. The Department of Agriculture Extension Directorate has prepared a scheme called the Expanded Agricultural Extension Training Project to upgrade and expand the seven present institutes. The Directorate has pro- jected its own demand for Agricultural Assistants at 560 a year up to 15973/74 and expects the expanded institutes to produce an average of 500 Union Level - 4 - Assistar.:s per year. T,e 'u^LVP a.d the FPAO hae wee-o -.-r ti ~~aL~.~ALLD k/~L ~ LAL~ ULOA.J1 A L4Z La I1 rtnllJ ids~v Ug tm &.up tuppurL EU3.5 scheme for 5 years beginning in 1970. The Fourth Five Year Plan contains provision also for two - more extension training Lnstitutes. The figures below relate the projected supply of trained Union level Agricultural Masistants to the above demanLd prolJectLons. upp'ly and Demand FProjectsions of union Agricultural Assistants 4th Plan 5th Plan 71/72 72/73 73/74 74/75 75/76 76/77 Demand 930 1,340 1,505 2,022 1,750 1,127 Supply: Institutes 400 500 500 500 FAO 100 100 100 100 2 New Institutes - - 150 250 Total 600 600 750 850 Deficit 330 740 755 1,172 6. Accepting the Extension Directorate's figures to 1973/74,. main- taining tha FAO'r facllities as at prpesnt and naasuming that the proposed two new institutes take in 150 students in 1971/72 and 250 in 1972/73 to araduaint in lQ71/74 and in lQ7417S (a 7-year cri-as) t-he Adef4ic4- by 7973/74 would be 1,825 trained men. Unless a considerable increase in graduates occurs in the next year the deficit will rise by -early 1,200 a year in 1974/75. If the magnitudes of the projections used here are reasonable, thern b- the middle of the FourthL Five Year KIMn tbe effe.iees of a,-- j -~~~~~~-~S S.flI ~ 00 WA. &Many investments included in the action program will be threatened by the short- age of trained Extensionr. Assist ..t 7. The projected d emz..d for officers iin the ExtensioU SLV.LC c, WLAU operate at the Thana level, may be made using the same assumptions as for the 'Jnion 'level Issistar.ta At hrdur hr wAll be rogly;ofie ~I&~ 44&4.L.FlA MO.LOUL&AkL.. CLU %4IACLi.L&%V&J., LL 4L .L.L. U-_ LUU16L1.L7 J. 01lLCet for every 10 Assistants and, as before, Chandpur is taken as the model for th&a Le areas to bUJe iJr,rigated. In s.Lmilar ratio will ue usedu for tLie non- irrigated areas where at present the ratio there is close to 1:10. The asDumpiLLUL Lltlh .L4/J UoL tLe sLta* Wil ± Ue removeuV after 3 years has been dropped because Officers will become increasingly absorbed in administra- tive and subsidiary aspects of extension as agricuiture becomes more spe- cialized and commercial. The projected numbers of agricultural officers are as follows: -5- Dema=U anud Supply of Thana Agr'cultural Officers 1971/72 to 1979/80 1971/72 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 Demand Irrigated areas 36 77 94 145 120 77 Non-irrigated areas 40 40 40 40 40 20 Replacement present staff 24 24 24 24 24 24 Replacement new staff 2 8 10 Total 100 141 158 211 192 131 Bachelors agriculture 60 55 50 45 40 40 Masters agriculture 25 20 17 14 10 10 New college - - - - 50 100 Total 85 75 67 49 100 150 Deficit 15 66 91 162 90 - 8. At present there are 800 men in the Province who hold a Bachelors Degree in Agriculture. The Thana level Officers are drawn from among them. The present output of holders of Degrees in Agriculture from the Dacca College and from Mymensingh University is 70 per annum. The establishment of an agricultural college to award degrees given by the Agricultural University at Mymensingh is envisioned under the 4th Plan. A further 30 students are expected to be awarded their Master in Agriculture each year to 1975. The graduates with both Bachelors and Masters are likely to enter in inecreasing numbers the research establishments, the University or its Colleges, or agencies such as EPWAPDA or ADC. Moreover, some graduates will be matriculated in Livestock and Fisheries. The projections for supply take note of these sectors. The Table above suggests that there will be a serious shortfall in Officer material for most of the 4th Plan period, totaling 424 in 1975/76. Thereafter, supply should equal demand, short- term measures to bolster the graduate program at Mymensingh, possibly through research monies granted for work in farm economic and agricultural marketing studies, and the under-graduate programs at Dacca and Mymensingh, should suffice on the output side. 9. It should be noted that the above estimates are only partial ones. The projected expansion in the personnel of the Plant Protection Directorate, from about 2,300 to 3,600 over the Fourth Five-Year Plan period, has not been included in the above estimates. Nor are the training needs and pro- grams of the Fisheries Directorates (Inland and Marine). on the Livestoek - 6 - Directorate included. Each Directorate has its own plans for consideration under the Fourth Five-Year Plan, though few are in a complete form. We feel, however, that considerable work must be done to make a consolidated estimate of manpower requirements and to coordinate the various training efforts and to match the total requirement for trained staff to the existing and planned facilities. At present effort is dispersed in a haphazard fashion so that priorities are impossible to formulate. ANNEX 3 J u T E 1. Jute, grown in East Pakistan, is of vital importance to Pakistan's economy -- in particular to her foreign trade and foreign exchange earnings. Jute and jute manufactures account for about 50 percent of the value of Pakistan's merchandise exports and for about 90 percent of that of East Pakistan. 2. Jute is also the most important cash crop and is grown in virtually all parts of East Pakistan, except for the coastal areas. 3. The over-powering characteristic of East Pakistan's agriculture is the cultivation of rice for the subsistance of the agricultural popula- tion. A major part of total production is actually consumed on farms be- cause the average farm size is small, about 3.5 acres. Yet, rice is also a significant source of cash to farmers. Rice, including both the aus and aman crops occupies virtually all cultivable land during the rainy season. However, the rotation includes also jute, about 11 percent of the cultiv- able land during the aus season, followed usually by aman rice. Of other crops during the rainy season, only sugar cane is of substantial importance. Since jute is only a marginal crop in terms of land use, substantial changes in jute area would have but little relative impact on the area of rice with which Jute competes for land. 4. East Pakistan has a comparative advantage in jute cultivation in relation to other parts of Pakistan or to other countries. East Pakistan has natural conditions that are well suited to jute cultivation and is the principal producer of high quality jute. 5. Considering the above it would have been reasonable to expect that the promotion of lute production and industry would have had a verv important role in the development of East Pakistan's agriculture. This has not been the case. Under the Five-Year Plan self sufficiency in food production -- in particular rice production -- and import substitution have dominated agricultural policies. Meanwhile very little emphasis has been given to the promotion of the jute industry, except for promoting Jute manufacturing. Only near the end of the Third Five-Year Plan a limited intensive iute cultivation program was introduced and will be continued on an expanded scale under the Fourth-Five Year Plan. Also, the tentative proposals for the Fourth Five-Year Plan place an increased emphasis on the Jute industry. Many important aspects of policy formulation and subsequent implementation have not been worked out, however. Consequently, there is a need to review t'le iute Dolicv formulation and respective implementation programs. In particular, the East Pakistan authorities need to formulate Jute policies with the recognftlnn -- largelv ahsent under the current Five-Year Plan -- that growing exports are necessary even if food self-sufficiency and import substiutioinn nolirles are beina nursued seirt-essfullv. The discussinn belnw aims at identifying policy and program issues to provide a basis for the BAnk'. caacarntrn in 4Jut policy and program. formiulntin with the governarmat authorities of Pakistan. - 2 - Jute's Share of Pakistan's Exports and Foreign Exchange Earnings 6. Pakistan's total merchandise exports have grown from PRs 2,400 million in 1964/65 to PRs 2,840 million in 1967/68, an increase of 18.5 per- cent (Table No. ). 7. The relative share of the exports of jute and jute manufactures has declined slightly in Pakistan's total merchandise exports in recent years, from 51.8 percent in 1964/65 to 48.9 percent in 1967/68, although the value of these exports increased meanwhile from PRs 1,246 million to PRs 1,388 mil- lion, a rise of 11.5 percent (Table No. 1). The increase is attributable to the expansion of the export of jute manufactures between these years from PRs 320 million (13.3 percent of the merchandise exports) to PRs 590 million (20.8 percent of the merchandise exports). This reflects both value added by manufacturing and the increase in that portion of the jute crop which is being exported as manufactures. Meanwhile the exports of raw jute have declined, from about PRs 930 million (38.5 percent) to about PRs 800 million (28.1 percent). Thus the expansion in the exports of jute manufactures has been attained at the expense of raw jute exports. Exports of Jute Manufactures 8. The volume of world experts of jute manufactures have been growing at a substantial rate during the 1950's and the current decade (Table No. 2). Pakistan has taken advantage of this trend remarkably well. When Pakistan became independent East Pakistan was one of the principal jute growing areas of the world but had no jute manufacturing industry since jute grown previous- ly within the present boundaries of East Pakistan had been processed by plants located in India - in the vicinity of Calcutta. 9. In the mid 1950's Pakistan started to build up the jute manufactur- ing industry with outstanding success. Her exports of iute manufactures have grown since then substantially faster than the total world exports and thosa of her nrincinal competitor. India. In 1964-1967 Pakistan'R share averaged about 24 percent of the total world exports of jute manufactures as measured hb weiaht. Exports eof Raw Juite 10. The vrolu-ime (in tevrma sf wroiht) nf thk wnarl A c>vrnntt of -raw 4-ute and allied fibers declined slowly from the early 1950's to the early 1960's (Table No. 3). Since the latter period the-exports have gro. again, at least through 1966. 11. Meanwhile Thailand became an important exporter of kenaf, a sub- stLtute for JuteA.After having exported on.ly negJL' ±gLULe quantities of EkenaLf in the early 1950's her exports averaged about 29 percent of the total world exports of jute and allied fiberL UULring LLit peLroUU 16-66U. 12. In contrast with the above development Pakistan's share in the world exports of these fibers has declined from 98 percent in 1950-53 to about 66 percent in 1964-66. This reflects two developments - (1) while Pakistan's competitive position as an exporter of raw lute and allied fibers may have declined on the world market, (2) the expansion of the jute manu- factures exports of Pakistan took place, to a large degree, at the expens3e of raw jute exports, i.e. the exportable raw jute was a declining residual after the industry's raw material requirements were satisfied. Further questions emerge as to whether it is necessary and economically sound to expand lute manufacturing at the expense of raw iute exports. These tentative conclusions and questions will be further examined below. Jute's Role in Aarinulture and Related Programs Jute in Acgr-i,ult-,ural crnnomv 13- Although Jute and Jute prnodutsa acunt fno nnbit- half of the country's foreign exchange earnings from merchandise exports, and although Jute is also the most 4nnvtnt, anrl most widely spread crop grom aeslolely to earn cash in East Pakistan, the agriculture of the province is dominated by production of subs-iste-ro.cen foods4, in particular that of rice. At 1e0nso one rice crop is grown on virtually all the cultivable area during the auis and seasons (see para. 3) and rice is by far the most important staaple food of the agricultural as well as of non-agricultural population. A bulk -. F.** 4. .. 1.4 .Jj .a rz A S..IuI . . LLI U5A . .LI ..UJ.LIA _J . . IJI FUL I..IL WI.L.I&1L _& .__t, O f--Se r4c crpS coV _&,>nsJw }W 6|ume 1-y th - U4 UA ---- $-_z V < over 80 percent of the total population. Whatever minor marketable surp]Luses remain are so'ld to proviude cashl. * .U5.J.&5 IL V OLI.LU 1.1._ jJ- -I-V-U- - -I- - Under the FLrVaiLlng fLarmi. FpLaLeLnLI JULt occLupies onlAy WuM1gir.al amounts of land. The average farm size is small (3.5 acres) and as jute cult-_- -i on requires much labo_r and asth 4ue S a-r- -et cn - 4-" ar- tc)^ undependable to be relied upon for a major part of farm production, it is n.ecessary for far-ers tto grow *their subslstence food. ThASlCe relative un.- importance of jute in the land use pattern means that even relatively large c.anges in Jute area woull ----ony onI---UL ---v-y sm811-- cIhange ir, tLh total area available for food production, especially for rice production. Thuere.pore, liJl. orJ_ meul. h ueae ogo ore food As rela;i.C.-ly &&&& AAIL~ ALJ.UJLJ.L LIL LCUUUI..LLS LamV JUL.C WIVW LV ISLLW UPL UU.. V.L.V. unimportant from the standpoint of solving the overall food deficit probJlems .L LIthe couLutry. I.t wouldU a'Lso 'we outr'Lgl'lt harmLful fror. the standpoint ol: foreign exchange earnings as long as the alternative crop to jute is the traditional varieties of rice as shown in more detail below (see para. 27). Price Incentives for jute Production 15. Past experience indicates that jute production is responsive to price changes. In particular, the relative prices of jute and rice in- fluence the production of jute since rice is an alternative crop for jute! and competes with it for land during the aus season. 1/ The consensus of experts having examined the jute question is consistent with this finding. However the impact of relative prices seems to have declined to some extent in recent years due to growing population pressure on land to grow rice for subsistence. 2/ Also, East Pakistan farm families are traditionally afraid to sell rice, because of the need to assure an adequate food supply, while they have a long established tradition of growing jute for cash. This may have increasingly conditioned the influence of prices. 16. The price of jute relative to that of rice decline in the 1950's. This reflected a rising trend in rice prices caused by the rapidly growing population while food production, in particular rice production, tended to lag behind the population growth rate. Consequently, the rice price was being pushed upwards. 17. In the early 1960's the development of the relative prices of lute and rice reversed itself (Table No. 4). Between the latter half of the 1950's and the first half of the 1960's, the producers' price (the growers' price) of raw jute improved substantially, somewhat over 25 percent. Meanwhile there was very little change in the average level of rice prices. Jute prices improvement may be attributable mainly to two factors. First, the export prices of raw jute improved from the second half of 1950's to the 1960's (Tables No. 5 and 6). Second, the demand for jute from the expand- ing jute manufacturing industry (Table No. 1) apparently tended to push the producers' prices of jute upwards. However, from the first half of the 1960's through its second half the relative prices again developed in favor of rice as against jute (Table 4). Both prices rose but rice prices substantially faster than lute prices. The average wholesale nrice of medium qnuality rice averaged 38 percent higher in 1965-66-1968/69 than in 1960/61-1964/65 while the grower's price of Jute rose by 18 nerrent- 18. The above improvements in jute nrioes have taken place in spite of several counteracting influences. There was a modest export tax on raw iute throueh the 1950's and until 1967!68. The export tax was abolished beginning with the season 1968-69. Moreover, the raw jute exports have taken nlace on the official overvalued exchange rate system. applied to the export of jute manufactures. Applying the official exchange rate to the raw ilute exports has tended to denress rather than strengthen the price at the farm level. _! A.K.M. Ghulam Rabbani, Economic D-te--4nar,ts of Tu te Productlon Jn Ir.dia ..~~ .- J- ~ I . A. J U L.LLl .LL LLLUJ.L and Pakistan. (Reprint from the Pakistan Development Review, Quarterly Journal of Pa.kistar. Tnstltute of Develop,e.t £Eonom.cs; 'arac"i. VUlJume V Summer 1965 - No. 2 page 223). 2/ Dr. A.K.M. Ghulam Rabbani and Rais Uddin Ahmed, Long Term Jute Policy andu rogram for Increas'ng Jute Production in Pakistan (Fourth Plan Study No. 5, Agriculture Sector; Planning Department, Government of East Pakistan, November i968, pages 12-13). -5- Development of Jute Area 19. Except for the latter half of the current decade, Jute area apparentlv has changed consistentlv with the relative prices of iute and rice. From the early 1950's to the second half of the same decade the jute area declined. broadly sneakinge in line with the fall in the price of iute relative to that of rice. During the first half of this decade the jute area increased with the rise in the relative nrice of iute. However. the jute area continued to expand during the latter half of the 1960's, reaching a new reronrdi nf ahnout 214 miullinn ar-res in 1967168 and 1968/69 although the relative prices seemed to move against jute. In the absence of data on pro- d,pprva' p1rirces fnr nprlrlv nver extpnded npridod nf tlmpe thp wholesAle pri=ces of rice have been used in the comparisons (see para 17). It may be that the price of paddy at farm level has not risen aC ahnrply as the wholesale price of rice, and thus the relative prices may not have, in reality, worked quIte so strongly against le4sta 4Ire ye^- "O"ars as 0-&suetedA bvy Fhe avaIlELbm la J - - - _- .7- - -_ 0 _ . -J - --- data. Moreover, the gross return per acre at 1968/69 prices was probably aroundSJ ~UA Ps5i.u c a a80ag Cst 0sv PRs 'Alf) acre ir.nthe cultivation of traditional aus rice. 1/ This perhaps explains largely why the farmers continued to epand Jute area irn recent years. ITn ay case an adequate differential in gross returns is necessary in favor of jute szince its production costs are h iL&hler than thLlose of riLce. YIelds an,d FaJLUiU L-I L. Practices 20J. Jute yLe'LU's have not ir,.proVeU dLL Llltn L7tJh b 1950's a lV. I7 orl. the contrary, they seem to have declined during the current decade. In addition, there ha-ve beCen ULIIU± L*ULUaLcu Uns caUsedU by vaLYir,g WeaLheL nnd floods. In recent years the yields have averaged about 3.0 bales (0.54 tons) per acre. These yields are low. In Taiwan the jute yields are about one third higher than those of East Pakistan. 21. The low yields are due to traditional practices which dominate E LLPa'Kista.n' J'sute prodJuctiLor.. JL..e technically ar.U econo.,ically proven improvements in Jute production practices and associated yield increase are less dramatic - the available improved Jute seed promi'se a yield i.n- crease of hardly more than 20 percent - than those associated with the in- troduction oI new rice varieti'es (INR var'etLe5' . rernaps Ltli's exy'a'n. the fact that the improved jute production practices have received only modest attention among farmers as well as witn the agricultural administra- tion. Under the prevailing traditional practices improved Jute seeds are used only on a limited scaie; jute is sown at broadcast and not in lines; and water control, fertilizer application, pest control, weeding and proper thinning are virtually neglected; and preparing jute (retting of jute) for market is done poorly on the average farm. 1/ Jute: yield, 3 bales of 400 lbs/acre (or 15 maunds/acre); and price, PRs 34/maund; gross return, PRs 510/acre. Rice (Paddy): yield, 14 maunds/acre; PRs 22/maunds; gross return, PRs 310 acre. -6- Jute Policies 22. The Government's jute policies have not been conducive to the integrated development of the jute industry from farmina to marketinag pro- cessing and exports. In this connection it might be noted also that the prevailing division of responsibility for iute between the Government of Pakistan and that of East Pakistan is not conducive to sound jute policies. 23. The pricing and foreign exchange rate policies as reflected in the bonus (voucher) exchange rate svstem have favored Jute manufacturing and neglected the farming aspect, particularly the assurance of strong price incentives to farmers, The export tax on jute, abolished only recently, has accentuated the above pricing pattern (see para. 18). 24. Agricultural policies have been neglecting jute production and onlv rpepntlv the imnortance of a sonrd 4ute policy has gained understand4Ing in Pakistan. During the Third Five-Year Plan the Government's efforts have been concentrated mainly on expanding food production, particularly rice. Although increased self-sufficiency in food production and improvement in per capita incomes of the farm popnaiil-lton were among the irnitial maor objectives of the Third Five Year Plan, the emphasis was changed from almost the verv beoinning of the Plan to give an over-powering top priority to the achievement of self-sufficiency in rice production by the end of the Plan period (1969l70). The sectoral allocations were -atered to strengthen all programs having a bearing on food grains production. The lack of attention of iute cul tivation is illustrated by the "Mid-Plan Review of the Third Five-Year Plan" (1965-70) by the Planning Commission, Government of Pakistan (dated Ap! 1968. The report's agriculture ch-Lapter exami.ned the fLoodU production programs and technical services for them in substantial detail but made only a passing reference to the bIggest export crop, Jute. ~ ~ U~..LUL £L" ULi Lu L.S V~L.U~8LH.Ul 25. Tatel1y, 4ute prodluction 'as begun to recejlve rore attent'Lon. On April 10, 1968a committee was appointed by the East Pakistan Planning Department for "Examining Various Issues Involved in Increasing Production of Jute on a Long Term Basis". The committee reported in December 1968 and recoLmendelu prouuctiLro targets, tlhe preparatiLon of a detailed program for reaching them, the introduction of 15 percent bonus exchange rate on raw Jute exports, arnd the financing of buffer stocks to reduce price fluctua- tions. Also, in December 1968, a draft Plan for intensive jute cultivation was prepared; the Plan was revLsed in March, i969. During its first year, 1969-70, the Plan covered 400,000 acres less than one fifth of the recent jute area. A start was to be made in 1969/70. The public expenditures to date to develop jute cultivation and those proposed under the intensive jute cultivation schemes have been very modest. The Government intends to continue the Program under the Fourth Five-Year Plan and projects the total coverage at 80 percent of the total jute area in 1974/75. 26. Marketing of jute takes place mainly through private channels and has serious weaknesses which tend to depress the producers' prices. Also, the producers' prices fluctuate excessively as do export prices and quantities of jute available for export. These circumstances adversely -7- effect farmers' incentives to grow jute. Furthermore, they weaken the competitive position of Pakistan's raw jute and jute goods exports on foreign markets since foreign importers try to avoid being dependent on Pakistan's supply of these products. This has undoubtedly encouraged the development of substitutes tor jute. Meanwhile, the operations ot the Jute Marketing Board have not been sufficient to stabilize jute prices and supplies for export. Moreover, the pricing policies have not been directed at counter-acting the encroachment of jute substitutes such as kenaf, the exports of which have expanded rapidly since the latter 1950's, into the traditional jute markets. The overall result of Pakistan's raw jute policies has been that her share of the exports of raw jute and allied fibers has declined substantially (Table No. 3). Also, a new synthetic substitute, polypropylene, has emerged as indicated in more detail below. Such development should have called for a serious examination of potential countermeasures by the Pakistan Government. 27. Finally, the one-sided concentration on rice production has not been in the best interest of the overall economy of the country. To date there have been no satisfactory improved rice (IRRI) varieties available for the aus and aman seasons but such varieties are now available for the aman season and are expected to be available shortly also for the aus sea- son. Therefore, to date jute has been competing against traditional rice varieties. Jute produces about 2 to 3 times the foreign exchange equivalent of an acre of traditional rice varieties (Table No. 8). This puts the emphasis of past production policies seriously in doubt. In fact, it appears the failure to promote jute cultivation strongly while justifiably pursuing food self-sufficiency and related import substitution policies has retarded the growth of Pakistan's foreign exchange earnings through the jute industry. 28. Four broad conclusions emerge. First, the policies have been concentrated too one-sidedly to expand the jute manufacturing industry (see paras. 22 - 25). Perhaps the most important measure has been the bonus voucher exchange rate system on the exports of manufactures. It should be noted, however, that the results have been remarkable in terms of the ex- pansion of output and the volume and value of exports of jute manufactures. Secondly, the promotion of Jute cultivation has been neglected to the detrimnent of the foreign exchange earnings of the country. Third, the neglect of sound cultivation. marketing and price policies and the expansion of the jute manufacturing industry have resulted in a declining residual exportable supply. This has lead to a substantial decline in Pakistan's share in the total world exports of jute and allied fibers (see Table No. 3). Fourth, both export supplies and prices have fluctuated widely causing foreign importers to try to avoid any great reliance on Pakistan supplieu; of raw iute and lute goods and encouraging the development of substitutes. It would have been more than reasonable to expect the Government to initiate measures for Dositive develonments also along lines other than promoting the jute manufacturing industry. - 8 - JUTE INDUSTRY PROSPECTS Demand 29. Demand for raw jute and jute manufactures is expected to grow at a modest rate in the foreseeable future. The growing economic activity of important jute-using countries would suggest an off-hand expectations that demand for jute for various types of packing would grow rapidly. In addition, new uses have emerged such as carpet-backing which has been recently the most promising new market for jute. However, several develop- ments are working against the growth of demand for jute. Bulk handling is increasing, and the use of substitutes such as paper and plastic for packing is spreading, and polypropylene plastic, has entered into carpet-backing. Also, kenaf with Thailand as chief exporter has encroached upon certain traditional uses of jute. 30. During the next few years the most severe threat to jute is ex- pected to come from a new synthetic, polypropylene, which has been developed during the last three years or so. It apparently can be manufactured in strips and woven, giving it certain characteristics of the woven materials produced from lute and other related textile fibers. A substantial number of European and U.S. firms are already manufacturing various polypropylene products competing with lute in its various uses ranging from packing to carpet-backing (Table No. 9). Moreover, leading manufacturers of jute processing machinery are encouraeing the use of substitutes since the required re-equipment of the European jute industry would mean a substantial volume of new business for them. Thus, in the United Kingdom the firms such as James Mackie and Sons, Ltd., Fairbairn Lawson, Ltd.; British Northrop, Ltd.; and Plasticizers Ltd. have played leading roles in designing and marketing specialized, high speed equipment for pre-weaving operations of Dolvnronvlene tane. Similar developments have occurred in Germanyv Italy, U.S.A. and Japan whose machinery manufacturers are actively selling complete new nlants in the develonina countries of Latin America and Africa. 1/ Fur- thermore, the referred paper indicates that even the relatively new market of iute in rnrpet-harking is nO lonner sepire sinre nolypropylene substitutes have already started to conquer the carpet-backing market in the United IStstes n a asihbtant-ial scale 31. Mr. Varon of the Economics Department of the Bank, who has cur- rently examined the world jute situation in substantial detail, concluded 4in late 1iot, 4that 4it 4s quite4 certain that the growth rate of 4.1 -----nt in world consumption and 3.3 percent a year in import demand for jute goods regoLsere'u during tuse poAstwar period wil-] not; uVe malnla-asneu -In +-1-e u*urezv. 1/ An unpublished paper on jute by Mr. Repetto of the Harvard Advisory Group with the East Pakistan Government. - 9 - According to his projections, the world consumption of jute goods would grow about 2.6 percent a year in 1970-75. He considers that this proJec- tion is based on rather favorable assumptions on the development of new uses such as a growing demand for Jute for carpet-backing in Europe in the 1970's. Europe is likely to follow - with a time lag - this trend which has been experienced in the U.S. in the recent past. Nevertheless, his projections imply a substantial deceleration in the growth of consumption as against that experienced in the previous ten years. He expects little or no growth in the exports of jute goods (including raw jute manufactures) after 1970. Meanwhile, he still expects the growth of about 2-3 nereent per annum in the exports of jute manufactures while the exports of raw iute would be declining. 1/ Mr. Varon has further qualified these nroieA:- tions by painting out the impacts of the severe world shortage of jute in 1968-69. In narticular. since this shortage follnwed two or three seasons when supply, especially in India, was very tight and prices relatively high, it has danaern-.slv tHmilTnt-l-d eon,iTmntinn .f snA i"i amTn,it 4n n_w aiihati- tutes. Thus, whether the growth of consumption of the magnitude indicated ahove; or wbether Any growth at all woiild mnatrinl4.vg, daner.ds largely upon whether prices of raw jute and jute goods can be reduced substantially on a verv short ruiin order to arrest the w -ave of corstonan f invee!:- ment in substitutes. Consequently, he considers that export prices of raLw 4u,te arsd .41utte goods should be redu,ed substantially ian abo.k1.ut. 1070 or 1 097 and that if these price reductions are delayed until about 1973 there will be a severe decline in export demanAd for raw Jute and Jute goods. This means that, in order to maintain and if possible to increase export markets for the 4ute goods in the long run, it would be necessa. to accept this reduction in export prices and consequent decline in export earnings in the short rn. Furthermore, political uncertainties in, jute prodching co…unt'es tend to make foreign importers apprehensive about heavy reliance on raw lute ar.d 4Jute goodas. 32 MKir. "VarLon csd.LesL Ltt on Lte aUUve favorable ass-uptions the! price decline would remain in the order of 25 percent from the average level of 1963-65 40 1970. In terms of CIF prices of raw Jute in U.K. and European ports shown in Table No. 5, the decline would be from E 103 to E 77 per long to.. Title paper by Mr. P4* .Upe &.to mention.ed above gives a more PCOOsiU.5A. LJ.L picture of potential jute market development. Among other things, he indi- _ Vt_~ __ "A^ S~ .._ - ' / ---A -_, -t -_ L - __J -£ - _ -__ Z _ - - . -- -1 - - _ 4 - astea that an rAv L.UU7 :/ 1&UJL;- LIL.L LLUC Pyrie ui raw JuLe WViL L SiX LO about E 85 (Export Hearts/PWD; cif per long ton) in the near future and t:o abM.ut E 60 per long ton by 1975. This cUxpares with the price of L 120.1.3.0., clf in U.K. in 1967/68. The two projections are consistent, broadly, speak- ir.g; much of theLr plausible difference results from Mr. Varons a nigniggiting the more favorable alternatives that might still be available. i/' Bension Varon, Indian Exports or jute Manufactures, Probiems and Prospects. Economics Department, IBRD, (dated January 21, 1969). 2/ FAO Study Group on Jute, Kenaf and Allied Fibers. Impact of Synthetics on Jute and Allied Fibers, Rome 1968. - 10 - 33. If actual developments were roughly within the range of these proiections, the emerging conclusion is unquestionable that the Pakistan jute industry will be facing an ever more difficult growing situation due to deteriorating market prospects in the immediate future (see para. 31). The Pakistan Government and authorities should therefore start to examine mea- sures to overcome or at least minimize the exnected difficulties. 34. The Pakistan authorities have already cns4dered the nepd to annlv a better exchange rate also to raw jute exports as indicated above (see para. 25). Thin nptd in furtFher accPntmnt-ed hv santlrJpqtvd Rt-een derlinec in vx- port prices in the near future. Thus, the envisaged developments on the Juite ,rret- point toward the urgenc,y of the re-examinatio..nf the ofhan. rate question. ju,te Marketi-4-1 35. Reducing the year-to-year fluctuations in marketable jute supplies and nepor pricesQ wouldA cans Anapper neesa RnBt-h futtirshave apparently made the jute industries of other countries apprehensive regard- ing hea-v reliance on Pa4l..t-s. 4 - - -epors Th i-s, 4.t* *tur., has ecur= aged the expansion of kenaf production as well as the development of syn- thetic substitutes for Jute. 36*. Thus, the need for more stable prices a.nA supplies calls for examining the possibility of strengthening the performance of the Jute Mar ketir.g nBoardA. The co.mmittee, wA..ic stde the l gu prospects .or jute in 1968 (see para. 25), proposed an action, in principal, along these 14 nes when i;- recoa m.ended financir.g b-uffer stocks. However, -le mark-e-ing .JL~ WLL~L AL LtL. I~ LU A . .LL A L.L L L . UL IL ~ A.ULL %.U 1PJ1 V~ L41I P.U ~L..LL study should not be limited to these aspects only but should cover all aspects of U-arlet.Lng. Such au approach woul probabUly result .n some improvement of prices to the farmers by improving marketing efficiency all around. Expected Relative Prices of Jute and Rice 37. The rice price is projected to decline substantially by the mid- 1970's, by about 1/3 or so. This would offset at least partially the tendency of the price of jute to fall relative to that of rice as a result of sharp declines expected in jute prices (see para. 32). New rice varieties are likely to be available in substantial quantities in the next few years. Yet, the price lowering impact of those varieties may be delayed since, nevertheless, the food production is likely to fall short of requirements. Therefore, depending on the speed in the development of the jute substitutes there is a serious danger that without a timely introduction of active there is a serious danger that without a timely introduction of active jute price policies Pakistan will tend to price itself out of the raw jute market at an accelerated rate under competition with jute substitutes. impact on the Jute Manufacturing Industry 38. Any measures for supporting the producers' price of raw jute would mean higher raw material costs to the jute manufacturing industry than those incurred without any price support measures. Consequently, the price support and stabilization measures to encourage jute cultivation must tiake into account their impact on the financial position of the manufacturingl industry. Meanwhile, continuing a policy to expand jute manufacturing while neglecting agricultural aspects would result in a further loss of raw jute export markets. In any case, this tendency is likely to be more accentuated in the future because of over increasing competition by sub- stitutes. Consequently, an integrated review of the jute industry covering all all aspects from farming to marketing, manufacturing and exports is required. Without such a review, followed by necessary adjustments, mantu- facturing is also likely to run into difficulties. The first difficulties have already emerged as reflected by recent exports of jute manufactures and raw jute at about the same prices. 39. A recent Bank mission, headed by Mr. D. Avramovic, has studiecl the development prospects of Pakistan's industry, including those of the jute manufacturing industry. The above proposed integrated review of the jute industry should take into consideration the findings of Mr. Avramovic's mission. Potential Impact on Jute of Changing Farming Practices IRRI Rice Impact 40. It is reasonable to exnect that improved IRRI varieties of rice will be available for the aus and aman season in the next few years; in fact, a new IRRI aman variety (IR-20) is already being multiplied on a large scale. In the areas where these varieties can be grown they are likely to compete a8ainst iute. and conseauentlv they will begin to nush it out. They can, be grown in areas flooded up to 1 foot. The Pakistan authorities estimate that the areas of flooding from 1 foot eomnrine about 6 million acres. 41. In rontrant with nonular belief8; only a modeat amount of flooding is non--harmful to jute, in its early stages of growth although it may tolerate sushtantial amounts of flooding once the plant has grown to a certain height. In view of this it may be assumed that at least one-fourth nf the lute, and p osibily even more;. would be wlth1n the referred six mil- lion acres with 1 foot of flooding. It may be estimated that jute cultiva- tion would Ade,V,nie rnadinaly within thAt nrea with tho intvnd,et<1nn of TRRT varieties. Such a decline in jute area would have to be considered disturb- ing. Moreover, it wntuld reatil! 4in ane dcline in the averAfe ntialitv of the jute crop. 1/ 1/ The quality of jute variety (c. capsularis) grown in flooded areas is L___._.tW _L L ._ . JU _L_ . .G L . _J .._L_ __U _J _w _ __ .LUU- _ar_._ JLuWt: LnAlal Lnn;t UL JULC VIAL.CLY %%u V.LJLUk.UNJ 8rvw-l Ln non,u1VVUC wuau ren" - I2 - 42. However, jute is grown also in areas flooded deeper than one foot where IRRI varieties could not be grown- Jute is 1ikely to remain ar. important crop in these areas as long as it can compete with its substitutes. Co…sequent!-, the…se areas reed to be ider.tified as well. as the areas here IRRI rice may push out jute. Jute and IRRI rice promotion programs need to be oriented according to thelr potentIal future proluction zones. In short, this requires land-capability - flood-degree zoning and using the identified zones as h.e basis for agricultural planning. irrigation Impact 43. As much as Jute is cultivated under irr'gation 'n future, yields should improve radically, probably substantially more than the 50 percent 4l----vemer,t projeceed unAer .ainfed fa,m.ling -with the usez of 'mpro-ved L.UAV& =U4=L . J LLU ULL LA 4 &dL .U Le&LLl W.LLI It e it e L~ L pov practices. Yet jute's competitive position would remain in doubt. 44. The tentative cropping patterns prepared for the Chandpur and Dacca Southwest projects suggest that Jute would not be aDle to compete with rice under irrigated conditions. This would point to a general dec- .e ln4 Jute acreage and productio. iLn areas broughlt urLer L LrrLgatLo. a.L- though there may be some time lag due to jute's being the traditional cash crop 'see para. 15)). This 's consistent with the experience of Taiwan where it has been found that jute is not able to compete with rice UnLdUer iLntenisiLve .LrrLgated' agr'LcuLture. Potential For Improving Jute Yields 45. Although the availabie improvements for increasing jute yields are less dramatic than the envisaged practices for increasing rice yields, potential jute yield improvements are big enough to warrant active pur- suance by the Government as well as by farmers. In the demonstration fields, the yields have commonly more than doubled. 1/ Some experts judge that the yield improvements would increase returns although not dramatically. In any case, they believe that farmers have an incentive to apply recommended improved practices once they become known. The improvements comprise improved seeds, line sowing, better thinning and weeding, use of fertilizer and application of pesticides. 2/ 46. The East Pakistan Planning Department has outlined tentatively a policy for promoting jute cultivation under the Fourth Five-Year Plan. 1/ Fourth Plan Study, No. 5, (Agriculture Sector) Long-term Jute Policy and A Programme for Increasing Jute Production in Pakistan. By Dr. A.K.M. Ghulam Rabbani, Chief Economist and Rais Uddin Ahmed, Assistant Chief. 2/ Pakistan Central Jute Committee, (Government of Pakista), Improved Methods of Jute Cultivation, Recommendations of the Jute Research Institute. - 13 - The Planning Department initially projected the jute area to decline from its unusually high level of 2.4 million acres in 1967-68 to its normal level of the recent past, 2 million acres, in 1974/75 and the ambitious yield improvement program to cover about 80 percent of the said 2 million acres. A more recent Fourth Five-Year Plan target of the East Pakistan Planning Department is to maintain the relatively high level of jute cultivation area of 2.4 million acres through 1974/75. This would permit the pursuing of less ambitions and more realistic yield improvement targets, consistent with the production targets, than the earlier projections which assured a decline in the cultivation area but yet a sharp increase in out- put. 47. Although the improvements in jute cultivation practices referred to above are considered Drofitable. 1/ the Plannine Department and various other authorities consider nevertheless that an improvement in price in- centives would also be necessarY in order to make the technical improvements adequately attractive so as to spread quickly. Moreover, they point out that a change in the exchange rate is a kev cuestion in improving price incentives. As noted earlier the Planning Department has tentatively con- sidered a bonus (voucher) exchange rate of 15 nercent for raw lute (cee para. 25). However, to assure that exporters and domestic traders pass imnroved nrices to farmers would necesnitate imnrnvements in mArketinQ system (see paras. 35-36). 48. The technical aspects of the jute promotion program, including requirements for t-he inp.utas An 1 nas for theo suo,p1.port to be provided1' bIyAh agricultural services have not been worked out in adequate detail to provide an inte&rated --o-ram. fo-r the entire Jute sector. Consequently, r.o satis- factory cost estimates are available either. In view of this, a comprehen- siv,e revie of 4ute cultivation is required, in.tegratin- the technical ir.- O V W . V a- _ - Ve.. Sn. - _5 . Sa..C, -... ... l a provement program, required inputs, necessary technical services, price 4ncer.tlves, marketir.g, processin.g, expoft, Market-ing Bo -A operation.s, - n.-..-, "-=&.a .SO * Ott-.Ll* A U _F -OAss price policies, the required financing and any consequent policy implications. 1/ A Short Note on Intensive Jute Cultivation Scheme of the Pakistan Jute Association. By F. Talukder, B.Sc. (Agr.) B.Ag. Fellow UNESCO. Director Intensive Jute Cultivation, P.J.A. Narayanganj (undated, published probably in late 1968). Annex 3 Table 1 PAKISTAN FOREIGN EXCHANGE RECEIPTS FROM MERCHANDISE EXPORTS 1964/65 1967/68 Million Million PRs % PRs % Raw Jute 926 38.5 798 28.1 Raw Cotton 331 13.8 419 14.8 Raw Wbol 78 3.2 38 1.3 Rice 117 4.9 U2 3.9 Other Primary Commodities 250 10.4 181 6.4 Thtal Primary Commodities 1,702 70.8 1,548 545 Jute Manufactures 320 13.3 590 20.8 Cotton Manufactures 188 7.8 396 13.9 Other Manufactures 261 10.9 416 14.6 Tbtal Ihnufactures 796 32.0 1.402 49.3 PraiQht Adiustment _68 -2.8 -109 -3.8 Totaa Mrrchandisp 2.h03 100 2.84 100 Tj'-ta1 of .Yntp and .TntA Nanufactures 1,246 51.8 1,388 48.9 Source: IBRD, Report No. SA - ha, current Economic Position and Prospects of PAidstAn UV, oltmAe TI. TPhe main RePOrt (April 18; 1969 ). WORLD EXPORTS OF JUTE MANUFACTURES Annual Averages of the Indicated Periods and. Percentage Increases over the Average of the Preceding Period. Of, Deve.Lopng Countries' l'otal Year World Developed Countries DevelopIM Countries India Pakistan 'OMTon sTIncrease 1000 To7s-? Increase Total T77ncreiase '000 Tons >, IncreaSe ' OOO 5LTons Increase 'O0O Tons 1950-1953 858 - 110 - 748 - 748 - ii54-1958 1,937 21.0 117 6.4 220 23.0 860 1.5.0 60 - 1959-1963 1,178 13.6 118 0.9 1,06o 15.2 E849 -.1.3 211 251.7 .964-1967a 1, 327 12.6 132-/ 11.9 1,195 12.7 d80 3.7 315 49. :3 Pakistan's share of World Total 23.7 Note: Tons refer to met,ric tons The minus sign reifersr to a deicline a/ The figures for the year 1967 are preliminary. b/ of whicb W'estern Europe 131 Source: CEC, Industrial Fibcers and AEJE, Statistical Yearbook of the European Jute Industry, various issues. IOsI ': EXPORTS OF RAW JUTE AND ALLIED FIBERS' FROM THE CHIEF PRODUCING COUNTRIES Yearly Averages of the Indicated Periods and Changes over t:he Averages of Each Preceding Period a,/ b/ cl Pakistan Thailand India Others_ Total 001 ToTns T '000 Tons r '000 Tons 'C000 Tons '000 Toas 7 1950-L953 952 _ 8 - 3 17 974 - Share of Total, % 98 (0.8) 1954-1958 887 -6.8 1 - 8 '907 -6.9 Share of Total, % 98 1 1S 59-JL963 730 -17.7 121 - 13 11 876 -.3*4 Share of Total, % 83 14 d/ 1964-1966 741. :1.5 322 166.1 26 38 1,:127 28. 7 Share of Total, % 66 29 ail Jute only. DI addition, Pakistan is reported to have exported 20-30 thousand to11s of kenaf in recent years. b/ Mostly kenaf. ci Nepal, Congo (Kinshasa), Burma anrd Brazil. It excludes small. quantities exported byr Ma:inland China. d/ Prielilnina7r figUres foDr t]1e yiBar :1966. Source: FAO: Trade Yearbooks; Bank of Thailand, Monthly Repotls; Central 1Statftal Offiice of Pakistan1 Mn.T7.at4 ti+4 l.I' & '- CD i W EAsr PAKISTAN Produxcers (Growers) Price of Jute and lWholesale Price of Rice, PRs,/Mound Year Grower's Price Wholesale Price of of R-aw Jutte M:edium Quality Rice 1956/57 2h.87 27.83 1957/58 20.62 28.02 1958/59 16.37 259.81 1959/60 19.25 31.60 Averagie 20.28 25.32 ,a/ 196C)/61 47.25- 28..84 1963p/62 23*3-Ab/ 29.39 1962/63 25.5$1.- 31.34 19631/64 27.91 26.99 196L1/65 31.05 28.61 Average 26. 95a' 29.03 1965/66 30.50 3L .05 i966/67 35.15 43.63 1967'/63 27.54 40.27 1968/69 33.99 42.40 Average 3:L .80 40.09 a/ Not including the year 1960/61. 6>t Average prices of Wihite B Bottom from 1,962/63 onward. Source: Statistical Digest of East PaicLstan Bureau of statistics; Economi.c Survey of East Pakistan, 'East Pak:Lsta&n Planning Department; and unpubliLshedi data of th,e East Pakistan Planning Department. 2Iz Pri:2es of Raw Jut irn t iUc . k. and Zoll.LTlŽnca !Ports (!xpor s He.,^ i ;rade E 'Iong Ton) Season July Aq,:ust Sentenmber Oc:tober Nove:b r Dece.ber januay Febru3a ;,arch A.uri n v .;ie AnUnual Average 1958-59 71-1 71-7 67-159 66-1 o°-O 69-3 69-0 '690 69 ! 6 -c S.; 59- o 69-1 1)59-60 69-0 659-0 69-o 69-0 69-0 71-2 9_<; a5-s-5 55-15 95-6 136-3 129-1.0 85-19 1960-61 115-6 118-6 ].16-6 162-10 .L81-18 170-18 Ido-I8 13-l-1) 196-0 197-L I0`- L 141-2 ].61-12 1961-62 112-16 113-14 95-8 91-8 d5-19 8i;-10 84-10 84-10 3L-IC BL-o10 54-1 o B -1D 93-2 1962-63 83-0 83-0 83-0 8 3-0 53-0 3-0 3.3-a 83-a 83-0 83-o 83-C ,3-C 83-0 1963-SL 65-0 d5-O 85-0 85-o 65-d 35- f 5-0 -0 i 35- 85-a 55-0 85-:0 85-0 196L-65 d1-5 115-5 1.27-0 120-0 120-0 120-0 120-0 116-10 13-0 113-9 115-:, 112-11 I1L-10 1965-66 112-0 108-15 99-0 98-3 95-3 95-d 10)3-0 118-10 12G-D 123-15 lc6-0 126-C. 110-10 1)65-67 127-0 127-0 127-0 127-0 1.27-2 128-2 1:30-0 13 O-0 129-1 128-0 126-15 113-L 1.27-1c) 1967-68 112-11 112-0 1.12-0 1 12-0 1.26-1 123-.0 123 -0 123-0 1 23- 123--.) 123-0 1_23-C_ 1,20-13i Source: Jute Board. £ 05 Price Of. 'y, Ju. in 2 l; ' Aont,hly and yearly av.-raees (_palor' i,etr3 grace, L'long ror) 'Saason Jl augbrt September October Nove.abcr lcc':- .J&. Fbruy 'r n Acril May J1re Annu,l Average 1958-59 '59-11 59-17 56-9 58-1i 57-1.0 7- i., 57--1C 7 7-1C l, ?-L0 77-10 57 -o 57-I0 57-1i 1959-60 57-10 57-10 57-10 57-10 57-10 59-12 67_-ld 77-15 7;.-6 33-16 12L-13 115-0 7L-9 1960-6.1 103-16 106-16 101-16 151-0 170-E8 159-8 169.8S 177-l 18b-10 135-IL 1i63-lL 139-i2 150-2 1"61-6;2 1.31-6 99-14 d3-18 79-18 74-0 73-0) 73-0 73-0 73-0 73-0 73-0 73-0 61-12 1962-63 73-0 73-0 73-0 73-0 73-C) 73-o 73-0 73-o 73-0 73-0 73-0 7?-0 73-0 1963-614 73-0 73-0 73-0 73-0 73-C0 73-0 73.-0 73-0 73-0 73-0 73-0 73-0 73-1 19614- 65 619-5 103-5 115-0 105-0 108-o 18-) 103.-0 10i-1I 101-0 1Ci-9 103-0 1 S-l 1 102-10 1;965-66 jo- 95-15 87-0 86-3 83- - 83-8 92I-,0 106-10 10C3-0 Ll-15 114-0 l14-O 95-10 15166-67 l114-0 114-o. 114-0 114-0 LL4-2 115-2 117.-o 117-0 116-:L 115-0 113-15 lo5- 4 114-19 1.267-66 j8-ii 98-0 98-0 98-0 112-4 109-0 109-0 109-0 109-0 109-0 109-0 1D9-0 105-13 Source: Ju t Baard Annex 3 Table 7 EAST r- -1.r - .;S Trend in Jute Aprnnrtpe and Proiticnti-on in East Paki;tan Period Acreage Yiald rate Datput (000 weres) _I),-h/A.re -? __r_n tons) 1°5 /52-~s1 O1. /55 1 L05 1 00! ql ._, D,, , _- _, . - .. :,1 * 1, - _,, 196'/6i 1-96~. iLrj 1n73'2 1 )n 1' 'r1. .lyU;)/ C.)U-.5LYU8/Z U;:19L4 I1t';l7 unre ep ng oIPr oductim.,tee ofo J .ueuLi-inUog vaTJeu- iasius D n-vo'mver il Inlcre.asing Producti.on of' Jutie .on Long Term F^asis (Decembrer 19683) Annex 3 m,,aule~ us M . I EAST PAKISTAN' - FOREIGTNI EXCi{ILN!E EARYL D BY A A(,C,'E OF JUT AND BY AN ACILW OF TRADITIMUtL VAHIEETTU; OF ALIS RjCj, (EA,.lLY _AIIY_fSEAS&RICi) P.xrorvr. Vznc of' Imr-t E.bXcesT' -ir. ifr-icrr) y p - r Raw Jute Produce^3 V;l.ihe of Au! Ricc Exchario ;;9ci P..Sr Ag-7m;, :1/ l' i r-,-v,, f. in1 , ..t- .,/r ,! - 6 .z{7 ( ) ioAn/A-l ro J.n 'l c,o 1961'/S ' 118 1hO 78 1L963/L;L.! 108 45 63 IiAve rag,e)(1 r 1965/66 137 16 91. 1' 967/65 110 60 50 (Average) (79) a/ Average quality of the total crop, FOB Chittagong and Chalna b/ Based on the import price of Burmase rice, 1h2.' broken, CIF Chittagong and Chalna Sources: Planning Department of East Pakistan ; Jute Board, Ministry of Commerce, Pakistan; and the Economics Department of the Bank Anne), 3 EAST PAKISTAN Table 9 Jute Firms Committed to Polypropylene: A List CoMiled from Ird6' LJ'uUimials Avalabule J. D±a1cuca NAME OFF FIRM RMARKS S 1. Scott & Fyfe Ltd. b 170,000 investment programme to re-equip for polypropylene. 2. Old Mills (Bradford, Yorks) Advertises p.p. tape products 3. Filtrone Textile Products Marketing heat-stabilized tape. 4. W.G. Grant Ltd. Producing and selling p.p. and polyethylene tape fabrics. 5. H & A Scott Ltd. L 250,000 capital spending for extrusion and weaving of p.p. 6. David Corsar & Sons Completely re-equipping for synthetics. 7. Synthetic Fibres Ltd. Jointly owned by Jute Industries Ltd. and Bonar-Low; h 250,000 investment for production of p.p. tape fabrics. 8. Polytape Ltd. Jointly owned by Jute Industries Ltd. and Bonar-Low; early production unit in the U.K. 9. Belfast Ropeworks Ltd. i 750,000 investment to re-equip for synthetics. 10. Don Brothers Ltd. Producing p.p. tape fabrics. 11. W.R. Grace Ltd. Producing p.p. tape fabrics in Scotland 12. Tritor Producing p.p. ropes and twines 13. Polyfabrik Ltd. Owned by Smith & Nephew Ltd.; producing p.p. tape fabrics. 14. Polyweave Ltd. Owned Jointly by Smith & Nephew & Caird (Dundee) for production of p.p. tape products. 15. Polyunion Kunstoffwerk For production of synthetic tapes & fabrics. G.nmb.H (Emsdetter) 16. Patchogue Plymouth (USA) Producing p.p. tape sacking. 17. Chicopee Mills (USA) Producing p.p. tape sacking. 18. Bemis Bag ComDanv (USA) Producing p.p. tape sacking. 19. Ludlow Corporation (USA) Production of carpet-backing 20. British Visaueen Ltd. A Joint nrolect of Fairbairn Lawson and ICI to develop p.p. woven sacks. Source: A recent paper on Jute by Mr. R. Repetto of the Harvard advisory wroun with tha East Pakiatan government (undated). ANNEX 4 SELECTED MINOR CROPS bnaornl 1 1. Owing to the intense population pressures on land in East Pia .. -.-almost 100X of the cultivable area is devoted to thLe productioU of the staple food crop - rice - during the rainy months of the year and to the main cash crop - 4ute. Other grain crops, pulses, oi'lseeds, tobacco and other minor annual crops are mainly grown during the dry (rabi) season on residual soil moist-ure and w4lth the help of the l.gh;t ar d unregular ...U~ LJ~ GA LS WA. L. && LAp LJ LA&L J.LL U L1U ULL J..a rains that fall from November through March. It is not surprising there- fore that yields are low, the incidence of crop failures 'a'rly high, and that research efforts and marketing facilities for such crops are inadeqluate. With increasing irrigation facIlities and the possibility of rice self- sufficiency as a result of the introduction of improved varieties in the future, the potenrtial for these and other crops should be vastly improved. Minor Grain Crops 2. Barley ana wheat are the main grain crops grown in the rabi season. Wheat production is described in Chapter V of the Main Report (dated July 17, 1970). Compared with the wheat area of 280,000 acres recorded as having been planted in 1969/70, the barley crop is of minor importance, being planted on about 70,000 acres, with a production of about 18,000 tons annually. Maize is grown on some 8,000 to 10,000 acres producing about 3,000 tons annually. Bajra (Pennesitum Sp.) and Jowar (Serghum vulgare) are of very minor importance, being grown on only about 2,000 acres and producing considerably less than 1,000 tons of millet. With the exception of the new Mexi-Pak wheat varieties, there has been no work carried out on variatal improvement for any of these crops. However, uithout irrigation, it is very unlikely that yields could be significant:ly increased even if varieties and husbandry were improved. Pulses 3. Pulses are grown mainly for human consumption in East Pakistant. During 1968-69 the production of all types of pulses totalled only about 300,000 tons. In spite of East Pakistan's being protein deficient, the production of these cheap protein crops has remained modest over the years although the trend of production has been rising (Table 5.16). - 2 - 4. Research work on these crops, importart in principle as a cheap source of protein. has been utterly neglected in East Pakistan and is urgently in need of improvement. Many of the varieties are very old, and aiving verv low yields. Prices are generallv hieh as a result of this low productivity, although pulses should be one of the main sources of inexnennive nrotein as mentioned. 5= Suuitahlp areas, where the start would he made with the pulses production program, should be identified since clear regional focus is necessary for buildiing the t innuts and nt-hpr Qervices. The land n- bility data and the knowledge of the irrigation water supplies would be ke- elements of basic information. Oilseeds u LI L. Eas;Pak L.t _s overaL..L L=.jU.LLr=ntU oJf edi.LeJ.L= ViL. Ls =0LLiItL=LA at 210,000 tons for 1969/70, out of which only 67,000 tons are produced locall,y accor,44ng.t the e a wand al ..t 3.4 Lnn 4-.nl *'Forhe_ frum West Pakistan, leaving a deficit of some 95-100 thousand tons to be I--ported from other coutries. Te overall requLirement LLor 1970-71 '.L estimated to increase to 250,000 tons, which after allowing for an import or 34,000 tons of mustard oil from West P--itr. ill reul ,r a defcj-; L i. -,JV LULL .JL UL LU AJ.LA. LL'L VW= 1. La.r.LOLUI11 W.L.LA. LC5LL.LL LI& 4 U=L.LLLI. of 130,000 tons to be imported in that year. 7. Vegetable ghee l/ manufacturing capacity in East Pakistan is at present onl.y 10-12 thlousandU tons. LUe dema.d fLor vegetw .e ghee is gUWug rapidly and the manufacturing capacity will be increased to 25,000 tons urng 1970-71V. anU progress-ve'ly thereafter. 8. It might be noted that according to the report "Demand for Food in Pakistan" issued by the United Bank Ltd., the demand for vegetable oils for consumption and commercial uses is likely to reacn 750,000 tons for Pakistan in 1974-75, or nearly three times the present local production. Undoubtedly the demand would grow suDstantially also in East Pakistan. It is imperative, therefore that urgent steps are taken to increase local oilseeds production during the Fourth plan to avoid ever increasing burden on foreign exchange earnings by a large import bill for vegetable oils. Status of Oilseeds Production 9. Oilseed production in East Pakistan can be increased substantially. The main crop is mustard which now occupies some 80 percent of the area sown to oilseeds. The present status of these crops and the approach needed to increase their productivity is analyzed here very briefly. *I A certaLn Lype of vegetable oil co. nly used 4n Pakista.. Rape and Mustard Seeds 10. In 1968-69 rape and mustard seeds were sown over 552,000 acres yielding 131,000 tons of oilseeds (see Tables 1-3). The yields vary from 5.5 to only 6 maunds per acre, the lowest yields recorded anywhere, repre- senting about 1/5 of the average yield in Europe. The rape and mustard are fairly widespread over 6 districts. They are generally sown broadcast with a low seed rate, on a rough seedbed. They are seldom given fertilizers and hardly ever sprayed against pests. Because of their low yields and high cost of production relative to the low prices prevailing for oilseeds, rape and mustard are facing increasing competition from the higher yielding foodgrains including wheat. 11. The present varieties have degenerated due to cross pollination; but even these, if grown with better husbandry practices, and irrigated could give at least treble the present yields. 12. Most of the varieties grown in Pakistan are toria and sarson (B. Campestries and B. juncea) often referred to as turnip rape and raya or brown mustard (a hybrid of B. nigra and B. oleracea). As these cross- pollinate easily, the original selections have degenerated very considerably. Rocket (Eruca sativa) is also grown quite extensively, but this is normally regarded as a weed and has a high content of toxic substances. 13. Although selections of local varieties (raya) at some of the research stations have given yields of 20 maunds per acre under proper husbandrv, the answer to increasing productivity and production of rape and mustard quickly would be in the importation of high yielding varieties for trial. A scheme to improve varieties is being initiated with the assistance of the Swedish Government. A carefully regulated seed multipLi- cation scheme will have to be organized for building enough stocks of seed to flood the respective areas annually for building enough stocks of seed to flood the respective areas annually especially during the first few years to get rid of the present degenerated varieties. 14. If IR-20 rice proves successful for the aman rice crop, much oiE the irrigated boro acreage could be turned over to oilseeds cultivation instead of rice. 15. Much of the present crop is processed locally under primitive and inefficient conditions when only from 60%-80% of the oil is extracted; extraction plants capacity is inadequate both in quality and quantity. In order to deal efficiently with the increasing production of oilseeds, early steps should be taken to encourage the erection of modern extraction plants either in the public or preferably in the private sector. Groundnuts 16. Groundnutn are very auitable for the lither 8oiln in the northetrn areas of East Pakistan. The crop has a good potential but at present owing to improper marketing, pricing and processing practices, the trade is not really geared to accept a major increase in production. However, the production reached 63,000 tons in 1969 compared with 12,000 tons in 1964. With better marketing, pricing and processing arrangements there is no reason to doubt that the crop would not increase rapidly. The search for higher yielding varieties should continue. The large scale adoption of groundnuts as a high-yielding oilseed crop in place of mustard is hindered by a very strong taste preference for the latter in East Pakistan and exist- ing poor processing facilities not capable of producing good quality oil from groundnuts. Coconuts 17. In East Pakistan coconuts are grown quite extensively (see Table 5.20). Owing to the small size of the holdings, coconuts are commonly mixed with mango, jackfruit and other crops. The trees are uncared for, and they either receive fertilizers nor are they sprayed against pests. Most of the nuts are consumed green, and only very little of the produce finds its way on to market for oil production. Consequently, any coconut oil needed in the country has to be imported. It is said that under the humid conditions of East Pakistan it is difficult to dry the flesh from the nuts for process- ing. Yet a considerable potential exists for the proper development of the industry in East Pakistan, especially in those areas which have been pro- tected by coastal embankments, and for resuscitating the present trees through better drainage, fertilizers, pest control, and replanting with dward varieties to minimize cyclone damage. The reorganization of the industry from field to processing to meet the edible oil needs of East Pakistan should be considered. Oilseed Cakes 18. The production of oilseed cakes has been about 100,000 tons a year during the last two years according to the estimates of agricultural authorities (Table 9). Owing to the inefficient processing much of the cake has excessively high oil content which reduces the quality. Village processed rape and mustard cake may contain up to 14 percent of oil, while the same cake produced by locally fabricated expellers may still contain about 10 percent of oil. The loss of such large quantities of oil annually through low extraction is another important reason, in addition to those mentioned earlier, requiring a thorough overhaul of the whole vegetable oil industry. 19. With soil and land caDabilitv data eenerated over the Third Plan period, the knowledge of the location of lighter soils suited for oilseeds is now available- This data. with the develonment of irrigation in the respective areas, should lay a foundation for introducing oilseeds profit- ahly. The anil8 d now n vwaillnh wonuld Alan heln in dePtermiJ4ni t-he production prospects for coconuts. Thus a clear geographic focus is nece-ssar,, to in.dicate the most -ronisinc areas and to build up the support- ting services and infrastructure necessary for their development. EAS PAKISTAN - onLssEDS ACREAGES PRODUCTION AND ILL (t000 acres nd 'OM tns) Rape and Yield uistard Acres Yrod- Tons/Acre uction East Pakistan 1r64/65 459 90 0.20 1965/66 474 95 0.20 1966/67 487 102 0.21 1967/68 530 120 0.23 1568/65, 552 128 0.23 1564W65 126 22 0.17 1965/66 124 24 0.19 1966/67 124 27 0.22 1967/68 129 30 0.23 1968/69 131 31 0.24 Linseed 1564/65 53 9 0.17 1965/66 54 9 0.17 1966/67 44 9 0.20 1567/68 37 7 0.19 1968/65 36 7 0.19 Oroundnut 1964/65 23 12 0.52 1965/66 25 14 0.56 1566/67 41 24 0.59 o9A7 /6R 70 M1 0.59 1568/69 83 52 0.63 Cotton Seed i964/65 37 5 0.14 1565/66 27 6 0.16 1566/}67 36 50.14 1967/68 36 5 0.14 1968/69 34 5 0.15 Tbtal Oilseeds 1964/65 696 138 I oA, IAA 714 141.8 1966/67 732 167 1967/68 802 203 1568/68 836 223 Extraction rates for oil: Rape and Mustard - 34%; Sesamum - 40%; Linseed -35j'; - a. t'+ I~., C;r u-,nai.t - 4n Co-ttonSed_5. Source Agriculture Wing! Ministry of A,riculture and works) Goverr.-nt of Pakistan. Annex 46 Table_ EAST ANI) WES'T PAKISTAN 1/ Prorluc-Monl of !)1seeds, O.0l.s ancL C'a';ze. - 196hI-65 to 1969-70- T____ __ _0 _t _ o _ s.'-i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~E-2 -Q I 1.96-1-65 5.00 0.71 4.25 90.00 30.60 59.h1O 22.00 8.80 '3.20 9.00 3.15 5.85 19$.-66 6.Q0 0.90 5.l0 95.0Q 32.30 62.710 2 .L0 '?.60 1!l LO 9.00 3.'5 5.85 >)6.-67 5.00 0.75 1.25 102.C0 31±.63 67.32 2s.0 10'.80 16.20 9.00 3.15 5.16 1967-63 5.00 0.715 .25 102.00 L0.80 79.20 30.00 12.00 1CB.cO 7.00 2.16 'Q6&-69 5.CO 0.715 L.25 128.00 13.L 2 83!.Li 31.00 12.1±0 i3.60 7.00 2.15 -.55 1 964-65 721.00 108.6o 6:15.1±0 212.00 72.08 139.92 9.04) 3.60 5.40 L.cO 1.40 2.60 1965-66 8:6.CC0 122. L0 6'3.60 179.00O 6CI.86 116.11 7.00 2.80 BO.20 3. 1.05 1.S5 '196-67 912.00 136.80 775.20 200.00 68.00 132.0.0 0 00 2.80 Lo.20 3.00 1.05 1.95 1.957-6° 1,0195,00 152.85 866.15 270.00 91.80 176.20 9.CO 3.G0 5.1° L.co 1.10 2.60 '.196i69 1,36.00 1655.40 Q8'0.0 2'?.00 7414.5j1 8.00 3.20 1s.80 3-00 1.05 1.S7 1 :xtraction rates: :o tvon seed - 15,; Rape zLnd Mustard - 31±; Se5arr,n - LQf ; Linseed - 35v. Agricult'ure Wing, nistry o'' Agriculture , Works, Government of Pakistan., Annex 4 Table :3 PTPhTTfV TI nUP nT-DtTT O A rTT Q PAKISTAN1l976b6 1969/70 PRODUCTION 1964/65 1965/66 1966/67 1967/68 1968/69 1965/70 West Palistan 152.7 151.5 172.6 215.9 205.9 210.0 East Pakistan 38.1 41.0 46.1 56.1 62.2 57'.0 Totals 190.8 192.5 218.7 272.0 268.1 267.0 I1YEI3rLTS lWest Pakistan -EL 480 1r 60.05 34.00 49.70 50.00 72.70 110.00 U.S.S.R. - - - 30.00 - - Totals 60.nq 34.e0 h9.70 80.00 72.70 ll0.eO East, PaId stan PL. 480 T 66.80 31.40 28.410 107.04 16.60 102.00 West Pak. 2/ 28.00 37.00 28.20 34.03 32.60 33.90 Totals 94.80 68.4io 56.60 11,1.07 49.20 135.90 1/ Breakdowm not available - but most edible oils imported under PL 480. / ustard Oil. Source: Price Stabilization W'ing, Ministry of industries & N.R., Government of Pakistan. INTEGRATED MARKETING AND CROP PRODUCTION AND TRANSPORTATION Marketing 1. Specific commodity/development area oriented marketing prograns would also be required. In the case of jute there is an urgent need to improve the efficiency of marketing so as to provide adequate incentives to farmers. The Government has undertaken to review the situation, but it is not clear whether the authorities concerned have taken a broad enough approach and whether they fully appreciate the urgency of the situation. In particular, the authorities concerned propose to expand and improve Government purchasing programs as to assure better incentives to farmers. In addition, jute situation is being studied under the leader- ship of FAO, which also participates in establishing the indicative export prices. However, in view of the urgent need to improve jute's competitive position on international markets it appears advisable for Pakistan to proceed initially on its own with efforts to stabilize its jute exports and respective export prices. Since both the Central Government and the Government of East Pakistan have grown increasingly concerned about the future prospects of jute, there should be a favorable environment to deal with these matters in a timely manner. This is vital since it is very difficult to recover any share of the jute market once lost to substitutes (see Annex 3 above). 2. The programs for crops such as oilseeds, pulses and tobacco would have to incorporate both the marketing and production aspects with a clear regional focus on promising future producing areas. Processing facilities would have to be provided, especially for oilseeds. 3. Sugarcane marketing and processing would also have to be approached along the lines indicated in the preceding paragraph, but the planning would have to be much more intensive than for the above crops. 4. Except for jute, the marketing improvement policies would have to be preceded by policy decisions to select intensified development areas and to formulate appropriate development programs for them. To date such an approach has been applied only to rice and to tea but it is yet to be initiated for other crops. Concentrating the production effort to specific areas may become eventually necessary also in case of iute although this is not anticipated at least for several years (see Annex 3, paras. 40-42). 5. The Government's growing concern with marketing problems is reflected in the proposed establishment of a Government Warehouse Corpora- tion. The farmers could store the products in these warehouses for a specified fee. There is virtually no storaee nossibilitv on the farmsteads without subjecting the produce to the risk of severe losses. The Scheme is intendpd tn imnrove the marketing of nonnperifhahlp nrndhir'ts (not requir- ing processing) such as jute but the implementation is likely to be 6. EffortsQ woulld >1n 80 be cntninued to expannd andA imprnov t-he operations of the cold storage system, one of the key elements in the recent e- rar.sion of notato pnronrdurti4nn. Marketing of Inputs 7. The Fourth Five-Year P1 an pro4ects greatly 4-ni-n no thA V sI **t. * ~.a.~ Stn increa s o the. tat of various commercial inputs ranging from the improved seeds to fertili- zes.nd f..Al for p=mp ong4 noe The koey manrktl4n u 4e A4 ..1 - .1 Development Corporation (ADC) at the wholesale level. The success of the enti're mark-eting operatior. &Iof tbese nrput-s Aepen.ds very much on it-s performance capacity. The ADC is currently facing a major task of adjusting its distribution and storage facilities and respective operating units to the recently identified areas of intensified rice production as outlined above.t - ~ J¶ 0. SUbsttLa.t' expenditures -will be required to bu'ld up the local facilities and personnel and to set up the necessary operating procedures, ranging from inventory control to materials handling. To date very little planning has been done to this effect and only partial cost estimates are available although these measures should have a very high priority. 9. Much of the performance of the local dealers in the fertilizer and other inputs distribution depends on whether twC will De aDie to make these inputs available expeditiously. A substantial amount of effort would be required to overcome tne problems during the current transitionai phase (see para. 4). Transportation 10. Substantial local variations in the price of rice are common and reflect the marketing storage and transportation weaknesses. The lack of satisfactory transportation has resulted in numerous small markets for jute and, consequently, the Government agencies have been unable to enforce the minimum producers price for jute. Most farmers suffer losses of foodgrains during storage and, because of their limited holding capacity, they are commonly forced to sell their surplus production soon after har- vest when prices are at a seasonal low. Poor transportation, particularly at the inter-regional level, exacerbates their position. -3- 11. The mose profound imUpro-verients in marketing coulUd oe expecteu initially from the intra- and inter-regional transportation improvementsE, if properly focussed on potential agricultural development areas. Once carried out, such improvements would generate private initiative for development broadening the front of development now heavily dependent on public initiative. Thus, the rural works road program discussed in Chapter VII of the Main Report (dated july 17, 1970) and other transporta- tion programs have strong agricultural and marketing effects in their favor. As examples from many other countries show, the release of private initiative has often generated its own momentum for economic development, in many cases virtually without any subsequent Government assistance. 12. A substantial increase in transportation requirements can be safely expected during the Fourth Five-Year Plan. There are likely to be substantial increases in shipments of food grains, fertilizers and other agricultural inputs including oil, fuel, and pesticides, and various items related to the non-agricultural sectors of the economy. The more detailed projections are in the attached Table 1 and 2. Even allowing for dis- appointments in the fulfillment of the Plan targets and allowing for a reasonable increase in the volume carried by various other modes of trans- portation such as inland waterways, there would still be a substantial increase in the volume of freight required to be carried by the railways. The increase would be well over half a million tons a year for railways towards the end of the Plan period. 13. The Bank's Railway experts familiar with the East Pakistan Rail- ways have estimated that an increase of half a million tons or more in the transportation requirements to be met by the railways would necessitate serious measures to improve their efficiency. Consistent with this, the consensus of the expert opinion in East Pakistan appears to be that the performance capacity of the railways needs substantial improvements in view of the anticipated growth of traffic under the Fourth Five-Year Plan. 14. More than 80% of the arterial traffic is carried by the Railway and the Inland Water Transportation Authority (IWT) mechanized fleet. Arterial traffic is overwhelmingly dominated by imports/exports, so that the respective traffic forecasts can be made keeping in view the distribu- tion of imports/exports between the two ports. IWT mechanized fleet is estimated to carry about 469 million ton miles in 1969/70 and 1029 million ton miles in 1974-75, an increase of 120%. The East Pakistan Railway System is expected to handle about 795 million ton-miles in 1969-70 and 1200 million ton miles in 1974-75, an increase of about 51%. 15. While there is widespread concern for arterial movements, it iEs ncessarv to emDhasize that while arterial movements are vitally important: to the provincial economy, the greatest demand for transport services exists at the local level. The requirement for the movement of both - 4 - fre 4.t- nd passeners W th in the Viur d ist ri ct -a is far great thsn that between the districts. Although no traffic survey at the local level has been undertaken, such a contention is supported by the follow- ing factors: a) 85% of all rail passengers travel 50 miles or less. b) the pattern of passenger launch services, carrying b-e.een 2=5m4illion pasengers annual'y clearly. Li L.W~L S.J-J LLJ .L.JLA LLU.L.L1Y , Cl.. Zly@ indicates a preponderance of short-haul movements. c) Bus services providing local transportation have expar.ded rapidly as roalus have buecome motorLaUeILU indicating a substantial popular demand. d) The vast numbers of bullock carts and country boats in service, both types of transport catering essen- tially to local demands. e) The pattern of administrative control throughout the province center'ng on district headquarters. f) The population distribution spread evenly over countless villages with relatively few major urban centres of consequence. g) The agricultural subsistence-level type ot economy applicable to most of the province's population. h) The small impact that the new trunk roads have apparently had and the little use presently made of all trunk roads which, apart from highlighting the bottlenecks which exist at river-crossings, also testifies to the lack of local feeder roads. i) The marked and prolonged price differences for rice and jute that exist between all but very local market regions. 16. It is virtually certain, on this basis, that the demand for transport at the local level predominates. It is also true that the sub- sistence-level type of agricultural economy now predominant, cannot materially progress in the direction of a market economy without basic improvements in local transport permitting a flow of -commodities between villages and local and district markets rapidly, reliably and cheaply. Local transport has received relatively little attention to date at the policy making level. -5- 17. The bulk of the present short-haul traffic is catered for by the vast number of small country boats (2-300,000) and by road transport -- the latter being a relatively recent phenomenon in the country-side. Al- though the network of roads built by the Roads and Highways Directorate of the provincial government have connected the maior trade centres and the district headquarters and have provided for the limited movement of short-haul traffic, maior emohasis must be on local roads, inter-connecting union councils, thanas and the district towns. Under the works-program undertaken during the last decade about 300 miles of (pucca) road and 17,000 miles of (kutcha) road have been built but, according to common knowledge; these roads do not conform to any definite standard nor are capable of "taking a truck to the village". 18. According to estimates, agricultural production will increase hv ahntnt 4n0 diiuring thP nPrint hotw-In 1969-7n tn 1Q74-75 Ane ind,nlt-riAn1 production by 320%. In order to ensure the timely availability of agri- c"l ti,rAl iTnnrts AnT' i ndusCt-ria l rFA materi AlA And the prnoer and gffi r-c nt distribution and marketing of these products, the short-haul transport fatilities . trll eA anorely trie.l Tt is- thevafovr, necessanvi that local governments are provided with adequate funds for upgrading the existing roads a nan dor the constru- toan of new ones.a 19. The road program included inr the Fourth Plaln proposals does not cover local roads. The Roads and Highway Directorate intends to aa.- es pfonsibihjl44 fo: h-e coaAr.structn of ...-o, uA4 t.4 s is inal headquarters and other towns of similar significance. The construction of loc1al r.-oad S l-.aIA -take p-ac Ande- the rural workzs aronr T -cal authorities should again be requested to prepare local road plans. It 4S h.0--ever 14 1gh.ly desirable to 4-wrove the standards of roads constaracted under the Rural Works Program. Though narrow and winding these roads shoulA bIe suitable for low frequency but year rour.d t-ruckf t-raffAOic. &I .JAJ. um aLL LaUJL.& J. JL L LW u.~4~L . UI. 7 G JL U ~ L U L.~ Properly compacted embankments of adequate cross section and brick paved car, 'e constrLucteU u.t_JC_Ly L141LIU .LfULUL L.UL LALLLS jJULPUBF ±1 IUWL ra UJ E5 c.b o.tutdb a.dlbr.rti ups 'n most areas ofc East Pakistan. This will require some input of technical competence and super- vl sior..n One your.g engineer, properly trai-,ed, carp-oal do- z lot of n. AL4.IL,jJ YJ~~ L-A&AALLU, canI pLrPbably do a lo tU a work in each subdivision if he restricts himself to assistance with design standardS a with the selection of suitable locations. assistanLce w.thL actual construction could be given by young people with a good general education and a few months of specialized training. A comprehensive study is essential to identify existing short-haul traffic carried by country boats and road transport and to assess future investment requirements on the basis of future demands. -6- Investment R-enI rPmAntS: (TIn m4llion Do s 12 EaDast P1,4 T-1 nIland W.ate 1rnpr Authority 240 3. East Pakistan Survey Commission 100 4. Roads and Highways 1,500 5. East Pakistan Road Transport o _ __ _ _ , J __ 7^^~~~~L+ Ul '.-uLpLc4L±;ulL I UU '4,070 2v. Te East raKistan goverrimertt considers major investments neces- sary in the transportation system under the Fourth Five-Year Plan. The actua_. ._Ln1v_ _1e L WL _ _t_. will_de pn l.r .___ _ _LUUL dVa±Jeu± 1_ _ dt; UU | V*: VItULL Wo |X u:elu s LSCXy VLL *iAM Lt;5 uuL(; &JVtJ.&Us. L y. J. t ezx- tative figures as estimated by the East Pakistan Planning authorities illustratirng the L-LvestmeLLt reCquLL ELmteLt 1in eransporeation are given auove: Road Transport Strategy durLn8 the Fourth Plan 2-1. TThe Fourtn Plan aims to attain a 7.5/ annual growth rate in East Pakistan as against 3.9% achieved during the Third Plan. This would call for the higher domestic production of agricultural crops and of industrial goods, and also for a heavier volume of imports. As the economy would move towards a relatively higher level of sophistication, there will be a very high demand on all transport facilities. In other words, road traffic during the Fourth Plan will increase tremendously. To highlight the thinking of the government authorities, the priorities and the road program considered for the Fourth Plan are highlighted below: Fourth Plan Program - Summary of Priorities 1. Complete the basic road network by linking all the district and sub-divisional towns an all commercial and industrial centers of similar importance. 2. To upgrade the existing road system in order to enable it to take pressure of heavy traffic. 3. Bridge the road gaps, either by providing independent road bridges or an efficient ferry system. -7- '4. To open up tne country sid'Ue by pro-viU.Lng adequate number of feeder roads. 'Truck to the Village' would be one of the new elements in the policy of road construction. Road Program Being Considered Addition during Bench-marks the Fourth Plan 1969-70 1970-71 to 1974-75 Paved roads (miles) 2,441 740 Bridges (Rft) 205,820 60,000 The fulfillment of the above target would enable the R & H Directorate to complete the spill-over projects of the Third Plan and to initiate work on some new important projects. East Pakistan Railways 22. The East Pakistan Railways will continue to serve as a major carrier of goods and passengers because of its fairly large coverage of the Province. During the Third Plan, the main objectives in this sub-sector have been the rehabilitation of rails by continuous track renewals, the replacement of rolling stock, the improvement of line capacity and the modernization of the signalling system. Efforts have been initiated towards attaining these goals but, by and large, they continue to remain unfulfilled because of a lack of resources. Against a Plan allocation of Rs. 915 million during the Third Plan, the Railways will have spent about Rs. 517 million or 56.6 percent of the target. 23. The basic strategy for the East Pakistan Railway will, there- fore, be to improve, consolidate and modernize the existing system. The emphasis will be laid on the renewal of track, the improvement of exist- ing bridges, the modernization of the signalling system and the development of terminal capacities. More stress will be laid on the continuous im- provement of technical and administrative efficiency of the railway system, the faster turnround of waRons, increase in the speed of goods trains and the faster clearance of cargo from the railway stations. It is expected that the successful fulfillment of targets would help the Railways to handle efficiently the projected traffic. This will call for the invest- ment of Rs. 1530 million during the Fourth Plan. -8- EPIW_TA 24. Inland Water Trnantsort Author4tu (TWTA ,of V.t- P.1,4at-n" ia proposed to be brought to play its due role during the Fourth Plan. From alevell of low equipment utilization., high1 --ertin exene -n -serio-s --- traffic inbalances, it is proposed that EPIWTA will assume full responsi- U 14 4- C - 1-, - -4 - O 0- tbe SA - --A - - -4 1 - V- f -- 4 - -A I ^1 0 -_ 4 -. 1- 4, u4 EW& *L LS a-. . -.- - Wu .s- .no t o. 5u0,o . WLJUI1tOC. W . UO w,u vs during the Fourth Plan on the further development of 5 major inland ports a.dA th e est'ab lsmer,t of secondlar; ports. Cor.tiruous dredging of the CLU LL&& O.C LWJJ.LCLAU1AL *JL CO.JL.CyjJh C.uLL L.L %A C JL~U.L5 A. LLL1 navigable channels will be provided through the acquisition of a dredger fcleet during the plan period. .L±.L U L15 & L~ JLI j9 L %AJ Sea rorts 25. Sea ports are not unrder the Jur'sdiction of the Prov'nce. The fullest support should be given, however, to the expansion of the Chitta- gong facilities and Uto tLe completion OL the L I JaLua pUrL. TIhe ports can easily become a major bottleneck if economic activity picks up in the Province. The import of fertilizers, pesticides, pumps and tubewell equipment and the export of jute and other products are vital elements in any program of agricultural development and atll must move through the ports. Considerations in Transportation Improvement Program Formulation 26. The expansion of inland water transport is subject to serious physical limitations in large areas of East Pakistan and the construction of adequate overland facilities is slow and expensive in the large flood plains. A thorough overall survey is urgently required in order to project demands and complementary investment programs based on a careful combina- tion of technical and economic considerations. 27. The expansion and improvement of the transport system cannot wait for the proposed survey, however. It was argued in the preceding section which discussed transport under the 3rd Plan that one may validly speculate whether agricultural production is presently already depressed by a lack of transport facilities. There is absolutely no doubt that a substantial expansion of agricultural production will be impossible unless better transport facilities are provided immediately. The transport of fertilizer could easily become one serious bottleneck. Additions of about one million tons of fertilizer and probably well over one million tons of foodgrains to the internal transport requirements are sizable enough to be nearly inconceivable with the present facilities. 28. Pending the results of the contemplated transportation survey, other measures to improve the efficiency of transportation could be started on a selective basis. Cursory observations suggest that there should be an adequate justification for starting a bridge building program - except for the Brahmaputra and the Ganges - for rivers trav- ersed by the main roads. To improve the crossing of major rivers, the Brahmaputra and the Ganges, the efforts should be concentrated on improv- ing the ferry service. It appears that with proper facilities the ferry services could be made substantially more efficient. The benefits of such improvements would accrue to the agricultural and to the non-agri- cultural sectors and to public administration. Again a reconnaisance mission would be needed. 29. At the local level, the road construction effort and the rural works program should be so oriented that roads would be susceptible for graudal improvements. This would require applying adequate cross sections. adequate bridge designs and sufficient compaction to accommodate motor vehicles. It should be possible to accomplish this by providing technical guidance for the Rural Works Program and by initiating an appropriate training program to create an adequate planning and super- visory staff. The details of such measures remain yet to be worked out and incorporated into the Fourth Five-Year Plan. The Government should give early attention to this matter. 30. Fundamental imnrovernents in East Pakistan's local as well as interregional transportation are a precondition to bringing the efficiency of marketina to anywhere near modern standArds. to ennhle the Covernment to carry out its marketing programs such as those of jute with reasonable effircenrvy and also to nrovide the acvriulrural serYiiCes emedieintlyv Improving incentives to farmers through marketing improvements would release private I tIntatve= SUch 8 devlpment would reduce the burden of development efforts on Government services. In view of their limited naparitv surh a developmen^t would be a vital contributiot. as sh,nw. hy the experience of many other developing countries. Annex 5 Table 1 EA-ST?IPASTAN - Re uiremtents of orts and E;orts tinif 1ion sons) Co-modities 1969-70 1970-7:L 1971-72 1972-73 1973- 74 1974-7 i5 eImrport/Export Trnort/Hcport Import/Erport Import/Export lmport/'E:port 1mport/Export 1. Coal .525 - .350 - .380 - .4CO - .450 - .5(0 - 2. C'ement .665 - .860 _ 1.150 - 1.480 - 1.630 - 1.7:30 3. Ferti lizer .260 .182 - .110 - .185 - .277 - .585 - 4. Foodgrains :1.718 2.200 - 2.200 - 2.2CO - 2.200 - 2.200 5'. General Cargo .9I0o .500 .10D .550 1.300 .715 1.690 .930 1.860 1.023 2.0)46 :1.125 6. Jute .600 - .600 --600 .60c) - .600 - .600 7. Jute Products - .300 _ .325 - .355 - .382 _ *416 - .453 Total h.06613 1.400 ]4.592 1.475 5.14o 1.670 5.95-5 1.912 6.417 2.039 7.061 2.178 Total of Imports and Exports: 5.468 6.067 6.810 7.867 8.4156 9.239 Annex 5 Table 2 EAST PAKISTAN Traffic Handled by East Pakistan Railways (in million tons) CoimnoditieS '1965-66 '1968-69 1969-70 1970-71 1971-72 1972-73 1973-74 197h4-75 Estiriated 1. Coal .2'71 .572 .500 .200 .250 .280 .300 .350 2. Cement .236 .313 .L400 .400 *L 475 .80 .625 .700 ; F'eeti lizer - - - .280 . 350 .*375 .Itoo 0125 4 Foodgrains .960io .937 1.100 .900 .900 .900 g900 .900 5. P 0 I .2144 .324 .400 .700 .775 .850 .975 1.100 6. Jute & Jute Products .7156 .482 .400 .425 45o0 .475 .500 .E25 7. Others (including general. cargo) 2.970 2.109 2.500 2.750 3,025 3.328 3.631 4.00o ToteLl 5.437 4.737 5.300 5.655 6.-225 6. 788 7 331 8.(00 T'on miles (in millioin) 854 725 795 848 934 1.C018 1.L00 1.200 ANNEX 6 G(OVERNMENT OP' EAST PAKISTAN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULJ'URE ACCELERATED RICE PRODUCTION PROGRAMME PHIASE- I FIVE. LAKH ACRES OF IR-20 AMAN 1970-71 March, 1970 officer on Spccial Duty, S. & G.A. DcPtt. In-Chargeh tiast Pakistan (cvernnenit Pr,ss, 1)accA -R 1970 ACCELERATED RICE PRODUCTION PROGRAMME ( IAWI -7') CONTENTS Page. 1. Introduction ... ... ... ... ... ... i-vii 2. Selection of PrioritY Area ... ... ... ... .. 1 3 . Seeds ... ... ..... ... . 4. Fertilizers ... . ... ... 3 5. Soil Testi:ng ... ... ... ... ... ... 5 6. P!an-t Protection ... ... ... .. .. .. 5 7. Irrigation ... ... ... ... ... ... 7 8. Personnel for Extension ... ... ... ... ... 10 a. T_ ;;n ...ng........... _ __,.o In r. A IV.n.I^ 1iV44UZ1VilICtD ... ... ... ... .. IV 10. Information Media ... ... ... ... ... ... 13 11. Supervised Credit ... ... ... ... ... ... 13 12. Rqpaynient of Loan and Priu; Suppori ... ... ... ... 4 13. Incentive Bonus to Extension Workers ... ... ... ... 16 14. Research and Evaluation ... ... ... ... ... 17 ;5. Administrative Set-up... ... ... 17 16. Project Benefits ... ... ... ... ... ... 20 17. Appendices ... . .. ... ... ... 23-60 INTl RODUCTION Successive national economic Plans laid emphasis on incieasing food produc- tion in East Pakistan. Actual achievement, however, fell short of target, due to various lirnifi i gven in ij-, Jt.CLL 3 1 ood hav n3t annul.l ilmnport during the Second Pllan avvragcd 7-80 lakh tons at a cost of Rs.40 to 50 crores. 1Prodililin continued to be outpaced by population growth and lagged behind tlhi cLie,tnaled consumption reclquiremcnt by 8 p.r cent. Thc deficit inci-eased to 10 per c-iit. during Lhe carly years of thc Ihird Plan. 2. At this stage a partial break-throLughi wVas planned by adopting a new strite,Y or Iz1 1B,ur cuIItivalciu 'T'h. kroad, "'S,-atu .r sh, of Sxaz th, (i) introduction ol a ncw variety of, highi-yieldinig rice callc iIR-8-Dcvelop- ment by the International Rice Researceh IlAtI.utc, MWnilla, and found suitable for East Pak stan conditiins; (ii) provision of controlled irrigation under thc Thana I riI;Ilion Progra i-mc (T'1 P) - qn( ( P\ ,, i (dii) provision of other essential illpLuts under a systcOil of sNUIervised credit. The Boro crop was choseil owing to it; relative Ireedomlii fo-mli the vao2ries of nhll Lire1 and th111 e Lic i! 'ilty for C-rcaingi ccinLII, Ile 1 I )noiLl's CUnn,-11 iiiS SCeISt il. 3. Rcsult achieved so far hals been higillv fCivt urable (ide tihlb I beow). I'rodluction of Boro duriog T hird Plan. (Lakh tons). lPerenoen I Percentage Year. Total Boro. of total increased liCC. f rice. over base year. 1964-65 ... ... 103 37 5 .74 5 Third P!ain 1965-66 ... ... 103.34 I 6-18 6I 8 1966-67 . ... 94 24 8-31 8 45 1967-68 ... ... 10995 J114 1 1 94 1968-69) ... ... JIII 65 16 11 14 181 11 Productioni has rcgistered an increase of 181 per cent. over the base year. This means a rise from 5 per cent. of the total rice piroduction in 1964-65 to Ap per cent. in A-968-69, 1-Si. lhe I ris Si thc last 2 years - -- L11e product of the new strategy. IR-8, the 'miracle' rice, has already established itself as the favourite of the Boro Farmer. Ihe acreage is steadily increasinz with the increasing irrigation facilities. 4. But tihis achievement could not make any great impact on the overall food situatioln in thc province sincc Boro constitutes only a small portion of the total - -ic acsa,- rfoughly Vnprpent. T'Anreovpr inerrPas in tli prndution of the Boro has been partially offset by the short crops of Aus and Amran. which have been successivelydamaged by floods, pests and drought. Anaccount of flood-damage itself will be revealing (vicle tablell below): TABLE II Damage to crops by floods. (In crore rupees). Year. Rs. 1964 ... ... ... 15 -84 1965 ... ... ... 3 - 37 1966 ... ... ... 46-54 1967 ... ... 8-38 1968 ... ... ... 118 -55 The extent of damage by pests is also considerable since Governments Plant Protection Pro;ramrne covers only about 15 percent. of the cropped area. During the last Anian a good crop was cut short by careutting caterpillars at tile harvcsting stage. 5 Chroni food shortage therefore- nersisted durine the Third Pla; necessi- tating import of considerable quanitites of foodgrains, as may be seen from table III. 'F A DT T.' 111 ImDort of foodgrains. (In lakh tons). 1965-66 ... ... 8 88 1966-67 ... ... 1164 1967-68 ... ... 1021 1968-69 ... .. 11 -20 1969-70 ... ... 17 00 (Programmed). iii At the existing rate of production, the deficit is likely to go up during the 4th Plan unless a significant increase in the per acre yield of other rice crops can be effected by the adoption of a similar strategy as in the case of Boro. 6. The situation calls for an emergcncey rice programme to shorten the foond1n ancl nttain qelfl cnffiriencv in the earlv vearc of the Plan The nroiented production target is 161 lakh tons if the entire consumption requirement is to be met out of domestic production. An additional production of at least 46 lakh tons over the base year figure of 115 lakh tons (1969-70) must, therefore, be generated by 1974-75. This is theoretically possible as per programmebelow und'er conditions of' r-ight rraotivatlion andu intensive mobvillisatilon of re;sources. PROGRAMME FOR PRODUCTION OF ADDITIONAL 46 LAKH TONS OF RICE DURING THE FOURTH PLAN (i) Aman crop (July-Dccember): Additional Prouuction. (Lakh tons) Transplanting 50 lakh acres with high-yielding varieties with supplymentary irrigation and under rain-fed condition. Additional yield i- ton per acre ... ... ... 25*00 (a) Expansion of irrigation coverage to additional 5 lakh acres, all under IRRI-8 yield 1 25 tons per acre ... ... 6-25 (b) 5 lakh acres to be brought under IRRI-8 by replacement of local Broo. Additional yield 0*5 ton per acre ... 2-50 (iii) Aus crop (March-August): (a) 8 lakhi acres to be placed under IRRI Aus in the irrigated arcas. Yield i ton additional rice per acrc ... ... 8 00 (b) 17 lakh acres under broadcast improved Aus including IRRI yiclAing 0 25 ton add itionalJ rice per acre .. ... J.25 Total additional rice ... ... 46'00 7. The scope of raising the Boro yield is however limited by the avail- ability of irrigation facilities and land suitable for cultivation. On the other hand, approximately 90 kakn acres under transp;anied Aman provioe a uviien- dous potential for making final breakthrough. Out of this, 50 lakh acres have been estahli6hPd an rson-ably fr A from flood hazards- heiny suscentible to shallow flooding only. Aus comes next in terms of acreage. Considerable increase in production during this season is also possible. The areas under different crops are shown in Table IV. iv TABLE IV Area (in acres) under rice crop. (Lakh acres). Year. Aus ( of Aman (% of Boro (% of Total. _I.-- - I _ 1965-66 .. 73 20 146-72 1137 231 29 1966-67 .. 69G5 140-59 13 90 224 14 1967-68 .. 8221 146 82 15134 244-37 1968-69 76W58 144 W 20 35 2 24U 93 IV0/ IaOX f >fn0/\ Q I \v ,0} 1 \v /ol k t /OJ 8. But unlike Boro, Aman did not have till recently, the advantage of a high-yielding variety of seed. Improved country varieties showed promise, but in a limited way. For the purpose of a breakthrough a new seed was essen- tial corresponding to IR-8 which contributed so significantly to the success of the Boro strat,g. The Fast Pakistan Rice Research lnstitue (EPPRI) after intensive tests within departmental farms, has now established that IR-532-E-576, since released as IR-20 by the International Rice Research Institute, is the right seed for the Aman season in East Pakistan. The variety- (i) has hign potentia lfor increasea yield (at least -ton per acre uvcr indigenouis varieties, raising to I ton with improved cultural prac- tices and irrigation f2Gi1itieS) (ii) is resistant to many common pests and diseases (iii) can stand sudden flooding up to a, couple of days, and (iv) is pernaps less demanding than IK-8; 9. Expanded cultivation of any exotic variety like IR-20 is normnllv pieceded by a year of extensive tests in falmer's plots in different soil and climatic regions. Even in West Pakistan only about 360 tons of Mexi Pak wheat was introduced in the first year of experiment. But this Province can hardly wait for another year in this critical pbage of its fQod ptoduction. An consideration of the yieid.potitiat an4 tiLe stLurdY. nature.of tLLe varie.jty iis proposed to takq a calkulated. risk and cover at least 5,00,000 acres with IR-20 In the forth eominng Aimin season. This will be hcith Rn actioni programm= sind an experiment designed to produce enough data for further planning, enough deed for next year's leap forward and enough for food for the farmer. 10. In this adaptation of the Boro stratW to:rneet the ncedi of the Aman season .Ilree basic conceF's Jicave e4n kIeL ;n1 VWW. Ers. the fa,,e.-3 of Fa I Pa;kih.nn 2rr re rcrlr :ine the ne iArts w;hen t.ace- rrear:. rr-zfWiY. r'C;r%esied to t'-_t-' anJ -y are 1x l\5rt1ti- par. rf _'. a -m-aring cn mratters ceernuig Lhcir m&a.. Stead c( Pa as n o.f tUuCevell and low-lift pumap irrigttien and the IRRi acre:isgC is an rample of their gro'king response to new tcthn togy. rom L of the mi are acLJH..n 3S voluAneeUIC exte[sioU a(cnits nsLitir Vy their ow%vn successes. Secondly, the co-operative spirit is hiard at work. Farmers of Comifla, Chlittagong and Dinaipur in particular have made substantial pro- gress in this field. Emboldened by this experience, the Provincial Goverinment has formulated ani ambitious scheme for assisting agri- cultural co-operatives to develop in all thanais of the Province during the Fourth Plan. The Thana Central Association medelled on the nattern evolved by PARD (Pakist-tn Academy for 12Rura Development) Comilla arc already handling, fortiliser distribution and plant protec- tion work in certain areas. They are willing to shoulder any res- ponsibility for agricultural growthi for their members as well as for others outside the co-operatives. Thirdly. lie initenisive pack-age approach has an atiraction for the farmer. T11_ ibsisut;acc .rmcr of East P.,'istarn l;las Thardly ar;y savings11ILVK iIL- tv? invest in larnd; nor has he the courage to take risk. His crop passes o to Ihis creditor even, before it is cgrown. At least 75 per cent. of thc lormcrs will 1l¾il in this category. Anu agricultural revclution iii StCii ai settin i is coilceiva ilc only if tli f;arimers arc helped to helip Ttheniwives bOy providiior thenm with all thc necessary inputs iuIdcr a systCem of swnorvised ercriedl. The followving extract from .1 Arrit t:ur;j Suiirve 1 tr)h A&i:in Il,,elnpr lit nU w )e) icie}Xv. it -- ''The Mewnctic II break o ikroullghl fIanilsitt(l to tie TmaSses of rice farmers !hlronb d1e inimovallion f the itsiv ag pproach............ has already made a decisive impact in CouLntries like the Philip- P1iICs. Ial.aysia, ThIailakrd and Indolnesia.'' I1. High Fpe)s of I lie- neiw pro-ramrm,.le for Arnall. 1970 (olpcratikc from July, 1970). are (i) Inltroductioll of al high-yielding, dwarf variety of rice-fR-20 f.r the first timc In the Provinee outside departmnontal farms. (ii) Imip;rort of 4-800) 1.1iij Of R-' O c'Leds frtom ti.. Pl;Ifil;fniPc (I., cse fthe total quantity of I R-20 seed is riot available from Philippines the import will be restricted to the quiantity available. L. C. has already bceeln openlled for import of 900 tons of see(l. Anotoler 900 tons at hest iii v le avaiilable for the next A man). 0iii) Selection of 5,00,000 acres or 20 per cetit. of transplanted aman area in flood-frc zonles (5 ri. acres) based on the recomiedationr of the Soil Sturvey Project, Dacca. (iv) Sietinlg ulp oi 12 (400 acre) produIction units in the selected areas CoVering 12 districts 98 thanas and 225 union1s. vi (v) Utilisatioii of existing irrigation facilities in Ihakurgaon, Comilla, DND and G. K. Project areas. Provision of supplementary irrigation with thehel;o tube-wells klowlf LULYL;WC , S,-II f r V Iactional tube-weln minor irrigation projects. (vi) Adequate credit facilities for the farmers in the project area covering the total cost of inputs and labour charges at Rs. 200 Der acre. Co-operatives to handle the credit operation. Funds to be provided by theCentral Government as grant out of counterpart funds genera- ted through commodity aid or by saic of the recently-importea Japanees rice. This will form an interest-free revolving fund for subsequent operations. Should it be absolutely ....ssibl, the State Bank .r, finance the operation by lowering its guarantee limit by Government to 25 per cent. flat as against the existing practice of 50 per cent. for amounts exceeding Rs. 2 crores. (vii) Timely procurement of all inputs, viz., seed, fertiliser, pesticidc, equip- ments, etc., and their distribution to farmers at the union level through appoir.ted declers and do1partm.ental e,mp'loyees. (kv;;i) 'Cent per cent. p'ant protection ----ag jon -yb A--1cltur Dear-- ment, Central Plant Protection Division (aerial wing), Thana Central Co-operative Associations and CIBA (Pakistan), Ltd. (ix) Price support at Rs. 4 per md. over the normal procurement price of paddy to make the project attractive to the farmer. Assurance of purchase of entire produce in project area by Food Department for consumiptiOnv pjJUrpose and iL.tP fo its see requireiXent. Lxcess cost equivalent to price support to be charged to project. (x) Repayment of loan either in cash or in kind at the rate and under the arrangement mentioned at (ix). (xi) Strengthening of the extension orgaiisation in the area of concentrated activities in order to ensure supervised farming. 1,250 Union Agricul- tural Assistants, 275 Assitant Inspectors of Co-operatives, 12 Co- operatives inspectors. 4w0 Mukaddamss, 235 thana level omwcrS including employees of Central Associations and 12,500 progressive farmerm will he involved in the oneration. Each nroduction unit will have Inspector, Union Agrcultural Assistant and 3 units will have I Mukaddam (for plant protection) and 5 units will have I Assistant Inspector, Co-operatives. (xii) All officers at thana level and downward and progressive farmers will be given adequate training in agricultural and co-operation. (xiii) These Extension Officers/Assistants, whose scale of pay is pitiably low, WiL! be eku, ,Inti tle Ld to an i ncentivie bon - u s var ying frm . !s00 to R. 250.'. extension and implementation. Governmeent cmployccn will nai annd assist them in all possible manner. vii 12. The overall shapes of the new rice programme covering all crops will be as follows:- Phase l ... Siakh acres under high-yielding varieties in Aman, 1970-71 (enumerated in para.). Phase 11 ... 10 lakh acres of IR-8 Boro in 1970-71. Phase III ... 15 lakh acres of IRRI and improved Aus in 1970-71. Pnase iV ... 25 iakh acres of IR-20 in Aman, 1971-72. Phase V . l. . ! s lakh acres of- IR-8 Boro in 197'-2. Phase VI ... 25 lakh acres of IR-8 improved Aus in 1971-72. Phase VII ... 50 lakh acres of IR-20 Aman in 1972-73. Appropriate scheme for each phase is under preparation. 13. According to the strategy already enumerated IR-20 rice will be grown in five lalch acres during Aman, 1970-71 limited availability of IR-20 seed from tne rhiiippines may not, however, permit coverage of the entire area with this new exotic variety. As import of 900 tons of this seed is assured and indica- tionns thnt a o^vher a ns may-, a+ best, be available fo next Aman, the 9_ to.. ...a;, at eu Me a h,u.1-1 AM ULAL~ flLILL-1, tUuW programme for the Phase I has been drawn up in such a manner that the size of the programme remains unaltered though the proportion of areas under IR-20 and local high-yielding varieties may-vary. Based on the actual avail- ability of seeds the programme will take the shape of either- (i) cultivation of IR-20 in entire five lakh acres; or (ii) cultivation of IR-20 in two lakh acres and high-yielding local varieties in three lakh acres; or (iii) cultivation of IR-20 in one lakh acres and high-vielding local varieties in four lakh acres. The. nput requirements nave accordingly Deen worKed out Keeping in view the alternatives. 14. The programme, proposed to be launched from the current year based on a methodology already tested and adequately supported by a carefully laid out inputs programme, has a reasonable possibility of attaining sucess. All essential inputs have to be procured and supplied. Extension organisation wiLl ha-;e to unUdego Iuuctminal anuu 0isalibailOnal reorientatioUIn. S'cope of infra-structural services like marketing and credit will have to be further expanded. If the Riven ore-conditions are fullv met. the Drogramme can make a difference between continued stagnation and a final breakthrough. - r,LL1- rON Ur P K1UIJYI YAKLAir) I 'lhp fll1nwitia c-ritAria hnvb hpi-n tolron jntn consideration while idtent;fvino the areas of development where five lakh acres \'ill be brought under intensive cultivation during Ar.tan 1970-71. The areas should be so selected that those are- (i) above normal flood lcvel; (ii) where controlled irrigation is available; (iii) where supplementary irrigation is possibic; (iv) xt,hare nnnn..rd ti is a,lreaoA, Anevelnna an,l Th-ana Cennt:a! Co=o.erati.c Ti5l' - -noas. a .. _ at t Associations can handle the programme-efficiently; (v) where transportation facilities exist permitling close supervision; (vi) where aerial spraying can be undertaken; and (vii'i where further exnansion is po.ssibl with thte. deveoned b!ock as nuw1ers. 2. On,the basis ofthe abovecriterian ninety-eiglit thainas confined to twelve di stricishave been selected asshown.inApp,9ndix 1, so at concentrated extension work can be carried out in those areas to achieve optimum results. 3111fation. J. A ASS. .. AIAIo San oLA& S Ot P A ^- *5l35.S S.9n I&.L MASi VIT 115 SJA.151.JAU.T VOl i1LJS; S j%addy in Oevenit 'per cenrt; oth *e& iifder transplanted Aman with yield 6B low as twenty maunds per acre. The remainiag thlity per ctht. of the tratis- planted Aman area is covered by local improved varieties mainly latishail and Naizershail which give an yield betWeeft thirty to tliirty-five mnaunds of paddy per acre. Tne farmers had been tradiiionaily using seeds grown in their own &ttd. Evit Pakistan *Atticuhfte sDevelopment Corporation on the average suonlied 33.000 maunds irnnraid Rgeedq' whir-h WAR. oniv I .' ner cit. of fh' total seeds requirement of the farmers. THE CHOICE OF THE MOMENT 4. The absence of a high-yieleind vatiety of j:ddy for tultivitiohi duriftg Aman largely explains the poor performance in the rice sector. On the basis of eXpetirse-t-cd qut j.resqcIi ,"tjjoii .ant Etst Plkistjn Agriculture Development Corporation farr, tq np, R,20 t;in has beena found particu- larly suitabic for cultivation Guring Aman. it nas certain disminct advantages qvgr,,othet local varieties because, of the following characteristics it is founld to, (i) It gives a much higher yield than the local imprcved varicties, (ii) 1t is :nre res-sant io raic pest6 thar. the aeisti, ngrieties; (iii) Table quality of this variety is also good. It is around this new variety of seed, the present rice production strategy vilbe `ased. 'w1H De idSeI SEED REQUIREMENT 5.Iorderor,eCtheed euieI_n ofthe enie a of five- lakhaes J. [L 'iUi.I L Ji tL. LJII C 0%V 4-LU1ILV,L L IS LL1C V.IILIJL QkC VI JIVI, JaR~IL alIIV, 4,600 tons of IR-20 seeds will be required. As-this variety of paddy had not been grown in the country except in the research stations and experimental farms, the entire quantity is proposed to be procured from the Phillippines under East Pakistan Agriculture Development Corporation's Scheme for 'Production, Procurement and Distribution of the improved -Seeds'. The seeds programme has, however, to be adjusted accordirg to the availability of seeds from the Philippines. The districtwise sec-d r11quic-ent under situatinnc is shown in Appendix 11. CHANNEL OF DISTRIBUTION 6. As soon as the seeds for ensuing Aman arrive in Chittagong, these will besent to thana stores of EastPakistan Agriculture -Development Corporation. where the seeds will betreated against seeds borne diseases before distribution. From the thana stores the distribution will be done through the Co-operative Societies. Where Co-operatives do not exist, seeds will be made available to the farmers through the existing fertilizer dealers. New seed dealers will also be appointed *,vhere nrecessary. b~~i.I TV flR'sTnA A r-J STORAG-E 7. East Pakistan Agriculture Development Corporation's normal storage facilities for seeds will have to be expanded in order to enable the corporation to handle larger volume of seeds. PERSONNEL 8. No additional staff will be required by East Pakistan Agriculture Deve- lopment Cornoration for distribution of the seeds. FUDrT'NGTI 9. Details of financial implication for orocurement and distribution of seeds under the programme is given in Appendix III. SEED PROCUREMENT THROUGH REGISTERED GROWERS FOR AMAN PROGRAMME 1971-72. 10. As soon as the harvest in next Aman is over, East Pakistan Agriculture Development Corporation wili have to go anead witn procurculnit of 1sWO seeds at a premium price from the selected Registered Growers so that twenty five pcr cenit. of the entirc requie:MntC of this particular vi:riety of seed during Amani 1971-72 can be met bytheCorporation. It is estimated that the remain- ing sJevety -live per .er.I. r An' wi be met I... I.le to A.r,,mer distl butionl. FERT'ILIZER 11. 'J lucre was practically iio use ol fertilizers before indclcndence in the territory which now constitutes East l'akistan. In 1951-52, only 2,698 tons of felrtitizcrs were use.d in East PakistmI. Thc c*nsu;nption, hoJvcvcr, gradually increased to 2,34,970 tons of fertilizers in 1968-69. The yearwise consumption of fertilizers in East Pakistan is shown in Appcndix IV. 12. In the early years, Ammonium Sulphate was predominantly in use as fertilizer. Urc.t was first introcuced in East Pakistan from 1957. Now urea is almost exclusively used as a nitrogenous fertilizer. The use of Phosphatic RertiliZers, mostl! in thC form of T S.P hfbnc slcn rin-rApdai cyrqirhinol inrr - 13. Application of phospilatic and potassic fertilizers started comparatively recently. In East Pakistan the intake of nitrogenous fer-tilizers is dispropor- tionately high in comparison to the use of phosphatic and potassic fertilizers. Th'iough the position is gradually improving, the actual consumption of different kinds of fertilizers reflects an unbalanced application of fertilizers. DLuring 1I966-67 1967-68 Andi 196R-69,the i rhpnortion -f NPK fertili7er vxwaIs al followc- N P2o5 K2o 1966-67 ... ... ... 15 0 5 2 1*0 1967-68 ... ... ... 10 * 5 .. '0 1968-69 ... ... ... 13'0 4!) ]-.0 14. One of' the main reasons for this unsatisfactory position is thatt no integrated programme was launched for usc of different inputs. Fertilizers were uscd- in hapliazard maner and not as a part o' a-II intue** ,-si ap;rach towards increased production. OBJECTIVE 15 . 'The objective of this programme is to ensure eflicient and timely dis- tribution of balanced fertilizer to coveI an arca of five lakh acres. REQUIREMENT' 16. Against the above availability, the requirement of fertilizer for the normal distribution programme of 1970-71 including the first 6 months' requirement for 1971-72 will be Af07,0 tons of Ure AA, n tons of Tr.q.P. -n1i nnn- tons of M.P. adding up to total of 6,07,500 tons. In addition to the above, the requirement for this programme under the three different possible situations according to the availability of JRRI-20 seeds. witl he' 1\ !irwtiv listrietwvisv in Appoendix V. rlhese reniiir entsl will I. me t ollt of tILh avallable slock- as s1il iwn ab we,, btit tlis will lead to a onseq n-il- tial short-al I! of 911,902 tolns in ITh mtoriml disilibhtution programme For 1970-71, in Case till total a rca of 5 lalJi ; t.'cres can be brought under IRRI-20. This shortl -hi.ll xill be reduced itn 61.295 lons in casc oIliy 2 lakh acres are hrougjht undel I)r IR 'i-2O. tic.I.iont Ii-:i- t L.VI-..,li- it t- 'V50I" L ns. 'IT1,.. 1llov o rt- fall. wha1 WIver iVl iS, 'ail have ' he ont by fuirtlicr i in port dutiring 1970-71. FUNDING 17. The overall financial irnplication for the proeuremcent and distributiCon of' tho recitr II-i rii-..i 6)1 or fort !;'7err fir his k nroarnmimm v uinier tl, tflire' cdfl-r ent situalicrits is given in Appendix VII. A total an111I1ut Of $9,19 mi-illion Will he rcqutirc tor the import of 91,902 tons of fertilizers, in case tile total area of. S lakli. 7cres can be broughit undcr 1IRRI-20. The rupec cover for this is calculated at Rs.437 44 laki,s. In case otily 2 lakh acres are brought under MIMI- - -1 _ I-, r GC" Al) -._ -P r iEtItl-LiU , iL oial itllikIUIt (1 PI-4.)1 I 4 Ull (. . I frtil izers. T IIC ruipec Cover for this is. caletitaled at Its.306 07 lab-its. A tolnl amount of $5'51 millioin will he rennired For tOw import of' 5S070 tons ol fertilizers in c.ase ftllv I lakh acres are broghit UIder IR 1R1-20. hl,e ritpee cover for thlis will hb l(s.262*28 lakhs. CIIANNIK1. ()F F) I TIRIl 1TIfN 18. 'fllie distrihidion of l'Crtilizers (te ilic Ilirnrets will ie incade at th ileiiiiot and villatC levels ISl',Omigli the 16,942 private (dealcrs already appoilted. oi- provide inlensive c veiage addo itiloivl dealers will asl) fie appointed in this project arcaI. i 'ertiie>r tetail dalOIiiu hlias dlso be n tlir(rwni upeun to all villitge primnary, eno-perativc societics. Sociietics are being enrolled as dlealers whcrever these arc ready toi take uk p si ich assignimnient. '*h'l1. retail dealers in the- nroject arca' arc hbein fed througlh 1.098 intci-ilemdiairy, tiana and additional g, downs as sliown iii Appeindlix VI. Moreover, wherever TIina Ccitral C o-operative Associations are in operation, wholesale dlealership ot fertilizer is heing handed over, to- thie-m. Additional storage facilitics will be provided at certain places locatd wiA--1-n O-l p1rrject :Ire c tlenest ni! which wvill he Illt c Xu i}ftheI1 dentals showin in Appendix VII. 19. With a view to encoiurage the Thanal Central Co-operative Associations to take- up thic wyholesale fertilizet dealership, fertilizer is being supplied to them on credit. This systemii is already in oipcrationi in Comilia, Cnittagong and1 few other, places. Tihis facility will be exteniidedt to) all suchi Associations that m1flhs tr'ulnn i) oilier irens u tlter hlle t' o'nimn A line (if shorl-erirn err-iit for the priva-te rctail cdealers hias a!so b-cui ar-ranged svitl A DI 31 to activate these deailers a d mra;e them finaancially capable. rL&tflJ. -. - NLI, _i!. Aldir,blnal vsrsonnel will be-, reqiiir(i f,i rnia, iv ila lI:1atI iwii' i p' downs t,, be St upl f',*r inak.ing flertilize.:r% c;'dY hi ;tiil:tIil.; - , bali Yi-Jil l'-ate ant farmner'l ini the pr',je(t areat. 1[1e pers',;iu-l r1I; rwir:d It f 1i g-Ii-wi will downs will b3 miitimluni anid ils coist will bte covercd loarn the jiw;1lC'lt a shown in Appcndix Vil. SOILTE 'SEIINC :2i. Soii testing il. considcrcd as; an cssentiai prerequisiit iCFr deterniing the typc, tlie quantity an(l proportion of vairious inputs required for application in !inds, hi.vini, tliverse soi! ch,racerirsti-s An a-nnronri! te dose of fe,rt;1i7r t;)r Li l)aiticular area can he prescribed only on the basis of soil tests. In O)rd. t to nbtaf in tiixiiunm yield from land the recommendations from soil Cxpc will b1c jiL.ccs`al .y. Ilhe erviccs of soil s:cientists and staff of Soil Survey PrJect, D;i!c;i will hc hitilized tohr this uLrIpo1)sC. 'riTe task of ilic soil, scientists will be- (i) to undertake as far as possible, a detailed survey and analysis of the soil within the programmed area; (ii) to con(luct fertilizer test in the plots of selectcd farmers; and (iii) to formulate recommendations on the basis of (i) and (ii) above. PLANT l PROT C TION 22. Trans1n;lnd .Ann is g:-o.vn g peak mo-s ;nhpcC;-h v ehcmt incidence of insect pests and diseases is the heaviest. Every year. a substantial damage is done to Arnan crops and Ihe pcsts which cause the mxiMLm damage are Stembnrer, lHispa, Swarnilng and l arcuulnng Caterpillar. Leaf-hobper, Tungro Virus and Bacterial Leaf-blight. OBJECTIVE, 23. it is intenided to givc ful1 plant protection coverage to the 5 lakh acres put tinder intensive cultivation. Hence, the number of sprays per acre will on the average 5, which is considered to ii be L'n asout minimlim. %oIiUd Plant l'rotection measures will he furthier strcngtlhened bv acrial olpcration over another 1-45 lakh acrcs in the three dlistricts of Dinainur. Bakergani and Dacca. For this CIBA-ULV Aircrafts will be deployet oni contract basis. The Aeriial Wing of the Central Government will operate outsi(le the project IREQUIREMIENTI 24. (i) Pcsticides--The prcscnt stock (if pesticides is ;Ibut 900 tons. rhe cx pccted arrival or pesticides bv JuLic 1970 is :ihnt 3 120 lons tLcxi-ldin! :a small quI.antity rcquiried for large sc:lle trial. The lypewise quantity or pesticidles in thie pipc line is shown in Appelndix VIII. Tlhis qaL.n11tity of pcsticides (4,020 tons) is hardly cnoug.teh io mct ilic requirement of current 3Boro, Auis, Jute and Sugari-cane not to speak of :iffording coverage to next Amian under the nornmal progr-mme. The entire 2,097 tens of pesticides require' for this projict, will hiave to bc procurecl witlin the quickest possible time cither by cash forrien exchar,cz or through barter. 6 25. (ii) Sprayers-The present stock of sprayers in terms of hand sprayer equivalent is 75,356. The expected arrival by September 1970 is 56,814 hand sprayer equivalent, vide Appendix IX. The total number of sprayers, i.e., 1,32,170 will not be adequate even to cover next Aman, Jute, Aus and Sugar- cane, etc., une nm .--- As sc 3 N Sprayers (H-- and sprayer equivalent) required for this programme will have to be procured locally as well as from abroad. CHANNEL OF DISTRIBUTION :26.iPetiedesandspryerreqire f4r- 12 districts I~ Ll prjc llac Ve shown in Appendix X. This contains districtwise break-up of 98 thanas in- cluding Thakurgaon tube-well and G.K. Project areas. (i) PFesticides and spraycrs allotted to the project thanas will be initially stocked in the existing hired/departmental thana stores. tiiW Panh nr iir- I IrNn nr-1,u-t iin unrits wsil1 haw, a rent-11construe-ted sto-,- for stocking plant protection materials to be despatched from the thana store. (iii) The existing Assistant Plant Protection Assistant will be responsible for storage and movement of plant protection materials at thana level, and 400 1ukdU.&uuU4IL-s Will Ube appoPULII.teU and U inLI r IIl oflYU VI d LillIol pla.llt protection stores and distribution of plant protection materials to farmers of the produc- tion iunits= PERSONNEL 27. For the satisfactory plant protection coverage, 400 Mukaddams over and above Itlhc cxisting plersonncl -will bc recruitedA and Atra i-A otIcpo.t ali.. L'U t. I lt. .AS~tilL j't ).fllli.S V- Il I t 1t..I I UlL. aiu tia,t IV,. it., J, p tI;L i.. PROG RAMMING :28. The following schedule of programme will be adhered to in respect of recruitment and training of the new plant protection staff and storage and dis- tribution of plant protection materials. (a) Recm;lIltof400VLkaUaLLs ... ... I4J-75 (h) Training of Mukaddrim at (R thana Headquarters ... 7-5-70 to 13-5-70 (ii) P.i rotectI[VUEl Mvlaterials anu Sturag'. (a) Hiring construction of nroduction unit stores 1-5-70 (b) Pesticides and sprayers to reach production unit stores ... 15 5-70 Monthwise and typewise requirement of pesticides has been shown in Appedi VT myk- -ti. 11- 7 FUNDING 29'. A um of Rs.21-68 rmtillion will bc required for meeting the plant noor,ctioni, U i o on frj,irci Trho break-un of rn'.it involvefr has been shown in Appeildix Xll. IRRrGcA'rON SUTUA'TION 30(. 'I'r;ansplanictd Aman is exclusively a rainfed crop now. It is transplanted hetween ln1v-Auguszt snnl hirvested in the fin nth nf Nnvernher-flece.mher. The crol) in its early stage of growth gets too much rainfall and not infrequlently it suffers from draughit at the later stage. OBJ ECTIVE 3i . S.ince this paddy Is subject to monisooni rains, appilcatioin of conitrolledu irrigation throughout the growing scason is not possible an(d when adequate rainfall is there onnstant irrigation is also not necssar=v Irrigation to trans- planted Amian will, therefore, always be supplemental, its necessity being oilOst acteiily felt in a (draught situ ation. ilowever, to ensure the crop against damiage hy draught, provision for supplemaeitary irrigation has 'to be made, wherever it is feasible. .32. ItJ-Idr ili s project irriaui-mIG Will be providel! (roni thc 'colw'o\ifl SO)LII ceS :-- ( I ) Low-lift puimlps. (2) Tihc-weclls, both dleep and shl.Ilow. ( I ) (ii i r: i Iy l I -' vv Iii order ito exteilL tIlc scopC of1' pMimi irriuation. iiii nor imrr'i;litoi channels arc proposei to be excavated at selecte(d areas. 33. i addition to the deep tribe-wClls SoIlle Slvl:lO\W tuLbe-weils to be opera- etd hy lfractionazl puinps, are lso pra osd io bC sunik iii -'o,)nil!a and Chitta- gOiug and in (!th(:r pnicts wi!l be transferred to the Co-onnerative Societics which will he formned by the Co-operative De aril ment. 'hliese associationis or societies will operate and mainitain tliem at tlicir own cost. Ilowever, thc ADC work- shiop facilihies will be made available for repair anid maintenance. Thce suLppliers will be rqullired to supply adequate spares and provide repairing facilities. 34. 'rhe total cost of sinking a fractional tube-welt will he Rs.6,000.SuIch tube-wells will have an average life of 3 vears and will cater lor the water requirciients of two crops in a year. With six crops growin within the life span of a tubc-well the proportionate capital cost per crop will comie to Rs. I ,000. It is proposdc to recover 20 per c.n! ofc thc caita! c from tie . rnmrsr 80 per cent. being ultimately Governments share. Wilh each tube-well irriga- ting 10 acres of land per acre capital cost.to a farmer for each crop will come to only Rs.20 per cent. 2 8 EXCAVATION OFJ MINOR IRRIGATION CHANNELS 35. Schemes will be drawn up and cxecuted by Thana Development Co- ordinatio Committee. Techniictl guidance during selection and execution ofthe project will be available from ilic Agriculiure Development Corporation. FUNDING. 36. (i) For operation. of pumnps and tube-wells, the cost will be met out of the funds already provided under the respective schemes. (ii) At the irLite of Rs.6,000 pcr tuhc-well the total cost of sinking 5,000 tube-wells will eic Rs.300 ibash. f(iAi Por eyecavatitn of mi'nor 'rriontinn ch.nnnosk it ic ~csi;mt-cl lhi: a,o " - - - - .. ... ..1_....1_ _ . _1-.. 1--.'.. ..- . 1- - -0 'l" - - Rs.16,25 lakhs will he needed. (05 miles of chan.el is proposed to be excavated at a cost of at Rs.25,000 per mile onl average. PERSONNEL 37. No additional personinel wvill be requiredl to execute tnis project. REQUIREMENI ' 38. Input requirements to censure water availability through irrigation in the project areas, are as below: Requiremient. Avalilability. Balance required . 1. Powcr pumiips ... 1,650 1.,65(0 Nil. 2. Tube-wells ... 921 921 3. Shallow tube-wells ... 5,(00 Nil. 5,000 4. Minor irrigation channel ... 65 Nil. 65 miles. miles. CH.AN \I. Of WIS! kIfi!10TON 39. i) Low-lift pump-Pumps will e; siuppliced ;and tlpcrsltc(l by /; alut 'mc Development Corporation. Necessary cxtensirn work will hi: iloi l'y i Prf Directorate of Agriculture. I-arnmors' gruips will (direcily aipply lor pufua1p, fo lHie, local Agriculture Development Corporation oitlicial anitt will receivc ilelivtiy of' the set iromit tihe jCeist depot. 'H he group will bcar i lie cost Ol carryimpg ile 9 puian! to the site of installation and( also at its cost return thfc pump to the depol. All operation cost will be borite by the ADC and the farmers will be charged aiter harvest at Rs.15 per acre. Normal irrigation charge for a full crop) in wir,tcr with _ e . -c- _" s -y 'In -s, -- acre. The tihis case is kept down to onie-4ialf of the normal rate because of supple- ftciloi;/ Jdtlill,r of irrivalion. (ii) rube-wel-Tube-wells owne(i hy Agriculture Development Corpora- tion will he operated and maintiainied by Aigriculture Development Corporation and the tuhe-wells belonging to the EPWAPDA will hc operated by that authority. All operation and maintenance costs wiii be borine by the agen- cies concerned and the farmers will be charged at Rs.15 per acre after harvest. (iii) Shallow tube-wells-Thc locLition of the shallow tubc-weCls wvill be decidd Iedhv the Th:n :, Apriviirtt,re Devetlcn,nint Conmmifletes ulnd the actlUal installationi will be donie by the agency supplyinig the fracliolial pump. The supplying agency will deliver the tube--wells on turn-key basis to the Tliana Central Co-operatives. 40. OuIt of a total area of 500,000 acres supplemenitary irrigatiOn wiii be possible in 2,65,000 acres during the current year. Water for irrigationl will be available r.o t*ie, ~ Acres. G.K. Project ... ... ... ... ... 30,000 D.N.D. Project ... ... .. ... ... 5,000 Cross Darn ... ... . ... 2,000 .LP A r:C AnllW A PD, A "lube-well ' roject ... ... ... 6 50 Power Pump Irrigatioji Project- (a) Fronm existing water sources ... ... ... 60,000 (b) FPron minor irrigation channeis when excavated ... 39,000 Shallow Tube-wells ... ... ... ... 50,000 Total ... 265,650 Soil survey report indicats that imnproved varieties can also be growni in the rcst of the areas under rainfled conditions. PROGRA M ME 41. Appendix X!ll shows the distrieiwis.e break-un of tlie programme and the coverage throtigih irrigation that will he possible tilrougih various sources. l0 PERSONNEL FOR EXTENSION 43. The personnel required exclusively for implementation of the programme will be drafted from among the experienced Thana Agricultural Officers and the Union Agricultural Assistants of the Province. Additional posts will be filled up by recruiting the following staff:- (i) 60 Thana Agriculture Officers all of them agricultural graduates, will be recruited. There is already such Drovision in the approved "Scheme for Strengthening of Extension Organisation". (ii) i,zi0 UnionAgricultural Assistants and 400 Plant Protection Mukaddams. The thana level officers will be recruited by Ist April 1970 and those at the union level by 1st Ayu 1970. FUNDING Mt. vi) (a) I AIgrIcL I%,ULLtLIJ OfIficer'sNo extra I fud wiIiI u(; required. Rs. (b) 1250 Union Agricultural Assistants at Rs. 130 (including 13,00,000 ad/hoc relief) for 8 months. (c) 400 Mukaddamns at Rs. 100 (including adhoec relief) 3,20,000 lIi O rmnontlis. (d) Hlouse-rent allowance at Rs. 10 per month for 1,250 1,00,000 U.A.As. for 8 months. Total ... 17,20,000 (ii) Additional staff required for administration of credit tinder the Co-onera- tive Directorate has been indicated in the chapter on supervised credit. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS 45. Al the union level 4,053 Agricultural Assistants are now working in the Province as cxtension agents. About 50 per cent. of them arc diploma holders. Out of thc rest some have undergone only one year's training and others received short courses of in-service training conducted from time to time; but none at prcsent have any training relating to cultivation o1 I;R-20 variety of rice. To provide fuill extension coverage to 5 lakh acres, 1,250 Union Aericultural Assistants will be reauired. each Union Agricultural Assistant being placed in charge of a 400 acre block. All the Union Agricultural Assistants will have to be given training in cultivation techniques of this new variety. 46K F;veo akh acres of conce-traedo ativtia;es ..,;11b spreaAi over I'l +thar.. fJV. ' V A V V 4V '-"'jt0fl VV .%LWLst iL.i nilh UV J}V V .d V 70 tjiaiias of the Province. Forty Thana Agriculture Officers have already received training at lRRI and they will he right away put in charge of 40 tlianas in the project areas. The remaining 58 thanas will be placed in charge of 58 agricultural graduates, who will be recruited under the "Scheme for Strengthening of Exten- sion Service" as Thana Agriculture Officers. 11 PROGRAMME AT THANA LEVEL 47. F ollowing thana level officers will receive training- (i) Thana Agriculture Officers ... ... 100 (ii) 1Tnana Co-operative Omcers ... ... ... l (iii) !'roject Offlnpr (Cnm!la) .......... . . . (iv) Secretary, T.C.C.A.(Thana Central Co-operative Association) 8 (v) Agricultural Extension Officer, T.C.C.A., Chittagong ... (vi) Secretary, T.C.C.A.-cum-Extension Agricultural Officer, Dinajpur 6 (vii) Agricultural Extension Officer, G.K. Project ... ... 5 Totai 235 These 235 officers will be divided into two batches. While forining the batch it will have to hbe ensuired son that nil thp thlana It-v,w officers r f fa narticilar district remain in the same batch. Training will be conducted at the East Pakistan Accelerated Rice Research Institute, Joydevpur and the Co-operative College, Comilla. 48. Each batch will receive training for 14 days-seven days in Joydevpur in "cultivation practices of 1R-20" and seven days in Comilla on "Co-operative principles''. 'Ihe f.irs.t batch. wilI -_t Co.mll af-c receivin triigatodv I ~AU S. J~~LL Itl rV LV ~_VJlLIlal a,ltlI1L ViL LLaHLILIL5r, pur and the second batch will come down to Joydevpur after completing training at Comilla. The training Programme for thana level officers will be completed by 10th April, 1970 (Appendix XIX). TRAINING OF UNION AGRICULTURAL ASSISTANTS AND ASSISTANT CO-OPERATIVE OFFICERS. 49. The following union level oflicers will receive special training- Union Agricultural Assistant ... ... ... 1,250 Assistant Co-operative Officers ... ... ... 250 Total ... 1,J00 These lJnion Agricultural Assistants and Assistant Co-operative Officers will be given training in Thana Training and Development Centres located in the project areas for a period of 10 days by the Thana Agriculture Officers and Thana Co-operative Officers. Training of the union level staff will be comple- ted by Lhe, enu of. April, i970. 12 FARMERS' TRAINING 50. The farimers of East Pakistan arc generally rcsponsive to new ideas whei Ihiese arc effectively prescnted. To pcrsuade them to grow the new variety which tihcy lihJli' not growil7.li.bI, will bcID ti uc. i -laL- in progra-rmc impienientatioin. It is essential for demonistration purposes to train up leading larmcis in lit- proiect areas. Tcn farmcrs from everv 400 acres block will he selected lor ithis purpiise. A total ntumiter of 12,50() farnmers will he traine(l. Training I r hle fariliers will he arranged at ;the Thana Traiiiing and' Devclop- mienCIt -Cnltres. it i: necessary to give thC ltarnicrs traininig in threc plhasc,, cach for a period of tlivcc days, as (letailcd below:- (i) Preliminary training in preparation of seced bed, secd treatmcit, ctc., to he comiipleted between 15th May and 15th June . ii) Tra ining in tansplanting metihods use (of fertilizer, ctc., to he complctcd t I...... .. I . ^ . A. .. , ... I. .C, ... A . I L: t-W-r .)(.1 July to litil Auustu. (iiil) Training in toD dressing! and plant protection measUres. etc. to hc completed betwcen 15th September to 15th October. Every hatch ot farmners will receivc training for 3 days only each time. FUNDING 51. Training costs havc becn calculated on the lollowiiig basis:-- Rs. (i) Trninin, ailIowanre for 235 thana level officers at Rs. 10 ner day 32 90() for 14 days ... 235 x 10 x 14 ... ... (ii) Training allowance for 1500 Union Agricultural Assistants and Agricultural Co-operative Officers at Rs. 5 per day for 10 days 1,OO E l, X 10... ... ... ... 7C (iii) Trainini allowance for 12,500 farmers at Rs. 3 per dav for 9 davs 12,500 x-3 -:9 ... ... ... ... ... 3,37,500 (iv) Travelling allowance of field staff ... ... ... 50,000 (fv) I on ineen6cis (hlrcl .uA:in, statiocis .....3001 Total ... 9,75,400 TR,ANSPORT 52. It is necessary for the SUCCeSS f the schemc that the tJnion Agriei.iltur;i Assistants should be kept m-robile. They should, therefore, bc prOvided will advance for purchasing bicycles. This ad vance will he rccovered by (d(iiet in'l from their monthily pay as admissible tindier ith ruies. i or 12.51) tJn,oi Apti i cultural Assistants Rs. 5,00,000 will be required at (lie rale oul IR5.400(t cach ! ,250 4! !!)- Rs 5 on. 0(?O. 13 I NEORMA'ION MEDIA PROGRAMME HM h will requirc tremrendous efforts on Lhe part of the extension personnel 1ri nlii A llc tlic tiad lii,n hinmd Lt Prmcrs to grow an altogether new var.ety. .~~~~~1C:,, As'''-"--*' .7 I'j''-J I I,ItIiij-" I II"I'j t Il IIt' I ) JIiCkI tt1:- VtL VJ UiL ir.yt wdtX be. i cilited : 111t [till 11Ce will Ihav to) be itiade of radio, press: film, printed lunilcriwkS like lc;illcts, bI.idetl. !i pstcs diS pl;ivll t televisioni. ctc. 54. I din is an imlportanit audio-visual aid and cani be a vciy uselul tool iC ucalting i;c f'armers and hield staff. A documelientary onl production tecilniques of IR-20 can create a signilicant imntpact on the flarlrcrs wilhini a short tiic. DiSnplay hboard whi'fh iS a "t;, 'o mi CS . fit,tt '1itW t. -l i!t!y used. Thesc boards containiing esscritial feattires of tlec crop villh ncccssairy particuiars of inputs used, will be displayed in the proicct arecas. 55. Lcafleis, postlrs, foldcrs, c'c., ca11n be prinited frce of charge at East Pakistan Government P'ress. Since tihe programnic wiii be impicilienied on ihe basis of a tight schedule, it is apprehended tLat lihc Govciniment Plrcss will not be able to deliver ihe. orinie d rmnatcriAlI in ii m. All Ili. publiiucitv rmileritls therefore, will have to be prilnted by contract with privatc prcsses. AUDIOVISUAI. SUPI'ORT 56. For the purlpose of clective training of ttic field staffand ttic farmers, Ford Foundation, USAID and IRRI will provid-e necessary additional training stipport and equipment assistance. Audiovisual training aids suIch as film sti ips, szlides, fli,. ch;trts,___1 -roet,,aanlgal acil . -vill hc o-lLi'ned1 from these agencies. FUNDING 57. The publicity programmc has becn estimated to cost Rs. 3,00,000. For makini lih pr,nncnA finm, rd sl.,. hoaI..s .-d prn 4.g of .irtmn,.atio,n materialsc their packing and despatch, cstimates of funds required have been shown in Appendiix XIV. 58. In the field of Agriculture. credit is not onlv finaincing of the indivi- duall borrower by a lencding agency. bitt it hecomies viable only if integrated into itiprdLctivC acivity. ThC Main chaliLincl lor integrmltion of ;tgiIC1tt.It ral finanicinig witlh prnodciive aIctivity is thiroLgh supervised credit. The appro- priate mictlhodl fur administration of this credit as a means to accelerate agri- cultural produttevtiohis throur,gh a ,lerative. Vc fe.t,.res ..f the nrise supelvise(d credit will be (he following: Firstly, the farm of the individual will he takeni as .an economic cunit and his requirements of improved seeds, fertilizers, irrigation, labour and consumption assesseu . 14 Secondly , a person conversant with the problems of agriculture will assist the farmer in preparing production plan for increasing his yield and consequently his repayment capacity. Preparation of production plan wili involve intensive contacts with the framers and motivation towards improved practices. Thirdly, a schedule of repayment will also be indicated in the plan. ILastl'y ther wifll be,L a_ coninou folw po tepanb xtnin tf L.d lyr, L1lWIl UU ii t..OII%IUkUUb IUIIVW UpJ Ui LLIJ plioi Uy VPAILCU1UVII bLL4I, to ensure that credit is utilised by the individual farnerexactly for the purpose for which it has been Liven. TRAINING PROGRAMME 59. Besides follow up. supervision and motivation, the main feature of inten- sive supervised credit wiil lie in a continuous training programme. Themanager of each society will join weekly training classes at the Thana Training Centre and act as a medium for the dissemination of knowledge in improved practices, among the other members of the group. The Central Co-operative Association will he charged with responsibilities fo r organising training in thaina wherc thlee. institutions are already functioning. In other thanas these responsibilities will be performed by thana level officers of the different agencies concerned with agriculture. PlIRSONNEL 60. Staff requiremenit for promotional and supervisory work is given in Avppen.dix XV. It ; is estiiated that abo;L;l I25" [ew primay socictics will come into operationi in course of implementationi of the Programme. It is proposed that one Assistant Iispector will be put inclhargc of 5 Primary societics, and in all 250 Assistant Inspectors will be required for promotional and related works. One Assistant Inspector will be entrusted with thc audit and inspection of 50 societies on nhe average, bringing the total to 275. Audit and inspection will be separated from promotional work for proper implementation of the Programrm He. zesides grounr d level workerz necess-z ry supicrvisory staff wvill be required for proper implementation of' thc prograimmene. Duties of the different categories of ollicers arc described in Appenidix XVI. Provincial Co-operative Bank will also be given Rs.l l;kh lfor strengtheniing of its staff. Twenty Central Co-operative Banks will have to he given Rs.20,000 each for the same purpose. REPAYMENT OF LOAN AND PRICE SUPPORT 61. Experience shows that sclective price support acts as a great incentive for accelerated Agricultural production and also induces the farmer to change the cropping pattern. An assured price encourages the farmer to make the investment on the inputs and on that basis alone the farmer learns to rely on minimum expectations of return. Provisions has therefore heen made to 15 gurantec a minimum price of Rs.22 per maund of paddy, which is Rs.4 higher thAn thr existing nrociIrem-nt nriee fixed hv the Food Denartment. The maxi- mum permissible procurement being 45 maunds per acre. Procurement will be made by the Food Department under its normal programme but at an incentive price. Fund requirement for price support is estimated at Rs.9crores. nihi-i amount will be provided to the Food Department as grant from the I enral;;l (.iovvrnmenlt W2. S 521 fLtd I will be given u,pt-jioLo r.).pa the loaL I eithI e in- cash to the Co-operative or the equivalentin kind through Food Department. The Food. Department will re-imburse the loan money realised in kind to the Provincial Co-operative Bank. 63. Thc distributioni of Iertilizers anid seeds will be organise(d thirough the Thana Central Co-operative Associations where these are already lunctioning and in other arcas it wil; be done through East Pakistan Akgriculture Develop- ment Corporation. Plant protection service will beprovidedbytheAgriculture Dlirectorate PRESENT POSITION 64. During the year 1968-69 a total amount of Rs.9 crores was disbursed as short term production credit through Central Bank/Central Associations, out of which about Rs.2-7 crores was disbursed as supervised credit. During 1969-70 the total disbursement of credit is estimated to be Rs.101crores. Out of which the supervised part wiii be to the tune of Rs.5 crores. Supervised credit operation, however, has so far been confined to financing of Boro culti- vation, wrhich depends on controlled irr-iation. OBJECTTVES AND REQUIREMENT 65. For t.he first time this year supervised credit operation will be exteinded tor Amni cron The requirement of credit per acre has beeii calculaicd sep;ratcly for IR-20 and local improved varieties in the following manner:- lies. Rs. Rs. (i) Fertiilizer ... ...5 ins. 47 50 2m ds. 23 50 (ii) Secds ... ... !0 seers 7-50 ! 5 srs. II 50 (iii) Labour ... ... ... 145*00 ... 80 00 Total ... ... 200o00 ... 115. 00 I t7 I () -G6. D~istr;ct-w)iscbraaup oi creiti rcqwirement is gitVCII in Appendtix XVIII Fertilizer and seed loans will be given in kind( to ensure that the farmers substitt,1c thc existing low vieltlin varieties hv 1l hn hi,rli virlinc JrCvari tiCS of seeds for inlcreaLsedi produCtion. Labour clharge will be paid in cash. aPLI acco01panic(l Wiith con1.tinuous f'ollowV ul) and supervision, so thlat the amount is ;;ctuaiy spem;1t on ini,mroxed ;ifarictltiara l practices likc weeding, prel aratlio of land anid putrchise or' spjraCFs. 67. The cilire vo!lUU1e of iliC crI. *v will 1bc disba;Irsed throilliel lic Co- o>peratives. IU c*s'eC if is liot possible to obtain the totall 1i-OLil1t from Central Goverfinieut/St ate Batik of Pakistan. ADI'P will he reqoired lo fill in thc gar. TFhe distribution of the credit will, however, bc (done lhrough fieldl set Lup or lliC ~~~ C ]!>-;l,c;icc! or:ic. CHANNELI. FOR DISTRITB U'1'ON Trhe entire credit will be cli atelled througfi ithe Plrovincial Co-operative liatk l'or rc-Itloaii ng to ihe Ce(aitraf liak!Assncia tion, at existinig 4 per cent. ra! I 'F1s [.y ILtUII S ic aii g 0 il I[0111 1 C7lildai 110115' Associalion at 6 lpcr ccitt. olt atc interest. 'IeIC indlividluWal firmer will get cre(lit at lhc raitc of' 9 per cenIt. inticres. The Assistant Insncclor- supervised Credit, willcompile product ion plans, process loan applicaltions from the Primary Societies anid supervise distribution. Besidcs administering credit, the Than.a Central Co-opetative Association sCt up on Comiiia pattern will also providie other essential services to the farmers lor which they usually charge otilier 6 per cenkt th-no is 15 per cnt, i al. It is proposed to mairtain, the unifornI rate of 9 per cent. interest under this Supervised Credit Project. The resullant loss that may he sustaincd by tic Central Co-operative Association will have to be reimbursed. It is estiniated that tihe Thania Central Co-operative Asso- ciaition will handle a total volume of credlit amounting to Rs.3 crores. So a sum of Rs.IXO0 la'Kils calculatied ait 6 per ccni. should be earmarked under this Project for reilimbursementi of seivice charges to the Tiralna Co-operative Associationi. 69. It may he ditlicult on !lie part of ithe Provinacial Balik to get ihc re- quireinent funJ Irkon thIc State Bzlank on1 ulsual Govcrn-eincit guaranitee. It is proposed that tlhe citirc amonitOLJ shiould he placed by the (iovcrnnment with the Provinclial Co-operativc Rank as an initercsl free Icvolvinig Iund, for a specililed period, out of coLIlntcrpart funtids genteratedi inside the countiry. At thc fairmers' level it will he onerf:it,t as sho-rt term cretil fi)r rPn,aytn,e,n -fic, tw, in' } of crops. SuLchI airrangenlicnit will bring in a l(t of flexihility in tlhc operation ol' the Provincial Co-orecrativc Bank, as anf effectivcapcx financinginstiltuton for tile Co-operatives in the Province and will enalhic the Bank to gencrate its owin capital for f!ture operatin0T,. 1\CFNTIVV RONTJS 70. Front-line workers like the Union Agricultiral Assist;ants anid the Ay.is- tant Inspectors of Co-operative Societies, Supervised C.rediit, tre poorly p;id- Attraction of a bonus for good performancc will providfe incentive to dife field 17 workers to work haider. Prospects for inceintivc will provide a stimulus for concentiatcd attention towards their assigned task. Every Union Agricultural Assistant and the Assistant Inspector of Supervised Credit will, therefore, be given a bonus of Rs. 200 per year. The Union Mokaddarn will receive bonus at the rate of Rs. 1 00 anilually. Some non-gazetted members of the Thana Project Team are almost as lowly paiid as those working in the front-line and ShOldue :!IS0 be e,i-vc n ; sim !;:'lr inecritive. T he -Ahan,a Agriculturl-! OffiCer la-d the 'Th na Co-oprae-ltive ()llicer fall in this celcgory. Each ol tilem should, therelfnr, he pidii incentive bontIs at a slightly higher rate of Rs. 250 per year. Circle Officer (Developnment), Thana I'roject Ollicec-, A. . P. 1J , Thian Inspector. Last Pa'.kistan Agricultural D)evelopimicnt Corporation, and the Thana Irrigation Officer hnive been left ouiside the scope of bonuIs provisionls, becaul.se they are better paid than the rest. However, bonuis will be admissible only on attaining individual I; rp-t.. Financial imnplications tor payment of bontLS to tile officer, arc shown in 'Appcpenlix XVIII'. RESEARCH AND EVA1.UATION 71. Since IR-20 is going to be cultivated here oji a large scale for the fr;st ti,e t'hc research personne l' L hic A^g-icLul UC Dcpar;,..eit should make it a point to observe and evaluate the performance of this new strain in typical condition of East Pakistan and guide the extension workers bv rendering expert advice. Roving teams of experts of EPARRI will visit sclecte d plots to collect data and ascertain the performance both under irrigated and rainfed conditions. This will help tile planners in fornmulating the programme for the subsequent years. ADMINIS'I RATlIVE SE'I UP '21. Phase; 1 o1 e Acceleraieu iRice Production Progratmil-e in the Province covering 5 lakh acres of transplanted Aman is only the beginning of a much bigger proiect ultimateiv airinip at a!l the 5 million acres fit for Arnan cultiva- tion in flood free zones and also concentratedl activities (luring other crop seasons. Though at the initial stage co-ordination can be eflected within the existing frame work of the Agriculture Department with some additional assist- ance, it is considered essential that a permanent Co-ordination Board be set-up exclusively for the implementation of t:he programme in (diferent phases. This may consist of the following 73. Accelerated Riec ProducLtion Co-ordination Board. Chairnman. (2) eCrier, AcreiLara. Alfembesr-c-crerar. (2) Secretary. Agriculture Denartmeni. Members. \OJ ~AMaltCiK L.~J % "Ut (4) Secretary, B.D. and L. G. Department= (5) Registrar, Co-operative Societies. (6) Director, Land and Water-Use, EPWAPDA. (7) Director of Agriculture, Extension. (8) Programme Co-ordinator. The functions of thc Board wiii be- (it Annmrv. nf the nnoenrtinnaf prnnr-mmmp (ii) Policy lormulation, overall guidance and cu-ordination. (iii) Resource planning. (iv) Line up inputis as required under (he programme. (v) Provide support and assistance, internal and external, for planning, financing and implementation of the programme. (vi) Identification of problems on the ground and removal of bottlenecks. (vii) oiigcA IiInIlLisiI l l LICOIL c edit aLit gtiihe implementation Of ine super- vised credit programme. (viii) Evolution of a system of regular iprogress reporting and inventory control of various inputs. (ix) Suggest mcasures for mTeting emergentcies caused by sudden floods or proloniged droughts. (x) Evaluation of progress. 74. The Programmc Co-ordinator will set up the field organisation necessary to implement the project and will be responsible for its day-to-day administra- tion under the overall guidance of the ARP Co-ordination Board. i. L IS il1t is tCLilUFU 'lU St l up ainty co-ordiiLation body at the uivisionai, district and subdivisional level as most of the work will be done at the thana level. But the Departmental Officers posted at the divisional- district and tian2 levels will be m;adc personally responsible for the success of the programme (vide Appendix XX). 76. The success of theprogramme will greatly depend on efficient implemen- tation of the programme at the thana leven. All t+lana officers involved J, the programme will be jointly and severally rcsponisible for its success. To achieve maximLum efficiency and co-ordination a Thana Implementation Committec will be constituted in each thana. The Committee will bc headed( by a TIhanat Magistrate where thana magistracy set up is in existence. In other thanas 19 D)ibtrict Agriculture Officer or Assistant Registrar, Co-operative Societies or Uli0rict Manager nf IPPA iC -;II 1p,i,4 d-;. t In ttnoo n.re ti- Co-operatives are efficiently organised and the Thana Central Co-operative Associations are prepared to shoulder the responsibility for implementation of the r prorammen, tic Secretaries of the Thana Central Co-operative Associations will ;cl u.s the Member-Secrctary of the Thana Committees. In other areas, Ilzana Agriculture Officers wiii discharge this function. !lw 'rharia lmnlernentatinn ("nmm'riep will hc constiituted as fo!!nws:- Chairman and 1'n-nrdinannr (1) Thana Magistrate/DAO/ARCS/District Manager, EPADC. Memberxv. (2) Sccretaries of TCCAs/TAOs. (3) Thuana Co-operative Officer. (4) Thana Irrigation Officer, EPADI)C. (5) Thana inspector, EPADC. 77. Ihana Imrnlcnentation Committee will 1naintain eonnqtant liaison with the following in respect of the areas mentioned against each becatise of special nature of the on-going projects in those areas .- Chairman, District Federation of Central Asso- ... Chittagong District. ciation. Project Director, Thakuirgaon Ttibe-well Project, ... Thakurgaon Tube-well Dinajpur. Project area. Project Director, Cmlin... Comll !a District. Programme, Comilla. Extension Director, G.-K. Project, Kushtima ... G.-K. Project area. 78. The abovc. Sfunct;onwris will be fi-rc 10 aItic.-ALL any nectling 'I :L Comk - .ttIL inittec, participate in its deliberations and rendler necessary hlelp and advise the Comrnmittee in implementation of the programme. 79. The functions of the Thalia Implementation Committee will be as Linder- (i) Preparation and implementation of dhe Tha.na ARP Programme. (ii) Intensive supervision of the productioni tinits. (iii) Provision of inputs including credit. (.v) Org5aaansaion of LIaInl111n cLuses, puliodUUict iiiuctiiigs aniu gioup Uiscus- sions to sustain interest of the farmers in the project concept. (v) On the spot solution of problems and difficulties faced hyfarmers. 20 (vi) Regular reporting of the progress to District ImplementationCoinmittee. (vii) Formulation and execution of minor irrigation projects; maintenance and utilisation of irrigation facilities. (viii) Advance planning for marketing of surplus produce. (ix) MNobilisation of Plant Protcction Squads for cent per cent. coverage of tiTe project area, with the assistance. of other agencies. (x) Ensuring timely repakymcnit of loan by Cb-operativc loanee farmers in cash or kind. (xi) PreparlLtion ol schemes to meet emergencies caused by unforeseen rloosis or prolilgcd drotu-ght. (xii). Advaice plt lining l'or expanded programlne for subsequient crops nelkhding ide,itification ol arca, resource planning inobilisation. (xiii) Ntotivating Plarniers at large in favour ol Accelerated Rice PrOtdctinn Programiiic. i (xiv,) Reactivation of the Union Agricultural Development 'Cominmittees and mobilisation of their support and assistance for the success of the programme. Project organisation vide Appendix XXI. PROJEC-T fBENE;FIT. 80. The gross colst of the Project is estimated at Rs. 32-22 crores if W R, is grown in 5 lakh acres; Its. 26 28 crores if IR-20 is grown in 2 lakh acres and local improved variety in 3 lakh acres; Rs. 24-30 crores if IR-20 is grown in one lakh acres a oil local imlproved variety in 4 lIakh acres (vide Appcndix XXIV). 8I . Realisat ion frm fii falrncrs Oil aecOu Lt of' rcpayment of Ionris and salc- procceds of seeds atitd fertilisers wvill be Rs. 1272 crones, Rv 9 29 ciors 'nd Rs.8 815 crores respcclively liliticr the ahovc nieiinonlcd thrce alternatives. 82. W;hiie calculating thie net cost of the project the costs of fractional Tube-wells and minor irrigatioin clhainnel have beceL apportioned for this program- mesf 5t ila.khs n cres o! l. Attanin !970-7I. Thle hnt cost under dliflcrCet alternatives has beci estimated at Rs. 1640 crores; Rs. 13>88 crores andl Rs.1305 crores re;pectively (Appendix XXIII). 83. The ailditio-ln benefit of thc project will le Rs.27 50 crores ilil(cr tiJt first al-ernative, Rs. 20 Y0 crores under the sccond aiLeriative aid Ps. ix7l70 crores ulnder the third alterniative. The cost beenefit ratios will he as follows First alternative ... ... 1 -7 Second alternatiVe ... I :1 6 I Tirci aliernaiivc ......... ... i : 5 21 84. F'rom farmer's angle the costs will be as follows First alternative. Items of cost. Total cost. Rs. !R-20 in 'akh acres *.. (i)t loans for inputs ...If ... 0,,n00,000 (ii) Inuterest on loans at 9 per cent. 90,00,000 (iii) Cost of Supplementary Irrigatioli 39,00,00() ai Rs. 15 pcr acre ior 2 6 ;akh acres. Total . ... 'I ,29,00,0( Second alternative. Items of cost. Total cost. Rs. IR-20 in 2 lakh acres (i) Loans for inputs ... ... 7,45,00,000 and local improved in 3 lakh acres. (ii) Interest at 9 per cent. ... ... 67,05,000 (iii) Irrigation at Rs.15 per acre for 2-6 39,00,000 lakh acres. Total ... 8,41,05,000 Third alternative, Items of cost. Total cost. Rs. IR-20 in one lakh acrcs (i) Loans for inputs ... ... 6,60,00,000 and local imnroved in 4 lakh (ii) acres. (ii) ... ... ... 59,40,000 (iiij ......... ... ... 39,wu,0wu ToLtaI. . ,Q,AO,400 1 Thc cost bcnefit ratios will be as follows: First altcrnativc ... 1: 2.4 .J %ALd ;:lternativ _V 1: 2- Third alternative I 1 2.5 22 LIST OF APPENDICES Page. 1. District and thana-wise breakup of area ... ... ... 1 2. District-wise seed requirement ... ... ... 12 3. Finanacial implication for procurement and distribution of seeds 13 4.~~- Yerisc an, kindwisc consu m,ption or re ..................lizer .....; t. i %d1Wal wim U aIILu WI. Liwm U,IXSuIlIjJip UI I M LUkLLej ... ... I4 5. District-wise requirement of fertilizer ... ... ... 15 6. List of fertilizer godowns ... ... ... ... 16 7. Funding for fertiliser ... ... ... ... 17 8. Position of pesticides (pipeline) ... ... ... ... 18 9. Position of sprayers (pipeline) i 0. Statemenit showing district-wise allotrent prograrmme of pesticides 20 and sprayers. II. Monthwisc requircments of lpesticides ... ... ... 21 12. Plant protectioni expenditure for thc project ... 13. District-wise n ~rAarm me for supplenni ltaryl irrigation.. ... ... ')3 14. Estimated cost for productioni and utilisatiori of informiiationi 24 materials. 15. Requircineieit ,i promnotional anldi suipervisory peirsonn1tel ... 25 16. Duties of- (o-onerative nersonnel -. 26 17. District-wise credit requiiremiient . ... .. --- 27 1 8. Requiremenct of incentive bonus to extenision workers ... 28 19. Training courses of extenisioin and( other field lcvel workers ... 29 20. Functionis of Agricultural Oficers ... ... ... 30 2i. Project organisation chart ... ... ... .. 34 23. Net cost ... ... ... ... ... 36 24. Gross cost ... ... ... ... ... 37 23 APPENDIX I DISTRICT AND THANAWISE BREAK-UP OF 5 LAC ACRES UNDER ACCELE- RATED RICE PRODUCTION SCHMEE. Area on the basis of-| Area on the basis of- Area on thc _ _- Name of Name of the Thana. basis of 2 i the district. 5 lakh acres 2 Lakh I 3 Lakh 1 lakh I 4 lakh under acres acres acre I acres IR-20. under under under under I R-20. improved IR-20. improved variety. variety. 2 _ 3 4 5 6 7 Iacca L 1. Fallih 5,200 5j2Q0 5200 2. Shibpur 5,600 1,600 4,000 80( 4,800 3. Narsingdi 4,800 800 4,000 800 4,()00 4. Raipura A 40000 0 | 4000 40 4,800 | 5. Joydevpur 8,400 800 7,600 80( 7,600 6. Manahordi .. 7,600 3,600 4,000 400 7,200 7. Sripur .. 3,200 . 3,200 3j200 !x RLipganj * 3,600 3,600 3,600 9. Kapasia .. 4,800 4,800 4,800 10. Kaigar; .. 2 400 400 2,000 O . 2,40o 'rotal of the district 50,000 12,800 37,200 8,400 41,600 yrymensingh . Kowali 6. .400 2,800 3,60) | 1,2() 5,200 2. Mulkt.lgacha . 3,600 1,2()( 2,400 1)0 3,200 3. Trisa! . . 8,400 2,0 6,400 AN2 I,9!n! 7, 4. Gaffargaon .. 8,(00 3,2(x) 4,800 1,60() 6,40o) 5. Phulpur .. 6,400) 4,0(00 2,400 1,2(X) 5,200 4,00 A AAA I AAE) *Ot) , )'A' 8wtt .Gtvouripv r ss\.. 400e 40 .. 4(X) 7. Iswarganj .. 2,400 400 2,000 40(0 2,000 |8. Gouriptir ..| 400 | 400 || 400)| . 9. Phulbari ! 7,200 24001~ 4,80)0 Q X() ! 6,4C' 10. Nandail .. 3,200 2,800 40)! 1,2(N) 2,000 I - 0 .] 21, 1 AI 2°,A)01 9,0() 1 40,8()0 3 24 APPENDIX I-Contd. Area on the basis of-- Area on the basis of- Name of Name of ihe Thana. Area on thi _ _ _n thc district. basis of 2 Lakh 3 Lakh I lakh 4 lakh 5 lakh acres acres acres acre acres unuer unuer unuer unuer unaer IR-20. JR-20. improved IR-20. improved varicty. variety. 1 ~ ~2 3 4 5 6 7 , ,_ _~ I_ _j _I CUM[LLLA i. Chan(iina 4,000 I0U 3,200 .. 4,000 2. Debidwar .. 8,400 1,200 7,200 8,400 3. Kotwali 12,400 5,600 6,800 5,600 6,800 4. i3urichong .. 4,400 j 800 3,600U 4,400 | 5. Chouddagram | 6,800 | 1,200 5,600 .. 6,800 6. Laksam 6,000 800 5,200 6,000 B . rahmanbaria ?5Vu 8,wv / 0 ,20 W . 8,o0o District Total | 50,000 11,200 38,800 5,600 44,400 CHITTA. i. Sitakunda 8,400 1,600 6,800 800 7,600 GONG. 2. Satk3nia .. 7,200 4,000 3,200 1,600 5,600 . Mirersarai .. 9,200 2,000 7,200 1,200 8,000 |. Rangunia 14,200 8,400 5,800 3,600 10,600 |. Fatiksai .. 5,200 1,600 3,600 800 4,400 flathazari .. 6,400 2,400 4,000 1,200 5,200 { ' l'ancilhtisti .. 2,0600 3 1,200 400 1,600 |8. Rlaozan . 8,800 2,40() 6 6400 800 8,000 9 Patiya 7,600 32,00 40 1,600 6,000 District Total .. 69,000 26,400 | 42,600 i 12.000 57.000 _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ ' _ _ 25 APPENDIX I---Concld. IArea on the hasis of-lArca of the basis of- Area on _ _ _ |__ __ the basis I Nanre of theI NImp of Thannn of 5 kI,h 2 Ilnkh arrcrl 'I Inkh arre 1 I tk-l acre 4 Iakh acr-s district, acres under under under under under IR-20. improved IR-20. improved IR-20. Al varety ;are ! ~ ~~2 3 1 () |4b 5(a) 5b S YLH_ET .-. !Moulvibazar 4,-v- 2,000 2,80 32,00 2. Sreemongal 3,600 2,000 1,600 400 3,200 3. Kulaura | 5,200 2,400 2,800 400 4,800 A W-i.,-.: 'Ann I In.f I l,V1. AOI1 ') (UV% 4T. ...,alJai5a.J . . * ,40 w,0 ,vv I,.V I,AAJ fl 2-.J^ 5. Habiganj .. 2,400 400 2,000 .. 2,400 6. Chunarughat 4,000 1,600 2,400 4(0 3,600 7. UBWiJ4LILt . . 2,400V ; ,600 800 8(,v ,UUJv --- I -- I--- - I --A District Total ... 24,000 11,200 12,800 3,200 20,800 N -%A 1.' . T . _i . . 1 3,0 ,8 2 12,000 # sr\11ZElt .. I . 1 >111 . . I ,ZUU 0 ),OVUU ] ,tU 2LU ,VUU 2. Sudharam .. 2,800 400 3,200 .. 2,800 3. Lakhipur .. 4,000 4.. 4000 | 4,000 LDisirict iai . . a 20,0(i) 4,000 l iO,0uu I,200 I 1,800 9AKARGANJ I. Kotwali .. 5,600 1,200 4,400 800 4,800 L2. Baka-rganj .. 4,800 400 4,400 l 4,800 3. Babugatj ..| 3,600 400 3,200 400 3,200 4. Perojpur .. 4,400 1,600 2,800 800 3,600 J. Motbaria .. 4,800 d,200 3,600 i,200 3,600 6: Bliandaria .. 1,200 800 400 400 800 7. JBhola .. 4,400 1,200 3,200 1,200 3,200 8. Daulaitkhan 4,400) i,600 2,800 .. 4,40 9. IBorhanuddi | 4,800 1,200 3,600 400 4,400 10. Lal Mohan 4,000 800 3,200 .. 4,000 I LChar Fessioi 3,000 . 3,000 .. 3,000 District Total 50 00 10,400 34,600 5,200 I 39,800 26 G. K. PRO3JECT |Area on the basis of- Area of the basis of- Area on . N:i'ne of the Name of Thana. the basis hFst ict. 01 5 iakh 2 iakh acres 3 iaKh acres i iakh acrel4 la acres acres under under under under under I R-20. improvcd IR-20. -improved i R-20. 1 variety. variety. 3 4(a) 4(b) 5(a) 5(b) KUSII iIA . 1. Kusltia . i5,600U ,60(0 S,()0 3,8(-0 11,80( 2. B llramara .. 5,800 2,8()0 3,0(0 1,400 4,40(0 3. Kunmarkhali | ,600 5,600 4,000 2,800 6,800 4. Khoksjia .. 2,800W 1,6001 1,200 1 800 2,00(1 lolal . 33,800( 17,600 16,200 8,80() 25,000 JESSOi I . I i. Shailikupa .. 8,20 4,80(1 3,400 2,400 J,8ou Total . 42,()00 22,400 19,600 1 1,200 30,800 RANGPl,l< . 1. Kotwali .. 4,000 4,00 . 2,000 2,000 2. Mithapukur 6,000 6,000 .. { .. 6,000 3. l'irganj . 0. 6,000 2,800 3,200 .. 6,000 4. l'irgacha 4,000 i .. 4,000 .. 4,000 5. Kaonia 2,000 2,000 .. 2,000 6. Badargaiij . 6,000 1 ,600 4,400 1,600 4,400 7. Gangachara 2,000 .. 2,000 .. 2,000 8. Gaibandha . 4,000 .. 4,000 .. 4,000 9. Sadullahpur 4,000 j .. 4,000 .. 4,000 10. Sundarganj ..1 4,000 .. 4,000 .. 4,000 11. Palashbari .. 4.000 .. 4.000 1 .. 4.000 12. Gobindaganj 4,000 4 | 0001 4,0( ToaI 56. 1 _ _ 6 4--4 - Total . . . 50.000 ? 6.400 33.600, 56h001 44 400 27 C. K. pRO.JECT-Concld. Area on the basis of- Area of the basis of- Name of the Name of Thana. the basis 2 lakh acres 3 lakh acres I lakh acre 4 lakh acres district. of 5 lakh under under under under ac;res I s-LU. jrimproveu lK-LV. Iimpruvcu I under variety. variety. IR-20. a _a__e.y_ I 2 3 | 4(a) 4(b) 5(a) 5(b) 2 3 ~ ~~ [--(b DINAJPR . . 1. Kowai . 2,uOw i,6w 40 iu ,2w080 2. Chiribandar 2,000 1,600 400 1,200 800 3. Fulbari .. 2,000 1,600 400 800 1,200 4. rarbatip r 2,000 i,200 8 .U 2,uO0 1 5. Birgonj .. 2,000 | 1,200 j 800 2,000 Ioa i UOU 1, 1 I- - Total .. 10,000 7,2001 2,800 3,200 6,800u -11nAKURGAO 6. Tnakurgaon 20,0001 20000 17)001 (Tube-well Pro- and Boda. | 1 3 , ject). 7. Atwari 3,000 3,000 j 2,000 1,000 8. Baliadang 3, 3,000 .. 2,000 1,000 9. Pirgonj | 3,000 3,000? .. 2,000 1,000 10. Haripur, 2( 2,000 2,000 1,00 1,000 11. Ranisankail 6,000 6,000 .. 4,000 2,000 12. Birgoni; 3,000 3,000 2*|2,000 1,000 Total 40,000 40,000 .. 30,000 10,000 | Gtand Total. . | 50.000 I 47200 2.800 33200 16,800 Grn Ttal._. _ _6_,'. 0_0_' BOGRA * Panclibibi .. 4.000 1,200 I 2.800 4t)31 1 3,600 2. Joypurhat .. 4,000 1,20() 2800 400 3,600 3. Khetlal . 0(X 2,000 | 4,000 400 5,600 4. Adamdighi .. 4,00) 1 1,200 2,800 400 3,600 5. Dubchinchia 4,000 1,600 2,400 400 3,600 6. Kahaloo 4,000 | 800 3,200 400 3,600 7. Bogra 1 4,000 1.600 2,400 80 3,200 8. Gabtali 4,000 2,000 2,000 400 3,600 9. Shibgonj | 4,000 1,200 2,800 400 3,600 I 10. Shariakandi.| 4,000 1,200 2.800 1 4 3,600 11. Sherpur | 4,000 1,600 2,400 800 3,200 12. Nandigram 4,000 800 | 3,200 400 3.600 Total . . 50.000 16.400 | 31600 5,600 44.400 A.PPEN4DIX H. DISTRICTWISE SEEI) PROGRAMME (Figures inimdi. ... . . * 1 i n z *- 2 lakh acres IR-20 arnd 3 Iakh a!cres I lakh aicre IR-20 and 4 lakh acres improved variety. improved variety. Si. 5 lakh acres I NO. Name of the district. IR-20, - - IR.-20. Improved TotaL I R-20. Improved Total. i_________ _____- -- variety. variety. I Dacca .. .. 12,500 3,200 2,325 5,52.5 2,100 2,600 4,700 2 Mymensingh .. .. 12,500 5,400 1,775 7,17:5 2,200 2,575 4,775 3 Chittagong .. 17,250 6,600 2,663 9,263 3,000 3,562 6,562 4 Noakhali .. 5,000 1,000 1,000 2,0) 300 1,1 75 1,475 S Monill .. .. .. 12,500 .2,800 2,425 5,225 1,400 2,775 4,175 6 Sylhet .. .. .. .. 600 2,800 800 3,60) 800 1I,00 2,100 7 BakeMganj .. .. .. 1M,250 2,600 2,162 4,762 1,300 2,488 3,788 8 C;.K. Area (Kushtia and Jessore) .. 10,500 5,600 1,225 6,825 2,800 1,925 4,725 9 Rangpur .. .. .. 12,500 4,100 2,100 6,200 1,400 2,775 4,175 10 Bogra .. .. .. 12,500 4,100 2,100 6,200 1,400 2,775 4,175 11 Dinajpur .. .. .. 12,500 11,800 175 11,975 8,300 1,050 9,350 I -_ To.a _0 _.,0 I_~ ,_,5 __ I_ - ! Toial ..1| l,25,000 5ID,ooo ! 18,750 68,750? 25,000| 25,000 50,000 NB.-.For inproved variety 2!i per ceit. of the seed requirement wiM be supplied. 6--- X Ct 30 APPENDIX FINANCIAL IMPLICATION FOR PROCUJRMF.NT ANn Figures in Lakh Figulres in bracfets show Foreign Exchange isr,~niC. Ns~ ' I ! Travelling No. seed. seed. I trelght. officers. I2 3 4 5 6 I 5| lak-h acres IR-2() . . IR-20 (1,25,00() inds.) 48 58 883 0(14 l l ~~~~~~~~(4, 6u0 t o - ns). 4 58 0 (-X3) UP IV 1) L IK-U-0:. liaKii acics ditU IaJ iIX.-Lt. '9"U 17tiu. - 5 UI I Improved variety 3 (1,800 tons). (I9 00) (3 45) o(010) lakh acrcs. ( e I(b) itmiproved vad ty SR . P . I R,750 inds. Total , .. 24 81 3-455 01< j (; 9 t} u ~i~0) ( 345, ('i it' 0)| 3 IR-20-1 lakh acre and (a) I R-20 (5,000 mds. 950 1 73 0 14 Ifimproven v;niciy 4+ I (9u f lls). J JU) I l31) (;;' 1); I laklb acrcs. (b)lImproved variety 7.75 ILJ25,uU0(0 S.) 0. _ _ ... Total . .17-25 175 0'14 (9- 50) (1 73) ( (014) For IR-20.- (a) Cost of seed-220 (Rs.1,059 per ton). (b) Sea freights 40 (Rs.192) per ton. (c) Incidental charges Rs.1025 per md. (d) Recovery estimated at Rs.30 00 per md. after allowing 2 per cent. shortage. 31 III DISTRTIBUTION OF SE'rIDS Rupees. Component. Incideltal| Total cost Interest on EPADC's I Net cosl charges for of procure- working ea- overhead Total Gro:s Expected subsidy procuremnent ment and pital at 6 per I charge at 21 Cost. recovery. require. and distri- distribu- cent. for 6 per ccnt. for bution. tion. months. 6 months. 7 8: 9 10 11 12 j 13 12X81 7036 2 11 0 88 73-35 3675 3660 * (57.51) . . (57 51) 51 13 27 72 0(83 0 35 28*90 14 70 14 20 (27*55) 0 24 0 11 (22 55) 5 14 3 27 2-25 8806 .. .. 841 7138. 35 78 | -07 0 46 37-31 - 19 84 17 47 (22.55) I .. (22 55) :256 1393) 042 017 1452 7-35 717 I | ~~~~(11-33) ! - (11 33) . . } 3 00 1 10 75 0 32 014 1 1'21 6.86 4-35 556 2468 0-74 0-31 25-73 1421 1152 (1133) .. .. (1133) _ _ _ _ _ _~ ~- I ____ _- For lIminroved Variety- (a) Cost of seed including premiunm Rs.31 00 per mnd. (b) Incidental chargcs Rs.12 00 per md. (e) Recovery estimialedI at R .11 0 ner IhV -Aftnr ai!nwing n per cent. short!3e. 32 APPENDIX IV Y E KAWiS AND KtI'NFWI;fR COJNSUIVMION OF1 FER TI I ER( 1 IN,ASJ TPAKFSTAN IN TONS INCLUDING P.T.A's. CONSUMPTION. Year. A. Sulphate. Urea. S/P. T.S.P. M. Potash. Total. I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1951-52 .. 2,698 .... 2,698 1952-53 3220 .1 3,340 1953.54 .. 6,345 .. .. 180 6,525 1954-55 .. 9,090 .. 200 .. 9,290 1 955-56 1 . 1, 668 1956-57 .. 25,290 .. .. .. .. 25,290 1957-58 .. j 25,077 1,212 .. I 817 .. 27,106 1958-59 79 .. 508 .. 30,362 1959-60 37,641 9,227 .. 2,150 49,019 1960-61 .. j 27,382 30,383 .. 8,155 1,000 66,920 12-63 1 24,842 40241 2,766 3,17 1 2,083 73,103 1963-64 .. 7,555 75,030 1 2,021 22,987 4,1'22 111,715 1964-65 7 57 1,06586 34246 | 8,973 49 3,9302 1 101,621 59 1965-66 .. 21,334 2 1 83,328 26 99 46 20,477 14 3,813 49 129,052 -56 1966-67 .. 6,215-50 119,413 -02 63 -00 43,110-12 8,184-47 167,986-11 1967-68 ,409 4 1I 8 24 A24 -73 A48,095 53 1 ,48 92 226,92945 1968-69 .. 12,159 53 I 158,071 71 23 76 52,486 73 12,229 87 234,971 60 -~~ _ __ __ APPENDIX V I1A APPPNDIX REQUIREMENT OF FERTILIZER FOR TJIE ACCELARATED (Figures in REQUIRE On the basis of 5 lakh-acre under IR-RI-20. Name of District.__- Urea. T.S.P. M.P. Total. 1 j 2 3 4 5 1. Dacca .. .. i 3,676 | 3,676 1,838 9,190 2. Mymensingl .. 3,676 3,676 1,838 | 9,190 a . Chittagong .. .. l 5,0731 5,07 l 2,3 i '12,8 l 4. Comilla .. 3, 3,676 1,838 9,190 5. Noakhali 1,471 1,471 735 3,677 6 . Sylhet .. .. 1,765 176 882 A4 | 7. Dinajpur.. .. .. 3,676 3,676 1,838 9,190 8. Rangpur .. 3,676 3,676 1,838 j 9,190 A - ') Ci7'? 1 0I2 0 A Inn 7. DUord .I. . ,U / J,VI) 1,000 7,17V 10. Barisal .. 3,309 3,309 1,654 8,272 11. G.K. Project .. .. 3,088 3,088 1,543 7,719 Total .. 36,762 36,762 18,378 91,902 35 v AMAN RICE PRODUCTIlON (Xi97-71) IN 15O9,0Q ARERS Tons) MENT mO thc c,cas, of lak b-acrcs undcr laaj-2(). 1il lic Ubais of one lakb.acrc undcr IRRl-. 1-. .. _ - Urca. M .S.P. IM. TotaL. Urea. M,Y.p. | P.| otai. 6 7 8 9 1 0 11 12 1 3 2,308 I 2,308 1,154 5,770 2,146 2,146 2,073 5,365 2,630 2,630 1,315 6,575 2,162 2,162 2,081 5,405 3,506 3,506 1,753 8,765 2,978 2,978 1,489 7,445 2,250 2,250 1,125 5,625 2,044 2,044 1,022 5,110 982 82 441 2,205 750 750 375 1,873 1,292 1,292 646 3,230 1,000 1,000 500 2,500 3,670 3,670 1,835 9,175 3,054 3,054 1,527 7,635 2,382, 3,388 1,194 5,970 2,046 2,046 1,023 5,115 2,388 2,388 1,194 5,970 2,046 2,046 j 1,023 5,115 2,038 2,038 1,019 5,095 11,846 1,846 923 4,615 2,366 2,366 I 1,183 5,915 1,956 1,956 978 4,890 25,718 25,718 12,S59 1 64,295 22,028 22,028 11,014 55,070 36 APPENDIX VI LIST OF FERTIIJZER GODOWNS Serial Name of district. No. of No. godowns. 1. Dacca ... ... ... 116 2. Kishoreganj ... ... ... 84 3. Mymensingh ... ... ... 104 A ,-': ++.1 on A . %r' hi Ua-gon ... . .. . ... . . I 9 5. Noakhali ... ... ... 70 6. Comilla ... ... ... 74 7. Sylhet ... ... ... 96 8. Dinajpur ... ... ... 77 9. Bogra ... ... ... 67 IV. Nangpur ... ... .. 1L 11. Kushtia I > ... ... 153 Jessore J 1,098 APPENDIX VII FUlNDING FOR FERTILIZERS. TABLE 3. (Rupees in lakhs.) Serial Particulars, On the basis of 5 lakh acres On the baLsis of' 2 lakh aLcres On t'he basis of I lakh acre ]No. under IRRI-20. uncler IRRI-20. undei IRRI 20 Urea. | T.S.P. M.P. Total . Urea. T.S.P M.P | T-S T M.P. P. T eP. M.P. Total. _~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ---._- j-_ -0 _ 1__ 1 _ -- 1---- 1 Toatlcostup to dealers i 244 ,22 244-22 121 63 610 09 1 170 73 170 73 85 36 426 82 146 24 146-24 73 12 365 60 level. II 2 Less sale proceeds at 101 6 63 10L3 3198 23524 7110 7110 i 22 37 16457 6090 60C90 1916 14096 the present subsidised rates). 3 I ubsidy involved ..I142 -59 142 -59 89-67 374 -85 99-63 995b63 62-99 262-25 I85 314 85 1 4 53 96 224 -64 38 APPENDIX VIII I'OSIT[tuiN OF' PESTiCiDUS (pipe line). Items. March. April. May. | June. | Total. Tons. IT cs. Tons. T or. I ons. 1. Malathion .. .. .. .. 249 2. Sumithion .. .. 267 .. I 267 3. *Blasticidin . .i .. 0 . .. |i 4. '*kDDVP .. .. 26 .. .. F . 26 5. Copper'Oxychloride .. 2001 265 200 .. 665 6. Folithion ..4f ..2.. 46 7. Dirnecron .. .. .. 200 292 492 8. Carbicron . .. 35 .. 200 [ 200 435 9. DilhaneM-45 .. .. 100 5 I .. 10. Methyl Parathion .. 1 * | .. 1 11. Met:asystox .. 79 | 89 .. 168 12. Methoxychior .7. .. 100 | 7 .. i75 13. Polowdfos .. . . 170 | * .| 170 14. Lebaycid .. .. .. | . 89 89 178 15. Tuzet.. . . .. 8 .. | 16. Diazinon .. .. .. j 50| .. j 5 17. Dipterex .. .. .. 15 .. | . 15 18. *DiMethOatCe .I 160 jUj i60 I.G. I.~~~~G. 19. Sevin .. . .. .. .. 11 1,044 285 1,246 5811 3,156 *Pesticides required for large-scale trial. **Pesticidcs meant for Use on local Anman paddy during October-November, 1970. Net Pesticides availablc for Boro and Aus season =3156-(10-F26=36)~--3,120 tons. Stock in Hand 0.. . .. 900 tons. Stock in pipe linc up to Junc, 1970 for usc 3,120 Tons. during Boro andl ALIs season (excluding trial Pesticides). - Total .. 4,020 tons. Say--- 4,O00 tons. APPENDIX IX POSI7ION 0OF SPRAYERS. (Plpe linel). Kind of Sprayer. March. April. Nlay. June. July. August. September. Total. Hand Sprayer L.O.. I,0CO L2,450 ]L-750 B-6,500 B6,77?0 8,950 7,520 L-750 L-2,250 L-750 50 | 24,972 ~~,.-- 'l---------- --I- -- --- Powea Sprayer G-3,0(C0 D-1,000 W-3*000 | . D-1,500 D-2,114 9,000o 1 3,0010 1 9,000 4,500 6s342 I 31,842 t0 --I ' I' -'' -- -- - - - - -- I'-' -- Total .. i_ * .. __ 56,814 Stock in Hand .. .. .. .. .. 75,356 Hland 'Sprayer equivalent. Stock in Pipe-line up to September, 1970 . 56,814 Hand Sprayer equivalent. Total 1,32,170 Hand Sprayer equivalent. L-LocaL B--Bulgarian. G-German. L--Dutch. *As per delivery Scheduale. APPENDIX X STATEMENT SHOWING DISTRICTWISE ALLOTMgNT PROGRAMME OF PESTICI- D ES I N D SP -rR AYI'E". S No. Sprayers Name Division/District. Area. Fungicide. Insecticide. (H/S (in acre). (in. tens.) (in tons.) equivalent). Dacca Division- L. Dacca.. .. .. 50,000 138 00 71 70 3,333 2. Mymensingh .. .. 50;000 | 38-00 7 710 3,333 lotal . I,00),()00 276(00 143 40 6,660 Chittagong Division- | 1. Chittagong 6 | 69,000 190 44 9Si95 4,6(X) 2. Noakhali ..i 20,000 55 20 28 68 1,333 3. Sylhet .. .. 24,00Q 66 24 34-42 1,600 4. Comilla .. .. 50,000 | 138 00 71 70 3,333 Total .. 1,63,000 449X88 233 75 10,866 Rajshahi Division- 1. Rangntni .. .. 50.000 138 00 71 70 3,33 2. Bogra .. .. 50,000 138 00 71 70 3,333 3. Dinaptipu - * 50,000 138 00 71 70 3,333 Total | 1,50,000 414 00- 215-00 9,999 Khulna Division- - 1. Bakerganj | 45,000 | 12420. (4 53 | 3,(K) 2. Kuishtia 33j8() N932 48 47 1 2.254 3. Jessore * | 8,200 2263 | 376 |7 Tota- .. R7 (A i 240 !2 I 2 7 76 - - 5R0! Grand Total * 5,00(000 1,380 00 717-01 3:1,312 APPENDIX XI MONTLIWISE REQUIREMENT OF PESTICIDES FOR 5 00 ILAKH ACRES OF IR-2G AND DEPARTMENTAL VAIRIETIES. (in tons.) Pesticides. June, July. August. September. October. November. Total. 1. Granosan-Nf .. . *4 . .. . 2. Copper Oxychloride . . *,36 )O 500 440 .. 1,37i 3. Malathion 50 per cent. E.C. . .. . .. 40 30 . 70 4. Fenitrnthion. 50 per cent. E.C. .. . 4 30 , 5. Mletasystox (R) 25 per cent. E.C. .. .. . . 50 38 ! 8. 6. Methyl Paratlion 50 per cent. E.C. !; 40 30 07 7. Sevin 85 per cent. S.P. .. . . ;. . . i0. 30 15 . 105 8. BidrinGCarbicron 2 . . . .. 23 15 .3. 9. Diaz non 50 per cent. E.C... . . 42 28 82 10. Dimecron-10. . .. .. .. 27 25 .. 5 11. Lebaycid 50 per cent. E.C ... . . . .. .. 40 ( 30 .7 12. D.D.V.P. 10) per cent. E.C... . I . . 22 so 5 72 lotal 4 4 6:30 790 575 50 2,097 *For seed treatment. *Far 3d~bet treatment (seedl ng) Others for traniplanted field treatment. 42 APPENDIX Xti PLANT PROTECTION EXPENDITURE FOR THE PROJECT. A. Cost of pesticides Rs. (1) 717 tons of Foliar insecticides at Rs.16,000 per ton ... 1,14,72,000 (11) 1,376 tons of Foliar l'ungicide at Rs.5,000 per ton ... 68,80,00() (111) 4 tons of seed treating fungicide at Rs.12,500 per ton ... 50,00() 1 QA nl) AMA B. CostFof sprayers: (r) 33,332 Nos. Hand sprayer equivalent at Rs.200 eacn ... 66,00,w0 C. Other-contingencies including hiring charges of temporary godowns: (1) Hiring charge of plant protection godown (temporary) at 5,00,000 t ___-__ I i ---- "I .r -N -C - - ..0 lte unioin ieve;i (,250 Ns.) at Rs.50 p.M. A 0). (II) Contingent expenditure for the movement of plant protec- 1,00,000 tion materials. (IIj) Other miscellaneous expenditure including stationery ... 25,000 (IV), Specia! incentiv ... ... U uadm t s!0pr ed 4,0 for 400 Mukaddams. 6,65,000 D. Pay and allowances for the personnel (I) Pay of 400 Mukaddams included under pay, etc., of extension ... nprsnnne!.- (II) Travelling allowance for Mukaddams ... ... 10,000 (IIT) Medical Allowance for Mukaddams at Rs.10 each (Rs.10 x40) 4,000 14,000 ABSTRACT Rs. A. Cost of Pesticides ... ... ... ... 1,84,02,000 B. Cost of Sprayers ... ... ... ... 66,00,000 C. Other Contingencies ... ... ... ... 6,65,000 D. Allowances ... ... 14,000 Grand Total ... 2,56,81,000 APPENDIX XlIf DISTRICTWISE PROGRAMME FOR SUPPLEMENTARY 44 APPENDIX DISTRICrWISE PROGRfAMME Irriga l | ~~~~~~~No. of low Serial I District. Total area N lift oumws Acreaue. No. of mills No. of I No. ' under the from of Irriga- pumps after project available tion canals. excavation (in acres). water of canal_. 2 ~~~~~~sources.' _ 2 3 4 7 t7 I C'hittagong 75,000 100 6;000 10 100 2 Noakhali 25,000 30 1,800 5 50 3 Comilla 50,000 100 6,000 10 100 4 vIhIt , I00 600 0 10 100 1 5 Mymensiogh .. 50,000 200 12,000 10 100 6 Dacca 50,0001| 170 | IO,00 5 50 7 kRang.pur 50.000 50 3.000 I5 50Q 8 Bogra .. 5|t,000 50| 3,000| 5 50 9 Dinajpur .. | 5,0() || 1t) jK,g,htini nd :0,Mt) Jessore. 1.1 Barisal ! 45,000 200 12,000 5 50 T!lnI - C 1- I -- I6- I(M } ~ ~~ ToOOOO =1 ,000l !00,0 00 00 5| 650 | Legeud- E. E xisting. P. To be provide in the project. sNut,t- Ca Via l -i.io bas< on oh S!n>n asm oS: (a) One cusec to providle suLpplementary irrigation to 30 acres. (b) Each shallow tubc.well will irrigate 10 acres on average. (Onc cil of minore irsgati;. n channels w.i allow 10 pumps (20 cusec) to operate to covcr 600 acres. 45 Xiii. FOR SUPPLEMENTARY tdon. I I 1 1 . I I I T^tr acres No. of No. of Gravity which Acreage. shallow Acreage. Deep Ac r6age flobv itrigation tub^well. ~~~~tube-wCHS. ( i a : acres)i. facilitie.s I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~VI1 be p ., | P | 4 o | E |available. B . 9 j 10 11 12 13 14 6,000 2,000 20,000 10 600 2,000 34,600 10 1 4 1Wi, i7 1,0 1 6 (Cross Dam) 6,80 6,000 1,000 10,000 193 1 1,600 33,600 (,000 500 5,000 * 17,000 1 6,00 1,000 iw 129 ..3 26,750 3,000 100 1,000 27 1,600 5,000 20,800 (DND) (DND2 .1,000 100 lo1,000 92 S,500 ..12,500 J,Vu .s pA isvU0 I i0 l 27 1,60 .. 17,6uu 426 50,000 .. 50,060 | ..I1 400 6 1,000 1 .. 40 *- | 30,r000 30,000 39,000 ,,0 50,000 921 79,650 37,000 2,65,60(GK) 39,0001 5,0001 50,000 921 79,6501 37,0001 2,65,650 46 APPENDIX XXV Estimated cost for production and otllsation of Informatlon materias. Rs. (a) For production of film .. .. .. .. .. 50,000'00 (b) For making of display boards .. .. .. 75;000G00 (c) For lrintinn of information materials .. .i 1ft 5000. ) (d) Packing, despatching and other incidental expenditure .. .. 20,000-00 (e) Unforeseen expenditAlre .. .. .. .. .. 5,000*00 Total = 3,nn,slllO.ME (Rupees three lakhs). APPENDIX XV 1. REQUIREMENT OF PROMOTIONALAND SUPERVISORY PERSONN1L. (a) PAY: Rs. 1. Assistant Inspector of Co-operative Societies at one for every 5 blocks for pro- motional work in the scale of Rs.145-275 (250 Nos. atl50xl2) . . 4,50,000 2. Assistant Inspector of Co-operative Societies at one for every 50 Primary Societies for audit and supervision in the above scale (25 Nos. at 150 x 12) .. 45,000 3. Inspector of Co-operative Societies at one for one district in the scale of Rs.210- 460 (12 Nos. at 25x12) .. .. .. 21,660 4. Supporting staff .. .. . 60,000. (a) Ad:hoc relief .. .. .. .. 80,00( (c) T. A. of officers and staff .. .. 1,50,000 (d) Furniture, stores, equipment, transport, etc. .. .. .. 50,000 (e) Contingencies .. .. .. .. .. 50,000 Total .. 9,06,600 II. RlQ!,JIREMENT OF SUBSIDY TOWARDS COST OF STAFF OF THE PROVINCIAL CO-OPERATIVE BANK AND THE CENTRAL CO-OPERATIVE BANKS AND FOR SERVICES TO THE THANA CENTRAL CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATU)N Rs. (a) Lump-sum grant towards staff cost for the Provincial Co-ooerativeBank for one year .. .. .. .. 1,00,000 (b) Lump-sum grant towards staff cost of 20 Central Co-onerative Banks at Rs.20,000 each for one year .. .. .. .. 4,00,000 (r, S.qhqidv to be nrovided to Thana Central Co-onerative Associatinn for services, at 6% on volume of credit to be handled, i.e., Rs.3-00 croresa year .. .. .. .. 18,00,000 Total 23,00,000 Total requirement for subsidy for Provinciai Co-operairve flank and the Centra C-b-operative Bank/Associations (I.&II) .. .. .. 32,06,600 47 APPENDIX XVI DUTIES OF CO-OPERATIVE PERSONNEL (a) Duties of Assistant Inspector of Co-operative Societies. 1. Formation and promotion of Co-operative Societies. 2). la;eparation. ofl Production ""an. ,. ArA J Li.1~f .J I 'JU Li . JL jaL 3. Preparation of loan application on the basis of the Production Plan. 4. Distribution, supervision of utilisation and recovery of loans. 5. Holding of weekly meetings of members to mobilise savings and discus- Sion of programme. 6. Audit and inspection of societies to be performed by 75 Assistant Inspectors to be exclusively meant for this. (F) Dutis of Inspector of Cio-operative Societies. 1. Supervision and co-ordination of the work of Assistant Inspectors. 2. Periodical inspection of primary societies and Central Banks/Associations. 3. Maintenance of liaison with officers of other Nation Building Department and Agencies. 4. For ensuring supply of fertilizers, seeds, sprayers; etc. 5. Arrangement of training progranime of managers of primary societies in Thana Training and Development Centre. 6. Percentage nhpck of Ioan appliations, production plans and supervision of loan distribution and recovery. (c) Duties of Assistant Registrar of Cc-opeiatihe Societies. 1 e allcarg of i 11penLontation o0 supervised credit programme in the district and co-ordination of activities of Inspectors and lower level staff. 2. Ensuring regular and timely audit ot primary societies and the Central Banks/Associations and also ensuring of rectification of defects pointed out in audit and inspection notes. 3. Periodical inspection of specific number ot primary societies, all Central Banks/Associations in the district. 4. Maintenance ofliaison with district level officers of other Nation Building D epaTtments and I gzciGs e uncleu wirn sne Programc. APPENDIX XVI. DISTRICT-WISE CREDIr RE5QUiREENT 01,kurei fn lah4s of Rapees) * in . e ; C)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~n the iai f 2 lakh acre lR-20 and I lakb acres IR-20 and 4 lakh acres 3 lakh acres Local Improved variety. Local Improved Varietf. 5 lakh acres _ _____ . _ _ _ - - 9L N Same of District. IR-20.I lfo. D Ir-2() | ]L. Improved Total. IR-20 !L. Improved lotal. varety. V variety. 1 2$ 2 3 4 5 6 7 .8 9 .10 ---1- - - _-_ -- .__ __.__ _ - _ -_ _ I |kacca .- 100 00 25 60 42-80 68 fO 16-80 47-M8 64- 64 Per acri:p 2 | M4'ensingh 100 00 43220 32 64 75 -84 17-60 47-40 65-00 0 Ra.206 for] M-20 c> 3 CIttiqong .; 138 0 5Z! 80 49 00 l a1-80 24'00 I 65 -56 89.56 4 N kaali 40 00 8 00 18 40 26440 20 216i 244 04 4 Ai. i.15- for ]al [mproved variety. S CGmwla. 100 00 22 40 44- 64 67-04 11-20 51 O1 62282. 6 Sy .. 48 00 22 40 14-72 37-12 6-40 23- St 30-32 7 Bakerganj 90 00 20- 80 39 80 60- 60 10-40 45-7 54 -16 8 G. KI.Area(Jessore 84 00 44 80 22-52 67- 32 22-40 35 40 5i-80 and Kushtia). 9 Ramur 100 00 32 ! 80 38 64 71-44 11-20 5 2-C 62-24 10 Bogp 100 00 32 -80 38*64 7i -44 11-2t 51 -CF4 62-24 11 Dina)pur .. 10 00 94-40 3-29 97-60 66-40 19-32 8572 Total - 1,000 00 400 00 345 -00 545-00 200-00 460 00 660.00j 49 APPENDIX XVIII. ' EQA lPL Ai..'Av1D Al Jr OJF' %P -M AvNUS T ION.71L LIVT %o#ki&W's"D AND NON-GAZETrED THANA PROJECT STAFF. Rs. (a) For 1,250 Union Agril. Asstts. at Rs.200 each ... 2.50.000 00 (b) For 275 Asstt. Inspector, C.S. at Rs.200 each ... 55, 0oo (c) For 400 Mukaddamns at Rs. 100 each ... ... 40,0(00>Q) (d) For 9t8 TAO's and 9 8 TCO's at Rs. 250 each ... 49,000-00 Total 3,94no000 APPENDEI XInX TRAINING COURSES F'OR EXTENSION AND OT]HER FIELD LEVEL WVORKERS. | ! | No. to Durtion Value of Eslimatecl Agency. Whom tei train. | Objective. triin, og Training. oost. 1 - |- 2 _ 3 Il 4 . 6_ _ s I 3 6~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ s 1. Agriculture Directorate 'rT. A. 0. | Provide all naecssary infor- 1001 14 days 1. EPARR][. rnation regarding all as- (Joydebpur). Ipect of cultivation of IR- I 20 Rice such as use of 2. Co-operative lfertilizer, adoption of plant College, Comilla. Proteclion measures and improved cultural prac- fives principles of co- operatives. 2. Dlirectorate of Co-opera-I T. C. o. .. .. As above. 100 114 days As abo' e tive.I 3. Cbmilla Project ..I Projeclt Officer .. ,, | 8 ,. T. T. D. C. - 4. Thana Central Co-opera-! Secy. Thana Central Co- ,, 8 tive Association, Corm- I operative Association, illa. Comilla. 5. Thana Cenlral Co- Agricultural Extension ,, 8 operative Association, Officer. Chittagong. 6. Thana Ceniral Co- Secy. Thana Central Co- ,, 6 ,, operative Association- operative-cum-Extension cum-Extension Officer,, Officer. I)inajpur. 7. Cr. K. Project Agricultural Extension ,, Offier. 8. Agriculture Directorate Union Assistant .. 1,250 10 days 9. Cb-operative I)irectorate Assistant Cob-orerative ,, 625 10 days| 10. Farmers rs.. 12,500 days ._ _-- 'Total Hipenditure 4,64,150 51 APPENDIX-XX F-uNCFiiNS OF T-HE U-NiON AGRiCULMURAL 'ASSIST'ANTS !. Examine the existing agricultural conditions in the union and anmiat the TAO in selecting 400 acre blocks for inclusion in the programme. 2. Prepare programme for irrigation after field survey. It should contain the following particulars:- (i) Area to be served by existing TIP power pumps; (II) Area to 'vc served by new iow-luit pumps; (iii) Re4uirements for excavation of canals for use of new power pumps; - and Asupport .uIy; t,.e - Ar ul,>o the POHI"' 3, Sapuevisn thei techanial effectiveess. of field imfn.ierntation and give proper guidance through extensive touring. He s4OuiL D out 'an tour 20 days each month and cover all the thanas and 50 per cent. of the unions in th.e pro-rammed a-. Whi onn tour, he' r.i|t ; at a le I2 2O blocks every month. 4. Collect and subnmit crop statistics' of tii, pruartniuou area. S. Submit- nrogramme reports on specific project or block performance. 6. Ensure co-ordination and close liaison with other 'agencies in the i. lerm..ta ion ofte - rograne FUNCTIONS. OF THE. DEPUTY DIRECTORS OF AGRICULTURE 1. Assist District staff in the effective planning, execution and evaluation of the programrnme. 2. Ensure overall supervision of. the work of the field staff: and give technical guidance throughi extensive touring. 'I A,r-sncp ninA ,,ciczt in the. rconnduct nf tirhniral nnd nrnetinsql trni-no to District and Stibdivisional Agricultural Officers of his- division. 4. Ensure fullCu co-orudluatoiou uI LLe I lvueIntatliU af t1Li progral-nUne. 5. Render necessary help and' guidance to the District Agricultural OiWcer and visit at least 10 blocks of IR-20 while on tour' every month. 6. Mpnitor and feed back information to the Director, Agriculture. Evaluate the implementation of' the divisional progranme: Page-34 APPENDiX-XXi ACCELERATED RICE PRODUCTION PROGRAMME ORGANISATION CHART Acce!,erated iRke Producdton Co-ordinadoc Board K Chairman--CHIEF SECRETARY -_J I I', ISEQRFTARy, Ag*ultug. Dinretor or Ag elturail ! DIfUgtO jDIdfl DtfeXft ttutyt, |t o: Dy. Jo y. Dre d cod 0 t o .eteo=lee. E.P.A. .C. | | E.P.A.D.C. I At" O i -OJjClo J I L- d I_____ ____ _______________ I I ________ I ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~oteotat,vee. LOG. Deptt. WkWte UNe. EPWAPDA.j | Inoreeatlwt Co-ortlIrtt-| 111 -OlotalnlLa.-- _ n __ I - --I D.D.A. (E and M.) DeglyM Manager. of R*i|trr of Cope-r DOlttiOt Lrvrl 1, _ I _ _ _ 1-- 1 _ _ . --- I_._ __ Dirco, P D.A.o. AR.C.S. j D.M., E.P.A.D.C. Co|tr cC-cr|a toAote I w Di.ect-KI Projet t;- | - _ _ _ _ . _ II _- _ | SubtlUvisional L-1rn. _ _ _ ______ _ __ L2::laiona ..et _ -.. _ _ _ - __. ._ | S.D.A,.0. 1 | S.D.C o 0 l E. P. A. r C. _____________ 'I I. _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ mwCbOaPtqx,cn Db l h E >- Thsan Imp|_ententaeetto. IL I | -i- Etetnajion Director, G. K. reneua gg ernt rov,.to-mttee. I- p & __ Project, Kuitti.. o~~~sovn ~ ~ _ I I ___ _ro___-a -_________________L______._1_________I_____ j TAO. | T.C.O. | .10., E.P.ATD.C. | | T Mea pector, | ma ca Project Offloer, S ecretary. Th nA Central | I A eric ltral E,me om-on Ii ___ _I I I I b__.P.A.D_C. COMMf Pronect. Uon Ofc EP,WAPDA _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~e-- I-- I .I P kt Prestlo |n Uanoi AlL Awtn. | Au| h i i CoAkerlue | tl OIrtr. [ MuktUtn. I j | Impcactor. EPWAPDA. 1. D.DA. (E and M) - Deputy Director of Alpricultrne (EBt iaaon aned Manapetai i. 6. S.D.C.O. - Subdivbiiontl Co-opraotive Officer. 2. D.A.0. - Dtrict Agriultural Officer. 7. S.D.M. - Subdiviionol Manutger. 3. A.R.C.S. -- Aaigunt Ru&gitrar, Co-oPertlsti Seciletl,. g. T.A.o. - Thaoa Agric.ltara Officer. 4. D.M. Dibtrict Mmtta. 9. T.C.O. - Tmae C-operative Offier. :. S.D.A.O. -0u de civI Auicut.iumalOf0lear. lo. I.tO. - Thana lrrigotlon Offlcer. *Double ie laictesa chain of reepo bllty. 4(st) APPgNDIX XXII. ADDINJONAY, BENEPIT OF THE PROJECT. (Flgures ia tie parenthesib refers to Rice.) Area Avetge lormal Additional Total Total Ad4tioWl Pce .of Tgte-ValVe of covered yield of .yield of yield of yield of yield. paddy i- *dh oLlO Variety of Rice. (in acres), pad*f paddy iper paddy per paddy. Rls. PW PnXI-4ctn. per afyc. acre. acre. md. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Rs. Rs. (i) IR-20 .. .. 5,00,000 45 28 25 2,25,00,000 1,2'500o,ax) 22 27,50,0%0(i (Rice=3,06,(tA0 tons.) (ii) IFL-20 .. .. 2,00,000 45 .. 25 90,C9O000 50,00,000 22 11,00,Od,0(* Local improved .. 3,00,000 35 20 15 1,05,C0,000 45,00,J00 22 9,90,09,000 Tolal .. 5,00,000 1 'P,0i.00Q 955,00,000 tO,90,09,000 (Rice=2,33,0)0 tons.) (iii) IR-20 .. .. 1,00,000 45 20 25 45,00,000 25.00,600 22 5,50,09,000 Local improved .. 4,00,000 35 20 15 1,40,00,000 (0,00,000 22 13,20,09,000 I,85,00,000 E,$ 00,090 (Rioe=2F08,300 tons.) Total .. 5,00,000 18,70,00,000 56 APPENDIX X8. 2-akh acres I lakh ace 5 lakh acres IR-20 and IR-20 and INc& wsx of ui rxvj.Ic2v u o a (cost In lakh Raapees.) local local improved improved. 1. Net cot (Subsidy) of seeds .. .. 36-60 17-4S l1152 2. Net cad (Subsidy) of Fertuzr .. .. 74 83 5 22 e s464 3. Cost of Plant Protection Services .. .. 250*02 250.02 2W0-02 4. Cat of htion-r.to *(I Capital cost of fractional Tu-wils .. 4000 4000 40-00 (ii) Minor Irrigation Channel .. 4-06 4.06 4 06 I. Cost of training relating to the programme .. 4-45 4*45 4*45 . In_etiv Bonus to st88.. 3-94 3.94 3-94 -7. SubIdy to Thana Central Co-operative Sodety- Grants to Provincial and Central Banks to meet 23 00 23w00 23w00 extra staff cost. 8. Cost of Publicity 3*00 3-00 300u *9. Subsidy to farmers paid in the form of incenwve 90000 780w00 740w00 p1i1c. Total .. 1,639-92 1,388-17 1,304-63 *Govanments share of expenditure for only one crop has been taken into account. APPENDIX XXIV. GROSS COST OF THE PROGRAMME AND SOURCE OF FINANCE. APPENDIX XXIV. GROSS COST OF THE PROGRAMME AND SOURCE OF FINA?'NCE. (in lakh Rupees.) Foreign Exchange Local Total, Source of Finance. Items. (Rupee ecquivalent). currency. 1 2 3 4 5 Rs. Rs. Rs. 1. Seccls- (i) 57 51 14-84 73-35 (i) Foreign Exchange in cash-Central Government. (iil 22 55 14-76 37 -31 (ii) Local currency-Provincial Govern- ment. (iii) 11 33 14-40 25-73 2. Fertilizers-- (i) 437-44 172*65 610 09 (i) Foreign Exchangc in cash-Central tj Government. 00 (ii) 306 04 120 78 426-82 (ii) Local currDncy-Provincial Governmrent. (iii) 262 13 103-47 365-60 3. Plant Protection Service- (i) Pesticides sprayers .. .. .. 250 02 Additional Staff cost .. .. .. 6 79 J (ii) Ditto .. .. . 250- 02 6 79 256 81 (i) Foreign Exchange in cash-Central Government. (iii) Ditto - *- - 250 02 6 79 256-81 (ii) Local currency-Provincial Govern- ment. 4. Lrrigation-- (i) Shallow Tube-well and Irrigation Channels 316 25 316 25 (i) Shallow Tube-wells-Central Govern- ment. di) Ditto 1. . .. . 316 25 316 25 (ii) Minor Irrigation Channel--Provincial Government. (iii) Ditto . .. .. .. 316 25 316-25 5. A4griculttual Credit- (i) Co-operative Credit .. .. .. 1,000 00 1,000 00 1 (i) ]Either as grant by Central Govern- i ment out of counterpairt fund gene- (ii) Ditto .. . .. 745 00 7415-00 irate ibrougho cornmodily aids,salk ' proceed of Japanese rice. (iii) Ditto 66... .. 00 660-00 (i) or, by Statet Bantk lowering its gua 9 rantee requirenments to 25 per cent. straighit. 6. Subsidy and grants to Thana Cenitral Co-operative (i) . 32 06 12 06 Society, Provincial and Central Banks for extra staff ast. (ii) . 32 06 32 06 j Provincial Government. 7. Price Support-- (iii) 32-306 206 (i) .. 900 00 900 00 1 (ii) .. 7S0*00 780 00 . Central Ciovernment. (iii) .. 740 00 74K0.00 S. Extension Services Including Incentive Bonus- (i) 3,0 89 30 89 1 (ii) .. 3089 30 89 Provincial Government. (iij) .. 30 89 10 89 J 9. Publicity.- (ii) . 3-00 3 00 ). Provincial Government. (iii) . 3 00 3 00 J f (i) 7441 97 2,477 -48 3,222 45 -rotal . . (ii) 578 61 2,049 53 2,628 14 ' (iii) 523 - 48 1,9066 86 2,430 304 APPENDIX XXIV--ol?d. SumNMARY OF GROSS COST WITH SOUlRCE OF FINANCE. (In lakh Rupees.) Items of cost. IR-20 irk 5 lakhi acreck. I R-20 in 2 lakh acres aad local IR-20 in one lakh acres and locat improv,ed in 3 lakh acres. improved in 4 lakh acres. Provincial Central Total, Provincial Central Total. Provincial Central Total. Govt. Govt. TGovt. Govt. Govt. Govt. R.s. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. 1. Seeds .. .. .. 15 84 57 51 73 35 14 76 22 55 32 31 14 40I 111 33 25-73 2. Fertilizers .. .. .. 17 65 437 44 610 093 120 78 306n04 416S R' 103 45 262 13 365 60 0% 3. Plant Protection .. .. 679 25002 256 81 6 79 250(02 256 81 6 79' 25002 25681 4. Irrigation ... 16 25 30000 1625 625 30000 316 25 16 25 30 00 316 : 25 5. Agricultural Credit .. .. . . 1,00000 1,,000 00 745 00 745 00 .. 66000 660t00 6. Subsidy and grants to Central Associa- 3a 206 . 32 06 3' 06 320 06 32706 .. 32 06 tion and 13anks for additiorial staff cost. 7. Price Support .. .. . .00 9000 . 780 00 78000 740 (X) 740 00 8. Extension Service . . . . 30 89 .. 30 89 30 89 .. 30. 89 308 9 .. 30 8g 9. Publicity . . .. 300 ..3 3-00 300 300 3 00 TFotal .. 27 48 2.944-97 3. ~'49 Ž4 4 53 2.403 61 2.628 14 206 86 2,223 48 2,430-34 EPGP-4276B3/69-70-600. a.JTkTL'Y 7 EVALUATION OF THE THANA IRRIGATION PROGRAMME am~ ~mhasafaau lNi EAST rAKiSiAn P Ial r? flNm A ' A fEMA lU'WJLNL FOR WURA tLA DEVUELOPMENT, COMILLA. NOVEMBER, 1969. EVALUATION OF THE THANA IRRIGATION IN mEA$T PAKiSTAN A. K. M. Mohsen, E. P.C. S. 'T'raining Officer. rAKiaTIAN ACADEMY FOR RURAL DF;VELOPMENT, COMILLA. NOVEMBER, 1969. PiJltshed bv Director, PTafK istan -1cadeiemy for Rural Development Comilla, East Pakistan. Ist January, 1970 Pri. DRs.: .Q- ". 0 A rice byL I I' W. Ahmed Samabaya Press, Comillai t EO 1'. W 311 The Thana Irrigatioii Programme in East Pakistan is one of the most important steps towvards agricultural inoderinisation. Thle progra-mm1eC is jointly sponsored by a number of governmiienltal agencies. 'T'he programmlile calis for participation of a number of agencies both in the public and the private sectors. Ilhie programme has far-reachinig influence on the country's deveivel)loemlt plans. On tile one lhanid, it is a lighly subsidized programie, and oni tlle otlher, it demaiids accei)tance and participa- tionl of the farmners. it: is in the fitniess of tllings that the details of the programme slhouldl be regularly kept under review. Similarlv- it is important tlhait the progress of the programnme in the conitext of the basic aissumllptions, r)rillciplies, objectives an(i procedures be objectively StLudieCd by co e)CtlenLt agen1cies. Th'le Academiiy whilhl played an imlportant role in spilling out the conicept, preparing the mnanuals, training of personnel was later on entrusted withi the task of an evaluation of the nroLorainmn. The Acadcemy set Up a Team of researchers lheaded by a senior faculty mllemlber. 'i'ils 'T'cami was assisted by a Comillttee consisting of explerts in the Academiiy anid in the Governmlllenlt departments conicernecl. U-ll reCpUot IIC -uen u ased oni iniformnationi collccted from 25 sam lo Lthanas and those fromii the Coimilla lKotwali 'F hana and the fhTliaurgaon project areat of E.'iPWAPDA. - - ', ,-- - I I'll, I Ic 11epotrt is iII two ldIS. 1 iiC iirst part is a brief hiistorical iotC 011 the origini and growtlh of tic programimie. 'T'liis is intended lo scrve as introductioni for personls not previously ac(luainted with these details. Thle second part analyses infor laiti(!-l nliected in course of hle sLudy. In the end there is a report on tlle findings aInCI scon1e reCommI111eI1uaLIons. Suchl a study is intenided to serve as aid to future i)lanning. It is hoped thlat the study will serve the purpose it was intended to. TI'lc Teanm didl an arduous job. It is our hope that the expertise develcpe)Cd wvill bue mlade use of in future. Azizul Huq Di-(t ecor, r ull imple-entalooLio 01 eIe Tiaana irrigation Progra, me started in 1968-69. The Pakistan Acadenmy for Rural Developinent, C.pmilla played an important part in designing the Thaana Irrigatioi ,Pro- gramme.~ ~ U~- T!%PCA%e Acdm rprdinstruction mrateciaias. irlar-uals and conducted training of officers and selected farmii leaders of the provincec for execution of tile programmiie. It was in the fitness of thins that the task nf evaluaitionf- of the ..rst ..a's rograme. was assigned to the Academ1y. T'hle Acadeimy set up all Evaluation Coniniittce in August, 1968 to guiue anu auvice on ie evaiuatioin work. I iie comlhJittce con- sisted of Dr. Akliter Hameed Khan, Dr. S. A. Rahimi, Mr. K. M. TipLI .Sultan ancl Mr. A.K.M. Mohsen from the Academny, Mr. S.M. H-ussain, C. S. P. Chief~ Evlais Oficr B.D. &T I, (rv),ari and I)r. John WV. Tlhollmas, Advisor, Planning Departm1eint, Govern- mient of East Pakistan. For conductinOg the field study and writing tile re nort nlm ivalu,nti on Tea1m1 with foli r r rn, ,-r f te . O ,..--.. lhcaded by the autlhor was set ul. Dr. Akhter ] laniced lKhan gave the guidelines for tile study and the tentative outline for prepa ration of tile Report at the time of conlstituting the team. 'l'he team started work fromi September, 1968 and under- vbcnLt several rarilsorl-inatiors ior various rea4sils. Miessrs. iMo. Rezaul Karim, MIanzurul Alamn and A. K. M. Zul6quLer Iiyder Chowdliury, all research assistants of the Acadprmy and inenb.er- of the teamn worked froml the bcLrinning to the end along, xvitIl thie Project leacler. Mr. P. K. Nand(y, fornlerly a researcli assistant of the Academy worked till the eind of the first phase of the field woxk and assistecd tile teamn in making the questionaries, trailniri of inves- tigators, collection of reference inaterials and in writing the clhapter Lonhe proganinie of r967-6d. ne le Lne Vxaclemy to join 1Nir'1f, Dacca in April, 1969. Miss lninul Ara, a researclh assistant, also worl Lt) tLaLC&as onL~ *1C& ):ssOr tjJ L±4eirJ~ 1AL;-{5 irrigation j)1UjJ)osal to excavate clhannets anid execute simple earthworks under projects in 'A' anl 'C' category schemes. This year's prouramme however did not follow the prlnclple of fixing the pump rental for the whole year and of advance pay- inent Dy groups. ;So the programme was not implemenited entirely this year. However, the principles of mobilization. trainingz. and provision of co-ordinated se'rvices and supplies at the thana level were foil 1i £.1 A -1 f-I Iollowed fuily. "ndu ariiiers gave a tremendous response. ilihe next logical step was therefore to launch a programme following all the principales and methods, considered to be essential for its all round success. CHAPTER 5 PREPARATION FOR A FULL-FLEDGED PROVINCES-WIDE THANA IRRIGATION PROGRAMME IN 1968-1969. ruilly dlecision Decisions were taken at the nrovincial government level in early I)art of 1968 to launch a full-flecged province-wide Thana Irrigation Programme from 1968-69 for three years, following the principles stated below: (a) A lump rental would he clharged for the wlhole year, instead of the winter season. ()) T'he pumn rental must -e paid in advance -A ,isniilA be subsidized by the thana council from rural works pro- gramnme fund. (c) The group must buy fuel and oil for operation nf tlhe numn on cash payment. The first two barrels of fuel would be supplied on credit and subsequent issues woul(i be on cash paymcnt. Arranvements for supply of oil and fuel would be made at thana headquarters. (cl) In allocating pumps, groups which used pumps in 1967-68 hut (didl not clear up 80'V/ of EPADC dues. would not be consitlered as eligible for allocation of puinps in 1968-69. (e) Workshops and stores would be built at thana head- quarters out of rural works ni-roramme igrants. Meehanics wouldl be trained by EPADC. (f) Tn organizational and operational matters, previous year's procedure would be followerd (g) Credit would be supplied by the Co-operative Directorate to the irrigation groups in 13 districts and by the ADBP' to individual farmers in 5 districts Targets For'1968-69 the following specific targets were fixecd and agreed to by ali concerned: (a) 11 .500 pumps would be fielded by the end of Dtecemer, 1968 throughout the province by EPADC. Minimum and 1. Agricultural Developmcnt Bank of P'alciston. r. o i i -si I s ll-,a r e-; anl dtar g, 1, f pru n il , s - J,c! th n v r fixed foI live years froiii 1967-68. (b) 700 tubhewells of G" dia woul(d be sunk by EPPADC during rhle vear in thLose areCu S is It iw ire p ir1rigation 1101] rU11 be possible. (c) Organizational structure would lie l)uilt at the field level and at the thana headqua rters to successfully implement the programme. Assignments of the departments and agencies The connected departments and agencies prepared their own programmnes and fi.xel targets to ensure fLIl implementation of this years' programme. (a) B. D. & L. G. Department: Ihe Basic DIemocracies and Local Government Department uncdertook to make Rs. (320 crores available for meeting the expenses, indicated below: 'WVater control structures andl ( in lakhs ) excavation of cannals. 245.2 Training of all officials an(d non-officials and printing of training materials for all levels of trainees. 55 9 Biiildini and enuinmpnt of workshops, stores, etc. 30-1 Staff for thana councils 5 -6 Working capital for thana councils 25i5 Grant to EP ADC as pumnp subsidy 97.7 Purcihase of tubewelis 1500 Reserve for contingencies 10-0 Rs. 620 0 (b) East Pakistan Agricultural Department Corporation: The Corporation was made responsible for supplies and services (i) Pumps The corporation agreed to make 12,028 pumping sets available for use during 1968-69 by Decemhbr 1968. Tkiey had a stJcrk of 6,950 in Lind at the her,inninmy of the year. The rest would be imported iiidcler IDA, Britislh, Czechoslovak and German credit, (ii) Maintenzance: For maintenance of pumps; EPADC Clivided the province into 5 circles, 22 zones, 125 units and 350 sub-units. Thanas having more than 50 pumps would be considered as units and each placed under one thana irrigation officer. Units would further be divided into sub-units, lhaving 10 or more pumps. For eacn zone iiiere wuuil ue aI assisa engineer, besides other techinical staff. (iii) lWorkshop and stores: 4 regional, 22 zonal, 85 sub-zonal and 150 thana workshops were to lie provide(A for main:r,nc fclte O the15 workshops, 80 would be fully equipped and the rest provided with adequate tools and equipment. Fund for construction of workshop at thana level was tob furnisqhed by the B.D. & L.G. Department. 284 stores would be set up to supply spare parts and equipments for maintenance work at the thana level. (iv) Pump drivers and mechanics The corporation already trained 17,900 drivers. 8,000 more would be trained in 78 thana training centres. More mechanics would be made available and old clrivers would be trained as assistant mechanics. (v) Oil andfuiel depots: 198 depots would opened to supply oil and fuel to pump groups of 245 thanas. Other thanas would receive supplies from neighbouring thana headquarters or depots. (vi) Fertilizers and seed AThe corporation estabDishea a net-work ot fertliizer godowns throughout the province and agents were appointed in the remotest villages for the purpose. Arrsfor supply VI seeds Uwer also made. Thana inspectors were appointed for all thanas and given 24. a week's training in l)atches at tlle Academy. The ferti- lizer sale target 'was fixed at 3 18 lal tons for the year and that of iRRI seeds at 21,810 mds. and of wheat at 17,555 mds. respectively. (zrtii) Tubewells The corporation undertook to iniport materials to sinlc 700 Ltubewell's duri-nig thisi year. 1\.CUuitLIUnLtJ I- req uired technical hands was to be made and their training conducted with the assistance of the Academy and Tube- well Research Centre, Co,mila. Part of the tube-el! sinking would be done by the Comilla tliana central co- operative association. (c) Agriculture DepartIoent Tlit Prnvinrinl Aariiltuiire( Co-ordrination Cnmmittpe inte- grated the "Grow More Food Campaign" with the Thana Irrigation Programme ot 1968-69 and gave policy direc- tions to all connectedl departments and agencies. The target for winter paddy cultivation was fixed at 2600 laKh acres. I ne Mviinister 'or 1-Agriculture presiudeu o-ver the committee meetings. Agr icultural development commi- ttees at union, thana, sub-divi?ional and district levels were given responsili]_ties for__ n of 1,om.c approval, etc. (d) Agricultu7re Directorate Agricultural extension, training of farmers, distribution oi pesticiues and sprayers, distribution or T accavi ioans, preparation of production plans by irrigation groups for obtaining credit were entrusted with officers of Agricul- 4-I, o n; fl4-,. LUI ~L I. tJ OLU. (e) Co-operative Direortnrnt The Directorate nggreed to distribute Rs. 3 crores as credit in cash and kind to pump groups and to register them as co-operative societies in 13 districts by january, 1969. The Directorate posted union co-operative officers for implementation of their supervised credit programme. (f) Aigriculiturat Development Bank oj Pakistan The bank wvas authorised to distribute Rs. 1 crore in five districts as loans to farmers who would join this programme. (g) East Pakistani W17ater and Power Development Authority: -;PWAPDA agreed to help in finalization of long-period thana irrigation plans. They were- howevor tn f!lowur their own systems of irrigation and co-ordinate their activities with the programme as far as practicable, in respect of their projects, viz., (1) Ganges-Kobadak, (2) Dacca-Narayangang-Demra, (3) Cliandpur, 4) Tube- wetll and lo-w--lift pum1-11p projects of lR1) J llaj11hahi DiJViSJOn. (hz) 71zIye C-on7lila ilc=a(Ienzy- ( ")'le 'caemy/i wcase .The cadueny w elILrusLeU witI mlle preparation of manuals, necessary forms, training materials and training of officers antd selected farm leaders, and supervisory stff of al de zrtnlents.~ (i) AI ''ubt eAll ReseLAIISa;c eLS.,C),la .1 lie centre Vw.a;s gLVnU tlXc (jkJUibiiLt1y for U LIiiiliIg Lth tublcvell drillers an(d mechanics of the El'A)C to under- tahe work of sinking 700 tubewells in 1968-69. ( Tj) i rzan I rainlng and Development Centres 'l'hana officers and thana councils were given responsibility fCor teehlnical scrutiny of sch-em,.s, fixing of priorities distribution and maintenance of pumps, training of mana- ging committee members, managers, model farmers, supply of credit, seeds, fertilizers and insecticides. The thIana was to be the basic operational and organizational unit. The thana council was to be the chief co-ordinating, decision- naking and training agency (through TTlDC) to be supported by the provincial government departments and agencies concerneu. I JIe loIg-ierm tnana irrigation plan wvas also to be prepared by the thana council. 26 (k) Un ion Con'cl. : Unioni coun-cils members were given responsibility for suirvcving water sources p)reiarinLY schemes. orvanizintE farmers for use of pumslS for growing crops by irrigation. The unioiln couciil was to prepare a consolidated unlion plani for the purpose and forwarcl it to thana council. Preparation of schemes On the basis of long-termii tlhania irrigationI plans, already prevpare a,nd the trai-ining reteived- wvard members were to rgr: farmers, prepare sclhemes for utilization of Nvater and send themi to the thana councils through the union cotuncils fixing priorities. The thana irrigation team members would check technical feasibility and submit consolidated thana schemes to the thana councils for approval. Thana councils snould approve ana iorwart tne tnana plans to the B. D. & L. G. Departmient tlhrough the dcistrict approving authorities for sanction of fund and allotment of pumps and tube- welIs. l.liana councils wve-re to senld -elegr-arns rengarlingal requirement of p)umps direct to the B. D. & L. G. Department as soon as the scllemes wer-e approved. Group members would cnllect and pay idvanne renital to circle officers for rece1viv!'- pumps. Organizational set-up Managing comnmittees would remain responsible for organiza- tion at f 1" ouT In The thana ;r rrit on t cam.- the t die . council and otlher thana level institutions were the supporting institutions at tllana level. The thana council has a tlhana agricul- tural develonment comnmittee consistingv- of official and nnn.ri-'cial members. This committee was also to be involved in implementa- tion as well as planning. T he thana team was made responsible for training of farmers and their leaders and for all supplies and services. The circle officer was made the leader of the tlhana irrigation team. At sub-divisional level, the sub-divisional officer would super- vise the t)ro.ramme along with othler rPnreqpnf,tiPcsof nepartmen 27 and agencies. Sub-divisional co-ordinationi committees and agricul- tural Adevelopment com.n..f ittees .o,u.l wA t.r tor tn"atl- I U £1 U~V VSJ~ .L ~AL IL1LL.~- VYVJ UAXA ~V VJL ---I~~ ~ thana programmes. The district co-ordination committees and district agricultural developmuent coniniittees wouiU work LogeLier Lo co-ordinate all activities connected with the programnme at tle district level. TIhese committees have district representatives of departments and agencies as mXembers. Deputy co,nissioners were exece to supervise the work. At the provincial level, the Provincial Agricultural Co-ordina- ti o n Cornitee consistirug of heads of all conncte dartIsns, directorates, and agencies met fre(luently to revieNv progress and to give policy directions from timee to time. Time schedule (a) T'he overall schedule Connected (lepartmnents and agencies agreed on a time-schledule regar(ding the actions to be taken by each from April, 1968 to June, 1969. (b) Precessing of schemes: In respect of preparation and submission of schIICs at group and tiana levels and allocation of pumps a time-schedule was also to be followed. Basis for allocation of pumps (a) Area coverage anbd water szupply Irrigation schemes must fulfil two conditions in order to be considered for allocation of pumps (i) The puimpi must cover at least 15 acres per cusec. (ii) The source of water must be perennial. (b) Priorities F or allocatLion or pumps to groups, tne tnana council shouid fix priorities of schemes on the following lines First priority- Groups whiclh used pumps in 1967-68 and cleared 100% of EPAD(C dues. 28 Seconld priority-Group)s organised in 1967-68 but not allo- cated pumps. Third priority - Groups whichl used pinmips in 1967-68 but paid . r T n* t to -, upto o8/, of EPADC dues. Fourth priority- New groups organised in 1968-69 according to the manual. Fifth priority- Groups which used pumps in 1967-68 but nail less tflhn 80% of EPAT)C dues. Pumps rental and subsidy Actual amounts to be paid in advance as rental and the subsi- dies for the pumps were fixed. Pump rental would vary in relation to the capacity. Tubewell rental Some tubewells were sunk earlier in Comilla under the works programme. EPADC undertook to sink 700 tubewelis in 1968-69. Annual rental charges to be levied for use of tubewells by groups were fixed together with the rates of subsidy. The rental covered the anna! opeatiolll coston]y eclualil ol andl lulcoss o the pumps. Fuel and oil cost Groups would pay for the oil and fuel in cashl at the time of purchase. Price of diesel was fixed at Rs. 2 50 ner galloii and of mobil at Rs. 10 00 per gallon. The group would, however, be given the first two barrels on credit it required. Subsequent supp- lies would be (lelivered on cash payment. EPADC opened depots and agencies throughout the province for the purpose. Fuel would be- supplis iarrels c1 n aining _ an dI oil in 4 galln tins. Barrels would be available from thana councils. The B.D. & L.G. Department sanctioned working capital C' Rs. 400 00 for 2417 _r_i_s and t) Rs. 1X000 for 8624 uroluns to extend this credit facility to groups. Training at Thana Level Training in improved methods of agriculture and in group action for rural leaders was considered as one of the most essential elements of the programme. Departmental and agency representa- LIVI-- vvV;IV C:1l.lTUbLUU s1AIM LIIU LICUU111,W, atL LIIC: LIICaIIa [LaLILIJlr, CLLU developmert ce,ILtres. '11 aey were to prepare syllaril, training materials and demonstrations and take weekly classes on their respective fields. Rural leaders were to come on selected days _- kzj'. '-k'' .s_'-' ol Lil lO ISlJr IL11U.LC.t Ct LL LLIUaIa, the B.D. Department sanctioned Rs. 20/- per group as contingency to the thana council. The trainees_ W.voulduLit liadgilig committee memb1ers, managers and model farmers of irrigation groups, and daily training allow- ances were fixed for them @Rs 4/-, Rs. 81- and Rs. 3/- respectively. Traing rould bie codiuUCLCC in w4 weekly classes for managers and model farmers, in 2 classes for managing committee members. So funcl was given @ Rs. 32/- for the managing committee- (i-) Rs 1l../- fnr !l,p mana,ger and Rs. 72/= fo-r- __ ,..zt -- _ 1 -- ..-_ A:0' ~, I / * ASk the model farmer of each group for 1968-69 to each tlhana council. Training at PARD T'he Academy started preparations as early as February, 1968. From. March to April, 1968, selected farmers and union agricul- tural assistants from all over the province came for training. The Manual on T'hana Irrigation Programme" and other training rnaterials were then revised. Beside the training programmes held in 1967-68, the Academy conducted training programmes again from july to October, 1968 for the 1615 thana level officers in eight batches. A second course was also conducted in 13 batches for the thana agricuiture ofmcers, tnana irrigation omcers, assistant irri- gation officers, thana inspectors and thana co-operative officers numbering 10391 in February April, 1969 at the Academy to eveLop syllb andU CIIeLIod VI LIUXriZJiI UL ileC .LI LJ. Never before any other rural programme Was launched with so much of experimentation, planning, training and preparation. It was expected that the programme of 1968-69 would be success- fully implemented and would usher in an era of progress in the rural areas. In the second part of the report the achievements of the nro-ramme of 1968-69 will he examined I Aklianda A. ?!.-Report on the Training Seminar of Thana Officers ( February 23-April 17, 1969 ). PART II EVALUATION OF THE PROGRAMME nr E ttaean ur- Iouu-u; CHAPTER 6 U ' I A 1 711 A TIflI 0 N 1n PTZf lNT A Nl fl ) 4 'I'l- A I?Pt-V'T I OF 1968-69 Purpose The origin and hlistory of tile 'ithana irrigation Programnme hias beeni presented in the first part of the report. ''he results of the efforts of the differenit departmnents and agencies at providing irrigatioil faci'ities to tie 'armiers of the I J- 1t0 U V i--4tioi; of the programme lhave been described therein briefly. Out of their experiences and experimaents, emerged a inodel suitable for wicle- A l A -A A ndp ion i, Fast Pakistan 'e model was tested in teii p)ilot l)rojcts. hlic agricultural policy committee decided to adopt thie mlocdel anci an action programme for mobilization of the farmni population to utilize thlc water, lanid and labour resources all over tihe p)rovince as envisaged in the third five-year plan. An *t(,iiOln ) T d g1 M tiC l j) IUIlJUbS Ul jJJULIVCS, ass LI IIIJLIULil, 1)1 IiLilut, (itiU methods. I'lTiese were duly' delineated in the commonly agreed bl ue-printls, manuals, circulars, orders, training programmes, services inplciL:n W:ii[tioll of the progranmme in 1968-69. In this part of the reportl inz attemplpt will be made to measure the degree of success H actions takien by tlheml as well as to assess the extent to wlich thle basic ;IssLnIn)tiorns, principles aild miethods lhad been effective ini thwe rle;lization of objectives and targets or the programme. OAsgr oFthe Beldu study -I)aliv p !rt of the renort was prepnred on flip his nf npuih- slhed( reports, Man1.uals, circulars an(l orders issued by participating departni(ments an(i agencies and by library work. For the seconcd part d(Ita v;ere collected from stratified samples of 25 thanas anid A66 p'ump g*:t 1oups Ihrough administraLion of pretested questionnar es oit tihe putrpose. Field wonr' was done in iwo plases. iTne rrst plhase eoet-ed the planninig andi early implenmentation stage. In the seconA0d hziasc. powp) operations were studied. Sources of inIorria- ;t hlall lev-ta -.u;m-s ifr ,e. tinn r,.t: .i. 31 programmc and group functionaries. Inventorics wvere ma(le froill records of tlhana officers and groups. Schedules were prepared for clarification and explanation of inforimations collected from their records. Researclh assistanlts and investigators worked at thana and group levels respectively ior cotiection0 oi aata. saimnliing In 1968-69, 3:13 thainas joined the programmne. 11051 pump) groups reported to have been formed in these thanas. 'Thliere were wvide variationsn n pump allocitions amongY thanas nn a v istrrt For the purpose of sampling, the province was divide(d into follow- ing four regions, having marked differences in respect of availability of surface water and concenitration of i)uim) allocations Region I -- Chittagonig, Chittagong Hill Tracts, Noakhali anld Comilla districts. Iion~ lI --- i~(tJ~l1ajhi, a I rlgur, Jog,raJ, lina'Lj .. ;;nd li. districts. Region III Faridpur, Barisal, Patuakliali, Klxiulna and JebsUIC U1dL1icts. Region IV-- Dacca, Mymensinghl, Pabna and( Syllhet districts. T'hc tlhanas also were divided into tlhree stratta in accordance with allocation of punmps Ktrala--- A zrtiotA sonnq f n,iins No of -h' (if l Upto 24 pumps 198 (2187) 2 25 - 49 puumps 72 (2433) ;3 50 and aibove 73 (6431) Fo r thc purpose of the study, 22 thanats were taken by rand(lom samipling as inidicated below: Strata 1 -_S;h,itna1j (A.l*, Nnobnlo, (A.A Pn I: rvaln (7! Par1I i .7 pur (11), Rajoir (14), Tala (9), Jlieenidali (5), Kowkhali (6), Bera (17), Goiiglihat (15), Munslhi- vani (7), Hussainpur (24)=12 thanas. Strata 2 P-- Iarshuramn (33), Lalmanirliat (39), Gournadi (46), l3ar.ahatta (26), bunamganj (44)= 5 tharias. Stralta 3 Ma l-alcl.a.ri (57), Banch:aranl pur (I7), Raninagar t51), Raipura (66), Derai (59) = 5 tliarS. 1'22 'Vhi rue ii ore t ha nas, viz., Bald'idrzl.aZa r (73 ), luhnia nba iii 9I, and Rang unia ( 3t1) were taken pu rposively in consideration of II -) fri,xi'r f'i 'Xfliripnt'i -" i!ln ,lml ,, u,-n i! l i1-, It, in ITl III ll ff I(roIllOr 25 tlianas comn prising 7-2t>; of all tWanas unider the programme were included in the sample. in tiiese sample thanas, 9-1,5 pulmnps were allocaited to 925 gronI)m. These \were nearly 8;3";, of the total groups and p)unips of the entire province. All grioups of sample tilanias were iHot studiudl. 'ULt of '925 groups Iry sa-iipliug lou (202',,) groups were taken due to limitations of time anid resouL-Ces. Time schedule A time1t-SCheduleUC was followed for the study. D)evinatiois occurrecd iroin tile schedule dcue to changes in teaimii inemibership anul '(lelay in recruitmient of fieldl and anicilliary staff oni account of fin.ancial b)Otltlenecks. 'I'lic field \Vork was compicte(d towards the I nIdI of Il 11i, '1 , ,i nt I lnrnoi.); a t! , iof rata took Iitic ! i tl, r t'vx io llI- Category of schemes Frequent referenices would be imade in the discussions below to catego ries of scelmeiles. So thlir elifferences shouldI be indicated hlere. Differ-ent metocls xvcrXe used inclifferenti placecs to use thle water, available from surface and the undergrounid sources. Schemiies were divide(d illto seven categories as showii below Category A -- gravity-flow schemnes requi-rlg only cross-diamiis or conitrol-structures, lbut no punmps. Categor-y 1 schemes requiring pUmps for single liftiing. Category C ---- sclenies requirilig plimps as well as excava- tiOln Or re-eXc'VItI of'!,I a chllannel to bri,,,r water to the site. Category 1) schemiiies requirinig double puImping. Category l - scemieiies requirillg tubeweAls. Categzorv I -- schenes using EPWAPDA iDroiects. Category G-- selmeiiies requiring joint work with EPWAPDA. Schemlies of ' & C' categories required extra funLds for conls- tructiol ot conitol strUctures and earth work. in 1967i-68, all thlana Concils \\i iscl aSikc(l to prelpc 1r long-trill ttm ana i rii garli(fl lma:il) p~;1 in I i .; 11 ill r~ 81}( In':()1 m : rrs Wa Ic ilil! b f1 )Irxi51\ :33 schemes and types of work needed. 'lThe distinctioni between different categories of schemes lhas to be kept in mind when the objectives and targets are considered and assessment of the results is made. As a part of the overall arricultunral develonmellt 1)nan the immiiiediate objective of the progranmie is to increase winiter cultivia- tiorn to attain self-sufficiency in food. Ais an expansion of thie rural worlks p)rograrnme, increase in rural employment is the otlher imlpor- tant: objective of the programme. Specifically it aimis at l)roviding .,," AA ,\ ,,\ 1 £, _ t. L..1 1 .'. - . . r .1 - I V,UVV LOW-Iilt PUI1Il)b dilU LUUrWC1L1 LU 1dlllCb 01 LIIC p)1UV111Ce Lo use surface and sub-surface water to grow an additionaitl 4l5 inil,)ion tons of foodgrains in 3 million acres by 1971-72. 'Thlie governmlienit hlas undertaken to provide them w,, ~ith a! tyiolerni inlu ts acie. ua tel, and timely, to achieve tLhese targets withiin the pci-iocl of five years beginning from i1967-68. Modernizitioni of agricLI]ture is its ultimlate goal. Targets for pumps in 1968-69 As alreadly discussed in the first part of the report due to delay in arriving at full agreement oni aii points amiionig the departmnients and agencies involved, the full-fledged progranmie could not be lilunclhed earlier thani in 1968-69. Yet in 1967-68, iii 261 thallnas 6558 punps were utilized. 'T'le target for 18-69 was ori i- nallly fixed at fieldinig of 11500 pumps. It Was reduced to 11051 pumips at the tiine of actual allocation in August, 1968. In additioll, 10i6 schemines of 'A' ent l'orrv not reqiuiring pMurS bhut. funds only for constrtrction of control structures were sancetioled. So alto- gethier 12067 groups of farmers were expectecd to pal-tici)ate in the prograimme in 1968-69. Over and above these 12067 groups, the pro,raniic iilclucled installlationi of 700 tuLbewells as well durinig tile year. Targets for area to be irrigated 'I'lle targct for the area to be irrigated in 1968-69 by low-lift unl)s was set at 6(50 lakll acresi. in the workimrg paper of the 1. 'Ilic Nlori-iiig Ntws of AugiLnt 1 4,196. ( Int.1depndendce I)ny icppcleawni. ), A "isreak- biirougih in Agriicltutic" by Mir. A. 11. Shamisud Duilia, Nlini.'tcr fur AgricultiipT, Q A ricul I LU r lt e I IL nIIIC ILL, k.1(4V1LI 111i I llt I- F iS L r-a K ISi. 11, Oll Hie review of the horn camipaign of 1968-69, the targets for IRRI horo and l ocal boro wvere slIowIn as 5 40 lakh and 20-6 lakh acres respectivel . These targets included born crops grown under the prOgra-n a:s well as by traditional methods all over the province. Action-schedule of departments and agencies As already discussed in Chapter 5, the participating government thJpartLLA e 1L) ts and agencies drew up LI I Vi'I IL actIonL JI pjrogaImLmIRjU covering the period from April, 1968 to June, 1969 for implementa- tioni of this year's programme. The B. D. & L. G. Department calculated tarLets for Dumps from 1968-69 to 1971-72, secured funds, printed forms, org:anised conferences of officers and farm leaders, got schemes ready at.ward, union, thana and district levels for use of pumps and allocated funds. The EPADC recruited mechanics, engineers, drillers, irrigation officers, thana inspectors and, ara-ng,ed0 theair t raning.nf 'Thei nnrnflratio als a, c rranged. for- importing pumrips, spare-parts, tubewell parts, seeds, fertilizers. They prepared maniuals and instruction materials, started province- wide work of conistructing workshoDs. eodowns. stores etc. The Agriculture Directorate, the Co-operative Directorate, the Agricul- tural Development, Bank and the Academy were entrusted with responsibilities in tlheir respective fields of specialization and worked in a co-ordinated manner so that the targets for timely utilization of I ] J pUitiips couldiu Ube achieved. Target for pump utilization The target for the supply of pumps to the thanas all over the province was achieved. But there was delay. Pump distribution continued till March, i96^J The study of 25 sample rnanas snowed that they were allocated 945 pumps in August, 1968 by the B. D. & L. G, Department. These thanas received 1017 pumps upto the endl of February, 1969. So the target was . by 10 in their cases. For the province as a whole however, the EPADC figures showed that they distributed 11,171 pumps of which 10,4941 were actually taken by groilns bv February 15, 1969 So accor- ding to their report 95°f of the target was reached by the middle . 0 1. EPADC-Tnble: Position of fielding of power pumps upto 15 2-69-Working Paper for the 11th meeting of the Provincial Co-ordination ComTnittee on 13-3-69. 35 of February, 1969. More punims were taken by groups in later part of Februarv, 1969 and March '69. Delay in distribution of pumps The time schedule indicated that distribution of pumps would be completed by December, 1968. Evidently there was delay in d;str;biii;-on of nUMleto 4 than-as . .A 7 -roups. The poporat.on had in their stock 7,779 pumps in October, 1968, and expected 2,149 prumps by November and anotlher consignment of 2,100 pumps by December. In any case 4,249 pumps from imports eould not he distributed before December, 1968. But distribution of 7,779 pumps, already in stock was delayed. The situation with respect to actual distribution of pumps in sample thanas and groups was sliglhtly better. 80% sample thanas received 76% pumps allocated, blut distributed only 57% p-umps to groups by Decemnber, 1968O. The position however improved mucli in 'January, 1969 and the targets for distribution for the different levels were almost reached as shown below Table-1I Target and distribution ot pumps I. *argets I LAlctua- MiellUlg of pum; Dlifferentl Icve]s I. 1 fc°jr I Iv3 Nov. Bv Dec.I BY Jan. 1 BY 15th |leloing 1968 i 1968 1969 1 Feb. '69 l.I'rovJinJcialIiUiJ- 1u1 5)*745 9O89 1i0494A (6%) (52%) t89%) (95%) r lilida level I. a 72 (sample thanas) (57%) (76%) (99%) (109%) -, Tr up level ..2 190 1 19 (sample groups) (17%) (570,) (930/) (100%) Training of officers and preparation of manuals at the Academy (i) Revision of Mhe Manual: The Pakistan Academy for Rural Development, Comilla was to revise the manual 'How to organise village groups for use of Irrigation"I and start training of farmers, and officers. The Acaicemy completed the "Manual on Thana Irrigation Programme" 1)T OT I'AT_ i;; co-oIperaionI wtti-i Ltile B. D. & L.. W-T. liepLt. Ill Jlune, 19F6O. 1. Hussain M. Z.-How to organise village groups for use of irrigation-PARD publication; 2. J3. D. & L. GI. I)eptt. Govt. of Erst Pakistan - Manual on lThana Irrigation Programme, ( Revised upto Jtine, 1968 ). Dep tii (V1111mi ss5101jelIS dlil Sutb-(1ivisiol)al officelrs (Irec (clld to tlhree (iivisional headquarters atnld at tile Academy in two-(day To,- 1, -UIJY. iL, - 1tzQ + to ist-L t-- .4 p1 A-.- 1 - iI-J.li-,,. - 1 I-. ' I all over the province leading farmers, union coulicil memilbers a1n(d unlion agricultural assistanls were brouglht to the Academy in Marel - April. 1 9(38 Circle offirers, than]ma -riculture officers, thana irrigation officers, assistant irrig,ation officers, thana fertilizerl inspectors totalling 161i5 came for 3-day courses lrom July to September, 19(68. Also 57 sub-dlivisional agriculture officers, 20 assistant engineers of MCPI'I scheme of EiPADC attended training couFrses at Tne iAccaletny (urillg Mins JC'ri)(1. I lt rainlilng couLld not he comiipleted witlin the target monthi of August, 19(68 due to floods in Dinajptur, Rangpur, Mymensinigli and Sylhet ci sricts 'I wtes train-ingr courses biel peitl 1l officors in undlerstant- ding their respective roles and funicionis clearly and in starting work on1 rct urn promptly \,ith respect to planning of thleir respec- tive programmnies. (iii) 7'rai-o ingo m nrtan,agers an(l mnndel fariners: But problems appeared with respect to continuous training of managers and model farmers at thana training and development C, - ' 1A 1 1 I - f C I - I ~ - centres. So from rFebruary tO i-pri', lvun tiana agricuiLurc officers, irrigation officers, assistant irrigation officers, fertilizer inslpectors, and co-operative officers numbering 1039, attende(d 3-tin,, eo.:rses. aif finn .A mann, on "organisatinn, an(! ,,,n norrcn,nt nf training of managers and model farmers at the tlhana training and (levelopment centres". This course helped them in preparingr syl!abuses for trairinng of mnanagers and model farrmers of their respective thanas. A training-, manuall was also prepared by the Academy for their use. IT,ne T ubewell Rxesearch Institute, Comnila conducted courses for 6 executive engineers, 9 assistant engineers, 30 sub-assistant engineers, 7 sub-overseers, 2 master drillers. 6 drillers and 93 assis- #.s-f A- 11^s-. ;-s f.lb,r-*r aitatz :\nX ;-] 1QgQ-R { LI4 I I L 1t I C I I 1- I Z IIAI 11 ti t sI IIt At I I I. L I . I I tt ti¼.IIA I I 1-1 .' VV Sy.j. 2. Aklhanda. A. M.- Agricuiturai Extension Training Manti ( A guide for Thnnn Training and Development Centres), Mlimeo, PARI) - Oct. 1968, 37 .EPADC officers organisedl 2-week training courses for 8,OOO local pump)s drivcrs in 78 thlani.a cent(res, workshops, ztonal work- shops and in the field. Thana level officers and union agricultural assistants of the Agriculture Directorate received necessary training materials for tl1ir use. '1'lhana co-operative officers and union co-operalive officers were given training at the Co-operative College, Co(nill. in colln- blorationWl witl the Alcaderny on impleiieniation of tiie supervised credit programme and conversion of pump groups into farmers' co-operative societies. The training schedule and targets were more or less maintaiined by the departments, directorates and agencies concerned. Execution of the programme in its different aspects will be examined and analysed in thc chapters to follow. CHAPTEr? 7 PLANNING OFTH TIE PROGRAMME FROM B3ELOW. Long-term Thana Irrigation Maps and Plans (i) llValer sources: Importance of careful surveys and colhereit p)lanning and participation of all deuartmenits concernied in suclh a Programine need not be overemphasized. It was assumed that thana irrigation plans would l)e prepared witn all possible calre. The first thing to be done was to find out water resources and their potentialities. One of the basic assumptions of the programme was availability o' a.ui-.l.I Wvatc- r--esouwrcres. Th povn has a ,ne-.vorki of rivers, streams, and canlals whiclh total at least fifteen thousanid miles in lcnglh.' The study of thc sample thanas showed thalt for the use of 945 pumps there were 1393 miles of perennial rivers, streams, canals and beels, besides 272 haors and beels, ancd 324 miIes of non-perennial rivers andi carnals. For eacih pump tihere was 1.3(6 miles of perennial water sources this year. For the province as a wlhole, the same length of perenniial stream was avail.able for cachl pump. So iL can L c saidLL that ere was a n abundance of waiter supply capable of bringinig several timiies mlore arca uii(ler irrigation, provided other ancilliary factors were fully takeln {' care of. Oinly 2 smiai portion of the surface water was usced this year. As regards previous experience in irrigation, responses showed thalt mchlamnised irrig,ation by low-lift pulnps was introducec lnl Sunaingarnj tlIbana in 19.54-55 and 40",> of the sample thanas used low-liftl pumps by 1965-66. The use doubled in three years. Wheln the group clhairmen were questioned about formation of groups for irrigation purposes, they referred to experiences dating back to 1959-60. So the utility of forinming groups seemed to have dawvned upon some of the farm leaders even prior to intro- cluction of the Thana Irrigation Programme or the basic democracy SylstemI. It, h oSvcver, r---ti,,,-A 1locf-A Iized 1il the MIIItkn. *v introduced. 1. Rashid. lbrooner-East Pakistan, A Systematic Regionial Geography and its Develop. niri IPlannIInIg 1 CpeCL., v h. oin ll)dr[g.LpliŽ, page "5. JZj (ii) ' -epiu-ui(ulw *, illl ulig-i-vi-7=i irrigatzion mlap: hI'lc rtlral works nrouramirme was started in 1962-6:1 for buildinri up drainage, communication, and irnigation systems for boosting up1) Igricultural production and rurai employment. In the very first year the need for long-term planning by local councils covering different sectors like roads, drlainage, embankement, and irrigation bec am1ne evident. wAccordingly local leaders andI councillors were given training to prepare long-termn union and tlhania plans. They p)repared suclh plans for roads, drainage, and embankments by 1964-65. Folloxvinii thlat princnl)le, after successful detmonstrad ion of practicability of the irrigation prograinme in the teni pilot thana irrigation projects in 1966-67, all thiana councils were asked to prcpare their loIng-teriI tliania irrigation iap)s and p)lans. Circle oflicers, thana agriculture officers and utit or sub-unit officers, of 11) IAkD i were give I) iZiiiIII]g ai LIu Academy, nuals and iore1 is by thle Basic Democracy D)epartment in August-September, 1967. On rCturn tlhana olficers gave trainini,g to local councilllors to pre- I]~ ~~~~~IJL)t UL II UCUI LJIcIiILI .11Ij .AJ. IE ......V low mituclh of a luana wvas under- differenit mletlho(ds of irrigation p)rior to 1967. Map No. 2 shIowcd h1o0W mUchl area of the tiam a coulcd be 1)b I I I iu i in-d r iri- irI ;h ..^1 i, lnI 11'l,w1'1ixr hT 11xzus of lowV-lift * )_ ,. , r,_vJ f I i ptumps and tubewells. Tfhe local counicillors were the nain source of information. ihey p)relpare( ilaps for their respective wards, aind UlliOlns an(l r-clated these irrligationI maps withi the long-term drainage and embankment iimaps of their unions and thanas. Thana 9 lrt-i.88ls8wA l{.... 1 VD A ni" ...: _r,: _... _ - 1 .1_ '_ 1- _ 2 ilt.ut liuC: UilL UI d111t IJu £A Z ULi IiL UI1CeUr exalnIncu Ltlelr ICabi- biliry ancd prepared the long-term thana Map No. 2 in accordance withi instructions conitainied in Appendix 'D' of the "Manual of Thana Irrigroi:iin Progrnannie 1969" TlPle rr.aps wr t 1e I", ---oe _ t _ 1 - .. .. "0 I. **11 ' flI 1 -i ~Ih -A. -f.. tIjJfl V t 1)y local EPWAPDA engiineers antcd thana counicil and then to be sub- mnittcd to the Basic D)emocracies & Local Government D)epartment, along wit]l summnary sheets, showing clifferent mietlho(ds of irrigia- tioni to be used and( excavation and re-excavationi of khdals and conistructions of' siniiii sluice-g,a-cs or regulators for waLer controi to be uLndertakeni for making the water available at: ecollomlic cost. T'1 hse long-term ; maps and planis were prelpared by sorme thanas in ] 96(7-6iR and l !! (l,!rs i!l 1968-69,() 4u~) (iii) I,ong-icr ni. I flaz Irrigacio'il tan&Z inl .~aojl mpC tna.S: di hanms werc atsked ab)out loi g-term i thana ir-rigaLtioni ilall)s and( 1)lans. 12 thanas ( p8,) prep)ared their plhi ns in 1967-6i8 and 9 th.hnas (36(; in 1968-69. No iniformiiatioin fromii the remaimin , I4 tianas (16 o/_ about thie year of preparation coulcl be obtainied. As regard(Is Sub)- mlissioni of sut, in1ary sheets, 15 (6()°/) tdiana couniciis forwarded themii to tlhe B. D. & L. . Department in 1967-68 8 (32") in 1 968-69. 8 tlianais (32;,") revise(l ilnaps andl sunin ary slheets. I8 ~~~IT. 1 … 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~-1I --1~ LI ) XT kI)iN A t 11-8a11s 9J3 2 , OL iIi-I I1)1'tL. .lit IIsUllit I I'S 1i)1)VI L u)y IL Vv 11 1 'I , enlginieers in 1967-68, none i n 1 968-69. l l tlianas l '1%) on] y could ,,ive dates ol apl)lroval of tleir l)lans ad(1 iiips 1)vy tlle B. D). ,. (,. .1JV p r " I 'LC ii V IL. 'fo thle intLCviewers, t-laial olhicer-s (lidi not seeim to be fully Celnversant wvith loii,g-tcrml- tharna irrigation plarts and maps arld tihir use anld importance. I1i1is \vas lue to chianSges of ormcers anoei nian' nc\v recruits. hlec timie schedule of 1968-69 did not shlow all peliou s i'(iicallIy folr pliysica l vereliication of stclb l zes receivedl I)V L I L ItI II I "11LLI I 1 . I tI & V ~JLJ JJ3 U '.J1I LJI~-L,t0OLLIiIjJLIUJII LILCIC JIL ~ te!ini 1)1a s zt1(1 ianps hiad already biben prepared for all thaLas. But ioie of the olficers refcrrled to tlis provision wlheni askcd about plysical verific-ation of sclhemies tlis year. It has to he emnhasized that the problem of irrigkation would need years and years of work alld plallalinng. 'So all particil)allts in thie programme should reailse the imnlportance of conitintity andl long-termii planning. A brief reference to their summiary sheets will be pertinent here in order to pj"oint ,out notelt" i.llI :Ie :,., e roram. rnf 1 2.,- tlans tl 11 jCJIL LUL I LLCIIILIV] CJL 1,11I, ~ 1 4.) LICIj LIIC total areal that coul(d be brouglht under irrigation under this pro- grammiie was calculated at 3 69 lakh acres under 3391 schemes in a fexv tear' time as shown in the table below. 41 Tahlc-2 Sunimary of the liong-terin thana irrigation plans of thie sample tlhanas. - * 1N Area to bec irrigated Category No. of thana * iNo. of scl rees I) A -n n, ..in acres xAx ~~~~ 12 i77 43s,395 00 1B 22 11533 1,02,648-07 C (8 633 78,725-00 !) 11 I A 9 7,1O" 0-V E 20 843 85,391P00 F 1 :31 605(00 G l (3 9,000 -00 11. 2 19 42,085(00 3391 3,69,48407 * (if 25 thaliias studied, 23 thaniais reported to have prep)arc(l long-tcrm i liana irrigation plaols. Planning for 1968-69 (i) l'imZze scheedile : For plannilg the grogranmimie at different levels, a timne schedule wvas given by the B. D. Department early this year. In the time scliedule it was provided that mcmbers of the tliana irrigation team i. e. circle officers, thana agriculture officers, and thania irrigation officers would come to the Academy in july-August, 1968 for training. (On return they were expected to arranige meetings of tliana councils to publicize the instructions betweeln Scptember 2 to Settenmber 12, 1 968. During the same period all basic democrats were also to be given training at the thana headquarters on planning of this year's programme. Basic democrats wvere to hold meectinigs in their wards, prepare sclhemes anid send them to tlh.ana councils for consolidation within September 12, 1968. As already stated in the icrvi ous chapter, tihe training of all officers couiu not be coiiip'leied ai the Academy within the scheduled period due to dislocationis created by flood emergencies in some districts. Yet the first meetings of thana councils o0! th is year's Werogra e held in Septe.-l:blcr, 1968 in 23 (92") thana s ( incltid(ing 2 tha llas wliicll latad held( Illese Illectings 12 mnuclh earlier ill 1967- 68 . Train ing of ha sic denion,tas were Il ,lt accor(linIgly in 12 (1'8,) li.hanas witllin Llic tijiic schlwdle and in 7 t2t8',',) othier tl,an. groups. Formation of groups and preparation of schemes of the year were done in the sarne meetings in 128 (68%) groups within September, 1968. And 123 (66%i) groups finalised their schemes within the same period. Remaining groups prepared their schemes subsequently, even in Nov. 1968. Group)s furnished maps, lists of members witlh their plot nuin- bers andl areas to be irrigated and crops to be grown as required. (iii) Consolidation of schemiies at union level The union council is the base at which consolidation of plans should have started. But in actual practice, the union council did not play any significant part in this direction. From thana level respon- ses, it was found that in 17 thanas 76% schemes were sent up by the respective union councils within September, 1968. But group responses showed that only 71 (38%) groups sent their schemes to union councils by September, 1968; 42 (22%) more groups by December, 1968. 40°' groups did not submit their schemes to union councils at all. 43S Aslso their responses reveaiei that schemes were jtist signedl by union cou ncil chairmen an(d for wvardi-d to c irc. I ofificers or thlana councils and that union councils held meetings to consider 3In UU schLe a ixed priorities wi respect to only ]'), sch . Union councils did not consolidate schemes of their respective areas and simply acted as forwarding agencies in most cases. The manual prescrihbd that union eoiuncils would c licck scliernes. enssure furniishing of all documents l)y gr-oups, consolidate all schiemes of the unions to eliminate conflicts, rank schemes in or(lcr of priorities, report on clearance or promise of cleatance of all EPAJ)C dtues of 1967-68, and then submit consoli(lated -union projects to circle officers 'for consideration. ol t;hanit councils. 3)i uIli.i councils mostly did not carry out the assigned functions. Thre role o-f the tlniorn council as a planning and consolidating body at the union level did not ermerge clearly in the st Aldy. Also the form used for the preparation of the scheme did not indicate any action to be taken by the union council. 'IThe form slhould be-amended in tihis respect. (iv) Consolidation of thana Nlans The date-line for submission of schemes to thana councils by UlnioIn councils was September 12, 1968. Groups submitted only 60% schemes through union councils and the rest directly to circle officers or thana agriculture officers or thana councils from May, 1968 to February, 1969. But out of the total 1713 sclhemnes received ly sainple thana councils, 1373 (\0_/, were submittedl withi August and September 13, 1968. At the end of September, 1968 this nubl)er rose to 1524(89%/). Balance 9l scnemes reacheu iliana councils in October, 1968 and the rest by February, 1969. So the time-schedule was observed in sul)mission of 80% schemes. This was a good response from farmrers and local leaders. This indicated a sense of urgency on their part. f+ '| Trabhie-3s Nliilher of schieines received by samiple Ithanas ( 1 C6R- ; ) I . . X i Periodj No.of j schmes Pro gressive Percentage thanas I total JUL .' IV _ 19fi,7 - 1 ffQC 9,QQ,, = July, 1968 2 93 151 August, 1968 14 775 926 Sent. 1968 13 598 1524 890/ October, 1968 10 168 1692 98% Novembe,r 1968 to Feb. 1969 10 21 1713 100% i. ne tine-sc'neduile (lidt not 'Keep aniy timie for chec'king of thie schemes before submission to thana councils for consideration. The iirst thana council meetings were scheduled to be held by September .1 z. tJt '' tLAL L1 jI1JL ~ ~ I LV~ Liy 1 L JL U L x , %JY 1Q,, ]96 t" o considler tlhe projects received b epteJInber 12', 68 The manual assigned responsibility for scrutiny of all schemes to thana irrigationi officers and thana agriculture officers. They were to renort on technical feasibility of earh rehempe. Srhemes were also to be ranked by them in order of priority based on the area to be irrigated, clearance of EPADC dtues and advance payment of lump rental. The authority for final decision however rested with thana councils in respect of acceptance or rejection of any scheme. In 16 (64%,) thanas, 511 schemes ( 30% of the schemes received and 37°0i, of the schemes approved by the thno-a councils) were checked either by thana agriculture officers or by thana irrigation officers seperately or jontly. Besides, 352 schemes ( 20% of the schemes received and 250/° of the schemes apnroved by thana councils ) worked also in the previous year. So in all 862 schemes (i.e. 50% of the schemes received and 52% of the schemes approved) were checked. Rest of the schemes were not checked at all. Many reasons were given by the officers for not checking the schemes. Circle omflcers did not send scnemes to tnem for cnecKing. The officers visited the sites previously and had knowledge of all 45 possible schemes. These were some of the answers to the related quest ions. In some cases circle nfficers conrlqoly l11nAedl nver al! the schemes to thana agriculture officers. So responsibility for not checking schemes must be shared by all the officers concerned. Results of checking however showed that there were few rejections. The thana councils approved 1388 schemes ( 81% of the total schemes received). Onefe ol ile reasons lor IIurryinlg Liirougil iith checking stage was the need for sending cables to the B. D. & L. G. Department by circle officers in accordance with the time-schedule, i. e. by September 15, 1968. But cables ,xere to be sent after suqicient number of schemes to cover the normal shares of the thanas as fixed by the department and indicated in Appendix 'BW of the manual were received. Responses however showed that in only 11 (44%) sample thanas cables were sent within the prescribed date. in 8 (32%), thanas dates of cables were not available to interviewers. Cables were essential for allocation of pumps, but should have been sent after checking and approval of schemes by thana councils. } iA1pprovalvuc (y tthanact Lunull . ILI'3LJeI~I L sf')u ~IW id.~~ii ld UUI1 I L iY~ It has ben stated earlier tlhLat 3-4-4-1ple taacouncils received 171:3 schemes from groups for consideration and approval. Sep- tember 13, 1968 was the date for holding the first thana council meetings to consider scheme. 18 thanas ( 720/ of the samples ) held their first meetings within September, 1968 ; and 6 thanas (24%,) more towards the close of September, 1968. Aiicl 7 thanas (28,') held two meetings each within September, 1968 for the puTrpose. Of the 1713 schemes received, thana councils approved of 1388 (81°, of the schemes received ) and incorporated them in their consolidated thana plans of the year. Rejections were in accor- s , s s r * @ s s .r ~ ~~~~~ . I dance with prescribed principles. hlana councils requiested tor 1468 pumps and 35 tubewells for the approved schemes. Ihi e approvcd schemnes were oi six categories as shown lnelow able-L4 Categories of schemes approvedi by thlana c oullcils of samnule thanas. TO L I- T~T f I- 'aiitegor y INo. 01 t1U11i1Zs INo. 01 bCIIIIICS | ercenitage A - 119 8% 1B 212 9(( 729%, c 15 213 15'7"( 1) 4 18 1i E .1 ~~~~~ 44 3% 1^.~~~~~~~~~~~ . i i4/3 ls I~~~ 4 1% 1388 1000/ Thle table shows predominance of 'B' category schemes, thc simpXlest f a] lll ateg1ories{ whlich] neededTllnz JIII}s V nf .... 11711;1t1 rlI -flT1n rm Tlhanaz counicils rejected only 19,' sclhemiies for reasons of small areas to be irrigated and of arrear dues. Thl e fact that 81'/ schemes were ap-provedl, shiowed the .assumption oi responsibility by tnana countcils. 'Tlhere were however complaints of one thana irrigation oflicer andc one tlhana agriculture officer that some schenmes not nn,-1,mnn - ! tl1 l n- wl, - approve by than a councils andA se I III II J C IA ...... UyV Ll~Il vt .. i Ia, . ¼J L ~ I S L ~ lk schelmies reconmnmended by them were not approved. This happened only in one or two thanas. With better co-ordination of worlc of i p t1,;inv irnrrigntion le-am such conflicts could be avoided. (Vi) S!ubmissio?n of sc;hemes to the district approving authority and the departnient Following the works programnme procedure, thana councils were asked to submit consolidated lists of schemes of excavation and re-excavation of khals, construction of dams, regulators and embankments to district approving authorities, forwarding copies o +1th sme t te i-BAsi D- Tmocrcie n nDeprtment by September 20 1968 The time--sc hedulewas maiF- ntaine byA21.(I 4)thana 20, 1968. The time-schledule was nmaintainedl by 21 (84°%,) thanas 47 3 thanas submitted later and no information could be obtained from one tnana. in ihc case of 4 (16%7) thanIas, c-IeI-les were revised in accordance with instructions of district approving authorities. Final deadline for submission of thana plans was September 30, 1968. This concession was allowed for thanas affected by flood-s or other unavoidable circumstances. 4 thanas (16`) sent up new schemes after the deadline. (vii) Allocationt of pumps andfunids by the B.1D. & L.G'. Depit. The prescribed date for allocation of pumps and funds by the department was September 20-23, 1968. Allocations were made in August, 1968 on the basis of cables received in that mlontli and iAIor LAal silares" 11s1 -i A .JpeIdix B of the ni,iai. UlUs for the training allowances of managing committee miemliber, nmana- gers, and mode] farmers, for working capital of thaina councils, for 'A' & 'C' category schemes and contingenries were asi, sanctioned early. For the entire province pump groups totalled 111051. The sampie thanas had allocations of 945 pumps ( 9% of the province) for 925 groups and in all 1018 schemes were approvccl as shown below Table---5 Approval of schemes and allocationi of pumps in 25 sample thanas. i No. of schemes | No. of schemles appro- A Allocation Categories approved by I ved by the department of pumps thana councils I - No. VI 2 l A 119 103 87%, - IS 990 813 82°/. 8-11 C 213 92 43,o 87 D 18 7 380/ 14 E 44 - - F 41. 3 75"/ 3 Total 1388 1018 72% 945 Out of 990 B category schemcs, 8i3 (87%4) were approved and got 89% 1)umps. 43% C category schemes were approved and 1IJULdLVU 9% pJunLilps. IFUiid for 'Ix( c-ategrc y schiihi,iic. Was giveni to 103 (87?'i) scl ciies sLIIiinitted. Allocations of ru lIMpS and 'l I11(1S we're imade timelly by the departmiiient. J3ut actual (list ril)uttioon o pumps and reccipt of funds were delayed. D)istrict approving authiorities mnade soime subsequent chaingiies in the lists of approved sclhenmes internally. Anid later sample tbanas got miorc puilmps wvb ich raised their- allotment to a little above 9',,' of the entir-c province. (iii) Obser-vance oj the tinme-schedlule in planning Various steps in planning the programme of 1968-69 have lecni discussed in relation to the timie schiedule and are summie( up below liille-scliedule for. planning at tlliaia (I villalge levels ini 1968-69. I . IN 0. IP rcm- SI. . ..... 'ime pie thanas Percen- No.j jJJI.; ,It;l;;J schledule itiaintaicineg tage * I I r ~~~~~~~~~~tinmc-scliedue 1. Mcctings of Lhana counlcils to explainl instructions for Seni 2-12 ___ 1968-69 programme 1968. . ~~~~1 _-s . d1e,.o- G. s I lri nlg Ul b csU Ullv crats on TIP 1968-69 ,, 12 4 8'% 3. Meetings at ward level ,, 19 76% 4. Submission of sclhemiies to unlioIn councils ,, 17 68%' 5. ,) (28%V) (4%v) A. I.O. 21 10 7 NA*- /48ou, (28'/ - _ T. C. O. 25 25 13 NA IX (100%) (42,%o) __ (72") 'T.I. (Fertiliser) 25 25 3 NA -- (100%() (12%o) - T'PP.0. (RDP)' 3 3 3 NA A Strength of thana irrigation officers and assistant irrigatioii officers was dependent upon number of pum3ps allocated to t:he thana. Thanas having 50 pumnps or more were giveni a thana irrigation ol'1cer and LhIanas hIaving 'less tLhIaria 5 puIs CILd U' rlot have any irrigation officer exclusively. The strength of agriculture officers was short by 4%. There were slhortfalls in respect of lin](Iiir nr of office togetlhr in 'rTIDC hililfdingsq due- fn the inonmplete s-atc of the buildings and unwillingness of some officers to bring their officers to iiTTDC's. in respect of participation in thiana counlcil icetirigs only circle officers and thana agricultuire officers were regular members. Tlhana cooperative officers were mcmilbers in 72% thanas. Jathers attended as oberero did not a tt at ll. (ii'B 'l'anla rnhznI7il While the thana irrigation team coordinated the activities of * Not ascertained at the time of interview. L. 'iTianii Project Officers of Couiilla District Integrated Rural Devclopincnt Plroject. 20 tlanas of Comilla dlistrict have establishled thana central cooperative associations follow- ,,,ig Comilla rnode;. of the pcople with those of the governmlienit departmients and agencies. The thana council consisted of all the chairmen of union colincil- of the thlana forming half the mpmbersbip and nfcfipr,e tlii, other half. They are statutorily requirecl to meet bi-monthlv. These meetings acted as instruments of coordination. Discussions on membership, meetinzs and attendance of thana councils would be of relevince lhere. TOLal number oI members according to statutory provisions depended on the number of union councils. Sample thanas diffiered in size and numnber of union councils, varying from 4 unions in P.qrciirrnm tr 912 in RrlnlkAAnhri -IA- in, qn-,nql th nll- nf'4Aprq could not be given membership, but were autlhorised to attend and participate in the meetings and programmes. Yet these officers clamoured for full membership of thana councils in order to have the right which such membership conferred. Sample thana councils A A t -i _- _ -- -1 AN 1- - r l-I 0-- -rN . A AOI, ccfnsis'LeUI oi ct vel Vdge u01 '-io iiieuiiuers 01i wiiUr o-u GU ,) were officials. Meetings of thana councils provided the forum for joint deli- beain . andl decisio ns. During nine months from. Septem,ber, 1968 to May, 1969, the councils discussed TIP in 6'92 meetings which were attended hy 65/ members in the table below Table-13 Attendance of members in thana council meetings. No. of I No. of I Official members I Non-official l Total members |meetings --- - members | attendance averaLye Iaver.aee I o t-] I - - O/ *verages Ivc rIge NI. cance I No. Amttendancel /0 18A40 6'92 8 20 57 344/X 10 20 81 59?4- 65 46%/- The percentages of attendance of offici2l andi non- nofc members-were 57/o and 82° respectively. To consider matters relating to the Thana Irrigation Progra- mirne, in i;:7 V lAid iid:a LIle coUrici.. LsIL Lmet more Il U Lartes eachn. At the minimum 3 meetings were held in 4(12%) of the thanas. With 65% attendance and so many meetings, the thana councils played an. mportant role in the matter of planning and execution of the programme. 59 (iiil T/hana training and development centres: I hana level omccrs, thana councils, thana training classes, tlhana workshops, stores, fertilizer godowns, oil and fuel supply depots, thana central cooperation associations, commercial banks ar LL'h Ape ot r. JAC: jJUL1piJ grlupsk coulu worK smoothly, if all these institutions worked satisfactorily. The posi- tion with regard to the establishment of the thana level institutions in the sample thanas was as indicated in the follwing table Ta.Ie--J.L* Position of thana level institutions of sample thanas Status of construction with no. of thanas Ol.. iName or ,not I '~~~in- 'no. salc- esta o no. instittutions I completej,0 I,,i-'. I bl;ahe estab- [%~LAJC~t~J *JC.tJ_________ Jlished 1 'Te%l" 1 ~ 1~j'A/ InA On 1. TITD buUiulng 15(ow%) 1iu4V/') - - - 2. Thana workshop 6(24%) 6(24%) 13(52) -2- 3. Thana spareparts store - 11(440X/) 14(56/X) 4. Plant protection godown - - - 16(64%) 9(36%) 5. Fertilizer godown - - 24(96%) 1( 4%) 6. Oil & fuel depot - - - 18(72%) 7(28%) 7. A.D.B.P. branch - - - 4(16,°z) 21(84%/) 8. Thana central 9. Commercial bank -- - - 13(52%) 12(48%) 10. Thana H.Q. union commUnity centre - - 23(920/% 2(87`/) The incomplete status of TTDC buildings was responsible for some ofricers not shifting their offices there; and for many coordi- . ' 1 1 1 ' ~1 .11 1 1. '1 I . * . *. 1I nation probDems wnicn wlil be aiscussea later in tnis report. i nana workshops and spare-parts stores were not indispensible in the first year when most of the pumps were new. As the programme proceeds ar.dA thea prvbl, a. om,inter.ia acea oft pumps har'n,a mo, re pressing, thana workshops will be required in all thanas, with variation in size according to the number of pumps and tubewells in oneration. 60 (iv) AgricAltitial development comiuitee AAX -Sr I ltu-l deeomn .- omite1ed ytecrl officer, with the tlhana agricultue officer as secretary, and with both official ancl non-official members including successful farmers was formed in each thana and met monthly. This committee was, however, entrusted with the over-all and year-round agricultural development programmes of the thana. At sub-divisional and other levels The coordination commnittees and agricultural development committees at the sub-divisional and district levels coordinated the programme at their levels. The district approving authority was the planning and consolidating body for the district. The present _3 iJ __!_ -3 . I 1 A A+dL1 A:v . 1- I I _ zL_ _ __._ 1 L__ S'uUy UILl InoL liluluue sLUUi[s at Ltloe levels. i 1urn l e r11 IesuitLs uO scrutiny of schemes and allocation of pumps, the district approving authority was found to have played important roles. At the provincial levels, the heads of the departments. directnratPs and agencies worked together through the provincial agricultural co- ordination comiriIm-ittee. CHAPTER 9 IMPLEMENTATION AND FIELD OPERATIONS Pump allocation, 'distribution and operation. (i) Target of 1968-69 and allocations The planned target -for. distribution of. pumps in 1968-69 was 11,500. T.he EPADC.had been stressing on the need ror import of -pumps in order to expa&nd their.MC PPI scheme much earlier and insisting an.,the fact that expansion was retarded more by non-avai- I 1k : vI.#.£.XL_>t..+L_sA ._+ 1. a&UllflJy Uo pUIjJs LbianP Uy thllr factoWs. Ar Uco poU r tUILIJio. 1I(JU fielded 6558 pumps in 1967'68. I'hey imported more pumps in the year. Thus they held 7779 pumps .in stock.at the beginning of 1968-69- They were allowed ILD.A. and Czeek credit to imnort 2149 pumps. by November, 1968 and another consignment of 2100 pumps by. December, 1968. So consWering the stock position and the initial problems of organising groups, and also on the basis of requests made by thana councils, the Basic Democracies D)epartment allocated 11051 pumps to 343 thanas in August, 1968 for tniS year and so revised the original target of 11500, reducing it by nearly 4%. (iz) Distribution and fielding: The corporation brought pumps upto thana lheadquarters. Thana irrigatiorn officers handed over these numns to ma1nagers of pump groups in accordance with the requisitions of circle officers. Groups which paid their shares of pump rental in advance and had cleared previous dues were given pumps with reference to priorities fixed by thana councils. Groups deposited pump rental in advance d 11U II I II ~LU~Ui1 IV as shlown in tile table below: Tahlp-16 Payment of advance rental by groups. | Progressive total of iViU1II.AD Uk Ur USJIt I Aks J0U IJ.y iI, Y-Y-1- rental in sample groups By September, 1968 30 16% November. 1968 89 48% ,December, 1968 163 88% ,,January, 1969f~U 180 9/o T JII t ISt)! AAA ll I(e.lt t: I(Ii) aa ;!s~LribiuLIAMt (1 M u p in samnple thanas (iuring this season was as shown in the table below Table--( Receipt and distribution of pump s in sample thanas. Receipt Ir ibtion Montlhs I-No. Of i No. of I No. of F Nn nf thanas I pumps | thanas I pumps By November, 1 968 16 538 7 100 (64'Y,) (5 ;7("') (28'') ( 1½/ w' I'~ - -/U' ,, December, 1968 20 700 20 432 (380%) (76%) (80%) (47°) January, 1969 24 942 24 853 (96V,)/o 099°0/,) (96(V) (980/i) February, 1969 25 1 017 25 941 (1(00%) (109%o) (100%) (101%) March, 1969 1017 (1 09%/) Original allocation of puumps for 25 sample thanas was 945 rind it was subsequently raised to 1.017. So though 88% groups paid advance rental, only 47%)/O groups were given pumps in sample thanas within December, 68, ihe target date ror distribution of pumps. ReceiDt and oDeration of DUmps at grouD level: Out of 186 groups studied. one was of 'A' catevorv and another was not given pumps due to its default in clearing EPADC dues. Remaining groups started receiving pumps from November, 1968 as will be evident from the above table. In all 192 pumps were received by the 184 groups during this year. The receipt of pumlips by the groups and starting of their use for irrigation in this year are shown in the table below: 63 Table-17 Receipt and starting of use of pumps by groups. ' ' l Receipt Starting of use Months ;TA S I 1 T f I M I N - d grups pums |groups |pumps By November, 1968 34 34 7 7 ,, Decembjer, I9- 110C L Lk 112 51 524 (59%) (58%) (27%) (27%) January, 1969 173 180 1418 159 (94%) (93%) (80%,) (82%) February, 1969 184 193 179 187 (100%) (100%) t(470/') i CTV7/ ,,M.arch, 1969 - - ]X() 18 (9T7W) (98%) inicte the@ r rl * ti 1 i - Iie starting or use OI pum)ps )y 33%' groups in iNovemler, 1i1OO indicated the need for distribution of pumps for the winter cultiva- tion earlier in those places. But the fact that 27% pumps were used by Decb, 1968 against receipt of 590 a p ent of adva.nce rental by 88% groups, was also significant and indicated organisational problems. The gap was however covered in january, 1969, when 82o/. pumps were used against receipt of 930/. 3% pumps were not used till March 15, 1969, mostly in Khulna division. rnumps were received late tnere anu Uue to tuLIe delay some groups disintegrated. Delay in starting irrigation by groups was also caused by their failure in getting supply of first two barrels of fuel on credit and by late appointmen.t of drivers. It was also found that 11% groups used pumps for growing early aus in Chittagong, oromilla, Pabna, Dac,ca and Rangpur districts. So the starting of use in different months was indicative of the fact that pumps were needed not only for koro cultivation, but also for otner crops. 64 Use of pumps Sample tlianias received 1017 pumps till March, 1969. But thouglh 925 groups wanted pumps earlier, actually 909 groups of different categories received 945 pumps. 888 groups used 924 pumps upto the end of the season. The totai capacity of 945 pumps wvas 1824 cusecs and of 924 pumps 1782 cusecs. 21 ( 2.3% of the total ) groups failed to use 21 pumps due to several IedaUso. Vl IUbC, .10 Vr '1 J ca tegoy o 11n U 6J Wei e L U y schemes. fable-18 Groups in sample thanas irrigated with pumps Category I Groups |Groups given! Groups actu- Groups irriga- of schemes organised pumps ally worked ted with pumps A 91 - 91 B 813 813 798 798 C 86 86 80 80 D 7 7 7 7 E 3 3 3 3 1000 909 979 888 tn thie case of 'C' category schernes whirh failed, either wnrks- of excavation of khals were not completed or khals silted up after re-excavation in the previous year. Failure of groups T 1 . a1 > nr / _gr U S ra* in sample tnanas 2 z or all groups failec' for various reasons which are listed below: 65 Table-19 C,auses O iailure of groups ...I I I I -I Causes Catgory of No. of the total g rouDs groups I g failed I ^ 1 - - | ~grolups. Xaim¢U 1 Shnrtqag of watpr in natural khals B 5 23-80% 2. Shortage of water in knais re-excavated C 6 28-57% 3. Disintegration of groups B 5 23 820, 4. Groups formed for takir.g los onlu B 2 953EV 5. Sandy soil, B 1 4176°% 6. Fump damaged by unknown persons B 1 X 6% 7. Shortage of oil and fuel B I 476k/ 21(100%) 100% Failures in 11 (122% of all) groups were due to shortage of water. In oneuthana, five categoryschemes failed due to drying up of water in a re-excavated canal. 5 groups disintegrased due to late arrival of pumps. 2 groups disappeared afteri receiving, the co. operative loans and pumps. Complete breakdown of a pump led to the failure of one groti only. zAi`nother broke down due to shiortage w£ oil ad-I TUIL, hJLXIWJ$ 4 VA WatLe sUpJpJy iUldcatGeU defective planning and technical examination. . Other cases. were due to defective organisations. Efficiency of pumps and groups (i) Group average: Sample groups planned to irrigate 5118 acres on an average. Theu nini nm area to be irrigated by a 2 cunec pump was fixed at 66 30 acres hy the B. D. Departmenit. 184t groups which actually used pumDs till the end of the senson, irrigated 739O 95 nrcrov -The average thus came to 39 72 acres per groul. (ii) Area per cusec 184 groups utilized 192 pumps, with a total of 379 cusecs. The groups irrigated on an averave 19 28 acres per cusec as shown in the table below Table-20 Average area irrigated by sample groups and by cusecsitithe groups I I I I i ~ Sample groupsj No. of Total I Ttal area Area iri ted Area irri- actually irriga- pumps _ -- I a___ I l gated by ted till end of actually cused iite U each cusec the season o uall used (in acres) (nacres) I(in acres) 184 192 379 7309 95 39.72 19 28 (iii) Thana figutres: 0^re,onl- n -iue cac-ae on- -the4- basi ok kq f data -ollecte S~'-'WALJ41L;hTjJL 1IL L I1ig I1 Ut UZ) %_CL ULV%UCL.LLU 'ill 41 t L A~ -~Ot '.. U( .'JkI.-'L at thana level from records of thana irrigation officers, . thana agri- culture..officers and circle officers were very close to those of the group- - 1. 1 - : 4 .. 4..kl k .1 ...I ;rups...asl shown in Lthe Atable below: Tabhle-21 Average area irrigatrd by groups and cusecs in the sample thanas Groups actu-' No. of |ITotal a cre per.1 Area lper atiy AT11, IkCt- j jJ1taJ ueu A ted in -sam- by these cusecs irrigated group cusec pI h_a__ -- gr ou us6ed I(in acres) I (in acres) I (in acres) pie LLIdIldb .gruUuPS l' 888 ~ 924 1782 35,9i7 40 45 204i6 (iv) Thana officers' views With regard to actual area irrigated per group and per cusec, ave- rages of both levels have come to 40 08 and 19 72 respectively. Thana level officers in the course of discussions at the training conferences at the A^cademy held that managers showed a tendency to 6' 7 10 keep t*e recorueud ngures Iower tnan tne real ngures 'or ulterior purposes. No question was however asked during the survey to find out the veracity of such an allegation. (v) Difference between target and actuial The area proposed for irrigation and the area actually irrigated by each group were 5118 acres and 40 08 acres respectively. So 78 31% of the proposed area were irrigated by eac- group. ; Af terms UJ caiegory o schnemes The peficinc could also be judged in term of category of schemes from the statement below Table--22 Efficiency of pumps by categories of schemes Category of schemes |TAverage area by each 'vated r er cusec group ( in acres) j in acres) B 40-82 20 59 G 30 11 18-40 D 49175 11-25 P 36-67 18-33 B-category schemes showed up to be the simplest in planning and best in operation. (vii) Efficiency in terms of regions: - The provincial average of area irrigated per group or per pump was around 40-00 acres. In regions; where there was heavier con- centration of pumps, the regional average also was higher as shown in the table hblnw Ial)Ie-23 ,ffeciency of p . byr ios. I I I I Percentage I Average area Districts in the rercen .agc of total | irrigated per Regions ofstra g I regions I o al acres irri- I group/pump l I Pulnps useuO gated | ( in aus ) I Chittagong, Clhittagong Hill Tracts, Noakhali and Comilla. 29 48% 34.21% 45.79 II Dinajpur, Bogra, Rangpur, Raisliahi, Kustia. 14 36% 11?680% 30 09 TTT Kh a Jessore, Patuakhali, lBerisal & I paidpuj. 01 211° 7' A 1 O/ 241 IV Dacca, Pabna, Mymensingh,Sylliet. 44.050 46 70% 41i84 Chittagong and Dacca divisions used 73-53% of pumps and irrigated 80.91%/ of the total area lbrought une the~ programmi,e and the averages of area irrigated by groups in these two regions were 45 79 was and 4184 was respectively. uour ofL operatfivon Average hours of operation of pumps varied from group to group, ranging from 182 hours per day to 8&43 hours per day. T vi are noted below Table--24 Hours of operation of pumps Hours of operation | No. of pumps used by | Percentaze of per day I the sample groups. pumps used. 182 hrs. 1 0*55% 3 92 - 498 lirs. 33 17 27% 500 - 5'73 ,, 40 2094%j 6f07 - 666 ,, 41 21460/ 7 04- 766 ,, 60 31-41/o 8 00 -- 843 ,, 16 8.370/ 192 100% 69 The average of hours of operation of all pumps of sample grouns was 6298 hrs per day. But pumps worked for 8 hours or more a day in 2 (8%.) thanas; for 704 to 766 hours in 4 (16%) thanas; for 5 00 hours to 6 66 hours in 11 (44%) thanas. 6124% pumps operated for more than 6 hours a day. So pumps were not used to their capacity. Low hours of work indicate presence of organizationai and technicai probiems. OiF lA ar,d1-u fitu e -ld consumpt-111n The prescribed fuel consumption for a 2-cusec pump was about 0 55 gallons per hour. From figures supplied by thana irrigatnLlo offlcers, supporteu uy log books of pump Udrilvers of the sample thanas, it was found that the consumption of fuel (HSD) ranged from 0 36 gallons to 1-03 gallons per hour; but bulk of the pumps ronsumed between 053 gallons to 085 gallons. Table--25 Oil and fuel consumption by pumps. H4SD consum- I No. of P. C. of p-er hIour pumps. pumps. (in gallons) *36 gallons 3 1/ 4 AA 1'7 go 5.53-'59 ., 34 19% -60- 69 ,, 88 46% .70- 7c, 12 6%/ -80-85 ,, 22 12% .1A '70 / i03- 14 7°0 1OA* 1000// Consumption figures show tnat 83-%) pumps used 053 gallons to 085 gallons per hour. These pumps worked in 76% thanas. Only 41% groups used EPADC fuel exclusively. 59 (32%) groups u1se boh+ PADA n .A -A nr-1t becauose nf one nr ntlhor of the following causes. EPADC price was higher than the market price (15% of-the groups) ; EPADC did not supply less than one barrel (21%); there was lack of proper arrangement at TTDC's (22%), etc. * Figures of two pumps were not available. 70 irrigation costs Managers and model farmers were asked about cost of irriga- tion. Pump rental, transportation, oil and fuel, repairs, excavation of field channels, and miscellaneous expenses, without taking into calculation the subsidies and labour costs, amounted to Rs. 49 21 per acre. The break-up of the costs are shown in the table below Table-26 Per acre cost of irrigation of farmers (exciuding laDour and other costs ) Items of cost Ameunt per s totaP cost of the acre (s.) I fqrmprq 1. Pump rental 6-22 1 1 o 2. Pump transportation 134 /o 3. Oil and fuel cost 2i 691 4690° 4. Transportation of oil or fuel 139f 5. Repairs 105 214%, 6. Excavation of field channel 9 79 i9 89"o 7. Miscellaneous expenses of the group 7.73 15 71% Total 49 21 100% The pump rental was fixed at Rs. 950 00 for a 2-cusec pump and the subsidy was Rs. 800 00. The average area irrigated by such a pump was around 40 acres. Hence the subsidy of Rs. 800 00 for such a pump meant a subsidy of Rs. 20 00 per acre. So the cost including the sub.sidy Vas - SP. 6Q.91 Q1a Rs. 7?000 npr acrr The costs of transportation of pumps and barrels of fuel to the pump sites varied from place to place. These were understably high in places with bad cornmunication facilities in 5 (20X0/) sample thanas. But the cost of Rs. 72 64 in Bancharampur thana of Comilla, Rs. 76 66 in Rajoir thana of Faridpur, Ks. 7/9U0 in Boranatta inana of Mymensingh, Rs. 76 00 in Derai thanas of Sylhet districts seemed to be too high compared to the facilities of boat communication available tnere. These costs of transportation couu bUe reUuced iL such cases with better group management. Credit supply 'rL _ __7 .i _AI--- - C be, t rnpf frnm tfroa- Qnhl rrooc M iSt:ilS 1icl b IIVV%A _- - _ 'VsWX _,s - - .._ _ - _.-. -.- -.- .,.,_,___ Taccavi, Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan and Co- operative Directorate. The Taccavi loan amounting to Rs. 56 lakhs w.as very limited in supply, m-eanmt specially for areas affected by natural calamities. Other two sources were ADBP and Co- operative Directorate. ADBP undertook to distribute Rs. 1i00 crore in five districts. Co-operative Directoratc undetook to dis- tribute Rs. 3 00 crores in 13 districts; but did not remain confined to the districts assigneu to t'neui in this respect. Ti ey issueu loans to union multipurpose co-operative societies also in five districts in which the ADBP distributed loans for boro. Taccavi loans were dILtiue Aby--_ agicltr officrs in cash anrl kinr. Tn the- manfter LJJOL IULFULCt Jy CA U .Y -r It- AI.CLU t~ -JIJLL- I., -Ao~tn.1 tn.. of distribution of loans under the sup'ervised credit programme of Co-operative Directorate, the goveranment decision to issue loans in kind and in cash on the basis of the agreed formula was not folloNved from the very beginning of distribution and as such in parts of some districts,, loans were disrriDuted entirely in casn. The agreed formula for distribution of loans by ADBP and Co-operative Directorate fixed following proportions of cash and kind loans for the 'boro season under their supervised credit pro- grarnmes this year. Table-27 Loan limits for IRRI and local boro per acre under sunerviedl rredit programme Itm oLocal Boro r IRRI 'Boro' S3.. Items lor which I Cash Q imo Cash IQa c. loan is sanctioned or - QIu.an- I Amo- | in 1Quan- lAmount I kind l I lty uLL A kind lILY I 1. Dalanceu fertilizer in kind 2- mds. 12700 in kind 5 mds. 4700 2. Seeds in cash 15 srs. 15 00 in cash 10 srs. 10 00 3. Cost of labour - 25-00 4. Cost of fuel ., --- 2500 - 2500 67 00 107;00 Source Departmental circulars 72 ADBP loans were issued to cultivators individually through their investigators and thana agriculture officers and union agricul- ture assistants who were entrusted with the making and forwarding Vi VLLII 1rniCaL~CL~ A'. 1.JLJ I ..I ILI 0. of production and 'loan plans tLo ,^,;2>C.gicers. Figures of actual distribution obtained from managers of sam- ple groups, showed that out of the total membership of 9545 of ali groups, oniy 243'6'* (V//o inei1LJers ol Ltil toa1) got loans under the credit programmes of ADBP and Co-operative Directorate and to the extent of 64% of their requirements. Nearly thiree- fouirths of pump-group members thus did not get loans. As regards the loan amount, it was found that each loanee got Rs. 15842 on an average. The loan limits thus seemed to have bepn Pvexe-ePdre byr nearly A1°0/ in the caep nf IRRT cllltivation and by 136% in the case of local boro cultivation. Table-28 Credit Supply in sample thanas for 'boro' season (1968-69) by ADBP and Co-operative Directorate. Sour ampl _ roups l_! Crdtsutj ei eue Source No |N NofINO. of | NNo. of I Amo- IT_ _f INo. of I Amount 1 t u l'INt U. inmejm- mg Inem- Iunt il llmem- IRs.o II credit tha-Igroups1 bers bgro- bers Rs. |groups| bers Rs I nas X Iups I * Coopera- tive Direc- torate 1 6 103 4475 77 1785 3,99,347 76 1,650 2,65,657 ADBP 6 36 2986 28 672 77,894 25 401 41,980 iaurall Develop- ment Pro- ject Brah- man Baria 1 20 1305 9 396 63,100 7 227 29,437 Rangunia 1 24 765 9 175 63,628 7 158 48,828 Nachole 1 1 14 - - - - - Total 25 184 9545 123 3028 6,03,969 115 2,436 3,85,902 13 1~~~~IACO (tro1AnO! (bŽo / - A / I ercentage 250J I.VV00 10v/0 2U6% 6'k 1. rittrirts of Comilla. Rananur- Raishahi; Tessore & Khulna were assigned tn ADBRP inder the supervised credit programme ( Letter on GMILS 4 (471 ) 68-69/785 (23) dated 29-11-68 of ADBP). 73 Distribution of cred'it as already mentioned was made by the CUo-operative DireCtiorldLtCe toL1V th uitip gUI ups whichLI were WLiveLW ted into farmers'" co-operative societies (KSS) in 13 districts and to union multipurpose co-operative societies in five districts where A TDBP gave loans. Figures of loans givern through union multi- purpose societies were not collected and included in the above figures. In respect of two thanas, viz, Brahmanbaria and Rangunia where thana central co-oDerative associations were established to support the village or farmers' co-operatives, loans were distribu- ted tnrough them. in one thana i. e. in Nachiole of Rajshahi district no, loan was given by ADBP, the assigned institution. Regarding distribution of loans, both the Co-operative Direc- torate and the ADBP insisted on making of production plans by the loanees. 75% groups made production plans. These produc- lion plans were processed through the union agriculture assistants adthel tana agriculture offticers. ThIe th1ana co-operat'ive oLfi-cers seemed. to have ignored these provisions in some cases, as could be ascertained from the discussions in the training conferences of these officers held twice at the Aademuy, once in February - Anri!, 69 and again in July - August, 69. There were also groups which formed simply for taking the loans and did not use the pumps at all. T O^- vvernAe strib- betveen NAo-eLrnhAr,- an Jnr Touanr, The groups thought that the distribution was late. Officers also indicated in the training conferences that loans should be distributed by November each year. As regards loans in kind, 43 92%0 of the loan-amounts were to be (listributed in kind. But only 15%/ of the loan was distributed Supply of seeds, fertilizers and insecticides EPADC supplied seeds and fertilizers. IRRI seeds were also locally available. So there was no dearth of seeds. But there were comolaints of IRRI seeds sunnlied by EPADC not germinating in sorne cases. In sample thanas, the corporation sold 1,85,61634 mds. of fertilizer; 82,983-84 mds. in cash-and 1,02,632 50 mds. under loan bonds. Groups did not suffer anywhere from lack of supply of fertilizers. So the distribution was simoothly done. 17 4 f * I 4I.4 . IIIsec(iciuLIC; xV IL: IvaIIdu)L: III aI L. the .hlldJ 1 I) LL nL t UL(I lLLtiIly. 5% of the groups complained about serious inadequacy of insecticide sutpply. Suipply of sprayers was also a commnon problein. Some of the problems el i,, t ]Is rr, arc .] rrnvn in iIr ta I ble Ie owv Table--29 Problems groups regarding plant protection N tllre, nf nrnrllotrnQ No of frri-inI Percentage of sample groups 1. Want of sprayers3 i 6t;',0 2. Sprayers not available, nor repaired timely 21 12% 3. Inadequate insecticcles supply 9 500 4. Ineffective insecticides 8 42H Execution of 'A' & IC' category schemes (i)' A calegory schemes Pumprs coutld not I)e used ly some grouns without some amount of constructioni works durinig thle winter when the water level went down. In thlose cases water could be made available at convenient pump sites by re-excavation of already existing khals, or excavating new khals. Suclh schelmes as required excavation or re-excavation r 1 1 1. I I I . 1 1~1-I I - of khiais were included in ine 'C' category. In the case of hill streams or beels, water could be retained and level raised by cons- tructing cross dams, small regulators and embankments. Schemes UlU Iiiig sUUII UUIcILt utAi)IIs were imCIudeu iII 9-a' category adlu were the least costly, requiring no purnps. A limitation was set regarding these two categories of schemes by the 13. D. Department to the e4ffec-c flila thle rnaximlumt cost for such- construction or earthwork should not exceed Rs. 50 00 per acre to be irrigated by such projects. In the entire province, funds were sanctioned for 1016 schlemies of 'A' category. Nine sample thanas had 103 A category schemes. Two of them having 45 (44%,), schemes completed the works cent. percent. Four more with 43 (4z27%) schemes completed 950% to 96%, of the works. The remaining four thanas with 15 (14%) schemes completed works to tha extent of 45% to 80%. These nine tl .- - r)- ' 7-13 '17r An O.A _1 _ - n I ) Al 01 C O'1 ,Oi.r17 tnanas receiveu lxs. 3,7Q,5,093 v adIIU spent Rs. ,06,120 71 (8161%) for these 103 schemes in this year as shown in the table below 75 Table -30 No. of samplei No. of I Amount I A mouin-t I Pretg thanas having Ischemes Isanctioned Ispent Ierntg 'A' categorc nte IfrwnlQIf-ruAk I of works schemes. Ithanas Rs- (RS. 1 R~~I oe 1 ~~6(5%/) 6,450 2,922 29 45%, 3 9(90/) 69-2g3 49 gnn0nn Fi., t oR 0/_ 4 43(42%~) 2,22,960 1,90,831-12 95%o - 96%/ 2 ~~415(440) 7,95 6,670 10 9 1O (10%)01 _3,75,093q 306,129071 T_i 0 '4 'A, onI90 In86/a of schemes undier category 'A,works doewere 97 or above. This can be taken as fairly. satisfactory. Among 9 thanas which had schemnes of 'A' category and gave execution reports, only 5 reported about the area irrigated. The per-acre cost of area irrigated by such schemes will be found from the table below Table.-731 Area irrigated by- 'A' caeory _CL_1~ andU COStS. I N of IPercen-- A Amount i Amount I Area Sample Ischemes Itage Isanctio- spent Iirriga- Tfhana Iin the Iof works I Ined, i I ted thana Idone I Rs.) IRs.) (acres) Sunrarngonj 23 95b% 1,50,000 1,.38,8b0 20,700 Rangunia. 44 1 0 0%- 74,345 60,517 16,496 Mahalchari 16 96% 55,760 37,861 831 1~~7O Bancharampur 1 65% 14,533 8,800 2,000 8 5 '2,96,238 2,96,028 40,127 The total of the areas irrigated by these 88 schemes was 40,127 acres and the cost was Rs. .2,46,028. The sanctioned cost was Rs-. 7-38 ner acre-r hiut the actual was Rse 9-13 on an average In Mahalchari thana. only the; expen'se was @ Rs. 45-58 per acre. Thne WA category schemes -thus cost least and should be exploited to the f ullest possible extent. 7G (ii) 'C' category schemes r,. thie case O1 'C category sclienics, 12i satiLnle ILIn IZat s reportecl about execution of 92 schemes. 3 tllanas exectutecl 46 (50,/;) schemiies completely. One thana with one schleme (lid 45 / -, .1,o I,-.*A.- (),1 A t1,n1lc, inv, ')rPfls irrignted this vear as a result of the works done. Costs of these sclhemes were higher and somctimes too exorbitant as shown in table Table-32 Execution of 4C' category schemes in 1968-69 in sample thanas. No. of No. of I A%ount j 171~~I Pec 7Areairri j Areto- samllple S(I seli sanietbo- tage of Igated be irri- haas l | ned spen works this year gated (Rs.) (Rs.) I done I ( acres ) ( acres 1 1 1 Q800 A°,/, - 200 00 1 10 1,27,274 55,445 5O/ - 518O00 1 3 22,400 13,200 60O- 1 1 50qo,000 32,00 700/ 1600 00 1 3 21,800 19,662 75% - 400 00 1 2 38,200 13,600 83% 250OO 206000 2 8 1,02,950 86,200 85%/ - 1800 00 3 46 45,905 32,292 100'X, 2560-00 - 1 10 1~~~~~- 00 A')~ r_ ' 7 A 00 1 10O 1,9,4q.)5 57f,000 - - - I 2 92 5,91,814 3,10,699 281000 Nearly 52% of the sanctioned amount were spent in all these thanas. In 61l/- schemes more than 83,/ of the works were done and actual use of the water for ijrigation was reported for about 53% schemes. The cost per acre in respect of 46 schemes which were complete(d fully came to Rs. 12 22 per acre. In the case of 2 sChlmlle-s dwe 'ql waqs N q. z l-40 per icre considering tfl1' area act uall11 in . 1., cases. 1>^ resp xet72>A>' of ;0 A%' he the -x ta co;s~ we\o Rs. 07'03 per acre, While only 50 w orks were done. In the case '7,7 of 3 schemes, wsith 75%0 of the works done, the cost per acre exceeded Rs. 49 15. In another scheme the cost went up to Rs. 166 66 per acre with 85% of the works done. The per acre cost of irrigation of 'C' category was not uniform in all areas. T_..1 r L_ -L s 41 I lie wollsb u0 l CaiLgUy S;Cucnicte wxcre eeCutLut ILLUUgI project committees and supervised by thana council overseers. Release of funds for these works were delayed in most cases due to the d;tistul.!nr,os 'l!al ofif~ricers sesse upon!z the need for transfer of responsibility for supeCrvision of works of thlesc schelmles to the thana irrigation team. But that would not solve the p)roblem of high cost per acre. Schemes reouirinz suchl excavation or re-excavation works should he scrutinized very carefully and preferably included in the general works programme. It was found tihat in the sample thanas 87 pumps were allocated to 82 'C' category schemes this year. 18 ( 22%/ ) schemes were completed in 1967-68. They used 23 pumps ( 26%). A.nd 6 sche-es of 1968=69 w 1ere al1c-ate 64 pu-rnps. 'T'hlre wxere some failures of such schemes due to shortage of water in the canals, previously excavated. Also 'C' category schemes after completion, would reouire maintenance in subsequent years. In adclition pumps were to be subsidized. So these schemes did s s r . s 1 sI . a I s , - not appear to have been financially ancd tecnnically very sound inis year. Table-, 33 Cost of 'C' category schemes per irrigated acre. Name of I No. of lAm.ountlAmount, Percen: IArpia irr;COSt per sanmple sche sanctio-schepenn tage t d acre irri- shampl I Ined I _ I work g dI gated thana sIntI( \Igae I I (Ks.) I (Ks.) I done I ' ' (Rs.) Rangun a iai li;n 23An 86 '700) 10AA0% Al A 6A,6 Mahalchari 21 29,215 19,240 100 ', 800 2405 Munshigonj 2 38,200 13.600 83% 250 54 40 Brahmanbaria 2 8,190 6,352 100% 750 8 47 Total 48 84,105 45,892 - 2810 16 33 al UL1---- 3Y4 Costs of 'C' category schem,es penr ac.re to ceirgtd Nao.oe oflnou1li tThoni A ofp Area to I Cost per acre l\aime of I I .' .''-~no 1 1tnon,- oll e irri- [,Szmc- Sp-8-)e-nt- thianla s SalncI- spent work be irri- Sanc Se inies idc L'aed tine l (Rs.) I ( | acres) -1 (Rs.) Sunaingoiij 6 52,950 -41,200 85% 1500 35 30 27-46 B3ancharamipur 3 21,800 19,662 75'V, 400 54 50 19 15 Parshuraiii 1 1,850 800 45',% 200 9 25 4P00 Gournadi iu i,27,274 5,445 5 0'j, 5i8 Z40'/U i0:303 Baidverbazar 1 50,000 32,500 70%/ 1 600 3:1[25 20:31 Tala 2 50,00 45.000 85% 30() 1 6666 150(00 'iTotal 23; 3,03,874 194,607 - 4518 (6725 43(07 Problems faced by the groups. Responses of group clhairmen, managers, moldel farmers, puiip rlrivt.rq nlnl (rr1'innrx mem.brs, rvae t ihat they encount var- ous prol)lems----organlisational, technical, mechanical, planning, relating to supplies and services, pump clrivers and sutch other maLtters. Ihliese )rollenis led to temnDorary breaks in nunmn nnopr- tioni in miiany groups andl tllus affected tlhir efficiency. Complete Iailures ol groups (due to these causes as cliscussed earlier were barcv 2:3"' in the thanas studied and 0 55% in respect of groups Stud(ied. Surivial] of the groups in the face of so many odds leInlonstrated L(L Lc inlherent strenigLi olf01 e proru-runillme and the earnest dlesir-e of the farmers to reap a good lharvest in the safe season by usinig the irrigation facilities thus provided. Organlizationial problems arose due to: (a) members not paying oil and fuiel cost timely in (63:1 of the groupns) (hb non-naymllent of the cost at all (12%), (c) slhortage of fun(d at the disposal of the group (1.8(), (d) factions in the group (1'%O), (e) neglect of the managrer in bringing, regular supplies (6° ). In respect of weekly savings only :3 out 186 groups reported some saving deposits in the first phiase. In tihe second phlase, no groulp had any savings at aii. Mechmical nroblems vwere created by: (a) non-availability of spare parts (25'j,, of the groups') (b) lack of facilities for petty '796 I ZiI UCIMiL facilities (IL puInp siLes k7O ) Liic) y III in CJl)Ji 1 III IUSpecC of punmps needed to be removed to workshop (3") (d) delay in replacement (1%), etc. Table---35 Group problems and temporary breaks in pump operation Pump drivers created problems by: (a) unauthorised absences (X 'j of the groups), (b) not following the instructioins of the mana- gers (5%), (c) lack of skill (1%) and (d) unwillingness to work. Sl i'roiji|m No. of |Percentage| No. of I No. of hours No i i-roblems I groups of sample clays l lost (h 5 hrs. NO] lattended I groups I lost I per day 1. Lack of oil & fuel 88 47 31%. 742 3,710 2. Mcchanical troubles 57 30i66% 308 1,540 :3. I)elay in making repairs 36 1(936%, 1 58 790 4. Organiisational problems 28 15 05% 185 925 5. Delay in excavatioin of field clhannels 6 3.22% 27 1:35 6. Pump drivers 19 10 22" 0 115 575 7. Shortage of water sunnl)1y 15 8 G 6{ 168 810 S. Rains 2 7 14A62'o 352 1,760 2055 10,275 Psrobl-ins wiili regarr to)onil and fuel supply were faced by 17'1/ grou,ps. Apart from the problems of organisation and member's unwiiingness to pay the costs timely, reponses indicatei that (a) lack of proper arrangements at TTl'DC's (22% groups), (b) non-issue of first two barrels of fuel on credit (16% groups), and such other p)[Ulienis 1in rtesect Uotl o tiian l'ue'i suppily aliso were ecIoLUInILcUU IDy groul)s. I'Ilese problems have been summed up in the table below 80 Tlahle- .A6i I)idfcil',q ! fsivorl hvy s;.!irplcg frolids in tiroc uringr oi! and fiue! of~~ IT.F 0 ofI PerccntaulV _NO ot'erecctage o of Sl { | No of |PorcciltaMel groups of the total. N "IDifficulties faced saimple lof the sam] . I ___ .1 tianas pie thanasl facin-- I i ._____ _ iprob lems, gr¶ups 1. Members not p)aying x-1< ~.. . ..:1. I.-.1 fucl tilll y 20 76",, 117 63(/ 2. Lack of parop er ar-ranl- genmelits at 'iIi)C s 8 32% /11 22% ,). iNUII-ISLC' JJ Il,L LW U barrels oin credit by C. O.'s 8 32% 31 16%) i. Non-sply of nece- ssary credit to the groups 6 241,/ 15 8(/ /0~~~~~~/ 5. Lacl; of p)roper atten- tion b) y tlie nffcers 4 160/ 15 8' 6. WriVt of attention b.y the supliie* s 3 12% 6 3% 7. IA dPV) iLl di ot sUI)Ply less ILl; I one IjIL lmarr~ei ati a tiflzl 7 28% 39 21% S. Oil and fuel was not available at TTDC 5 20% 23 12% IJ l,-\v 5 20%u w; higlher 10. Difficulties in trans- portation 11 44% 34 18%/ ii. Otner difficulties 5 t i £s0 IL2% ivleclnanical probilemis were of)1 -vdar1UU ture. A f some of them are listed in the table below Table-37 Mechanical breakdowns and repairs No~ of Percen- INo. of sam_le Percentage Si. Causes | sample age of | groups affec- | of the total No. i thainas samnle I ted in the sample gro- _ I affected thanas Isample thanas.ups affected 1. Want of spare parts 14 56% 47 25 26'% 2. Lack of facilities for petty repairs at pump sites 7 28% 16 8 61% 3. Major repairs requiring removal to workshop 4 1600 6 3 22% 4. Requiring replacement of pumps 2 8% 2 I.07% Local pump drivers L]ocal pump drivers were expected to help groups in using the pumilps to the optimum without any hitch and at the lowest cost. They would not create any problem of food and lodge. They owed an obligation to the groups for the employment provided and so would serve the groups to the best of their capacity. Fror the responses of managers, pump drivers and thana irrigation officers, it was found that 81% pump drivers were selected by pump groups. In 3 (1 3.o' thanas, there was no arrangement for training of pump drivers at thana lheadquarters or nearabout and lhence no local driver was selected. In 4 (16%) thanas which were pilot thanas in 1966-671 all the drivers were local men, In 84% thanas training programme for local puimp drivers were held in thana workshops, thana council halls, stores, and in the field, These thanas trained drivers in excess of their require- inents this year. But with regard to appointment of drivers, circle officers reported that they were not consulted by the thana irriga- tion officers in 12 (48%) thanas inspite of orders of the B. D. Department and the corporation, TIO's and AIO's were asked al,out probolemns creaLecI uy local driver.s anu loliowinig ani6wers were given: (I.) Local drivers quarrelled with managers 24.% thanas (2) 'IThey (lid not work earniestly 56"/o % :3) I LICY JUJiICLL 1U i I N1? [ filCUMoIus Or teIC g 01.I)S 'It)/ L IN1-ilbd (4) They supplied water illegilimately to factions 32 , (5) They did not pay lieted to the orders of TIO or AIO 2 4 '. (6) flicy misused oil and fuel 4 , 7I ,i "iiey used low qiuality fuel ii collusion withi the managers 4% (8) Tlhey were inexperienced and lacked skill 4% G-ro;;) ;.;nac.s wre ake(Iadbout oa updies wtrI. ICrLI I 1 L LI[IC1IUISL-. 3vYC L: ~l L &IJLL J)Ccil jJUIlljJ LILIt71VCI XVU P.. Only 5% complained about unauthoHised absence, lack of skill, indifferent keeping of recor(ds andI not following their orders. Only 720/ uroinp gent lg bonnks frcfm hcirl ofTifirs. Theprp wa1s dlay in getting the supply due to:. difficulties in printing the forms. It was necessary to supply log books along witlh pumps to the group. Posting of pump drivers also. should have been made when the pumps were delivered. Delay in supply of log books led to Airreg;;laritILi in accountsb k1eetpIing. Record keepning by groupr Pump groups were formed to serve an economic end. Tran- sactioris within or outside the group involved costs, deposits, assessments andl rPqHi7tinns. HeInce recordkl essential for the purpose. The manual prescribed details regarding records and accounts to be maintained by different persons working in the programme at different levels ( vide section K sub-sections (i) to (vi) in pages 22 to 25 ). The data collected at the group level showed the position as stated below It .J , s Pece,.uge uj groups maintained. Log books 900 Copy of the original irrigation plen with particulars required 16% Mouza map 6% Revised irrigation plans Below 10/ Register of water charges 61% Fertilizer register 8% Counterfoil of receipts given to members 16%/ Managers' deposits to TI fund 10% Oil and fuel register 29°/ Water turn register 17% Records of group and managing committee meeting 40% 83 Log books were not kept hy.10% groups, register of water ch:1rges l,iy 13c/V and oi! and fuel rc6isters W'F y 71",; Thcse werc tlie most essential registers. Managers, however, kept rough accounts in those cases. These deficiencies in accounts-keeping were higlhly preiudicial to the interests of members. Managers were not paid staff and hence minimum of paper work should be demanded of them. At the same time for protection or interests OI ordinary members, basic accounts most be kept properly. Production Managers anp model farmers were asked about the production of crops in irrigated lands. Responses indicated that 81% groups grew IRRI anddv in near!v 370/ of the area irrigated. They procured seeds for the purpose from EPADC godowns as well as from their own localities. Regarding EPADU seeds, thiere was a general complain of low germinationvrates. However, when enquired about expected yields, managers and model farmers quoted yield -- flI~~ ~~ £~ rflDT ~I)a figures ranging from o0 to UV niu's. per acre lfor IRRI X cLIy,, the mean being 60 mds. per acre. In respect of local b)oro the corres- ponding figures were quoted at 20 to 60 mds., the mnean being 30 mLds. per acre. 1lz/ grojups als -11-en-11-Ld Vbu utiaino early aus expecting yields between 16 to 40 mds. Pump operations and working of groups have been discussed in this chapter. Problems are bound to exist in a programme involving so many departments and agencies and such a huge number of farmers and farm leaders. On the whole groups worked sutLCCs[luIIy an' braveu all LIIe problemJs. IS n the next chapte .he roles. played by officers and thana level institutions will be discussed. CHAPTLR 1 0 Mi'2,U 1-'V'TPT\TNRNifNT A 1)1)iA A rst TA NTMr I - ], . I ,w I, - III I 1 4 L XL l XI IL X" t, I x \ 1. COORI)INATION AT WORK Innovations and training A province-wide training programme for farm leaders at the thana .. 1 1 ..~~~ 1 .~~ centr~ ~~ - - - I - 1 _ -,.--1 LI;anla tra Ini,ng and( de;rclopillenlt centres -vvas Onvisag'-U( andlL accep-ieu as an essential cleiment of the progranmme. Farmers were found to learn most and quickest from tlheir neighl)otrs and leaders who adopted innov.ntions. Managers and model farmers for this reason were entrusted with the responsibility for giving them training in respect of cooperative group action and adoption of improved asgricultural practices. Mere training would be of no avail, unless necessary supplies and services were given in adequate quantities and proper time. Departmental and agency officers at the thana level were to conduct this training of trainers as well as to the make all necessary supplies and services available. Hence the stress was laid on coordination also as a basic principle the programme. It would be worthwhile to discuss here holw effectively these principles were followed in execution of the programme. The extension work (i) Ylgriculiure Ojjicer Field level officers of ALriculture Directorate are the specia- lists for agricultural extension. Union agricultural assistants (UJAAl.'s) are the spearhecads of their extensioni work. T hana agriculture officers were asked if they had UAA's in all thanas. Responses showed that UAA's were posted in 59%') thanas. And askied abIout the w~ay these UAi\'s had helped the pumlp groups, TAO's mentioned 24 activities, the most comrnon being use of balanced fertilizers and insecticides (100%), preparation and super- vision of schemes (46),/. preparation and follow un of nrordictinn plan (31%), practical demonstration and technical advice (23%). They also referred to proper utilization of water, methods of plant protection, inter-cultural operations, and other such activities in which assistance was rendered. UAA's were made responsible for ma Klllg prouuctioni pians i'or implementation or tne supervised credit programme of Cooperative Directorate and ADBP. But respon- 85 sibility for training farmers was transferred from UAA's to the LtIhAilCi icul L LI I off III,I cers U I IL I ItL, fiX A I III Li,eLJIaIIoUL O r I Li I the importance of such training. UAA's were asked to attend thana training and development - centres with model farmers of their r(ions so tabt tlieu ouild rennder real assistanrp to tlem in the field. Lack of funds for payment of their travelling allowance however posed as a problem later and they didl not join model farmers' training classes in many cases or did not get travelling allowance if they had joined. (ii) Local ertenision agents In the new extension approach however the role of union agriculture assistants was not very significant. Emphasis was laid on tIh tinII IIoif OLi lar eauers whou ould iu LteaCIe.rI aI th respective groups. Accordingly funds were sanctioned and arranige- ments made for training of managers and model farmers, the local extension aentw at TTDC's Selection or election of managers andc model farmers was made, as noted in the chapter dealing with organization, by groups in joint meetings. Managers were selected more timely than model farmers. By December, 1968, training of managers started in 72% thanas and that of model farmers in 56F4 l/ i-h,n,', c-',,n March,b1 (~ 1\,f, Managrs an .model farXes coll,rses lhga n in 92%,/ and 84% thanas respectively in January, 1969. I'licir trainiing slhould( lbave started much earlier, preferably from the iiimol! ;f November to enable grouns to work better and start irrig t ionl io proper time. *o) I~aiui'pla /tIces: TTDC's vere complete in 60% thanias and training classes were held in these centres only in those thanas. in other thanas classes were held at TIO's offices, TAO's offices, rented houses, local schools, local community centres. It is important that the training centres snoudi nave not oniy accomrnnouation for classes, but also deemonstrationi fields. But such demonstration plots were not avail- abl in the thaInas. (7Ji1 7 rai'ner-s: Circle officers, thana agriculture officers, thana irrigation offi- cers, assistant irrigation officers, thana inspectors and thana coopera- tive officers wvere the teachers. The responses of these officers C, -7 regarding classes taken by themii from February to May, 1969 zwere generally good as presented below: Table--39 Trainers at TTDC training classes in sample thanas. I Nn nf Ri C of Total No. I No. of Officers I - --I oI clsse classes O etlhanas t tilanas | taken per week C. 0. 9 36%) 85 *6 r. A. 0. 22 8 8%O 230 .7 T. i. 1. i2 48% Il (; 111 C n~ ,3 .52(& V 1 i Br, A. I. 0. 17 68'%, 187 7 T. I. 12 18' 1106 A. 11xI (ri IlL e oX.cJJII[L;s wVere Jinvolved ini (QCU/,thias and took nearly 3 classes in a month on an average. Otlher officers also did not lag far belind. These officers jointly took classes in many thianas. kcso)nscs of trainees as well as trainers showed that wvritten mratcriais were supplicd by agriculture officers only in 56%' thanas. ktlder teachers idl noit prepare lesson sheets or follow any syllabus or routine systematically. The departments realised this vacuum and brecught the tlhree tliana level officers-TA7O's, TCO's, lTlO's and A L()', to.the Academy for preparation of syllabuses and- ed Later the departeneiits agreed on a syllabus and a sclhedule to be used in 1969-70 programme. Black boards, chalks, stationery, charts, etc. were also lacking in some. cases. Continveiwtv funds were not utilized by circle officers fully for tlle purpose. (viii) Reguilarity of classes and attendance of tirainees 'I'hana officers said that in 84% thanas weekly classes for both anagiagers and model farmers were held during tne year. ZAIttendance of participants in the trainiing classes was above 64f'/% in all cases. Attelldanice of trainees at TTDC's fromn Novenmber '68 to May, 1969 No. of simpjle No. of weeks in Percentage T rainees i tlhanas training I whiclh traininl1 of | clde was hield j attendanice ,IvIanagin]g C'0,iiii1n-1 ttee members 6 2 (64 Mvian-agers ,_t 0 cI 8U/0 Model farmers 25 19 72,' Managers were given heavy responsibilities and they attended thle I.ri-gost nimini1hr of classes and in higVhest De7renltane. (IL) 'I'rainingi allozwances Th'lle B. 1). Department sanctioned funds for 24 weekly traininlg days for Imnial.l g-rs an mo 'el farm-lers and for 2 training days for managing committee memzbers. Training allowances were (Dt Rs. 8 00 per ality for managers, Rs. 3 00 for model farmers and Ro 400 for t ne managing committee memhbor- Thnnas I-ihving centratl co-opcrative as,ociations conducted weekly classes through- out the year aiid so they did not follow these rates. They paid on thie basis of distances travelled. Other thianas observed uniformitv witlh resp)ect to )ayinenit to the groupn managers i. e. pai( oj Rs. 8'00 I F . 1 - - A I'l per (lay of AtLenuance. iviodel iarmers were paid 6 Ns. 20uu per day in 487V of thie tilanas. Officers l)ointed out that model farmers lost interest in the traininlg itn miost cases due to the big gap between the two rates of allowances. (x) Pav yient of trainilng allozvwances T'lhe manual prescribed tlhat the training allowances slhould be paid monthly. BSut deferred paymilent led to malpractices and also (lissatisfaction. 'flhc systemii of payment was found to have worked out as below: Table--41 Mode of payment of training allowances in TTDC's. I I AMode of payment No. of thanas P. C. Weekly 3 12o% Fr ortnigl-it]y 4 -/), Monthly 12 48% A t 1-1rter 3 nmonths 2 8%, Conveniently 7 28% __ in n/ aas allowances were paid Iuy circle oflicCrs to mana- gers and model farmers, and in the rest by TAO's, TIO's, project officers. Other officers thought that circle officers should have given them the responsibility for disbursemrent of the allowances in all thanas. Late encashment of bills by circle officers resulted in late receipt of funds and unsystemnatic payment. The political distur- bances were partly responsible for this delay. T'o make the training programmre more effective the payment of training allow- ances should be made on training days and responsibilities should be clearly defined. Training programmes created a stir anmong farmers and farms leaders. The government and corporation o.f-cers had nuch to improve in respect of planning and organisa- tion of training courses. Neverthiless, they played their roles as teachlers in most thanas though not quite efficiently. The training pro,ramime of TTDC's helped local leadersil diSSetninM ing know- leclge of improved agricultural practices of lRRI pacddy cultivation to 81% groups, of technical skills and cooperative grouLp action. Coordination at thana level. (i) Importance of support from thania headquarters The central position of the thana headquarters witlh its paraphler- nalia and the responsibilities was described above. Thanra level ofificers, thana council and thana training and developmilenit centre were entrusted with the taski of supporting pump groups in all possible ways. In this section the working of all these constituents towards coordination of their efforts will be further discussed. (ii) Coordinationt miieetintgs In the first phase of the study, members of the tea ii, i.e. circle officer, thana agriculture ofcers, thanna rrigation (officer, were asked individually whether there was any system of regular coor- clination meetings. From team members of 21 (84X) sample thanas, responses were in the affirmative. But when asked about records of the meetings only 6 (24%) thanas could show proceedings of 13 meetings heid from November 68 to January, a969 along withL figutres of attendance. 5 (20%<) more thanas reported about 20 0( I ee ILt Igs 1bu1. t hadu no words. Iin the second1( pthase Of the study ill I May-June, '1969, the number of than.ts wlhichI kept records of proceedings and attencdance figures, rose to 14 (56°'%). That formal cnorli'nntioii ntietnrgs were not g1T'Xfo ni iAl imnnrhtneop hv the team membiI)ers was evident from the responses. Table_, A 9 (>.o r1;an+As and attendaneAo- of TI T'am mnembers in sample thanas. o Attendance y o members samiple Imet-1CD IITAO ITOll 0C 1 TP Periodc thiamns ImeeI T A0A I ! fC TI - Tro Jkecping jtmg I nI I I !records Iheld l l I l I Novemnber'68 to January '69 6( 13 8 9 8 -- 5 3 - Pcercen- t fire- (91101}) _ ((fi1°',(6,) (Al /,) - (.RA) (923%) -- February to Ma7. 1969 14 57 57 56 4 3 14 40 42 10 Percen- tage (56>) - (100%/) (98%) (75%) (25%) (70%) (75%/) (19%o) Average (80%) (83%) (68>,) (25%) (540) (49%/) (19%) Attendance figures of 56% thanas showed deficiency even in respect of the team leader in the period from November, 1968 to January, 1969. But they made up fully in the second stage of the field study in May-june, 1969. Attendance figures averaged above 68% for three members of the team althrough. I'he improvement in the second phase might perhaps be due to the importance given to the evaluation work and was suggestive of the need for super- vision in this respect. 91 Furthher, responses showed that from February to May, 1969 the team held 2 to 8 meetings and the average attendance was 41l against the total aggregate membership of 4 6. In 28% thanas, at least one meeting was heid in every two months. Ail these figures of meetings and attendance led to the same conclusion that coordi- nation meetings were not held systematically and regularly. (iii) Reasons for not holding meetings: Circle officers and other officers were asked about the reasons for not holding the meetings in 44% thanas. Responses were as below in the first phase of field work Table-.43 Reasons for not holding coordiniation meetings (Ist plhase ) Reasons Thanas P. C. 1. C.O. did not find time to hold meetings 2 8 2. C.O. was not available 1 4%, 3. No problem, so no mppting requirpA 12% 4. Members held offices at different places 1 4% 5. No system of coordination meeting 2 8% 6. No necessity for holding coordination meetings 1 4% The officers also said that they met informally before thana council meetings started and discussed problems and also that wvhenever ploblems appeared they met and solved thenm The meeting was a means to formalise the method of coordination. It was rightly pointed out that the difficulty in holding such formal coordination meetings lay in the incomplete state of some TTDC buildings and physical distances of offices of some team members. But the main reason appeared to be lack of clearcut written instruc- tions from controlling authorities for holding such meetings, in departmental circulars or manuals, making any particular officer r spnflnall fnr nnnvan,,, +1,t --n+nig A keping rr cords,AA of proceedings an(d decisions. The position is expected to improve if the supervisory officers occasionally ' meet all team members in such coordlination meetings. 92 (iv) Subjects (d scussed in the coordination mneetings Procee(dings of coordination maeetings covered various subjects relating directly or indirectly to the progi,ramme and also nroblemns encountered in its implementation. Among the agenda were inclu- ded administrative arrangenimnts, organisational problems, use of fertilizers, supervised credit, farmers' rally, cooperative loans, appo- intment of group managers as fertilizer agents, allotment of pumps, _a____ _______L. . _ ____. r tL _____ _ __Ar_. .,_. _~ otliorLIntio 01 coo[perative societies wLI iiihiiirb er01 IJIIIIp gip g lopsb, grow more food campaign, etc. Meetings specifically dealt with problems touching following points (a) lack or cooperation aonung offcers involved in the pro- gramme, (13) late arrival of pumps and schemes, (cT) lack of office space for team members, (e) appointmnent of previously trained local drivers, (f) inadequate supply of credit, (g) want of training classes and training materials, etc. (v') Problems of officer s: Thana agriculture officers listed the following among their nrnblemQs (a) shortage of U. A. A.'s (28%), (b) insufficient supply of insecticides (12%,), (c) want of training materials (40%), (d) lack of conveyance for field visits (64,), (e) low rate of training ail-oWaflte for Mnidel' farhibr§ (72t0), (f) non-navhient of travelii'nz all'o6wanc' to T.A.Os '(sb0o1c (g) lack of sitting aitligefflents for traiines (28o) etc. Thana irrigation officers and assistant irrigation officers reported kJItIIJUYV A L6 P. I (a) circle officers' not giving them due importarice (3604), (b) circle officers' lack of interest in the programme (16%), kC) 1d(-1x~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 01 LOOJ9CLdLIOII iii ULIICI 1izciiiuci~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ui LLLC Lca111 k"-!o)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~+ie m muI L ke) MacT of cooperation rol he IJI ler ofte team kL4, (1 ), (d) assignment of more than one thana to them (8%), (e) irregular supply of oil and fuel, if) C' C h b nrCeCir' of c i enll n"onini ttmrk, 93 (g) mechanical defects in pumps supplied to groups, L \ I -f . _P_ Trl', 01) ldtea dppoUintLmentoL or noV-pU~LiIIIV UX L k , (i) late supply of spare parts, (j' bad quality of IRRI seeds supplied by EPADC, (k) non-availability of suitable training class rooms, (1) lack of syllabus, and (m) lack of interest nf local roincillas, In response to the questions regarding problemns of coordina- tion encountered by team members circle officers menitioned the following points (a) lack of interest of team members ( 48?4 of thanas ), (b) all team members not posted ( 16% ), (c) lack of ofmfce accommodation for aii mem Ders in 'iL i." ( 16% A, (d) hitch due to appointment of local drivers ( 48%), (e) delay in distribution of credit ( 48% ), (f) absence of storage facilities and spare parts stores ( 52, ), (g) lack of oil and fuel depot and inadequate supply of oil and fuel (oA,), (h) problems created by local drivers ( 56/ ), (i) no sitting arrangemenit for trainees in thana council halls ( 32^ ), (;) want of franHnng materials ( 329 ), (k) no conveyance ( 24% ), etc. Thana agriculture officers, thana co-operative officers and Ltan irrigation offijcers,' in ,he tLr1aiig ounfierences IeiU atL LLte Academy in July - August, 1969, also discussed about the unhelpful attitude of some circle officers and lack of cooperation on the part of one or other of the thana offircr.r Thee nofrers were also not happy with the thana council decisions due to the reluctance of majority of the non-technical and non-official members to pay proper attention to the technical advice given by them. i Akhnnda, A. M. & Kamal, M. S.-Prolerem and prospects of lThana 1I-rigation Progra mme, ( A Report on a Training Seminar for Thana Officers at PARD ) I'ARI) Publi- Ciillon, August, 69, p. 13, Ch. III. 9) 4 Working of the Thana Councils ilhe thc.a.a council nc-I fn rmnd its coordination functi n byu bringing officers and the uniOn couiclil chairmiecn togetler, by initiating the planning process, by providing the forum for deilb)c- ratioin over thiet smheies ind programmes, by taking decisions and mnaking recommeindattionis with re-ard to the p)roblems of imiple- mentation. TI hna counctils o1 samiple thanas approved schemes of which only 62%V were checked hy thle officers. In one thana one irrigation officer iniformne(d that 20 schemes, certified by him), were disapproved by tilte counc:ii. nAu ini 2 oteIiR L I1Ild L tih uLiana council approved 2 schemes which wecre disapproved by tlhemi. I-ence their grouse against the non-teclinical and( non-official m-Lernbers. A IIU IC. teZ Z I . ers]lip o Irr 3t Z I I,,.= tion officers as discus;sed earlier. In 22 (88%/,) tl,anas they attended the coouncil mieetinigs as observers. They hadn membershilp in only one thana and souglht membership) in 8 (32j) thanas. "'he agri- culture officers lhowever had membership in all thanas. Naturailly tile irrigation officers concerned [I(L]t unicolniforiabile or insecure in participating in thana council deliberations and their frustration affected their attitude towards the progrramnme. Mcetinigs of thana counicils wvre not held mon thi'ly in mlOSt thanias. Stiucl miectings are essential for the successful implemen- tation of the programme. Many problems could be solved much 1)?-2 (I1C, h1 :INif ,le C oun ciil s me I+ ulrl +il .lcruae agelnda. T training cllasses however provided a good place for discussion of gr-oul problems and mniglht have obviated the necessity of tIana tiinc i I mIetinhrs at short intcrvals, hut not of mnonthly full-dress mectings. Nature of the problems The problems mentioned by thana level officers could be .la. iem into thlree categories: (1) somne of the problems were due ineffectiveness or inadequacy of communication within the departmiients. These were, --TAO's problem of insufficient supply -f ;nscnt r;f srl want of adenreiit training materials;t1 IOs nroh- lems of irregular supply of oil and fuel by PNO ; late supply of spare parts ; bad quality of 1RRI seeds, etc. (2) Other problems related to lack of mutual understanding and support. These were 95 circle officer's problem of inadequate, supply of credit; lack of interest of team members TIO's problem of non-availability of places lor 110UlnUrg training, c(lasses; lac'- of' coUperation oL othLler members etc. (3) And, yet another category of problems included the officer's complaints about union council members' lack of inter- est, Ioca! m driver; etcr Wit, r rd the intra-departr.en- *1 - - SLAJ -t..J I, , ~ ~ I - t.. U. L'- IA .1 --F -,I4 .... 11 tal problems of the first category, supervisors of thana level officers could solve them with more of efforts at broadening the knowledge and outlook of field officers. But with respect to other categories there could be no substitwte for regular meetings and iL U, GIX L A X ,l_ OOJU II D>. Pump groups faced various problems whiclh were dliscussed in the previous chapter. These problems related to group organisa- tion, services and supplies, functioning of local councils, etc The group organisation could be strengthened by better trainiing of managers, model farmers and managing committee memiers. And the training Droeramme could be made more effective onlv if trainers had worked harder and in closer collaborationi with eaclh otlher. Technical problems also were related to aspects of coiiiuinication as well as supervision and understanding of the roles and functions of the participants of the programme at all levels. Suggestions for improvement Thannn level officers were askedtog to g their nnininns, ahoit the future of the programme. Questions and answers were as below Table--44 "pi,nions of renleMers oL Lthar,a irrigatio n IL eanl regarding future years . O. 0-. '-'l. O. IT. O1.. QUCStions I I 0 . I - I - I I Yes INO i Yes INO I es 1INO S.I. V Jii L11r- l1U,L.L~ of groups,incre- 21 1 19 3 21 3 ase next year ?' (84) *//O) (7I J/O) (12/' k84z/A) k`/12,/o 2. Will the groups pay increased 16 2 20 2 - - advance rental ? (64%4) (8y6) (80Yo) (8%) 3. Will the.groups work, more,effici- 19 3 - ently'? (76%,/) (]- 2°S '3G Menlihb-rS of tihe thania irrigratiOnr teaull inl nic'rly 8()'V taas thought that gr-oups would increase and 72%o also tlhouglht tllat groups would pay advance rental at increased rates in future. 1 78 (95%) group managers said( that their groups woLlud fuinctioin next year as well. 1.75 (94. ',) of them also assured that groups would pay advance rental next year. 178 (95%) of them also thoughlt tlhat more members would join the groups in future. [ndividual members also respondled equally favourably. Problems couli not be avoided in any prograrmmne invoiving many departmnents and organisations. I1hese problems were pri- marily of humanm rullationls and communication. The field officers generalilIy follo01 W 111 ili]-LirIu-Dt S of tLJIII suLI jJt1 LU] Uo IIICers. 'J uicL- visors of the programme at higher- planes could reduce the numiber of problemls by cletermnine(d efforts. The new extension approach, worked el1 a"IJ th,a-na 1evel of4cers realized the need for better team work and closer coordination of their efforts with that of local leaders and pump) groulps by imiiproving the working of the thana irrigatfion foaml and- the thnnn counicil and strengthening the supervisory system. CHAPTER I I FINDING AND ESTLIMATES In 1961-69 under the Thalia Irrigation Programme, 11051 pum-ps were aflocated toU gIukJ i10 34;3 cnarMs OI tlhe province. The present study was conductecd in 25 ( 7% of all thc thanas under the programmlne) and in 186 groups ( 20'% of the grioups of the c rural developmiient project officers. Most of them attended trainiing courses at the Academy on this programme. Some of tlhcm did not lholci theil offices in the T TDC buildings. 105 (b) Thana inslilutions anid buildi,hrS TTDC buildings uAere completed in 15 (60k') thanas thana w-orkshop in 6 (24°-;). Works of TTDC's were in prog- ress in 10 (40§<) and of thana workshops in 6i 29,-}) more. 1-3 (52%O) thanas had no sanction for workshops. Thana stores were established in 11 (44%) thanas, plant protectioni go- downs in 16 (64"' . fertilizer godownis in 24 (96k/), oil and fuel depots in 18 (72%)- thanas. There were central co- operative associations in 3 1 hanas aind comiicctizal bansls iii 13 (52%) thlanas and ADBIP branches in 4 (I6(/) thanas. (c) Thania council membership anid meetings On an average, each thana council haid 18 memblicrs of whom 8 (44/) were officials and 10 (56"/) were uaion council chairmen. Thana irrigation officer was a member in only one (4O) and TCO's in 18 (72%) thanas. Th;lia agriculture officers were memlbers in all cases. 'IThana counI- cils discussed matters relating to the thana irrigation pro- grominme on an average in 7 meetings in 9 miionths froi Septeinber, 1968 to May, 1969. In these mleetings ihe average attendance of members was 65"'. Attendance of the officers averageu 56U/0 and LJa'L of uuifol cOniilcij chlair- men averaged 92%. Thana councils screened out 22%)o schenics scuii ly groups and a]so approved 38% scilelmes not certilled by orlicers. Thana councils were active bodies. 'ITihey performed plann- ing, coordinatinig and dccision-niaking functionis, assigned to tliehl, effectively. (d) F+unctioning oj'he iliana irrigation leain In 21 ,84%) thanas, coordinationi meetings were repor- ted to have been- held. But records were kept by 14 (56'Y) thanas only. Thie attendance fiaures in such coordiiiatioln meetings as lhad records were 80%o for circle officers, 83%/ for thana agriculture offiicers, 68%o for thama irrigation officers and 54° for thana cooperative oflicers. AlO's, TIO's, TPO's also attended, The coordination meetings were not h.eld regularly and systematically. I'roceedings;- also were niot kept properly. Tre circle oflers did not 106 flid(I time to hold thle mneetings or clid not find it necessary t()~~~~~~~~~~~-\ I/ole xu I Lt Iii's Iinh in :W Ct2O t!z;C.s locvi,L 1 office-s lield informal meetings and discussions before tlhana council mlectinigs or wlhenever tlhouglht necessary. So tlho uih formal coordination meetings wxere not lheld, the thanaa irrigation team members worl;ed in coordinationi to mal e tie programme successfuil. P'roblems Some of the problemiis discussed in the above chapters are stated below : (a) Plannin1g Long-term thana irrigation maps and plans were not giveII dlue attention by the omcers concerned. This was partly dtue to transfers and new appointments, and partly due to lack of training. (b) Time schediule 18 days' time given this year for completing eight steps of planning ( from September,2-20, 1968 ) was very slhort. So many thanas could not maintain the time- schedule. Buit this did not c,luse any major dislocation in tlle programme. (c) )elay in distribution of pumps l)eiay occurred in distribution of pumps to groups due to non-arrival of pumIps at thana headquarters and groups' failure to deposit advance rental in time. (d) Delay in use of pumps by groups 7 'j i groups could not start irrigation in December, 1968 due to late posting of pump drivers, non-issue of first 2-barrels of oil and fuel on credit, defective organisation an(n sucIn otner causes. (eV, U 'ril,')og?7ai1 63%, groups faced problems caused by members' fai- lures to pay oil and fuel costs in advance. 12% members did not pay at all. 100% groups had no saving deposits. 107 84% grours did not meet weekly. So the weekly training c;as3es of managers and model farmers did not serve their purpose t6 the desirable extent. (f) Temporary break:s in pump operation Temporary breaks in pump operations occurred in 470/ grouins for lack of oi! and feIl; in 31%/ Adu to mechanical troubles ; in 19/o due to delay in makinig repairs ; in 15'j0 due to organisational problems, in 3% due to pump drivers and in 8%/ due to water slhortage. Some groups suffered from more 'hlian one of these problems. (g) Credit A. c * I VVL LLCI(y III LI It.eIIIi IL IJLIU I rUI CI ctlt by CIeliL giving agencies. 740% of the puimi) group members did not get any credit facility. On an average each loanee got Rs. 158l 0. The loIn limits were Rs. 107?00 per acre for IRRI paddy cultivation and Rs. 6f0io per acre for local horo. Small farmers did not get loans adequately. The supply of credit was very inadeauate. Nearly three-fourtl of the pump group members did not get creclit. (h) Supply of credit in kind Supply of credit in kind i.e. fertilizer, was about 15'%; of the total amount given. Taccavi loans were distributed also in kind. So many loanees sold credlit vouchers at lower price to get casln. (i) Oil andfuel supply The depots did not maintain sufficient stock in some cases. Groups complained about negligence of the depot officers in supplying the oil and fuel nuicklyv Only 41%/ groups used EPADC fuel exclusively. Lower quality fuel was available in the market at lower price. Majority of thle groups used this low quality fuel either partially or entirely. This calls for some chranges in the systems of LLIO~ A LJL A Ji U& aI J I V I a %JI . (j) Seeds Some groups complained about low germination per- centage of IRRI-8 seeds supplied by EPAUC. 108 (k) Insecticides Stufficient stocks were inot available to groups. Sprayers also were either in short supply or went out of commnissiqon very frequently. (1) Shortage oJ water Only 1]i% groups failed due to shortage of water. [rhere were inStances of shiort breaks in pump operation due to shortage of water. (m) Co-ordination Some of the problems of co-ordination at the thana level arose due to psychological reasons, lack of clear cut instructions about holding of co-ordination meetings, and lack of guidance from superior officers. The thana irrigation team could not participate fullv in thana council meetings as the team members especially the thana irrigation officers were not members of the councils in most cases. Production and yield In the sample thanas 738 (81X) out of 909 groups grew IRRI paddy in 13,496 (37%) acres of the total area irrigated. The average of yield figures supplied by the managers and model farmers was 60 mds. per acre for IRRI-8 paddy and 30 mds. per acre for local 'boro' paduy. 11% groups grew eariy aus paduy and 1% also grew other crops. The wide-spread winter and especially IRRI cultivation among the group members could be taken as the result of the training of local extension agents i e. managers and m-odel farmers, in respect of planning, organization and adoption of improved agricultural practices. Eticmates for tihe pruvince (a uPmp group(Ls From the data collected it was found that 925 groups were allocated pumps in the sample thanas by the B. D. Deptt. in August, 198O. But 909 groups acLually received pumps and 888 groups used pumps for irrigation till the end of the season. In terms of percentages, 96%o of the 109 groups w orked. So out of 11051 groups that had pump al}ocat-on in the ent-r province, 10,609 .9f",,O- op L. iJL U Li. 11 I I LL11i. ~- ILL II %- j.il 1) Vi i1i1L, UIIAj, UJ ! g ~I-U U S used pumps in the 'boro' season of 1968-69. (b) Pumps usecd Out of 945 pumps allocated to the tlihanas 924 (98.8°') pumps were actually used for irrigation in the season. In the whole province 11051 puum-ps were allocated. Otit these II0,782O puplil)s eing 9S of/ tO e ioiali ;Io Iltions of the province are estimated to have been use(d during the season.1 (c) Area irrigatecd On an average a nuinn irrimiterl C79 n' aorv'e So 10,782 pumps irrigated 4,21,39() acres.2 T licrn* were 1016f A' category schemes in the province. For ill c;ttegories of sclhemes, the average of area to be irrigate(d wa.S 5i acres per group.:' OCn this basis, the total area irrigatedcl by 101(3 IA' category schemes came to 51,816 acres. The total of bo)th the areas in the boro season of 1968-69 ll(lecr thle programme, thus came to 4,73,206 acres. (CZ iRRi cul/ivation and! locl l boro IRI? paicldy was irown by 81,/; grouIns ill7 :37',W of t!b total irrigated lan(l in tlh sample tl Ianas. So IMRI paddy was growvn on 1,7`5,086 acres and local boro in the remailnilg 2,98,120 acres in this reason in the wrovince in thiis season. (e) Total yield As stated above the average yields reported by inana- gers andu modUUel farmers wete 60 Ynds. for IRkU and 30 mcis. for local varieties per acre. Calcildted at tfloso vicid rates the production figures came to (1,75,086 acicres x (7) t(ds. 1. T'he actual number of puints useeW, Accordiing to F.PADM(, sv½s 1(GP52 i!d.l of 2(150(6 lotal 2. TIhe ctual aren irrigated qccording to EPAD)C was 4,24 ,798'4 M,res i yll the low-lift pumps. Area irrignted per' cusec NVns 20-71 rfvees: 3. In Tthle 31, tinder chapter 9 of this report, 85! 'A' .!ftgory sctit x 's rop,rleld Io bIav irrigated 40,127 acres i. e. ahout 472 acrts per scherne. O(n tli i. is 11I(; scihemes appear to have irrigated 4,79,552 acres. As liesc figurcs have 01 1no 1I It(I'd it t he held, the nveraRe of all categories of schemes have been taken for tl e.al,ove ceaculation instead of this 472 acres per. scheme. 110 10505,16)' nl ms. for the area under IRRZI, and to (2,98,120 acres x 30 mnds.) 89,43,600 mIds. for local varieties. ilie Ivo 00 illce 1.94,18,760 n'1i(s. But these fiigures were not cli((clcrl liv anly crop) cuttintr iest clue to sliortage of resources zl1! t1t;. \!s; -1C!ic;e IIUri-tS rcpicrsented1 greein weig11i'. 0;',') o I I Wli ! \ V ould 1,'e reduced after (iryin,g. 1 /O IflW ('(eon 01 )be 1), dcdicLtd ais tlie farmers' and( the cnitihu- Su;Sit' I_i lfl:1;igeVS ''r' !!l(?lel fa!rnile_'S ciVmr-eSt,mafe S. a> fter (d I;1( 1 to of1 2i5' tilC il CtUi'l vield came to 415 mnds, alid )i;a 0lj(11. i a .e resp)ct ivel I. IhIese are very close to Llte fivures of thle Cost and R(Cetur1n Studies of the Pakistan Acad(emv for IRural DevelopenIciit, C(milla;. So the estinia- ted total could be taviken at (i,94 ,48,760-t8,629, I(0) -1,45,86), 5) jl) i:;s. a)f paddy. In termiis of tons, 5-4 lakh tons of ; I Ii ,tl 1foodl grailns welre producedl undler the programme L It S V1 C' C r . Valu ed at Rs. 25 00 per i(1. of Daddv the total return iIfoliOiflto to Rs. 36,416,63:,250(00 say, Rs. 36f47 crores. i Ki4 i. I). L. G. 1kepartment spent Klis. 6i 0 crores for the iii)ioot in me tlis yeaIr. So thlere was a return of Rs . T) :37 ir,oirt; over thweir exp)enditure. A,ecordingr to costs and rtn l Srii stvi(hies of te l*A -e... .. .erat -SI. r or an acre 1 1!41\1 paddy and(l Of local iboro were Rs. 4112 00 and Rss.:','.) respectively in Comnilla thana. Calculated at t1 se ra-t-s, tlicorrespondng costs for 1,75,0O86 acres of 1 K RI a1 2,98,1 20 acres o f local boro were Rs. 7 21 crores and Rs. 8-49 crores respectively. Tlieir total stood at Rs I 571 crores. Addecd to 13. D. Department exnenditire of lEs. 6b10 crores, the total cost amounted to Rs. 2181 crores. So the nlet return wvas Rs. 146(G crores. if how- e.r costs of farmers' purchased inputs only were consider the costs of cultivation of IRRI and local boro2 would comne 1. Huc. Anwarul-Costs and Rcturns, A Study of Irrigated Winter Crops, PARD, July, 1968. Average per ucre grain yield vf l;-o wvas 44`7 mdns per acre and straw 181I inds.; of Boro wvas 22a m ds. grain anrJ 1 l iaids. straw per acre. I . i id. 1, [al, 2 Ta I aul 1 V I i'aIlt -: I I 1. Ill down to Rs. 323&00 and Rs. 177 00 per acre respectively. in that case the total costs would amount to Rs. 5 66 crores + Rs. 5-28 crores + Rs. 6 10 crores = Rs. 17 04 erores and the return would be Rs. 19 43 crores. (g) Additional employment In terms of employment the cost and return studies also indicated that each irrigated acre of land nrovided hO additional man-days of employment. So there were 4,73,206 x 60= 2,83,92,360 additional man-days of employ- nent as a result of the programme. These were besides the employment of the pump drivers, mechanics, engineers, -AI -0 -u - 7-p-AV, O-C U + Ll UlLlI::lGlL UCIJ LlilUSIILS U11U agencies at different levels engaged for implementation of the programme. (h) Mobilizaltion of farmetrs t151 *~~ . I r t mne groups consisted, on an average, of 51 memuers. Aclcling 1016 groups of 'A' category, thc total groups stood at 11625 and the total number of farmers participa- .ing in the erotsrar.lr.le was ) 5",75. irginALl'i programme L I1III was~ CHAPTER 1 2 ACHIILVE MENTS, TRENDS AND) RElCOMMElNDATIONS Achievements Reports of physical achievements will be published by the departments anld agenicies concerned. The Academly's evaluation teami d*lid nnt Ilave Ithe time a n11d resoLirce to collect and compile the perfornmance figures of all thanias. I-However, some of the figures collected from the departments and agencies are given below ia) L ow-lift punmps: Use of pumlps in 1968-69 as repnori e lv EPADC's Evalua-Lion divisioni : Low-lift pumps use(d by groups --- 10,852 IT oti! 1 uii -P' -- 20,506 Area irrigated by these pumps - 4,24,798 94 acres Area irrigated per cusec -207 Total h1ours worked by the pUnlipS) 47,23,219 hrs. Total fuel and oil consumed- TI C, I 97? 71 q.A Q r'',lonsc Ii. .3. I). = , U - - lo Mobil - 1,19,412 I lours of work p)er pump) - 4352 hrs. !Fue!Co-l lconsmed per liour - 41-5 pints Fuel consumed per acre - 63 gallons Fuel consumied per cusec -- 1312 Total tubewells sunk - 638 Besides low lift pumps, 1016 A category schemes covered large areas in Chittagong and Dacca divisions. Out of 638 tube- \Vells sunk nilearly 200 went into operation this year. In Comilla Kotwali tliana alone 126i sucli tubewells irrigated 6203 acres in 1968-69 boro season. (b) Filnance: The Basic Democracies and Local Government Department spent lRs. 610 crores for training, pump rental subsidies, construction of thania worKshops and stores, works of water control schemes, etc. for implementation of this years' programme from the rural works programme allocation of the province. (c) Training of officers and farm leaders: (i) rFor luil iimpie-eiatuion of tLhe programixie in tLIhe earlIy part ( 196S, all (1lputv coMMissioners and sub-divisional officers of the 113 province were given orientation in two-dav conferelnces in four divi- sions. Selected farm leaders, local councillors and union agricultural assistants from all over tne province were brouight to the Comilla Academy for thiree-day training courses. Necessary mnanuals were prepared for use of officers and farmers by June 1968 by the B. D. wit t istanc the Acadelny. (ii) 1615 thana level officers---circle officers, aLriculture officers, irrigation officers, assistant irrigation officers, fertilizer inspectors, s-divisonlal aUgricuiLure omcers anu suD-divisiona; managers o0 EPADC, attended three-day courses at the Acadlemy from July to October,'68 on planning and execution of the programme of 1968-69. (iii) 1039 thiana level officcrs, namely, agriculture oiiicers, irri- gation officers ancd co-operative officers again attenided a second course on the TTDC training of managers and moodel farmners at the A.cademIy in February -*March, 196,9;. (iv) East Pakistan Co-operative College, Comilla coniducted training for 430 assistant inspectors on the implemnentation of the supt.rviseU CreCit programime oi 1IP in 0eptenuler----UCtLuer, Ivzoo. (v) Tubewell Research Centre, Conmilla con1ducted training for 45 engineers and 108 drillers of EP'ADC in collaboralion witl ,tl A -- lie t-.caaemy. (vi) East lPakistan Agrictiltural Development Cornoration coli- dulcted technical training for their field officers, staff, engineers, mnechanics at their staff training institute and othier piaces. (¢vii A000 pumps drivers --,ere -,iven trainincg at 78 tfi-in lentres by EPADC staff in this year. (viii) Nearly 10600 managers, 1060() mo(del farmlers, 60,00() I!e!ll)rs f ivinnn.t,rincy coAlm1intees, 1'0ca!i counz i!or !!1( rl rS received traininig at 343 TTDC's of the province in 241 weeks during Ithe year. (d) Supervised credit progron?Rme, and co-operatives I ne C -operative L)lrectorate and Aigriculturall Developmnent Bank of Pakistan distributed Rs. 3 crores and Rs. I crore respec- tively to tlle pump group menibers under their suipervised credit programnmes during thle boro seasoni of 19608-69%. Besides T'aceavi c,;m wvas also d.istribi ted to ilce cxle nt olf Hs. .56 ILikihs. 114 TIlie ('o-operative lDirectorate converted 7 528 ptump grouips ilnto pri;narV fa;mers' co. p;er;ative so ct ieis and gave Oloas to mremnber.s of 4728 sulch cooperatives. Also loanis were given under the programme to members of 39)3 ti ion multipurpose cooperative societies. Out of Rs. 3 crores of the co-operative loan, Rs. 32130 lakhs were distributed in fertilizers. The thanat councils were given Rs. 40-00 for each group to supply first twvo barrels of oil ancl fuel on credit by the B.D. & L.G. Departmcnt. Trends (a) Assumptions and methods of thie p)rogramnme LbuIndicTlCC f water- SOLUPCCS )ling Wavste in winter, need ior irri- gation facilities to use the water for winter cultivation as well as for shifting from mnonsoon-1based to year-round agriculture are indisptu- tahle facts. t 11;IS !)Cpfl amnp! (demonstrated a Hit to, epvn1ot the water resoiurces extensively and rapidly all over the province to meet recqiirvinents oF thie national economy, a massive mobilization of farmers is essential and possible by following the principles and imiethods, enunciaitedT in this programnmne. Local leaders and coun- (iflors ~~~~~~~ -: :-- -:. - - c Uillors diionnstrated thLc[ ir ability in ritaking n -i-engincering scnemes, organizing farmers and working with officers of the departments andl agencies. The fact that only about I V of the schemes failed due to shortage of water in the snurcps, uilliph]d the sound,ness of the assumption that farm leaders and local councillors could be entrus- ted with the task of making simple schlemes and organising farmers to use the irrigation facilities nrofitably. Trlere was; however much to be desired in respect of cooperative activities of pump groups, consolidation of plans at union and thana levels, provision of coordinated supplies and services by members of the thana irriga- tion team, training of group leaders at thana training and develop- merit centres, andu efiicienit discharge of utUies Iy)' techricai personnel of the departments and agencies. But on the whole the system worked satisfactorily. (b) Use and efficiency of pumps The actual number of pumps used feli short of the target by 115 nearly 2/ in 1968-69. There was delay in distribution and star- ting of use by about a month due to technical and organizational problems. But this year's numnn use increased nearly three times and the irrigated area by 21 times over those of 1965-66, the year preceding the introduction of the concept of Thana Irrigation Programme. Correspondingly, pump use increased by 60?/' and area irrigated by 75% this year over those of 1967-68 as will be *1 . . 1 . 1 1 eviaenr rrom tne taDie Deiow Year | No. of pumps A Area irrigated I ~~used l ( i acres ) 1 noif20) OA9A 1 A') 'AQ 1ZJU.t-U,)U J .,\'. 1963-64 2477 1,56,751 1964-65 2238 1,31,129 1965-66 3420 1,73,512 19166-7 o990 (, O=')] 0 1967-68 6558 3,18,000 1968-69 10852 4,24,799 'rhe use of pumps expanded rapidly since 1966-67 when the pilot projects were started and the local councils began to partici- pate in the program.mne. The effl;ciency, however, showed a down- ward tendency witlh the expansion of the pump use Y ea r iArea irrigated per cused j (~~~~~~in acres) 1965-66 24 68 'n/'. A C'. 1966-67 2o 40 1967-68 23 27 1968-69 20 72 in the ce of EPATDC onsl this tnncy,-' was visible with the increase in the number of pumps used. But the significant difference was in the expansion of pump use. All the cdistricts ,,f thle province and 83./ of the 1Ihanis were hroulght wvitli' the ptirviww of tle prognramne lis r. enhn i plmll) eflicienlCy is related to experience, good organisation and efficient servicing of tihe groups. \W\ith i-mprovemiielnt in grouip mainagellment by better training andc! stip)ort the efficienicy is expected to improve. Tn the case of Comilla co-operatives the averag,e efficiency of pumps and tube\vells over last four years was as recordedI below I I. -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Year | Area irrigated by each | Area irrigatedl bv each tubewvell ( in acres ) lov-lift pump ( in acres 1965-66 4.5 09 44.'7 1966-67 51'09 42 73 1967-68 4 276 34 92 1968-69 49 23 34-67 -So the performance of the low-lift pumps tinder this years province-wi(le programme -was even better than that of Comilla thanla witlh ten years of experience. 74i0/, of the pumps concentrated in Chittagong and Dacca divisions andi nearly 817.' of the total area irrigated by all the pumps in the province werc in these two divisions. These divisions had more surface water sources an(l more experience than otners anld therefore, larger allocations and more cfficient use of pumps. Each pump irrigate(d about 46 acres in Chittagong and 42 acres in Dacca Divisions this year. Performance 04 pu1ps i othler areas as well in future if the programme continue.2 (c) Comparison of achievements of three selected thanas Wiangunia. iai'yertazar and Brahmanbaria thanas were inciu- (led in the sample for comparison. Rangunia aiid Baidyerbazar thanas were amiionig the ten pilot thanas in 1966-67. Brahmnanbaria 1. Ahined, Badruddin & lKarim, Rezaul-A New Rural Co-operative System for Comilla Thana-8th Annual Report of Rural Co-operative Pilot Experiment, 1968, p-40. 2. Data were collected in a subsequent study from six thanas with heavy concentration of pumps and their figures of pump use and areas irrigated per cusec were as below: Item of | Satkania |Nasirnagar Itna | Nikii | Dhunat | Atrai inforrnation (rC.hitttagrig' i- ' (B-grat) i j\ij)- I'umps and 14 6 96 f26 162 11.3 91 Area irrigated per cusec acres) 2f!15 302'23 2616 2942 2853 2648 117 thana started duplication of Comilla cooperative system from July, 1965. Some 'ngures from Comilia Kotwaii thana and Thakurgaon tubewell projects are also available for the purpose. It will be evident from the table below that expansion in pump-use in the three thanas over three years was very rapid: 1966b-67_ 1 1967-68 , 1968-69 Name of INo. o Area irri- jNo. of IArea irri- INo. of l Area irri- Tnanas pumps gated (in pumps gated (in pumps l gated (in l used acres) used I acres used I acres) Baidyarbazar 24 1197 53 2732 74 3763 Rarngunia 28 1447 58, 3630 140 5310 I *~ ~ ~~~X Dralimanoaria NA NA 89 4853 171 5228 Use of pumps increased three times in Baidyerbazar and five- fold ;-n Rangunia- in th.-ree years. PLrior to L V%-V7 Lthese fhanas r ias not use more than four pumps. The area irrigated per cusec was 26 27 acres this year in Baidyerbazar, the maximum of the sample thanas. Rangunia covered 19 96 acres per cusec. BTut in addition to 140 pumps, Rangunia had 44 'A' category schemes covering 16,496 acres this year. In Brahmanbaria the average per cugec was 22170 acres, i. e. above the average. Besides rapid expansion in pump use, Brahmanbaria and Rangunia thanas established thana central cooperative associations, federaflonlas of vA14.a- -fera.es. Training of mS anagers and model farmers was a year-round phenemenon there. They also accumnulated savings deposits and their own share capital to supple- ment the credit, services and supplies programmes of government departments and agencies. The training allowances for managers, moc[el formers and other local leaaers were paid weekly on tne basis of distances travelled and at much lower rates. Comilla thana is much ahead of all other thanas in these matters. In Comilla thana, as stated in chapter 1, irrigation experiment started in 1959-60 winter with three pumnps. The growth over the last five years could be seen from the table below 1. Ahmed. B. U. & Karim. Rezaul-A New Rural Co-noerative System for Comilla Thans- Rural Co-operative Pilot Experiment, Eight Annual Report, 1968, PARD, p.40. 118 Kinds of irri- A 1964=65 lQg65 66 10l966-r7 167- 196-0 69 gation used | | I No. of pumnps used 3 4 17 37 67 Area irrgated I oCl 1'70O7C In n n n in acres ) 129 ] 72 19 23 Area per pump (in acres) 4300 44-57 42.73 34 92 34'67 No. of tube- wells used 34 *25 46 91 126 Area irrigated (in acres~ 10%O( 1227 2350 3892 6203 Area per tubc- well 29'59 45 09 5109 42 76 49 23 The total area unuer bLuo crop in 1968-69 winter was 8928 acres, by l)Ulinps and tubewells 8526 acres and by manual and tradi- tional metliods 402 acres. Boro lhad been cultivated hardly in half of At)- a) pi to 1 So the irrigation facliie enabl Ut 'IV, clI(iCO PIIUL) LU J.SUkPI. - U IJMILZ I L LILIr, CeIldUICU nearly one-fourtha of the total cultivated area of the thana to grow boro crop and tlhus shift on to year-rounid agriculture. The total oif ares linlor TR-X, T'in'ni-177 P inrn-2, Chinn-, high xyieldlingc and newlv introduced varieties, was 7390 acres, i.e. 83% of the entire irrigatc(l area. Tie average yield ot local boro was 3783 inds. per acre anal of new varieties 42 02 mds. per acre. The cropping pattern also sliowed significant changes.' In the Thakurgaon 'I'ubewAell Project of EPWAPDA, 34 tube- wells were sunk by May; 1966 and 343 by Decemher, 1967 TUTnto May 1967, 184 tubewells were sunk. But farmers did not use them for irrigation. Co-operative and extension work following Comilla model was started in August, 1966. By December, 1967, 343 tubewells were brought into operation.2 Out of actual command area of 67,093 acres, by March, 1969 the net area undier cultivation was 51,337 acres. 33,667 farmers used water. IRRI paddy was 1. Safiullah. M1.-Boro Crop Survey in Comilla Kotwali Thana 1968-69, rnime(o. PARD, October. 1969. 2. Annual Report, Mlarch, 1967-Feruary 1968, Thakurgaon EPWAPDA Tubewell Project, Dina,ipur. ,119 grown in 85623 acres. Also m6r 'thaln 15 varieties of crops wele grown tlhere. With 6ie irrigation available and fatmers organised, thie -fletrnh and infensity olnxve(l very remarkiable chanies. (d1) (;'rnnTs. groupb managers and compulsory cooperatives. It is obvious that policy makers and adminiistrators would be asking. many questioiis regairding groups, - tleir composition, economic stat us o' the n.enbrs icleal size f an-fiures, ecoi-oirlc St,Ifu I U L LJC111VI11LkJ~1_ ItICCI I ZL,I LIJILLJUlllIl8 CIIIU LUI U MO,u spurious ones, leadership, role of the manager, compulsory conver- sion into cooperatives, costs and returns, and other such questions. Qu,estions .a!ibt t I -1 n IAAcaIl chq,i Cy trai!!injgT system, financial procedure, credit repaymenit, etc. inight also be asked. It will reqjuire years of experience and research to answer these questions satisfactorily. Solc of tlhese points have beenl discussed very briefly in the relevant chapters of the report. h'lc average group was eiL5 os( ofII t*5 R na mni ori, The0 average airea per me..ber ham i,s onle acre. Only 43X/ of ptimip groul) memblers were enrolled as coopeative mlemnbers and 26°/: got credit facilities. It is difficult to prescrie flit-e idveal size for a groub. Expericnces in Comilla and other areas slhowed that fot making a group colhesive, stronSg, active, production-orlentedl, tie village should be tlhe unit of operation. As rcgards thme nmaager, in the sanmple thianas no case of their removal was reported to the investigators. The group mnanagers \.r ~.-..,1l' , liy ,, iVit F t'I thleo c,rriol i-i anirl mrod,el fa,rnomer i he spcarliemids in a(]Option of improved agricultural practices, FiThese runr.m lcaclerds may not behave and work in the same manner over the Cornlling years andt may riot agree to work on voluntary basis in future. In Comilla ihany incentives have been provided to 1he[rn. ImcentivCs, w illhave to l;c lrUvided to tLh Llese local leaduers in other thanas as well. The manager xvill however remain the key figure at the group level. Training, as6istance and incentives will make him the real and ideal leader. The existence of a few fake leaders and groups cannot however be ruled out altogether in any prograinme of this nature and magnitude. - . . oit l _o n .,! Tlo 1g OIC o e ai, I 20 ANs d (pprlhls (,OluI)IId lllOw Wo(ati-VS, it is too early it' m11Al .;InY (i Pl) 1r,iW ;1(i .L1s\Z(\-I ally (qIICstioll. BiLlt experierce showed that milaly good programmes faliled duc to factionis aniid mnischief- miiongers atl t ihe village lcvel aIlnd alSso (Verefltllusiasin on thle part oict'iic spols( s. A I ..211 , fTtI of L iUt 51o)01SoI s.].I 'IL fe"IcitfaIllt VWJ1iIfCT Can bilil'le '-IC effoItS o1 ai \whole grOup) tndlerle preSellt ColnditiollS. So sollmC aIoilOunlt of comipulsion is desirable in suclh ca:ses. Tfle scop] anld provisions of 31.1 tI' -Ii 'I II cli' -,j 1 ~l J L 111 _-k. '..rJ J tL. I L tU IttI k.O A. I Jk- J A1 61A 5 L US. expanded( and applied to deal WithL suCh clalses. But in hile imiattei- of comlptulsorv cnrolmlenit, thana officers reported that small farmners rlid i 1 I 11,1'.7 tO T)nX, -l) rlifl IPI' 1l11l'lfl. t SlirP'1 f' ll( imik-p savings deposits ait the very start. Ill ComillIa too, tlle illl)hbership 1-ce and shiare mloniev were reazisedi at a mLucih later stage froml thle savinl gs (Ide posits of mcnibers, wlhen tlhcy became convinced of the necd( for such co o peratives. T1his callecl for provision of continuous , .. _ _1 ] _ . -1 . 1 _ I - . . _ 1 dtilf yeCl-iH - j -U L1i n tra I1 ining 0I iIangkers (titl1 Iiiotici arii-uii aiml enlforcemecnL of the (liscil)hine of \veeKlvy group miieetings, savings deposits anid cleir accounts. Nevertheless the co-operatives shou]d !nakc i !: ;.! i)nilf to krin,it.p, l ilia fn-IirJIi i, t hin Uth i fol.J 1 i, orde to give tihenoi the henicIt of their ser'ices for adequate investments an(.d Iiglher )lpoductioll. (C) Costs 1m(1 r-elitrrn An amount of ;s. 6 1(J crore was spent by the B. D. & L. G. tDei?i'!nrrmni frO th 1l- rogran-t!le .Af ! lld rtler ..da,>ice concerned expaJl(ld(l tlleir program lles and staffs in this conllnection. T'lie farl-eIrl'XS 11llIsel JUcIC in;se I) lOhire for growing the crops. (Governolnen11t will hlaZve tfo inv;to still ninny tims more to !iriiigr awtlout agri otil ntaIi odloederu ization and Lo provide m(.ore employllmenlt. All thiese costs hiavc to be carefully studied. The returns against these costs to thet government departments. to the farmnors and to the society at large should also be correctly assessed and made knowfin to tlle publIc to enable the governmlenit and agencies to raise funcls for future investmnenits. TIhese will also affect the clropping patterns. miiarlket supplies, development of agro-industries, ,tructural eliani-es aiml social anil inso itutional dev-ebopments. ik \erv crude esimilate of the returins hlas beenn madc in the previous , :lnller. *Ilc -l ol oi co)sts d riturn1-1 llsned mucli 1molre ICleSOnr('e 121 and time. Efforts may be made to collect more data in this regard in iuture stuaies. IJ ) pinlons oUf fie tI hdian level ou'.ersJan.1 nenI,ers our nmp groups 84% thana officers and members of pump groups were found to be in favour of expansion of the programme in future years. 95% of the managers also assured about better efficiency of pumps and groups in future. This is very significant. Recommendations (a) The programme should continue and expand in future A 1~ 1/\O/ -f 1 - 1 1 years. AbutL 1UVj0 01 thie area inciudce in ine lonfg-term irrigation plans were irrigated this year in the sample thanas. There is a vast scope for expansion of the programme. (b) The thana training and development cenitres should be completed fully in all thanas in all phases. All officers should be accommodated there. Other thana level institutions such as work- shiops, stores, banks, oil andu fuel Uepots, etc. should ue esaUlislieU at all thana headquarters. Training should be followed up by enforcement of organisational discipline aimong the group members anrd adleute supplisc nnd sPrerices by the thana rOntres. Tnsc-ti- cides and sprayers should be supplied in muclh larger quantities. Special training courses should be organized for selected group members regarding use of insecticides and maintenance of snravers. In thanas having very large number of pumps in use and commuiii- cati_lon proU1leCII, agen'±s iUo UistriUution UI oii ann iuei or more depots at convenient places should be opened and more mechanics shotuld be provided. (c) For training of farmers and farnlieaders, for demonstra- tions of new technology and for their adoption by the farmers, grants to thana centres and subsidies for farmers will have to continue, along with thILei construction ofk Other liar e of rural development. (d) Departments and agencies should issue clearcut instruc- tions about t oie Iol(ing of regular coodination etingsV o1 the thana irrigation team. The thana irrigation officer should be made secretary of the team and should keep records of the proceedings. 122 The circle officer should he the clhairman of the committee. Superior offieers should ,met and addres. s all the team members together when they visit thana headquarters. The development circle officers should be given additional staff and resources and relieved of the administrative and emergency dcuties by circle officers in charge of revenue collection to enable them to devote entirely to development programmes. Other menmbers of the thiana irrigation team should also be given necessary facilities and incentives. Their hands should also be strengtlhened so that they can enforce payment discip- ijii line nd I er pumps by groups. (e) The long-term thana irrigation maps and nlans should be reviewed and modified annually. Thana team members should check all schemes before the tlhana plan is put up before the thana council for approval. The help of WAPDA engineers should also be sought in the finalization of schemnes wherever WAPDA has projects underway. (f) Under the sunervised credit system, all members of the groups reqIuiring credit should be supplied with adequate amount of credit by November eachi year. Credit shoul ibe supplied in kin(I for oil and fuel also in accor(lance witli the known demand. B3ut clear instructionis should be issued how the individual member's r- - . .:_... .r._..1X r . .11k A LAxx requAireJI t 0II ICUIc r11 ii allt l'ueil shoullU iu assesse al --A -. the amount slhould be realised without any difficulty. The system of weekly savings and advance (leposit of each member's share of t.h.e est7imated OSt of irrigatin shoul be rc srictly so that groups can keep tlhe pumps working without breaks. Advance payment: of rental shoul(d continue. (g) 'C' categfory schernes should be examined very carefully. The entire tlhana irrigation team should be entrusted with the supervision of the works of excavation. (h) Nearly 4n.3 members of pLump groutps joined the newly formed farmers' cooperative societies. Co-operatives of pump groups shoulcl be formed cautiousl,. The multi-village groups, bargadars, absentee iand-hnolders ana Dig inadhoiders wiii present >. tib I tA, l'hTcse shouldl 1:* tackled properlv. Attempts should be niiatde to en"list rnnaining 57' members o- pumn groups whrj did not join ihe farmers' eooperatives KSS t-his yean. Otherwise 123 they wil not bc able to m11ake necessary inveshnients 1ant irrigation Hill lie uLnpro'tahle for then. thle groups oX-lcit Jo n(ot lijke t 'oin c,ooperatilves may be give\n the option to) receive tlhe pumps afier advaflcL paymenk oI neL I I rental I 8oui S .lSidV ) dWi if they agree to pre-payment of the oil and fuel pri(e. (i) Record keeping by the groups should be reduced to the minimum. The feasibility of creating a separate cadre of viiiage accountants should be examined. The creation of thiana central co-operatives will solve this problem. (j) Recommendationis of thana level officers made in the '_ - - - r - - _- - - , I - A taining conierences at tne Acadenmy, suggestions give1n Dy th1em to the interviewers during the field study and embodied in thc report, deserve careful consideration. Annual conventions of )lUrnp group m,nnagmnrts. , rlnl -C n.. _, 1 n n 1 r .1 1 -A n r1,-, / l cz1.l il,1 1hLCtLICAE~i fl , Lfl\JtI_fl I tiJ1t,1.rIL% I tt} l. I ILtJI i:l l iK ICCIJll1 sneiz+n7 R60ger- Revelle wid He q-p by - tha the rural areas of the crowded Districts. Perhaps in part because of poor transportation anQ d mll -ketinlg faciLities, the percentage oI land devoted to non-food cash crops, such as tobacco, tea, jute, betel leaf, and betel nut, was only about half the average for the ProvLnce. Seven Districts of Intermediate Population Density Of the remai ning Districts - - Sylhet, Mymensingh, Rangpur, Bogra, Pabna, Khulna and Barisal - - only Pabna appears to have had a deficit in cereal production in 1960-65, owing largely to its low yields of r-Lce per acre (850 pounds of milled rice compared to the average of 980 pounds for the Province as a whole). This may well be due to extreme flooding each vear during and subseauent to the monsoon season. Pabna lies in the triangle made by the confluence of the Ganges and Brahmapuitra Rivers. Snill from the Brahmaputra nnd backed-up rainwater cover most of the District for seven months of the year. However, the percentage of the sown nrea devoted to food crops other than cereals is 80% greater in Pabna than the average for the Province, so that the aV^rn- Hio+. rnnr hp f -l'a^in+n- Per capita cereal production in the other six Districts ranged from 5Un to 660 F..s per day - we " above the local food requ4re. A- average of 40% of the cultivated land in all seven Districts was double- __-_ A A I -,4;, 'I_ - 'I -__ - - 4_ _______ n__ _1_,____:_ crpe,W AJ slgh tly less thnL the roUvincUe dv e-ugeu. rPoulaUiLo Uensties on both cultivated land and gross sown acreage were also lower than the average for the Pr-ovince, and remEarkably similar in all seven District9s. Irplications of District Differences for Development The demographic and other difierences among Districts illustrated in Tables 2, 3, 4, and 6 need to be carefully considered in formulating strategies for economic and social development. They suggest that emphasis should be placed on inter-regional transportation, particularly if an increase of agricultural production by irrigation and multiple cropping is to be sought in the western Districts, which already produce a surplus above their local needs. The farmers in these Districts will need the incentive of being able to purchase manufactured prooducts if they are to be persuaded to increase their production. Inter- nal migration from the more crowded to the less crowded Districts may exacerbate the problem of increasing numbers of landless laborers. Reduction of the rate of population growth through family planning and other fertility control measures may occur sooner and more rapidly in the crowded Districts. Finally, the problem of draining off a large: part of the growing agricultural population into cities and towns will continue to be much more severe in the crowded Districts. Present Levels of Nutrition in East Pakistan We have three kinds of data to estimate the adequacy of nutrition in East Pakistan: computed physiological requirements for calories and protein based on internationally accepted standards for human beings of different age, sex, and weight; nutrition surveys of household food consumption; and estimates of food production and imports in East Pakdstan. Tables 5, 7, and 8 show, respectively, estimated food production in East Pakistan during the early 1960's, the results of nutrition surveys, and the computed physiological food requirements per capita. - 6 - oMputation of Pb-rsological Requirements for Calories and Protein Adult males in East Pakistan are small compared to the "reference man" used in the usual compUtations of pRysiological ruq.ui.i-Wiierts for- food 5/, 15/. The average man in his twenties weighs only 101 pounds ( 45.8 kg T) and the average woman of the same age, abouT 88 po=unlu (Table 8). Thus their physiological requirements for both calories and proteins are much less than those of European and American men and women, whose average weights are about 160 and 130 pounds. Moreover the proportion of children under 15 years of age in East Pakistan is relat:ive- ly high, over 47%, as compared to less than 30% for Europeans and Amer:icans, and 757% of these children are less than 10 years old. Children at these young ages require less than half the food needed by adults. East Pakistani children are smaller than children in Europe and the United States. Thle average ten-year-old boy weighs 23 kg while boys of the same age in Europe and North America weigh over 32 kg. The effects on food requirements of small adult size and the high proportion of young and small children are somewhat offset by the fact that among the adult population 51% are males and less than 49J females (men require about 40% more food than women) Twfhe.e- as in the developed countries there is an excess of wiomen over men. Also the proportion of persons over 50 years old, wzhose food requirements are lower than those of young adults, are much smaller in East Pakistan than in the developed countries. As Table 8 shows, the net of all four of these factors gives a total daily per capita calorie requirement of only 1727 calories, whereas the computed per capita requirement for the world population in 1965 is close to 240010/ calories and over 2700 calories for western Europe and the United States. The computed requirement for protein in East Pakistan is 23.5 em/person/day compared to the world average of 35.2 gmn/person/day, Both these figures refer to protein with an amino-acid balance eaual to that of egg nrotein. For the kinds of protein available in the East Pakistan diet the protein requirement is abouit )0 no/persnn/dqv in Grv,nast to about 57 am for the average diet of all people on earth. Nutrition Survey A nutrition survey of East Pakistan was conducted from March 1962 +..^ JT:nnm,Y>r 10A)i in nn_^na_rsnr:+An wri+.h +hIn Tlni+arl _q+ n+QCa Plhlit, T-nl+.Ii Service 12/. The 24-hour food supplies in samples of households were weighed before cookir.g. At least one sample of households was studied in each District. The weighted average of all samples indicated a dai:Ly ner c-apit-a -nt-ak- of' 220 caore da poenitk fao+ 50 gm/day. The reported calorie intake was 27% higher than our computed t,ne n-,A; +n --*-hic An n.- - - - ,.c.w - -+- hedscrepar.cy be-vween the~ corM.putedA foodA reqiree, and% the results of the nutrition survey may be partly due to an undercount of cIhLdLren7IL and adoU'esent . th±e sUr.le popujla.tions. Thie recoUr.UU ag and sex distributions are considerably different than would be expected from census data, and the dLstributiolls are iLUnsistenLt -wthin theWnse:Ies We have attempted to correct for the population andercount in each sample ±n Table . wnuen this correction is made, tne average per capita calorie intake is reduced to 2070 calories/day. - 7 - In 10 out of the 16 Districts, the measured cereal consumption in the nutrition survey exceeded the estimated supply from cereal produc- tion within the District. As we have shown earlier this would be expected for the Districts of high population density, namely Chittagong, Comilla, Dacca, Noakhali and Faridpur, and the low yield District of Pabna, but not in other Districts. In particular, the cereal consumption given in. Table 5 for the sample populations in Kushtia and Dinajpur is 330 and 13% higher, respectively, than the estimated supply from local production. Even when corrected for undercounting of the sample populations. The recorded per capita calorie intakes in the samples from these two Dis- tricts are over 2700 calories, about equal to the requirement of the average American and not much less than actual household consumption in the United States. The number of people in the samples of households in Kushtia and Dinaiour was smaller than in anv of the other Thistrints. and these Districts are on the western border of the Province, far removed from the headnnartePrt nf the murvey in nlaca. IAT" conclude +.)hai. +.hp measuzre- ments from these Districts are unreliable and should not be included in thei averages. Thin w icrh+e~.A -L-wnra P%' ;JA(*rn-) n +i ^J+A' nv- U 1t ). 4 JJU 44..J.. Il Th. weghtd aerge of the --rne fror Wthe othr4 - -stict gives a per capita cereal consumption of 489 gm/day, or about 17 ounces, and an energy +take of 2020 calories/day. This correc ted average cereal consumption is still at least 20 gn/person/day higher than the OJ. ~J"V.F-y 4LJ JJL %L 'AS qJ. I L -.1 --.J~£. r ±1M.- - I -J.L 4.e a est 4mna--A cer.eal -up3- -from food gro-v i Jn thte Iro-vince.o Lielatter w,U computed by subtracting 10% for seed, feed, and wastage from the per capita cereal production in each Edstrict given i Table 4. 12 Dn.. ~:_4 W,>z U 1 cap -U r euauu i1U - D. u I yu-onI In Table 7 we show the estimated total food production in East Pakistan during the early 1960's, computed from detailed data for each District and each crop given by H.E. Rashid 11/. Cereal production was somewhat less than 10 million tons, of whicn about 99% was rice. The weiLght of all other foods produced was close to o million tons. LTe calculated available food en.ergy of all crops was 117.6 billion food CalorieS/daY 1e// Of this, 82% was in cereais. Total protein production was 2755 tons/day, of which about 73% was in cereals. If we reduce the calorie and protein production by 10% to allow for seed, feed, and losses, and divide by an estimated population of 52.5 million in 1962-63 (population Of 50.8 million given by the 1961 census plus 3e for one and a half years population growth) we arrive at a per capita intake of 2020 cal/day, very close to the corrected values from the nutrition survey given in Table 5. Two corrections should be made to this calculation of food supplies per capita. In the early 1960's, about I million tons of food grains were iLmported each year into East Pakistan l4/. This would increase the estimated available calories by nearly 9%, to 128 billion food calories/ day, or to about 115 billion daily calories after correcting for seed, -8- feed, and losses. Secondly the 1961 census results probably suffer from a significant un.ercount, estimated by the Planning Commission of Pakistan to be about 85ct.f If the true population in 1961 was 55 million, as estimated by the Planning Commission, the population in 1962-63 would have been about 57 million. These two corrections almost exactly cancel each other and we again arrive at an intake of 2020 cal/day/person. A third correction, of unknown magnitude, may be warranted. Sk.udies of estimated food grain production in West Pakistan indicate that the estimates may be considerably lawer than the actual production68! Whether this is likewise true for East Pakistan is not known. It should also be emphasized that our 10% deduction for seed, poultry and livestock feed, and losses is very uncertain. The true value could be twice or half this figure. Estimated Food Supplies and Nutrition in 1970 Estimated cereal supplies in 1970 will be about 12.7 million tons, made up of 11 million tons of production and 1.7 million tons of imports 7' If these cereal supplies constitute 82 percent of the total supply of calories, which is the proportion represented by cereal production in the early 1960's. fcod production plus imnprts wnult correpnnnd tn 152.5 billion food cal/day in 1970. Corrected for losses and non- hurman uses, this anmionts to 137 billion food calories available for human consumption. The population of East Pakistan in 1970 is probably hbet.reen 70 nnd 75c million people. The corresponding per cl ao intakes are between 1960 and 1830 food calories/day. This is still 13G!V to 6< above the calcql'ated physiolo6i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~calcu req 4 e.e. -ie Ar TableR, Thr ssor.e ev-idence thlat- t-he cL-a,lcultedL reuLJer,ient1V11 -Ls lo.V Studies of caloric intake as related to body weight in six Asian countries sho an appare.t genetic dALJffer-ence 'LromnL SooutLLhI -i ar.L o LU-opu.)Ulo Using the regression equations derived in these studies, the calculated -1-4 alri re-uirmen,et fLor UasO Paitr is aboutL 1830L -LO oWiesZaIV This is identical with the estimated food availability for 75 million people~ 4- n170. -LIJ. 37 1 - If calor-c and prot-UL[ requirements are met on the average, a considerable fraction of the population must be receiving less than the r-equiremLetL. S-uch a deficiency wouild manifest itself through overt evidence of protein-calorie malnutrition in children and through reduced levels uo physical activity and greater susceptiDblity to ll ness in adults. The 1962-64 nutritional survey did not find much evidence of protein-calorie malnutrition, expressed as kwasniorkor or marasmus, and this is confirmed in 1970 by travelers' observations. Clearly, ho-wever, there is littie if^ any excess food in East Pakistan, and more than likely a deficiency for the poorer classes, even after the large quantities of imports are taken into account. Future Population and Food Needs At present some 70-75 million people are attempting to feed themselves on about 20 million acres of farm land. The area of culti- vated land cannot be much extended, but at present rates of growth the population will be about 125 million by 1985. There will then be 6 pes- net cultivated acre, in contrast to 1.5 persons in the United States. In Table 9, we have given approximate projections of population size in 1985 and 2000, 15 and 30 years from now, assuminng modest declines in fertility and the probable increase in life expectancy at birth. Need- ed food supnlies have been estimated from these oroiections. 1We have assumed that the Provincial income will increase by 5.25% per year. About 70. of oprsent verv low per capita incomes goes for food: we believp this proportion will be about constant during the next 15 years. After that time diets may have sufficIent).v imrnproved so that a somewhat smaller pIO- portion of income, say 60%, will be spent for food. The needed food supplies are stated in terms of tons of "milled rice equivalent" - - that is, the +or,r.ag o.f milled rice (nvrmp1l,, 2/3 of the rice as harvested, which is usually called paddy) that woul(d provide the daily calorie supplies. i. Tl Tn actuality as shorn above (Tables 5 and 7) rice makes up only about 80 to 85% of the present diet. As A4ets -.r-v -d-Wh ris. irco4.s the prp-to of ric -, -beU--- 44 -- 210 U.'%A JJ. V L41iJ JVv~ VV.LVI LJ~i .1. J.4.L.L5 VLI..VI~, IM±- F1 LUFV.L L,.LVIJ± V.L 1 AI10tj liJ expected -to diminish. The figures of 2140 and 2570 calories per day, sAo,wmn in InaI.M- ZO Jroi 19e anJd- 2_00 o no g _i_:e th acuain c._UJ LI 0LIvwsL .LL ±L X au .L L v; E vlL 1 71.2 IL cU1 . UU L±v v bIIt: d' Li.dL Ud..Ly UJU.L intake per person, which will, on the average, remain close to physiological requirem.ents, but rather the primry plant calores that would be utiLized directly, or indirectly through feeding livestock and poultry, or alternative ly the higher priced vegetables, fruits and other food products that wouLd be equivalent in cost (at 1969 prices) (Table 7) to the quantity of rice L:_ -.3n2 _ 1_ L _ -X --- -- _ _ WLw.l1 WOU.±U pro-UVJ..U W1I bdaeU t IUL[UIUtU(J' U (a±o-I.LU LWILth t-he assumptionsI underly-ing Table 9, food supplies wouLd need to be doubled by 1985 and redoubled by the year 2000. Such an increase in production is possible because of the recent development of new varieties of wheat and rice, which produce three to six times as much grain per crop as the previously used varieties. but the potential of these new varieties cannot be attained without expensive irrigation development and the use of large quantities of chemical ferti lizers. This demands a shift from subsistence to market agriculture, and hence, industrial and overall economic development, so that there will be customers outside the agricultural sector who have enough income to be able to buy part of the farmers' crops, and who can produce goods that the farmers want to buy. Large capital investments, including a large component of foreign exchange (dollars, pounds, marks, rubles or yen) will be needed, plus technical assistance from the developed countries on a generous scale. - 10 - TO L+e rate of 4-----se of-0 r.4a 4---^ 4s r. re+r+h he rate of population increase, then demand for food will grow at a rate of 3.L per -- a-ea-, -3 by 1985 -wU>ld b1, e ---- 4ece, 4ae - th, a+-prsent -J.4/O JJM yr U. d.LIL Ij 17W.J WUU.WUI. Ur, V.,? k.vL;;AL V.aJ.V L L=4LM5. au . ~- It might weLl be impossible to supply this demand because the farmers would be WIMLaLe W jurCIaI4e t'-he aut:.Ld IMEIx±titug0 alu. Utannr iLkLputo .J.es UIWk-J could sell a larger part of their crops outside the agricultural sector. And such sales would depena on rising total income in se other sectos-. Irriration and frther Mean of Tno,reasing Agri cultural Production With a rapidly growing population it is desirable to increaso agricultural employment as well as food production. This could be accam- Plished by placing aleady cultirated lar.d nder irrigation so that an additional crop could be grown during the winter (Boro) crop season. Supnplemntal ir.iga+ of the A-. n/or4manmoA.l.l ..,o Lk..mn c woul Ake ir t possible to use higher yielding varieties during these seasons. The follwi,rner calculat+ion Jndi;ca4tes 4the am,ountIC of" cultivated llm-d +hat s ouild be placed under Srrigation. In 1970, 14 million tons of food (milled rice equivalent) will be grow ing on abut 30 million gross cultivated acres. The aver-age yields of paddy rice (1.5. x the weight of milled rice) are 0.7 tons per acre. The deficit in food production, w'nhich is made up by -iportS of food grains, is estimated at 1.5 million tons. By 1985, needed food supplies will be 28 million tons (Table 8) and production allowing for seed, feed, and wastage should be 30.8 million tons. This represents an increase of 16.8 million tons of milled rice above the present levels of production, or 25 million tons of paddy. With the new rice varieties and sufficieint ehenical fertilizers, about 2.5 tons of paddy ep acre can be obtained for the additional Boro crop under irrigationA¼ Supplemental irrigation of the Aus or Aman crops,using the new varieties, would give an in- crease in paddy yield of 1.8 tons per acre. Thus each acre put under irrigation would produce 4.3 tons more paddy than at present. To meet food needs in 1985, therefore, about 6 million acres should be irri- gated, using 10 to 15 million acre feet of water on the fields. This represents a rate of increase of irrigated area by about 400,000 acres a year, far greater than the rate of development during the past two de- cades. If the irrigation requirement were supplied by pumping ground- water, 75,000 to 100,000 tubewells of one cubic-foot-per-second capacity 'would be required. Other possibilities exist for increasing food production, including measures to ameliorate flood conditions or reduce the flooded areas. It may be feasible also to introduce higher yielding varieties of "floating rice", which can grow successfully in areas that are not too deeply flooded. More intensive cultivation of present crops would increase both employment and yields, but it is hard to predict the extent of this increase. Problems of EmploYment and Urbanization Finding employment for the rapidly growing labor force may prove to be a much more serious problem than increasing food production. The increase of numbers of workers cannot be affected durine the next 15 years by family planning or other fertility control programs, because the persons who will be entering the labor force during this period are already born. In 1961 about 3p percent of the population were in the labor force in East Pakistanl/ " Accapting the Planning Oonmiission esti- mate of 55 million for the population in 1961, the labor force consisted -12- of 19.2 million people. Of these, 8h.5 percent, or 16.2 million, were farm workers, and 15.5 percent, or 3.0 million, worked outside of agri- culture; as shonkeepers. skilled and semi-skilled industrial workers, unskilled laborers, fishermen, transport workers, domestic servants, off;iGe T.Iorkers and profession-al n-nd tech-nical nersronnel. We estimate that about 40 percent of these 3 million non-agricultural workers, or 1.2 mrllion people had nobs in cities and towns, and 60 percent. or 1.8 million, were non-agricultural workers in the villages. As shown by the9-ct that there were 3 males for every 2 femnles in cities and towns (Table 10), the proportion of the urban population in the labor fckCe w* as about 4 v5 ercer.+, r+ a hgk,er th n +that of +-he rural pou- ~~ '42 jJ~~ .5 .,--LA *J5lJ l4a 4 r, -r - lation. Approximately 10 percent of the rural workers had jobs out- side agriculture. There were 1.67 gross cultivated acre-s f-r eery farm worker, or 1.16 net cultivated acres. Observations by Akter Hameed Khan and his associates in the Gomilla Academy (personal cormurnication) show that in sistrict Comlla approximately 95 man-days are required per gross cultivated acre of turirrigated land. Extrapolating these figures to the Province indicates that in 1961 the average farm worker had around 150 days of employment. An additional irrigated crop provides at least o6 man-days of added employment. IWith a 1969 population of 75 million, the labor force is probably close to 25.7 million workers. Assuming that the gross culti- vated area is about 30 million acres and that farm labor intensity has increased to the extent that there are now 1.5 gross cultivated acres per farm worker, the agricultural labor force would consist of 20 mil- lion, or 78 percent of the total. Non-agricultural workers would make up 22 percent, or 5.7 million people. With the estimated population of cities and towns given in Table 10 and the same proportions of males and females as in 1961 (Table 10) there should be 2.2 million urban workers. This leaves 3.5 million who are either seeking employment or working outside agriculture in rural areas, about 18 percent of the rural labor force. For the same land/man ratio on the gross cultivated area in 1985 as in 1970, there would be 24 million farm workers, and the non- agricultural labor force would be 18.5 million, or 43.-5 percent of the total of 42.5 million. If cities and towns grow as indicated in Table 1, urban employment might be about 7 million. This leaves 11.5 million people who would need employment outside agriculture in the countryside. It is hard to see how more than 4 million could find jobs. The rate of unemployment plus underemployment would thus be about 18 percent. Either urbanization and industrialization must proceed much more rapidly then we have supposed in Table 1, or labor intensity on the farms must be con- siderably increased. For example, if the gross cultivated area per farm worker were reduced to 1.2 acres, the agricultural labor force would be 30 million and the non-agricultural workers in the countryside only 5.5 million, about the same proportion to farm workers as in 1969. A continuing increase in farm labor intensity is said to 7Ave taken place in Java with the rapid growth of its rural population 17/. -13- It mav well have occurred durine the past few decades in East Pakistan. But such "agricultural involution" may be incompatible with the moderni- zation of a"riculture which is essential if the peoDle of East Pakistan are to feed themselves. Prospects for Slowing Population Growth Pakistan began a broadly planned and highly organized family nI-nnni nap po -ynin 1965jA T.iith strncg pnonsorshin from the highest levels of government. Three years later, in 1967-681/ nearly 40,000 full and p-+at-timn t3(w'1tvwQ r jrwer m....erdw atd- ove7 nuCr LnC)o rAt.Ail agents had been recruited for distribution of contraceptives. Some 3 million, or 13 per- Cen ,t . +of 92 m21 14,, rr1_ vnf' 7sAt-+Ax r g were nrnt.ft,rd against conception. The most popular methods were condoms, followed by IUD's, and by -aseCto--,es. The prograrm was more e,fective in West Paistan tha in the East Wing. In the West, over 16 percent of vulnerable couples were protected; j in 'the Ea-st, ,UUUUU ±V p IC IIU. J-i LKZ;U s-Uan t w-aS a relatively stronger preference for male methods -- condoms and vasec- tomies, and particularly vasectomles, which won Alttle acceptance in West Pakistan. In East Pakistan 71.5 percent of protected couples used male methods; in west Pakistan only 65 percent. The increase in the number of acceptors fronm 1966-67 to 1967-68 in East Pakistan was 4.7 percent of the number of couples of reproductive age. But the size of the reproducing population increased by about 3 percent during the year. Hence a number of births was dimi-. nished by not more than 1.7 percent. This is probably a high figure, because the average age of wives among couples accepting contraceptives or sterilization is probably close of 30 years and they have already had at least five live births. Both factors tend to reduce the fecun- dity of these women. One might expect that the large differences among Districts in population density, size of farms, and potential for raising food production by increasing multiple cropping would be reflected in differ- ences in the effectiveness of the family planning program. Data from District Comilla support this expectation. According to A. H. Khan (personal communication) some 60,000 condoms per month were sold in 1969 in the Thana served by the Comilla Academy, and 3,500 IUDIs had been inserted during the last 5 years. Using the accepted ratio of 100 con- ventional contraceptives for one couple-year of protection, and the expected removal rate of IUD's, this means that over 8,000 couples, or about 27 percent of the 30,000 families in the Thana, were protected against conception in 1969, in contrast to perhaps 13 percent for the Province 4/. -. It will be remembered from the previous discussion that the rate of population growth in the 5 most densely populated Districts of East Pakistan was markedly less in 1961 than for the Province as a whole. We suggested that this was probably mainly due to out-migration. -1 4- That there is at m rk.ed sex difference in this migration is indicated by Table 10, which shows that in the cities and towns where many of th.e migan.ts go, there are about 3 males for every 2 fenmes. The complete and accurate demographic data obtained by , 1jo Moseley and hisc-lle1agums^Q i0+n ^ rM- P TV+_ o4: 10- 1, PA/ t hr+'k+. .5 ~ ._ wA rJ~ L-4.L4 L-V . a LSV f l. W A V. U- U ' a ..O _ - _ - LAw . _ these males are, as would be expected, young men between the ages of 20 -and 34. -ho have lef4-the -r -villees- to seek- e-le,lo,-n 4r. th ci+ies -,I' ~ L + VU.AA4 L&J v 'J . LI VLJV..LJ~I V... LV0 W Q FI. =I1V./LVJJ II.AV 1 L.;A UJ..A V and elsewhere, leaving their wives and families behind. For this age gr ou,pj in.± IMat ±aDi.laria tALhere are neaL-y- _3 fUmA.Lts fLoL evLY 2 ,.les. Such an economically forced separation of couples shculd have a signi- fic.tefec in uwer-irg birth rates, suu sbiuul be f~urthe svuu±e as a part of the complex of village-comminity-and family-level moti- vationL for family planning. Fruture planning oI population-influencing policies for ferti- lity reduction in East Pakistan should give special attenticn to small land-owning farmers in the high population-density Districts. Here, the average size of farms is already so small that further subdivision among several male children is highly undesirable. Throughout tne male-dominated society of East Pakistan, special attention should be paid to the male heads of farm families, and every effort should be made to provide them with contraceptive methods of their choice and with the opportunity for vasectomy. The cost effectiveness of family planning efforts will probably be much lower in the sparsely populated Districts, where there is less pressure on the land and more food per person, a relatively low payoff can be expected for family planning efforts among landless laborers, who have little incentive to limit the numbers of their children, because the children are capable of earning rupees to help support the family. Where husbands desire, results may be attained by promoting IUD's, but experience in Comilla Thana indicates that this should be a relatively minor part of the total program. On the other hand, every effort should be made to improve the status of women, and to increase their opportunities for education, jobs, and satisfying alternatives to child-bearing. In the cities and the new industrial towns, with their con- siderable excess of males over females, educational campaigns in fac- tories and in voluntary organizations of various kinds may be at least as effective in the long run as direct efforts to dispense contraceptives or other means of fertility control. - 15 - Implications for Development Policy 1. Efforts to reduce birth rates should be strongly intensified. Otherwise. nroblems of food sunnlv. emnnlovment. and welfare will be much more severe after 1985 than during the next lS years. 2. Greater emphasis sa.o-d 'be npla^ced vrz AefIrw& Y +on f ;-ter- regional transportation to provide chemical fertilizers, anna _ anal _ oa fr a r n C., ,| o . 4~ _ 4A .,-n 4 1 --4 1-4 -r A- -A _,...L 5IW-IttS. A Z A lO *,, v E t.ALWcLt lA,A a vci L X c.v U, v._ consumer goods, to encourage increased production by farmers .o-+I+8-g. T'is4-4-4-- L AWIJ.&UY."J.L.L ULJL lJ..L%,ULQO .)e ±i.LJACU"L.AUdJ.L UUVU.LVjAI1IL.LLI jJLI.LLU±ei OI.ULLLU VuLuvilLaad.Ul VAL maximizing agricultural employment through multiple cr-opping A3 1 __ _2 -1 XU A*n - -. A a-±u crVp U..LVc_tll ILUU, jd W",.LL di UL p_UV±LLI±I ' ul aUUq '. food supply for the population, either directly or through producuicon of export crops which can be traded for food. 4. New urban centers snould be established, and the growtn of existing cities and towns promoted, particularly in outlying districts, by allocating a large share of public and private investment to development of labor-intensive industries. 5. The rate of economic growth should be raised about six or seven percent per year by increasing savings and investment rates as rapidly as possible, and by large-scale financial assistance from developed countries. 6. A practical system of education, to improve the skills and discipline of new recruits to the labor force for industrial employment, should be given very high priority. - 16 - Works to Which Reference is Made (1) Adil, E., Annual Report on the Working of Pakistan's Family Planning Programme 1967-1968; Pakistan Family Planning Council, 77 pages, Rawalpindi, 1969. (2) Brackett, J.W., and Akers, D.S., Projections of the Population of Pakistan by Age and Sex; 1965-1986, A Measure of the Politi- cal Impact of a Family Planning Program; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, pp. 1 - 63, 1965. (3) Chowdhary, A.K.M.A.. Aziz, K.. and Moseley. W.H.. Demographic Studies in Rural East Pakistan, Second Year, May 1967 - April 1968. Pakistan-SEATO Cholera Research Laboratory. Dacca, 1969. (4) Corsa, L., Consequences of Populatian Growth for Health Services in Less DlAveloned rountries -- an Tnitial Annraisal; Ms. prepared for National Academy of Sciences, Study of Consequences of Ponu1ation Change and their Lmnlinntions for National and Inter- national Policies, 51 pages, October 1969. (5) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Calorie ments, pp. 1 - 65, FAO, 1957. (6) Frisch, R., and Revelle, R., Variation in Body Weights and the £1J0.S ofl -solec. n*W--h Spur L -.-.., Lati. I-- .icar. -A-- Populations, in Relation to Calorie Supplies; Human Biology, lEy I1969, Vol 41 , No. 2 -, pp'. 18,- - . (7) Har'vard Paitu A "-So "-OUp, Project Reor,- July December, 1969; in files of Harvard Development Advisory Service, 10701 (8) Yutbauer, .c.V, Cereal6 %CLOLns,YUtio, LP-oductionW4 CUA PricesO in West Pakistan; Ms. in files of Harvard Development Advisory Service, 197 pages, April 196UU. (9)1 i1sel-UY -v.n., CU1Jbary, A.B.Ml.A., Aziz, A.N.A., IslamL,, S., and Fahrmuddin, M., Demographic Studies in Rural East Pakistarn, Prelimlinary Analysis of the Res-ults of Daily Registrationl of Births, Deaths, and Migrations in 132 Villages in the Cholera vaccine Field Trial Area in Comilla District, East Pakistan, May 1966 - August 1967; 30 pages, Pakistan SEATO Cholera Research Laboratory, Dacca, june 1968. - 17 - (10) President's Science Advisory Conmittee, The lWorld Food Problem, Population and Nutritional Demands; Report of the Panel on the liorld Food Supply, Vol. II, Chapter 1, pp. 5-135, The White House, may 1967. (11) Rashid, H.E., East Pakistan, A Systematic Regional Geography and its Development Planning Aspects; Second edition, plus 4o6 pages, Ghulam Ali and Sons, Lahore, etc., 1967. (12) U.S. Public Health Service, Nutrition Survey of East Pakistan, March 1962 - January 1964; 426 pages, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, May 1966. (13) Wlatt. B.K.. and Merrill. A.L.. Comnosition of Foods: Agriculture Handbook, No. 8, Revised Edition, 189 pages, Agricultural Research Service;. IJ.S. nepnqrtm.nt. of Aarirultlire.; Washinaton. D.C.. December 1963. (14) 'White House Interior Panel on Waterlogging and Salinity in West Pakistan, Report on Tand Annd Water Development in the Indusq Plain; Chapter 1, pp. 19 - 95, The White House, Washington, D.C., janrua ,r-Y 6' (5l) Wo^7rld H.ealth Organiza-ton, Protein Requireen.ts; Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Group, WHO Technical Report No. 301, kp.v 1 - 71, TW-orA Health Orgnia on, C 1965. (16) I TI tl. T-LA, W.T., Revelle, D.,- ndL S+og E., ThI Seasonal Oscillation in Sea Level, Sears Foundation Journal of (17L) GUeert±z, C. , AIgriLcuLtUral Involutin.L .JJo o Ls ofEclogicl Change in Indonesia, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, U±1±-rVVeitjy uo Uad.LLUr-lia rress vJ-196. (1%F\ U*r-S +ro r--+ P- - 1P^p +-LwAt .q+.,q-iA; 1rc.flCfl't.! rThnaes c I II,: tl.J C" 0. -LI L.J.I 4. -./ I .p/ a*n*------ Brahmaputra Basin Studies. Cambridge, Mass., September, 19613 TT -_- 1 i pp. I gL.L (19) Hna.vard Cer,ter for Population Studies:-, Progress0 ae- t East. Pakistan Land, '.Tater and Power Studies. Cambridge, M!ass., D - ^ee 1969,- p1 - I3 d 27 Decembuer, -LYUY, pp. I a I - I U C ALkNNkX 8 Table 1 Estimated Urban Population 1951-1985 Nuniber Population, thousands | Anul.l incr c;SC 1961 (2)1 95(1)961) 1971 1986 961 19- () 1975(5) Cities' 100,000 4 ( 748 1211 2800 11 19.6 S. - 9.S5 La rgc TroXf 270 1 71A { A 170 1, 7A 0 r) I 6 A .7 23,000-100, 000 " i Med iumi n Towvns 21 245 338 54 5 1,210 13.2 4.8 5.4 10,000-25,000 1 Sinall Towns 32 150 219 385 1, 030 3. 8 5.7 6. 5 TOTAL 77 1859 2613 4900 15,600 13.4 6.3 7.7 East Pakistan 145' 300 )55,30(-) 75, 00od 125, 000 12. 0 3.0 3.4 Peircent of Populatioll Urban 4.1 4.7 6.5 12.4 Sources: (1) Compiled fro-n data in Census of Pakistan, 1951; Vol. 3, Table 2 (2) Compiled from data given by A. Rashid, Census Bulletin 2, Table 5; Population Census of Pakistan, 196] (3) Estimated: 1961 population in each urban category multiolicd by crt where r = estimated annual rate of increasc anld t - tienc interval in years (4) __ tim;,it,d: 1951-6] ra1te of increase in each urban categor; y ultiplied by ratio of annual rates of increase of FEast Pakistan population fromn 1961- 197 i to annual rate of increasc fronm 195] -i961 (5) Istirnatcd: 1961 -1971 rate of incrcase in each urban category inultiplied by ratio of estimzatte(d annual rate of increase of East Pakistan population from 1971-1986 to annual rate of increasc froml 1961-1971 (6) Based on estimatc by the Pakistan Planning, Comnmission 171 T,',-- 'r-,1,1-c East Pakistan Landl Utilization, 1960-65 of I `4,.IA%IE (1 I2 (3 (4) I5 ('J I District Total Net Gro'ss Croppiing Averagc Ratio of Land Sown Croppcd In- Net total lan<1 Area Area Area tensity Cultivatcd Area to Area per Net Sown A X arrni A re a Millions of acres TO Acres _ Chittagcong 1.675 .528 1.028 194 2.0 3.17 Comilla 1.570 .953 1.923 202 1.6 1. 65 1 1. 1. 1OO 1 63 137 I A1 Noakhali 1.040 .575 1.023 178 1.7 1.81 Fariclpur 1. 553 1.084 1.745 161 2.7 ].43 Sylhet 3.0Z5 1.348 2.054 152 3.4 2.25 Pabna 1.086 .767 1.106 144 3.4 1.41 Ba isa! 2.300 1. 660 2.472 149 3.3 1.38 (B a ka ir -,anj') Myn-..-nsing h 3.940 2. 786 4.191 150 3.1 1.41 Khu]; xa 2.615 1.020 1.266 124 3.4 2.56 Hill Tracts 3.065 .163 .185 113 3.8 18.80 Bogra .936 .681 .910 133 3. 3 1.37 Ran-:pur 2.145 1.707 2.239 131 3.3 1.26 0 c 11 n OAA7 00 1AL r I - K-us[ .L89 t 59 . 7° 140 5.2 1. 57 Jcssore 1.598 1.211 1.335 110 3.9 1.32 Rajshahi 2.285 1.599 1.963 123 4.4 1.43 Dinajpur 1.660 1.038 1.216 117 4.9 1.60 lotals 33. 10:i/ 18.85 27.08 144 2.3 1 [12/ 1/ Area of East Pakistan excluding 2. 24 million acres of inland waters ?! Omitting Hill Tracts Source: Columns (1). (2). (5) from Tables XII. XV. and XIV; respectively, of H. E. Rashid "Fast Pakistan, A Systematic Regional Geography- and Its Development Pla-nning Aspects", GhulamAli and Sons, Lahore, etc., 1967. Column (3) compiled from data given in H.E. Rashid, Op. cit- chapter VIII, pp. 140-247. Column (4) = (Column (3) Column (2)) x 100 ANiM.x 8 'Table :3 East Pakistan Population Density and Growth (1) (2) (31 (4) (5) Population Density, persons/acre District Population on total on net on gross Population 1961 land sown cropped Growth census area area area 1951-61 Millions % Chittagong 2.98 1.80 5.65 2.90 18 Cornil]a 4.39 2.80 4.60 2.30 16 Dacca 5. 10 3.00 4.30 3.10 25 Noa khali 2 38 2.30 4 15 2.30 15 Fari pur 3.18 2.05 2.95 1.80 14 Syltet 3.49 1. 15 2.60 1.70 14 Pabna 1.96 1.80 2.55 1.75 23 Barisal 4.26 1.85 2.55 1.70 17 (Bakarganj) Mymrrnsingh 7.02 1.80 2.50 1.70 21 KhuIna 2.45- .95 2.4 1.95 18 Hill Tracts .38 .10 2. 35 2.05 34 Bogra 1.57 1.70 2.30 1.70 23 Rawn0ur 3,80 ]. 75 2.20 17 n 30 Kushtia 1.17 1.40 2.20 1.50 32 Jessore 2. 19 a. a. a 65 3A Rajs1hahi 2.81 1.25 1.75 1.45 27 D inajpur 1.71 1.05 1.65 1.40 24 I'otals 50.84 1.55 2.70 1.85 21 Source: Columns (1) and (5) from Tables XCV and XCIV, respectively, in Hi. E. Rashid, East Pakistan,"Syst.ematic Regional Geography and its Developnment Planning Aspect, GhularnmAi and Sons, Lahore, etc., 1967. Columrs(2), (3) and (4) computed by dividing column (1) by colurnns (1,()and (.3) of Table2. 1.- . : & 'ra bl_ e A East Pakistan Districts in Ordei of Per Capita Cereal Production ')960-65 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) District Population Density Percent of Average Rice Per Capita on (iross Cropped Gross Sown. Yields Cercal Pro- Area Area in duction Cereals personsiac rc tons /acre &rsfperscin d Dacca 3.10 76 .452 299 Faridpur 1.80 78 .339 394 Chittagong 2.90 92 .478 41.6 Comnilla 2.30 82 .455 429 Pabnia 1.75 74 .388 438 Noakhali 2.30 86 .453 457 Hil) 7 Tract-s 2.05 80 4A6f 491 Kushtia 1.50 73 .400 535 Rangpur 1.70 78 .442 550 Mymcnsingh 1.70 77 .455 575 Jessore 1.65 81 .433 580 Bogra 1.70 79 .456 586 Khulna 1.95 88 .484 606 Syih)ct 1.70 91 .445 651 Barisal 1.70 88 .475 660 Dinaipur 1. A8 ? .A'5 ' R ajs ha li 1.45 82 .442 682 1.85 82 .443 529 Source: Column (2) frnom Table 3. Column (3) from Table 6. Crl,inn (4) fro,m dait itn Tihlh XTX XC anrl XXIT of -T W. RP sid "East Pakistan, A Systematic Regional Geography and it's Devel- opec Planning Aspects", Ghularn A " and Sons, Lanore, etc. 9 176 Yiel-ds are tons/acre of milled rice, co'Lumii (5 ) Colur-ui (11) x Uululrul ( )) * 2. X L,JoUflflr (2) X jOi ). Note: Underlined numbers in Column (2) inclicatc high population dcnsity on cultivated land; in columns (3) and (4), relatively small proportioni of land planted in cereals and/or low yielcls per acre: in column (5); per capita cereal production inadequate to supply District requircrment3 Estimated Per Capita rood Energy Consumrption in East Pakistan, Early 1960's Nutrition Survey (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) District 1961 Census 19602-64.4 Population Cereal Ccnsumption Energy From Cereals Total Food District Population Sample estimated gms/pers/day kcal/ % of Einerg;y Cereal MilliorLs number undercount published corrected person/ tc,tal kcal/pers/ Supply % day calories day grris /pers /a) Chittagong 2. 98 587 112. 8 539 478 1690 89. 4 1890 374 Comilla 4. 3 9 6o55 5. 2 486 461 16 3 0 76. 3 212 0 386) DaccaL 5. 10 9 4 5 2. 7 498 485 1715 86. 1 2(00 269 N;oakhali 2. 38 I2?3 4.6 506 484 1710 85. 1 1965 411 Far-r dpur 3. 1 8 520 4. 8 440 420 1 490 83. 9 1775 3 55 Barisal 4; 2i6 631 3.2 507 490 1730 86.2 2(005 594 Pabna 1. 96 542 9.8 548 498 1765 85.3 2t070 394 Mlymensingh 7. 02 581 18.6 528 486 1720 89. 7 1915 517 Sylhet 3. 49 6`77 6. 3 526 493 1745 84. 3 1'965 5865 Bogra 1. 57 571 6. 7 581 594 1920 84. 3 22'85 527 K'hulna 2. 4 5 702 5. 3 469 444 1570 87. 4 1795' 5445 Rangpur 3. 8,0 616 5.2 641 608 2155 84. 3 2555 495 Kushtia 1. 17 45-i3 7.7 690 640 2265 83.5 2715 481 Jess ore 2. 19 682 5.6 460 435 1540 83.9 1835 522 Rajshahi 2.81 670 3.4 592 571 2020 86. 9 2330 614 D.na jpIur 1.71 479 4. 6 721 695 2440 8 7. 1 2800 612 TOTAL 50.46 I10 599 WEIC;HT}ED 537 502 1777 85.6 2070 476 AVERAGt A GES Less Kushtia 47. 58 9, 667 489 1730 85. 5 2020 469 aLnd Dinajpur Sources: Column (1) Population Census of Pakistan, 1961 Columns (2), (4), (7) "LNutriticn Survey of East Pakistan, March 1962-Jan. 1964", S.S. ffublic Hiealth 'erxv. 1966 Column (3) T'qtirnata-d nndercournt rf carpr!Le po ation base o . anC-.is of age andsex dist:ibu-. tion. Column (5) FPer capita cereal consdxrrption from Nutrition Survey corrected for sample undercount. Column (6) Corrected per capita ce:real consumption X 3540 ;ccal/kg Sources (continued): CC,1Urn,. (3,, ColUmnn (6) x 100 -- Cov:.mn (7) Colurrn (9), District cereal supply ?)er capita taken as 90% of estimnated cereal production per capita given in Table 4, assurning seed, feed and losses = 10%lo of production. If production estimates a;:e correct, these numbers are probably 5 to 10% too high because the population in 1962-63 was greater than indicated in Colurman (1) Note: numbers underlined in Column (5) indicate that cereal consuraption measured in nutrition survey exceeds estimated supply from District production ANN^L 8 Table 6 Proportion of Gross Sown Area in Rice and Other Crops in East Pakistan, 1960-65 District Percent of Grots Sowe. Area n Rice Other Other Non-Food Cereals Food Crops -Crops __ Chittagong 92 --- 5 3 Dacca 75 1 13 11 Noakhali 86 _ 7 7 .raridpur 76 2 13 9 Svhet 91 --- 4 5 F-ahna 71 3 18 8 Barisal 88 --- 6 6 Myinensingh 77 --- iIi i2 Khulna 88 --- 8 4 Hill Tracts 79 1 19 1 Bocrra 79 --- 14 7 Rangpur 76 2 9 13 ,eIus Lti a -1 -,A :> - I'~ U 1 [Id I A I r Jessore 80 1 14 5 Rajshahi 79 3 13 5 Dinajpur 81 1 15 3 Source: Computed,from da'ta in Chapter VIIJ of H. E. Rashid "East Pakistan, A Systematic Regional Geography and. its Development Planning Aspects", pp. 140-259, Ghulam Ali and .Sonq T,ahore, et.i 19QA7 No'ces on percentage areas for specific crops included in totals Rice: 54% Aman; 23% Aus; 4% Boro. Other Cereals! 0- 5% Wheat; 0, 3%o Barley and Maize Otner roou Crops: =. 9% Puises; 0.9% Potatoes and Sweet Potatoe s; 1. 31' Vegetables; 2. 8% Oil Seeds; 1. 4% Sugar; 0. 8%o Fruits Non-Food Crops: .0. 4%6 Tobacco; 0. 3% Tea; 6. 4% Jute; 0. 8% tD...c..l Leaf an3 Tetel Nut. * NJml. V 0 Table 7 Food Production in East Pakistan 1960-1965 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (i3) (9) Million IThousarrds Protein n Billion 1Protein Valuc % of to of | % of metric of food |kg per food |tons |millions | total total total tons I calories Iton I calories bier dav lof I calories brotein I cash p er ton |Per day I {rupees I. J - value _ I I~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I I I I I I Cereals 9.76 | 3600 75 | 96.4 | 2006 | 7900 | 82. 0 |72. 8 60. 4 Pulses 0.23 | 3500 1225 | 2.2 | 140 172 1.9 5.1 1. 3 Tubers 0.67 j 950 19 1.7 | 35 480 1.4 1. 3 |3.7 Vegetables (1. 44) 290 |14 1. 2 55 (755) | 1.0 . 0 5. 8 Oil secds 0.15 5600 1200 2. 2 J 81 120 | 1.9 |2. 9 0. 9 Sugar 0.53 3700 |0 | 5.5 0 |990 | 4.7 |0 l 7.6 Fruits 1.39 | 810 |10 | 3.1 3 9 | 630 I 2.6 I 1.4 4. 8 Eggs 0.02 1 1630 1129 1 0.1 1 7 1 40 1 0= I I 0-.3 I 0 3 Mp,t and I l l I l l Poultry 0. 15 2410 183 | 1.0 77 305 0.8 2. 8 2. 3 Milk 0.80 650 |35 1.4 77 | 530 1.2 |.. 8 4. 1 Fislh (0.50) 1 1800 1175 1 2.5 1 238 1 1100 I 2.1 I 8.6 1 8.4 Butteer and I I I I l ll Ghee U. U1 8760 3 0.3 1 0.11 60b { 0.3 15.65 ! 1117.6 12755 113082 I 100.0 1100.0 1100. 1 I I~~~1 I . I I I I I Sources: Column (1) compiled from data given in H. E. Rashid, "East Pakislan, a Systematic Regional Geography and its Development Planning Aspects", chapters VIII and IX, pp. 140-259. Ghulam Ali and Sons. Lahore. etc. 1967. Numbers in parentheses are our estimates based on Rashid and other data. Columns (2) and (3), B. K. Watt and A. L. Merrill, "Composition of Foods", Algricuilture HaTndbooktn No, 8, Agiutua escarch cervlce , TT.S. Depar--cn .- -, .., ~VI~ J J. LcJ±LtUl of Agriculture, Washington D. C. , Revised 1963 Column (6) Retail values in rupees estimated from data given in "Nutrition Survey of East Pakistan, March 1962-Jan. 1964", U. S. Public Hlealth Service, 1966 Physiological Requ.irerrents for CalorieE and Protein in East P>akistan, 1961-65 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 1'6) (7) (8) Age Sex Average Pler cent I)aily Calorie Re- Daily Protein Re- Tctal Daily r Total Daily Weight of quirements2 quirements Calories/ Protein Popu- huLndred lation persons years k _ cal/k callers X g,mpers/O0pe O) - 1 mM&f 5.8 4. 5 164 950 2.00 11.6 42 75 52.2. 1 - 4 m 10.0 7'.8 105 1050 1.06 10.6 iB190 82. 7 f 9.8 7'. 5 105 11030 1.06 10.4 7725 78. 0 S - 9 rr 16.8 7.9 82 1375 0. 94 15.18 10860 124. 8 f 16.1 7'.6 82 1320 0.'94 15.1 10030 114.8 10 - 14 rr 28.5 6.1 68 1940 0.86 24.'5 11835 149. 4 f 29.2 51.8 64 1E865 0.8a6 25.1 13D 815 145. 6 15 - 19 rr 43.1 4.1 65 28E20 0. 77 33.2 11560 136.-1I f 39.5 3.8 48 1 880 0.77 30. 5 7145 115. 9 20 - 29 rr 45.8 7.7 55 2495 0.71 32. 15 19210 2 50.Z f 39.7 7.1 46 1810 0.71 28.2 12850 2,00.2 30 - 319 = 45.9 51.9 53 2420 0.71 32,.6 14280 192. 3 f 39.6 5.4 44 1 755 0.71 Z8. 1 19475 1 51. 7 40 - 49 :m 45.7 4.1 51 2340 0.71 32.4 9 595 132.8 f 38.7 3.7 43 1680 0.71 27.5 6215 101.8 50 - 59 im 45.0 2.7 47 2130 0.71 32.1) 5750 86.4 f 38. 2 2. 6 40 1530 0.7 1 27.2 3980 70. 7 60 + M 44.2 2.6 41 1830 0. 71 31.4 4760 81.6 E 36.4 3.2 35 1285 0.'l7 25.13 4110 82. 6 100.1 3 Per Capita Requirements: 1726. 6 23. 5 Columns: 3 Sources: (1) Estimated from data given by Rose Frisch and Roger Revelle, "Variation in Body 'Weights at r Z the Age of the Adolescent GrowthL Spurt amon,g Latin American and Asian Populations, in, Relationx to a , Calorie Supplies" Humarn Biology, Vol. 41, No. 2, May 1969, page 196. :2) From figure 6 and, Table E3 in James W. Rrackett and Donald S. Akers, "Projections of the Population of Pakistan by Age and Sex, 1965-1986" IJ.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, 1965. Scurces (continued): (3) Calculated according to methods given in "Calorie Requirements", Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1957, except for ages ro.m 1 to 14, where calories/kg computed from listed requirements for children of these ages were used. (5) Daily protein requirements in gm/kg from Table 13, of "Population and Nutritional Demands" by Grace A. Goldsmith, Roger Revelle, et al, (C'hapter 1 of "The World Food Problem", President's Science Advisory Committee, Vol. II, The White House, May 1967. (7) Column (2) x Colurnn (4) (8) Column (2) x Colurrmn (6) Notes: 1. IncluLdes requirements for pregnancy a:nd lactation 2. No allowance for average environmental teraperature, in accordance withL recommendations in Goldsmith. ancd Revelle, et al, op. cit. 3. Requirem>Lenit of "reference protein" (egg). Multiply by 1.7 for average protein in East Pakistan diet. ii"Jjix 8 Table 9 Demoagraphiic, Food, and Incom-e Projections for East Pakistaii IQ70 1985 ?fllnn Population sizc, nmiilions (1) 75 i25 205 Birth rate/1000 47 50 41 Death rate/1000 16 14 11 Rate nf incrc2se/11000 3! 36 30 Total fertility rate (2) 8 7. 5 6 Life expectation at birth, yrs. 52 55 59 Percent population less than 15 yrs. 47 46 44 Sex ratio, 100 M/F 104 104 104 Regional inconc. 109 4.5 9.9 21. Per capita income, $ 60 78 1 06 rood requirement, i06 Lons (3) i4 2L 55 Ann. rate of incr. of inconme per cap, % 1.85 1, 95 Ann. rate of population increase, % 3. 4 3. 3 Ann. rate incr. reizional income. % 5. 25 5 25 Ann. rate of incr. in food demand, %(4) 4.7 4. 5 Per Cap. food requirerI cnit, tot. caL/da i,800(5) 2140 2570 (1) Bracketl, J.W. and Akers. D.S. "Projections of Poniilaticn o)f PnkistJn by Age and Sex 1965-1968." U,S. Bureau of the Census, Departmnent of Co,l,.r7erce, June u-5eniographic Projections are IrIedUlaLx VdJUeb U; projections of Series B (declining fertility, constant mortality) and Series C (constant fertility, decliiiing mortality). (2) The total fertility rate is the sum of the age-specific birth rates and indicates the hypothetical numlber of children a woman would have during her reproductive life if the age-specific rates remained constant. (3) (75 x 106 persons x 1800 calories/day x 365 day/Vr/3. 54 x 106 caI ton = 14 x 106 tons, milled rice equivalent. (4) Assume 0. 7 for food-income elasticity (1970-1985). Rate of population increase 4 (incomc elasticity for food) (rate of increase of income per capita) = rate of increase in food demand. 3,4 4 n 71185) = 4.7 %o/year (197f00185 14 (1. 047)15 = 28 million tons/year, 1985 AD Assume 0. 6 for food-income elasticity (1985-2000) 3.3 + 0.61 (1. 95) 4. 5%/yr 8R !1 045!15 = 55 milio t.year, 2000 AD (5) Based on calorie requirernent suggested in text. Urban and Rural Sex Ratios in E;ast Pakcistan, 1961 Urban Places Population, thousands R atio Excess Size N uminber Male Female Total F /M Males Cities I 100, 001D 4 754. 5 456. 5 1211. 0 . 605 298. 0 Large towns 50, 000-1 00, 000 5 165. 8 12 9. 4 ;295. 2 . 781 36. 4 25, 000-50, 000 i5 2 98. 251.0 549.8 .838 47. 8 Medium towns 10, 000-2 i, 000 Z20 172. 9 1L53. 1 326.0 . 885 19. 8 Small towns 5,000-10, 000 26 97.C 91.0 188.0 .938 6.0 Nvew Industrial Settlement 7 34. 3 8.8 43. 1 .258 25. 5 Total Urban 77 1.523. 1089.8 2613.1 .715 433.5 Rural 26,800 2 5900 52700 .965 900 Total East Pakistan 28300 2'7000 55300 .952 1300 Source: Urban Fopulations frorm M.E. E ashlid, "East Pakistan, A Systematic Regional Geogiaphy and its Development Plannin-g- A'spects'', G~.ulam Ali and Sons,, La.hore, etc., 1967. Population of East Pakistan from jarnes W. Bracket:t and Donald S. Akers, 'Projections of the Population of Pakistan by Age and Sex, 1963, - 1986"', U. S. Department of Commerce,, Census Bureau, 1965. (V! 4E i 4 j ) ¢I$ SS ' 'O I a L < ,; * '._ ZI'' ,. F 4-fi> _ * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~c \* \~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ W -Cd~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~oLi4