SFG3580 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C San Jacinto Tizate, km 114 Leon Malpaisillo Road Managua Building ESCALA, 6th floor Jean Paul Genie Avenue south side building ProCredit www.cerrocoloradopower.c om Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, 387016 2 C Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP Nicaragua VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase 18 August 2017 -- Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase Issue and revision record Revision Date Originator Checker Approver Description A 28 Jul 2017 A. Dal Mut A. Paul N. Davies Draft for client review B 09 Aug 2017 Various A. Cuschnir N. Davies Final draft C 18 Aug 2017 Various A. Paul N. Davies Final for disclosure Document reference: 387016 | 2 | C Information class: Standard This document is issued for the party which commissioned it and for specific purposes connected with the above- captioned project only. It should not be relied upon by any other party or used for any other purpose. We accept no responsibility for the consequences of this document being relied upon by any other party, or being used for any other purpose, or containing any error or omission which is due to an error or omission in data supplied to us by other parties. This document contains confidential information and proprietary intellectual property. It should not be shown to other parties without consent from us and from the party which commissioned it. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase Contents Glossary of terms 1 Preface 1 1 Introduction and background 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 What is the objective and scope of the ESIA? 1 1.3 Who is Cerro Colorado Power S.A.? 3 1.4 Project history 3 1.5 What ongoing and future requirements are planned? 4 1.6 Where is the Project located? 4 2 The Project 6 2.1 Why is the Project needed? 6 2.1.1 Alternatives considered 7 2.2 What is the Project? 7 2.2.1 What is geothermal power? 7 2.2.2 The Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 8 2.2.3 What activities are required to perform Component 1 exploratory drilling? 9 2.2.4 Siting of the required infrastructure relative to the habitats within the Nature Reserve 11 2.3 How will the Project be funded? 13 2.4 What is the planned Project schedule? 13 2.5 What standards have been applied to the Project? 14 2.6 How was the location of the infrastructure selected? 14 2.7 Environmental and social assessment documentation 15 3 Environmental and social impacts 16 3.1 What are the Project impacts that could affect the environment and people? 16 3.2 How was the Project assessed? 17 3.3 Information Disclosure, Consultation & Participation 17 3.4 Key findings 19 3.4.1 Social Impact Assessment 19 3.4.2 Archaeology and Cultural Heritage 20 3.4.3 Biodiversity and Ecology 21 3.4.4 Resources and Water Quality 22 3.4.5 Landscape and Visual 22 3.4.6 Noise 22 3.4.7 Geology and Erosion 23 3.4.8 Soil Contamination 23 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase 3.4.9 Air Quality 24 3.4.10 Traffic and Transport 24 3.4.11 Materials and Waste Management 25 3.5 Cumulative impacts with other projects 25 3.6 How will CCP manage environmental and social impacts? 25 3.7 General conclusions 26 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua 1 VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase Glossary of terms Table 1: Glossary of terms Term Definitions Area of Influence The area over which the impacts of the Project are likely to be felt including all its related (AOI) or associated (where applicable) facilities such as the transmission line corridor, water and steam pipelines, access roads, borrow pits, accommodation facilities (where required) as well as any reasonably foreseen unplanned developments induced by the Project or cumulative impacts. Biodiversity Variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems. Chance find Archaeological or cultural sites and artefacts, including such items as ceramics, tools, buildings, burials, etc., previously unrecognized in baseline studies that are discovered during the course of exploration activities. Consultation Consultation is a two-way process of dialogue between the project company and its stakeholders. Stakeholder consultation is about initiating and sustaining constructive external relationships over time. Critical habitat Either modified or natural habitats supporting high biodiversity value, such as habitat required for the survival of critically endangered or endangered species. Cultural heritage Defined as resources with which people identify as a reflection and expression of their constantly evolving values, beliefs, knowledge and traditions. Cumulative impacts The combination of multiple impacts arising from existing projects or activities, and/or anticipated future projects or activities. Direct area of Considers the physical footprint of the project such as the right of way, construction influence sites, work staging area and area affected during operational works (e.g. traffic patterns). Economic Loss of assets or access to assets that leads to loss of income sources or means of displacement livelihood. Ecosystem The interacting system of a biological community and its non-living environmental surroundings. Emission Pollution discharged into the atmosphere from smokestacks, other vents, and surface areas of commercial or industrial facilities; from residential chimneys; and from motor vehicle, locomotive, or aircraft exhausts. Environmental and A forward-looking instrument that is able to proactively advise decision-makers on what Social Impact might happen if a proposed activity is implemented. Impacts are changes that have Assessment (ESIA) environmental, political, economic, or social significance to society. Impacts may be positive or negative and may affect the environment, communities, human health and well-being, desired sustainability objectives, or a combination of these. Environmental and Summarises the company’s commitments to address and mitigate risks and impacts Social Management identified as part of the ESIA, through avoidance, minimization, and and Monitoring Plan compensation/offset, and monitor these mitigation measures. (ESMMP) Environmental and Part of a project’s overall management system that includes the organizational structure, social management responsibilities, practices and resources necessary for implementing the project-specific system (ESMS) management program developed through the environmental and social assessment of the project. Exploration Geothermal resource confirmation phase that can include surface studies, reconnaissance, exploration drilling, feasibility study and production phase ESIA. Geothermal power Involves drilling deep production wells into the Earth’s crust to harness the thermal generation energy contained in underground reservoirs of geothermal waters or steam. Good International Exercise of professional skill, diligence, prudence, and foresight that would reasonably Industry Practice be expected from skilled and experienced professionals engaged in the same type of (GIIP) undertaking under the same or similar circumstances globally or regionally. The outcome of such exercise should be that the project employs the most appropriate technologies in the project-specific circumstances. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua 2 VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase Term Definitions Greenhouse gases The following six gases or class of gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). Grievance Procedure provided by a project to receive and facilitate resolution of affected mechanism communities’ concerns and grievances about the project’s environmental and social performance. Habitat Terrestrial, freshwater, or marine geographical unit or airway that supports assemblages of living organisms and their interactions with the non-living environment. Hazardous waste By-products of society that can pose a substantial or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly managed. Substances classified as hazardous wastes possess at least one of four characteristics —ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity— or appear on special lists. Indigenous peoples Defined by the World Bank E&S Framework as a distinct social and cultural group possessing the following characteristics in varying degrees: (a) Self-identification as members of a distinct indigenous social and cultural group and recognition of this identity by others; (b) Collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats, ancestral territories, or areas of seasonal use or occupation, as well as to the natural resources in these areas; (c) Customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions that are distinct or separate from those of the mainstream society or culture; and (d) A distinct language or dialect, often different from the official language or languages of the country or region in which they reside. Information Disclosure means making information accessible to interested and affected parties disclosure (stakeholders). Communicating information in a manner that is understandable to stakeholders is an important first and ongoing step in the process of stakeholder engagement. Information should be disclosed in advance of all other engagement activities, from consultation and informed participation to negotiation and resolution of grievances. This will make engagement more constructive. Invasive alien species Non-native species of flora and fauna that are a significant threat to biodiversity due to their ability to spread rapidly and out-compete native species. Land acquisition All methods of obtaining land for project purposes, which may include outright purchase, expropriation of property and acquisition of access rights, such as easements or rights of way. Livelihood Full range of means that individuals, families, and communities utilize to make a living, such as wage-based income, agriculture, fishing, foraging, other natural resource-based livelihoods, petty trade, and bartering. Magnitude The assessment of magnitude is undertaken in two steps. Firstly, the magnitude of potential impacts associated with the Project are categorised as beneficial or adverse. Secondly, the beneficial or adverse impacts are categorised as major, moderate, minor or negligible based on consideration of a number of parameters. Natural habitat Land and water areas where the biological communities are formed largely by native plant and animal species, and where human activity has not essentially modified the area's primary ecological functions. Net gain (biodiversity) Development that leaves biodiversity in a better state than before. Occupational health The range of endeavours aimed at protecting workers from injury or illness associated and safety with exposure to hazards in the workplace or while working. Physical Relocation or loss of shelter. displacement Pollution Refers to both hazardous and non-hazardous pollutants in the solid, liquid, or gaseous forms, and is intended to include other forms such as nuisance odours, noise, vibration, radiation, electromagnetic energy, and the creation of potential visual impacts including light. Power plant Second of the two main components of the geothermal power plant process, where the extracted steam is used to generate electricity. Production Steam field and power plant development phase that can include production drilling and development of steam above ground system (SAGS) and power plant. Project affected Individuals, workers, groups or local communities which are or could be affected by the people project, directly or indirectly, including through cumulative impacts. Renewable energy Energy sources derived from solar power, hydro, wind, certain types of geothermal, and biomass. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua 3 VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase Term Definitions Resettlement Establishes the principles, procedures, entitlements and eligibility criteria, organizational framework arrangements, arrangements for monitoring and evaluation, the framework for participation, and mechanisms for redressing grievances by which the company will abide during the project implementation. Sensitivity The sensitivity of a receptor is determined based on the review of the population (including proximity / numbers / vulnerability), presence of biological features of the site and the surrounding area, soil, agricultural suitability, geology and geomorphology, proximity of aquifers and watercourses, existing air quality, presence of any archaeological features etc. Significance Significance of impact takes into account the interaction between the magnitude and sensitivity criteria. Stakeholders Stakeholders are persons or groups who are directly or indirectly affected by a project, as well as those who may have interests in a project or the ability to influence its outcome, either positively or negatively. Stakeholder A management tool to guide stakeholder engagement procedures and activities for a Engagement Plan project. Steam fields First of the two main components of the geothermal power plant process, where the geothermal fluids are extracted, processed and subsequently re-injected. World Bank Group Technical reference documents for environmental protection and set out industry- EHS Guidelines specific examples of ‘international good practice’. Projects are expected to comply with the levels and measures identified in the General EHS Guidelines where host country requirements are less stringent or do not exist. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua 4 VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua 1 VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase Preface The World Bank will hold a This document provides an disclosure period (at least 120 days) executive (non-technical) summary commencing on 21 August 2017 (NTS) of the Environmental and until 21 December 2017. You may Social Impact Assessment Report comment through forms that will be (ESIA) of the Casita-San Cristobal available at each school in the four Geothermal Project (the “Project”). referenced communities, which will The purpose of this NTS is to be collected by the CCP team to present the main findings of the answer any questions presented ESIA process including the and to incorporate new information predicted impacts and key in the final version of the ESIA. management, mitigation and You can also contact the CCP team enhancement measures related to directly via the following means: exploration drilling work to be performed to confirm the resource Project Information Proponent potential of the Project. Name of Cerro Colorado Power S.A. Company This NTS is part of the larger Address Cerro Colorado Power S.A. package of ESIA documents. San Jacinto Tizate, km 114 Leon Malpaisillo Road This NTS and the final versions of Managua, Nicaragua the ESIA documents will be Telephone +505 2253 8340 available in the following locations: Fax +505 2253 8340 E-mail info@polarisgeothermal.com ● Cerro Colorado Power (CCP) jbendana@polarisgeothermal.com Web page www.cerrocoloradopower.com website: ● www.cerrocoloradopower.com ● Hard copies will be available at a school in El Higueral, Santa Cruz, Las Grietas and San Lucas, in Chinandega ● Electronic copies are also available upon request from CCP A public consultation meeting will be held in September 2017 at a central location that can be easily accessed (to be announced by CCP closer to the date). 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua 1 VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase 1 Introduction and background 1.1 Overview The purpose of this executive (non-technical) summary (NTS) is to present in a clear and simple manner the main findings and conclusions of the environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) process undertaken for the Nicaragua Geothermal Resource Risk Mitigation Project (the Project). Cerro Colorado Power S.A. (CCP) was awarded the exploration concession by the Government of Nicaragua through a competitive process. The Government of Nicaragua with the support of the World Bank intend to use World Bank funds (through the Scaling-up Renewable Energy Program (SREP) and International Development Association (IDA)) and other funding, to undertake exploratory drilling works to help confirm the geothermal resource of the field and to mitigate the resource risk in advance of developing the first operational power plant in the Casita-San Cristobal geothermal field. The resource confirmation plus the installation of a small-scale 35MW capacity power plant would mitigate the development risks and increase the prospects of additional investments to unlock the potential in the field. The Project has two components for development: ● Component 1: Geothermal resource confirmation (exploration phase) ● Component 2: Steam field and power plant development (production phase) Component 1 is designed to confirm the resource base and to mitigate risks with the view to facilitate the development of the first operational power plant in the Casita-San Cristobal field (Component 2). CCP has commissioned Mott MacDonald to act as the Environmental and Social Consultant (‘ES Consultant’) to conduct an ESIA for the exploratory phase drilling works (Component 1). 1.2 What is the objective and scope of the ESIA? This ESIA is to address impacts associated with “Component 1”. The purpose of this ESIA is to: ● Identify and assess the potential environmental and social impacts that the Project may have on the environment and communities within its area of influence (AOI) for the exploratory phase ● To help avoid, or where avoidance is not possible, minimise, mitigate or compensate for adverse impacts on the environment and communities ● To ensure that the affected communities1 are appropriately engaged on issues that could potentially affect them ● To promote improved social and environmental performance through the development and effective use of management systems The WB PSs require consideration of unplanned but predictable development that may occur later or at a different location. For this ESIA this might constitute activities related to Component 2, the production phase. Given that the geothermal resource is yet to be confirmed it is not 1 Reference to communities includes consideration of impacts on labourers 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua 2 VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase deemed necessary to fully assess production phase risks and impacts as part of the exploratory phase ESIA, however this ESIA does note that if the field is deemed productive, the exploratory site will most likely become the permanent production drill sites and that there will be a permanent location for the power plant and supporting infrastructure (for example the transmission line). This ESIA includes a high-level screening of key environmental and social (E&S) constraints related to the permanent siting of production phase facilities as they pertain to the current exploratory drill sites, and the likely locations for the power plant and transmission line. This ESIA considers this to include: ● Confirmation through baseline data collection that there are no significant constraints that would affect the future expansion of the sites for this purpose, for example significant impacts on nationally protected areas / culturally significant areas / surface water features, sensitive human receptors ● Scoping of high-level constraints that would impact on steam collection system between the well pads in their current proposed locations and the likely location of the power plant ● High-level scoping to understand assimilative capacity of the receiving environment for the production phase including inter alia: increased noise, atmospheric H2S ● The environmental and social management and monitoring plan includes a terms of reference (TOR) for the Component 2 ESIA. The ESIA is organised as follows: ● Volume I - Executive (Non-Technical) Summary (NTS) (English and Spanish) ● Volume II - Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) – Exploratory Phase ● Volume III - Technical Appendices including: – Critical habitat assessment (including baseline reports), Mott MacDonald, rev A, July 2017 – Ecological Baseline report, FUNDAR, 2017 – Archaeological literature review and rapid site reconnaissance report, Clifford T. Brown, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Anthropology, Florida Atlantic University – Mott MacDonald stakeholder consultation - summary of meetings, site visit July 2017 – Hydrogeological report, Mott MacDonald – MARENA environmental resolutions 2009 and 2015 ● Volume IV - Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMMP) ● Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) ● Volume VI - Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) Table 2 below shows the structure of the Volume II ESIA report. Table 2: Structure of Volume II ESIA report Volume No. Structure Title Volume II Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (this volume) Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Project Description Chapter 3 Project Need and Analysis of Alternatives Chapter 4 Policy, Legislative and Institutional Context Chapter 5 ESIA Framework and Methodology 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua 3 VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase Volume No. Structure Title Chapter 6 Information Disclosure Consultation & Participation Chapter 7 Baseline Assessment Chapter 8 Impact Assessment and Evaluation Chapter 9 Mitigation and Management Chapter 10 Conclusion This executive NTS summarises the findings of the ESIA, as set out in Volume II and III; and key management and mitigation requirements as set out in Volume IV to VI. 1.3 Who is Cerro Colorado Power S.A.? The Project will be developed by Cerro Colorado Power S.A. (CCP, or the Project Developer), as a public private partnership (PPP) between Cerro Colorado Corporation (CCC, a Panamanian subsidiary of Polaris Infrastructure Inc.) and Empresa Nicaragüense de Electricidad (ENEL). CCP is also the geothermal field concessionaire. Polaris Infrastructure Inc. currently operates the San Jacinto-Tizate geothermal project. 1.4 Project history The Project has already prepared Environmental Impact Studies (EIS) required for nationally designated Category II projects at the request of the Environmental and Natural Resources Ministry (Ministerio del Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales, or MARENA). The following authorisations have been granted to date: ● April 2009: Nicaraguan Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM) issues “exploration” concession to CCP to assess geothermal resource to develop a 100km 2 geothermal resource area along the Casita-San Cristobal volcanic complex in Chinandega Department in north-western Nicaragua. ● November 2009: CCP obtained an environmental permit from the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MARENA) for the preliminary resource assessment phase. ● November 2011: Preliminary surface level reconnaissance work and slim hole drilling completed by CCP identifying potential for high temporary steam resources. ● February 2012: CCP undertook integration of surface exploration and slim hole drilling results with preliminary assessment of the geothermal resource, which indicated that the Project has potential for more than 85MWe of generation capacity over 20 years. ● June 2012: MEM approved the preliminary resource assessment work and authorised CCP to exercise its preferential right to apply to MEM for an “exploitation” concession to pursue below resource confirmation studies and develop a geothermal power plant. ● February 2013: CCP was granted the “exploitation” concession (subject to submission of a drilling program, “exploitation” environmental permit from MARENA and posting of a bond with MEM). ● February 2015: CCP submitted “exploitation” EIA to MARENA f or approval. ● July 2015: MARENA approved the “exploitation” EIA which gave the go-ahead to commence an exploration drilling program and operation phase works subject to conditions (including further environmental and social assessment work) as set out in Resolution DGCA-P0034- 0B12-011-2015. ● June 2017: MARENA renewed the “exploitation” environmental permit to CCP which had expired in December 2016. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua 4 VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase 1.5 What ongoing and future requirements are planned? The following activities are ongoing in relation to Component 1 ESIA or planned in relation to Component 2 works (subject to confirmation of geothermal resource). Pre-commencement of Component 1 works: ● Finalise land agreements for Component 1 infrastructure and access road in accordance with resettlement policy framework (RPF), prepared as part of this ESIA scope of work ● Preliminary engagement with landowners for transmission line routing assessment ● Public consultation ● Stakeholder disclosure as per stakeholder engagement plan (SEP), prepared alongside this ESIA ● Elaboration of key plans including the Biodiversity Action Plan (also referred to as the Biodiversity Management and Evaluation Plan), Ecological Management Plan (EMP), Habitat Removal and Restoration Plan (HRRP) and reforestation program ● Detailed hydrogeological study (to be undertaken in advance of site establishment works and finalisation of water abstraction locations, to confirm the findings of the preliminary study) ● Confirmation of preferred water abstraction Pre-commencement of Component 2 works: ● Finalise land agreements for Component 2 infrastructure based on final transmission line, production pad siting and steam above ground system routing ● ESIA for production phase including updates to SEP, ESMMP, RPF as needed ● Address outstanding conditions of the MARENA exploitation authorisation relevant to the production phase (such as providing copies of the specification and calculation of the domestic wastewater treatment system and an Aquifer Protection Plan for Chinandega) 1.6 Where is the Project located? Located on the south-east slope of the Casita-San Cristobal volcanic complex, the Project concession area covers an area of 20km 2. The Project site is in the Department of Chinandega, 130km north of Nicaragua’s capital city of Managua. The boundaries of three municipalities (Chinandega, Chichigalpa and Posoltega) are located across the concession area. The concession area includes private lands and extends within the Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita (the Nature Reserve). The Nature Reserve is a protected area of 179.64km2 that was established by a decree in 1983. The Nature Reserve comprises a chain of five volcanic cones, including the Casita Volcano and the adjacent San Cristobal volcano, which is the country's highest volcano. No communities are located within the Project concession area however we have identified that there are two houses, with one located near to planned Project activities. The closest settlements to the Project area are: Santa Cruz (4.2km), San Lucas (7.2km), El Higueral (7.7km) and Las Grietas (8.1km). This is illustrated further in Figure 1. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua 5 VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase Figure 1: Location of the Casita Geothermal Project Source: CCP / Mott MacDonald 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua 6 VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase 2 The Project 2.1 Why is the Project needed? Nicaragua has a wealth of options for renewable energy generation including extensive geothermal resources from its large volcanic chain, and excellent potential for wind and solar. In terms of energy output, the country has the capacity to generate 5,800 megawatts (MW) annually from clean sources. Currently, however, just over 14% of its renewable potential has been developed (World Bank 2015). Historically Nicaragua has been dependent on oil based products which led to one of the highest electricity rates in the region. Since 2006 the Government of Nicaragua has made efforts to increase renewable energy project with 58% of the country’s energy currently generated from renewable sources. The energy output of its geothermic resources has an estimated potential of 1,516MW, however, just 154MW have been installed by the country’s two existing geothermal power plants. The Government of Nicaragua has identified the Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project as having high potential to support its generation expansion plan and investment in renewable energy. The objectives of the exploratory drilling are to confirm the exploitable geothermal resource and provide key information necessary to prepare a full project feasibility study, updated geothermal resource model, Component 2 ESIA and address outstanding conditions of the MARENA exploitation authorisation relevant to the production phase (such as providing copies of the specification and calculation of the domestic wastewater treatment system and an Aquifer Protection Plan for Chinandega). Ultimately, the Project will aim to help lower and stabilize Nicaragua’s electricity costs to enhance its affordability to reduce poverty and stimulate economic growth and competitiveness. The following points summarise the need for this Project: ● Contribute to national energy requirements for sustainable development ● Contribute to a diverse stable energy base to secure energy supply for Nicaragua ● Provide continuous, reliable, high efficiency and low-cost energy ● Meet local demand, interconnect to the national grid to lower electricity costs and make it more affordable to reduce poverty and stimulate economic growth ● Provide employment opportunities to the community residing in the region and nearby ● Contribute to the local economy, social and technical infrastructure ● Increase the diversity of energy resources ● Help to meet the Government of Nicaragua’s ambitious national target to increase the country’s electricity generation from renewable sources to 73% by 2030 ● Geothermal generation significantly lowers greenhouse gas emissions 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua 7 VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase 2.1.1 Alternatives considered At all key stages the Project has performed analysis of alternative options including the ‘No Project’ option to seek to get the most environmentally and socially beneficial project within the restrictions of the concession area. The ‘no project’ alternative would result in: ● Slower transition to 73% electricity generation from renewable energy target ● Continued increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions generated from the combustion of fossil fuels as a result of increasing population and electricity demand ● Geothermal energy from the project would no longer displace an equivalent amount of electricity generated by fuel oil, and in its absence, there would be higher GHG emissions and local pollution that would have unfavourable global climate as well as local air quality and health impacts Developing geothermal over other renewable generation options is seen as a favourable path for the following reasons: ● The potential for geothermal energy is double than that of other renewables ● Stable power generation compared to wind, solar, and hydro ● Compared to solar renewable options, geothermal offers significantly reduced land take requirements; for example, a geothermal plant requires (per MW) 5% of the area needed for a solar thermal plant (Sustainable Energy for All, 2017) The general location of well pad sites in geothermal developments is initially constrained by the overall geothermal resource. The site selection process starts with a review of the topography of the area for selecting the location for well pad sites and supporting facilities. Environmental and social impacts are then considered, specifically consideration of options to minimise impact on the sensitive habitats of the Nature Reserve and on nearby receptors, i.e. siting to minimise vegetation removal; following existing road rights of way where possible. This ESIA has also made further recommendations, including amongst others to address impacts to acceptable levels as described in detail in subsequent sections, including: ● Biodiversity Management and Action Plan as required by WB PS6 to demonstrate the gain in critical habitats and no net loss in natural habitats ● Sub-surface archaeological investigation work in advance of ground works to record finds prior to removal ● To undertake monitoring of groundwater within the direct and indirect areas of influence ● Detailed hydrogeological assessment 2.2 What is the Project? 2.2.1 What is geothermal power? Geothermal power generation involves drilling deep production wells (greater than 2000m in depth) and reinjection wells into the Earth’s crust to harness the thermal energy contained in underground reservoirs of geothermal waters or steam. Wells are drilled in clusters (group of wells at one platform), each platform typically comprising two to five wells. These wells bring a mixture of steam, gases and water (brine) to the surface where the steam can be separated and used to power steam turbines to produce electricity. Brine and condensate are returned via reinjection wells back to the geothermal reservoir. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua 8 VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase Figure 2: presents a high-level summary of the overall geothermal power plant process for a flash type geothermal plant. The process can be separated into two main components: ● Steam field (including the steam field above ground system (SAGS)), where the geothermal fluids are extracted, processed and subsequently re-injected ● Power plant (comprising steam turbines, generators, condensers and cooling towers), where the extracted steam is used to generate electricity Figure 2: Indicative diagram of flash type geothermal power plant process Source: Mott MacDonald, 2013 2.2.2 The Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project The two Components of the Project each have various stages of development: ● Component 1 – Exploration Phase – Sub-component 1.1 – Surface studies and reconnaissance (already completed) – Sub-component 1.2 – Exploration drilling program (current planned activity, three to five wells) – Sub-component 1.3 – Feasibility study and Component 2 ESIA (subject to confirmation of resource) ● Component 2 – Production Phase (subject to confirmation of resource during Component 1) – Sub-component 2.1 – Production drilling (estimated six additional production and reinjection wells) – Sub-component 2.2 – Construction of steam above ground system (SAGS) and power plant This ESIA and NTS concerns activities connected with Component 1 exploration phase works only. This ESIA has considered general impacts from the Component 2 production phase to confirm no significant constraints are likely to arise. Should the geothermal resource be confirmed, a second ESIA will be prepared for Component 2 that expands on this ESIA to cover Component 2 specific activities. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua 9 VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase 2.2.3 What activities are required to perform Component 1 exploratory drilling? The main Component 1 Project components includes: ● Well pad foundations for 3-6 wells ● Rehabilitation and expansion of existing main access track (6.2m wide) ● Upgrade / new access roads to Pad A, Pad C, Pad E, Pad B (if needed), Pad F (if needed) and access to the proposed water wells The following related infrastructure will also be required for Component 1 of the Project: ● 8000m3 water storage reservoir pond ● Water wells (as needed to provide water supply requirements for the drilling rig) ● Temporary water supply pipeline ● Water booster pumping stations ● Temporary materials storage yard and warehouse ● Temporary waste warehouse ● Temporary 8000m3 dump pond ● 5000m3 drill cuttings and muds management area ● Security guard hut Figure 3 illustrates the location of the Project components. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua 10 VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase Figure 3: Project components Source: Mott MacDonald / CCP 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua 11 VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase 2.2.4 Siting of the required infrastructure relative to the habitats within the Nature Reserve The Nature Reserve has five management zones: i) core zone, ii) conservation recovery zone, iii) high fragility zone, iv) sustainable production zone, and the v) buffer zone. The main geothermal facilities and Project activities are proposed to take place in the sustainable production zone and the core zone (see Figure 4). The core zone comprises all dense and open broadleaved forests with slopes equal to or greater than 15%; it is an area of protection that covers 35% of the total area of the Nature Reserve. The sustainable production zone is an area dedicated to agricultural and livestock production covering 55.1% of the total area of the protected area. The access road (Component 1) and the transmission line (Component 2) also affect a narrow strip within the buffer zone of the Nature Reserve. Surface studies (geological, geophysical, and geochemical) have already been completed. A small well pad (including its associated access road, which will require significant upgrade works) and a slim core-hole drilled are already existing as part of work performed to date to support confirmation of the availability of a steam resource. Further information is provided below on the potential impact and the management plans for working in the sustainable production zone and the core zone in a way to achieve net gain for affected forest habitat and other mitigation measures. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua 12 VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase Figure 4: Nature Reserve zones and Project components Source: Mott MacDonald / CCP 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua 13 VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase 2.3 How will the Project be funded? The Component 1 exploration drilling program is estimated to cost US$40 million and the total Project costs are estimated to be between US$4.2 and US$5.0 million per installed MWe. The program will be funded by the World Bank (IDA and SREP2 funding) and private investors. Component 2 of the project is estimated to cost between US$101-118 million, which would be funded by the World Bank (US$5 million from IDA) and other multilateral and private financers if the project progresses to this stage based on the results of Component 1. 2.4 What is the planned Project schedule? The drilling plan assumes initial drilling at three locations (A, C and E). Three additional well pads have been identified (B, D and F) as possible drilling locations for two further wells depending on the results of the first wells drilled (pads A, C and E). Key dates are: ● Month 1 - Civil designs for roads and well pads ● Month 1 - Construct water infrastructure (5 months) ● Month 2 - Road and pad construction (10 months) ● Month 6 - Contractor mobilisation ● Month 8 - Exploration and appraisal wells and well testing (14 months for all five pads) (2 to 3 months per drill site to be drilling in sequence) ● Month 16 - Component 2 feasibility study ● Month 48 - Construction of production infrastructure (production and reinjection wells), permanent accommodation for operations and maintenance personnel, site preparation works, construction of the SAGS, power plant, transmission line and substation) ● Month 72 - Target commercial operation date (COD) Table 3 sets out the sequence of activities to be performed for the Component 1 exploration drilling. Table 3: Component 1 exploratory drilling – activities to be performed Site Establishment Exploratory Drilling Site Closure Month 1 Month 8 to 22 Month 30 ● Confirm water resources ● Exploratory drilling works ● Removal of drilling equipment and reinstatement of temporary work sites ● Site clearance ● Geological sampling and analysis ● Construction of well pads ● Well testing ● Construction of temporary water ● Pumping of water / drilling pipeline to supply well pads muds ● Temporary materials storage yard ● Drilling rig and ancillary equipment maintenance ● Water intake and pumping stations ● Construction, rehabilitation and expansion of access roads Abnormal / emergency situations (applicable to all activities): Natural hazards including forest fires, volcanic eruption or earthquake. Anthropogenic hazards such as well blow outs or well kicks. 2 IDA (International Development Agency, part of the World Bank Group); SREP (scaling up renewables program, World Bank) 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua 14 VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase 2.5 What standards have been applied to the Project? The World Bank has categorised the Project as “environment category A”, requiring a full ESIA against relevant World Bank Performance Standards including preparation of a number of supporting plans and studies. Specific reference has been made to the requirements of the World Bank Safeguard Operational Policies (OPs) and World Bank Group/International Finance Corporation (IFC) Environment, Health and safety (EHS) guidelines including: ● World Bank Operational Policy (OP) 4.03 – Performance Standards for Private Sector Activities (May 2013) ● The World Bank’s (WB) Performance Standards (PS): – WB PS1 – Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts – WB PS2 – Labour and Working Conditions – WB PS3 – Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention – WB PS4 – Community Health, Safety and Security – WB PS5 – Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement – WB PS6 – Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources – WB PS7 – Indigenous Peoples – WB PS8 – Cultural Heritage ● World Bank Group Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines considered applicable to this review: – EHS Guidelines for Geothermal Power Generation (April 2007) – EHS General Guidelines (April 2007) – EHS Guidelines for Electric Power Transmission and Distribution (April 2007) ● Core conventions and instruments of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and United Nations’ (UN) – Good International Industry Practice (GIIP) 2.6 How was the location of the infrastructure selected? At all key stages, the Project has performed analysis of alternative options, including the ‘No Project’ option, to seek to get the most environmentally and socially beneficial project within the restrictions of the concession area. The following site selection criteria were employed by the Project for the siting of the exploration drilling wells: ● Geological mapping, geochemical sampling of springs and streams along with geophysical surveying such as resistivity (MT/TEM), gravity and mapping of magnetic anomalies ● Gas emissions (radon and carbon dioxide (CO2)) ● Vicinity to the known heat source (in this instance the Casita-San Cristobal volcanos) ● Geological features (adventive cones/craters, faults, lineaments and fractures) ● Accessibility to the drilling well pad sites ● Environmental and social impact (specifically consideration of options to minimise impact on the sensitive habitats of the Nature Reserve and nearby receptors) 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua 15 VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase 2.7 Environmental and social assessment documentation The Project ESIA is reported in various volumes which together comprise the ESIA. These include: ● Volume I: Executive (Non-Technical) Summary (NTS) – This document, which presents the main findings of the ESIA in simple terminology to ensure Project impacts and management measures are understandable to most readers, including those without technical expertise. ● Volume II: ESIA Main Report ● Volume III: Technical Appendices – supporting information ● Volume IV: Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMMP) ● Volume V: Stakeholder Engagement Plan ● Volume VI: Resettlement Policy Framework 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua 16 VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase 3 Environmental and social impacts 3.1 What are the Project impacts that could affect the environment and people? It is recognised that a project of this scale and duration has the potential to impact the environment and the community, both in a positive and negative way. The ESIA has identified the following potential impacts and has defined actions to manage these impacts so that they do not result in significant environmental or social impacts. ● Social impacts associated with: – Employment generation – Project induced in-migration – Workers health and safety risks – Community health, safety and security risks – Land acquisition and resettlement Environmental (bio-physical) impacts connected with changes to habitats, natural drainage systems or subsurface composition as a result of vegetation clearance, site levelling and site works and the supporting activities that are required to undertake this work (delivery of vehicles, equipment, workers) including: ● Impacts on ecology in particular potential impacts to the San Cristóbal-Casita Volcanic Complex as an Important Bird and Biodiversity Area (IBA) and a Key Biodiversity Area (KBA), and the Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita as a result of: – Permanent and temporary habitat loss from site establishment, access road widening and habitat clearance for supporting infrastructure – Accidental introduction and dispersal of invasive species – Disturbance to terrestrial species from noise, artificial light and vibration – Increase in road kills and injuries to wildlife (including hunting and poaching due to improved access) ● Impacts on cultural heritage and resources, specifically: – Disturbances of archaeological artefacts and sites during below ground site establishment works ● Impacts on surface and groundwater resources, specifically: – The Argelia Spring, Quaternary deposits Aquifer (Casita hillside and Plain area and the La Pelona caldera) and the La Pelona Andesite Aquifer – Seasonal impacts on ephemeral streams in the concession area ● Noise impacts, specifically: – Temporary impacts to nearby residential receptors along the access road and near to well pad E from construction and upgrade of existing roads and proposed 24-hour drilling ● Air quality impacts from exploratory phase activities including hydrogen sulphide and other gas releases, exhaust emissions and dust ● Waste generation and management 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua 17 VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase 3.2 How was the Project assessed? A thorough appraisal has been undertaken for potential impacts arising from the Project including: ● Establishment of the baseline to understand current conditions at and around the proposed Project sites ● Prediction of impacts ● Identification of mitigation measures to be included in the design, procedures, development and management of the Project For baseline data collection, environmental and socio-economic information on the existing environment and communities has been collated from a range of sources including primary data collection, publicly available information, and through consultation. Primary data was collected through: ● Site visits to the Project area and surroundings ● Biodiversity surveys at all well pads and other infrastructure locations ● Key stakeholder and focus group meetings Planned well pad and access road locations were visited for primary data collection including ecological field surveys, socio-economic data collection. In addition, existing community water wells were visited to obtain information on existing groundwater and water quality. Baseline data was also collected from secondary data including a wide range of published sources including websites, articles and reports from local authorities, ministries, government organisations, civil society organisations, non-governmental organisations, local media and business groups. The significance of an impact is described based on sensitivity of project affected persons / environment and magnitude of impacts. Where possible, impact magnitude and sensitivity are described with reference to legal requirements, accepted scientific standards or accepted impact assessment practice and/or social acceptability. Where the ESIA found that the Project could cause moderate to substantially significant impacts then actions or procedures (referred to as mitigation measures) have been developed to avoid, reduce or otherwise mitigate the effects and reduce their significance. A great number of potential impacts can either be avoided or reduced through mitigation; however, some residual environmental impacts may be unavoidable. The ESIA has assessed whether residual impacts, either beneficial or adverse, remain after mitigation. A summary of the key findings for each social and environmental impact is provided in Section 3.4. 3.3 Information Disclosure, Consultation & Participation The ESIA has been prepared based on consultation with project-affected persons (PAPs), government departments, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and community representatives, amongst others. Primary data was collected through a socio-economic survey with PAPs which has been used to inform the social impact assessment. The ESIA has a section detailing the consultation that has taken place for the Project during the ESIA phase as well as the key issues raised by stakeholders, which have been considered by specialist contributors. The key issues raised include concerns relating to the sensitive biodiversity in the Nature Reserve, importance of ongoing communication with the communities, employment opportunities and impact on water resources and cultural heritage as summarised further in Table 4. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua 18 VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase Table 4: Summary of issues raised by stakeholders during ESIA phase Issues raised Main comments How they have been addressed in the ESIA Sensitive Concerns were raised about: Addressed in Chapter 8.3. biodiversity Need to minimise deforestation in an already Biodiversity pressurised location Reforestation identified as Fire risk and forest fires mitigation measures. Importance of reforestation to avoid erosion. ESMMP sets out routing Information was requested on whether the hot steam guidelines for defining rights of way for final routing of created by the Project will impact people. infrastructure. Consultation There has been little to no information provided on the Disclosure methods included in and information Project to date. SEP disclosure Recommendations for disclosing information and Recommendation from setting up community meetings was provided. stakeholders on disclosure methods included in SEP Economy, Job creation, better infrastructure, cheaper energy, Addressed in Chapter 8.2. Socio- employment and generation of taxes for municipalities are Project economic livelihoods expectations. The three municipalities want to be Local workers from the three prioritised for economic benefits. Queries were made municipalities to be prioritized and about the Project’s impact on schools, and private this is reflected in the ESMMP properties. There is hope there will be benefits for (including the social action plan). tourism sector. Because of an interest in lessening dependency on petrol and addressing effects of climate change, the Project is considered to be beneficial for all of Nicaragua not just local communities. Water resources Clarification was requested about whether wells will Addressed in Chapter 8.5. Water have to be drilled every two years in addition to the resources access road and other civil works. San Lucas community said well water is contaminated and civil works like road construction affect the currents that reach them. Community members have expressed high level of concern over the local water quality, linked to the incidents of chronic kidney disorder among plantation workers. There has been no conclusive cause of the disease incidences determined to date. Archaeology Communities requested that civil works are done with Addressed in Chapter 8.4 Cultural and cultural care and take into consideration archaeological and heritage heritage cultural concerns. Civil works It was recommended to hire companies that have Addressed in Chapter 8.2. Socio- MARENA and MEM concessions for exploitation of economic material banks. Ongoing information disclosure and consultation is planned for within the ESIA and an outline project performance grievance mechanism to be implemented by CCP is provided. A stakeholder engagement plan (SEP) has been prepared as part of the ESIA process to manage stakeholder and community relations, expectation, and grievances through participation, consultation and disclosure mechanisms. The SEP is to serve as a management tool to guide stakeholder engagement for the Project lifecycle, including the exploratory ESIA phase. The SEP includes a community grievance mechanism with reporting and resolution procedures. The roles and responsibilities of the Project community liaison officer (CLO) include logging and tracking the resolution of grievances. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua 19 VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase 3.4 Key findings 3.4.1 Social Impact Assessment 3.4.1.1 Employment generation The exploration phase, intended to be of a 2.5-year duration, will create employment opportunities for site establishment, drilling and site restoration. Estimated jobs are 100 for site preparation and 100 (60 CCP and 44 contractor) for drilling. The local jobs may provide small contributions to poverty reduction in the area of influence. Minor indirect socio-economic benefits will result from local workers’ earning being spent on local goods and services. The exploration phase jobs will be temporary, but the skills and experience gained will benefit future job prospects as workers develop new skills or enhance existing skills. More geothermal projects in the national pipeline could benefit from the increased national skill set. Construction employment will have a minor positive impact for the region. To assist in minimising the environmental impact of Project activities an education awareness and training plan will be developed. 3.4.1.2 Project induced in-migration Project induced influx can bring both positive and negative socio-economic impacts. The rate and magnitude of in-migration based upon the scale, area, length of opportunities and proximity to a skilled workforce indicate that the Project will generate a low level of negative Project induced in-migration. To minimise the negative and enhance the positive, CCP will: ● Require contractors to sign a code of conduct as part of the mitigation measures pertaining to labour-influx ● Prohibit contractors from hiring staff at site illegally for short-term jobs ● Request main contractors to present their recruiting approach as part of the tender process ● Require main contractors to hold job fairs in each of the three municipalities ● Prohibit worker accommodation located near the well pads and prohibit workers from sleeping at work sites, except for drilling rig personnel (the anticipated exploration workforce is small and any workers from outside the local area will be easily accommodated in Villa 15 de Julio or in Chinandega, a 20 minute to 1 hour drive from site) ● Organise a one-day financial management seminar/workshop for contracted employees at least two months prior to expected end of drilling ● Provide a one or two page or hour monthly brief to workers on stress management, lifestyle campaigns (see additional information about this below under health and safety) and wellness issues ● Require main contractors to organise a short campaign on HIV/AIDS, STIs, Zika virus or other important medical health issue every four months 3.4.1.3 Land use change and resettlement The Project has not anticipated the need for physical displacement for the exploration phase, at this point. No communities are located within the Project concession area however we have identified that there are two houses. One is located along the main access road and one is located near to well pad E. The ESIA has considered traffic, noise and dust impacts temporary and identified mitigation measures to reduce effects, which are discussed below. The preferred mitigation measure will be discussed among CCP, the landowner and the inhabitants. Economic displacement impacts identified include: 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua 20 VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase ● Permanent land loss and displacement of low productive farmland for Project infrastructure (well pads and access roads) ● Temporary displacement of land for supporting Project infrastructure (water wells, temporary water ponds, laydown areas) The Project has leased required land from five private owners, three of which are private companies. The land take relative to the total land owned is relatively small and in the worst case does not exceed more than 7.5% of a landowner’s total land. Future land needs for Components 1 and 2 are currently unknown and still to be defined. A Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) has been prepared to guide how future land acquisition will continue in line with good international industry practice. 3.4.1.4 Occupational health and safety, labour and security All contractors will be required to develop an occupational health and safety plan (OHS) and a security management plan that reflects international standards and good practice. In addition, all contractors will be required to sign onto the CCP labour commitment and the workers’ code of conduct. 3.4.1.5 Community health and safety During exploration, if not mitigated the following activities could cause disturbance or impact the health safety and security of neighbouring villages and local community members: ● Project truck and vehicle movements will increase existing traffic volumes ● Nuisance impacts from increased noise, vibration and dust related to exploration activities (two houses within 100m of the access road have been identified; other houses or human settlements are far enough away to not be impacted) ● Construction site storage of hazardous materials ● Anti-social behaviour A number of plans will be developed that address community health and safety risks include an emergency preparedness and response plan, security management plan and a traffic management plan. 3.4.1.6 Social action plan If the viability of the geothermal resource is confirmed, CCP will produce a social action plan for the Project lifecycle that sets out in broad terms how the Project will interact with communities. 3.4.2 Archaeology and Cultural Heritage The main potential impacts on archaeological and cultural heritage features are generally because of direct impacts from site clearing and construction activities (access roads and well pads). Impacts will be confined predominantly to the direct area of impact for the Project infrastructure. No above ground sensitive features have been identified in the Project footprint through the site walkover. To address unforeseen impacts related to cultural heritage, the Project will: ● Undertake further consultation with the National Archaeology Department of the Nicaraguan Institute of Culture and other stakeholders to confirm burial sites and areas whose intangible significance is so far unknown 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua 21 VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase ● Undertake subsurface archaeological study at the sites of direct impact to be completed prior to any site clearance or construction works during site establishment and where necessary develop a cultural resources management plan, if cultural resources are confirmed as present at the site ● Use existing roads and rights of way as much as possible to minimise potential for finding undisturbed finds ● Supporting chance finds procedure to stop works in case of unexpected findings 3.4.3 Biodiversity and Ecology The Project infrastructure overlaps the boundaries of the San Cristóbal-Casita-Chonco Volcanic Complex Important Bird Area (IBA) and Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) and the Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita, resulting in some permanent and temporary impacts to several habitats including secondary dry deciduous tropical forest (4.13ha), open forest succession (1.10ha), agro-forestry and plantations (4.32ha), savannah (0.02ha), rocky outcrops and pioneer vegetation on landslides (0.38ha), and arable land (0.47ha). This represents 0.06% of the area of the Nature Reserve. The overlap of the Project in these areas, triggered the need for a Critical Habitat Assessment (CHA). Some flora and fauna species of global and/or national conservation importance have been identified but the assessment has determined that these are not significant. The CHA has been carried out in line with WB PS6 and found that the Project is unlikely to have measurable (i.e. significant) adverse effects on the above species that trigger critical habitat or on the ecological processes that support these species. The Project has identified the following measures to avoid, minimize, rectify, and offset its impacts on habitats and species of ecological importance to acceptable levels. ● A Biodiversity Management and Action Plan (BMAP) will be prepared to demonstrate net gain in critical habitats and no net loss in natural habitats according to World Bank standards ● A monitoring plan will be prepared as part of the BMAP to measure the success of habitat establishment and to confirm on-site adherence to the mitigation measures defined within the BMAP ● Prepare and implement an Ecological Management Plan (EcMP) as part of the contractor’s ESMMP which addressed standard impact reduction measures for artificial lighting, noise, dust and prohibition of hunting of wildlife ● Provide support to the Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita that includes inputs into the new Management Plan for the Nature Reserve, controlling access and improving the protection of the Nature Reserve ● Habitat compensation to be provided by this Project will involve forest habitat creation and restoration in the Nature Reserve. The compensatory habitat will be maintained for the first five years and monitored for ten years in total ● Implement awareness raising and education for local communities through educational programmes ● Implement a carefully designed Habitat Removal and Restoration Plan (HRRP) ● Habitat compensation to achieve net gain for forest habitat is provided in Chapter 9 Conclusions of the Biodiversity section on Mitigation. This represents a framework for a biodiversity offset plan that should be developed before the start of the site establishment. The offset plan can be a stand-alone document or as part of the BMAP. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua 22 VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase 3.4.4 Resources and Water Quality 3.4.4.1 Changes to natural drainage pathways During site establishment in Component 1, all worksites and drilling platforms will be constructed with drainage to prevent excessive runoff. Access roads will follow existing paths as far as possible and will be asphalt to minimise erosion by runoff. Road culverts and ditches will be designed with capacity to drain rainfall and sized for extreme weather events. 3.4.4.2 Pollution of groundwater As with any geothermal project, the Project has the possibility of causing pollution of groundwater as a result of accidental spills, or inappropriate disposal of wastewater from construction activities during site establishment in Component 1. During drilling, there is potential for release of contaminants, drilling fluids or geothermal fluids during water well drilling and exploratory wells. Mitigation measures to minimise surface water run-off and prevent the accidental release of pollutants will be employed on site and advanced groundwater protection techniques will be used during the drilling itself to prevent contamination of the aquifers. 3.4.4.3 Groundwater and water availability The preliminary hydrological assessment has determined that when considered against total available water resources and current water use needs in the area, the Project could be a minor impact on water availability. The potential effects would be temporary, local reductions in groundwater levels or spring flow whilst drilling is in progress, which may be exacerbated during dry periods. A detailed hydrogeological assessment will be undertaken in advance of site establishment works and finalisation of water abstraction locations, to confirm the findings of the preliminary study. This would include, regular monitoring of groundwater and springs before and during the drilling to ensure that any impacts are accurately recorded, so that alternative water supplies can be arranged for affected users. 3.4.5 Landscape and Visual Although the new Project infrastructure (drilling rig and supporting ponds, and equipment) for Component 1 would create prominent temporary features in the surrounding landscape that will dominate views close to the site. The general visual amenity of the area would not experience large deterioration due to the temporary nature of the exploration works, and the distance between the drilling sites and the closest dwellings (over 500m), and therefore the impact is of minor adverse significance. The existing land use pattern with be largely unaffected and the landscape character has a large capacity to absorb change. Concerning tourism at the Casita Volcano, there are private tourism initiatives in the municipality of Chinandega such as companies that organise group tours to visit the San Cristóbal-Casita Nature Reserve. It is worth noting that the upper level of the Casita Volcano is occupied by a military base and telephone antennas. Thus, tourists mainly visit the San Cristóbal Volcano, according to stakeholders consulted for this ESIA. 3.4.6 Noise The key noise-sensitive receptors have been identified as two nearby dwellings. During site establishment and closure works the potential impacts due to noise could include the temporary disturbance of (e.g. interruption of normal activities and sleep, annoyance, complaint); limited impacts to sensitive ecological habitats are expected, given that no specific ecological receptors of high noise sensitivity were identified in the noise AOI. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua 23 VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase Significant noise impacts are not anticipated however the Project will employ good practice measures to minimise noise impacts during all site works and will seek to locate noise generation equipment and activities as far away from receptors as possible. During drilling mitigation measures to minimise noise impacts from construction will be applied, informing local people on the timing and duration of works and when the noisiest stages are likely to occur. Baseline noise monitoring has been performed so that changes in noise levels in particular night time noise levels, can be evaluated during drilling to verify no significant impact. 3.4.7 Geology and Erosion The Project is in a seismic risk zone within the San Cristobal-Casita volcanic range. The San Cristobal volcano is one of the most active volcanoes in Nicaragua having frequent small to medium-sized ash eruptions reported since the 16th century, the most recent in April 2016. The Casita volcano has not been active since the 16th century. The ESMMP addresses the need for an emergency preparedness and response plan that reflects potential impacts to workers in the event of a seismic event and promotes coordination with municipality plans for evacuation. The ESMMP also makes reference to the need for all permanent infrastructure to be specified in accordance with any specific technical norms and international best practice for siting a development in a seismic risk zone. The impacts on surface and sub-surface geology, slope stability, and erosion has been assessed as insignificant as long as the mitigation measures which have been identified are appropriately implemented. During the site establishment works for the Project, there is the potential for large volumes of soil to be excavated for levelling of well pads, roads and other construction. The main impacts likely to occur are increased soil erosion, changes in surface water run-off and decreased slope stability. Well blow-outs and workers’ health and safety are the main potential impacts during the operation phase. An Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan will be developed as part of the ESMMP. 3.4.8 Soil Contamination The potential of land contamination has been assessed as being of minor risk. The main potential impacts during the site establishment phase are likely to be from poor handling and storage of chemicals, oils, lubricants etc. as well as poor handling and storage of any waste arising from the Project. During the drilling phase additional potential impacts will arise from the drilling activities and these include the risk of drilling ponds overflowing and potential contamination from cuttings and drilling muds. A waste management plan along with a spill response plan will be in place to ensure appropriate implementation of mitigation measures. Measures outlined in the ESMMP are designed to minimise risk of unplanned discharges to the surrounding environment to negligible levels; this includes proper sizing of ponds (to account for extreme weather events leading to overflow). The ecological management plan and site clearance plan will also make reference to any specific ecological hazards that would need to be considered in the siting of temporary or permanent infrastructure and the ecological management plan requires a site walkover by an ecologist immediately prior to works commencing to assist in site layout. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua 24 VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase 3.4.9 Air Quality Air quality impacts and risks of the Project during exploration works that were identified as requiring specific consideration have been identified as: ● Dust emissions from general construction related activities and traffic movements ● Elevated levels of hydrogen sulphide emissions during well drilling and testing ● Risks associated with gas emissions (including hydrogen sulphide) during abnormal operations The following mitigation measures for controlling air quality impacts have been defined in the Project plans so that impacts can be managed to acceptable levels. For management of dust emissions, these measures include: ● Management of dust levels from stockpiles, traffic movements and soil movements including sealing or re-vegetating completed earthworks as soon as reasonably practicable after completion ● Minimise material handling and use vehicles with low emissions ● Use water as a dust suppressant where applicable (e.g. using towed water bowsers with spreader bars) For management of gas emissions including hydrogen sulphide or particulate emissions, the Project will: ● Implement a continuous real-time hydrogen sulphide monitoring programme at all times and at key locations (workers, residents and land users) including hydrogen sulphide detectors, and carbon dioxide and methane monitoring at the well pad installation sites ● Provide emergency response teams, and workers in locations with high risk of exposure, with personal H2S monitors, self-contained breathing apparatus and emergency oxygen supplies, and training in their safe and effective use ● Implement a site emergency preparedness and response plan to be put in place for drilling activities at each drilling location to control the effects of abnormal drilling events The emergency response plan will be shared with the local households so that everyone is aware of actions to be taken in the event of an emergency. 3.4.10 Traffic and Transport Road traffic will increase mainly during the site establishment phase of the Project. Local populations and livestock could be at risk from accidents with increased road traffic. Driving codes should be respected and local people should be given the right of way. The impacts arising from the site establishment and drilling phases associated with traffic from the Project will be from increased traffic flow and increased risks associated with road safety, in particular from large vehicles. Vegetation clearance will be carried out on access roads to platforms (2.87ha), where habitats are likely to become fragmented as a result of the habitat loss. Improved access roads can also cause an increase in hunting and poaching of wildlife in the Nature Reserve. Plans and measures will be implemented to minimise all traffic activities. A Traffic Management Plan (TMP) will be implemented. It proposes mitigation measures to enhance the efficient transport of any materials to site, whilst minimizing congestion and disruption which might affect general traffic and the local population. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua 25 VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase 3.4.11 Materials and Waste Management The potential impacts from poor handling, use and storage of materials and waste during the site establishment and drilling phases of the Project has been assessed as being of minor adverse significance if all mitigation measures are implemented throughout the Project phases. The principal potential impacts which can arise from the generation of waste from all phases of the Project are as follows: ● Contamination of receiving environments (particularly surface watercourses, groundwater and soils) due to leakage and spillage of wastes associated with poor waste handling and storage arrangements ● Fugitive emissions, such as dust and odour, associated with the handling and storage of various sources of waste ● The use of landfills - where waste re-use or recovery is not feasible - which is a finite resource ● Disposal of spoil and excavation material which results in land take ● Visual amenity impacts associated with poor storage of waste ● Increased waste miles and emissions of greenhouse gas emissions associated with transporting waste materials from the Project site Potential impacts generally associated with the wider handling and use of raw materials includes the following: ● Use of potentially finite and / or scarce resources ● Handling and storage of hazardous materials ● Spills and leakages of hazardous materials which lead to an environmental incident The most significant need for the Project is to ensure that operational controls are used to minimise waste production in the first instance wherever possible. Where waste avoidance is not possible then CCP will maximise re-use and recycling opportunities. A Waste Management Plan will be in place to ensure materials and waste are handled and stored according to GIIP. 3.5 Cumulative impacts with other projects The main potential for cumulative impacts is identified in relation to the impact on traffic movements in the area where site establishment traffic movement may coincide with harvest periods in the local region. The traffic management plan will address this to minimise impact on local roads. The increased traffic may also lead to increased fragmentation of habitat which will be minimised by prohibiting off-road driving and reducing dust levels by using water sprays/misting. The Project’s water abstraction will not put undue strain on water resources when combined with present or future cattle ranching, farming, or tourism activities. No other significant cumulative impacts have been identified. As indicated in Chapter 8 of this ESIA, the Project will consider any future cumulative impacts as part of its assessment in addition to any significant impacts combined with past and present investments in the area. 3.6 How will CCP manage environmental and social impacts? As part of this ESIA, CCP will develop an Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMMP) that draws upon the management and mitigation measures which have been defined within the ESIA. The ESMMP is presented as Volume IV of the ESIA documentation. The primary objective of an ESMMP is to safeguard the environment, site staff 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua 26 VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase and the local population from site activity that may cause harm or nuisance. The ESMMP is the basis of the environmental and social protection measures to be implemented by CCP and its contractors. In addition to the ESMMP, several complementary framework plans, policies and procedures have been developed including the following: Emergency response plan / pollution incident control plan (contingency plan) Drill cuttings management plan Traffic management plan Waste management plan Hydrocarbon management plan Recruitment plan Labour commitment statement Labour code of conduct Labour grievance mechanism framework Site safety and security management plan Social action plan (investment plan) Biodiversity action plan Ecological management plan Vegetation and herbicide / pest management plan Soils and vegetation removal and reinstatement plan Chance finds procedure Maintenance plan Responsibilities for implementation are outlined in the ESMMP and fall to CCP and the various contractors. The implementation of the ESMMP ensures EHS performance is in accordance with national permits and international standards (including the relevant World Bank Operational Policies and World Bank Group EHS Guidelines) and best practice. CCP will implement the ESMMP within the structure of their corporate Environmental and Social Management System (ESMS). CCP will hire a team of environmental and social specialists to oversee the works including an environmental officer, health and safety officer, and community liaison officer. 3.7 General conclusions The general conclusions from the ESIA are: ● The Project can be developed in accordance with MARENA national requirements ● Public perception is good and stakeholders will welcome a clear communication program that CCP will implement as set out in its stakeholder engagement plan ● Within the concession area, land is privately owned by five landowners with only two residential properties close to proposed location of works (one close to the main access road and one close to well access road and well pad) ● The Project will consider any future land requirements and existing land users through negotiated settlement where possible as set out in CCP Resettlement Policy Framework ● Geothermal exploratory drilling may generate negative environmental impacts all of which have been considered can be reduced to acceptable levels with mitigation including noise 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua 27 VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase management, water management, traffic management, labour management, community health and safety, security and worker safety as set out in the Project Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMMP) ● The Project can be developed in a way that does not significantly adversely affect the conservation objectives of the San Cristóbal-Casita-Chonco Volcanic Complex IBA/KBA and the Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita or critical habitat and flora and fauna that may be supported in the concession area ● The Project will not result in significant habitat loss of dry forest alleviating concerns related to contribution of the Project to deforestation and where deforestation is required the Project will implement a reforestation plan ● Given that the Project is located in critical habitat, and irrespective of Project impacts a Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) to achieve net gain of biodiversity and a Biodiversity Monitoring and Evaluation Program will be developed and implemented ● Preliminary hydrogeological studies indicate that the Project will not have a significant adverse impact on groundwater levels, water quality and water availability in the local region ● If the geothermal resource is confirmed the Project will develop and implement a social action plan that focuses on the three core areas of concern for the communities: education, tourism and health ● Emission from the geothermal steam / fluids will be controlled using state of the art technology and robust monitoring programmes (air and water) to enable reporting back into the community about pollution levels to alleviate concerns about effects on human health ● A robust archaeological survey and monitoring program will be implemented to address potential to impact on well preserved sub-surface archaeological artefacts and sites of importance ● The Project will play a key step towards confirming the geothermal resource of the Casita Volcano which will support Nicaragua’s objective to meet 73% of generation from renewables by 2030 The Project is deemed able to be developed in accordance with MARENA national requirements and in accordance with the World Bank Operational Policy 4.03 for private sector projects as set out in the World Bank Performance Standards. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project, Nicaragua 28 VOL I Executive (Non-Technical) Summary - ESIA Exploration Phase www.cerrocoloradopower.com 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | NTS | REV C Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C San Jacinto Tizate, km 114 Carretera León Malpaisillo Managua Edificio ESCALA, 6to piso Avenida Jean Paul Genie costado sur edificio ProCredit www.cerrocoloradopower.c om Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, 387016 2 C Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP Nicaragua VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración 18 Agosto 2017 -- Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración Registro de Revisiones Revisión Fecha Autor Revisor Aprobador Descripción A 28 Jul 2017 A. Dal Mut A. Paul N. Davies Borrador para revisión del cliente B 09 Ago 2017 Varios A. Cuschnir N. Davies Borrador final C 18 Ago 2017 Varios A. Paul N. Davies Final para divulgación Referencia: 387016 | 2 | C Information class: Standard This document is issued for the party which commissioned it and for specific purposes connected with the above- captioned project only. It should not be relied upon by any other party or used for any other purpose. We accept no responsibility for the consequences of this document being relied upon by any other party, or being used for any other purpose, or containing any error or omission which is due to an error or omission in data supplied to us by other parties. This document contains confidential information and proprietary intellectual property. It should not be shown to other parties without consent from us and from the party which commissioned it. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración Contenido Glosario de términos 1 Prefacio 1 1 Introducción y contexto 2 1.1 Perspectiva general 2 1.2 ¿Cuál es el objetivo y el alcance del EISA? 2 1.3 ¿Quién es Cerro Colorado Power S.A.? 4 1.4 La historia del Proyecto 4 1.5 ¿Qué requisitos actuales y futuros están previstos? 5 1.6 ¿Dónde está ubicado el Proyecto? 6 2 El Proyecto 8 2.1 ¿Por qué es necesario el Proyecto? 8 2.1.1 Alternativas Consideradas 9 2.2 ¿En qué consiste el Proyecto? 10 2.2.1 ¿Qué es la energía geotérmica? 10 2.2.2 El Proyecto geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal 10 2.2.3 ¿Qué actividades se llevarán a cabo durante las perforaciones exploratorias del Componente 1? 11 2.2.4 Localización de la infraestructura necesaria en relación con los hábitats dentro de la Reserva Natural 13 2.3 ¿Cómo se financiará el Proyecto? 15 2.4 ¿Cuál es el calendario del Proyecto? 15 2.5 ¿Qué especificaciones han sido aplicadas al Proyecto? 16 2.6 ¿Cómo fue seleccionada la ubicación de la infraestructura? 16 2.7 Documentación para la evaluación medioambiental y social 17 3 Impactos sociales y medioambientales 18 3.1 ¿Qué impactos del Proyecto pueden afectar al medioambiente y a la población? 18 3.2 ¿Cómo ha sido evaluado el Proyecto? 19 3.3 Participación, Consulta y Divulgación de Información 20 3.4 Resultados clave 21 3.4.1 Evaluación del Impacto Social 21 3.4.2 Patrimonio Cultural y Arqueología 23 3.4.3 Biodiversidad y Ecología 23 3.4.4 Recursos de Agua y Calidad del Agua 24 3.4.5 Paisaje y Estética Visual 25 3.4.6 Ruido y Contaminación Acústica 25 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración 3.4.7 Geología y Erosión 26 3.4.8 Contaminación del Suelo 26 3.4.9 Calidad del Aire 27 3.4.10 Tráfico y Transporte 28 3.4.11 Manejo de Materiales y Residuos 28 3.5 Impactos acumulativos junto a otros proyectos 29 3.6 ¿Cómo va a gestionar CCP los impactos sociales y medioambientales? 29 3.7 Conclusiones generales 30 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 1 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración Glosario de términos Tabla 1: Glosario de términos Termino Definiciones Área de influencia El área en donde se pueden sentir los impactos del Proyecto, incluyendo todas las instalaciones asociadas (en su caso) como el corredor de la línea de transmisión, tuberías de agua y vapor, caminos de acceso, canteras, instalaciones de alojamiento (cuando sea necesario) así como cualquier desarrollo imprevisto inducido por el Proyecto o sus impactos acumulativos. Biodiversidad Variabilidad entre los organismos vivos de todas las fuentes, incluyendo, entre otros, los ecosistemas terrestres, marinos y acuáticos y los complejos ecológicos de cuyos forman parte. Eso incluye diversidad dentro de las especies, entre especies y de ecosistemas. Hallazgo fortuito Sitios y artefactos arqueológicos o culturales, incluyendo elementos como cerámica, herramientas, edificios, entierros, etc., que antes no fueron reconocidos en los estudios de línea base, que se pueden descubrir durante el curso de las actividades de exploración. Consulta Consultas son un proceso de diálogo de dos vías entre la empresa del proyecto y sus partes interesadas. Consultas con partes interesadas consisten en iniciar y mantener relaciones constructivas externas a lo largo del tiempo. Hábitat crítico Hábitats modificados o naturales que soportan un alto valor de la biodiversidad, como hábitats necesarios para la supervivencia de especies en peligro crítico o en peligro de extinción. Patrimonio cultural Definido como recursos con los que las personas se identifican como una reflexión y expresión de sus valores, creencias, conocimientos y tradiciones que están evolucionando constantemente. Impactos La combinación de múltiples impactos derivados de proyectos o actividades existentes, y / cumulativos o futuros proyectos o actividades previstos. Área de influencia Considera la huella física del proyecto incluyendo como el derecho de vía, los sitios de directa construcción, el área de preparación de trabajo y áreas afectadas durante las obras operacionales (por ejemplo, los patrones de tráfico). Reasentamiento Pérdida de bienes o acceso a bienes que conduce a la pérdida de fuentes de ingreso o económico medios de subsistencia. Ecosistema El sistema de interacción de una comunidad biológica y su entorno ambiental no vivo. Emisión Contaminación emitida a la atmósfera desde chimeneas, ventilación y superficies de instalaciones comerciales o industriales; desde chimeneas residenciales; y desde escapes de vehículos, locomotoras o aviones. Evaluación del Un instrumento capaz de asesorar proactivamente a los responsables de la toma de Impacto Social y decisiones sobre lo que potencialmente podría ocurrir si se implementa una cierta actividad Ambiental (EISA) propuesta. Los impactos son cambios que tienen un impacto significado ambiental, político, económico o social para la sociedad. Los impactos pueden ser positivos o negativos y pueden afectar el medio ambiente, las comunidades, la salud y el bienestar humano, los objetivos de sostenibilidad deseados o una combinación de todos éstos. Plan de Gestión y Resume los compromisos de la compañía para abordar y mitigar los riesgos e impactos Supervisión identificados como parte del EISA, mediante la evitación, minimización e indemnización / Ambiental y Social compensación, y monitoreo de estas medidas de mitigación. (ESMMP) Sistema de Parte del sistema de gestión general de un proyecto que incluye la estructura organizativa, gestión ambiental las responsabilidades, las prácticas y los recursos necesarios para implementar el y social (ESMS) programa de gestión específico del proyecto desarrollado a través de la evaluación ambiental y social del proyecto. Exploración Fase de confirmación del recurso geotérmico que puede incluir estudios de superficie, reconocimiento, perforación de exploración, estudio de factibilidad y la EISA de la fase de producción. Generación de Involucra la perforación de pozos profundos de producción en la corteza terrestre para energía aprovechar la energía térmica contenida en depósitos subterráneos de aguas o vapores geotérmica geotérmicas. Buena práctica de Aptitudes profesionales, diligencia, prudencia y previsión que razonablemente se espera de la industria los profesionales calificados y experimentados dedicados al mismo tipo de empresa en las 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 2 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración Termino Definiciones internacional mismas circunstancias o circunstancias similares a nivel mundial o regional. El resultado de (GIIP) este ejercicio debe ser que el proyecto emplee las tecnologías más apropiadas en las circunstancias específicas del proyecto. Gases de efecto Los siguientes seis gases o clases de gases: dióxido de carbono (CO 2), óxido nitroso invernadero (N2O), metano (CH4), hidrofluorocarbonos (HFC), perfluorocarbonos (PFC) y hexafluoruro de azufre (SF6). Mecanismo de Procedimiento proporcionado por un proyecto para recibir y facilitar la resolución de las quejas preocupaciones y quejas de las comunidades afectadas sobre el desempeño ambiental y social del proyecto. Hábitat Unidad geográfica terrestre, de agua dulce o marina o vía aérea que soporta conjuntos de organismos vivos y sus interacciones con el medio ambiente no vivo. Residuos Subproductos de la sociedad que pueden representar un riesgo sustancial o potencial para peligrosos la salud humana o el medio ambiente cuando se gestionan inadecuadamente. Las sustancias clasificadas como desechos peligrosos poseen por lo menos una de cuatro características: inflamabilidad, corrosividad, reactividad o toxicidad, o aparecen en listas especiales. Población Definido por el Marco de E&S del Banco Mundial como un grupo social y cultural distinto Indígena que posee las siguientes características en diferentes grados: (a) la auto-identificación como miembros de un grupo social y cultural indígena distinto y el reconocimiento de esta identidad por otros; (b) la vinculación colectiva a hábitats geográficamente distintos, territorios ancestrales o zonas de uso u ocupación estacional, así como a los recursos naturales de esas zonas; (c) las instituciones culturales, económicas, sociales o políticas consuetudinarias que sean distintas o separadas de las de la sociedad o cultura dominante; y (d) un lenguaje o dialecto distinto, a menudo diferente de la lengua o lenguas oficiales del país o región en que residen. Divulgación de La divulgación significa que la información es accesible a las partes interesadas y información afectadas (partes interesadas). La comunicación de la información de una manera que sea comprensible para las partes interesadas es un primer paso importante en el proceso de participación de las partes interesadas. La información debe ser divulgada antes de todas las demás actividades de compromiso, desde la consulta y la participación informada hasta la negociación y resolución de quejas. Esto hará que la participación sea más constructiva. Especies Especies invasoras de flora y fauna que son una amenaza significativa para la invasoras biodiversidad debido a su capacidad de propagarse rápidamente y competir con las especies autóctonas. Adquisición de Todos los métodos de obtención de tierras para los fines del proyecto, que pueden incluir la tierras compra directa, la expropiación de los bienes y adquisición de derechos de acceso, tales como servidumbres o derechos de paso. Sustento Todos los medios que los individuos, las familias y las comunidades utilizan para ganarse la vida, como los ingresos basados en los salarios, la agricultura, la pesca, el forrajeo, otros medios de subsistencia basados en los recursos naturales, el comercio pequeño y el trueque. Magnitud La evaluación de la magnitud se realiza en dos etapas. En primer lugar, las magnitudes de los impactos potenciales asociados con el Proyecto se clasifican como beneficiosos o adversos. En segundo lugar, los impactos benéficos o adversos se clasifican como mayores, moderados, menores o insignificantes basados en la consideración de una serie de parámetros. Hábitat natural Áreas de tierra y agua donde las comunidades biológicas están formadas en gran parte por especies vegetales y animales nativas, y donde la actividad humana no ha modificado esencialmente las funciones ecológicas primarias del área. Ganancia neta Desarrollo que deja la biodiversidad en un mejor estado que antes. (biodiversidad) Salud y seguridad El abanico de esfuerzos destinados a proteger a los trabajadores de lesiones o ocupacional enfermedades asociadas con la exposición a peligros en el lugar de trabajo o durante el trabajo. Desplazamiento Reubicación o pérdida de vivienda. físico Polución Se refiere a contaminantes peligrosos y no peligrosos en forma sólida, líquida o gaseosa, y está destinado a incluir otras formas tales como olores molestos, ruido, vibración, radiación, energía electromagnética y la creación de impactos visuales potenciales, incluyendo la luz. Planta Segundo de los dos componentes principales del proceso de la central geotérmica, donde el vapor extraído se utiliza para generar electricidad. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 3 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración Termino Definiciones Producción Fase de desarrollo del campo de vapor y la planta de energía que puede incluir la perforación y el desarrollo del sistema de tubería de vapor (STV) y la planta de energía. Personas Individuos, trabajadores, grupos o comunidades locales que son o podrían verse afectados afectadas por el por el proyecto, directa o indirectamente, incluso a través de impactos acumulativos. Proyecto Energía renovable Fuentes de energía derivadas de energía solar, hidroeléctrica, eólica, ciertos tipos de geotermia y biomasa. Marco de Establece los principios, los procedimientos, los derechos y los criterios de elegibilidad, los reasentamiento arreglos organizativos, los arreglos para el monitoreo y la evaluación, el marco para la participación y los mecanismos para resolver las quejas por los cuales la compañía se mantendrá durante la ejecución del proyecto. Sensibilidad La sensibilidad de un receptor se determina en base a la revisión de la población (incluyendo la proximidad / números / vulnerabilidad), presencia de características biológicas del sitio y el área circundante, suelo, aptitud agrícola, geología y geomorfología, proximidad de acuíferos y cursos de agua, calidad del aire existente, presencia de elementos arqueológicos, etc. Significación La importancia del impacto tiene en cuenta la interacción entre los criterios de magnitud y sensibilidad. Partes Las partes interesadas son personas o grupos que son directa o indirectamente afectados interesadas por un proyecto, así como aquellos que pueden tener intereses en un proyecto o la capacidad de influir positivamente o negativamente en su resultado. Plan de Una herramienta de gestión para guiar los procedimientos y actividades de participación de Participación de las partes interesadas para un proyecto. las Partes Interesadas Campo de vapor Primer de los dos componentes principales del proceso de la planta geotérmica, donde los fluidos geotérmicos son extraídos, procesados y posteriormente reinyectados. Guías sobre Documentos técnicos de referencia para la protección del medio ambiente y se exponen Medio Ambiente, ejemplos concretos de ‘ buenas prácticas internacionales ’. Se espera que los proyectos Salud y Seguridad cumplan con los niveles y medidas identificados en las Guías EHS generales donde los del Grupo del requisitos del país anfitrión son menos estrictos o no existen. Banco Mundial 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 1 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración (CCP anunciará los detalles más Prefacio próximos a la fecha). El Banco Mundial mantendrá un Este documento aporta un resumen periodo de divulgación (por un ejecutivo (no técnico) (RNT) de la mínimo de 120 días) (desde el 21 Evaluación del Impacto Social y de agosto hasta el 21 de diciembre Ambiental (EISA) para el proyecto de 2017) antes de la firma de geotérmico de Casita-San Cristobal cualquier acuerdo para la (el “Proyecto”). financiación de este Proyecto. Las partes interesadas podrán escribir El propósito de este RNT es comentarios en formularios que presentar los hallazgos principales estarán disponibles en cada escuela de la EISA incluyendo los impactos en las cuatro comunidades previstos y las medidas clave de mencionadas. El equipo de CCP gestión, mitigación y mejora recogerá los formularios para relativas a los trabajos de responder cualquier pregunta o para perforación que se llevaran a cabo incorporar la nueva información para confirmar el recurso en el área recibida en la versión final de la del Proyecto. EISA. Este RNT forma parte de un grupo Se puede comunicar con el equipo mayor de documentos que en su de CCP de manera directa también conjunto forman la EISA. mediante las siguientes vías: Este RNT y las versiones finales de Proponente Información de contacto los documentos que conformarán la del Proyecto EISA podrán ser obtenidos Nombre de la Cerro Colorado Power S.A. compañía mediante las siguientes maneras: Dirección Cerro Colorado Power S.A. San Jacinto Tizate, km 114 Leon ● Página Web de Cerro Colorado Malpaisillo Road Power (CCP): Managua, Nicaragua www.cerrocoloradopower.com Teléfono +505 2253 8340 Fax +505 2253 8340 ● Disponibilidad de copias Correo info@polarisgeothermal.com impresas en una escuela en El Electrónico jbendana@polarisgeothermal.com (E-mail) Higueral, Santa Cruz, Las Grietas Página Web www.cerrocoloradopower.com y San Lucas, en Chinandega ● Disponibilidad de copias electrónicas mediante solicitud a CCP Una consulta pública general será programada en septiembre de 2017 en un lugar central y de fácil acceso 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 1 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 2 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración 1 Introducción y contexto 1.1 Perspectiva general El propósito de este resumen ejecutivo (no técnico) (RNT) es presentar, de manera clara y concisa, las conclusiones y recomendaciones de la evaluación del impacto social y ambiental (EISA) llevada para el proyecto de mitigación del riesgo de recursos geotérmicos en Nicaragua (el Proyecto). La concesión para la exploración geotérmica ha sido adjudicada por el Gobierno de Nicaragua, mediante un proceso competitivo, a Cerro Colorado Power S.A. (CCP). El Gobierno de Nicaragua, con el apoyo del Banco Mundial, pretende emplear fondos del Banco Mundial (a través de fondos del Programa para el Desarrollo de Energías Renovables (SREP) y de la Asociación Internacional de Fomento (AIF)), y de otras fuentes para llevar a cabo una serie de perforaciones exploratorias. Estas serán llevadas a cabo para confirmar la presencia del recurso geotérmico en el área de interés y mediante ello, reducir el riesgo asociado al futuro desarrollo de la primera planta operativa en el área geotérmica Casita-San Cristobal. La confirmación de la presencia del recurso junto a la instalación de una central eléctrica de 35MW mitigará los riesgos asociados al desarrollo del Proyecto, incrementando la posibilidad del recibo de inversiones adicionales para la explotación de todo el potencial del recurso en el área. El Proyecto cuenta con dos componentes de desarrollo: ● Componente 1: Confirmación del recurso geotérmico (etapa de exploración) ● Componente 2: Desarrollo del campo de vapor y la central eléctrica (etapa de producción) El Componente 1 ha sido diseñada para confirmar la base del recurso geotérmico y mediante ello mitigar los riesgos para facilitar el desarrollo de la primera central eléctrica en el campo geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal (Componente 2). CCP ha contratado a Mott MacDonald como consultor ambiental y social (‘Consultor ES’) para llevar a cabo la EISA para la etapa de perforaciones exploratorias (Componente 1). 1.2 ¿Cuál es el objetivo y el alcance del EISA? Este EISA es para abordar los impactos asociados con el “Componente 1”. El propósito de este es: ● Identificar y evaluar los posibles impactos ambientales y sociales que el Proyecto pueda tener sobre el medio ambiente y las comunidades dentro de su área de influencia (AOI) para la fase exploratoria ● Para ayudar a evitar, o donde la evitación no es posible, minimizar, mitigar o compensar los impactos adversos sobre el medio ambiente y las comunidades ● Asegurar que las comunidades afectadas1 se involucren apropiadamente en asuntos que podrían afectarlos potencialmente ● Promover un mejor desempeño social y ambiental a través del desarrollo y uso efectivo de sistemas de gestión Los Estándares de Desempeño del Banco Mundial (WB PSs) requieren tomar en consideración un desarrollo no planificado pero predecible que pudiera hacerse posteriormente o en alguna 1 La referencia a las comunidades incluye la consideración de los impactos sobre los trabajadores. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 3 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración otra localización. Para este EISA esto podría comprender actividades relacionadas con el Componente 2, la etapa de producción. Dado que la fuente geotérmica aún no se ha confirmada, no se considera necesario evaluar completamente los riesgos y los impactos de la etapa de producción como parte de la EISA de la fase exploratoria, sin embargo, este EISA sí nota que si el campo se considera productivo, este se convertirá en los sitios de perforación permanentes de producción y que habrá una ubicación permanente para la planta eléctrica y la infraestructura de apoyo (por ejemplo, la línea de transmisión). Esta EISA incluye una revisión de alto nivel de las restricciones ambientales y sociales (E&S) clave relacionadas con la localización permanente de las instalaciones de la etapa de producción en lo que respecta a los actuales sitios de exploración y las ubicaciones probables para la planta eléctrica y la línea de transmisión. Esta EISA considera que esto incluye: ● Confirmación, a través de la recopilación de datos de base, que no existen restricciones significativas que afecten la expansión futura de los sitios para este propósito, por ejemplo, impactos significativos en áreas protegidas nacionalmente / áreas culturalmente significativas / características superficiales de agua, receptores humanos sensibles ● Determinación de alto nivel de las restricciones que afectarían al sistema de vapor entre las plataformas de perforación en sus ubicaciones actuales propuestas y la probable ubicación de la planta eléctrica ● Determinación de alto nivel para comprender la capacidad de asimilación del entorno receptor durante la etapa de producción, entre otras cosas: aumento del ruido, H2S atmosférico El plan de gestión y monitoreo ambiental y social incluye un mandato (TOR) para la EISA del Componente 2. Este EISA se organiza de la siguiente manera: ● Volumen I - Resumen ejecutivo (no-técnico) (RNT) (inglés y español) ● Volumen II - Evaluación de Impacto Social y Ambiental (EISA) - Etapa de Exploración ● Volumen III - Apéndices técnicos que incluyen: – Evaluación del hábitat crítico (incluyendo informes de línea base), Mott MacDonald, rev A, julio de 2017 – Informe del Línea de Base Ecológica, FUNDAR, 2017 – Revisión de la literatura arqueológica y reconocimiento rápido del sitio, Clifford T. Brown, Ph.D., Profesor, Departamento de Antropología, Florida Atlantic University – Consulta a las partes interesadas por parte de Mott MacDonald - resumen de las reuniones, visita al sitio Julio 2017 – Informe hidrogeológico, Mott MacDonald – Resoluciones medioambientales de MARENA del 2009 y 2015 ● Volumen IV - Plan de Gestión y Monitoreo Ambiental y Social (ESMMP) ● Volumen V - Plan de Participación de las Partes Interesadas (SEP) ● Volumen VI - Marco de Políticas de Reasentamiento (RPF) La Tabla 2 muestra la estructura del Volumen II del informe EISA. Tabla 2: Estructura del Volumen II del informe EISA No. de Volumen Estructura Titulo Volumen II Evaluación del Impacto Social y Ambiental (este volumen) 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 4 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración No. de Volumen Estructura Titulo Capítulo 1 Introducción Capítulo 2 Descripción del Proyecto Capítulo 3 Necesidad para el Proyecto y análisis de alternativas Capítulo 4 Contexto político, legislativo e institucional Capítulo 5 Marco y metodología de la EISA Capítulo 6 Divulgación de información, consulta y participación Capítulo 7 Evaluación de línea base Capítulo 8 Evaluación de impactos Capítulo 9 Mitigación y gestión Capítulo 10 Conclusión Fuente: Mott MacDonald Este RNT ejecutivo resume las conclusiones de la EISA, tal como se expone en el Volumen II y el Volumen III; así como los requisitos clave de gestión y mitigación establecidos en el Volumen IV a VI. 1.3 ¿Quién es Cerro Colorado Power S.A.? El Proyecto será desarrollado por Cerro Colorado Power S.A (CCP, o el Promotor) mediante una asociación público-privada entre Cerro Colorado Corporation - CCC (una filial panameña del grupo Polaris Infrastructure Inc.) y la Empresa Nicaragüense de Electricidad (ENEL). CCP es también el concesionario del área geotérmico. En la actualidad, Polaris Infrastructure Inc. está operando el proyecto geotérmico de San Jacinto-Tizate. 1.4 La historia del Proyecto El Proyecto ya ha preparado un Estudio de Impacto Medioambiental como requerimiento del Ministerio del Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales (MARENA) para los proyectos designados de Categoría II a nivel nacional. El Proyecto cuenta con las siguientes autorizaciones: ● Abril 2009: El Ministerio de Energia y Minas (MEM) concede una concesión de “exploración” a CCP para evaluar el recurso geotérmico y el desarrollo de un área de recurso geotérmico de 100km2. Esta área se encuentra en el complejo volcánica de Casita-San Cristobal en el departamento de Chinandega en el noroeste de Nicaragua. ● Noviembre 2009: CCP recibió el permiso ambiental del Ministerio del Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales (MARENA) para la etapa preliminar de evaluación del recurso. ● Noviembre 2011: Reconocimiento preliminar al nivel de superficie y perforación del pozo preliminar completados por CCP, identificando el potencial de los recursos de vapor de alta temperatura. ● Febrero 2012: CCP realizó la integración de los resultados de exploración de superficie y perforación del pozo preliminar con la evaluación preliminar del recurso geotérmico, lo que indicó que el Proyecto tiene potencial para una capacidad de generación de más de 85MWe por la duración de 20 años. ● Junio 2012: El MEM aprobó la etapa preliminar de evaluación del recurso y autorizo al CCP de ejecutar su derecho preferencial a solicitar una concesión de “explotación” del MEM para realizar los estudios de la confirmación del recurso y desarrollar una planta geotérmica. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 5 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración ● Febrero 2013: CCP recibió la concesión para la “explotación”. Esta concesión está sujeta a la entrega de: un programa de perforación, el permiso ambiental de MARENA para la etapa de explotación y pago del bono al MEM). ● Febrero 2015: CCP entregó a MARENA el EIA de "explotación" para su aprobación. ● Julio 2015: MARENA aprobó la EIM de la etapa de “explotación” que da la autorización para comenzar un programa de perforaciones exploratorias y las obras de la etapa de operación de acuerdo a las condiciones del permiso (incluyendo evaluaciones sociales y medioambientales adicionales) según lo establecido en la Resolución DGCA-P0034-0B12- 011-2015. ● Junio 2017: MARENA renovó el permiso ambiental de “explotación” al CCP que venci ó en diciembre de 2016. 1.5 ¿Qué requisitos actuales y futuros están previstos? Las siguientes actividades están en curso en relación con la EISA del Componente 1 o planeado en relación con las obras del Componente 2 (sujeto a la confirmación del recurso geotérmico). Pre-inicio de las obras del Componente 1: ● Finalizar los acuerdos de tierras para la infraestructura y el camino de acceso del Componente 1 de acuerdo con el marco de políticas de reasentamiento (RPF), preparado como parte del alcance de trabajo de esta EISA ● Compromiso preliminar con los propietarios para la evaluación de la ruta de la línea de transmisión ● Consulta pública ● Divulgación con las partes interesadas según el Plan de Participación de las Partes Interesadas (SEP), preparado junto con esta EISA ● Elaboración de planes clave como el Plan de Acción para la Biodiversidad (también denominado el Plan de Gestión y Evaluación de la Biodiversidad), el Plan de Gestión Ecológica (EcMP), el Plan de Remoción y Restauración de Hábitat (HRRP) y el programa de reforestación ● Estudio hidrogeológico detallado (que se realizará antes de las obras de preparación del sitio y finalización de los lugares de extracción de agua, para confirmar los resultados del estudio preliminar) ● Confirmación de la extracción de agua preferida Pre-inicio de las obras del Componente 2: ● Finalizar los acuerdos de tierras para la infraestructura del Componente 2 basada en la línea de transmisión final, ubicación de las plataformas de producción y la ruta del sistema de tubería de vapor ● La EISA para la etapa de producción incluyendo actualizaciones al SEP, ESMMP, RPF según sea necesario ● Responder a las condiciones pendientes de la autorización de explotación del MARENA correspondiente a la etapa de producción (por ejemplo, proporcionar copias de la especificación y cálculo del sistema de tratamiento de aguas residuales domésticas y un Plan de Protección de Acuíferos para Chinandega) 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 6 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración 1.6 ¿Dónde está ubicado el Proyecto? Situada en la pendiente sudeste del complejo volcánico Casita-San Cristobal, el área de concesión del Proyecto cubre un área de 20 km2. El sitio del Proyecto se encuentra en el Departamento de Chinandega, a 130km al norte de la Capital Nicaragüense, Managua. El área de concesión del Proyecto se extiende sobre tres municipios (Chinandega, Chichigalpa y Posoltega). El área de concesión incluye propiedades privadas y se extiende dentro de la Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita (la Reserva Natural). La Reserva Natural, establecida en 1983, es un área protegida con una extensión total de 179.64km 2. La Reserva Natural consiste en una cadena de cinco conos volcánicos, incluyendo, entre ellos, el del Volcán Casita y el del Volcán San Cristobal, siendo este último el volcán más alto del país. Ninguna comunidad se encuentra asentada en el área de concesión del Proyecto. Sin embargo, hemos identificado un total de dos viviendas, una de ellas se encuentra cercana a las obras propuestas por el Proyecto. Las comunidades más cercanas al área del Proyecto son cuatro pequeñas aldeas: Santa Cruz (4.2km), San Lucas (7.2km), El Higueral, (7.7km) y Las Grietas (8.1km). Esto se ilustra más en la Figura 1. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 7 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración Figura 1: Ubicación del Proyecto Geotérmico Casita Fuente: CCP / Mott MacDonald 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 8 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración 2 El Proyecto 2.1 ¿Por qué es necesario el Proyecto? Nicaragua cuenta con una gran riqueza de recursos energéticos renovables. Entre ellos se encuentran grandes recursos geotérmicos debido a su gran cordillera volcánica y un gran potencial de desarrollo de la energía eólica y solar. En términos de producción energética, el país cuenta con una capacidad de generación anual de 5,800 megavatios (MV) mediante el uso de fuentes de energías renovables. En la actualidad, según el Banco Mundial en el 2015, solo un 14% de este potencial ha sido explotado. Históricamente, Nicaragua ha dependido de productos desarrollados a base del petróleo, lo cual ha resultado en altos precios de la electricidad, de los más altos de la región. Desde 2006, el Gobierno de Nicaragua ha realizado un esfuerzo para aumentar el uso y desarrollo de las energías renovables. En la actualidad, un 58% de la electricidad del país proviene de fuentes renovables. Se estima que los recursos geotérmicos pueden contribuir a la generación de 1,516MW. Sin embargo, en la actualidad solo hay instalados 154MW, entre las dos plantas geotérmicas existentes del país. El Gobierno de Nicaragua ha identificado en el Proyecto Casita-San Cristobal un gran potencial para contribuir a su plan de expansión de generación energética y en la inversión en energías renovables. Los objetivos de la perforación exploratoria son confirmar el recurso geotérmico explotable y obtener la información clave necesaria para preparar un estudio de factibilidad completo del Proyecto, un modelo actualizado del recurso geotérmico, una EISA del Componente 2 y abordar las condiciones pendientes de la autorización de explotación emitido por MARENA y relevantes para la etapa de producción (tales como proporcionar copias de la especificación y cálculo del sistema de tratamiento de aguas residuales domésticas y un Plan de Protección de Acuíferos para Chinandega). A la larga, el Proyecto tendrá como objetivo ayudar a reducir y estabilizar los costos de electricidad del país para mejorar la asequibilidad para reducir la pobreza y estimular el crecimiento económico y la competitividad del país. Los siguientes puntos resumen la necesidad de este Proyecto: ● Contribuir a los requerimientos energéticos nacionales para el desarrollo sostenible ● Contribuir a una base energética estable y diversa para asegurar el suministro de energía a Nicaragua ● Proporcionar energía continua, fiable, de alta eficiencia y bajo costo ● Satisfacer la demanda local, interconectarse a la red nacional para reducir los costos de la electricidad y hacerla más accesible para reducir la pobreza y estimular el crecimiento económico. ● Proporcionar oportunidades de empleo a la comunidad residente en la región y cercana ● Contribuir a la economía local, la infraestructura social y técnica ● Aumentar la diversidad de los recursos energéticos 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 9 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración ● Ayudar a cumplir la ambiciosa meta nacional del Gobierno de Nicaragua de aumentar la generación de electricidad del país de fuentes renovables a 73% para 2030 La generación geotérmica reduce significativamente las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. 2.1.1 Alternativas Consideradas En todas las etapas clave, se han realizado análisis de alternativas, incluyendo la opción de 'No Proyecto' para buscar el proyecto más beneficioso desde el punto de vista medioambiental y social dentro de las restricciones del área de concesión. La alternativa "No Proyecto" resultaría en: ● Transición más lenta al 73% de la generación de electricidad a partir de la meta de energía renovable ● Aumento continuo de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) generadas por la combustión de combustibles fósiles como resultado del aumento de la demanda de población y electricidad ● La energía geotérmica del proyecto ya no desplazaría una cantidad equivalente de electricidad generada por el aceite combustible y, en su ausencia, habría mayores emisiones de GHG y contaminación local que tendría un clima global desfavorable, así como la calidad del aire local y los impactos a la salud El desarrollo de la geotermia sobre otras opciones de generación renovable se considera un camino favorable por las siguientes razones: ● El potencial de energía geotérmica es el doble que el de otras energías renovables ● Generación de energía estable en comparación con eólica, solar e hidroeléctrica ● En comparación con las opciones de energía renovable de solar, la geotérmica ofrece requisitos de toma de tierra significativamente reducidos; por ejemplo, una planta geotérmica requiere (por MW) el 5% de la superficie necesaria para una planta termo-solar (Sustainable Energy for All, 2017) La ubicación general de los sitios de las plataformas de perforación en los desarrollos geotérmicos está inicialmente limitada por el recurso geotérmico global. El proceso de selección del sitio comienza con una revisión de la topografía de la zona para seleccionar la ubicación de los sitios de las plataformas de perforación y las instalaciones de apoyo. Luego se consideran los impactos ambientales y sociales, específicamente la consideración de opciones para minimizar el impacto en los hábitats sensibles de la Reserva Natural y en los receptores cercanos, es decir, el emplazamiento para minimizar la remoción de la vegetación; siguiendo los derechos de paso existentes en el camino cuando sea posible. Esta EISA también ha formulado nuevas recomendaciones, entre otras, para abordar los impactos a niveles aceptables como se describe detalladamente en las siguientes secciones, incluyendo: ● El Plan de Acción y Gestión de la Biodiversidad según lo requerido por el PS6 del Banco Mundial para demostrar la ganancia en hábitats críticos y ninguna pérdida neta en hábitats naturales ● Trabajo de investigación arqueológica subterránea antes de trabajos en tierra para registrar hallazgos antes de la remoción ● Realizar el monitoreo de las aguas subterráneas dentro de las áreas de influencia directa e indirecta ● Estudio hidrogeológico detallado 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 10 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración 2.2 ¿En qué consiste el Proyecto? 2.2.1 ¿Qué es la energía geotérmica? La generación geotérmica requiere la perforación de pozos profundos de producción (mayores de 2000m de profundidad) y de reinyección en la corteza de la Tierra para aprovechar la energía térmica almacenada bajo tierra en depósitos de aguas y vapores geotérmicos. Los pozos son perforados en grupos, en cada plataforma se pueden ubicar entre dos y cinco pozos. De estos pozos se extrae una mezcla de vapor, gases y agua (salmuera) donde el vapor se separa para ser empleado en la generación de electricidad por medio de turbinas de vapor. La salmuera y el condensado se devuelven mediante pozos de reinyección de vuelta al depósito geotérmico. La Figura 2 presenta un resumen general del proceso de generación en una planta geotérmica tipo flash. El proceso se divide en dos apartados: ● Campo de vapor (incluyendo el Tubería de Vapor (STV)), donde se extraen, procesan y luego re-inyectan los fluidos geotérmicos ● Central eléctrica (que comprende las turbinas de vapor, generadores, condensadores y torres de refrigeración), donde el vapor extraído se aprovecha para la generación eléctrica Figura 2: Diagrama general del proceso de generación geotérmica tipo flash Fuente: Mott MacDonald, 2013 2.2.2 El Proyecto geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal Los dos componentes del Proyecto cuentan con varias etapas de desarrollo: ● Componente 1 (Etapa de Exploración) – Subcomponente 1.1 – Reconocimiento y estudios de superficie (completado) – Subcomponente 1.2 – Programa de perforaciones exploratorias (actividad planificada actual, tres a cinco pozos) – Subcomponente 1.3 – Un estudio de factibilidad y una EISA para el Componente 2 (sujeto a la confirmación del recurso) 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 11 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración ● Componente 2 – Etapa de Producción (sujeta a la confirmación del recurso durante el Componente 1) – Subcomponente 2.1 – Perforaciones de explotación (un estimado de seis pozos adicionales de producción y reinyección) – Subcomponente 2.2 – Construcción de Tubería de Vapor (STV) y la central eléctrica Esta EISA y RNT solamente se refieren a las actividades a desarrollar para el Componente 1, la etapa de exploración. Esta EISA ha considerado el impacto general del Componente 2, la etapa de producción, para confirmar que no surgirán restricciones significativas. En caso de confirmar el recurso geotérmico, una segunda EISA será preparada para el Componente 2. Este documento cubrirá las actividades requeridas específicamente para el Componente 2. 2.2.3 ¿Qué actividades se llevarán a cabo durante las perforaciones exploratorias del Componente 1? El Proyecto incluirá los siguientes componentes clave para el Componente 1: ● Plataformas de perforación, para 3-6 pozos ● Rehabilitación y expansión del camino principal existente (6.2m de ancho) ● Mejoras / nuevos caminos de acceso a la plataforma A, plataforma C, plataforma E, plataforma B (de ser necesario), plataforma F (de ser necesario), y acceso a los pozos de agua propuestos La siguiente infraestructura también será requerida para el Componente 1 del Proyecto: ● Pila de agua de 8000m3 ● Pozos de agua (según sea necesario para proporcionar los requisitos de suministro de agua para la plataforma de perforación) ● Tuberías temporales de abastecimiento de agua ● Estaciones de bombeo de agua ● Patio de almacenamiento de materiales y bodega temporal ● Bodega temporal de residuos ● Pila temporal de vertidos de 8000m 3 ● Área de manejo de recortes de perforación y lodos, de 5000m 3 ● Caseta de seguridad La Figura 3 ilustra la ubicación de los componentes del Proyecto: 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 12 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración Figura 3: Componentes del Proyecto Fuente: Mott MacDonald / CCP 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 13 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración 2.2.4 Localización de la infraestructura necesaria en relación con los hábitats dentro de la Reserva Natural La Reserva Natural cuenta con cinco zonas administrativas: i) la zona núcleo, ii) la zona de recuperación, iii) la zona de alta fragilidad, iv) la zona de producción sostenible y v) la zona de amortiguación. Las facilidades principales de la planta y la mayoría de las actividades del Proyecto serán llevadas a cabo en la zona de producción sostenible y en la zona núcleo (ver Figura 4). La zona núcleo comprende todos los bosques frondosos densos y abiertos con pendientes iguales o superiores al 15%; es un área de protección que cubre el 35% del área total de la Reserva Natural. La zona de producción sostenible es un área dedicada a la producción agropecuaria que cubren el 55.1% del área total del área protegida. El camino de acceso (Componente 1) y la línea de transmisión (Componente 2) también afectarán a una estrecha franja dentro de la zona de amortiguación de la Reserva Natural. Estudios de superficie (geotérmicos, geológicos y geoquímicos) ya han sido llevados a cabo. La construcción de una plataforma pequeña de exploración (incluso su camino de acceso, la cual requerirá trabajos significativos de rehabilitación) y la perforación de un pozo ya existen como parte del trabajo realizado hasta la fecha para apoyar la confirmación de la presencia del recurso geotérmico. A continuación, se proporciona más información sobre el impacto potencial y los planes de manejo para trabajar en la zona de producción sostenible y la zona núcleo de manera de lograr ganancias netas para el hábitat forestal afectado y otras medidas de mitigación. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 14 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración Figura 4: Zonas de la Reserva Natural y los componentes del Proyecto Fuente: Mott MacDonald / CCP 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 15 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración 2.3 ¿Cómo se financiará el Proyecto? El Componente 1 programa de perforaciones exploratorias tiene un costo estimado de US$40 millones y los costos totales del Proyecto se estiman entre US$ 4.2 y US$ 5.0 millones por MWe instalado. El programa será financiado por el Banco Mundial (fondos del IDA y SREP2) e inversores privados. Se calcula que el Componente 2 del proyecto costará entre US$ 101-118 millones, financiado por el Banco Mundial (US$ 5 millones de la AIF) y otros financiadores multilaterales y privados si el proyecto progresa a esta etapa en base a los resultados del Componente 1. 2.4 ¿Cuál es el calendario del Proyecto? El plan de perforación asume la perforación inicial en tres ubicaciones (A, C y E). Se han identificado tres puntos adicionales (B, D y F) como posibles ubicaciones de plataformas de perforación para dos pozos adicionales, dependiendo de los resultados de los primeros pozos perforados (A, C y E). Las fechas clave son: ● Mes 1 - Diseños civiles de los caminos y las plataformas para los pozos ● Mes 1 - Construcción de la infraestructura de agua (5 meses) ● Mes 2 - Construcción de los caminos y las plataformas (10 meses) ● Mes 6 - Movilización del contratista ● Mes 8 - Desarrollo de los pozos de exploración y ejecución de las pruebas de los pozos (14 meses para las cinco plataformas) (2 a 3 meses por cada plataforma de perforación) ● Mes 16 - Estudio de factibilidad para la etapa de producción ● Mes 48 - Construcción de la infraestructura de producción (pozos de producción y de reinyección, alojamiento permanente para los trabajadores, preparación de la zona de perforaciones, construcción del sistema de vapor sobre tierra, central eléctrica, tendido eléctrico y subestación) ● Mes 72 - Fecha objetivo de operación comercial La Tabla 2 presenta la secuencia de actividades que se llevarán a cabo en el Componente 1 perforaciones exploratorias. Tabla 2: Componente 1 perforaciones exploratorias – secuencia de actividades a realizar Preparación del Sitio Perforaciones Cierre Temporal del Sitio Exploratorias Mes 1 Mes 8 a 22 Mes 30 ● Confirmación del recurso de agua ● Perforaciones exploratorias ● Eliminar el equipo de perforación y restauración de los sitios temporales de obras ● Limpieza del terreno ● Toma y análisis de muestras geológicas ● Construcción de plataformas para ● Pruebas de los pozos pozos geotérmicos ● Instalación de las tuberías ● Bombeo de agua / lodo temporales de agua para suministrar bentónico agua a las plataformas para pozos 2 IDA (Asociación Internacional de Fomento, parte del Grupo Banco Mundial); SREP (Programa para el Desarrollo de Energías Renovables, Banco Mundial) 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 16 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración Preparación del Sitio Perforaciones Cierre Temporal del Sitio Exploratorias ● Patio de almacenamiento temporal ● Mantenimiento del equipo de perforación y equipo auxiliar ● Válvulas de agua y estaciones de bombeo ● Construcción, rehabilitación y expansión de los caminos de acceso Situaciones anormales / de emergencia (aplicables a todas las actividades): Riesgos naturales, incluidos incendios forestales, erupciones volcánicas o terremotos. Riesgos antropogénicos tales como explosiones de los pozos. 2.5 ¿Qué especificaciones han sido aplicadas al Proyecto? El Banco Mundial ha categorizado el Proyecto como de “Categoría Ambiental A”, requiriendo una EISA exhaustiva. Esta evaluación se llevará a cabo siguiendo especificaciones relevantes del Banco Mundial e incluirá la preparación de una serie de planes y estudios. Se hace mención de los requerimientos declarados en las Pólizas Operacionales (OP) del Banco Mundial y en las Directrices sobre el Medioambiente, Seguridad y Salud de la Corporación Financiera Internacional (CFI). ● Política Operacional (OP) del Banco Mundial 4.03 – Estándares del desempeño de actividades del sector privado ● Estándares de desempeño del Banco Mundial (BM): – BM PS1 - Evaluación y Gestión de Riesgos e Impactos Ambientales y Sociales – WB PS2 - Condiciones Laborales y de Trabajo – WB PS3 - Eficiencia de los Recursos y Prevención de la Contaminación – WB PS4 - Salud y Seguridad Comunitaria – BM PS5 - Adquisición de Terrenos y Reasentamiento Involuntario – WB PS6 - Conservación de la Biodiversidad y Manejo Sostenible de los Recursos Naturales Vivos – WB PS7 - Pueblos Indígenas – WB PS8 - Patrimonio Cultural ● Guías generales sobre el medio ambiente, salud y seguridad (EHS) del Grupo del Banco Mundial consideradas relevantes: – Guías sobre EHS para la Generación Geotérmica (Abril 2007) – Guías Generales sobre EHS (Abril 2007) – Guías sobre EHS para la Transmisión y Distribución de Electricidad (Abril 2007) ● Convenciones e instrumentos clave de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) y de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU) – La Buena Práctica Internacional para la Industria 2.6 ¿Cómo fue seleccionada la ubicación de la infraestructura? En todas las fases del Proyecto, se ha llevado a cabo el análisis de varias opciones, incluyendo la opción de ‘no llevar a cabo el Proyecto’ en busca de la opción más beneficiosa en materia ambiental y social dentro de las restricciones espaciales constatadas por el área de concesión. Los siguientes criterios de selección del sitio fueron empleados por el Proyecto para la ubicación de los pozos de perforación de exploración: 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 17 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración ● Mapeo geológico, muestreo geoquímico de muelles y arroyos junto con levantamiento geofísico como resistividad (MT/TEM), gravedad y mapeo de anomalías magnéticas ● Emisiones de gases (radón y dióxido de carbono (CO2)) ● Proximidad de la fuente de calor conocida (en este caso los volcanes Casita-San Cristobal) ● Características geológicas (conos / cráteres adventivos, fallas, lineamientos y fracturas) ● Accesibilidad a los sitios para la instalación de las plataformas ● Impacto ambiental y social (específicamente consideración de opciones para minimizar el impacto en los hábitats sensibles de la Reserva Natural y receptores cercanos) 2.7 Documentación para la evaluación medioambiental y social La EISA del Proyecto consiste en una serie de volúmenes, incluyendo: ● Volumen Primero: Resumen Ejecutivo (No Técnico) (RNT). Este documento, que presenta las conclusiones y hallazgos de la EISA empleando terminología sencilla. Esto se ha llevado a cabo para que los potenciales impactos del Proyecto y su gestión, sean comprensibles para la mayoría de lectores, incluyendo aquellos sin experiencia técnica alguna. ● Volumen Segundo: Informe Principal de la EISA ● Volumen Tercero: Anexos Técnicos – información secundaria y de respaldo ● Volumen Cuarto: Plan de Gestión y Monitoreo Social y Ambiental ● Volumen Quinto: Plan de Participación de las Partes Interesadas ● Volumen Sexto: Marco de Políticas de Reasentamiento 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 18 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración 3 Impactos sociales y medioambientales 3.1 ¿Qué impactos del Proyecto pueden afectar al medioambiente y a la población? Se reconoce que un proyecto de semejantes dimensiones puede afectar al medioambiente y a la comunidad, de manera positiva y negativa. En la EISA se han identificado los siguientes impactos potenciales y se han definido acciones para manejar estos impactos de manera que no provocan impactos ambientales o sociales significativos. ● Impactos sociales debido a: – Generación de empleo – Migración debida al Proyecto – Riesgos a la salud y seguridad de los trabajadores – Riesgos a la salud y seguridad de la comunidad – Adquisición de tierras y reasentamiento Los impactos ambientales (biofísicos) relacionados con los cambios en los hábitats, los sistemas de drenaje natural o la composición subsuperficial como resultado de la remoción de la vegetación, la nivelación del sitio, las obras del sitio y las actividades de apoyo que se requieren para realizar este trabajo (llegada de vehículos, equipo pesado, trabajadores) incluyendo: ● Impactos en la ecología. Esto afectaría en especial a la zona volcánica de San Cristobal- Casita como un Área de Importancia Medioambiental y para las Aves (IBA) y un Área Especial de Biodiversidad (KBA), y a la Reserva Natural del Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita debido a las siguientes razones: – Perdidas temporales y permanentes del hábitat natural debido a la preparación del sitio, expansión de los caminos de acceso, y limpieza del área para instalar la infraestructura complementaria – Introducción accidental y subsecuente dispersión de especies invasivas – Molestias a las especies terrestres de la zona debido a la contaminación acústica, luz artificial y vibraciones – Incremento de atropellar y lesionar a los animales silvestres (incluyendo incrementos en caza furtiva debido a mejoras en el acceso a la zona) ● Impactos sobre el patrimonio cultural y los recursos, específicamente: – Perturbaciones de los artefactos y sitios arqueológicos durante la preparación de los sitios y obras en el subsuelo ● Impactos sobre aguas superficiales y subterráneas, específicamente: – El manantial de agua de Argelia, los depósitos del Cuaternario de Acuífero (ladera de Casita y la llanura y la caldera de La Pelona) y el Acuífero Andesita de La Pelona – Impactos estacionales en arroyos efímeros en el área de concesión ● Impactos debido a la contaminación acústica, específicamente: 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 19 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración – Impactos temporales a las viviendas cercanas al camino de acceso y la plataforma de perforación E debido a la construcción de nuevos caminos y mejoras a los caminos existentes junto a la propuesta de realizar perforaciones las 24 horas al día. ● Impactos sobre la calidad del aire debido a las actividades exploratorias incluyendo el sulfuro de hidrógeno y otras emisiones de gases, las emisiones y el polvo ● Generación y manejo de residuos 3.2 ¿Cómo ha sido evaluado el Proyecto? Una evaluación minuciosa ha sido llevada a cabo teniendo en cuenta los posibles impactos que el Proyecto puede causar. La evaluación ha incluida: ● Establecimiento de una línea base para entender las condiciones actuales de los sitios propuestos para el Proyecto y de sus alrededores ● Determinación de impactos potenciales ● Identificación de medidas de mitigación para ser incluidas en el diseño, procedimientos, desarrollo y gestión del Proyecto Para el desarrollo de la línea base, se ha recopilado información socio-económica y ambiental sobre las comunidades asentadas y su ambiente, mediante una serie de fuentes. Se han recopilado datos primarios, información pública y mediante consultas. Los datos primarios han sido obtenidos de las siguientes fuentes: ● Visitas al área del Proyecto y sus alrededores ● Estudios sobre la biodiversidad en los sitios de las plataformas para perforaciones y demás infraestructura ● Reuniones con las partes interesadas y reuniones de enfoque Los sitios propuestos para la construcción de las plataformas y caminos de acceso han sido visitados con anterioridad donde se llevaron a cabo investigaciones ecológicas y la colección de datos socioeconómicos. Asimismo, pozos de agua en la comunidad han sido visitados para llevar a cabo investigaciones sobre la calidad del agua. Datos secundarios también han sido obtenidos mediante fuentes como páginas web, artículos y reportajes de las autoridades locales, ministerios, organizaciones gubernamentales, medios de prensa locales, grupos empresariales, organizaciones sociales y ONGs. Se describe la extensión de un impacto basado en la susceptibilidad del medioambiente y de las personas afectadas por el proyecto y en la magnitud de los impactos. De ser posible, la magnitud del impacto y la susceptibilidad serán descritas dentro de un marco legal, estándares científicos aceptados, evaluaciones sobre el impacto y aceptación social. Donde la EISA expone que el Proyecto puede causar impactos entre moderados y significativos, acciones y procedimientos (métodos de mitigación) han sido desarrollados para evitar, reducir o mitigar los posibles efectos negativos del Proyecto. Una gran cantidad de posibles impactos han sido evitados o reducidos mediante el uso de estas medidas de mitigación. Sin embargo, algunos efectos residuales sobre el medio ambiente no podrán ser evitados. La EISA ha evaluado si estos efectos residuales, negativos o positivos, podrán verse aun después de la introducción de medidas de mitigación. En la sección 3.4 se puede encontrar un resumen de los hallazgos de cada posible impacto medioambiental y social. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 20 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración 3.3 Participación, Consulta y Divulgación de Información La EISA ha sido preparada basada en la consulta con las personas afectadas por el Proyecto, las instituciones gubernamentales, las organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONGs) y representantes de las comunidades, entre otros. Los datos primarios han sido obtenidos mediante encuestas socioeconómicas con las personas afectadas cuyos resultados han sido empleados en la parte de la evaluación del impacto social. La EISA contiene una sección detallando el proceso de consulta para esta etapa de EISA del Proyecto. También se ha incluido las mayores preocupaciones planteadas por las partes interesadas del Proyecto, las cuales han sido consideradas por contribuyentes especialistas. Las mayores preocupaciones planteadas incluyen preocupaciones relacionadas con la biodiversidad sensible en la Reserva Natural, la importancia de la comunicación regular con las comunidades, las oportunidades de empleo y el impacto en los recursos hídricos y el patrimonio cultural, como se resume más en la Tabla 4. Tabla 3: Resumen de las cuestiones planteadas por las partes interesadas durante la fase de la EISA Cuestiones Comentarios Como se han tratado en el planteadas EISA Biodiversidad Se plantearon inquietudes sobre: Necesidad de Se trata en el capítulo 8.3. sensible minimizar la deforestación en un lugar ya presurizado Biodiversidad La reforestación se Riesgos de incendio e incendios más fríos identificó como medidas de Importancia de la reforestación para evitar la erosión. mitigación. ESMMP establece directrices de enrutamiento para Se solicitó información sobre si el vapor caliente creado por el proyecto afectará a las personas. definir los derechos de paso para el enrutamiento final de la infraestructura. Consulta y Hasta el momento no se ha proporcionado Métodos de divulgación incluidos divulgación de información sobre el Proyecto. Se proporcionaron en SEP Recomendación de los información recomendaciones para divulgar información y interesados sobre los métodos de establecer reuniones comunitarias divulgación incluidos en la SEP Economía, La creación de empleo, mejor infraestructura, energía Se trata en el capítulo 8.2. empleo y más barata, generación de impuestos para los Socioeconómico medios de municipios son expectativas del proyecto. Los tres Trabajadores locales de los tres subsistencia municipios quieren ser priorizados por beneficios municipios a priorizar y esto se económicos. Se hicieron consultas sobre el impacto refleja en el ESMMP (incluido el del proyecto en las escuelas y en las propiedades plan de acción social). privadas. Hay esperanza de que habrá beneficios para el sector turístico. Debido al interés en disminuir la dependencia de la gasolina y enfrentar los efectos del cambio climático, se considera que el Proyecto es beneficioso para toda Nicaragua, no sólo para las comunidades locales Los recursos Se solicitó aclaración sobre si los pozos tendrán que Se trata en el Capítulo 8.5. Los hídricos ser perforados cada dos años además de la vía de recursos hídricos acceso y otras obras civiles. La comunidad de San Lucas dijo que el agua del pozo está contaminada y que las obras civiles como la construcción de carreteras afectan las corrientes que las alcanzan. Los miembros de la comunidad han expresado un alto nivel de preocupación por la calidad del agua local, vinculada a los incidentes de trastorno renal crónico entre los trabajadores de plantaciones. No ha habido ninguna causa concluyente de la incidencia de la enfermedad determinada hasta la fecha. Arqueología y Las comunidades solicitaron que las obras civiles se Abordado en el Capítulo 8.4 patrimonio hagan con cuidado y tomen en consideración las Patrimonio cultural cultural preocupaciones arqueológicas y culturales. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 21 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración Cuestiones Comentarios Como se han tratado en el planteadas EISA Trabajos civiles Se recomendó contratar a empresas que cuenten con Se trata en el capítulo 8.2. concesiones MARENA y MEM para la explotación de Socioeconómico bancos de materiales La divulgación de información y la consulta forman parte de la EISA. Como parte de este documento también se incluye un mecanismo de resolución de quejas del Proyecto que será implementado por CCP. Un Plan de Participación de las Partes Interesadas ha sido preparado como parte del proceso de la EISA para la administración de la relación con la comunidad local y las partes interesadas, sus expectativas y las quejas mediante la participación, consulta y métodos de divulgación. Este plan debe servir como una herramienta de gestión para guiar la participación de las partes interesadas en el ciclo de vida del Proyecto, incluyendo la EISA de la etapa exploratoria. Este plan incluye un mecanismo de recibir quejas comunitarias con sus propios procedimientos de resolución y reportaje. Entre las responsabilidades del Representante de Relaciones Comunitarias para el Proyecto se encuentran el registro y la resolución de cualquier queja. 3.4 Resultados clave 3.4.1 Evaluación del Impacto Social 3.4.1.1 Generación de empleo La etapa exploratoria, con una duración estimada de 2.5 años, generará la creación de empleos durante la preparación del sitio, las perforaciones y la restauración del sitio. Se estima la creación de 100 empleos durante la preparación del sitio y 100 empleos (60 de CCP y 44 de los contratistas) durante el trabajo de perforaciones. La creación de trabajo local proveerá pequeños beneficios a la reducción de la pobreza en el área de influencia. Los beneficios socioeconómicos indirectos menores serán el resultado de ingresos de los trabajadores locales que se gasta en bienes y servicios locales. Los trabajos de la etapa de exploración serán temporales, sin embargo, las habilidades desarrolladas y reforzadas por los trabajadores serán de beneficio para posibles futuros empleos. Futuros proyectos geotérmicos en la zona podrán verse beneficiados debido a la disponibilidad de mano de obra calificada. El empleo generado debido a la construcción ha sido identificado como un impacto positivo menor para la región y su población. Para ayudar a minimizar el impacto ambiental de las actividades del Proyecto, se desarrollará un plan de educación y capacitación. 3.4.1.2 Migración debida al Proyecto La migración de personas debida al Proyecto puede causar impactos socio-económicos positivos y negativos. La frecuencia y magnitud de la inmigración basada en la escala, área, duración de las oportunidades y proximidad a una población cualificada indican que el Proyecto generará un impacto menor debido a la inmigración. Para minimizar los efectos negativos y magnificar los positivos, CCP implementará las siguientes medidas: ● Requerir que los contratistas firmen un código de conducta como parte de las medidas de mitigación relacionadas con el ingreso de mano de obra. ● Prohibir la contratación ilegal de personal en situ por parte de los contratistas para trabajos de corto plazo 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 22 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración ● Requerir a cada contratista principal de presentar su método de reclutamiento como parte de la licitación ● Requerir a los contratistas principales de organizar ferias de trabajo en cada uno de los tres municipios ● Prohibir que el área de alojamiento de los trabajadores sea cercana a las plataformas de los pozos y prohibir a los trabajadores dormir en los sitios de trabajo, excepto personal de perforación (el personal necesario previsto es mínimo y cualquier trabajador que no pertenezca a la zona local se podrá alojar en la Villa 15 de Julio o en Chinandega, a solo 20 minutos a una hora en carro desde el sitio) ● Organizar un seminario de un día, sobre cómo gestionar su dinero, para los empleados contratados, al menos dos meses antes de la finalización prevista de las perforaciones ● Proveer un dosier de una o dos páginas (o una charla de una hora) al mes para los trabajadores sobre la gestión del estrés, campañas sobre estilo de vida (ver más información sobre este tema en la sección abajo sobre Salud y Seguridad) y sobre el bienestar ● Requerir a los principales contratistas la organización de una pequeña campaña sobre el SIDA, Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual, el Virus Zika y otra información médica importante, cada cuatro meses 3.4.1.3 Cambio en el uso de tierra y reasentamiento El Proyecto no prevé la necesidad del reasentamiento físico durante la etapa exploratoria, hasta el presente momento. No hay comunidades ubicadas dentro del área de concesión del Proyecto, sin embargo, hemos identificado que hay dos casas. Una está situado a lo largo de la carretera de acceso principal y otra está situado cerca del conjunto de pozos E. El EIAS ha considerado que el tráfico, el ruido y el polvo impacta temporalmente e identificó las medidas de mitigación para reducir los efectos, que se discuten a continuación La medida de mitigación preferida será discutida entre CCP, el propietario y los habitantes. Impactos de desplazamiento económico han sido identificados, como los siguientes: ● Pérdida y desplazamiento permanente de zona arable de baja producción para la instalación de infraestructura para el Proyecto ● Desplazamiento temporal de terreno para la instalación de infraestructura adicionales del Proyecto (como pozos de agua, pilas temporales, áreas para equipamiento) El Proyecto ha alquilado el terreno requerido de cinco propietarios privados, tres de ellos son empresas privadas. La toma de terreno relativa al terreno total de los propietarios es menor. En el peor de los casos, la toma de terreno no excede un 7.5% del terreno total del propietario. Las necesidades futuras de terrenos para los Componentes 1 y 2 son actualmente desconocidos y no han sido confirmados. Un Marco para la Política de Reasentamiento ha sido preparado para guiar la futura adquisición de terrenos tomando como ejemplo buenas prácticas internacionales. 3.4.1.4 Salud y seguridad ocupacional, asuntos laborales y de seguridad física Cada contratista tendrá que desarrollar un plan de seguridad y salud ocupacional y un plan de gestión de la seguridad física que refleje los estándares internacionales y buenas prácticas. Además, cada contratista deberá firmar el compromiso de empleo de CCP y el código de conducta de los trabajadores. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 23 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración 3.4.1.5 Salud y seguridad comunitaria Durante la exploración, sin la mitigación adecuada, las siguientes actividades podrían causar disturbios o afectar a la seguridad y salud de las aldeas vecinas y de los miembros de las comunidades locales: ● Camiones y vehículos asociados al Proyecto incrementaran el volumen de tráfico en la zona ● Molestias debido al incremento en el nivel de contaminación acústica (dos casas a menos de 100m del camino de acceso han sido identificadas como susceptibles mientras que otras casas o agrupamientos humanos se encuentran a suficiente distancia para no ser afectados) ● Almacenamiento de materiales peligrosos en el sitio de construcción ● Comportamiento anti social Una serie de planes serán preparados sobre los posibles riesgos a la salud y seguridad de la comunidad. Estos incluyen un plan de preparación y respuesta en casos de emergencias, un plan de gestión de seguridad física y un plan de gestión de tráfico. 3.4.1.6 Plan de acción social Si la viabilidad del recurso geotérmico se confirma, CCP producirá un plan de acción social para el ciclo de vida del Proyecto que determinará de manera general como el Proyecto deberá interactuar con las comunidades. 3.4.2 Patrimonio Cultural y Arqueología Los principales impactos potenciales sobre el patrimonio cultural y arqueología son debidos a impactos directos del trabajo relacionado a la preparación del sitio y las actividades de construcción (caminos de acceso y plataformas de pozos). Los impactos se limitarán principalmente al área directa de impacto para la infraestructura del Proyecto. Durante las visitas al sitio, no se han identificado rasgos sensibles por encima del suelo en el área directa del Proyecto. Para poder gestionar impactos inesperados en relación al patrimonio cultural, el Proyecto se encargará de lo siguiente: ● Llevar a cabo consultas con el Departamento Nacional de Arqueología del Instituto Nacional de Cultura y otras partes interesadas para confirmar la existencia de cementerios de interés cultural y otras áreas cuyo significado intangible es hasta ahora desconocido ● Llevar a cabo un estudio arqueológico superficial en las áreas de impacto directo. Deberán ser completados antes de cualquier limpieza de terreno o actividades de construcción. Cuando sea necesario desarrollar un plan de gestión de los recursos culturales, si los recursos culturales se confirman como presentes en el sitio ● Utilizar los caminos existentes y los derechos de vía tanto como sea posible para minimizar el potencial de encontrar hallazgos no perturbados ● Procedimientos de parar el trabajo en el caso de encontrar hallazgos fortuitos 3.4.3 Biodiversidad y Ecología La infraestructura asociada al Proyecto cubre el Área de Importancia para Aves (IBA) y el Área de Importancia para la Biodiversidad (KBA) del Complejo Volcánico San Cristóbal-Casita- Chonco, y la Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita. Esto resulta en 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 24 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración impactos temporales y permanentes en varios hábitats forestales como bosques tropicales secos secundarios (4.13ha), bosques abiertos de sucesión (1.10ha), agroforestería y plantaciones (4.32ha), sabanas (0.02ha), afloramientos rocosos y vegetación pionera en deslizamientos de tierra (0.38ha), y zonas arables (0.47ha). Esto representa el 0,06% del área de la Reserva Natural. La presencia del Proyecto en estas áreas provocó la necesidad de una Evaluación del Hábitat Crítico (CHA, por sus siglas en inglés). Algunas especies de flora y fauna con importancia de conservación global y/o nacional han sido identificadas, pero la evaluación ha determinado que éstos no son significativos. El CHA se ha llevado a cabo de acuerdo con el WB PS6 y se determinó que es improbable que el Proyecto tenga efectos adversos mensurables (es decir, significativos) sobre las especies anteriores que provocan el hábitat crítico o sobre los procesos ecológicos que soportan estas especies. El Proyecto ha identificado las siguientes medidas para evitar, minimizar, rectificar, y compensar sus impactos a niveles aceptables en los hábitats y especies de interés ecológico. ● Se preparará un Plan de Acción y Gestión de Biodiversidad (BMAP, por sus siglas en inglés) para demostrar ganancia neta en hábitats críticos y ninguna pérdida neta en hábitats naturales de acuerdo con los estándares del Banco Mundial ● Preparación de un plan de seguimiento como parte del BMAP, para medir el éxito del establecimiento del hábitat y confirmar la adherencia en el sitio a las medidas de mitigación definidas dentro del BMAP ● Elaborar e implementar un Plan de Manejo Ecológico (EcMP, por sus siglas en inglés) como parte del plan de gestión y seguimiento ambiental y social (ESMMP, por sus siglas en inglés) del contratista, que abordaba las medidas estándar de reducción del impacto de la iluminación artificial, el ruido, el polvo y la prohibición de la caza de la fauna silvestre: ● Apoyar a la Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita Que incluye insumos en el nuevo Plan de Manejo de la Reserva Natural, controlando el acceso y mejorando la protección de la Reserva Natural ● La compensación por el hábitat que proporcionará este Proyecto implicará la creación y restauración de hábitats forestales en la Reserva Natural. El hábitat compensatorio se mantendrá durante los primeros cinco años y se vigilará durante diez años en total ● Implementar acciones de sensibilización y educación para las comunidades locales a través de programas educativos ● Implementar un Plan de Remoción y Restauración de Hábitat (HRRP, por sus siglas en inglés) La compensación del hábitat para lograr una ganancia neta para el hábitat forestal se proporciona en el Capítulo 9 Conclusiones sobre Mitigación de la sección de la Biodiversidad. Esto representa un marco para un plan de compensación de la biodiversidad que debe ser desarrollado antes del inicio de la preparación del sitio. El plan de compensación puede ser un documento independiente o como parte del BMAP. 3.4.4 Recursos de Agua y Calidad del Agua 3.4.4.1 Cambios en las vías naturales de drenaje Durante la preparación del sitio en el Componente 1, todos los lugares de trabajo y plataformas de perforación se construirán con drenaje para evitar la escorrentía excesiva. Los caminos de acceso seguirán los caminos existentes en la medida de lo posible y serán de macadán para 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 25 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración minimizar la erosión por escorrentía. Las alcantarillas y las zanjas de los caminos se diseñarán con capacidad de drenar la precipitación y dimensionados para los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos. 3.4.4.2 Contaminación de las aguas subterráneas Como con cualquier proyecto geotérmico, el Proyecto tiene la posibilidad de causar contaminación del agua subterránea como resultado de derrames accidentales, o la eliminación inadecuada de aguas residuales de las actividades de construcción durante la preparación del sitio en el Componente 1. Durante la perforación de pozos de agua y de los pozos exploratorios existe la posibilidad de liberación de contaminantes, fluidos de perforación o fluidos geotérmicos. Se utilizarán medidas de mitigación para minimizar el escurrimiento de aguas superficiales y evitar derrames y la liberación accidental de contaminantes. Durante la perforación, se utilizarán técnicas avanzadas de protección de aguas subterráneas para evitar la contaminación de los acuíferos. 3.4.4.3 Agua subterránea y disponibilidad de agua La evaluación hidrológica preliminar ha determinado que, considerando la superficie total de recarga y las necesidades actuales de agua en la zona, el Proyecto puede tener un impacto menor en la disponibilidad de agua. La evaluación señaló que puede haber potencial para reducir temporalmente y localmente los niveles de agua y los flujos de las manantiales durante los períodos de perforación, y esto puede exacerbarse durante los periodos secos. Una investigación hidrogeológica detallada se llevará a cabo antes de los trabajos de preparación del sitio y la finalización de los lugares de extracción de agua, para confirmar los resultados del estudio preliminar. La investigación incluirá el monitoreo regular de las aguas subterráneas y las manantiales antes y durante la perforación para asegurar que los impactos se registren con precisión, de modo que se puedan arreglar los suministros alternativos de agua para los usuarios afectados. 3.4.5 Paisaje y Estética Visual Aunque la infraestructura del Proyecto aquí descrito (plataformas de perforación, pilas y equipo) del Componente 1 crearía figuras prominentes en el medio que alterarían los paisajes cercanos a la central eléctrica, la estética general del área no sufrirá un gran deterioro debido a la naturaleza temporal de las obras de exploración y la distancia entre los sitios de perforación y las viviendas más cercanas (más de 500m), y por lo tanto el impacto es de menor importancia adversa. La distribución de uso del suelo actual no se verá mayormente afectado y el paisaje tiene la posibilidad de absorber cambios en su composición. En cuanto al turismo en el Volcán Casita, existen iniciativas de turismo privado en el municipio de Chinandega como son las empresas que organizan tours grupales para visitar la Reserva Natural San Cristóbal-Casita. Es importante señalar que el nivel superior del Volcán Casita está ocupado por una base militar y antenas telefónicas. Así, los turistas visitan principalmente el Volcán San Cristóbal, según las partes interesadas consultadas para esta EISA. 3.4.6 Ruido y Contaminación Acústica Las dos viviendas cercanas al área de concesión han sido identificadas como las ubicaciones más susceptibles a la posible contaminación acústica. Durante la preparación del sitio y las obras de cierre del sitio, los posibles impactos de contaminación acústica han sido identificados como los siguientes: el disturbio/perturbación temporal (ej. interrupción de actividades cotidianas, de dormir, molestias, quejas). Se espera un impacto muy limitado sobre los hábitats 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 26 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración ecológicamente sensibles o en peligro de extinción, dado que no se identificaron receptores ecológicos específicos de alta sensibilidad al ruido en el área de impacto. No se prevén impactos significativos de ruido, sin embargo, el Proyecto implementará medidas de buenas prácticas para minimizar los impactos de ruido durante todas las obras del sitio y buscará localizar equipos y actividades de generación de ruido lo más lejos posible de los receptores. Durante las obras de perforación, se tomarán medidas básicas de mitigación para limitar los efectos adversos del ruido, además de informar a la población local de los horarios, la duración de las perforaciones y cuando deben esperar las fases más ruidosas. Se ha realizado un monitoreo de línea base del ruido para que los cambios en los niveles de ruido (en particular, los niveles de ruido nocturno) puedan ser evaluados durante la perforación para verificar que no haya un impacto significativo. 3.4.7 Geología y Erosión El proyecto se encuentra en una zona de riesgo sísmico dentro del área volcánica San Cristóbal-Casita. El volcán San Cristóbal es uno de los volcanes más activos de Nicaragua, con frecuentes erupciones de cenizas pequeñas y medianas reportadas desde el siglo XVI, la más reciente en abril de 2016. El volcán Casita no ha estado activo desde el siglo XVI. El ESMMP aborda la necesidad de un plan de preparación y respuesta ante emergencias que refleje los posibles impactos a los trabajadores en caso de un evento sísmico y promueva la coordinación con los planes municipales de evacuación. El ESMMP también hace referencia a la necesidad de que toda la infraestructura permanente sea especificada de acuerdo con cualquier norma técnica específica y las mejores prácticas internacionales para ubicar un desarrollo en una zona de riesgo sísmico. Los impactos sobre el suelo y subsuelo, la estabilidad de las pendientes y erosión se han categorizado como insignificantes si las medidas de protección y mitigación que se han desarrollado se implementan de manera apropiada. Durante la fase de preparación del sitio del Proyecto, existe la posibilidad de desarrollar la necesidad de excavación de grandes volúmenes de tierra para la construcción de plataformas para pozos, caminos y otras construcciones. Posibles impactos debido a esto incluyen la erosión de la tierra, cambios en escurrimientos y reducciones en la estabilidad de los taludes. Explosiones en el pozo y la seguridad y el bienestar de los trabajadores son los impactos negativos más probables durante la fase operativa. Un plan de preparación y respuesta a emergencias será preparado como parte del plan de gestión y monitoreo social y ambiental (ESMMP). 3.4.8 Contaminación del Suelo La posibilidad de la contaminación del suelo ha sido identificada de menor peligro. Posibles fuentes de contaminación durante la preparación del sitio incluyen el mal manejo y almacenamiento de productos químicos, aceites y lubricantes junto al mal manejo y almacenamiento de residuos del Proyecto. Durante la etapa de perforaciones, se producirán impactos potenciales adicionales de las actividades de perforación, que incluyen el riesgo de que las pilas de perforación se desborden y la posible contaminación por recortes y lodos de perforación. Se implementará un plan de manejo de desechos junto con un plan de respuesta a derrames para asegurar la implementación apropiada de las medidas de mitigación. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 27 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración Las medidas delineadas en el ESMMP están diseñadas para minimizar el riesgo de descargas no planificadas en el entorno circundante a niveles despreciables; Esto incluye el dimensionamiento adecuado de los estanques (para tener en cuenta los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos que llevan al desbordamiento). El plan de manejo ecológico y el plan de despeje del sitio también harán referencia a cualquier peligro ecológico específico que debería ser considerado en la ubicación de la infraestructura temporal o permanente y el plan de manejo ecológico requiere un paseo del sitio por un ecologista inmediatamente antes de las obras que comienzan a ayudar En el diseño del sitio. 3.4.9 Calidad del Aire Los impactos y riesgos del Proyecto que se identificó sobre la calidad del aire durante las obras de exploración y que requieren consideración específica, incluyan lo siguiente: ● Emisiones de polvo por las actividades relacionadas con la construcción en general y los movimientos de tráfico ● Niveles elevados de emisiones de sulfuro de hidrógeno durante la perforación y prueba de pozos ● Riesgos asociados con las emisiones de gases (incluido el sulfuro de hidrógeno) durante operaciones anormales Las siguientes medidas de mitigación para controlar los impactos de la calidad del aire han sido definidas en los planes del Proyecto para que los impactos puedan ser manejados a niveles aceptables. Para la gestión de las emisiones de polvo, estas medidas incluyen: ● Manejar los niveles de polvo de las reservas de materiales, los movimientos de tráfico y los movimientos del suelo, incluyendo la restauración o re-vegetación de los movimientos de tierras completados, tan pronto como sea razonablemente posible después de terminar estas obras ● Minimizar el manejo de materiales y utilizar vehículos con bajas emisiones ● Utilizar agua como un supresor de polvo cuando sea aplicable (por ejemplo, usando camiones cisterna remolcado con barras separadoras) Para la gestión de las emisiones de gases, incluyendo el sulfuro de hidrógeno o las emisiones de partículas, el Proyecto debe: ● Implementar un programa continuo de monitoreo de sulfuro de hidrógeno en tiempo real y en lugares clave (trabajadores, residentes y usuarios de las tierras) incluyendo detectores de sulfuro de hidrógeno y monitoreo de dióxido de carbono y metano en los sitios de perforación de pozos ● Proporcionar a los equipos de respuesta a emergencias y a los trabajadores en lugares con alto riesgo de exposición, con monitores personales de H2S, aparatos respiratorios autónomos y suministros de oxígeno de emergencia, y capacitación para su uso seguro y efectivo ● Implementar un plan de preparación y respuesta a emergencias para las actividades de perforación en cada ubicación de perforación, para controlar los efectos de eventos anormales de perforación El plan de respuesta de emergencias será compartido con los hogares locales para que todos estén al tanto de las acciones que se deben tomar en caso de emergencia. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 28 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración 3.4.10 Tráfico y Transporte El tráfico incrementara notablemente durante la fase de preparación del sitio. La población local y el ganado pueden ser susceptibles a accidentes, debido al incremento en tráfico. Las reglas/códigos de conducir serán respetadas en todo momento y el derecho de paso será dado a los habitantes de la comunidad. El posible impacto que puede tener las actividades de preparación del sitio y en la etapa de perforación derivados del tráfico que la obra causara, serán el aumento notable de la congestión y contaminación junto a una reducción en la seguridad vial, en especial debido a la presencia de vehículos de gran tamaño. El despeje de la vegetación se llevará a cabo en los caminos de acceso a las plataformas (2,87 ha), donde es probable que haya fragmentación del hábitat como resultado de la pérdida del hábitat. Los caminos de acceso mejorados también pueden causar un aumento en la caza y la caza furtiva de la fauna en la Reserva Natural. Se implementarán planes y medidas para minimizar todas las actividades de tráfico. Un Plan de Gestión de Tráfico será desarrollado e implementado. Este plan propone una serie de medidas de mitigación para mejorar/aumentar la eficiencia del transporte de materiales al sitio, minimizando la congestión y consecuentemente los efectos negativos que el tráfico pueda tener en la población local. 3.4.11 Manejo de Materiales y Residuos Si todas las medidas de mitigación designadas son implementadas durante todas las fases del Proyecto, los posibles impactos del mal uso, almacenamiento y manejo de materiales y de residuos, son considerados de bajo riesgo. Los posibles impactos negativos derivados de la generación de residuos durante las fases del Proyecto son los siguientes: ● Contaminación del medioambiente (particularmente cauces de agua superficial, agua subterránea y tierras) debido a fugas y derrames de residuos asociados a la mala gestión de los residuos y su almacenamiento ● Emisiones fugitivas como olores o polvo, asociadas a la gestión y al almacenamiento de varias fuentes de desechos ● El uso de vertederos en el caso de la no factibilidad del reciclaje o re-uso de ciertos residuos ● Adquisición de tierra debido al desecho de materiales de excavación y residuos ● Impactos sobre la estética visual debido al mal almacenamiento de los residuos ● Incremento de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero asociados al desecho y transporte de los residuos generados en el sitio del Proyecto Impactos generalmente asociados/relacionados con el manejo de materia prima incluyen: ● El uso de recursos finitos o escasos ● Manejo y almacenamiento de materiales peligrosos ● Incidentes medioambientales debido a vertidos y fugas de materiales peligrosos La mayor necesidad durante la duración del Proyecto es asegurar el uso de controles operativos para minimizar la generación de residuos donde sea posible. Donde no se pueda evitar la generación de residuos, CCP se encargará de emplear las oportunidades de reciclaje y re-uso al máximo. Un Plan de Gestión de Residuos será implementado para asegurar que cualquier residuo sea manejado y de acuerdo con el GIIP (la Buena Practica Internacional de la Industria). 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 29 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración 3.5 Impactos acumulativos junto a otros proyectos La mayor fuente posible de impactos acumulativos se ha identificado como el posible impacto en el tráfico de la zona en el evento de que el tráfico asociado con la preparación del sitio coincida con los periodos de la cosecha en la región local. El plan de gestión de tráfico ha sido desarrollado para mitigar esta posible situación en las carreteras locales. El aumento del tráfico también puede resultar en un incremento en la fragmentación del hábitat, que se minimizará al prohibir la conducción fuera del camino y reducir los niveles de polvo mediante el rociado de agua. La extracción de agua del Proyecto no afectará indebidamente los recursos hídricos cuando se combine esto con actividades actuales o futuras de ganadería, agricultura o turismo. Ningún otro impacto acumulativo significativo ha sido identificado. Como se indica en el Capítulo 8 de esta EISA, el Proyecto considerará cualquier impacto acumulativo futuro como parte de su evaluación además de los impactos significativos combinados con las inversiones pasadas y presentes en el área. 3.6 ¿Cómo va a gestionar CCP los impactos sociales y medioambientales? Como parte de la EISA, CCP preparará/desarrollará un Plan de Gestión y Monitoreo Social y Ambiental (PGMSA/ESMMP), el cual se basará en medidas de mitigación presentes en la EISA. El PGMSA/ESMMP constituye el cuarto volumen de la EISA. Los objetivos del PMGSM son salvaguardar el medioambiente, a los trabajadores de la planta y a la población local de cualquier actividad llevada a cabo que pueda causar peligro o malestar. El PGMSA/ESMMP es la base de las medidas de protección ambiental y social a ser implementadas por CCP y sus contratistas. Junto al PMGSM/ESMPP, una serie de planes, políticas y procedimientos complementarios han sido desarrollados dentro del marco del Proyecto: Plan de respuesta a emergencias / plan de control de incidentes de contaminación (plan de contingencia) Plan de manejo de cortes de perforación Plan de gestión de trafico Plan de manejo de residuos Plan de manejo de los hidrocarburos Plan de reclutamiento Declaración de compromiso laboral Código de conducto laboral Marco del mecanismo de quejas laborales Plan de gestión de salud y seguridad del sitio Plan de acción social (plan de inversiones) Plan de acción de biodiversidad Plan de manejo ecológico Plan de manejo de herbicidas y plagas Plan de remoción y restauración de suelos y vegetación Procedimiento de encontrar hallazgos fortuitos de arqueología Plan de mantenimiento La implementación de los planes/programas expuestos/descritos en el documento recae sobre CCP y demás contratistas involucrados. La implementación del PMGSM garantiza que las acciones tomadas de EHS están de acuerdo con los permisos nacionales y una serie de estándares internacionales sobre seguridad y salud 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 30 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración (incluyendo políticas operativas del Banco Mundial y las guías generales de EHS del Banco Mundial) y mejores prácticas. CCP implementará el PGMSA mediante su SGSM (Sistema de Gestión Social y Medioambiental). CCP contratará a un equipo de especialistas en materia medioambiental y social para supervisar las obras del Proyecto, incluyendo un oficial de medio ambiente, un oficial de salud y seguridad y un oficial de relaciones comunitarias. 3.7 Conclusiones generales Las conclusiones generales de la EISA son: ● El Proyecto puede ser desarrollado de acuerdo con los requisitos nacionales de MARENA ● La percepción pública es buena y las partes interesadas recibirán un programa de comunicación claro que CCP implementará según lo establecido en su plan de participación de las partes interesadas ● Dentro del área de concesión, el terreno es de propiedad privada de cinco propietarios con sólo dos viviendas cerca de la ubicación propuesta de las obras (una está cerca al camino de acceso principal y una está cerca al camino de acceso para llegar a un pozo y la plataforma del pozo) ● El Proyecto considerará todos los requerimientos futuros de terreno y los usuarios de terrenos existentes mediante acuerdos negociados, donde sea posible, como se establece en el Marco de la Política de Reasentamiento de CCP ● La perforación exploratoria geotérmica puede generar impactos ambientales negativos, todos los cuales se considera que pueden ser reducidos a niveles aceptables con mitigación, incluyendo manejo de ruido, manejo de agua, manejo de tráfico, manejo laboral, salud y seguridad comunitaria, seguridad física y seguridad laboral, como están establecidos en el Plan de Gestión y Monitoreo Social y Ambiental (PGMSA/ESMMP) del Proyecto ● El Proyecto puede ser desarrollado de manera que no afecte significativamente los objetivos de conservación de la IBA/KBA del Complejo Volcánico San Cristóbal-Casita-Chonco y de la Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristóbal-Casita o el hábitat crítico y la flora y fauna que puedan ser apoyados en el área de concesión ● El Proyecto no resultará en la pérdida significativa de hábitat del bosque seco, aliviando las preocupaciones relacionadas con la contribución del Proyecto a la deforestación. Donde se requiera la deforestación, el Proyecto implementará un plan de reforestación ● Dado que el Proyecto se encuentra ubicado en un área de hábitat crítico e independientemente de los impactos del Proyecto, se desarrollará e implementará un Plan de Acción de Biodiversidad (BAP) para lograr ganancia neta de biodiversidad y un Programa de Monitoreo y Evaluación de Biodiversidad ● Los estudios hidrogeológicos preliminares indican que el Proyecto no tendrá un impacto adverso significativo en los niveles de agua subterránea, calidad del agua y disponibilidad de agua en la región local ● Si se confirma el recurso geotérmico, el Proyecto desarrollará e implementará un plan de acción social que se enfoca en las tres áreas centrales de interés para las comunidades: educación, turismo y salud ● Las emisiones de los vapores / fluidos geotérmicos se controlarán utilizando tecnología de vanguardia y programas robustos de monitoreo (aire y agua) para informar a la comunidad 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 31 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración sobre los niveles de contaminación y para aliviar las preocupaciones sobre los efectos en la salud humana ● Se llevará a cabo un sólido programa de inspección y monitoreo arqueológica para abordar los posibles impactos sobre los artefactos arqueológicos sub-superficiales bien conservados y los sitios de importancia ● El Proyecto será un paso clave hacia la confirmación del recurso geotérmico del Volcán Casita, que apoyará el objetivo de Nicaragua de alcanzar el 73% de generación de fuentes de energías renovables para el 2030 Se considera que el Proyecto puede ser desarrollado de acuerdo con los requisitos nacionales de MARENA y de acuerdo con la Política Operativa 4.03 del Banco Mundial para proyectos del sector privado según se establece en las Normas de Desempeño del Banco Mundial. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C CCP | Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal, Nicaragua 32 VOL I Resumen Ejecutivo (No-Técnico) - EISA Etapa de Exploración www.cerrocoloradopower.com 387016 | 2 | C | 18 Agosto 2017 Proyecto Geotérmico Casita-San Cristobal | RNT | REV C Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 18 August 2017 Cerro Colorado Power S.A . . Cerro Colorado Power S.A San Jacinto Tizate, km 114 Leon Malpaisillo Road Casita-San Cristobal Managua Building ESCALA, 6th floor Jean Paul Genie Avenue Geothermal Project 387016 . CCP 1 C south side building ProCredit Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 18 August 2017 Cerro Colorado Power S.A . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Issue and revision record Revision Date Originator Checker Approver Description A 28 Jul Various A Paul N Davies First draft for Client review 2017 M Rowan B 08 Aug Various A Cuschnir N Davies Final draft for Client review 2017 C 18 Aug Various A Cuschnir N Davies Final for disclosure 2017 Document reference: 387016 | 1 | C Information class: Standard This document is issued for the party which commissioned it and for specific purposes connected with the above- captioned project only. It should not be relied upon by any other party or used for any other purpose. We accept no responsibility for the consequences of this document being relied upon by any other party, or being used for any other purpose, or containing any error or omission which is due to an error or omission in data supplied to us by other parties. This document contains confidential information and proprietary intellectual property. It should not be shown to other parties without consent from us and from the party which commissioned it. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Contents Glossary 1 Acronyms 5 1 Introduction 9 1.1 Introduction 9 1.2 Project participants 9 1.3 Overview of Project location 11 1.4 Project background 13 1.5 Project overview 13 1.6 Structure of the ESIA report 15 1.7 Project contact details 16 2 Project Description 18 2.1 Introduction 18 2.2 Geothermal power 18 2.3 Project setting 21 2.4 Project concept 23 2.5 Project definition 25 2.6 Project schedule 46 2.7 Project budget 48 2.8 Associated facilities 49 3 Need for Project and Analysis of Alternatives 50 3.1 Overview 50 3.2 Project need 50 3.3 Analysis of alternatives 53 4 Policy, Legislative and Institutional Framework 59 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 National legal and policy framework 59 4.3 International Treaties, Conventions, and Agreements 67 4.4 World Bank requirements 68 4.5 Relevant standards 71 5 ESIA Framework and Methodology 74 5.1 Introduction 74 5.2 Methodology 74 5.3 Summary of key potential impacts 74 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 5.4 Area of Influence (AOI) 82 5.5 Approach for baseline data collection 85 5.6 Approach to impact assessment 86 5.7 Approach to mitigation 87 5.8 Data limitations and uncertainty 88 6 Information Disclosure, Consultation, and Participation 91 6.1 Overview 91 6.2 SEP objectives 91 6.3 Previous stakeholder engagement 91 6.4 ESIA phase stakeholder engagement 92 6.5 Draft ESIA stakeholder engagement 94 6.6 Ongoing communication 95 7 Baseline Description 96 7.1 Overview 96 7.2 Climate 96 7.3 Land character 97 7.4 Geology 101 7.5 Water Resources 106 7.6 Seismicity 130 7.7 Soils 130 7.8 Socio-economic 132 7.9 Biodiversity 156 7.10 Cultural heritage 187 7.11 Ecosystem services 194 7.12 Air quality 195 7.13 Noise 197 7.14 Regional infrastructure 204 8 Impact Assessment 210 8.1 Overview 210 8.2 Socio-economic 210 8.3 Biodiversity 218 8.4 Cultural heritage 239 8.5 Water resources 242 8.6 Air quality 252 8.7 Landscape and visual impacts 256 8.8 Traffic and transportation 259 8.9 Waste and materials 261 8.10 Noise 267 8.11 Cumulative impact assessment 270 8.12 Summary of impacts 272 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 9 Mitigation 283 9.1 Introduction 283 9.2 Socio-economics 283 9.3 Biodiversity 290 9.4 Cultural heritage 298 9.5 Water resources 299 9.6 Landscape and visual 302 9.7 Air quality 303 9.8 Noise 305 9.9 Traffic and transportation 306 9.10 Waste and materials 307 9.11 Summary of residual impact 309 10 Conclusion 314 10.1 Summary 314 10.2 Conclusion 315 A. References 316 Tables Table 1: Glossary of terms 1 Table 2: Acronyms 5 Table 3: Measurements & formulae 7 Table 4: Structure of the Project participants 10 Table 5: Structure of Volume II ESIA report 16 Table 6: Project proponent contact details 16 Table 7: Activities for assessment 20 Table 8: Component 1 site set-up equipment 34 Table 9: Component 1 site set-up materials 34 Table 10: Drilling machinery specifications 36 Table 11: Typical drilling mud composition 39 Table 12: Project program – dates and duration of activities 48 Table 13: Comparison of alternative generation technologies 57 Table 14: Summary of key sectoral legislative and policy instruments 59 Table 15: National legislation related to biodiversity 62 Table 16: Legislative instruments related to water management 64 Table 17: Summary of labour requirements relevant to WB PS2 and the Project 65 Table 18: International Agreements and Conventions ratified by Nicaragua 67 Table 19: World Bank Project Categories 69 Table 20: WHO Ambient Air Quality Guidelines 71 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Table 21: Guideline values for H2S based on sensory effects or annoyance reactions, using an averaging time of 30 minutes 72 Table 22: International Occupational Exposure Standards for H2S 72 Table 23: World Bank Group/IFC Noise Limit Values 73 Table 24: Scope of ESIA - summary of key constraints, impacts and requirements 75 Table 25: Defining the AOI for each E&S aspect 84 Table 26: Criteria for determining sensitivity 86 Table 27: Criteria for determining magnitude 87 Table 28: Impact significance matrix (adverse or benefical) 87 Table 29: Data limitations and uncertainties 89 Table 30: Stakeholder engagement activities held during ESIA preparation 92 Table 31: Summary of issues raised by stakeholders during ESIA phase 93 Table 32: Summary of Landscape character at the drill sites 99 Table 33: Summary of precipitation data 112 Table 34: Summary of wells with known pumping volumes 126 Table 35: Municipality demography in 2005 and 2017 134 Table 36: Community demography in 2017 134 Table 37: Municipal employment statistics as of 2005 135 Table 38: Employment in the focus group communities 136 Table 39: Livelihood outcomes in the focus group communities 140 Table 40: Landowners and affected properties eased by CCP 143 Table 41: Project’s future land needs identified to date 144 Table 42: Health facilities in local communities 146 Table 43: Municipal number of students enrolled at each level 147 Table 44: Municipal illiteracy rates 147 Table 45: Local communities’ illiteracy rates 148 Table 46: Education facilities in the local communities 148 Table 47: Households living in extreme poverty 154 Table 48: Habitat types and areas within 500m buffer zone of Casita geothermal project 170 Table 49: Habitat types and areas within 500m buffer zone of Casita transmission line 170 Table 50: Flora of conservation importance and/or protected identified in the Project AOI 175 Table 51: Mammals of conservation importance and/or protected identified within the Project AOI 177 Table 52: Birds of conservation importance and/or protected identified in within the Project AOI 181 Table 53: Herpetofauna of conservation importance and/or protected species identified within the Project AOI 185 Table 54: Butterflies associated with a specific habitat or micro-habitat observed during the 2013/2017 in the Project AOI 186 Table 55: Pre-historic cultural periods 188 Table 56: Baseline noise results (EIA 2009) 198 Table 57: Details of noise measurement locations 200 Table 58: Baseline Noise Monitoring Results (ESIA 2017) 203 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Table 59: Impact significance matrix (adverse or beneficial) 210 Table 60: Social receptor sensitivity criteria 211 Table 61: Magnitude criteria 212 Table 62: Estimated jobs for Casita geothermal exploration phase (including roads and related civil works) 213 Table 63: Key factors leading to high rates of influx 214 Table 64: Summary of impacts – socio – economic 217 Table 65: Criteria for determining receptor sensitivity (conservation importance) 219 Table 66: Habitat lost within Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita due to Component 1 of the Project 221 Table 67: Summary of impacts – biodiversity 230 Table 68: Summary of impacts – cultural heritage 240 Table 69: Sensitivity of Receptors (considers duration of the impact, spatial extent, reversibility and ability to comply with legislation) 242 Table 70: Magnitude of Impacts Summary Table 243 Table 71: Receptor sensitivity 245 Table 72: Summary of impacts – water resources 250 Table 73: Summary of air emissions 252 Table 74: Summary of impacts – air quality 255 Table 75: Summary of impacts – landscape and visual impact 258 Table 76: Summary of impacts – traffic and transportation 260 Table 77: Materials and chemicals 262 Table 78: Wastes streams 262 Table 79: Overview of potential waste streams 264 Table 80: Summary of impacts – waste management 266 Table 81: Assumed sound power levels 268 Table 82: Summary of impacts – noise 269 Table 83: Summary of significant impacts – all 272 Table 84: Summary of impact pre-mitigation - biodiversity 274 Table 85: Overview of the mitigation and enhancement measures proposed to manage, address, and improve the social impacts 284 Table 86: Measures to manage health, safety, and security risks 287 Table 87: Mitigation and enhancement measures for impacts on biodiversity receptors 290 Table 88: Summary of residual impact significance – all 309 Table 89: Summary of residual impact significance – biodiversity 310 Figures Figure 1: Structure of Project participants 10 Figure 2: General location of Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 12 Figure 3: Indicative diagram of flash type geothermal power plant process 19 Figure 4: Project location 22 Figure 5: Reservoir confirmation – concept 24 Figure 6: Project components 27 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 7: Project components - topography 28 Figure 8: Project area current road conditions from Route 252 to the main project area (to be upgraded and expanded to 6.2m wide) 29 Figure 9: Project area current road conditions (to be upgraded and expanded to 6.2m wide) 29 Figure 10: San Jacinto geothermal plant access road (example of expanded and upgraded road) 30 Figure 11: Envisaged access road engineering design 31 Figure 12: Temporary HDPE pipeline with connection clamp 32 Figure 13: Generic drilling platform 32 Figure 14: San Jacinto drilling platform with rig in operation - example 33 Figure 15: San Jacinto drilling platform design 33 Figure 16: Generic drilling machinery 36 Figure 17: Example workers’ accommodation (San Jacinto Geothermal Power plant) 40 Figure 18: Phase 2 production process flow chart 43 Figure 19: Separator station at San Jacinto plant 44 Figure 20: Emergency Dump Pond (EDP) which collects brine water when cyclonic separator reaches high water levels at San Jacinto plant 44 Figure 21: Main access road, steam and water brine pipeline from each pad to Power Plant or separators at San Jacinto plant 44 Figure 22: Water reservoir used for drilling campaign, irrigation and others at San Jacinto plant 44 Figure 23: San Jacinto plant turbine 44 Figure 24: San Jacinto plant substation 44 Figure 25: San Jacinto cooling tower and power plant 45 Figure 26: Project program - overview 47 Figure 27: Estimated potential versus installed capacity in Nicaragua 52 Figure 28: Project direct AOI 83 Figure 29: General land use in the Project concession area 98 Figure 30: Sugar cane plantation along road at junction leading to Casita Volcano 99 Figure 31: Vegetation clearance climbing to the top of Casita Volcano 99 Figure 32: Pad A forest cover 100 Figure 33: Pad E old coffee plantation 100 Figure 34: Pad C forest cover 100 Figure 35: Top of Casita Volcano by the existing slimhole 100 Figure 36: SKM structural analysis 103 Figure 37: Geological map of the study area 104 Figure 38: SKM cross section through San Cristobal and La Pelona 105 Figure 39: INETER hydrological catchment 107 Figure 40: Study area hydrological catchment 109 Figure 41: Critical flow areas 111 Figure 42: Meteorological station location plan 113 Figure 43: Summary of precipitation data 114 Figure 44: Precipitation vs Evapotranspiration 115 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 45: INETER Villanueva aquifer extent 117 Figure 46: Groundwater levels (mASL) in wells 119 Figure 47: Groundwater sampling locations 2017 122 Figure 48: All known abstraction points 125 Figure 49: Casita Hydrogeological Conceptual Model 129 Figure 50: “Casa de champa” house with zinc roof in Las Grietas 135 Figure 51: “Casa de champa” house with palm tree leaf roof in San Lucas 135 Figure 52: Chichigalpa –Surface area use (%) 137 Figure 53: Chichigalpa – Livestock 137 Figure 54: Chichigalpa – Individual agricultural producers 137 Figure 55: Chichigalpa – Agricultural producers' access to water 137 Figure 56: Chinandega – Surface area use (%) 138 Figure 57: Chinandega – Livestock 138 Figure 58: Chinandega – Individual agricultural producers 138 Figure 59: Chinandega – Agricultural producers' access to water 138 Figure 60: Posoltega – Surface area use (%) 139 Figure 61: Posoltega – Livestock 139 Figure 62: Posoltega – Individual agricultural producers 139 Figure 63: Posoltega – Agricultural producers' access to water 139 Figure 64: Wheat plantation by the Project’s access road 140 Figure 65: Sugar cane plantation by the Project’s access road 140 Figure 66: Cattle grazing in the Project’s access road 141 Figure 67: View to House #1 from the main access road 144 Figure 68: House #2 near access road 144 Figure 69: Health centre in El Higueral (Unidad de Salud Higueral) 146 Figure 70: Primary School in Santa Cruz 149 Figure 71: Secondary School in El Higueral 149 Figure 72: Primary School in Santa Cruz 149 Figure 73: Primary School in Las Grietas 149 Figure 74: Primary School in San Lucas 149 Figure 75: Community water borehole and roof-top tank in San Lucas 151 Figure 76: Hand-drilled water boreholes in Las Grietas 151 Figure 77: Ecotourism Complex in the San Cristóbal Volcano (“Complejo Ecoturistico Volcán San Cristóbal”) 153 Figure 78: Biodiversity Protected Areas within 10km of the Project 165 Figure 79: Project components and Biodiversity Protected Areas 166 Figure 80: Habitat management zones of Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita and Project components 167 Figure 81: Habitat types within 500m of the AOIGeothermal Components 172 Figure 82: Habitat types within 500m of the AOI Transmission Line 173 Figure 83: Summary of findings 192 Figure 84: Modern house on the Peninsula of Cosigüina, municipality of El Viejo, Department of Chinandega 193 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 85: H2S concentrations 196 Figure 86: CO2 concentration on platforms A and B 197 Figure 87: Map indicating baseline noise monitoring locations (2009, 2015 and 2017) 199 Figure 88: Noise monitoring location 1 (House #1) 200 Figure 89: Noise monitoring location 2 (Security guard hut) 200 Figure 90: Noise monitoring location 3 (offices and basecamp) 201 Figure 91: Noise monitoring location 4 House #2) 201 Figure 92: Noise monitoring location 5 (Pad C) 201 Figure 93: Noise monitoring location 6 (Pad CSB-1) 201 Figure 94: Noise monitoring location 7 (Pad E) 202 Figure 95: Noise monitoring location 8 (Pad F) 202 Figure 96: Noise monitoring location 9 (Pad A) 202 Figure 97: Noise monitoring location 10 (Pad D) 202 Figure 98: Regional environmental infrastructure 205 Figure 99: Main access road 206 Figure 100: Access tracks to well pads 206 Figure 101: Location of existing and planned geothermal projects in Nicaragua 209 Figure 102: Location of receptors in the AOI 244 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 1 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Glossary Table 1: Glossary of terms Term Definitions Air quality Any kind of recommendation or guidance on the protection of human beings or receptors in guidelines the environment from adverse effects of air pollutants Area of Influence The area over which the impacts of the Project are likely to be felt including all its related or (AoI) associated (where applicable) facilities such as the transmission line corridor, water and steam pipelines, access roads, borrow pits, accommodation facilities (where required) as well as any reasonably foreseen unplanned developments induced by the Project or cumulative impacts Associated Facilities that are not funded as part of the project and that would not have been constructed facilities or expanded if the project did not exist and without which the project would not be viable Baseline surveys Gathering of data to describe the existing physical, biological, socioeconomic, health, labour, cultural heritage, or any other variable considered relevant before project development Bioacoustic Sampling method in which ultrasonic recordings emitted by bats are taken with ANABAT 2 sampling and analysed Biodiversity Variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems Chance find Archaeological or cultural sites and artefacts, including such items as ceramics, tools, buildings, burials, etc., previously unrecognized in baseline studies that are discovered during the course of exploration activities Citizen Cabinets Community-driven organizational structure in the cities’ neighbourhoods and rural communities Consultation Consultation is a two-way process of dialogue between the project company and its stakeholders. Stakeholder consultation is about initiating and sustaining constructive external relationships over time. Critical habitat Either modified or natural habitats supporting high biodiversity value, such as habitat required for the survival of critically endangered or endangered species Cultural heritage Defined as resources with which people identify as a reflection and expression of their constantly evolving values, beliefs, knowledge and traditions Cumulative The combination of multiple impacts arising from existing projects or activities, and/or impacts anticipated future projects or activities dB(A) Unit used to measure the A-weighted decibel scale, which compensates for the specific sensitivities of the human ear Decibel Unit used to measure the intensity of sound Direct area of Considers the physical footprint of the projects such as the right of way, construction sites, influence work staging area and area affected during operational works (e.g. traffic patterns) Ecosystem The interacting system of a biological community and its non-living environmental surroundings Effluent Wastewater - treated or untreated- that flows out of a treatment plant, sewer, or industrial outfall Emission Pollution discharged into the atmosphere from smokestacks, other vents, and surface areas of commercial or industrial facilities; from residential chimneys; and from motor vehicle, locomotive, or aircraft exhausts Environmental A forward-looking instrument that is able to proactively advise decision-makers on what might and Social Impact happen if a proposed activity is implemented. Impacts are changes that have environmental, Assessment political, economic, or social significance to society. Impacts may be positive or negative and (ESIA) may affect the environment, communities, human health and well-being, desired sustainability objectives, or a combination of these. Environmental Summarises the company’s commitments to address and mitigate risks and impacts and Social identified as part of the ESIA, through avoidance, minimization, and compensation/offset, and Management and monitor these mitigation measures. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 2 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Term Definitions Monitoring Plan (ESMMP) Environmental Part of a project’s overall management system that includes the organizational structure, and social responsibilities, practices and resources necessary for implementing the project-specific management management program developed through the environmental and social assessment of the system (ESMS) project Exploration Geothermal resource confirmation phase that can include surface studies, reconnaissance, exploration drilling, feasibility study and production phase ESIA Geothermal power Involves drilling deep production wells into the Earth’s crust to harness the thermal energy generation contained in underground reservoirs of geothermal waters or steam Good International Exercise of professional skill, diligence, prudence, and foresight that would reasonably be Industry Practice expected from skilled and experienced professionals engaged in the same type of (GIIP) undertaking under the same or similar circumstances globally or regionally. The outcome of such exercise should be that the project employs the most appropriate technologies in the project-specific circumstances Greenhouse The following six gases or class of gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), gases methane (CH4), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) Grievance Procedure provided by a project to receive and facilitate resolution of affected communities’ mechanism concerns and grievances about the project’s environmental and soc ial performance. Habitat Terrestrial, freshwater, or marine geographical unit or airway that supports assemblages of living organisms and their interactions with the non-living environment Hazardous waste Byproducts of society that can pose a substantial or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly managed. Substances classified as hazardous wastes possess at least one of four characteristics —ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity— or appear on special lists Indigenous Defined by the World Bank E&S Framework as a distinct social and cultural group possessing peoples the following characteristics in varying degrees: (a) Self-identification as members of a distinct indigenous social and cultural group and recognition of this identity by others; (b) Collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats, ancestral territories, or areas of seasonal use or occupation, as well as to the natural resources in these areas; (c) Customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions that are distinct or separate from those of the mainstream society or culture; and (d) A distinct language or dialect, often different from the official language or languages of the country or region in which they reside Indirect area of Includes area which may experience project related changes in combination with activities not influence under the direct control of the project Information Disclosure means making information accessible to interested and affected parties disclosure (stakeholders). Communicating information in a manner that is understandable to stakeholders is an important first and ongoing step in the process of stakeholder engagement. Information should be disclosed in advance of all other engagement activities, from consultation and informed participation to negotiation and resolution of grievances. This will make engagement more constructive. Intangible cultural According to the 2003 UNESCO convention for the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage heritage, manifestations of intangible cultural heritage include: Oral traditions and expressions, including language; Performing arts; Social practices, rituals and festive events; Knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe Invasive alien Non-native species of flora and fauna that are a significant threat to biodiversity due to their species ability to spread rapidly and out-compete native species Land acquisition All methods of obtaining land for project purposes, which may include outright purchase, expropriation of property and acquisition of access rights, such as easements or rights of way Livelihood Full range of means that individuals, families, and communities utilize to make a living, such as wage-based income, agriculture, fishing, foraging, other natural resource-based livelihoods, petty trade, and bartering Magnitude The assessment of magnitude is undertaken in two steps. Firstly, the magnitude of potential impacts associated with the Project are categorised as beneficial or adverse. Secondly, the beneficial or adverse impacts are categorised as major, moderate, minor or negligible based on consideration of a number of parameters Modified habitat Land and water areas where there has been apparent alteration of the natural habitat, often with the introduction of alien species of plants and animals, such as agricultural areas 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 3 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Term Definitions Natural habitat Land and water areas where the biological communities are formed largely by native plant and animal species, and where human activity has not essentially modified the area's primary ecological functions Occupational The range of endeavours aimed at protecting workers from injury or illness associated with health and safety exposure to hazards in the workplace or while working. Pitfall traps One method used to capture amphibians and reptiles and consists of cylindrical recipients set up at the ground level with the finish upward. The size and shape of the pitfall trap is 4in in diameter and 12in in length constructed with plastic PVC. This type of trapping is oriented to capture small lizards and small snakes Political Secretary Each rural community in Nicaragua has a Political Secretary that is the highest authority at the departmental, municipal and community levels. They represent the government party and ensure that economic and social policies instituted by the mayors and government delegations are implemented in each locality Pollution Refers to both hazardous and non-hazardous pollutants in the solid, liquid, or gaseous forms, and is intended to include other forms such as nuisance odors, noise, vibration, radiation, electromagnetic energy, and the creation of potential visual impacts including light Power plant Second of the two main components of the geothermal power plant process, where the extracted steam is used to generate electricity Production Steam field and power plant development phase that can include production drilling and development of steam above ground system (SAGS) and power plant Project affected Individuals, workers, groups or local communities which are or could be affected by the people project, directly or indirectly, including through cumulative impacts Renewable Energy sources derived from solar power, hydro, wind, certain types of geothermal, and energy biomass Resettlement Establishes the principles, procedures, entitlements and eligibility criteria, organizational framework arrangements, arrangements for monitoring and evaluation, the framework for participation, and mechanisms for redressing grievances by which the company will abide during the project implementation Sensitivity The sensitivity of a receptor is determined based on the review of the population (including proximity / numbers / vulnerability), presence of biological features of the site and the surrounding area, soil, agricultural suitability, geology and geomorphology, proximity of aquifers and watercourses, existing air quality, presence of any archaeological features etc. Significance Significance of impact takes into account the interaction between the magnitude and sensitivity criteria Solid waste Material with low liquid content, sometimes hazardous. Include municipal garbage, industrial and commercial waste, sewage sludge, wastes resulting from agricultural and animal husbandry operations and other connected activities, demolition wastes and mining residues Stakeholders Stakeholders are persons or groups who are directly or indirectly affected by a project, as well as those who may have interests in a project or the ability to influence its outcome, either positively or negatively. Steam fields First of the two main components of the geothermal power plant process, where the geothermal fluids are extracted, processed and subsequently re-injected Supply chain Both labour and material inputs of a good or service. A supply chain of goods may include suppliers of raw material and suppliers of pieces or components for assembly and production. Tangible cultural Physical artefacts such as buildings and historic places, monuments, artefacts, etc., which heritage are considered worthy of preservation for the future. These include objects significant to the archaeology, architecture, science or technology of a specific culture. Transects Sampling method used for amphibians and reptiles. This method consists of field walks along a habitat considered as ideal for the presence of amphibian and reptile. The length of these transects can be up to 100m (or even longer) and 5m wide, conducting an intensive search. The searching velocity depends on the topography and the scope of the study, but it can normally range from one to two hours Vulnerable people Individuals and groups that may be directly and differentially or disproportionately affected by project activities because of their disadvantaged or vulnerable status (based on race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, or other status) World Bank Group Technical reference documents for environmental protection and set out industry-specific EHS Guidelines examples of ‘international good practice’. Projects are expected to comply with the levels and 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 4 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Term Definitions measures identified in the General EHS Guidelines where host country requirements are less stringent or do not exist 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 5 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Acronyms Table 2: Acronyms Acronym Term AC Affected communities ANA National Water Authority aOa Analysis of Alternatives AoI Area of Influence AP Action Plan Asl Above Sea Level BMAP Biodiversity Management and Action Plan BOP Blowout prevention equipment BS British Standards CCP Cerro Colorado Power S.A. CEPREDENAC Centro de Coordinación para la Prevención de los Desastres Naturales en América Central CESMP Construction Environment and Social Management Plan CHA Critical Habitat Assessment CHS Community Health and Safety CLO Community Liaison Officer DEMP Decommissioning Environmental Management Plan EA Environmental Assessment ECIA Ecological Impact Assessment ECO Environmental Control Officer EHS Environment, Health and Safety EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIACA EIA Certificate of Authorisation EMP Environmental Management Plan ENEL Empresa Nicaragüense de Electricidad EPRP Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan ESA Environment and Social Assessment ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMMP Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan ESMS Environmental and Social Management System EWC European Waste Catalogue FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations FGD Focus group discussions FISE Emergency Social Investment Fund FPIC Free, prior and informed consent FUNCOD Fundación Nicaragüense para la Conservación y Desarrollo GDP Gross Domestic Product GIIP Good International Industry Practice GIS Geographical Information System GNI Gross national income GoN Government of Nicaragua HFO Heavy Fuel Oil HGVs Heavy Goods Vehicles 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 6 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Acronym Term HR Human resources IBA International bird area ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights IFC International Finance Corporation ILO International Labour Organisation INAFOR National Forestry Institute INATEC Instituto Nacional Tecnologico INC Instituto Nicaragüense de Cultura INETER Nicaraguan Institute of Territorial Studies INIDE National Institute of Information and Development INIFOM Instituto Nicaragüense De Fomento Municipal INSS Social Security Institute of Nicaragua INTA El Instituto Nicaragüense de Tecnología Agropecuaria IP Indigenous peoples IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature LFO Light Fuel Oil LRF Livelihood Restoration Framework LVIA Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment MAGFOR Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry MARENA Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources MEM Nicaraguan Ministry of Energy and Mines MER Central American Regional Market MINED Ministerio de Educación MINSA Ministerio de Salud MITRAB Ministry of Labour MMLLC Mott MacDonald LLC MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet MTI Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure NCG Non Condensable Gases NCR Non-compliance report NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NPE National Policy on Environment NTS Non-Technical Summary O&M Operation and Maintenance OD Operational Directive OHL Overhead lines OHS Occupational Health and Safety OP Operational Policy OSHA Occupational Safety and Health and Safety Guidelines PAHO Pan-American Health Organisation PAPs Project Affected Peoples PASM Predictable Archaeological Sensitivity Method PCDP Public Consultation and Disclosure Plan PCR Physical cultural resources POPs Persistent organic Pollutants PPE Personal Protective Equipment PPP Public private partnership 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 7 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Acronym Term PRs Performance Requirements PS Performance Standards PV Photovoltaic RAP Resettlement Action Plan RENEA National Register for Environmental Evaluation RoW Rights of Way RPF Resettlement Policy Framework SAGS Steam field above ground system SEA Sistema de Evaluacion Ambiental SEP Stakeholder Engagement Plan SERENA National Secretariat of Environmental Permits SI Site Investigation SIA Social Impact Assessment SIEPAC Central American Electrical Interconnection System SPV Special purpose vehicle SRP Spill Response Plan SWMP Site Waste Management Plan TMP Traffic Management Plan ToR Terms of Reference UAM Universidad Americana UK United Kingdom WB OP World Bank Operational Policy WBG World Bank Group WHO World Health Organisation WMP Waste Management Plan WWF Worldwide Fund for Nature ZVI Zone of visual impact Table 3: Measurements & formulae Acronym Term CH4 Methane dB Decibel dBA Decibels Acoustic GWh Gigawatt Hour H2 S Hydrogen sulphide Ha Hectare Hr Hour HV High Voltage Kg Kilogram Km Kilometre kV Kilovolt kW Kilowatt kWh Kilowatt hour l Litre Leq Equivalent Continuous Sound level LV Low Voltage m Metre 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 8 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Acronym Term M Million Masl Metres above sea level MW Megawatt MWe Megawatt electrical NO2 Nitrogen dioxide NOx Nitrogen Oxide PM10 Particulate Matter ppm Parts per million SO2 Sulphur dioxide STP Standard Temperature and Pressure t Tonnes 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 9 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction The Government of Nicaragua has identified the Casita-San Cristobal geothermal area as having high potential to support its generation expansion plan and investment in renewable energy. In April 2009, the Nicaraguan Ministry of Energy and Mines (“MEM”) issued an “exploration” concession to Cerro Colorado Power Sociedad Anonima (S.A.) (“CCP”) to assess geothermal resources over a 100km 2 area along the Casita - San Cristobal Volcanic complex. Upon completion of the surface exploration phase, with promising results, CCP was granted in 2013 an “exploitation” concession over a selected 100km 2 area on the south-eastern flank of Casita Volcano to develop the geothermal resource. The Government of Nicaragua with the support of the World Bank1 intend to use World Bank (SREP2 and IDA) and private funding to help confirm the geothermal resource of the field and to mitigate the resource risk, and thereby promote possible future private investment to facilitate the development of the first operational geothermal power plant in the Casita-San Cristobal geothermal field. Mott MacDonald USA LLC (“Mott MacDonald”) has been commissioned to undertake an environmental and social impact assessment (“ESIA”) in advance of exploration drilling planned to be undertaken to help assess the viability of the resource for power generation. For the purposes of this ESIA, the Casita-San Cristobal geothermal project (the “Project”) refers to the exploration drilling phase of the project only. 1.2 Project participants The Casita-San Cristobal geothermal project will be developed by CCP, as a public private partnership (PPP) between Cerro Colorado Corporation (CCC), a Panamanian subsidiary of Polaris Infrastructure Inc. and Empresa Nicaragüense de Electricidad (ENEL), a state owned company of the Republic of Nicaragua. The relationship is illustrated in Figure 1. 1 World Bank means IBRD and IDA 2 SREP - Scaling up renewable energy program (World Bank) 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 10 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 1: Structure of Project participants Source: World Bank Table 4 presents an overview of the Project parties involved and their role. Table 4: Structure of the Project participants Project Party Role Ministry of Energy and Mines Granted the Project concession through Ministerial Resolution 001-A-DGRER- (MEM) 001-2013. Supervision and oversight of geothermal concession MHCP Supervision and oversight of public investment Empresa Nicaragüense de Representing the Government of Nicargua. By law the state-owned utility the Electricidad (ENEL) Empresa Nicaragüense de Electricidad (ENEL) is entitled to a minimum 10 percent share in any geothermal development company, but this share can be increased to reflect its actual contribution to the project. Polaris Infrastructure Inc. Private Project Sponsor Cerro Colorado Corporation Panamanian subsidiary of Polaris Infrastructure Inc (CCC) Cerro Colorado Power Sponsor - Public Private Partnership between Cerro Colorado Corporation Sociedad Anonima (S.A.) (CCC), and ENEL (CCP) Project Developer / Concessionary / designated Project Implementing Entity World Bank / International The exploration-appraisal drilling phase of the Project is now under Development Agency (IDA) / consideration for allocation of risk mitigation funds assigned to the Nicaraguan SREP / Private development Government, executed by CCP (under a PPP scheme with the Government of equity Nicaragua) and administered by the World Bank. Risk mitigation funding – World Bank (IDA – 30million / SREP 3 15million); private $8.5million). Mott MacDonald USA LLC International Environmental Consultant to conduct an international standard ESIA, and an Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMP) of the Project. Source: Mott MacDonald 3 SREP – World Bank ‘Scaling Up Renewable Energy Program’ 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 11 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 1.3 Overview of Project location Located on the south-east slope of the Casita Volcano, the geothermal exploitation concession area covers an area of 100km2. The Project site is in the Department of Chinandega, 130km north of Nicaragua’s capital city of Managua. The boundaries of three municipalities (Chinandega, Chichigalpa and Posoltega) are located across the concession area. The general location of the concession area is shown Figure 2. A full description is provided in Chapter 2. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 12 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 2: General location of Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Source: CCP and Mott MacDonald 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 13 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 1.4 Project background To date, the following activities have been undertaken by CCP: ● April 2009: Nicaraguan Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM) issues “exploration” concession to CCP to assess geothermal resource over a 100km 2 area along the Casita–San Cristobal volcanic complex in Chinandega Department in north-western Nicaragua ● November 2009: CCP obtained environmental permit from Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MARENA) for the preliminary resource assessment phase ● November 2011: Preliminary surface level reconnaissance work and slim hole drilling completed by CCP identifying potential for high temporary steam resources. ● February 2012: CCP undertook integration of surface exploration and slim hole drilling results with preliminary assessment of the geothermal resource, which indicated that the Project has potential for more than 85MWe of generation capacity over 20 years. ● June 2012: MEM approved the preliminary resource assessment work and authorised CCP to exercise its preferential right to apply to MEM for an “exploitation” concession to pursue resource confirmation drilling and develop a geothermal power plant. ● February 2013: CCP granted “exploitation” concession (subject to submission of drilling program, “exploitation” environmental permit from MARENA and posting of a bond with MEM). ● February 2015: CCP submitted “exploitation” EIA to MARENA for approval. ● July 2015: MARENA approved the “exploitation” EIA, which gave the go-ahead to commence an exploration drilling program and operation phase works subject to conditions (including further environmental and social assessment work) as set out in Resolution DGCA-P0034-0B12-011-2015 ● February 2016: CCP appointed Mott MacDonald USA LLC to produce a supplementary environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) for the exploration drilling works to bring documentation in line with MARENA requirements and World Bank Operational Policy (OP) 4.03 – Performance Standards for Private Sector Activities (May 2013) ● June 2017: MARENA renewal the Exploitation Environmental Permit to CCP which had expired in December 2016. 1.5 Project overview The Casita-San Cristobal geothermal project development is split into two components with sub- components as described below: ● Component 1: Geothermal resource confirmation (hereafter referred to as the EXPLORATION PHASE) – Sub-component 1.1 - Surface studies and reconnaissance (already completed) – Sub-component 1.2 - Exploration drilling (current planned activity, three to five full-size well drilling program) – Sub-component 1.3 - Feasibility study and production phase ESIA (subject to confirmation of resource) ● Component 2: Steam field and power plant development with initial capacity of 25 MW to 35 MW (hereafter referred to as the PRODUCTION PHASE) (subject to confirmation of resource during component 1) 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 14 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase – Sub-component 2.1 - Production drilling (estimated six additional production and reinjection wells) – Sub-component 2.2 - Development of steam above ground system (SAGS) and power plant Each component is described in more detail below and further description of the components and activities connected with this work is provided in Chapter 2. ● Component 1 (sub-component 1.1): surface reconnaissance – some of this component has already been completed by CCP. It included surface reconnaissance, geological, geophysical and geochemical studies as well as the drilling of a slim/core hole which confirmed the availability of a steam resource. ● Component 1 (sub-component 1.2): exploration drilling program – An exploration drilling program of 3-5 wells is proposed to ascertain the steam capacity (i.e. resource base) for producing electricity and to estimate the cost of extracting the resource. The exploration program will significantly improve the understanding of the geothermal resource and provide better estimates as to the cost of the Project, whereby, risks would be considerably reduced. ● Component 1 (sub-component 1.3): feasibility study and production phase ESIA - A bankable feasibility study and updated ESIA to international standards will also be prepared to support subsequent works (subject to confirmation of resource). ● Component 2 (sub-component 2.1): production drilling and steam field development – based on successful confirmation of the resource estimate and of the initially proposed power plant development (including a detailed technical feasibility study and production phase ESIA), the well field would be further developed with additional drilling of production and injection wells; and the steam above-ground system (SAGS) that will transport the steam from the wells to the power plant that will be constructed. ● Component 2 (sub-component 2.2): construction of power plant – also based on the feasibility and ESIA studies, an initial geothermal power plant expected to be 35MW will be constructed in line with industry standards. It will demonstrate the viability of sustainably generating power from the geothermal steam resource in the Casita-San Cristobal reservoir, and open prospects for potential expansion of the field in the future. 1.5.1 Objectives and scope This ESIA is to address impacts associated with “Component 1 Sub-component 1.2 - Exploration Drilling Program” of the Casita San Cristobal geothermal Project. The purpose of this ESIA is to: ● Identify and assess the potential environmental and social impacts that the Project may have on the environment and communities within its area of influence (AOI) for the exploratory phase ● To help avoid, or where avoidance is not possible, minimise, mitigate or compensate for adverse impacts on the environment and communities ● To ensure that the affected communities4 are appropriately engaged on issues that could potentially affect them ● To promote improved social and environmental performance through the development and effective use of management systems 4 Reference to communities includes consideration of impacts on labourers 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 15 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase In addition, this ESIA aims to: ● Align with national requirements for environmental and social impact assessment ● Demonstrate compliance with World Bank Operational Policy 4.03 Performance Standards for Private Sector Activities and supporting World Bank Performance Standards (WB PSs) ● Establish mitigation measures, management and monitoring requirements in a formal environmental and social management and monitoring plan (ESMMP) The WB PSs require consideration of unplanned but predictable development that may occur later or at a different location. For this ESIA this might constitute activities related to Component 2, the production phase. Given that the geothermal resource is yet to be confirmed it is not deemed necessary to fully assesses production phase risk and impacts as part of the exploratory phase ESIA, however this ESIA does note that if the field is deemed productive, the exploratory site will most likely become the permanent production drill sites and that there will be a permanent location for the power plant and supporting infrastructure (in particulate the transmission line). This ESIA includes a high level screening of key E&S constraints related to the permanent siting of production phase facilities as they pertain to the current exploratory drill sites, likely locations for power plant and transmission line to be undertaken as part of the exploratory ESIA. This ESIA considers this to include: ● Confirmation through baseline data collection that there are no significant constraints that would affect the future expansion of the sites for this purpose for example significant impacts on nationally protected area / culturally significant areas / surface water features, sensitive human receptors ● Scoping of high-level constraints that would impact on steam collection system between the well pads in their current proposed locations and the likely location of the power plant ● High level scoping to understand assimilative capacity of the receiving environment for the production phase including inter alia; increased, noise, atmospheric H2S. Volume IV environmental and social management and monitoring plan includes a terms of reference (TOR) for the Component 2 ESIA. Should the geothermal resource be confirmed, a second ESIA will be prepared for Component 2 that expands on this ESIA to cover Component 2 specific activities. 1.6 Structure of the ESIA report The ESIA is organised as follows: ● Volume I - –Executive (Non-Technical) Summary (NTS) (English and Spanish) ● Volume II - Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) – Exploratory Phase ● Volume III – Technical Appendices including: – Critical habitat assessment (including baseline reports), Mott MacDonald, rev A, July 2017 – Ecological Baseline report, FUNDAR, 2017 – Archaeological literature review and rapid site reconnaissance report, Clifford T. Brown, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Anthropology, Florida Atlantic University – Mott MacDonald stakeholder consultation - summary of meetings, site visit July 2017 – Hydrogeological report, Mott MacDonald – MARENA environmental resolutions 2009 and 2015 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 16 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase ● Volume IV - Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMMP) ● Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) ● Volume VI - Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) Table 5 below shows the structure of the Volume II ESIA report. Table 5: Structure of Volume II ESIA report Volume No. Structure Title Volume II Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (this volume) Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Project Description Chapter 3 Project Need and Analysis of Alternatives Chapter 4 Policy, Legislative and Institutional Context Chapter 5 ESIA Framework and Methodology Chapter 6 Information Disclosure Consultation & Participation Chapter 7 Baseline Assessment Chapter 8 Impact Assessment and Evaluation Chapter 9 Mitigation and Management Chapter 10 Conclusion 1.7 Project contact details Table 6 shows the contact details for the Project proponents as well as the ESIA consultant. Table 6: Project proponent contact details Project proponent Contact information Name of company Cerro Colorado Power Sociedad Anonima (CCP) - a PPP project between Cerro Colorado Corporation (CCC), a Panamanian subsidiary of Polaris Infrastructure, Inc. with Empresa Nicaragüense de Electricidad (ENEL) Company registration Number 26,502-B5 pages 17 to 32 Book 912-B5, second book of corporations Number (35,807), Page 38, book 158 of persons both of the Corporate Public Registry of the Department of Managua Contact Alexis Osorno Address Pista Jean Paul Genie, Del Centro Comercial El Tiangue 150 mts. al Sur, Edificio Escala, 6to piso, Managua, Nicaragua Telephone Tel: (505) 2253 8340 Fax: (505) 2253 8344 Email aosorno@polarisgeothermal.com Project proponent Contact information Name of company Empresa Nicaragüense de Electricidad (ENEL) Company reference Nicaraguan public utility Contact Ernesto José Martinez Tiffer Address Pista Juan Pablo II, intersección Avenida Bolívar Telephone (505) 2270 1044 Email enelpres@enel.gob.ni 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 17 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Project proponent Contact information ESIA consultant Contact information Name of company Mott MacDonald USA LLC Company reference Private sector consultancy Contact Ms Nicola Davies Address 1585 Sawdust Road, The Woodlands, Texas, 77380, USA Telephone +1 832 299 7031 Email Nicola.davies@mottmac.com 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 18 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 2 Project Description 2.1 Introduction This chapter provides an overarching description of the Project and is broadly structured as follows: ● Project setting ● Project concept and components – Component 1: exploration phase – Component 2: production phase ● Summary of land requirements ● Project schedule ● Project budget ● Associated facilities The normal operational and maintenance activities including abnormal and emergency activities applicable are summarised in Table 7 and elaborated in subsequent sections. A full description of the Component 1 and Component 2 works is provided in this chapter. Component 2 infrastructure has been considered in the baseline data collection area of influence (AOI) in order to minimise risk of uncovering significant future unforeseen environmental or social aspects that may impact the viability of Component 2 development. 2.2 Geothermal power Geothermal power generation involves drilling deep production and reinjection wells into the Earth’s crust to harness the thermal energy contained in underground reservoirs of geothermal waters or steam. Wells commonly are drilled in clusters (group of wells at one platform), with each platform typically comprising two to five wells. These wells bring a mixture of steam, gases and water (brine) to the surface where the steam can be separated and used to power steam turbines to produce electricity. Brine and condensate removed by the separators are returned via reinjection wells back to the reservoir. Figure 3 presents a high-level summary of the overall geothermal power plant process for a flash type geothermal plant. Other technologies are available and will be considered in more detail upon confirmation of the geothermal resource. The process can be separated into two main components: ● Steam field (including the steam field above ground system (SAGS): where the geothermal fluids are extracted, processed and subsequently re-injected ● Power plant (comprising steam turbines, generators, condensers and cooling towers) where the extracted steam is used to generate electricity 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 19 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 3: Indicative diagram of flash type geothermal power plant process Source: Mott MacDonald, 2013 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 20 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Table 7: Activities for assessment Component 1-Exploration Phase Component 2-Production Phase Site establishment -Up Exploratory Drilling Site Closure Construction Operation Final Decommissioning (temporary closure)5 ● Confirm water resources ● Exploratory drilling ● Removal of drilling ● Site clearance (power plant ● Power plant ● Removal of infrastructure (to supply drilling works equipment and / permanent facilities) operation and restoration to initial activities) restoration of conditions prior to Project temporary work sites works ● Site clearance ● Geological sampling ● Transmission line / SAGS ● Steam transfer ● Retrofit and upgrade and analysis routing and right of way clearance ● Construction of well pads ● Well testing ● Confirm location of ● Water abstraction production and reinjection wells ● Construction of temporary ● Pumping of water / ● Installation of permanent ● Condensate and water pipeline to supply drilling muds water pipelines water (brine) well pads disposal through reinjection ● Temporary Materials ● Drilling rig and ● Permanent access road storage yard ancillary equipment upgrades and expansion maintenance works ● Water intake and ● Drilling of permanent pumping stations production and reinjection wells (as required) ● Construction, ● Construction of final project rehabilitation and infrastructure (SAGS, expansion of access power plant, transmission roads line, substation, permanent accommodation / administrative facilities) Activates applicable to all stages  Abnormal / emergency situations): Natural hazards including forest fires, volcanic eruption or earthquake.  Anthropogenic hazards such as well blow outs or well kicks. 5 If the geothermal resource is not confirmed all infrastructure will be decommissioned and site restored to pre-drilling conditions 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 21 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 2.3 Project setting Located on the south-east slope of the Casita-San Cristobal volcanic complex, the Project concession covers an area of 20km 2. The Project site is in the Department of Chinandega, 130km north of Nicaragua’s capital city of Managua. The boundaries of three municipalities (Chinandega, Chichigalpa and Posoltega) cross the concession area. No communities are located within the Project concession area. The closest settlements to the Project area are Santa Cruz (4.2km), San Lucas (7.2km), El Higueral (7.7km) and Las Grietas (8.1km). Figure 4 illustrates the Project location and key features. Two dwellings are located in the area of impact; one is located along the main aces road and one is located near to well pad E. The location of these dwellings in relation to project components is illustrated in Figure 6.The concession area includes private lands and extends within the Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita (the Nature Reserve). The Nature Reserve is a protected area of 179.64km2 that was established by a national decree in 1983. The protected area comprises a chain of five volcanic cones, including the Casita Volcano and the adjacent San Cristobal volcano which is the country's highest. The Nature Reserve has five management zones: i) core zone, ii) conservation recovery zone, iii) high fragility zone, iv) sustainable production zone and the v) buffer zone. The main geothermal facilities and Project activities are proposed to take place in the sustainable production zone and the core zone. The future access road and transmission line also affect a narrow strip within the buffer zone of the Nature Reserve. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 22 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 4: Project location Source: CCP / Mott MacDonald 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 23 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 2.4 Project concept The purpose of the exploration component of the Project is to confirm the geothermal reservoir to support and sustain an initial up to 35 MWe geothermal production capacity, as illustrated in Figure 5. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 24 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 5: Reservoir confirmation – concept Source: Polaris Infrastructure Inc. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 25 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase The objectives of the exploratory drilling are to: ● Confirm exploitable geothermal resource ● Prove reservoir temperature and pressure ● Assess the nature and distribution of permeability within the reservoir ● Evaluate the system hydrology to conform the boundaries of the hydrological basis, identify main groundwater resource uses and assess aquifer sensitivity and water balance ● Assess likely well productivity ● Determine balance between production and injection ● Gather the necessary information to be able to develop a simulation of resource behaviour under exploitation conditions ● Provide the key information necessary to prepare a full project feasibility study, updated geothermal resource model, Component 2 ESIA and address outstanding conditions of the MARENA exploitation authorisation relevant to the production phase 2.5 Project definition 2.5.1 Component 1: Exploration Phase Surface studies (geological, geophysical, and geochemical) have already been completed, a small well pad constructed (including its associated access road, which will require significant upgrade works), and a slim core-hole drilled that has led to the confirmation of the availability of a steam resource. This section provides an overview of specific Project components of the exploratory drilling phase to confirm this resource. The exploratory drilling program, schedule and budget are based on a three plus two strategy; meaning that the initial scope of the Project is to drill three wells, allow for up to 60 days (as needed) to evaluate the results of said wells and decide if drilling of up to two additional wells is pertinent. The Component 1 Project components can be summarised as follows: ● Pad A (CSA-1): 2500m directional well (220°) to prove thickness of vapor zone and presence of underlying liquid reservoir ● Pad E (CSE-1): 2000m vertical well to test inferred resource into the La Pelona area ● Pad C (CSC-1): 2000m deviated well (220°) to target vapor or liquid zones near Casita Volcano ● Pad D, B and F (CSX-X) (to be confirmed if needed): 2000m deviated wells at locations which will be based on the results of the previous three wells (A, E and C) ● 8000 m3 water storage reservoir (pond) (for the Project) ● Water wells (as needed to provide water supply requirements for drilling rig) ● Water supply pipeline (for the Project) (temporary) ● Water booster pumping stations (per Project) ● Temporary materials storage yard and temporary warehouse (for the Project) ● Temporary waste warehouse (per Project) ● Temporary 8000 m3 dump pond (per Project) ● 5000 m3 drill cuttings and muds (sludge) management area (per Project) ● Rehabilitation and expansion of existing main access track (6.2m wide) 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 26 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase ● Upgrade / new access roads to Pad A, Pad C, Pad E, Pad B (if needed), Pad F (if needed) and access to the proposed water wells Although the impact of component 2 activities is not covered under the scope of this ESIA, we have considered the potential location of infrastructure at a high level to understand potential for key impacts that may arise in the future. A detailed ESIA for Component 2 will be undertaken following confirmation of the resource. The following assumptions regarding component 2 have been made: ● Six (6) production wells (assumed to be located at existing well pad sites) ● Two (2) reinjection wells ● Power plant (25-35MWe) ● Steam above ground system (SAGS) ● New 138kV transmission line and interconnection substation to an existing transmission line approximately 6km from the proposed power plant site ● Substation ● Operational compound including: – Permanent workers’ accommodation – Warehouses – Chemical station – Fire protection system – Offices ● Drill cuttings and muds management area The location of Project components as currently envisaged is presented in Figure 6 and Figure 7 below. A tabulated summary of land requirements is provided in Chapter 7 (baseline) in the land use section and land needs are further elaborated in resettlement policy framework (RPF) Volume V. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 27 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 6: Project components Source: CCP / Mott MacDonald 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 28 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 7: Project components - topography Source: Mott MacDonald / CCP 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 29 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 2.5.1.1 Worksite clearance and set-up Site clearance involves the following stages: ● Site clearance, including clearance of vegetation ● Removal and storage of top soils ● Levelling and compaction It is intended that excavated top soil will be reused on site with additional fill material brought in as required. If there is a surplus of excavated material, alternative disposal options will be sought in the project area including existing material bank and borrow sites or to assist in grading works for road upgrade works. Drainage design will be incorporated to avoid potential flooding and undermining of the surrounding land. 2.5.1.2 Access roads Figure 6 above presents the map of the access roads to reach the drilling platforms. This shows 6km of new road and 12.7km of road to be upgraded. Figure 8 and Figure 9 below depict the current state of the tracks in the Project area; Figure 10 below depicts the access roads constructed at Polaris’ San Jacinto geothermal plant, as an example of the roads envisioned for the Project should the geothermal resource be confirmed and permanent access required. At the exploratory phase drilling roads will be upgraded and expanded sufficient to enable drilling rigs and project infrastructure to enter the project area. For the purposes of the impact assessment we have considered the permanent solution as the conservative scenario. Figure 8: Project area current road conditions Figure 9: Project area current road conditions from Route 252 to the main project area (to be (to be upgraded and expanded to 6.2m wide) upgraded and expanded to 6.2m wide) Source: Mott MacDonald. Source: Mott MacDonald. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 30 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 10: San Jacinto geothermal plant access road (example of expanded and upgraded road) Source: Mott MacDonald. The routing of these access roads has been designed trying to use the existing tracks or paths in the area as much as possible to reduce the need for new roads and vegetation clearance. These access roads will be designed to withstand heavy traffic all year under all conditions. Although the preliminary design is still to be defined, it is envisaged that the roads will be resurfaced 30cm above ground and expanded to be approximately 6.2m wide, for both Component 1 and Component 2. All international technical standards for road networks will be observed for the construction of these access roads as well as the local technical standards as set out by the Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure by the Government of Nicaragua. At all times compliance with specific obligations of MARENA for working in protected areas will be applied. The design criteria that will be used as a reference for road design will be the following: ● The loading criteria for roads, fords and sewers will be those established in the specifications of the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure: "General Specifications for Streets, Roads and Bridges (NIC 2000)” ● All roads will have macadam finishing with 0.30m minimum surface thickness ● The road drainage system will be designed to ensure the management of rainfall. The culverts and ditches will be designed with capacity to drain rainfall with a return period of at least 25 years. ● Transverse drainage will be done through the use of forks and eventually sewers, which will be designed to operate with 85% of its area, with a return flow equal to 25 years. Sewers will be constructed with Class II concrete pipes. ● The ground crown and liner will be formed with a slope of 5% on each side of the shaft, in order to protect the road from rapid runoff ● Each road layer will be compacted across its width to not less than 96 percent proctor standard. The compaction will be performed from the sides towards the centre of the track and along ditches, curbs, heads and all those places that are not accessible to roller planers; the material will be compacted with manual mechanical tamping or compactors 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 31 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase At all times consideration will be given to the maximum preferred slope (between 12 and 15%) and minimum curvature of turns to allow transit of long trucks (rig mobilization, casing transportation, etc.) required for geothermal drilling works. Figure 11 below shows the envisaged engineering design for the access road. Figure 11: Envisaged access road engineering design Source: Figlios & Asociados S.A. Consultores, 2009 2.5.1.3 Water wells According to a hydrogeological study carried out by CCP in 2009, the current preferred area suitable for drilling the water wells is at the site called La Pelona, which is an area of flat terrain within the geothermal concession. This study recommended to drill to a depth of 200 meters. Water for drilling is planned to be obtained from two (2) wells located near La Pelona at the site with coordinates 507489 E-1401829 N and 507584 E-14 01528 N. The distance between these wells is about 200 meters. Each water well will be developed within a surface area of 30m x 30m. At least 48,000 gallons of water per hour (800gpm) will be required for drilling work, to supply water needs during temporary drilling in total loss conditions within the geothermal reservoir. The water wells are to be drilled prior to developing any other Project activity. Water from the wells will be used for access road and platform construction, drilling of the geothermal wells, and thereafter construction of the power plant and other Component 2 facilities. Once Component 1 works have been completed and Component 2 works are underway, these wells will be used to service operations (i.e. administrative buildings, green areas irrigation, fire protection system, etc.). The water will be pumped from the wells along a 2km route to a water reservoir (8000 m 3) and then pumped again to each drilling platform through pipelines up to ten-inch diameter. During the exploratory drilling campaigns, the water supply for each platform will be linked through temporary high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or other suitable material pipelines with connection clamps which allow for easy assembly (refer to Figure 12). 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 32 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 12: Temporary HDPE pipeline with connection clamp Source: Mott MacDonald. 2.5.1.4 Establish drilling well pads Drilling platforms and rigs are required to drill the exploratory wells. Each platform requires an area of approximately 4,125m 2, which is compacted and levelled to install all of the drilling equipment. The dimensions of the platforms depend on the drilling rig and ancillary services involved in drilling operations. A common size is 75m x 55m, equivalent to 0.41ha, although it is generally estimated that the area of the platforms including mud pond, slopes, drainage works and edge protection will be approximately 1.0ha. The surface of the platform, depending on the local topographical conditions, will be cleared trying to minimise earth movement/levelling as much as possible and in accordance with the site clearance management plan. Figure 13 below presents a generic design of a drilling platform. Figure 14 and Figure 15 present the drilling platform at the San Jacinto geothermal field. Figure 13: Generic drilling platform Source: CCP 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 33 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 14: San Jacinto drilling platform with rig in operation - example Source: CCP Figure 15: San Jacinto drilling platform design Source: Iceland Drilling Company- Rig Layout Drillmec HH 300 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 34 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase The rig area and heavy load equipment area will be improved with a mix of soil-cement to withstand heavy loads. Anti-spill berms are used to avoid fuel or oil spills to the soil from equipment. Drilling fluids are managed with pipelines and concrete channels connected to a pond protected with an HDPE membrane. The drilling platform will be equipped with the following: ● drilling rig ● drilling mud and water tanks ● water reservoir stack ● fuel tank area with spill containment ● engine area ● cementing unit ● chemical mix equipment ● mud pumps ● generators ● tools and other equipment The earth moving machinery and equipment required for the construction of the access roads, drilling platforms and sludge piles will be executed by local contractors. Table 8 presents a list of the construction equipment envisaged to be needed for Component 1 works. Table 8: Component 1 site set-up equipment Equipment Quantity Motor grader 5 Tractor DC-6 2 Tank trucks 6 Roller compactor 5 Dump trucks 20 Front loader 2 Platform trucks 2 Table 9 below presents the materials envisaged to be sourced for the construction of three of the drilling platforms and access roads in Component 1. Table 9: Component 1 site set-up materials Material Quantity Mud and other materials 50,0000 - 70,000m3 Cement ~20,000 bags Concrete blocks 5000 Sand 5000m3 Crushed stone 8000m3 Concrete tubes (30”) 1200m Waterproof plastic canvas 5000m2 - 8000m2 Gabions 3000 Steel rebar 50,000kg 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 35 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 2.5.1.5 Exploratory drilling works This stage includes the drilling of deep wells, the maintenance of drilling equipment and machinery, and the management of drilling mud, solid and liquid wastes. In addition to this, measurements and tests of well production are considered an essential activity. To explore the target reservoir area, 2,000 to 2,500m deep vertical and directional wells will be drilled. The initial well design is for standard commercial diameter production wells (13-5/8” master valves, 9-5 / 8" outside diameter production casing and 7” outside diameter perforated liner). The drilling will be performed using proven geothermal methodologies and in accordance with internationally recognized engineering and safety standards. Permanent well casing, wellhead and valves shall be installed in accordance with API or equivalent standards. Since obtaining information on the reservoir is an essential objective, a strong emphasis will be placed on minimizing the damages that the drilling fluids can cause to the permeability of the well. The use of water or aerated drilling fluids will be preference in particular where high permeability is found. Aerated fluids, increases drilling cost, but can minimize permeability damage and requires a smaller amount of water to drill through high permeability zones. Accordingly, aerated drilling will be considered if the estimated expected conditions during drilling indicate significant permeable zones. At all times the use of drilling muds should be avoided where possible during the drilling of the reservoir section of these wells, to minimize the damage caused to the permeability that the mud may cause under certain reservoir conditions. An international company will be engaged to provide cementing and pumping services, such as cementing of casings and cement plugs. Similarly, an international service company will provide the services and tools associated with directional drilling and wellhole monitoring. The drilling program will be backed by a strong emphasis on collecting geoscientific data through the drilling process. A geologist with experience in geothermal drilling will be present on the platform to monitor the geology and geothermal indicators that can be interpreted from the analysis of drilling cuttings. An electronic data recording unit will record all drilling parameters, which will be complemented with qualitative data and geological interpretations provided by the wellsite geologist during drilling. Directional wells allow drilling to test areas away from the drill pad location and also has higher probability to intercept fractured/faulted zones with improved permeability. It is anticipated that the drilling of each well may require a variable period of 2-3 months, depending on the conditions found in the subsoil. The duration of the whole exploratory drilling program (five wells), including preparation works, well testing and evaluation, is estimated to be two years. Drilling machinery components include the following and shall comply with the requirements as indicated in Table 10 further below: ● Lifting system: composed of winch, mast and substructure, crown block, traveler block and hook, and drill wire. ● Rotation system: is composed of injection head (swivel), rotary table and drill string. In turn, the drill string components are the drill pipe, heavy weight drill pipe, weight bars, stabilizers and bit. ● Mud circulation system consists of mud pumps, rotary hose, mud tanks, solids separation equipment with its shackers, desiccators and cooling tower. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 36 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase ● Power system is composed of engines and generators. The electric generator allows the operation of all equipment and drilling facilities autonomously, regardless of the availability of external power sources. Table 10: Drilling machinery specifications Item Minimum Specs Depth capacity 2500m with 45 degree angle Hook Load 40,000 pounds Drawworks 700 horse power Top Drive Unit 750 horse power Rotary table 27 ½” 200 T, to allow 30” Drag capacity 30m Pumps Minimum 2x triple with combined 2750 horse power, and 1400gpm Muds system Active mud system, 800 bbl Concrete dehydration 300 bbl Pil capacity 100 bbl Water tank 1000 bbl GeoCooler or equivalent Source: CCP Figure 16: Generic drilling machinery Source: CCP Figure 16 shows the main systems that make up the drilling machinery and includes: ● Storage area of tubular materials: where the drilling pipes and well casing pipes are temporarily stored 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 37 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase ● General storage where most of the materials, tools, equipment, spare parts and accessories that are useful at the drilling site will be kept available. This is to store small items and materials such as bits, well head components and mud additives, facilitate repairs, maintenance of equipment and other activities. In Nicaragua, there are no companies with the capacity to provide the required equipment and drilling materials. Therefore, these will be sourced from outside Nicaragua.. The transportation of cargo will be carried out by lorries sub-contracted locally by companies in line with the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure (MTI) regulations, as well as the environmental requirements of MARENA. Equipment is expected to be delivered either via road from the Port of Corinto to the Project (71km) or via road from the Honduras border to the Project (64km). Drilling will require approximately 60 people in two shifts, in addition to up to 40 personnel of the contractors. It is estimated that 50% of the qualified personnel will be hired at the national level, while many of the workers, assistants and security personnel can be hired locally. The operation of a drilling rig requires continuous activity 24 hours a day, seven days a week. The personnel who operate and guarantee the maintenance of the drilling machinery (drillers, assistants, mechanics and electricians) will work in crews in two 12-hour shifts. Each drilling platform will also require temporary, portable containers to house the contractors’ offices, drilling supervisor office, geological office and laboratory, and medical clinic. 2.5.1.6 Geological sampling Drilling cuttings will be collected every 3.0 m intervals throughout all the well length (whenever possible). The samples will be washed to remove the drilling mud, and will be analysed by the wellsite geologist. Part of the sample (at least 200 grams) will be dried and placed in labelled cloth bags for long-term storage and future reference. Sample bags shall be stored in sturdy containers of adequate size to facilitate handling. 2.5.1.7 Data gathering Drilling parameters and data will be recorded using an automated mud logging system. The mud logging system collects a range of at least 10 different drilling parameters that will assist the driller, drilling supervisor and geologist in daily decision making. The geologist uses relevant drilling data (weight on drill bit, penetration rate, rotational torque, mud temperatures) to assist in the interpretation of conditions at the bottom of the well in addition to changes in litological formations. In the case of directional drilling, the orientation of the well (azimuth and inclination) will be recorded at various intervals ranging from approximately every 10m over critical intervals, such as where the tilt angle is formed, up to every 50m or more. The data from the directional surveys will be immediately made available to the geologist and relevant drilling staff to ensure timely decisions regarding adjustments to the well path. 2.5.1.8 Geological analysis Continuous geological sampling will be carried out at the drilling site by geologists. This will include collection of drilling cuttings every 3 m and extraction of bottom hole cores to investigate the lithology, mineralogy and intensity of hydrothermal alteration of the formations drilled by the well. The geological investigations are based on combined results of binocular microscope descriptions, methylene blue analysis, XRD analysis and thin section petrology to determine the nature of the lithology present in each well and the hydrothermal alteration. This in turn will be used to predict the chemistry and temperature of the geothermal fluids during drilling, based on their correlation with other geothermal fields. The permeable zones will initially be identified on 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 38 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase the basis of circulation losses, where there are unexpected changes in pump pressure or mud return, or where wells blow out during drilling, correlated with analysis of drilling cuttings and other drilling parameters. The permeable zones will then be more accurately located during the well completion tests, as described below. 2.5.1.9 Well testing For exploration wells, the three main activities involved in well testing are: ● Temperature and pressure logging, to determine the physical state of a reservoir, locate feed zones and determine well conditions. ● Well test: This involves injection tests, discharge flow tests and interference tests. The main purpose is to estimate reservoir properties and well characteristics. ● Well stimulations: This is part of the well completion procedures and involves cold water injection, often at a high flow-rate/pressure, aimed at high-pressure and / or thermal stimulation, as well as chemical stimulation with injection of acids A well completion test is undertaken as the final stage of the drilling of each well. Before moving the drilling rig to a new location, a pressure measurement is taken while injecting water into the well, along with temperature and pressure measurements conducted to obtain injectivity and transmissivity of the well. These tests will result in a well injection value (in tonnes / bar per hour), which is an indicator of the likely productivity available. Pressure-temperature logs will be taken at 12 hours, 24 hours, 2 days, 4 days, 1 week, 2 weeks and 4 weeks after the well is finished. During the well-testing phase the steam from the well travels to a silencer structure where it is flashed to ambient atmospheric conditions. The design structure of the silencer is such that not only is the noise level reduced but some of the steam condenses to form boiling hot water (geothermal brine). This brine contains many different minerals but especially silicates that crystalize as the temperature drops. The fluid will pass from the silencer to the mud pond at each platform and then piped to a temporary dump pond (TDP) with an 8,000m 3 capacity, where brine water will be stored or piped to a reinjection well, if available. In lack of reinjection facilities the discharge tests are limited by the brine storage capacity). 2.5.1.10 Water demand Water volumes required for the drilling are highly variable but have been estimated by CCP based on their experience at the San Jacinto site. For a single geothermal well the (approximate) water requirement is: ● 272.5m3/day for an initial drilling period of up to 40 days; then, ● 4,350m3/day for deeper drilling lasting 15 to 20 days. The increase in water demand during drilling of the deeper sections of the wells is due to potential losses of drilling fluid when highly permeable sections of the reservoir are encountered. The indicated maximum water consumption is estimated assuming drilling with water flush and total loss of circulation. If aerated drilling technology is applied then the water consumption would be significantly reduced. Water would be pumped into water reservoir for the project and then to each well pad. The total water requirement for drilling five wells is therefore conservatively estimated as 489,500 m 3 (129,311,215 US gal ). The water storage requirement to allow for 12 hours of supply at maximum rate of use (assuming drilling with water flush and total loss of circulation) would be 2175m 3. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 39 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase ● Well testing for injectivity will require an additional 863m 3 (227,980 US gal) water per well (4315m3 total). ● Master valve testing will require an additional 1,635.3m3 (432,000.5 US gal) water per well (8176.5m3 total). The Casita exploration drilling program will comprise five wells, which are planned to be drilled (under the more favorable scenario of continuous drilling without any standby time after the third well) in approximately 14 months (60 days/well, plus a two weeks period required for rig mobilization onto a new drilling pad after completion of each well). Based on average water demand data reported above, water consumption for each well is estimated in 100,400 m 3, which corresponds to a total consumption for drilling and testing five wells, throughout a 14 month timeframe, of 502,000 m 3. Given the indicated drilling schedule, the 20 days peak demand could occur every approximately 2 months (55-60 days). Figures on water use have been provided for Component 2 and will be similar to the figures indicated above for the exploratory wells. 2.5.1.11 Types of drilling muds The drilling mud is mainly composed of water and bentonite clay. For the preparation of the sludge, the water pH is raised to values of 10-11 by adding sodium hydroxide. These basic pH conditions are necessary for the bentonite clay to swell, giving the sludge the characteristics required for stabilizing the well walls and for transporting the drilling debris to the surface. In addition to bentonite and sodium hydroxide, drilling mud contains smaller amounts of non- chromium lignite and polymers, as well as other additives, with the function of controlling viscosity and preserving its characteristics under high temperature conditions in geothermal wells. Table 11: Typical drilling mud composition Component Quantity (kg/m3 of mud) Water 1000 Bentonite 70 pH corrector – caustic soda 0.5-1 Lignite Dispersant 0.5-1 0.5 Source: CCP. Each well pad site will have a tank (over a waterproofing area) that will be used to contain drilling mud and cuttings. A sump will be constructed for the containment of excess drill fluids/mud; geothermal fluids produced from the well during flow testing and well clean-up will drain to the sump basin. The sump basin will have a 2,500m 3 capacity. The muds and cuttings will be removed from the drilling well pad site and disposed in a designated “drill cuttings management area”, this area will have a 5,000m 3 capacity, to be lined with 2.00mm HDPE geotextile liner with concerte re-enforcement where needed. The area will be routinely inspected to ensure that the cuttings are properly contained within the storage area. Eventually the drilling cuttings and muds will be removed also from the management area for final disposal. Drill cuttings consist of primarily volcano-clastics; bentonite drilling mud component additives that are environmentally benign. The material is tested for heavy metals either prior to or during storage in the drill cuttings management area and based on the results, will be considered for land spreading. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 40 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 2.5.1.12 Drilling maintenance activities Equipment maintenance involves essentially preventive maintenance of internal combustion engines and electric engines (change of oils and spare parts). This will be done according to a program determined to keep all the components in perfect working order, which guarantees an optimum fuel consumption, as well as the reduction of emissions and noise. Access road maintenance entails keeping the roads clear of equipment and materials and providing dust prevention measures (i.e. misting) for workers and the nearby population. This activity will vary depending on the intensity of vehicular traffic and rainfall. To keep the road in good condition, the road surface will be periodically conditioned with a motor grader. 2.5.1.13 Construction of the water pipeline A water pipeline (up to 10 inch diameter) will be installed. The route of the proposed pipeline will follow the access roads to each platform where possible. 2.5.1.14 Worker accommodation and material storage During Component 1 drilling works, there will be no worker accommodation on the Project site. A small number of non-local workers are anticipated to be needed for this phase of works. The nearest communities are a 30-minute drive from the Project site, and the town of Chinandega is a 45-minute drive; rental accommodation will be sought in the towns of Villa 15 de Julio or Chinandega for the non-local workers. Permanent workers’ accommodation will be established for Component 2 production works. The workers’ accommodation will be located 2.3km from pad CSA-1. The site will include sleeping units, laundry, kitchen and dining hall, doctor’s office, domestic water tank, electrical power, oil tank, generator and waste disposal. Figure 17 presents an example of workers’ accommodation as provided at the San Jacinto geothermal plant. Figure 17: Example workers’ accommodation (San Jacinto Geothermal Power plant) Source: Mott MacDonald. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 41 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Potable drinking water will be obtained from one of the planned water supply wells currently being defined and then treated and stored separately. Wastewater from the workers’ accommodation will be treated in a wastewater treatment plant to be constructed at the site within the accommodation complex, in compliance with “Guias Tecnicas para el diseño de alcantarillado sanitario y tratamiento de aguas residuals”, National Decree 33-95 “Disposiciones para el control de la contaminacion provenientes de descargas de aguas residuals domesticas, industrials y agropecuarias” and the IFC EHS General Guidelines. Accommodation will be provided for approximately 50 workers. Local workers live at home, and the company will provide these workers transportation to/from the Project site. 2.5.1.15 Component 1 site closure Due to the characteristics of Component 1 (exploration of geothermal resources), as the results can be established only at the end of this component and two different site closure activities are defined: ● In the case that exploratory results are favourable: completion of exploratory drilling of a well and preparation for Component 2 ● In the case that exploratory results are not favourable: decommissioning of the drilling platform At the end of Component 1, all temporary equipment and temporary facilities at the platform sites (machinery, warehouses, temporary offices, portable latrines) will be dismantled and removed, and the area cleared of materials and wastes generated during the drilling process. Wellhead valves shall be secured with padlocks to prevent opening by unauthorized persons. Drilling ponds fenced to prevent access of persons, livestock and major fauna. Appropriate devices (stairs or similar) will also be installed in drilling ponds to prevent minor fauna in search of water to get trapped within the pond (this is a common problem). If at the end of Component 1, the results of the wells are not satisfactory and the development of the geothermal resource is not feasible, the drilling platforms will be restored to its original state. The environmental restoration will involve the sealing of the well with cement, the removal of the valve system from the wellhead, the coating of the sludge piles with compacted soil, the replenishment of the top soil over the entire intervened area of the platform. Finally, the site will be replanted with native species of the area. This work will be undertaken in accordance with a vegetation restoration plan. 2.5.2 Operational responsibilities CCP remains the responsible for the Project. The drilling contractor is responsible for the operation of the drilling rig, as well as other service contractors (cementing, air drilling, mud logging, etc.) are responsible for operation of their equipment. This will be under the technical and operational supervision from CCP. The drilling contractors procurement process will define environmental, health and safety (EHS) and labour obligations on the contractor and this is further defined in Volume IV ESMMP. The drilling contractor operational management systems will be adopted at the site including environmental monitoring and health and safety where these meet CCP requirements. CCP will employ an environmental specialist, a health and safety (H&S) specialist and a social specialist to oversee operations at the well pad sites and monitor compliance with the Project ESMMP, this is further defined in Volume IV ESMMP. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 42 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 2.5.3 Future activities – Production Phase Potential future production activities are beyond the scope of this ESIA. If a viable and commercial resource is proven, then more geothermal production wells will be drilled in the same areas and a power plant will be constructed which will be subject to a separate ESIA process. However, the baseline assessment has considered potential future infrastructure as defined in this section. 2.5.3.1 Overview Following successful completion of a sufficient number of wells and confirmation of capacity, construction of the power plant will proceed. This will involve site clearance, access, earthworks, foundation, andinfrastructure, as well as delivery of heavy equipment to the site (turbines, generator and transformers). The Component 2 energy generation facilities are expected to include: ● Platforms with an area of up to 10,000m 2 to include multiple geothermal wells, instrumentation, electrical equipment, two-phase piping, atmospheric silencers and a 2,500m3 mud/brine sump. In some cases and depending on the final layout of the field, high pressure steam cyclonic separation stations (including pumps, controls and instrumentation, two-phase piping, steam and brine piping) will be installed in specific platforms ● The power plant, will likely include a geothermal steam turbine connected to an air-cooled generator and exhausting to a direct contact condenser, together with a circulating water system, evaporative mechanical draft cooling tower, condenser gas removal system, associated balance of plant (mechanical, electrical, I&C, building services), plus associated civil and structural works. For the purposes of this assessment we have assumed the power plant, together with the switchyard, comprises an area of up to 37,980m 2 ● Connection of the power plant to the electrical grid through a step-up transformer at the switchyard, a transmission line following the access road, and substation with final step-up transformer and switchgear to connect with the existing 230kV national transmission line that lies about 6km north of the Project ● Geothermal wells (6, or as needed) ● Reinjection wells (2, or as needed) ● Condensate injection well (1) ● Water wells (2) (as developed for Component 1). ● Outdoor water storage reservoir (up to 8,000m 3) and pumping system ● Separator stations comprising high efficiency separators to separate the steam and brine, and pumps (if required) for moving brine to injection wells. Separator stations will be at same or lower elevation than the wellheads to enable reliable two-phase flow ● Piping systems to safely transport the two-phase fluids from the wellheads to centralised separator stations ● Piping to safely transport the steam to the power plant, and the brine to reinjection wells. ● Brine pump stations ● Brine chemical dosing stations ● Emergency dump ponds for brine management in case of plant trips ● Infrastructure to support all the above (roads, well pads, drilling water supply, offices, accommodation, workshops, warehouses, laydown areas) 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 43 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase The main materials that will be used for the platforms will be water (for irrigation, compaction and for the mixing of concrete and mortars), cement, concrete blocks, sand, stone, wood counterpoise, drainage ditches, slab and fuel storage system. There is also a certain number of concrete tubes required for the sewer and drainage system along the road. The Project is understood to preference generation of electricity through the flash technology, in which geothermal fluids pass through a steam and brine separator, the steam is flowed into a turbine that in turn moves the electric generator, then passing to a condenser. The geothermal fluid which has separated in the first stage, next to the fluid that has yielded the heat is pumped back into the reservoir through the reinjection well. This can best be understood through a process flow chart, as presented below in Figure 18. Figure 18: Phase 2 production process flow chart Source: CCP Refer to Figure 19 to Figure 25 for examples of production phase facilities as built at the San Jacinto geothermal plant. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 44 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 19: Separator station at San Jacinto Figure 20: Emergency Dump Pond (EDP) plant which collects brine water when cyclonic separator reaches high water levels at San Jacinto plant Source: Mott MacDonald. Source: Mott MacDonald. Figure 21: Main access road, steam and Figure 22: Water reservoir used for drilling water brine pipeline from each pad to campaign, irrigation and others at San Power Plant or separators at San Jacinto Jacinto plant plant Source: Mott MacDonald. Source: Mott MacDonald. Figure 23: San Jacinto plant turbine Figure 24: San Jacinto plant substation 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 45 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Source: Mott MacDonald. Source: Mott MacDonald. Figure 25: San Jacinto cooling tower and power plant Source: Mott MacDonald. 2.5.3.2 Component 2 construction description The facilities will be constructed from steel structures, with thermal coating to reduce impacts on the environment. This will contrast with the existing landscape. Roofs of project facilities will be constructed with polycarbonate sheets that will give a translucent effect allowing to take advantage of the light of day to achieve the desired illumination and contribute to the efficiency of facilities and energy savings. The Component 2 administrative and logistics services will be made up of the following facilities: office, warehouse, maintenance workshop, workers’ accommodation and cafeteria. It is envisaged to build two warehouses approximately 300m from Platform A and another 300m from Platform C. The integrated offices, accommodation, dining and permanent parking for staff will have an area of approximately 1,200m 2. 2.5.3.3 Testing and management of geothermal wells and reinjectors The geothermal well production tests are organized and executed according to four components: (i) health and safety security measures; (ii) pre-preparations; (iii) the test; and iv) environmental measures. The following describes the actions to be carried out in each element. Brine from the separator station can be reinjected directly in a “hot” reinjection well (~160ºC). Each separation station has a pumping station that will transport the brine to the injection wells for brine re-injection. Condensate disposal will be achieved either by mixing condensate into the separated brine that is then re-injected (if testing shows the chemistry of the fluids allows this) or disposed of into a medium depth well that allows injection below any fresh groundwater. The condensate flow is significantly less than the brine flow. In order to minimise risk of pollution, all pipelines will be tested to pressures higher than maximum operating pressures and will not fail under normal operation and during seismic events within design criteria. Damage from external sources, such as large trucks, is very unlikely and pipeline sections close to road curves will be protected with safety barriers. If a reinjection pipeline did fail the brine will be diverted via an emergency dump valve to a large emergency brine dump flash tank. The brine and condensate reinjection pipelines will be located above ground (except for where they cross beneath roads) to allow early identification of leaks and corrective action in the event that one occurs. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 46 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase The residual amount of spillage would depend on the location of the pipe failure with the worst case being if the failure is near the reinjection well pad and drains the entire brine pipeline volume. 2.5.4 Transmission line / SAGS pipeline Power from the project will be sent to the existing grid substation via a dedicated 6km length transmission line. CCP will be responsible for the construction of the 6km transmission line and has already leased land with four landowners. Future land needs have been identified and will be acquired by CCP for the tower bases and any further area required to ensure the safe operation of the transmission line. The mechanism for acquiring land not already identified for Component 2 is set out the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) Volume V. The routing of the SAGS has not been defined. Once the resource is confirmed and permanent well pads and power plant sites determined the routing process will commence. This will take into account standard routing and siting principles defined in Volume IV (ESMMP) and the findings of the baseline assessment of this ESIA in terms of any critical sensitive habitat or artefact of cultural significance that should be avoided. Where possible routing will follow existing tracks or roads to minimise vegetation clearance needs. 2.6 Project schedule The sequence of events is summarised below. The drilling plan assumes initial drilling at three locations (A, C and E). Additional well pads have been identified (B, D and F) as possible drilling locations that will depend on the results of the first wells drilled (pads A, C and E). Prior to the start of any drilling, a series of pre-drilling activities will be conducted (geo-science and geotechnical) to confirm definitive locations of the drilling sites, to secure drilling water supply and to construct all necessary infrastructure in preparation for the mobilization of a drilling rig. In parallel, the drilling program for each individual well will be prepared and all services and goods will be procured. The final activities of the Project after completing all drilling work pertains to completing a feasibility study for the next stage of the Project. The current program is illustrated in Figure 26 while the specific dates and duration of the program activities are shown in Table 12. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 47 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 26: Project program - overview Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Conditions # Description Precedent Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 ESIA and WB GAP Assessment Approval X 2 Financing for Project Secured X 3 Project Start 4 Pre Drilling Activities 5 Secure access to all project locations 6 Geoscience Field Investigations 7 Geotechnical & Geohazards Assessment 8 Temperature Gradient Well and Slimhole 9 Finalize Well Pad locations 10 Complete Environmental Characterization 11 Drilling Infrastructure 12 Civil Designs for Roads and Well Pads 13 Road and Pad Construction 14 Access Road Upgrade 15 Pad Construction (A, C and E) 16 Pad Construction (B, D or F) 17 Drilling Water Infrastructure 18 Engineering Design & Drilling Procurement 19 Drilling Program & Geological Prognosis (3 wells) 20 Technical Specification, Bidding Process & Evaluation 21 Contractor and Procurement Mobilization 22 Drilling Activities 23 Well # 1 (Pad A) 24 Well # 2 (Pad E) 25 Well # 3 (Pad C) 26 Well Testing 27 Suspension Period 28 Well # 4 (Pad TBD) 29 Well # 5 (Pad TBD) 30 Feasibility Study 31 Integrated Resource Assessment 32 Technical and Financial Feasibility Study 33 Project End Source: CCP Casita San Cristobal Drilling program July 15, 2017 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 48 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Table 12: Project program – dates and duration of activities Step Description Expected start Duration date 1 Landownership / access Ongoing, requires - land outside the concession area 2 Geoscience and geotechnical review Ongoing; requires - Steps 6 and 7 3 Temperature gradient well (slimhole) Completed - 4 Secure water resource Not started - 5 ESIA #1 – exploration phase including biodiversity Ongoing - assessment, socio-economic assessment and preliminary hydrogeological survey 6 World Bank Review Period August 16, 2017 120 days to December 16, 2017 7 Civil design procurement for roads and well pads Month 1 4 weeks 8 Road and pad construction Month 2 10 months 9 Construct water infrastructure Month 1 5 months 10 Drilling and design procurement Month 1 7 months 11 Exploration and appraisal wells and well testing Month 8 14 months (2 months per drill site to be drilling in sequence) 12 ESIA #2 – Production Phase Month 9 3 months 13 World Bank and MARENA validation review Month 12 2-3 months 14 Detailed hydrogeological testing Month 14 2 months 15 Feasibility Study (front end engineering design and Month 16 5 months technical specifications) 16 Confirmation of power purchase agreement Month 21 - 17 Production Phase engineering design works Year 3 10 months 18 Production Phase procurement and construction of Year 4 and Year 24 months infrastructure (production and reinjection wells, 5 permanent accommodation for operations and maintenance personnel, SAGS, power plant, transmission line, substation) 19 Target commercial operation date (COD) 2023 - Source: CCP and Mott MacDonald 2.7 Project budget The total budget for the exploratory drilling program is approximately US$40 million on a three plus two basis. The total Project costs are estimated to be between US$4.2 and US$5.0 million per installed MWe. The program will be funded by the World Bank (IDA and SREP6 funding) and private investors. Component 2 of the project is estimated to cost between US$101-118 million, which would be funded by the World Bank (US$5 million from IDA) and other multilateral and private financers if the project progresses to this stage based on the results of Component 1. 6 IDA (International Development Agency, part of the World Bank Group); SREP (scaling up renewables program, World Bank) 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 49 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 2.8 Associated facilities Associated facilities are defined as facilities that are not funded as part of the project and that would not have been constructed or expanded if the project did not exist and without which the project would not be viable. No associated facilities as defined by WB PS1 are considered for this Project. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 50 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 3 Need for Project and Analysis of Alternatives 3.1 Overview This chapter provides a brief background on the need for the Project as well as an assessment of alternatives. The assessment of alternative sites and technologies has taken account of various criteria including the Project requirements, existing infrastructure, land use planning and the potential environmental and social impact. This chapter provides a summary of the design decisions made to date with reference to the above stated criteria. The Project need has been reviewed in the context of the Nicaragua energy policy in addition to economic and market factors in order to evaluate whether there are sufficient drivers to justify development of the Project. Those significant alternatives considered for the Project are broadly categorised as follows, and discussed in more detail below: ● ‘No project’ alternatives ● Layout and configuration alternatives of Project components, focussed on the three confirmed exploratory drilling well pads and water resourcing options ● Options for alternative generation options 3.2 Project need With territory of 130,373 km 2, Nicaragua is the largest country in Central America. The Nicaraguan population is multi ethnic and estimated at about six million inhabitants and a per captia gross domestic product (GDP) of US41,849 7, making it the second poorest country in the LAC region8. During the last five years the GDP has grown by 5 percent per year and the economy is expected to grow on average by 4 percent 9 from 2016 to 2019. Nicaragua has seen a significant reduction in overall poverty, decreasing from 42.5 percent in 2009 to 29.6 percent in 2014 To alleviate poverty, the country needs to lower electricity prices by replacing more expensive thermal generation, which would also provide local and global environmental benefits in the form of lower levels of SOx, NOx and CO2. In addition, Nicaraguan end users pay the highest rates for electricity in Central America which represent a major barrier to social development. It is expected that renewable based generation can offer lower prices than fossil fuel generation. Reducing energy poverty is seen as one of the highest priorities for achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). By scaling up the availability of affordable and sustainable energy services, there is a greater chance of achieving the MDGs, as energy services have a multiplier effect on health, education, transport, telecommunications, safe water, and sanitation services, and on industry investments and the productivity of income-generating activities in agriculture and industry. Nicaragua’s National Human Development Plan (NHDP) sets out how this will be 7 GDP per captia in 2015 (constant 2010 US$). Data Bank (World Development Indicators), World Bank Group, Washington DC, [accessed April 15 2017] 8 Data Bank (World Development Indicators), World Bank Group, Washington DC, [accessed April 15 2017] 9 World Bank Group. 2017. Gloval Economic Prospects, Flagship Report, Washington DC. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 51 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase achieved and recognises the important role energy plays in supporting social inclusion and productivity. Nicaragua’s energy is mostly consumed as electricity, which is used industrially and domestically. During mid-2006 the reserve margin was only 30MW, or roughly 6 percent of demand, which was inadequate for reliable load supply. Consequently, there were system wide blackouts, with daily power rationing lasting several hours According to the Nicaragua Energy Sector and Strategic Investment Planning report between 2006 and 2014, as a result of a series of regulatory and policy changes carried out in the energy sector under the guidance of the Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM) and the Nicaragua Energy Cabinet. Nicaragua drove rapid transformation on its electrical generation toward renewable energy resources. The Nicaragua Energy Policy (2004) has a key objective to prioritize the usage of clean renewable energy sources, and the Strategic Plan for the Energy Sector sets a strong foundation for renewable energy projects. The strategy included objectives for: ● Diversity the generation mix in Nicaragua ● Expansion of private sector investment in renewable electricity generation ● Promotion of energy efficiency programs ● Loss reduction of the national electric system ● Maximise opportunities presented by the interconnected Central American electricity system (SIEPAC) In addition, National Law 532 on renewable energy generation (2005) set up the required tax incentives for development of renewable energy (a key barrier to development in the past). From a geothermal perspective, Law 532 on Exploration and Use of Geothermal Resources (2014) further promoted favourable investment in geothermal projects, highlighting how important geothermal development could be to Nicaragua’s current target of reaching 73 % generation from renewables by 2030, as per the MEM’s Electricity Generation Expansion Plan (2016-2030). Geothermal is considered a scalable option and could be used to provide reliable power and be used to meet baseload power requirements. In terms of energy output, the country has the capacity to generate 5,800 megawatts (MW) annually from clean sources. Currently, however, just over 14% of its renewable potential has been developed (World Bank 2015). This highlights the need for renewable energy investment of all types to continue as discussed. In terms of geothermal, while in 2015, 50.6 percent of the country’s energy generation came from renewable sources, only 10% of Nicaragua’s estimated geothermal potential of 1,516 MW has been developed (IDB) and therefore there is potential for geothermal to play a role in the future subject to confirming the resource potential. Figure 27 further illustrates this for all renewable technologies with potential in Nicaragua. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 52 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 27: Estimated potential versus installed capacity in Nicaragua Source: Ministry of Energy and Mines, 2014 Going forward, new electricity projects built between 2015 and 2027 will be based on renewable energy. Nicaragua’s ambitious national target to increase the country’s electricity access to 73% renewable energy by 2030 is the driving force behind this. Nicaragua’s expansion plan 2015 to 2027 includes the Casita Project as an important part of this mix. More specifically, the Casita geothermal Project is a key contributor to meeting that objective of delivering 73% renewable energy by 2030 with its commercial operation date set for around 2023. No other geothermal projects in Nicaragua have envisaged commercial operation dates before that date and therefore the target will need to be met through wind or solar which have lower unutilised capacity than geothermal. However only some of the generation needs can be met by wind and solar as they are variable renewable energy resources, and cannot meet baseload power demand as geothermal is capable of doing. In the period from 2015 to 2027, Nicaragua’s expansion plan indicates an expected total of 970 MW of installed capacity will be generated from renewable energy sources, most of which is considered will come from hydroelectric projects with an estimated power generation capacity of 725 MW. Hydroelectricity is followed by geothermal projects that hold an estimated power generation capacity of 131 MW (up to 2027) and finally biomass projects that hold an estimated power generation capacity of 114 MW. This does not account for wind and solar which will also play a key role. The following points summarise the need for this Project: ● Contribute to national energy requirements for sustainable development ● Contribute to a diverse stable energy base to secure energy supply for Nicaragua ● Provide continuous, reliable, high efficiency and low-cost energy 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 53 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase ● Meet local demand, interconnect to the national grid to lower electricity costs and make it more affordable to reduce poverty and stimulate economic growth ● Provide employment opportunities to the community residing in the region and nearby ● Contribute to the local economy, social and technical infrastructure ● Increase the diversity of energy resources ● Help to meet the Government of Nicaragua’s ambitious nati onal target to increase the country’s electricity generation from renewable sources to 73% by 2030 3.3 Analysis of alternatives 3.3.1 ‘No Project’ alternative The ‘no project’ alternative would not help to support the situation of a deficit in electricity production whilst demand continues which should be met by renewable sources. This would lead to a longer-term reliance on fossil fuels that are a contributor to greenhouse gas emissions and are expensive. The ‘no project’ alternative would result in: ● Slower transition to 73% electricity generation from renewable energy target ● Continued increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions generated from the combustion of fossil fuels as a result of increasing population and electricity demand ● Geothermal energy from the project would no longer displace and equivalent amount of electricity generated by fuel oil, and in its absence, there would be higher GHG emissions and local pollution that would have unfavourable global climate as well as local air quality and health impacts 3.3.1.1 Environmental perspective The ‘no project’ alternative considers the position if the geothermal resources from the Casita- San Cristobal geothermal field are not explored for the purposes of the Project. Under this option there would be no further exploration of the geothermal resource and as such the current baseline environment would be left in its existing state within the Nature Reserve. The Project site is currently located within a nature reserve with some areas of agricultural purposes by local communities. A ‘no project’ alternative would result in no additional impact to the existing habitats, assuming no alternative development takes place at the Project site which has potential positive impact to the area under consideration. However, without the project Nicaragua will continue to generate an equivalent amount of electricity based on Heavy Fuel Oil which will produce SOx, NOx and CO2 during the entire 25-year lifetime that the geothermal project could have otherwise offset. Compatibility of the geothermal Project development with the conservation objectives of the Nature Reserve has been considered in the Mott MacDonald Casita-San Cristobal Critical Habitat Assessment (2017) provided in Volume III. Where significant environmental impacts have been predicted, a range of appropriate mitigatiom, monitoring and evaluation measures have been proposed as set out in this ESIA. 3.3.1.2 Economic perspective A lack of stable energy generation capacity generally is identified as a constraint to the economic development of Nicaragua. If Nicargua continue using heavy fuel oil and diesel generation, this can be more costly and volatile than geothermal generation, which leads to higher electricity prices for all users. This may cause affordability issues (or high Government subsidies since the costs aren’t all being passed on) and may affect businesses, hurting competitiveness and economic growth. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 54 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Development of the renewable resources potential in Nicaragua including geothermal provides an increasing ability of the country to export its power to the regional market. Without the Project, there may be limitations on economic growth, and alternative energy generation sources would need to be identified to meet the proposed economic growth and associated energy demand whose energy potential is not as great as for geothermal and continue moving towards the renewable targets imposed. 3.3.1.3 Socio-economic perspective Although exploration drilling will occur only over a short timescale, the Project has the potential to provide direct employment and training opportunities for local people. In addition, should the Project be expanded beyond the exploration drilling phase to permanent energy production, there is the potential to further increase employment opportunities. 3.3.1.4 Conclusion It can be concluded that the ‘no project’ alternative would not satisfy objectives aimed at the transition of the energy generation mix in Nicaragua to 73% by 2030 for which the Casita geothermal Project is a key contributor to meeting that objective with the Project due to commence operation in 2023 and deliver approximately 35MW. The ‘no-project’ alternative would result in higher prices for existing customers over the 25 year period and the local communities near the HFO being impacted by the SOx and NOx emissions, as well as the global community being impacted by the CO2 emissions from the HFO plant that would continue generating this electricity in the absence of the Casita project. The ‘no project’ alternative would not allow the potential of the geothermal resource to be explored, and if successful, utilised for energy generation. 3.3.2 Alternative locations The general location of well pad sites in geothermal developments is initially constrained by the overall geothermal resource. The site selection process starts with a review of the topography of the area for selecting the location for well pad sites and supporting facilities. The location of the Project drilling platforms (Pads A, E and C) is the result of the integration and interpretation of all surface geotechnical surveys carried out from 1999 to 2005 by Triton Minera S.A. At a later date, SKM performed a series of surveys of the geothermal potential of Casita, including geology, geochemistry and geophysics. This process allowed CCP to define the sectors of greater perspective to find the geothermal resource and the most promising sites for the location of drilling rigs where the geothermal fluid could be found since the subsoil is not uniform. The process of defining the alternatives for the location of drilling sites for the Project (Pads D, B and F) was carried out in stages, including an analysis of alternatives that allowed taking into consideration both technical and scientific aspects as well as environmental and logistical aspects. The following site selection criteria were employed by the Project for the siting of the exploration drilling wells: ● Geological mapping, geochemical sampling of springs and streams along with geophysical surveying such as resistivity (MT/TEM), gravity and mapping of magnetic anomalies ● Gas emissions (radon and carbon dioxide (CO2) ● Vicinity to the known heat source (in this instance the Casita-San Cristobal volcanos) ● Geological features (adventive cones/craters, faults, lineaments and fractures) 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 55 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase ● Accessibility to the drilling well pad sites ● Environmental and social impact (specifically consideration of options to minimise impact on the sensitive habitats of the Nature Reserve and nearby receptors) Subsequent to this stage, all sites were visited in the field and the three alternatives met the objectives of the exploration and with the minimization of environmental and logistical factors (ease of access and construction of the platform). In some cases, the selected sites have also been reconsidered during this stage, in order to limit the overall effect on vegetation cover, so that there is a balance between the technical-economic and environmental criteria. Specific consideration has been given to options to minimise impact on the sensitive habitats of the Nature Reserve and on nearby receptors, i.e. siting to minimise vegetation removal; following existing road rights of way where possible. This ESIA has also made further recommendations to address impacts to acceptable levels including: ● Biodiversity Management and Action Plan as required by WB PS6 to demonstrate the gain in critical habitats and no net loss in natural habitats ● Sub-surface archaeological investigation work in advance of ground works to record finds prior to removal ● To undertake monitoring of groundwater within the direct and indirect areas of influence ● Detailed hydrogeological assessment These are further discussed in the relevant chapter below. 3.3.3 Well pad configuration The Project was originally conceived of three well clusters (two production well clusters and one reinjection well cluster) and one power plant of 33MW units development in three phases (3x11MW). However, following analysis of preliminary data, the technical feasibility study has recommended that the Project should also consider up to two potential additional production well clusters and one potential additional reinjection well cluster. This is now the preferred option. 3.3.4 Supporting infrastructure 3.3.4.1 Roads As the Project is temporary in nature, the development of supporting infrastructure has been limited. In terms of location, there are existing access roads to the proposed or other potential drill sites. Additional roads are required to be created for the Project but by focusing on upgrading existing roads where possible this seeks to minimise the impact in terms of clearing completely new rights of way. The roads used for the exploration drilling phase will be retained if the geothermal resource is confirmed or will be returned to native vegetation state if abandoned. 3.3.4.2 Water Large quantities of water are required for exploration drilling. Water is planned to be supplied from two wells located near La Pelona, approximately 2km from the water storage reservoir subject to confirmation of water supply. The proposed water pipeline route will follow the access road with the intention of reducing levels of disturbance, laying the pipeline within the buffer of the road to avoid impact to landowners and users and to easily allow access to the pipeline during construction. To drill these water wells, a hydrogeological study and geophysical study will be undertaken; studies will take into account water availability as well as use (i.e. communities, agricultural activities) in the Project area. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 56 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase An alternative water well source has been identified in Las Grietas, where abundant water resources are present and currently used to supply nearby communities and industrial-scale agricultural activities. However, this source is located further away from the Project, at significantly lower elevation at the base of the Casita Volcano, which would require a longer water pipeline to be constructed (and some small additional land take to lay the pipeline) as well as increased pumping stations to reach the Project site. 3.3.5 Technology alternatives Currently, the Project only constitutes the exploration drilling phase. As such, there are limited technology alternatives to be considered at this stage and these would be considered in detail in the Production ESIA. This section provides a brief overview of alternative technologies, namely alternative energy sources to geothermal energy and other fossil fuel generation options that this project would displace. As noted previously, Nicaragua has extensive untapped renewable energy resources available. The ability of different generating technologies to meet system requirements and provide high availability and reliability are important considerations in generation planning. There are a number of opportunities to increase energy generation capacity including: ● Continue with the heavy fuel oil (HFO) generators ● Use new HFO or diesel new generators to displace the old ones ● Hydropower ● Geothermal in another area (although these are not as advanced as Casita and would therefore reach commercial operation beyond 2021 and continue using HFO in the meantime. ● Solar/wind combined with diesel/fuel oil other source when the renewables aren’t available Geothermal project in another area. A summary of the key advantages and disadvantages of each of these energy sources is given in Table 13. Compared to solar renewable options, geothermal offers significantly reduced land take requirements; for example, a geothermal plant requires (per MW) 5% of the area needed for a solar thermal plant (Sustainable Energy for All, 2017). Whilst Nicaragua is also exploring these options, there remains a requirement for reliable capacity to be installed to increase base load capacity. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 57 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Table 13: Comparison of alternative generation technologies Technology Advantages Disadvantages Geothermal ● Typically only needs a small area ● Significant challenge to mobilize private power of land investment due to high upfront risk ● Renewable technology ● Ecological impacts will depend on siting of the ● Small quantities of raw materials geothermal plant used ● Emissions of potential significance are hydrogen ● High geothermal potential in sulphide and small amounts of CO 2 Nicaragua (1500MW) ● Only 10% of potential currently used ● Contribute to Nicaragua’s goal of 73% renewable energy by 2030 ● Stable power generation compared to wind, solar and pumped storage ● Poverty reducing benefits Thermal power ● Well-established technology ● Fuel use – particularly with use of Heavy Fuel Oil (heavy fuel oil) ● Relatively high level of plant (HFO), does have associated environmental efficiency (~40%) problems associated with high sulphur content causing elevated emissions of sulphur dioxide. ● Can create flexible plant able to LFO can be used but is significantly more respond rapidly to changes in expensive than HFO demand- suitable for peaking power generation ● Does not align with Nicaragua renewable generation targets ● Does not reduce carbon emissions Wind ● Renewable technology- free fuel- ● Only suitable for areas with high wind with CO2 emissions only intensity/regularity considered with lifecycle ● Dependent on wind, allowing little scope for assessment of equipment increasing power generation if needed: generally manufacture- no CO2 emissions not seen as suitable for base load power given from general operations inconsistencies in generation ● Contribute to Nicaragua’s goal of ● Typically needs large areas of land 73% renewable energy by 2030 ● Wind turbines sometimes considered as visually ● Poverty reducing benefits detrimental to the surrounding landscape ● Environmental impacts associated with migratory birds relevant in Nicaragua Solar (thermal or ● Renewable technology- free fuel- ● Power only possible during sunlight hours (or photovoltaic solar with CO2 emissions only limited energy storage through use of molten panels) considered with lifecycle salts for thermal solar power) assessment of equipment ● Relative inefficiency / square meter manufacture- no CO2 emissions ● Generally not seen as suitable for base load from general operations power given inconsistencies in generation ● Typically low maintenance ● Typically fewer employment opportunities ● Thermal solar provides an option ● Panel efficiencies reduce over time (though for decentralising energy for rural typically manufacturers offer maximum users (water heating, steam degradation guarantees) generation) ● Solar PV projects already successfully installed at a number of institutions (hospitals, schools) in Nicaragua ● Contribute to Nicaragua’s goal of 73% renewable energy by 2030 ● Poverty reducing benefits Hydropower ● Renewable technology- free fuel- ● Can often significantly impact on communities (small scale) with CO2 emissions only upstream and downstream considered with lifecycle ● Dam construction for large scale projects can be assessment of equipment costly manufacture- no CO2 emissions ● Can be significant impacts on the hydrological from general operations profile / river ecologies 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 58 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Technology Advantages Disadvantages ● Energy storage possible with dam use ● Run of river schemes typically minimise impacts to river users ● Contribute to Nicaragua’s goal of 73% renewable energy by 2030 ● Poverty reducing benefits Biomass / biogas ● Contribute to Nicaragua’s goal of ● Issues with feedstock availability issues 73% renewable energy by 2030 ● Poverty reducing benefits Source: Mott MacDonald 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 59 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 4 Policy, Legislative and Institutional Framework 4.1 Introduction This chapter presents both the national and international legal framework for planning and environmental and social protection in Nicaragua, applicable to geothermal power projects. In addition, reference has been made to relevant international standards, in this instance namely the World Bank Operational Policies and Guidelines. This ESIA has been guided by the policies of the World Bank and assessments have been undertaken to meet these requirements where available information and timescales have allowed. The Project will be required to defer to the most stringent requirement except in cases where national law or regulations have been explicitly identified as taking precedence over more stringent international standards. 4.2 National legal and policy framework Nicaragua's Constitution was adopted by the National Constitutional Assembly on 19 November 1986. The Constitution is the supreme law of the country and was amended in 1990, 1995, 2000, 2004, 2005 and 2007. It establishes that Nicaragua is a social legal State, constituted in a democratic, participative and representative republic. The Constitution covers, inter alia, the rights, duties and obligations of its citizens and addresses land reform and political administration organisation. A full range of laws, regulations, policies, acts and decrees support the Constitution. The next sections summarise the legal and policy framework for energy and geothermal resources, the environment (generally and focusing on biodiversity), labour, cultural heritage, and emergency preparedness. 4.2.1 Energy and geothermal laws See Table 14 for the key legislative and policy instruments relevant to the energy sector and geothermal projects. Table 14: Summary of key sectoral legislative and policy instruments Legislative or policy Main relevant details instrument Law of the Electricity Establishes the legal framework for the electricity industry’s main activities which Industry (Law 272 includes generation, transmission, distribution, merchandising, importing and exporting approved in 1998) of electricity. National Energy Policy Identifies that the main objectives are to: i) ensure the country’s ener gy requirements; ii) Act 2004 prioritise the use of clean renewable energy sources; and iii) allocate resources and mechanisms to maximise benefits. Law on Promotion of Mandates set-asides for renewable energy in tenders. Sectors given priority are Electricity Generation biomass, geothermal, hydro, wind and solar. INE is responsible for defining the with Renewable percentage allocated for renewables in tenders based on MEM’s strategic expansion Resources (Law 532 plan. Generators that do not have contracts with distributors or large consumers may approved in 2005 sell their power in the spot market, where they can receive a price determined by near- term supply and demand conditions. The law also offers a variety of tax incentives for renewable projects. In addition to national exemptions, developers receive a reduction on municipal taxes. Law of Exploration and Establishes regulations for geothermal resource exploration and exploitation. Provides Exploitation of leeway for the development of geothermal projects within a nature reserve. Where the Geothermal Resources concessions area overlaps with a protected area, an EIA and relevant permits are (Law 443 approved in required from MARENA prior to the exploration or exploitation of the resources. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 60 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Legislative or policy Main relevant details instrument 2002 and amended in Establishes the same incentives for geothermal resources as Law 532 except for two 2011) modifications: exoneration of taxes on exports and of local taxes for five years instead of ten years. The Law regulates the term of duration of the exploration concession to no more than three years. Reform law (882) of the States that geothermal resources are national heritage. Redefines and states that the Law on Exploration and granting of exploitation of resources will be valid for up to 30 years and that the grant Exploitation of may be extended for a period equal to that originally granted when the concessionaire Geothermal Resources submits a request for extension after five years or at least three years before the (Law 443) expiration date. Source: Mott MacDonald summaries of national laws 4.2.2 Regulatory framework for the environment The national environmental regulatory framework in Nicaragua is set out in the General Law of Environment and Natural Resources (Law 217, 1996), which was amended by Law 647 in 2008. The process for environmental evaluation is based on the Decree 76-2006, which establishes an evaluation mechanism or environmental assessment system (Sistema de Evaluacion Ambiental or SEA). SEA defines three categories as follows: ● Category I: Environmental Impact Assessment required for high impact projects, including those categorized as Special Projects due to its national, binational or regional impact ● Category II: Environmental Impact Assessment required for 54 types of high impact projects, including construction, projects and industrial activities ● Category III: Environmental Assessment required for 46 types of moderate impact projects, including construction, projects and industrial activities ● Uncategorized: Projects, activities and construction work not included in any of the aforementioned categories and that are low impact Institutions relevant to the environmental assessment process are: ● MARENA or National Secretariat of Environmental Permits (Secretaria de Recursos Naturales or SERENA) – Responsible for Category I Projects ● Regional Delegations of MARENA or SERENA – Responsible for Category I, II and III Projects ● Environmental Units and Municipalities – Responsible for Category II and III Projects ● National Register for Environmental Evaluation (Registro Nacional de Evaluación Ambiental or RENEA) – Entity to obtain forms, permits, authorizations, and EIA or DIA ● National Water Authority (ANA) – Responsible for management of national water resources including granting authorisation for the use and exploitation of water 4.2.2.1 Project classification The Project has been classified as a Category II by MARENA. Therefore, all the processes and procedures for obtaining the environmental authorization, land use, among others, have been carried out through the MARENA authority in Managua. As a Category II project, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required in order to obtain the environmental authorization. The EIA approval has been obtained for the exploration phase (this ESIA Component 1, Stage I) and the exploitation phase (this ESIA Component 1, Stage II and Component 2, Stage III and Stage IV). The EIA approval was subject to a number of conditions that where relevant have also been addressed in this ESIA and/or are cross referenced in the terms of reference (TOR) 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 61 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase for the Component 2 ESIA. The MARENA Chinandega Delegation is the authority responsible for monitoring Project compliance with the EIA approval. Copies of the Component 1 EIA approval resolution and Component 2 EIA approval resolution are provided in Volume III. Other permits that may be required under national law include: ● Water use concession ● Municipal construction permit ● Land clearance / tree cutting authorisation ● Municipal authorisation of solid waste disposal ● License to import oils, greases and lubricants ● License to use toxic substances 4.2.3 Regulatory framework for general environmental protection Relevant national laws addressing environmental aspects include: ● Law No. 127, Law on the Promotion of Foreign Investment; This law aims to establish the legal provisions governing the promotion of foreign investment, such as repatriation of investment, in case of confiscation guarantees adequate compensation, among others. ● Law No. 40, Law of Municipalities; This law empowers local authorities to regulate land use and zoning in projects involving the use of natural resources including construction, maintenance and management of electricity distribution networks in their jurisdiction ● Law 217 Law on Environmental and Natural Resources – establishes the rules for the conservation, protection, improvement and restoration of the environment and the natural resources that comprise it, ensuring its rational and sustainable use, in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. ● Decree 33-95 Provisions – address the control of contamination from discharges of residual, domestic, industrial and agricultural waters. They establish the maximum permissible values or ranges of liquid discharges from domestic, industrial and agricultural systems that discharge to sanitary sewer networks and receiving bodies. ● Law 559, Special Law on Offences against the Environment and Natural Resources – Article 9 establishes that activities that generate noise of any nature that exceeds the norms and recommendations as set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Pan-American Health Organisation (PAHO) and causes health damage or disturbs peace will be punished with fines and suspension. ● Law 647 (Law 217 reformed and additions) Environmental Audit Section XII – establishes an environmental audit as a systematic, independent and documented form of examination of a company or economic activity to obtain evidence and evaluate them objectively, to verify the degree of compliance, the policies and environmental standards, as well as the measures, constraints and obligations imposed in the environmental permit granted by MARENA. ● Law 620 National Waters – presents the institutional legal framework for management, conservation, development, use, sustainable, equitable and preservation in quantity and quality of all the water resources existing in the country, surface, underground, residual and of any other nature, for the protection of natural resources, ecosystems and the environment. It also regulates the integrated management of the water resources from basins, sub-basins and micro hydrographic and hydrogeological basins. ● Regulation of general law on environmental and natural resources, Decree No. 9-96, Approved July 25, 1996 covers: 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 62 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase – Soils: Requires owners, holders or users of land with slopes equal to or greater than 35% to use appropriate technologies that preserve and protect the physical, biological or chemical characteristics of soils and that make their productive capacity sustainable; use appropriate or suitable crops that adapt to the edaphoclimatic conditions of an area; and manage agroforestry systems by planting to contour lines or using individual terraces or reforestation to maintain the vegetation cover of the soil. – Monitoring of environmental quality, discharges and emissions: Makes MARENA in coordination with other competent institutions responsible for periodic environmental quality monitoring and makes the monitoring of discharges and emissions of activities the responsibility of those who carry out the activity in accordance with the corresponding regulations and permits. Proponents are required to sending the monitoring results to MARENA who will randomly control their quality and veracity. – Non-Hazardous Solid Waste (NTON 05 014 02): Refers to systems of collection, treatment and final disposal of non-hazardous solid waste in municipalities and encourages the recycling of domestic and commercial wastes through technical and sanitary procedures approved by the competent authorities. – Hazardous Waste (NTON 05 015 02): Requires people who handle hazardous waste to have knowledge of the physical, chemical and biological properties of the substances. ● Technical Norm 05012-01 / 02 on Air Quality on 6 November 2002 – Sets maximum permissible limits on air emissions, as well as provides recommendations for monitoring and control, in order to protect air quality and prevent impacts to human health and the environment. The scope of this norm is limited to the following atmospheric pollutants: Total Suspended Particles (PTS), Particulate Matter less than or equal to 10 micrometres (PM10), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Ozone (O3), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Lead (Pb). ● The applicable NTON, for example; NTON 09 006-11 Environmental Requirements for Construction, Operation and Shutdown of Water Extraction Wells 4.2.4 Regulatory framework for biodiversity protection In addition to the general laws above, there are legal and policy instruments that address biodiversity. See Table 15 for ones that are relevant to the Project. Table 15: National legislation related to biodiversity Legal or policy Relevant details instrument National Biodiversity Strategy Is the principal instrument for implementing the Convention on Biodiversity at the and Action Plan (NBSAP) national level. Objectives address: (2015-2020) ● Promoting biodiversity conservation ● sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources, ● Implement plans for environmental restoration in a range of areas including nature reserves ● Promoting research on changes in environmental cycles and natural resources in the light of climate change and climate variability ● Promoting environmental restoration of agricultural biodiversity for major export crops The NBSAP is governed Nicaragua’s Law on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity (see next row) and defines eight strategic directions, under which 15 strategic targets and associated actions, indicators, actors and estimated costs are distributed. Law on the Conservation and Based on 12 principles which aim to regulate conservation and sustainable use of Sustainable Use of existing biological diversity in the country, ensuring fair and equitable participation Biodiversity (Law 807, 2012) and sharing of benefits arising from its use, with attention to indigenous and Afro- descendant communities and respect for and recognition of intellectual property 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 63 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Legal or policy Relevant details instrument rights, traditional and customary ways of local communities. Makes MARENA responsible for establishing a monitoring and tracking system to systematise actions taken by different local actors towards biodiversity conservation. Law 647 reforming General Establishes standards for the conservation, protection, improvement and Law of the Environment and restoration of the environment and natural resources. The National System of Natural Resources and Law Protected Areas or Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (SINAP), was created 647 (Law 217) (introduced under this law to: above) ● Preserve natural ecosystems ● Protect watersheds, hydrological cycles, aquifers, samples of biotic communities, genetic resources and wild flora and fauna ● Promote the development of appropriate technologies for the improvement of sustainable use of natural ecosystems ● Protect landscapes, natural environments, and historical, archaeological and artistic monuments ● Promote recreational and tourism activities in coexistence with nature ● Favour environmental education, scientific research and the study of ecosystems Regulations of Protected Stipulates that MARENA (its General Directorate of Protected Areas), is the Areas of Nicaragua (Decree governing body for SINAP administration. Projects which may deteriorate the 01 of 2007) and Reform to environment and natural resources, introduce modifications to the landscape or the Regulation Protected directly and indirectly affect the environmental quality, biological diversity and Areas (2017) heritage, are subject to: procedures established by ministerial resolutions; annual management plans or operational plans; technical criteria, to ensure the continuity of the ecological and evolutionary processes in protected areas; and, other sectoral regulations that require the study of EIA. National System of Vedas Is a list established by MARENA to protect endangered species of flora and fauna (NSV) under Laws 217 and 647. It defines periods for hunting wild animals and prohibits indefinite or partial capture of several species of birds, mammals, reptiles, fish and shellfish. The NSV is reviewed, updated and published annually. Ministerial Resolution No. Establishes regulations for granting environmental permits to activities, works and 012-2008 (2008) projects to be implemented within the SINAP. Ministerial Resolution No. 01- Establishes the administrative procedure for returning live animals to their habitat 2007 (2007) and botanical samples illegally extracted from national protected areas. Law of Municipalities (Laws These laws allow for municipalities to influence the development of Protected 40 and 261, 1997 Areas. Management plans of protected areas are part of the environmental plans and in the development strategy of municipalities. The municipal governments of Chinandega, Chichigalpa and Posoltega through the Municipal Councils and the Municipal Commissions of Environment have published a San Cristóbal-Casita Volcano Complex Nature Reserve Management Plan which is to be considered along with their other development strategies and plans. Law of Conservation, Allows the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry to formulate and ensure compliance Development and with forest policy and standards via the National Forestry Institute. However, in Sustainable Development of protected areas, activities within the forest are subject to regulations established the Forestry Sector (Law by Law 217 and 647 which makes MARENA responsible for implementation and 462, 2003) enforcement as well as coordinating with other necessary institutions in the sector. Creating Natural Reserves in Protects and prevents further deterioration of ecological areas of significant natural the Pacific of Nicaragua geography and defines the criteria of the protected area. Identifies that it is an (Decree Law 1320, 1983) offence to: destroy vegetation cover and extract products and forest-products; hunt protected species of fauna; fish by illicit means; initiate forest fires; construct road and housing infrastructure and any engineering work; introduce any livestock for grazing purposes; introduce poor farming practices to environmental conditions. Law on the Conservation and Based on 12 principles which aim to regulate conservation and sustainable use of Sustainable Use of existing biological diversity in the country, ensuring fair and equitable participation Biodiversity (Law 807, 2012) and sharing of benefits arising from its use, with attention to indigenous and Afro- descendant communities and respect for and recognition of intellectual property rights, traditional and customary ways of local communities. Makes MARENA responsible for establishing a monitoring and tracking system to systematise actions taken by different local actors towards biodiversity conservation. Law for the cutting, use and States the protection of the country's natural resources are the subject of national commercialization of the security, as well as the highest responsibility and priority of the State. Establishes forest resource (Law 585) 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 64 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Legal or policy Relevant details instrument a ban for a period of ten years, for the cutting, harvesting and commercialization of trees of the species of mahogany, cedar, pochote, pine, mangle and ceibo. Source: Mott MacDonald summary of laws 4.2.5 Regulatory framework for water management The main legislative instruments relating to water management are shown in Table 16 below. Table 16: Legislative instruments related to water management Legal or policy Relevant details instrument Law No. 620 General Law of This law establishes the legal and institutional framework for the management, National Water conservation and sustainable and fair use of all water resources in the country, including surface, ground water and waste water. It is aimed to manage the quantity and quality of all waters whilst ensuring the protection of other natural resources, ecosystems and the environment. It also refers to Decree 107-2001, the National Water Resources Policy, which is summarized further below. Relevant articles for the purpose of this assessment include: ● Article 14: sets out the national water policy (PNRH) as the master instrument of the integrated management of water resources. ● Article 100: sets out that hydrogeological studies detailing the environment, as well as complete physical, chemical and biological analysis of heavy metals, pesticides and others will be required when requirements for drilling wells or assessing springs for drinking water purposes. The National Water Authority (INAA) has also issued Decree 44-2010 which regulates the provisions established in Law 620. National Water Resources The aim of this policy is to guide the integrated management of water resources Policy, Decree 107-2001 at national, regional and local level to achieve a sustainable use of environmental resources. Law on Water Pollution Decree 33-95 contains paragraphs regulating discharge into public sewers, Control, Decree 33-95 discharge of sewer water into waterbodies, discharge of industrial waste water directly into waterbodies, the use of treated domestic and industrial water in agriculture and fines for non-compliance. ● Articles 24-57 set out water quality thresholds for the discharge of industrial waste water directly into waterbodies by industry (e.g. sugar cane plantations, breweries etc). Article 43 sets out the following limits for thermoelectric power plants: ● Article 57 set out the thresholds for the use of domestic and industrial water in agriculture. The thresholds are set out in Gazette No. 118 of June 26, 1995. For the use in agriculture Technical Norm 05 027-05: This norm regulates the treatment of waste water and water re-use Treatment of Waste Water Technical Norm 09 006-11: This norm establishes the environmental requirements for the construction, Construction, Operation and operation and closure of water abstraction wells including the selection of Closure of Wells for Water locations for new wells in relation to potential sources of contamination. This Abstraction norm will be considered for any wells constructed as part of the proposed scheme. Source: Mott MacDonald summary of laws 4.2.6 Regulatory framework for labour The main legislative instruments that help protect employees and employers and specify rights and obligations in relation to working terms and conditions are: ● Labour Code (Law 185) ● Minimum Wages Act, No. 625 (2007) ● General Law on Occupational Health and Safety (Law 618) 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 65 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase ● Social Security Law, Decree No. 974 Key provisions in the laws that the Project need to monitor against are summarised in Table 17. Table 17: Summary of labour requirements relevant to WB PS2 and the Project Labour topic Legal requirements Wage & compensation Minimum wage Sector wage rates set by National Minimum Wage Commission: ● Construction: 7,789.56 cordobas per month ● Electricity: 6,384.37 cordobas per month Wage payment Wages are paid in Cordobas Frequency of payment Construction workers paid on weekly basis Office workers paid every 15th day In-kind allowance/ Not permitted compensation Hours / Overtime Normal working hours 8 hours a day, 48 hours a week Overtime hours Any hours over the normal working hours are entitled to overtime premium of 100% over and above ordinary pay (200% of normal wage rate for overtime hours) Overtime limits Total overtime does not exceed 3 hours a day, 9 hours a week Overtime obligations Workers are not obliged to work overtime Daily/weekly work hour limits ● Dangerous and unhealthy work: 6 hours daily and 36 hours weekly limit ● Night Work: 7 hours daily and 42 hours weekly limit ● Mixed (Day and Night time): 7.5 hours daily and 45 hours weekly limit ● Hours of work for young workers can’t exceed 36 hours per week Pay for work on rest days or Work on weekly rest days or public holidays entitled to receive wages at premium holidays rate of 200% of normal rate Annual leave / holidays / rest Annual leave requirements Required on completion of 6 months of continuous service Paid annual leave required 15 continuous days of paid annual leave for workers Paid holidays Workers entitled to paid holidays during public and religious holidays Rest entitlement Workers entitled to 24 consecutive hours of rest per week Employment and social security Contracts Written contract available for fixed or indefinite term, in Spanish and signed by both parties, with information on identity of the parties; job description and workplace; daily and weekly hours of work; duration of contract; amount of remuneration and payment intervals; and place and date of signing Probation/trial period Probation/trial period does not exceed 30 days for contracts of indefinite duration Severance pay Severance pay offered upon termination of contract that is not less than one month or more than five months’ worth of salaries Work injuries and disability Compensations provided for work injuries and disability Social security regime Comprised of four insurance systems: disability, retirement age, death, and occupational hazard insurance. For social security taxes, the employer must pay 18.5% of the gross salary and the employee must pay 6.25% of their gross salary Pension Pension available for workers Family responsibilities Parental leave Female employees entitled to a maximum of twelve weeks of fully paid maternity leave; Paid paternity leave of 5 calendar days Health & safety Access to health and safety Preventive measures available for health and safety of workers; Medical provisions examinations for workers; First aid kit available; Access to drinking water, eating and resting areas provided 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 66 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Labour topic Legal requirements Personal protective Free personal protective equipment provided equipment Training Training provided through OHS training programs Fair treatment Equal pay and treatment Equal pay respected based on gender, age and nationality; Illegal to dismiss respected based on gender, female employee due to pregnancy age and nationality Sexual harassment Prohibition of sexual harassment Discrimination Provisions on discrimination on grounds of birth, nationality, political views, race, sex, language, religion, opinion, origin, economic or social condition Forced & child labour Minimum age for Minimum age for employment of 14 years, 18 years for hazardous work; Minors employment between 14 to 16 years required to have parental permission to work Types of work permitted Minors prohibited from work that interfere with their schooling or endanger their health and safety Forced labour Forced labour prohibited Workers’ organisations Freedom of association, Workers given freedom of association, freedom to join and form unions and unions and collective collective bargaining bargaining Source: CCP and Mott MacDonald A labour review found that Nicaragua does not have national regulations addressing: ● A compensatory holiday for working a public holiday or a weekly rest day ● Hiring of contract workers for permanent tasks ● Paid or unpaid parental leave ● Flex time scheduling options ● Maternity leave of at least 14 weeks ● Unemployment benefits when a job is lost ● Non-discrimination that specifically mentions not discriminating based on social origin/cast, family responsibility/family status, sexual orientation, marital status, physical appearance, and pregnancy/maternity ● Limiting total hours of work inclusive of overtime to not more than 56 hours per week 4.2.7 Cultural heritage protection Decree No. 1142 of November 1982 is the main legal instrument for cultural heritage protection. It outlines prohibitions related to cultural heritage finds, as well as measures to be taken in the case of encountering cultural heritage sites or chance finds. 4.2.8 Emergency preparedness and response National emergency response planning is led at the municipal level. Each municipality has an emergency preparedness and response plan as listed below: ● Chinandega – “Plan de Respuesta Municipal con Enfoque Multiamenaza” ● Posoltega – “Caracterizacion de Riesgo” The integration of these plans is outlined in Volume IV ESMMP. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 67 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 4.3 International Treaties, Conventions, and Agreements Nicaragua has signed and ratified several international conventions and treaties for the protection and conservation of the environment as highlighted in Table 18. Table 18: International Agreements and Conventions ratified by Nicaragua International Environmental Agreement Date of Approval signature date by GoN United Nations (UN) charter 1945 1945 Convention on biological diversity (CBD) (Rio de Janeiro) 1992 1995 United Nations framework convention on climate change (UNFCC) (Rio 1992 1995 de Janeiro) Kyoto protocol to the framework convention on climate change 1997 1999 Basel convention on the control of transboundary movements of 1989 1997 hazardous wastes and their disposal Rotterdam convention on procedures for hazardous chemicals and 1998 2008 agricultural pesticides in international trade Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants 2001 2005 Montreal international convention on substances that deplete the ozone 1989 1993 layer Cartagena protocol on biosafety 2000 2002 Ramsar international convention on wetlands of international importance, 1971 1997 especially as waterfowl habitats Convention on international trade in endangered species of wold fauna 1973 1977 and flora CITIES (Washington) Regional convention for the management and conservation of the natural 1993 1999 forest ecosystems and the development of forest plantations Convention for the protection of cultural property in the event of armed 1954 1959 conflict (Hague) Convention concerning the protection of world cultural and natural 1972 1979 heritage Convention on the means of prohibiting and preventing the illicit import, 1970 1977 export and transfer of ownership of cultural property (Paris) Convention for the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage 2003 2006 Covenant on economic, social and cultural rights (ICESCR) (New York) 1966 1980 United Nations declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples 2007 2007 Indigenous and tribal peoples convention / ILO 169 1989 2010 Forced labour convention / ILO 29 1930 1934 Abolition of forced labour convention / ILO 105 1957 1967 Workmen's compensation (accidents) convention / ILO 17 1925 1934 Key conventions are described in more detail below. 4.3.1.1 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) In 1992, Nicaragua signed and ratified the CBD which defines biodiversity as “the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems”. As a signatory country, Nicaragua has a responsibility to: ● Safeguard its biodiversity 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 68 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase ● Introduce procedures requiring EIA for projects likely to have significant impacts on biological diversity ● Introduce legislative provisions that ensure environmental policies and procedures are duly considered 4.3.1.2 Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) As a member country of CITES since 1977, Nicaragua is part of an international agreement between governments that aims to ensure that international trade in species of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. CITES Appendix I includes species threatened with extinction and prohibits international trade of these species except when the purpose of the import is not commercial i.e. for scientific research. Appendix II lists species that are not necessarily now threatened with extinction but that may become so unless trade is closely controlled. Appendix II species may be authorized by the granting of an export permit or re- export certificate. Appendix III species need the cooperation of other countries to prevent unsustainable or illegal exploitation. International trade in specimens of species listed in this Appendix is allowed only on presentation of the appropriate permits or certificates. 4.3.1.3 International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) The IPPC is an international treaty that aims to secure coordinated, effective action to prevent and to control the introduction and spread of pests of plants and plant products. The Convention extends to the protection of natural flora and plant products. Nicaragua registered with this Convention in 2015. 4.3.2 International Labour Organisation (ILO) WB PS2 requires compliance with specific International Labour Organization (ILO) and United Nations (UN) conventions. Nicaragua has ratified the eight core (fundamental) ILO conventions, namely: ● ILO Conventions 87 and 98 on freedom of association and collective bargaining ● ILO Conventions 29 and 105 on elimination of forced and compulsory labour ● ILO Conventions 100 and 111 on elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation ● ILO Conventions 138 and 182 on abolition of child labour Nicaragua has also ratified two of the four governance conventions (priority) and 52 of 177 technical conventions of the ILO. Nicaragua has ratified the United Nation (UN) Convention on the Rights of the Child and is a signatory to the UN Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers’ and Members of their Families. 4.4 World Bank requirements 4.4.1 Categorisation The World Bank classifies proposed projects into one of four categories, depending on the type, location, sensitivity, and scale of the project, as well as the nature and magnitude of its potential environmental impacts. This section provides a proposed categorisation based on the findings of this report. The different categories are listed in Table 19. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 69 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Table 19: World Bank Project Categories Category Description Category A Category A projects are likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area broader than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. The EA for a Category A project examines the project's potential negative and positive environmental impacts, compares them with those of feasible alternatives (including the "without project" scenario), and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance. For a Category A project, the borrower is responsible for preparing a report, normally an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (or a suitably comprehensive regional or sectoral EA). Category B Category B projects have potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas - including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats - which are less adverse than those of Category A projects. These impacts are site- specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and in most cases mitigatory measures can be designed more readily than for Category A projects. The scope of EA for a Category B project may vary from project to project, but it is narrower than that of Category A assessment. Like Category A, a Category B environmental assessment examines the project's potential negative and positive environmental impacts and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance. The findings and results of EA for Category B projects are described in the project documentation (Project Appraisal Document and Project Information Document). Category C Category C projects are likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EA action is required. Category FI Category F or FI projects involve the investment of Bank funds through a financial intermediary, in subprojects that may result in adverse environmental impacts. The World Bank Group is assessing how to request that FI adhere to their standards Source: World Bank This Project has been classified by the World Bank as Category A. 4.4.2 World Bank environmental and social operational policies World Bank safeguard standard applicable to this ESIA is Operational Policy (OP) 4.03 – Performance Standards for Private Sector Activities (May 2013). The World Bank’s (WB) Performance Standards (PS) set the framework of requirements to be addressed in an international ESIA and the means to address them to international standards. They include: ● WB PS1 – Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts ● WB PS2 – Labour and Working Conditions ● WB PS3 – Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention ● WB PS4 – Community Health, Safety and Security ● WB PS5 – Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement ● WB PS6 – Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources ● WB PS7 – Indigenous Peoples ● WB PS8 – Cultural Heritage WB PS1 establishes the importance of: (i) integrated assessment to identify the social and environmental impacts, risks, and opportunities of projects; (ii) effective community engagement through disclosure of project-related information and consultation with local communities on matters that directly affect them; and (iii) management of social and environmental performance throughout the life of the project. WB PS2 through WB PS8 establish requirements to avoid, reduce, mitigate or compensate for impacts on people and the environment, and to improve conditions where appropriate. While all relevant social and environmental risks and potential impacts should be considered as part of 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 70 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase the assessment, WB PS2 through WB PS8 describe potential social and environmental impacts that require particular attention in emerging economies and in sensitive and critical natural and human environments. Where social or environmental impacts are anticipated, they are to be managed through an Environmental and Social Management System (ESMS) consistent with requirements of WB PS1. WB PS3 refers to the World Bank Group EHS Guidelines. These guidelines are the technical reference documents for environmental protection and set out specific examples of good international industry practice (GIIP). The General EHS Guidelines contain information on crosscutting issues applicable to projects in all industry sectors including geothermal. They provide guidance on performance levels and measurements considered to be achievable at reasonable cost by new or existing projects with the use of existing technologies and practices. Projects are expected to comply with the levels and measures identified in the General EHS Guidelines where host country requirements are less stringent or do not exist. World Bank Group EHS Guidelines applicable to the ESIA are: ● EHS Guidelines for Geothermal Power Generation (April 2007) ● EHS General Guidelines (April 2007) ● EHS Guidelines for Electric Power Transmission and Distribution (April 2007) The General EHS Guidelines cover four areas of GIIP: ● Environmental ● Occupational Health & Safety (OHS) ● Community Health & Safety (CHS) ● Construction and Decommissioning Also of relevance to this Project are the World Bank Group EHS Guidelines with respect to Emergency Preparedness and Response which state that projects should have an Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan (EPRP) that is commensurate with specific risks. This includes the requirement to assess the risk posed to the Project by geological, landslide and seismic hazards and formulate appropriate strategies that effectively reduce any potential impact associated with these hazards on the Project. Of specific note for this Project, given its location in the Nature Reserve is WB PS6 and it’s the PS6 Guidance Note. PS6 objectives are: ● To protect and conserve biodiversity ● To maintain the benefits from ecosystem services ● To promote the sustainable management of living natural resources through the adoption of practices that integrates conservation needs and development priorities WB PS6 requires that a conservation importance is allocated to the ecological features (protected areas, habitats and species) which are likely to be directly or indirectly impacted in the Project AOI. The requirements of WB PS6 apply to projects in all habitats, whether those habitats have been previously disturbed and whether they are legally protected. Specifically, a project is required to: ● Assess significance of project impacts on all levels of biodiversity as an integral part of the social and environmental assessment process ● Consider differing values attached to biodiversity by specific stakeholders ● Assess major threats to biodiversity, especially habitat destruction and invasive alien species 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 71 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase In accordance with WB PS6, habitats are divided into modified, natural and critical habitats. Critical habitats can be either modified or natural habitats supporting high biodiversity value, including: ● Habitat of significant importance to Critically Endangered and/or Endangered species (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Red List) ● Habitat of significant importance to endemic and/or restricted-range species ● Habitat supporting globally significant concentrations of migratory species and/or congregatory species ● Highly threatened and/or unique ecosystems ● Areas associated with key evolutionary processes Since habitat destruction is recognised as a major threat to the maintenance of biodiversity and to assess likely significance of impacts, WB PS6 requires the following depending on habitat status: ● Modified Habitat: exercise care to minimise any conversion or degradation of such habitat, depending on scale of project, identify opportunities to enhance habitat, and protect and conserve biodiversity as part of operations. ● Natural Habitat: developer will not significantly convert or degrade such habitat unless no financial/technical feasible alternatives exist, or overall benefits outweigh cost (including those to biodiversity) and conversion or degradation is suitably mitigated. Mitigation must achieve no net loss of biodiversity where feasible; offset losses through creation of ecologically comparable area that is managed for biodiversity, compensation of direct users of biodiversity. ● Critical Habitat: in areas of critical habitat the developer will not implement project activities unless there are no measurable adverse impacts on the ability of the critical habitat to support established populations of species described or on the functions of the critical habitat; no reduction in population of a recognised Critically Endangered or Endangered species and lesser impacts mitigated as per natural habitats. 4.5 Relevant standards 4.5.1.1 Hydrogen Sulphide air quality standards – public exposure As noted above, the Project could lead to emissions of a range of combustion related pollutants including nitrogen oxides (NOx), particles and carbon monoxide. During well testing, and in the unlikely event of a well blowout, hydrogen sulphide H2S may also be released. There is currently no hydrogen sulphide (H2S) ambient air quality standard in Nicaragua, therefore the WHO standard is presented in Table 20. As other pollutants (such as nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and particulates) are adequately covered under Nicaraguan legislation (the WHO guidelines for these pollutants have not been included in this assessment). Table 20: WHO Ambient Air Quality Guidelines Pollutant Averaging Period Value (µg/m3) Hydrogen Sulphide 24 Hour 150 (guideline) Source: WHO The WHO Air Quality Guidelines for Europe, 2nd Edition 2000 (henceforth the WHO guidelines) was a landmark publication that provided information on a much wider range of pollutants than previous guidance. Although the publication was made in Europe, the preface and foreword 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 72 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase notes that WHO guidelines were and have been applied world-wide as best practice, and consequently led to the 2005 Guidelines adopting a ‘Global’ moniker. The 2000 Guidance, from which the guideline for H2S is sourced and draws heavily on international data, acknowledges that when States use the guidelines for setting legally binding standards, considerations such as prevailing exposure levels, technical feasibility, source control measures, abatement strategies, and social, economic and cultural conditions should be considered. The WHO defines a guideline as “…any kind of recommendation or guidance on the protection of human beings or receptors in the environment from adverse effects of air pollutants”. This assessment has interpreted the application of the WHO standard as being relevant to those locations only where receptors can reasonably be expected to be exposed for the specified averaging period. This is in accordance with the application of, for example, the EU Air Quality Directive (2008/50/EC) where application of ambient air quality objectives excludes areas of non-fixed habitation (i.e. residential areas), work and industrial locations and within roads. In the case of H2S, the averaging period is 24 hours and therefore this guideline has only been applied to locations where receptors can reasonably be expected to be located for this duration, i.e. residential locations, as well as health care facilities, schools and similarly sensitive sites. This approach is consistent with international interpretation of air quality standards such as those in Europe. The WHO Guidelines also provide standards for H2S based on sensory effects or annoyance. These are presented in Table 21. Table 21: Guideline values for H2S based on sensory effects or annoyance reactions, using an averaging time of 30 minutes Detection Threshold Recognition Threshold Guideline Value 0.2 – 2 µg/m 3 0.6 – 6 µg/m 3 7 µg/m3 Source: WHO 4.5.1.2 Hydrogen Sulphide air quality standards – occupational health The World Bank Group EHS Guidelines for Geothermal Power Generation provide examples for sources of occupational health and safety guidelines. These include those established by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration of the United States (OSHA). Other international standards include Icelandic workplace exposure limits for hydrogen sulphide (Icelandic Regulation No. 320 on Pollution and the working environment, 2009). These are presented in Table 22. Table 22: International Occupational Exposure Standards for H2S Organisation Averaging Period Value Icelandic permitted concentration 8 hours 14,000 µg/m3 for occupational exposure Occupational Safety and Health - 20ppm / 28,000 µg/m3 Administration of the United States (Acceptable Ceiling concentration) Acceptable maximum peak above the 50 ppm / 70,000 µg/m3 acceptable ceiling concentration for an 8-hour shift Source: WHO 4.5.1.3 Hydrogen Sulphide air quality standards – flora and fauna Some studies of the potential impacts of H2S on vegetation have been undertaken in the US and Canada which has included studies on plants in the biosphere as well as in laboratory 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 73 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase experiments. In general, studies have found that negative effects on vegetation occur only with prolonged exposure to H2S, and that lower levels can stimulate growth in certain types of plants. No formal guidelines have been set for the impacts of H2S on vegetation, but a report published by Alberta Environment (Assessment Report On Reduced Sulphur Compounds, 2004) recommended a limit of 140µg/m 3 as a no observable effect concentration, for long-term exposure (long-term exposure usually being interpreted, for example within the EU, as annual average periods). Therefore in the present assessment, this limit has been adopted as an annual mean to assess the potential effects of H2S on vegetated areas. 4.5.2 Noise 4.5.2.1 British Standard 5228 – Code of Practice for Noise and Vibration Control WHO and WB Guidelines are not specific but generally apply to the permanent, operational noise impacts of a development. Generally, it is accepted that noise impacts generated during the construction of an industrial site are inherently higher than the impacts arising under operation. Consequently, higher noise levels during construction are usually tolerated in the knowledge that the impacts are temporary. BS 5228 – 1:2009 provides comprehensive guidance on construction noise and vibration including details of typical noise levels associated with various items of plant or activities, prediction methods and measures and procedures that have been found to be most effective in reducing impacts. The guidance forms the basis for the majority of construction noise assessments in the United Kingdom and is widely recognised internationally. Accordingly, it has been adopted for this assessment. 4.5.2.2 EHS Guidelines for Geothermal Power Generation These EHS Guidelines state that “Noise sources in geothermal facilities are mainly related to well drilling, steam flashing and venting. Other sources include equipment related to pumping facilities, turbines, and temporary pipe flushing activities. Temporary noise levels may exceed 100 dBA during certain drilling and steam venting activities. Noise abatement technology includes the use of rock mufflers, sound insulation, and barriers during drilling, in addition to silencers on equipment in the steam processing facility. Further recommendations for the management of occupational noise and vibration, such as the use of appropriate PPE, are discussed in the General EHS Guidelines”. Relevant limit values are detailed in Table 23. The EHS Guidelines require the noise impacts should not exceed the limit values presented in Table 23, or result in a maximum increase in background levels of 3 dB(A) at the nearest sensitive receptor location off site. It is assumed that these guidelines apply to the operational phase of the Project and that higher noise levels can be tolerated where the impacts are temporary and short-term. Table 23: World Bank Group/IFC Noise Limit Values Specific Environment Noise Level Leq,1 hour dB(A) free field Daytime Night-time (07:00-22:00) (22:00-07:00) Residential, educational or institutional 55 45 Industrial or commercial 70 70 Source: IFC EHS General Guidelines: Environmental – Part 1.7 Noise Management 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 74 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 5 ESIA Framework and Methodology 5.1 Introduction In accordance with international lending requirements for environmental and social impact assessment, the scope of works for this ESIA includes: ● Environmental, social, labour, gender, health, safety, risks and impacts ● The Project and related and associated facilities (where relevant) ● Risks and impacts that may arise for each activity in the exploration component Project cycle, including site establishment, exploration drilling and testing and site closure ● Role and capacity of the relevant parties including government, contractors and suppliers ● Potential third-party impacts including supply chain considerations This ESIA has identified potential beneficial and adverse, direct and indirect, and cumulative impacts of the Project related to the bio-physical and socio-economic environment. The definition of the Project includes all infrastructure and facilities that are directly part of the proposed development or are associated development that exists specifically for or because of the exploratory phase works. Consideration of associated infrastructure is carried out to the extent possible given its level of definition or development at the time of assessment of the primary project facilities. 5.2 Methodology In order to identify which aspects of the Project were likely to give rise to environmental and social impacts, and to determine the work required for the preparation of the ESIA over and above work performed to date, a gap analysis report was prepared by Mott MacDonald in July 2017 that set out the potential environmental and social issues associated with the Project. This was produced using information from the existing EIA studies (Figlios & Asociados, 2009 and Jerez y Asociados 2015a ), supporting site visit and consultation with key stakeholders. The gap analysis referenced the World Bank Operational Policy 4.03 and the MARENA conditions for approval attached to the national “exploration permit” and “exploitation permit” as provided in Volume III. The gap analysis set out the potential environmental and social impacts that could be anticipated as a result of the development of the exploratory phase works and the assessment process by which these effects would be evaluated. A summary of the potential environmental and social aspects associated with the Project are presented in section 5.3. Detailed consideration of all potential impacts has been reported in the subsequent individual impact assessment chapter. It has been considered that decommissioning impacts would be similar in nature to those identified within the site set-up phase. 5.3 Summary of key potential impacts A gap analysis against the WB PSs and a review of existing EIA documentation has helped to define the scope of the ESIA as presented in this volume. Table 24 presents a summary of constraints and impacts and requirements for the ESIA 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 75 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Table 24: Scope of ESIA - summary of key constraints, impacts and requirements Environmental or Project Potential Impact Summary Description of Potential Impact as identified in the gap analysis and site visit Social Aspect Phase Temporary (T) / Transboundary Permanent (P) Cumulative10 Beneficial Adverse 11 Socio-economics Public Health, Community Site T -  - - Emissions associated with site establishment works and vehicle movement could have adverse health Safety and Security establishment impacts on surrounding communities. (address community health and safety from increased traffic movements in the traffic impact assessment) Major construction works may have an adverse impact on community health and safety. Potential risk for accidents and transmission of disease among community members Nuisance impacts from dust on sensitive receptors with the AOI (2 residential receptors) and ecological receptors (to be addressed in the air emission and noise sections). Antisocial behaviour and in properly trained security teams Exploratory T  - Potential adverse impact on community safety, particularly during the drilling phase and include the Drilling threat from major incidents / abnormal operation conditions specifically high releases of non-condensable gases (H2S and mercury) Community Relations and Site T   - Potential for conflict to arise during the exploratory phase, including fears and perceptions about potential Conflict Management establishment health impacts, noise and traffic impacts and conflicting interests among the local communities. Exploratory T   - Information disclosure, stakeholder engagement and public consultation will be important throughout the Drilling Project cycle. Occupational Health and Site T  - There are potential occupational health and safety risks associated with the site establishment and day Safety establishment to day operations of all aspects of the Project. Exploratory T  - Training and use of personal protective equipment are implemented to manage the safety of staff during Drilling both the site establishment and operation phases \. Working in environment where there may be higher than normal releases of non-condensable gases is required to be considered (to be addressed in air emissions impact assessment) and impacts from hazardous environment . Working in environment prone to natural hazards must be considered in terms of emergency evacuation protocols and adequate emergency response planning will be required specifically incorporation of 10 Cumulative impacts – The combination of multiple impacts from existing projects, the proposed project and/or anticipated future projects that may result in significant adverse and/or beneficial impacts that would not be expected in case of a stand-alone project. 11 Transboundary Impacts – impacts that extend to multiple countries, beyond the host country of the project but are not global in nature. Examples include pollution of international waterways (any river or body of surface water that flows through two or more states). 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 76 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Environmental or Project Potential Impact Summary Description of Potential Impact as identified in the gap analysis and site visit Social Aspect Phase institutional mapping of zones of hazards, flood, earthquake, volcanic eruption to support need for a natural hazard prevention plan. Liaison with Government may be required to identify additional requirements pertaining to this project and integration with municipality plans will be paramount. . ESMMP to include the need for a natural hazard evacuation plan. Requirement to also disclose to community via the SEP. Institutional analysis of government agency capacity in relation to geothermal activities to identify institutional strengthening requirements and or supplementary project provisions to bridge deficiencies to address significant incidents e.g. elevated H 2S, blowouts and / or consider need for project to make provision for this. Employment Generation Site T   - Employment opportunities anticipated for the local area, generated during both the site establishment establishment and exploratory drilling phases of the Project. Further options may be identified should the geothermal   resources be confirmed e.g. opportunities for synergistic tourism elements into project, other positive Exploratory T - supply chain impacts however these are scoped out of this ESIA and should form part of the production Drilling ESIA addressed via a social action plan / community enhancement plan. Land Acquisition Site P   - - Land has been acquired for the Project by CCP. Potential for conflict between competing land users and establishment owners and potential need for additional land use for supporting infrastructure not currently identified. Land needs are not fully defined and therefore a completion audit to verify land needs against current land provisions is required. For future land needs a resettlement policy framework should be developed Exploratory P   - - No major additional land take envisaged for the exploratory site Drilling Land needs are not fully defined and therefore a completion audit to verify land needs against current land provisions is required. For future land needs a resettlement policy framework should be developed. Labour Site T   - - Potential for project induced migration to satisfy labour needs and need to comply with international establishment standard labour laws through the supply chain. Exploratory T   - - Potential for project induced migration to satisfy labour needs and need to comply with international Drilling standard labour laws through the supply chain. Biodiversity Habitat loss, invasive Site T  - - Potential for impact on critical habitat due to location in a nature reserve and within international bird area alien species sustainable establishment & (IBA / KBA). Potential adverse impacts on terrestrial ecology and biodiversity of the project footprint management of living P through habitat loss and disturbance during exploratory phase. This may include a reduction in current natural resources. vegetation cover and possible disturbance to species. Other potential impacts identified include: ● Accidental introduction and dispersal of invasive species ● Disturbance to terrestrial animal species (eg noise, artificial light, vibration) ● Injury or death of terrestrial animals ● Habitat fragmentation ● Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife ● Hunting and poaching of wildlife due to improved access road 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 77 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Environmental or Project Potential Impact Summary Description of Potential Impact as identified in the gap analysis and site visit Social Aspect Phase Requirement to address location of the project with the Nature reservice and impact on critical habitat and to ensure appropriate management plans are defined. Requirement to address management of invasive alien species / non-native plants in contractor management plans. The project is not deemed to impact on ecosystem services The project is not deemed to impact on natural resources Exploratory T  - Potential adverse impacts on local ecology and biodiversity through air emissions, noise, water Drilling & abstraction and materials transport to and from the Project including: P  Terrestrial habitat and flora degradation (e.g. dust, vibration, vehicle movement)  Accidental introduction and dispersal of invasive species  Disturbance to terrestrial animal species (e.g. noise, artificial light, dust, vibration)  Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife (deep excavations)  Hunting and poaching of wildlife due to improved access roads Water Resources and Hydrology Abstraction and effects on Site T/ -   - Potential temporary or permanent changes to surface water flow and drainage patterns during project groundwater / surface establishment P site establishment water flow patterns Exploratory T/ -   - Potential temporary or permanent changes to surface water flow and drainage patterns during project Drilling P drilling. Potential impacts on water flow in local water bodies. Necessary to consider the issue as to whether there are any shallow aquifers in the region that may have potable water use and which may be 1) affected by the drilling or 2) interconnected other features. Effluent Discharges and Site T -   - Water quality is at risk of contamination during the site establishment phase of the project through Water Quality establishment mismanagement of wastewater streams. Exploratory T -   - Discharges of industrial process wastewater from the exploratory drilling phase of the Project. Need to Drilling define strict discharge criteria for discharge to land / surface water and put in place adequate storage proposals for drilling fluids / pond adequacy. Need to consider cumulative impacts relative to findings from the consultation regarding perceptions that existing water quality (from sugar cane works) is causing adverse health effects. Ecosystem services Site T -  - - The ESIA will provide detail on the impact on biodiversity, cultural heritage, water and land use. The establishment land footprints and water usage are considered relatively small. At this stage impacts will be temporary and are considered reversible. So not considered further beyond the recommendations related to individual topics. If the geothermal resources is confirmed, then this may need to be revisited perhaps to integrate and create benefits with regards to tourism. Exploratory T -  - - No additional impacts are perceived during the drilling phase Drilling Soil and subsoil / erosion 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 78 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Environmental or Project Potential Impact Summary Description of Potential Impact as identified in the gap analysis and site visit Social Aspect Phase Site T -  - - Soil type has been classified at the well pad and excavation and cuttings work that may be required establishment along access roads impact. The soil type is designated as susceptible to erosion. The ESIA understands that that erosion control is a key requirement for the works and provisions should be set out in the ESMP in line with GIIP including vegetation restoration plans and plans for management of topsoil and clearance. Detailed soil impact assessment is not deemed necessary. Exploratory T -  - - No additional impacts are perceived during the drilling phase. Drilling Hydrogeology / Ground Contamination Water resources / water Site T -  - - Potential contamination of soil and groundwater by spills and leaks of fuel and other chemicals. Careful quality / groundwater establishment consideration of material selection, use and storage. pollution and availability Identified sensitive receptor in the project area include springs and aquifer and competing water users. Exploratory T -  - - Drilling Potential impacts may include:  Changes to natural drainage pathways caused by vegetation clearance, road development or land levelling and site works; leading to increased runoff, erosion and increased sediment load in ephemeral water courses  Pollution of groundwater due to either accidental spills or inappropriate disposal of wastewater from site establishment activities Pollution of groundwater resulting from potential release of contaminants or drilling fluids during water well drilling including pollution of groundwater resulting from potential release of contaminants, drilling fluids or geothermal fluids during geothermal well drilling; reduced groundwater levels and spring flow due to water abstraction for geothermal drilling and injection testing. Based on the location of the project the following potential impacts scoped out include:  Flood risk (including flash-flooding risk / localised flooding and possibility of flood displacement)  Impact on freshwater supply Impacts related to climate change (changes in preoccupation) are scoped out as beyond the temporal AOI. Climate adaptation for permanent structures must be considered. Project has not determined preferred abstraction point (La Pelona and Las Grietas and therefore both must be considered. Preliminary hydrogeological study should be performed. Materials and Waste Site T -  - - Waste steams produced during site establishment will primarily be of non-hazardous establishment forms. Contamination of receiving environments (particularly surface watercourses, groundwater and soils) due to leakage and spillage of wastes associated with poor waste handling and storage arrangements (these impacts are assessed separately in the hydrogeology section)  Disposal of spoil, excavation material and the various waste streams 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 79 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Environmental or Project Potential Impact Summary Description of Potential Impact as identified in the gap analysis and site visit Social Aspect Phase  Increased waste miles and emissions of greenhouse gas emissions associated with transporting waste materials from the Project site Exploratory T -  - - Potential hazardous waste materials produced across the project may include oils and solvents, Drilling chemicals used during drilling, contaminated ground, used batteries etc.and hazardous spoils / drilling residues. Hazardous and non-hazardous waste streams not handled, stored or disposed of in a fashion that is consistent with good EHS practice has the potential to adversely impact project workforces and the surrounding environment. Noise and Vibration Site T  - - The site is located in an area with few residential receptors (2 households within the project area of establishment influence). There is potential that noise impacts associated with a range of site establishment, excavation works and site vehicle movements. Necessary to understand the noise baseline at representative receptors within the noise ZoI (including night time noise monitoring) and put in place good practice measures to monitor noise (against IFC EHS guidelines for noise as well and) national standards and to address grievances through the SEP. Vibration impacts are not considered relevant for this works given the temporary nature of the works and lack of vibration generation works predicted (e.g piling). The ESMMP should include noise mitigation recommendations including commitment to address significant noise should it arise against standard noise mitigation hierarchy (albeit temporarily) Exploratory T  - - Noise impacts during the exploratory phase will arise due to continuous drilling activities, which will be Drilling followed by well testing. Period of disturbance at each site is approximately 2 to 3 months per well pad. Necessary to understand the noise baseline, and put in place good practice measures to address grievances including management and monitoring of night-time noise. Due to the temporary nature of the works, detailed noise modelling is not considered necessary at this time. Vibration impacts should be considered based upon receptors in the vicinity of the works. Only 2 receptors are noted and drilling works is temporary and relatively short term( only one receptor is close, within the expected zone of influence of a well pad, the other is along the access road). Vibration impacts are scoped out, although well-developed program to disclose project schedule and grievance mechanism will be required. Traffic and Transportation Site T   - During the site establishment of the Project, large plant items will need to be transported via existing road establishment networks which will need to be considered for wear and tear and it is necessary to consider the capacity of these road networks to accommodate the traffic movements. Given the temporary nature of the works, detailed traffic assessments are not deemed necessary. Traffic management plans will likely be required to manage temporary impacts to receptors, and community health and safety. Wear and tear of the access road bringing ins site materials and site establishment equipment. There are 2 receptors along the access road that should be considered for dust and noise emissions associated with the transportation of materials. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 80 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Environmental or Project Potential Impact Summary Description of Potential Impact as identified in the gap analysis and site visit Social Aspect Phase Exploratory T   - Transport impacts during drilling are likely to be limited to movements of the drilling rig from each well Drilling pad site and worker movements. Abnormal loads as the drill rigs are brought to site and or moved from one well pad to another (being moved at least three and up to five times during this component. Given the temporary nature of the works, detailed traffic assessments are not deemed necessary. Traffic management plans will likely be required to manage temporary impacts to receptors, and community health and safety. Landscape and Visual Site T  - - The exploratory phase of the drilling sites and associated infrastructure will lead to some temporary establishment visual impact on the surrounding area. All but two individual dwellings are more than 3km from the well pad location. Impact is not considered to be significant but a qualitative consideration of impacts is deemed necessary to ensure that good practice measures for minimising visual disturbance can be implemented. Impact related to tourism and cultural heritage should be considered. Impacts from road widening and upgrade should be assessed but as existing roads are being used for the most part detailed character assessment has been scoped out. Exploratory T  - - Infrastructure associated with the drilling phase of the Project, such as the drill rigs, have the potential to Drilling visually impact surrounding receptors and landscape setting. At the end of all drilling works (2 months) drill rigs will be removed and therefore temporary. Photomontages and quantitative visual assessments are scoped out. Air Quality / Greenhouse gas emissions Site T  - - Fugitive dust emissions associated with drilling site plant and equipment as these often use diesel which establishment leads to the emission of particulate matter (PM10) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Emission from site establishment traffic vehicles can lead to a temporary increase in local air pollutants in the area surrounding site establishment activities. Dust arising from site establishment activities and vehicle movements and can be mechanically transported off site. Greenhouse gas emissions associated with the site establishment works are considered to be negligible and not deemed necessary for further consideration. The ESMMP should make recommendations for requiring drilling contractors to use best available equipment to minimise project related GHG emissions. Exploratory T  - - Combustion related emissions from the drilling rig Drilling Particulate and gaseous emissions from well testing (referred to as ‘well testing emissions’) Fugitive and uncontrolled emissions from chemical spills, well blowout etc. (referred to as ‘fugitive and well blowout emissions’) Baseline air quality is considered to be non-degraded with little or no other anthropogenic sources in the vicinity. H2S emissions during exploratory drilling should be considered but modelling is scoped out as this will not be a permanent emission point. Baseline H 2S readings are recommended so as to ascertain the current levels so that worked health and safety considerations and review of impact may be performed and recommendations addressed in the management plans. Consider baseline readings against exposure guidelines for H2S (WHO guidelines) Due to the temporary nature of the works, detailed air quality modelling is not considered necessary. The exploratory phase works is not expected to release more than 25,000 tonnes of CO 2 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 81 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Environmental or Project Potential Impact Summary Description of Potential Impact as identified in the gap analysis and site visit Social Aspect Phase If the geothermal resource is confirmed the project will displace fossil fuel based energy generation providing a beneficial GHG impact (this is to be addressed in the production phase ESIA). Need to prepare a stand-alone H2S contingency plan in line with risk and GIIP, include measures for addressing odour issues. Include specific requirements for disclosure and consultation on the H 2S contingency plan with relevant parts of the community in the SEP. Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Site P  - Consultation has confirmed that there are no areas of known cultural importance within the Project area establishment but that there may be potential for unidentified finds in the project area that may be impacted by site establishment works. A literature review and rapid site walkover is required to confirm: Exploratory P -  - - Drilling ● Above ground sensitive features ● Potential for survival of archeologically artefacts ● National or international designated features of cultural significance ● Intangible cultural heritage ● cumulative cultural heritage impacts Need for a Chance Finds procedure included in mitigation in the event that an unknown feature is found during site establishment and operation. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 82 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 5.4 Area of Influence (AOI) The Project Area of Influence (AOI) is the area over which the impacts of the Project are likely to be felt including all its related or associated (where applicable) facilities such as the transmission line corridor, water and steam pipelines, access roads, borrow pits, accommodation facilities (where required) as well as any reasonably foreseen unplanned developments induced by the Project or cumulative impacts. The Project AOI is comprised of areas of direct impacts and indirect impacts which have informed the impact assessment. ● Direct area of influence: considers the physical footprint of the project such as the right of way, construction sites, work staging area and area affected during operational works (e.g. traffic patterns) ● Indirect area of influence: includes area which may experience project related changes in combination with activities not under the direct control of the project The Project direct AOI often varies depending on the specific environmental or social aspect considered based on the extent an impact may be affected and can be influenced on a spatial and temporal level. To address this, we have defined a general AOI with sub-definitions for each E&S topic to inform the boundaries of the impact assessment work. Figure 28 illustrates the general project area of influence and Table 25 further defines the AOI for specific E&S topics. Stakeholder consultation during the baseline data collection process helped to inform the definition of the AOI and the structure for public consultation and stakeholder engagement and this is elaborated in section 6. The direct AOI for each topic is defined below. Unless stated the indirect AOI is defined by the outer limits of the three affected municipal boundaries. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 83 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 28: Project direct AOI Source: Mott MacDonald 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 84 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Table 25: Defining the AOI for each E&S aspect Topics Area of Influence Social Concession area, focusing on 1km around well pads and 500m on both sides of linear elements (transmission line, road, steam pipeline). Water Resources Hydrological study catchment area (South-eastern slopes of Casita and Upper reaches of Rio Olomega) Ecological This AoI was selected to include the areas directly affected by the land take for the Project, areas which will be temporarily affected during construction and areas where there is a risk of pollution and noise disturbance during construction and/or operation. The biodiversity study area includes the AoI for biodiversity. The AoI encompasses all areas directly and indirectly affected by Project components as follows: AoI for habitats, flora and fauna: Project footprint and 500m buffer zone around all Project components. AoI for protected areas, habitats, flora and fauna: 10km buffer zone around all Project components and the extent of all Protected Areas identified within the 10km buffer zone. Air quality Air shed where fugitive airborne pollution (dust, hydrogen sulphide) may impact – determined as 500m from worksite as the point at which airborne emissions will have returned to ambient levels based upon the following assumptions: ● Fugitive dust during site set-up – 200m ● Emissions from construction works and traffic – 200m ● General construction traffic and transport along the roads – 10m ● Exhaust emissions from the drilling generators – unlikely to occur beyond 500m (is dependent on height of the drilling rig) ● Exploratory drilling activity fugitive gas emissions from the drilling works including carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) dependent on the quantity of pollutants in the steam and method of release – unlikely to occur beyond 500m from the well pad. (NB for Component 2 production phase this AOI will be expanded to recognise impacts from the exhaust emissions and noise from the power plant) Cultural The exploration drilling well pad sites and other project component sites that the client (including its contractors) develops and any cultural heritage assets where their setting may be affected by the Project and a 1km boundary. This assessment also considers the presence of cultural heritage sites in the wider area of influence of the study area as defined above that may be indirectly impacted. Noise The method of calculation of noise impacts is appropriate at distances up to 300m from the source of noise. Beyond 300m, the reliability of calculations reduces due to the influence of meteorological effects on how noise propagates in the environment (mainly due to wind direction). Therefore, the study area for the quantitative assessment of exploratory phase impacts includes the closest sensitive receptors identified and where it is judged that significant effects may arise at receptors beyond this study area then the extent of significant effects is determined. Land contamination Likely to occur at the construction / drilling sites, and be contained there. Land contamination can also affect groundwater and the assessment has therefore considered the impacts on shallow groundwater (up to depth of 200m) in the areas surrounding the drilling sites. Traffic and The Project exploration wells will be drilled in the Chinandega Municipality and Posoltega transportation Municipality. The access roads existing and to be upgraded from Route NN-252 are included in these municipalities. Route NN-252 (except the junction to the Project site) is excluded from the assessment. Material and waste For the consumption of raw materials (including receipt, handling and storage) and management subsequent management and disposal of waste, the spatial scope of the Project encompasses the exploratory drilling well pad sites and also the other Project component sites identified above. It also considers that the disposal and treatment of materials outside 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 85 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Topics Area of Influence this area would take place in the wider zone of influence, namely approved municipal waste dump sites. The temporal influence of the Project has been assessed by comparing the existing baseline conditions (social, biodiversity, hydrological and other) with the change expected over time as a result of the Project activities as listed below. ● Site Set-up: Road rehabilitation to begin first semester of year one of the Project. ● Exploratory Phase Drilling: Drilling to begin at the end of second semester of year one, and is expected to last for a period of approximately six months. Each site should take two to three months and there are three initial sites followed by a possible two further sties so up to a year in total. ● Site closure (rehabilitation): There is no rehabilitation planned until the Component 2 production phase and if no resource is confirmed; if and when rehabilitation occurs, this would have a duration of approximately one month. Decommissioning would be at the end of the lifetime of the Project. Tempoary site closure and reinstatement of temporary work area is planned for Component 1. The baseline conditions are those assumed to be prevailing immediately prior to the start of site set-up. 5.5 Approach for baseline data collection Baseline data collection to inform the impact assessment has been generated through a combination of approaches for all specialist areas and include primary and secondary source information. ● Primary source information: generated specifically for the assessment was gathered directly through interviews, site visits, field surveys, meetings, focus groups, and visual observation ● Secondary source information: includes a desk based review of laws, policies, reports from the relevant governmental and non-governmental institutions and existing national and international publicly available information data from websites and national EIA The whole baseline data collection approach is underpinned by stakeholder consultation consisting of public meetings with affected communities and interviews with key informants such as representatives from local authorities and from the local community. The outcomes of these meetings are summarised in Chapter 6 and Volume III, Part X stakeholder minutes. This baseline assessment considers the Project infrastructure known for Component 1 (the exploration phase) and the future Component 2 (the production phase). Chapter 7 sets out baseline information on the following topics: ● Climate including precipitation, temperature, humidity, wind, infiltration, topography ● Land cover, land use ● Topography, geology, seismicity, soils, and groundwater ● Hydrogeology, water resources, water quality and flood risk ● Soils ● Socio-economic ● Biodiversity ● Cultural heritage 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 86 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase ● Ecosystem services ● Air quality ● Noise ● Regional infrastructure including traffic and transportation and waste management 5.6 Approach to impact assessment The assessment of the significance of impacts and identification of residual impacts has taken account of any incorporated mitigation measures adopted by the Project during design or siting, and is largely dependent on the extent and duration of change, the number of people or size of the resource affected and their sensitivity to the change. The impact assessment is presented in Chapter 8. General criteria for determining significance are specific for each environmental and social aspect but generally for each impact the magnitude is defined and the sensitivity of the receptor is defined. Generic criteria for defining magnitude and sensitivity are summarised below. Specific definitions where required are provided in the relevant sections in Chapter 8. 5.6.1 Sensitivity Sensitivity is generally site specific and relevant criteria have been developed from the baseline information gathered. The sensitivity of a receptor is determined based on the review of the population (including proximity / numbers / vulnerability), presence of biological features of the site and the surrounding area, soil, agricultural suitability, geology and geomorphology, proximity of aquifers and watercourses, existing air quality, presence of any archaeological features etc. Generic criteria for determining sensitivity of receptors are outlined in Table 26. Each detailed assessment will define sensitivity in relation to their topic. Table 26: Criteria for determining sensitivity Magnitude (positive or Definition (considers duration of the impact, spatial extent, negative) reversibility and ability of comply with legislation) High Vulnerable receptor (human, ecological etc…) with l ittle or no capacity to absorb proposed changes or minimal opportunities for mitigation. Medium Vulnerable receptor (human, ecological etc…) with limited capacity to absorb proposed changes or limited opportunities for mitigation. Low Vulnerable receptor (human, ecological etc…) with some capacity to absorb proposed changes or moderate opportunities for mitigation. Negligible Vulnerable receptor (human, ecological etc…) with good capacity to absorb proposed changes or and good opportunities for mitigation. Source: Mott MacDonald 5.6.2 Magnitude The assessment of magnitude will be undertaken in two steps. Firstly, the magnitude of potential impacts associated with the Project have been categorised as beneficial or adverse. Secondly, the beneficial or adverse impacts have been categorised as major, moderate, minor or negligible based on consideration of the parameters such as: ● Duration of the impact – ranging from beyond decommissioning to temporary with no detectable impact ● Spatial extent of the impact – for instance, within the site, boundary to regional, national, and international 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 87 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase ● Reversibility – ranging from permanent requiring significant intervention to return to baseline to no change ● Likelihood – ranging from occurring regularly under typical conditions to unlikely to occur ● Compliance with legal standards and established professional criteria – ranging from substantially exceeds national standards and limits / international guidance to meets or exceeds minimum standards or international guidance Generic criteria for determining the magnitude of impact is outlined in Table 27. Each detailed assessment will define magnitude in relation to their topic. Table 27: Criteria for determining magnitude Magnitude (Beneficial or Description Adverse) High Fundamental change to the specific conditions assessed resulting in long term or permanent change, typically widespread in nature, and requiring significant intervention to return to baseline; exceeds national standards and limits. Medium Detectable change to the specific conditions assessed resulting in non- fundamental temporary or permanent change. Low Detectable but minor change to the specific condition assessed. Negligible No perceptible change to the specific condition assessed. Source: Mott MacDonald 5.6.3 Impact evaluation and determination of significance Impacts will be identified and significance will be attributed taking into account the interaction between magnitude criteria and sensitivity criteria as presented in the significance matrix in Table 28. Table 28: Impact significance matrix (adverse or benefical) Magnitude of Impact Sensitivity of Receptors Negligible Low Medium High Negligible Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant Low Insignificant Minor Minor Moderate Medium Insignificant Minor Moderate Major High Insignificant Moderate Major Critical Source: Mott MacDonald For each aspect, the significance of impacts will be discussed before and after mitigation (i.e. residual impact). Impacts identified as having major or moderate significance based on the above approach are classified as significant impacts. The individual impact assessment sections in Chapter 8 describe how the significance criteria for individual topics have been derived based on assessment of receptor sensitivity and magnitude of the impact. 5.7 Approach to mitigation For each aspect, the significance of impacts will be discussed before and after mitigation (i.e. residual impact). Impacts identified as having major or moderate significance based on the above approach are classified as significant impacts. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 88 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase The individual impact assessment sections describe how the significance criteria for individual topics have been derived based on assessment of receptor sensitivity and magnitude of the impact. In Chapter 9 themitigation and management actions have been defined for each significant impact and a framework management plan for implementing actions identified is elaborated in Volume IV the ESMMP. In general the following hierarchy of mitigation measures will be applied to reduce, where possible, the significance of impacts to acceptable levels: ● Avoid ● Elimination through design ● Minimise ● Offset or compensate Once the application of mitigation and management measures has been defined the residual significance will be determined. 5.8 Data limitations and uncertainty Any uncertainties associated with impact prediction or the sensitivity of receptors due to the absence of data or other limitation has been considered, and summarised in Table 29. Where applicable, the ESIA will make commitments concerning measures that should be put in place with monitoring and /or environmental or social management plans to deal with the uncertainty. This will be summarised in Volume IV environmental and social management and monitoring plan (ESMMP). 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 89 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Table 29: Data limitations and uncertainties Topics Limitations / uncertainties / key data gaps How were addressed Air quality In undertaking the air quality impact assessment, the following data We have taken a conservative approach and heightened the level of risk limitations have been identified: identified to any potential sensitive receptors for air quality exposure to dust ● Limited available air quality baseline data and potentially dated (2015) and other related impacts and reflected this in more stringent mitigation which may not represent the most current air quality baseline at the measures to be adopted during all Project phases. Project location at the time of writing this ESIA. This is a minor limitation on the assessment of receptor sensitivity and impact magnitude, as it is still possible to quantify existing exposure to H 2S, dust or combustion emissions in the study area ● No information on non-condensable gasses (NCG) content of the steam, likely release quantities or temperature; this information is required to undertake quantitative dispersion modelling of well testing operations ● No information on well testing methodology ● No information on drill rig specification Noise Noise impacts arising from activities during all Project phases are We have taken a conservative approach and heightened the level of risk dependent on variables that are inherently difficult to anticipate. The type, identified to any potential sensitive receptors for noise exposure and reflected number, utilisation and noise emissions of the plant infrastructure is not this in more stringent mitigation measures to be adopted during all Project sufficiently certain to be able to precisely predict associated noise impacts. phases. The assessment is based on stated assumptions informed with reference to similar types of works and observations made on site. Traffic and In undertaking the traffic and transportation impact assessment, the Although a traffic count was not undertaken and the data was not readily transportation following data limitations have been identified: available from secondary sources, based on observations from the site visit, a ● Confirmation of the origin of materials during construction and operation conservative approach has been taken in assuming the worst case scenarios to quantify and qualify the impacts that the various transportation and traffic ● Comprehensive baseline traffic data is unavailable for the area activities may have on the identified receptors (ecological and human). ● Lack of updated information of traffic and transport networks and facilities in the Chinandega district ● In undertaking the required assessments for this Chapter it has been necessary to generate assumptions to overcome the absence of data based on experience of similar projects and knowledge of the likely transportation routes that materials may take. Where professional judgement has been used an explanation for assumptions reached has been provided Water In undertaking the hydrogeological impact assessment, the following data Most of the data is to be confirmed through drilling and testing two boreholes. resources limitations have been identified: As there was no information available on aquifer parameters, the assessment ● Geology in La Pelona caldera; aquifer materials and aquitard layers used a water balance approach. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 90 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Topics Limitations / uncertainties / key data gaps How were addressed ● Groundwater; levels, gradient and flow direction Available data on groundwater levels was used to infer gradient and flow ● Aquifer parameters; hydraulic conductivity, storage, thickness direction as far as possible. ● Current use of La Pelona aquifer; no abstractions recorded Available climate and geological data was used to make a reasonable assumption about distribution of recharge across the hydrological catchment. ● Current use of groundwater in the south-east of the catchment; no abstraction records provided ● Detailed design of abstraction boreholes and aquifer they will be targeting ● How the La Pelona caldera interacts with surrounding areas with regards to groundwater, is it an open or closed system ● Necessary drilling depth within caldera to obtain reliable yield ● Distribution of recharge across the hydrological catchment Waste and In undertaking the waste and materials impact assessment, the following CCP has provided a good level of detail of the possible materials to be used materials data limitations have been identified: during the site set-up and drilling phases. Also potential waste quantities and ● Little information on the extent of waste disposal and treatment facilities streams have been mentioned, however until the Project moves into the available in the vicinity of the Project detailed design stage and a drilling contractor is appointed, all these quantities are assumptions based on professional judgement. Conservative assumptions ● There is no information available on the specific quantities of waste have been considered and adequate mitigation measures have been proposed streams likely to be produced. However, the principal waste streams are in this ESIA and in the ESMMP. believed to have been identified and therefore the waste management protocols and management philosophy presented in this assessment would apply to the waste stream overall Cultural Archaeological research in Chinandega has been minimal and Although intrusive surveys were not undertaken, the assessment is based on heritage Chinandegan archaeology is in its infancy. However, the absence of all available information from literature review, site walkover and experience of evidence does not imply evidence of absence. similar projects in the area. Furthermore, a conservative approach was The existing documentation of the archaeological record does not provide a undertaken in assessing the potential impacts the Project may have on cultural reliable inventory heritage and in making recommendations for mitigation and management. . This assessment is based on publicly available information and a rapid site walkover. Biodiversity The biodiversity surveys only focused on the typical habitats and areas of This assessment has considered the nature of potential unexpected ecological ecological interest within 500m from the Project components. In addition, features and precautionary mitigation measures along with additional the surveys were undertaken during the wet season only owing to the monitoring are included in Chapter 9.3. repeat of the biodiversity baseline timescale of the Project. surveys is planned for the dry season between January and March 2018. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 6 Information Disclosure, Consultation, and Participation 6.1 Overview This chapter explains the stakeholder engagement (consultation, participation and disclosure) process followed during the ESIA phase. A stakeholder engagement plan (SEP) has been developed as part of the ESIA process to serve as a management tool to guide stakeholder engagement for the Project lifecycle, including the exploratory ESIA phase. The Casita-San Cristóbal Stakeholder Engagement Plan (hereafter referred to as the SEP) is appended in Volume V to this ESIA. The SEP has aimed to promote communication between CCP and stakeholders including the public, governmental entities, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and project affected persons and communities. After a summary of the SEP objectives, this chapter describes the ESIA phase engagement activities and results. 6.2 SEP objectives The purpose of the SEP is to provide a consultation and participation strategy for the Project which: ● Identifies stakeholder groups that could be affected or may have an interest in the Project ● Ensures that such stakeholders are appropriately engaged through a process of information disclosure and meaningful consultation on environmental and social issues that could potentially affect them ● Maintains a constructive relationship with stakeholders on an on-going basis through meaningful engagement during Project implementation ● Provides a grievance mechanism to allow communities and other stakeholders to register complaints, queries or comments that are addressed in a timely manner by the Project All stakeholder engagement activities have been and will be undertaken in compliance with Nicaragua’s environmental law and related requirements as well as WB PS1 which has details on stakeholder engagement. The legal and regulatory framework in Chapter 3 of the Casita-San Cristobal SEP describes the information disclosure, consultation and participation requirements. The legal requirements provide the entry points for effective stakeholder engagement throughout the ESIA process and subsequent Project implementation. 6.3 Previous stakeholder engagement A summary of activities is provided below: ● 2009 – interviews: Interviews were conducted with 73 households to collect socio-economic baseline data ● 26 to 30 October 2009 – public consultation: MARENA Chinandega and the office of the Mayor of Posoltega confirmed via written correspondence that no public comments were provided at this consultation. ● 17 November 2009 – public hearing: A total of 57 individuals and organisations were sent invitations for this hearing. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase ● 10 April 2015 – public consultation held in Chinandega: About 30 people signed the registry, representing governmental entities, the local Chinandega administration, radio stations, and vocational institutes. According to CCP the main questions were: ● Are there going to be jobs for local people? – Answer: It depends on the experience and qualifications of local people. It was recommended that the community starts preparing for this demand ● Is there going to be reforestation? We have seen other projects cutting trees and not compensating. – Answer: CCP will have and follow a reforestation plan prepared by environmental specialists that will describe the reforestation works. A more detailed description of previous stakeholder engagement and the outcomes is provided in the Casita-San Cristobal ESIA Technical Appendix Volume III. 6.4 ESIA phase stakeholder engagement During the international ESIA fieldwork undertaken in July 2017 to fill gaps identified between the national EIAs and the World Bank requirements, the following stakeholder engagement activities were organised with further details available in Table 30. below: ● Meeting with MARENA and those responsible for the administration and management of the Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita (the Nature Reserve) ● A consultation meeting in each of the three municipalities with government delegations ● Focus groups in Santa Cruz, El Higueral, Las Grietas and Santa Cruz ● Meetings with the land owners with whom land agreements have been signed ● Meeting with Cooperativa Agropecuaria Gerardo Novoa (land users) ● Key informant stakeholder meetings with relevant non-governmental, community and academic organisations in biodiversity and other fields Table 30: Stakeholder engagement activities held during ESIA preparation Date Location Stakeholders met Type 2017-06-26 Managua ENEL, MARENA’s Reserve Management team, Centro de Meeting Coordinación para la Prevención de los Desastres Naturales en América Central (CEPREDENAC), Instituto Nicaragüense de Cultura (INC), Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales (INETER), Autoridad Nacional del Agua (ANA), Instituto Nicaragüense De Fomento Municipal (INIFOM), Ministerio Agropecuario (MAG) 2017-06-27 Chinandega Landowner (Company C) Meeting 2017-06-27 Chinandega Representatives from environment department of the Meeting municipality (Unidad Ambiental Alcaldía) , Las Grietas, El Higueral, San Lucas Committees de Agua Portable y Saneamiento (CAPS) 2017-06-28 Chichigalpa city 8 representatives from Chichigalpa city hall, Education Meeting hall Ministry (MINED), environment department of Chichigalpa, Health Ministry (MINSA), Chichigalpa tourism office 2017-06-28 Chinandega city 17 representatives from Chinandega city hall and Meeting hall municipality`s offices of culture, education, sports, planning, tourism, registry, environment, MINED and MARENA 2017-06-29 Posoltega city 13 representatives from Posotelga city hall, MINED, El Meeting hall Instituto Nicaragüense de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), MINSA, municipality`s offices of environment, registry, risks and panning 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Date Location Stakeholders met Type 2017-06-29 Leon Landowner (Company B) Meeting 2017-06-29 Chinandega 27 members of three communities (El Higueral, Las Grietas Focus groups and San Lucas) 2017-06-30 Managua Representatives from INETER, ANA Meeting 2017-06-30 Managua Representatives from Feria Nacional de la Tierra and Meeting Jovenes Ambientalistas, Flora Fauna San Cristobal Group, Centro Humboldt (Biodiversity stakeholders) 2017-06-30 Chinandega MINSA regional office Meeting 2017-07-03 Chinandega Coffee workers and farm manager in Company B Meeting (Landowner) 2017-07-03 León Landowner (Individual A) Meeting 2017-07-04 Chinandega 10 women community members from Las Grietas, El Gender Focus Higueral, San Lucas group 2017-07-04 Chinandega 10 community members from Santa Cruz Land Use Focus group 2017-07-05 Chinandega Museo de Arte Precolombino Chorotega Meeting 2017-07-05 Chinandega Six Cooperativa Gerardo Novoa members Meeting 2017-07-05 Chinandega Six El Higueral and Las Grietas community members Land Use Focus group 2017-07-06 Chichigalpa Museo Arqueológico Chichihualtepec Meeting 2017-07-06 León Landowner (Company B previous landowner) Meeting Source: Mott MacDonald site visit 2017 One focus group was held with women from three of the four nearby communities, and women participated in other focus groups and meetings. See Technical Appendix Stakeholder Meeting Summaries in Volume III for more details and records of the meetings held with stakeholders during the ESIA site visit. Stakeholder engagement activities were conducted at Chinandega, Posoltega and Chichigalpa municipalities, as well as in Managua. Table 31 contains a summary of the issues raised by stakeholders during the detailed ESIA phase. Table 31: Summary of issues raised by stakeholders during ESIA phase Issues raised Main comments How they have been addressed in the ESIA Sensitive Concerns were raised about the substantial Addressed in Chapter 8.3. biodiversity deforestation in the surrounding Casita area. Few of Biodiversity the original forest trees remain in the Nature Reserve. Reforestation identified as Fire created by people for hunting, wood, charcoal and mitigation measures. others is one of the key threats to the natural forest. ESMMP sets out routing Reforestation was recommended to avoid erosion. guidelines for defining rights of Combatting forest fires can be assisted by setting up way for final routing of security guards outside the area. infrastructure. There were concerns raised about the number of trees to be cut for the access road construction. Plans to mitigate such environmental impacts were suggested. Information was requested on whether the hot steam created by the Project will impact people. Consultation Stakeholders indicated there has been little to no Information disclosure methods and information information provided on the Project to date. included in SEP disclosure Recommend best ways to disclose information to stakeholders are via Radio San Cristóbal de Chinandega, Radio Samaria, Radio Ya de Managua, Radio Emanuel, Facebook, television (Channel 10), brochures at city halls, schools and community assemblies. Radio is very popular in rural areas. The best ways to invite community members is through door to door invitations, telephone calls or 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Issues raised Main comments How they have been addressed in the ESIA perifoneos (cars with loudspeakers attached) in the communities. Providing transport and refreshments enables community members to attend consultations. Weekdays during the day are ideal. Clear communication with communities was emphasised as being important so that they understand the benefits and impacts. Economy, Job creation, better infrastructure, cheaper energy, Addressed in Chapter 8.2. Socio- employment and generation of taxes for municipalities are Project economic livelihoods expectations. The three municipalities want to be Local workers from the three prioritised for economic benefits. Queries were made municipalities to be prioritized and about the Project’s impact on schools, and private this is reflected in the ESMMP properties. There is hope there will be benefits for (including the social action plan). tourism sector. Because of an interest in lessening dependency on petrol and addressing effects of climate change, the Project is considered to be beneficial for all of Nicaragua not just local communities. Water resources Clarification was requested about whether wells will Addressed in Chapter 8.5. Water have to be drilled every two years in addition to the resources access road and other civil works. Drainage and hydrological aspects in the area are sensitive points and should be analysed in detail. San Lucas community said well water is contaminated and civil works like road construction affect the currents that reach them. Importance of clear communication was emphasised since some communities believe their water supplies are contaminated due to construction in the area. Las Grietas community members have expressed high level of concern over the local water quality, which they believe is tainted by the use of pesticides at the Nicaragua Sugar Estates Ltd (NSEL) plantations and is linked to the incidents of chronic kidney disorder among plantation workers. Kidney disease indicators are also present in adolescents. The affected communities and workers have had contentious relations with the Nicaragua Sugar Estates Ltd and IFC, as there has been no conclusive cause of the disease incidences determined to date. Archaeology Communities requested that civil works are done with Addressed in Chapter 8.4 Cultural and cultural care and take into consideration archaeological and heritage heritage cultural concerns. For ancestors, volcanoes were places of worship so there was concern expressed about archaeological sites in the Project area. Civil works It was recommended to hire companies that have Addressed in Chapter 8.2. Socio- MARENA and MEM concessions for exploitation of economic material banks. Source: Mott MacDonald site visit 2017 6.5 Draft ESIA stakeholder engagement Copies of the draft ESIA, non-technical summary (NTS) and a project brochure in English and in Spanish will be disclosed in each of the three municipalities. As well it will be posted on the Project website at www.cerrocoloradopower.com. A public consultation meeting will be organised to disclose and consider public comments on this draft report. Currently, it is anticipated that the public consultation will be held in September 2017 (final date to be confirmed). For the public consultation meetings, a presentation of the draft ESIA findings will be made followed by questions and answers. The results from the public consultation will be incorporated into the final draft version of the ESIA. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase The World Bank will hold a 120-day disclosure period on the draft ESIA commencing on 16 August 2017 until 16 December 2017. You may comment through this channel and by contacting the following email addresses: info@polarisgeothermal.com or jbendana@polarisgeothermal.com. Additionally, a physical version of the Non-Technical Summary will be available at a school in each community, together with forms to be completed in case community members have any comments or question about the Project. The forms will be placed in a suggestion box and CCP team will collect them each week to answer any questions presented and incorporate the information in the final version of the ESIA. 6.6 Ongoing communication The SEP identifies a grievance mechanism and this is also an acceptable ongoing communication channel for any questions or concerns related to the Project both now and in the future. Where issues are related to the exploratory phase ESIA CCP will pass the information to the E&S consultant to provide a response. Comments relevant to the ESIA can be sent to: ● Johnny Bendaña, Corporate and Human Resources Manager, Cerro Colorado Power – E-mail address: jbendana@polarisgeothermal.com – Telephone: +505 2253 8340 – Website with contact page: www.cerrocoloradopower.com 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 7 Baseline Description 7.1 Overview This section provides an overview of the socio-economic and bio-physical characteristics of the Project area of influence (AOI) as defined in chapter 5. This chapter covers: ● Climate including climate vulnerability ● Land character ● Geology (including natural hazard potential), soils (including erosion potential) and hydrogeology ● Socio-economic including land use, indigenous peoples, ecosystem services ● Biodiversity including presence of critical habitat or sensitive habitat ● Cultural heritage ● Water resources and water quality ● Air quality ● Noise ● Existing regional infrastructure (ports, roads, railways, waste management facilities) Where supporting baseline reports have been prepared they are referred to in each section and provided in Volume III -Technical Appendix. Refer to Chapter 5 for overview of the baseline assessment methodology. This baseline chapter has considered primary infrastructure for Component 1 (sub-component 1.2) - exploration drilling and also the locations of Component 2 (sub-component 2.1 and 2.2) production phase infrastructure including preliminary route for the transmission line as currently envisaged. 7.2 Climate 7.2.1 Overview The Project area has a dry tropical climate typical of this Pacific region of the country. There are two primary seasons: the dry season (from November to April) and the rainy season (from May to October). This climate zone is characterized by altitudes ranging from 0.0 mASL to 1,745.0 mASL, corresponding to sea level and to the summit of the San Cristóbal Volcano. Temperature, wind speed and humidity are described in this section; precipitation, evapotranspiration, and infiltration are described with detailed meteorological characterisation as relevant to this Project provided in section 7.5. General climate information is provide below sourced from three meteorological stations located in Posoltega, Ingenio San Antonio and Chinandega (refer to Figure 98 for locations relative to the Project site) Relative humidity data at Chinandega and Ingenio San Antonio stationsindicate an annual average of 68%. The highs occur in September and October, while the driest months are from January to April. Wind speed records were obtained from the Posoltega station only; no data was available on wind direction. The annual average recorded wind speed is 1.5 meters per second (m/s), with highs between January and April, when it exceeds 2.0 m/s. The calmest months correspond to September, October and November. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 7.2.2 Future climate trends and vulnerability In Nicaragua the projected impacts of climate change are: temperature alternatives, anomalies in precipitation patterns, increase in sea level and increased intensity and frequency of extreme events that may decrease agricultural productivity, cause insecurity of water resources, increase exposure to coastal flooding and impact on viability of certain ecosystems. Its geographic position leaves It prone to extreme climatic events, storms, hurricanes, flash floods. For this project the main impacts are likely to be related to impact on water resources and potential conflicts for use and distribution of water resources, diminished aquifer levels and flow rates and the potential for overuse and contaminate underground water sources. Temperature projections indicate that country’s mean annual temperature will rise by 1.2oC to 4.5oC by 2090, and that there will be more rapid warming in the northeast of the country. Rainfall projections show no consistent direction of change, but are mostly negative, with the strongest decreasing signal occurring for rainfall during the period of June to August, the wettest season of the year. Extreme rainfall events are not projected to increase, although such a trend is currently observed (UNDP, 2010). Moreover, flooding and droughts present some of the most challenging natural phenomena to contend with. The areas that will be most affected by climate change are those currently classified as dry zones, such as the northern region and the municipalities in the departments of Chinandega and León (Reducing Risks and Vulnerability to Flooding and Drought in Nicaragua (UNDP development program) In these areas, higher temperatures and increasing rainfall variability combined with more intense events will aggravate current conditions of water scarcity and extreme poverty. Under changed climate conditions, it is estimated that these areas will receive an average annual rainfall of 500mm, which will have significant repercussions for agricultural and livestock activities, and will also affect both water quantity and quality. In addition, Nicaragua developed a “National Action Plan on Climate Change” in 2003 (MARENA, 2003) that looks at land use, forestry, agriculture, energy and water; adaptation is addressed only in the context of agriculture and water. Similarly, a general governmental document on climate change discusses water, agriculture, forests, energy and coastal and marine resources as affected sectors (MARENA 2008a). Priorities identified in this document are, among other issues: integrated watershed management, conservation of protected areas, biodiversity conservation, reduction of environmental contamination, reforestation (with specified national targets), integrated marine and coastal ecosystems management, sustainable land use and citizen participation as key actions that help to adapt to a changing climate. 7.3 Land character Figure 29 illustrates the general land use in the in the AOI. More detailed habitat mapping is provided in 7.9 on biodiversity. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 29: General land use in the Project concession area Source: Mott MacDonald / CCP 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Table 32: Summary of Landscape character at the drill sites Infrastructure Landscape Description Drilling Platform A To be located in the northwestern part of the Project concession area (northeastern part of the Casita Volcano). There is dense vegetation and secondary growth tropical dry forest, and the area is steeply sloped. Visibility is limited due to the forest cover. The topography is undulated and is 867 mASL. Drilling Platform C To be located in the northeastern part of the Project concession area. There is abundant vegetation and secondary growth tropical dry forest, and a ravine between the road and the platform site. Visibility is limited due to the forest cover. The topography is undulated and is 943,893 mASL. Drilling Platform E To be located in the southeastern part of the Project concession area. There is some forest and an old shaded coffee and cocoa plantation; avocado and mango trees are also nearby the area. Visibility is limited due to the vegetation. The topography is flat and is 943,893 mASL. There is a dwelling nearby, situated along the dirt track leading to the platform area. Drilling Platform B To be located in the southeastern part of the Project concession area.. There is secondary growth dry forest, and the area is slightly sloped. Visibility is limited due to the forest cover. The topography is undulated and is 867 mASL.. Drilling Platform D To be located in the northeastern part of the Project concession area. There is a layered shaded coffee plantation with trees, and a large area of monoculture corn. Visibility is limited due to the forest cover. The topography is undulated and is 867 mASL. Drilling Platform F To be located in the southeastern part of the Project concession area. There is dense vegetation and secondary growth dry forest, and the area is flat. Visibility is limited due to the forest cover. The topography is flat and is 867 mASL. Powerhouse and To be located in the northeastern part of the Project concession area. There is an open switchyard area covered by grasses and volcanic gravel, as well as secondary growth tropical dry forest with remnant trees of mature tropical dry forest. There is high visibility in this area. The topography is flat and is 636 mASL. Source: Mott MacDonald Figure 30: Sugar cane plantation along road Figure 31: Vegetation clearance climbing to at junction leading to Casita Volcano the top of Casita Volcano Source: Mott MacDonald site visit July 2017. Source: Mott MacDonald site visit July 2017. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 32: Pad A forest cover Figure 33: Pad E old coffee plantation Source: Mott MacDonald site visit July 2017. Source: Mott MacDonald site visit July 2017. Figure 34: Pad C forest cover Figure 35: Top of Casita Volcano by the existing slimhole Source: Mott MacDonald . Source: Mott MacDonald site visit July 2017. The landscape character of the Project AOI is predominantly wide and open near the top of the volcano and dominated by arable fields with small pockets of dry forest at lower altitudes and has a distinct rural feel to it. Overall the landscape is relatively featureless with the exception of the volcano range (which makes up the nature reserve to the north / north-west of the potential drilling sites), rural buildings and forested areas. In terms of existing features, the skyline of the study area is relatively homogenous. There is a military base with antennas at the top of the Casita volcano. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 7.4 Geology 7.4.1 Regional Geological Setting The regional geology has previously been covered by a number of studies, but is summarised in the SKM 2005 Casita Geothermal Prospect Assessment, as follows. Nicaragua is sited on the Caribbean tectonic plate. To the west the Cocos plate is subducting under the Caribbean plate at a rate of 8cm a year and an angle of 60o. This high angle and rate of subduction favours small shallow intrusions of magma and has thus produced the chain of volcanoes along the western coast of Nicaragua. Vectors of movement of the two plates indicate the compressive direction has a trend of 030°. Normal and hence permeable faults run semi-parallel to this trend. 7.4.2 Local Geology 7.4.2.1 Volcanic History Eruptions from Casita are reported but are not well documented and may relate to activity elsewhere on the Marrabios chain. It has been reported that the top of Casita consists of a cluster of dacite domes that are described as autobrecciated and altered. This was not confirmed in the field or by petrologic examination of the rocks from Casita and it appears that this earlier report may have confused andesites with dacites. As a whole, Casita forms an E-W ridge of andesitic volcanic products. A set of prominent north east trending normal faults cut the summit area bounding the central crater at the top of the mountain. Both San Cristobal and Casita have asymmetric distributions of pyroclastics and lavas within their volcanic piles because the prevailing winds are north easterly. Pyroclastics have therefore been concentrated on the southwest slopes and lava flows predominate on the northeast slopes. This is likely to be a contributory factor in the slope instability on the southern side of Casita and would favour a predominance of groundwater flow down the north eastern slopes. The latter is a result of a greater amount of precipitation on that side and the greater permeability of fresh lavas in comparison to pyroclastics. 7.4.2.2 Structure The active deformation in the region by dextral trans-extension with north south extension has produced north west and north east trending strike slip faults with some associated pull-apart basins with north-south striking normal faults. Deformation has been superimposed upon a Pliocene structural regime which includes NNW and ENE strike-slip faults and north-west striking normal faults, some of which could be reactivated under the current tectonic regime. Because the Casita volcanic pile is post-Pliocene, only the current structural regime is exhibited at the surface. Pre-volcanic basement is affected by both current and Pliocene tectonics, and at greater depths by Miocene folding where fold axes strike to the north-west. Analysis of aerial photography carried out by SKM in 2005 showed the following; ● Strong north-east trending lineations that on examination are being largely produced by the occurrence of prominent lava flows ● Some limited north east faulting ● One of the lava flows is clearly originating from the small south eastern crater. This may be the source for the north-eastern flow as well, noting that the upper portion of the flow has not been preserved or has been buried. This may be the most recently active volcanic vent 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase ● The prominent flows located further to the west appear to originate from the western-most crater. The central larger crater has been superimposed upon the western crater, hence is younger, however it is older than the south eastern crater ● The size of the central crater (1.2 km across), the lack of obvious lava flows from it and its relatively flat bottom suggest that it may actually be a summit caldera with an associated intrusion below The La Pelona caldera is a major feature to the east of Casita with a well defined rim, a maximum exposed width of 4 km, and possibly some elongation in an east-west direction. It is partially buried by the Casita volcanic pile and the caldera rim is likely to extend beneath the eastern part of the Casita ridge. A major intrusion is likely to lie below this caldera and may also extend to beneath the eastern part of Casita. . There is a major fault zone to the east of the caldera (Vires 1993) The structural information was summarised by SKM and can be found in Figure 36. A geological map of the study area was provided as a shapefile by CCP and can be found in Figure 37. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 36: SKM structural analysis 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 37: Geological map of the study area Source: CCP 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 7.4.2.3 Subsurface Stratigraphy The Casita ridge is made up of a series of overlapping volcanic centres and from surface geology, they are broadly divided into three units. These are: ● the San Cristobal volcanics ● the Casita volcanics ● the La Pelona volcanics All comprise andesitic lavas and pyroclastics, but the San Cristobal Volcanics may contain more basaltic rocks and, the La Pelona Volcanics may include an uppermost dacitic pumice layer produced by the eruption that resulted in the formation of the La Pelona Caldera. These units are considered to rest unconformably on the Tertiary El Coyol Ignimbrite. Intrusives associated with the younger volcanics are also likely to be present. A moderately large intrusion is likely to be found beneath the La Pelona caldera and may be relatively shallow. Smaller intrusions, possibly associated with the Casita Volcanics, may also be present and comparatively shallow, possibly even being found within the young volcanic pile. A geological cross section produced by SKM can be found in Figure 38. Figure 38: SKM cross section through San Cristobal and La Pelona Source: SKM, 2005 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 7.5 Water Resources 7.5.1 Hydrology The study area lies within the Las Marias micro-basin on the western edge of the Estero Real river basin (Hydrographic Area 60), as shown in Figure 40. Communities located within the micro-basin include El Porvenir, Los Portillos, Las Carpas, Los Mangles, Las Marias Monte Olivio and Pozo Viejo but none of these communities are in the project AOI. The nearest surface watercourse is the Rio Olomega, which flows northward, joining the Rio Estero Real approximately 7km north of Las Grietas. The Rio Estero Real discharges into the Gulf of Fonseca, adjacent to the border with Honduras. The Estero Real estuary is a Nicaraguan protected area and a designated Ramsar site. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 39: INETER hydrological catchment Source: CCP 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 7.5.1.1 Hydrological Catchment A baseline hydrological catchment (micro-basin) has been defined for the project to define areas that could potentially be affected by the project and its proposed abstractions (see Figure 40). This is approximate, based on available topographic contour data and the Villanueva catchment boundary provided by INETER as shown in Figure 39. This catchment assumes north eastward groundwater flow and that the River Olomega and Ojo de Agua are the ultimate hydrological receptors in the study area. The total area of the catchment is 95,738,972m 2. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 40: Study area hydrological catchment Source: CCP 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 7.5.1.2 Drainage and Water Features Due to the permeable sandy/sandy loam soils in the study area, infiltration rates are high (estimated to be 42% of rainfall on the western side of San Cristobal (MARENA, 2006), thus the area is important for groundwater recharge. There are no permanent water courses, but ephemeral streams result from rapid runoff following heavy rain. When the rainfall is very heavy, erosion causes loss of soil. Plan de manejo del area protegida reserva natural complejo volcanico San Cristobal - Casita,” 2006 identifies two areas as critical (see dark blue areas labelled Flujo de Agua on Figure 41): ● on the eastern slope of La Pelona to the north of Bella Vista and Argelia and ● to the west of El Porvenir. Although no details are provided in the management plan, these are interpreted to be areas with occasional flows of substantial volumes of surface water towards the east and thus a potential for erosion. The water discharges to the Rio Olmega, a tributary of the Estero Real, which rises at Ojo de Agua, where local maps indicate the presence of a swamp. The river collects water from ephemeral streams and groundwater baseflow issuing from the foot of the volcano as it flows northward between San Lucas and Las Grietas. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 41: Critical flow areas Source: MARENA, 2006 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 7.5.1.3 Precipitation Precipitation data for two stations was provided: Villa 15 de Julio on the plain area of the study 8km north west of Las Grietas and Bella Vista in the Pelona Caldera. The Villa 15 de Julio data runs from 1990 – 2012, the Bella Vista data is only available from 1993 – 2012 with a gap in 2001. The location of the meteorological stations can be found in Figure 42. The data is summarised below in Table 33. Table 33: Summary of precipitation data Station Bella Vista Villa 15 De Julio Location 507202, 1400312 506476, 1413618 Altitude 600mASL 25 mASL Mean 2355mm 1451mm Median 2251mm 1372mm Min 802mm 823mm Max 4115mm 2689mm Source: INETER The Bella Vista precipitation is on average 903mm a year more than that of Villa 15 de Julio indicating that a higher percentage of rain falls on the upper slopes of Casita rather than on the plains to the north east. The exceptionally high maximum rainfall of 4115mm was associated with Hurricane Mitch. Highest monthly average rainfall generally occurs in the months of May and June and in September and October and the dry season generally runs from November to April. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 42: Meteorological station location plan Source: CCP 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Analysing the data available it is noticeable that there has been an increase in rainfall over the 20 years of data from 1990 to 2011. This is visible in Figure 43. It must be noted that during the site visit consultations it was mentioned on several occasions by local community well groups (CAPS) that the last few years have been notably dry. Figure 43: Summary of precipitation data 4500 4000 Bella Vista 3500 Precipitation (mm) 3000 Villa 15 De Julio 2500 2000 Bella Vista Average 1500 1000 Villa 15 De Julio 500 Average 0 Jan-90 Jan-91 Jan-92 Dec-95 Dec-03 Dec-92 Dec-93 Dec-94 Dec-96 Dec-97 Dec-98 Dec-99 Dec-00 Dec-01 Dec-02 Dec-04 Dec-05 Dec-06 Dec-07 Dec-08 Dec-09 Dec-10 Dec-11 Year Source: INETER 7.5.1.4 Evapotranspiration INETER provided a calculation of potential evapotranspiration calculation based on data from 1967 – 1990 for the Chichigalpa station situated 20km south west of Casita. The calculated evapotranspiration is 1942mm/yr. The station for Chinandega (20km west) has a calculated evapotranspiration of 1829mm/yr based on data from 1966 – 2016. This evapotranspiration data has been plotted against precipitation data in Figure 46. During months where precipitation exceeds evapotranspiration there is an input to the hydrological system. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 44: Precipitation vs Evapotranspiration 600 Precipitation vs Evapotranspiration 500 400 Rainfall Average of (mm) Bella Vista 300 Rainfall Average Villa 200 15 De Julio Avg ETP 100 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Source: INETER For the Bella Vista station yearly precipitation exceeds yearly evapotranspiration by 551mm, whereas for the Villa 15 de Julio station yearly ETP exceeds precipitation by 434mm. This indicates that higher altitude areas provide more recharge than lower altitude areas. 7.5.2 Hydrogeology GIS data provided by INETER provides the following information about aquifers in the study area. With reference to Figure 45, the Villanueva aquifer has an area extent of 1,352km 2 and thickness ranging between 0 – 130m. It covers the entirety of the project area, with the San Cristobal – Casita volcano situated on the western boundary. Based on the available local geology map (which does not cover the full extent of the aquifer), there is no correspondence between lithology and the position of aquifer boundaries. According to ANA the aquifer of Villanueva consists of quaternary material; recent sedimentary deposits and volcanic deposits from Casita and San Cristobal, these include basaltic and andesitic lavas and associated pyroclastics. 7.5.2.1 Aquifers and their extent The following sections refer to geological mapping shown in Figure 37 and other features such as wells, shown on Figure 48. ● La Pelona Area The La Pelona study area has very limited information on geology and hydrogeology with no borehole records present or information on wells present. There is agriculture in the caldera which is considered likely to be rain fed. Based on the geological map provided for the study area, the Caldera (which is clearly defined by satellite imagery) is infilled with sediments of unknown thickness. It is assumed that these are post caldera formation infill, underlain by caldera intrusives cutting across the La Pelona volcanics, ash, pumice, lavas and pyroclasitcs. The extent of the aquifer has been assumed as the caldera itself with the infill sediments being the aquifer material. Given the break in slope provided by the caldera, there is potential for groundwater inflow to the aquifer from up gradient of the caldera, i.e. from the Casita Volcanics to the west which are the source rock for the spring at Finca Bella Vista. However, it is not 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase known whether the aquifer is in hydraulic continuity with the surrounding volcanics or if it is a localised perched aquifer and restricted to the caldera. ● Plain Area The Plain area has a proven aquifer resource that currently supports numerous domestic and agricultural water supplies. The aquifer is assumed to comprise a number of geological formations which fall into two broad groups. The uppermost layer of recent Quaternary Deposits comprises fluvially redistributed volcanics, underlain at the foot of Casita by layers of pumice and, further from the slopes, by layers of ash. During the site visit t was noted that the shallow household wells that are reported to be running dry in San Lucas are at a higher elevation, they are assumed to be screened in the superficial Quaternary deposits, ash and pumice. The Quaternary deposits are assumed to be underlain by La Pelona Andesite, which is faulted and fractured, with fractures in the crystalline rock providing a secondary porosity and high permeability in contrast with the low porosity and permeability of the unfractured rock. The lateral extent of the aquifer is undefined. For the purposes of this study the thickness of the aquifer is conservatively assumed to be 72m, which is the depth of the deepest well recorded in the area. It is further assumed that the more permeable fractured and faulted andesite is present from 25 – 70m depth, as these are the depths targeted by the higher output community and agricultural wells in the area. However, it is possible that the permeable horizons extend below 70m depth. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 45: INETER Villanueva aquifer extent Source: Shapefile INETER 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 7.5.2.2 Recharge Several infiltration tests have been carried out by Quenca Consulting in the area around Las Grietas with rates calculated at 6.22 – 10.05mm/hr. One test was carried out in Villa 15 de Julio, the infiltration rate was 16.22mm/hr. The report also states that recharge potential in the area of the study was 55% of precipitation, with the remaining 45% assumed as evapotranspiration. Infiltration tests were also carried out as part of the Quenca Consulting report, one 1.5km north west of Las Grietas had an infiltration rate of 2.45mm/h, the other one 500m north west of El Higueral village had an infiltraton rate of 10.47mm/h. This study calculated a recharge potential of 49.7% of rainfall. It also states that due to the more heterogenous nature of the geology on the slopes of Casita there is likely to be a lower recharge value of 30%. 7.5.2.3 Groundwater Level and Flow Direction Of the 46 wells that are recorded in the area of the study, 18 have water depth information and of these 12 have a datum from which to calculate a water level. The location of these wells is shown in Figure 46. Water levels range between 2.9mASL and 44mASL. This significant variation seen is assumed to be the result of the following: ● Varying well design - There is very limited well construction information for the wells present. But from the limited information provided there is a significant variance in the depth of the wells, from shallow 16m to 60m deep wells. There is the potential for these wells to screen different aquifer layers which could result in the variance in water level. ● Location of well - Well datums vary from 10 – 62.9mASL. The low altitude, plain wells have shallow groundwater levels of 3 – 15mBGL, compared with the higher altitude wells with water depths ranging from 15 – 37m bgl. The groundwater gradient is therefore shallower than that of the topography. ● Abstraction; there are known to be several Sugar Plantation wells in the area that abstract up to 900gallons/minute (4,900 m3/day). It is possible that these wells reduce groundwater levels locally. Based on the available data on water levels, regional flow is interpreted to be in a north easterly direction but with some more localised flows in a more easterly direction encountered around El Higueral and San Lucas. The overall hydraulic gradient for the full area assessed was 0.00528. Much higher local gradients are present at San Lucas of 0.027 and El Higueral of 0.017. The Quenca report interprets flow direction as being in a north easterly direction and with regards to hydraulic gradient states “appear high near Pueblo Nuevo with 0.075, representing fast underground currents and in the lower part with 0.007, horizontal gradient, with slow flows”. The ANA report recorded water levels between 25.49 and 14.38m ASL, the gradient calculated was 0.01. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 46: Groundwater levels (mASL) in wells 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 7.5.2.4 Aquifer Properties The 2013 Quenca hydrogeological study summarised four pumping tests carried out in the plain area of this study. The four wells were: Presa 1, Presa 2, Olomega 1 and Olomega 2, the location of these wells can be found in Figure 48. The tests were run for 24 hours, however; it is not clear whether a step or constant rate test was used. The Neuman pumping test solution was used for analysis of the results so the following standard conditions were assumed: ● aquifer has infinite areal extent; ● aquifer is homogeneous; ● uniform thickness; ● control well is fully or partially penetrating; ● aquifer is unconfined with delayed gravity response; and ● flow is unsteady and diameter of a pumping well is very small so that storage in the well can be neglected. Hydraulic conductivity from these pumping tests ranged between 2.14 – 6.69m/d. Based on the most likely assumption that flow in the aquifer is dominantly horizontal, the report assumes that the contributing aquifer thickness is the same as the well depth, which was 60.96m for all four wells. This gives transmissivity values of 127 – 356m2/d. A 12hour pumping test carried out at the Las Grietas Community well by ANA in 2015 (Quenca Consulting Group, 2016) was analysed using Cooper Jacob and Neuman methods. This gave transmissivity values of 473 and 502m 2/d respectively. The calculated storage coefficient value of 1.27 is unfeasibly high so it is assumed to be a reporting error. Note that relevant geological and well construction data is not available to this study, therefore it is not possible to verify whether these assumptions used to derive these values are representative of aquifer conditions, but overall the assumptions and methods of analysis are reasonable and follow standard good practice. The results are consistent and plausible for the lithologies in the area.. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 7.5.2.5 Groundwater Quality As part of the study samples were taken from four water supply sources including: ● the three village wells of Las Grietas, El Higueral and San Lucas, located at the foot of the Casita hillside; and, ● the Argelia spring (sampled at Finca Bella Vista), located uphill and up-hydraulic-gradient of the proposed La Pelona abstraction site. See Figure 47 for these locations. Full results can be found in Volume III Part 5. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 47: Groundwater sampling locations 2017 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase The results were compared against World Health Organisation (WHO) Drinking Water Guidelines [10] and national drinking water guideline values (Technical Norm 09 003-99). The WHO values included the health guideline value where available and if not the taste and odour thresholds. ● All samples exceeded the national drinking water guideline value of 0.05mg/l for H2S and the WHO taste and odour threshold at 0.1mg/l. ● The spring at Argelia (Bella Vista) exceeded the national drinking water guideline value of 0.5mg/l for ammonia and Las Grietas Well exceeded what is considered the natural level at 0.2mg/l. ● All three wells (las Grietas, El Higueral, San Lucas) exceeded the national drinking water guideline value for Conductivity of 400 µs/cm, values ranged from 438 – 477µs/cm. There were no other noticeably high results. A comparison between locations was made to see if any differences were present in the results. ● Nitrate (NO3) – lowest value was in the Argelia spring sample at 0.91mg/l, perhaps representing natural background levels. Higher values of 3.15 and 7.85mg/l were recorded in El Higueral and Las Grietas respectively. The highest value was recorded in San Lucas at 14.85mg/l. This could suggest impact on the groundwater from agriculture and/or waste water. ● Phosphates (PO4) – indicate a similar trend with a low value of 1.62mg/l in the spring sample and higher values of 3.15 – 3.67mg/l in the well samples. Results from La Base, a well 2km north west of Las Grietas, are presented in the Quenca Consulting report from 2016. Water quality at this location appears to be significantly different from the primary data obtained for this study, with conductivity at 3274 µs/cm, sodium at 655.58mg/l and chloride at 1078.6mg/l. No coliforms or fertilisers were recorded at the location. These results could indicate any of the following: ● Anthropogenic impact of over abstraction in the area and potentially, the drawing in of more saline recharge from soils ● Localised volcanic deposits ● Upwelling of geothermal waters ● Pollution 7.5.3 Water Resources 7.5.3.1 Surface Water No surface water abstractions were noted during the site visit or recorded in other reports. Irrigation of crops is achieved through spraying and drip feeding with groundwater abstracted from wells. 7.5.3.2 Groundwater (boreholes, wells & springs) One spring is recorded in the La Pelona area of the study at Argelia on the south-eastern flank of Casita volcano. There is also an important spring at Ojo de Agua in the southern part of the Plain area, which is the source of the Rio Olomega. . A total of 25 water wells are recorded with well information such as; depth and water level, in the Plain area of the study, at the north-east base of the Casita-San Cristobal Volcanic complex. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Of the 25 wells, eight have information on amount of water pumped on a daily basis. These are summarised in Table 34. The location of the spring and all known abstraction points can be found in Figure 48. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 48: All known abstraction points 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Table 34: Summary of wells with known pumping volumes Well Easting Northing Datum Water Well Depth Output (mASL) Level (m) (m3/d) (mASL) Higueral 513680.00 1405235.00 37.00 - 72.00 22.50 Presa 1 513725.00 1408938.00 14.00 1.35 - 4905.00 Presa 2 514280.00 1408835.00 13.00 1.10 - 4905.00 Olomega 513618.00 1406179.00 23.00 6.45 60.96 4905.00 1 Olomega 514101.00 1405532.00 31.00 6.77 60.96 4905.00 2 Comarca 512877.00 1407545.00 25.00 13.65 37.30 45.00 las Grietas Comarca 513123.00 1403954.00 63.00 39.00 32.80 60.00 San Lucas Nicaragua 513192.00 1404962.00 46.90 - - 1816 Sugar Estates Limited 7.5.3.3 Water Demand Using the values in Table 34, the current total use of the aquifer in the Plain area of the study is calculated at 22,991m3/d. Of this it is calculated that 99% is used for agricultural purposes with the remaining 1% being used for domestic purposes. This calculation does not take into account household wells but it is unlikely that they will have a significant effect on these percentages. Industrial use in the study area is considered to be very low, apart from agroindustry, since no industrial activities were noted in the area during the site visit and the main land use is for agriculture. Based on the available data, the exploratory drilling and testing phase of the geothermal scheme would account for the following percentage of current water use: ● 272.5m3/d for an initial drilling period of up to 40 days = 1% for 40 days per hole; ● 4,350m3/d for deeper drilling lasting 15 to 20 days = 16% for 20 days per hole; ● 863m3/d for injectivity testing of one day = 4% for one day per hole; ● 1635.3m3/d for master valve testing of one day = 7% for one day per hole Assuming a seven-day working week and that the five proposed wells are drilled in succession with a two week remobilisation time to each hole over a total programme of 14 months, the drilling programme would represent 5% of the current demand from the aquifer . Subsequent water demand is very low with commercial production only requiring 136m 3/d, which is <1% of the total water use for the lifetime of project. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 7.5.4 Potential Sources of Contamination (existing industrial sites, known issues) Based on the site visit and reports on the study area, no major potential sources of contamination have been identified. The study area is not industrialised, with the major land use being agricultural including sugar cane plantations. Based on discussions with community well committees, the intensive agriculture and water use associated with sugar cane growth are suspected to be a contamination source, due to use of pesticides and fertilisers with leaching into the aquifer. However, available water quality data records no detections of those fertilisers/pesticides which have been tested for. The risk to domestic wells can therefore currently not be quantified and additional water quality testing is required to clarify the risks. Another potential source of contamination/reduction of water quality associated with agriculture is the creation of saline conditions through irrigation and evaporation in the summers months followed by flushing through of saline water created into the aquifer. More saline conditions were encountered at La Base borehole. However, agriculture cannot be confirmed as the source, because it could also be a result of localised volcanic deposits or an upwelling of geothermal water Small point source contamination can be associated with settlements and villages. For example the following were identified in a walkover at Las Grietas and are applicable to other villages in the study area: ● Graveyard ● Road run-off (flooding) to ground ● Livestock kept close to wells ● Toilets draining straight to ground in close proximity to wells 7.5.5 Hydrogeological Conceptual Model Based on the information available, the following assumptions have been made regarding aquifers in the study area; ● The slopes of Casita are likely to be geologically heterogeneous, comprising lava flows, pumice, ash and pyroclastic deposits ● The plain area to the east is likely to be more homogeneous, comprising shallow fluvial deposits, fluvially reworked volcanics, pumice and ash ● For deeper bedrock (La Pelona Andesite), faults and fractures are considered to provide the permeability rather than the crystalline rock matrix Based on these assumptions for the purpose of the conceptual model, there are considered to be three aquifers: ● La Pelona Quaternary Deposits aquifer; a shallow aquifer reliant on recharge to high ground surrounding La Pelona caldera ● Casita eastern hillside and Plain area Quaternary Deposits Aquifer; a shallow aquifer reliant on recharge to high ground within study area catchment. It may be in hydraulic continuity with underlying andesite ● La Pelona Andesite Aquifer; a deep, fractured crystalline aquifer potentially connected via faults / fractures to groundwater on the plain. It is assumed to be reliant on recharge to study catchment as a whole, but particularly on high ground where precipitation is greatest 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Connectivity between the three aquifers is unknown. The La Pelona area of the study has the potential to either be a localised, possibly perched aquifer or fully connected to the other aquifers. Due to the high precipitation, it potentially provides a recharge source for the Casita Slopes and Plain aquifer and underlying Pelona Andesite aquifer. Tthe wells in the area can be found on the Plain, indicating good resource potential in this area. However, farming also occurs on the high ground, notably within the La Pelona caldera, but this is likely to be rain fed. It is assumed that household wells penetrate only the Quaternary deposits aquifer. Deeper agricultural and community wells are assumed to penetrate the La Pelona Andesite Aquifer. Recharge occurs throughout the study area between April and December, but is notably higher on the slopes of Casita, which provide a major source of recharge for the downstream area. All recharge is believed to flow eastward towards the Rio Olomega, which rises at Ojo de Agua and is fed by small streams issuing from the foot of the volcano between San Lucas and Las Grietas. The Rio Olomega flows northwards, joining the Rio Estero Real approximately 7km north of Las Grietas. A diagram illustrating the conceptual model can be found in Figure 49. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 49: Casita Hydrogeological Conceptual Model Source: Mott MacDonald 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 7.6 Seismicity The Project is in a seismic risk zone within the San Cristobal-Casita volcanic range. The San Cristobal volcano is one of the most active volcanoes in Nicaragua having frequent small to medium-sized ash eruptions reported since the 16th century, the most recent in April 2016. The Casita volcano has not been active since the 16th century. 7.7 Soils The soils present in the area are formed mainly from volcanic ash from the quaternary age and overall exhibit similar physical and chemical characteristics. Below there is a description of the main type of soils present in and around the Project according to the two previous ESIAs completed for the Project. ● Olocoton - This type of soils as described in the two previous ESIAs ) and classified taxonomically as Pachic Argiustoll, are deep drained soils, very dark on the surface and dark reddish brown, well structured, and clayey in the sub-surface. On the surface, these soils are derived from recent volcanic ash and on the sub-surface of older volcanic ash. They are located from low slopes (<1%) to slopes of 15%. They present moderately high organic matter contents (3.36% horizon A), moderate to high available water retention capacity and exhibit moderate to high interchangeable base capacities and base saturation of more than 70% at the surface and sub-surface horizons. They have average potassium contents available and the phosphorus is medium at the surface and very low in the subsoil. ● Malpaisillo- These soils are classified as Mollic Vitrandepts, and consist of deep to moderately deep, well drained soils of moderately thick textures derived from volcanic ash. Soils are dark on the surface and yellowish brown in the subsoil, lying on smooth slopes. In the Las Marías micro-watershed they are associated with the Olocotón soil series. They present moderately rapid permeability, from moderate to high in the availability of water that can be used by plants and deep root zone. ● La Mora - These soils are classified as Mollic Vitrandepts and consist of deep to moderately deep, well drained soils derived from volcanic ash, with sandy or coarse texture, and are mainly present in plains. These soils have a rapid permeability, the moisture retention capacity is moderate and the root zone is deep. On the surface, there are high amounts of organic matter and moderate in the subsoil. They are moderately high in interchangeable bases, the saturation of bases is of 45 to 50% in the subsoil. They have low available phosphorus content and average exchangeable potassium content. ● Las Colinas - The soils are classified as Mollic Vitrandepts, consist of somewhat excessively drained soils, deep, dark and sandy that derive from volcanic ash. Soils in this series have rapid permeability, moderately low available moisture content and a moderately deep root zone, are moderately high in organic matter and well predicted bases. Base saturation is about 66%. The potassium content is medium and the phosphorus is low. ● Villa Salvadorita - These soils are classified as Mollic Vitrandepts. They consist of deep soils, well drained, very dark grayish brown that are derived from volcanic ash. They are moderately permeable, have moderately high available moisture capacity and a deep root zone. They are moderately high in organic matter and well predicted from bases, base saturation is greater than 75%, potassium content is medium and phosphorus is low. ● Algeria - These soils are classified as Mollic Vitrandepts, consist of deep soils, well drained, medium texture, relatively recent volcanic ash derivates in the upper part of the profile and of older volcanic ash. They are associated with steep miscellaneous soils. They are very porous, have moderate permeability, high moisture retention capacity available and a deep 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase root zone. Soils are high in organic matter in the first fifty centimetres and moderately high to moderate in the next 50 centimetres. They are moderately high in bases. Base saturation in the subsoil is more than 50%. The available potassium is high, but the phosphorus is low. ● Alluvial - Alluvial soils consist of deposits of recent stratified materials, washed from adjacent uplands of volcanic ash, basalt, tuff and sandstone, and are deposited by rivers in the lowlands. These soils are generally found in narrow, elongated areas and have much variation in drainage and texture over short distances. Some of the alluvial soils are found on low terraces. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 7.8 Socio-economic This section provides a baseline description of the following topics: ● Administrative divisions, governance and community organisations ● Population and demographic movement ● Economy, employment and livelihoods ● Agriculture and use of natural resources ● Land use and tenure ● Health ● Education ● Access to services ● Culture, tourism, religion and recreation ● Deprivation and vulnerable groups ● Indigenous Peoples As described in the methodology section, the three municipalities of Chinandega, Chichigalpa and Posoltega, and four communities of El Higueral, San Lucas, Las Grietas and Santa Cruz12 in Chinandega municipality are the AOI. Local communities are profiled primarily based on primary data, while the municipalities are characterised primarily based on secondary data. 7.8.1 Administrative divisions and governance The Republic of Nicaragua is located in Central America, surrounded by the Caribbean Sea (East), the Pacific Ocean (West), and the countries Honduras (North) and Costa Rica (South). It is the largest country in Central America, with an area of 130,668km 2 (Instituto Nicaragüense de Turismo - INTUR, n.d.). Nicaragua is divided into 15 departments and two autonomous regions, which are further divided into municipalities. The concession area comprises the rural areas of three municipalities within the Department of Chinandega: Chinandega, Chichigalpa and Posoltega. The Project structures are located in the Municipality of Chinandega in the area known as “La Hoyada”, with the exception of the backup platform B, a small part of which is located in the Municipality of Posoltega. With regards to governance, each municipality has a mayor. Municipal elections are held every five years. The most recent election occurred in 2012, with the next one planned for November 2017. Below we present other key governance bodies at the community level and community organisations present in the four nearby communities. ● Political Secretary (“Secretarios Políticos”): Each rural community has a Political Secretary that is the highest authority at the departmental, municipal and community levels. They represent the government party and ensure that economic and social policies instituted by the mayors and government delegations are implemented in each locality. They are directly appointed by the government party in power and do not have a pre-determined period of validity, and can remain in power indefinitely or be replaced based on performance at the discretion of the party’s national authorities. For the case of Higueral, Las Grietas and San Lucas, there is one political secretary who coordinates the three communities, which in turn each have one leader that promote the cabinets. In the case of Santa Cruz, there is one 12 In the vicinity of Santa Cruz there is another community called San Cristóbal which has not been included as the stakeholders consultaded have not indicated it as a potentialy impacted area. It appears like the use of this community is more towards the volcano San Cristóbal area, not the Casita. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase political secretary who coordinates several neighbouring communities in various aspects of their community management. ● Citizen Cabinets (“Gabinetes de Poder Ciudadano”): The Citizen Cabinets are a community - driven organisational structure in the cities’ neighbourhoods and rural communities. They are coordinated by local leaders who belong to the government party and have been designated to encourage participation and group people in the management of their different lifestyles. They are in turn coordinated by the political secretary of each locality. Depending on the local contexts, these groups promote different themes such as family (health, education, housing), production, environment and natural disasters. Clusters are formed according to the emphasis or the activities that are being promoted. The Citizen Cabinets ensure that the population participates in and reports on various topics including vaccination, cleaning and MINSA fumigation, governmental social programs and environmental abuses such as illegal logging. The cabinets channel any matter that threatens the safety or security of the community to the political secretary and from there to the respective institutions. ● Cooperatives: several community members from Las Grietas are organised under a cooperative called “Por Amor a Dios” or “Gracias a Dios” 13 that occupies 225 hectares (320 manzanas)14. Community members have indicated that it has 70 members of which about 40 are given a plot of about two or three hectares (three or four manzanas) to use for agricultural purposes. In El Higueral, there is a cooperative named “Gerardo Novoa” that was established in 1992 and has 10 members, mostly women. The cooperative does not have the land title for the area that it is occupying, which is said to comprise 100 hectares (143 manzanas) and is owned by Almacenes Americanos. This land area is divided into 10 parcels, with one parcel provided for each member. The cooperative is represented by a president, who is elected by the members every three years. A second cooperative was cited by community members from El Higueral, which is mostly composed by men. However, they could not provide further details as the name of the cooperative, its legal status, number of members and amount of land they use. 7.8.2 Population and demographic movement The last complete national census available in Nicaragua was produced in 2005 (Instituto Nacional de Información de Desarrollo - INIDE, 2005). Chinandega and Posoltega municipalities have provided publications that present estimated population data for 2017. The estimated population for Chinandega in 2017 is 183,662, with 73% living in urban areas. The 2017 data does not present gender disaggregated figures for 2017 (Chinandega Municipality, 2017). The estimated population for Posoltega in 2017 is 21,342, with 53% being female, 47% male and 67% living in the rural area (Posoltega Municipality, 2017). We have not been provided with the estimated population for Chichigalpa in 2017 during the consultation nor through any relevant publication.15 Table 35 presents population for the three municipalities in 2005 according to the national census, and for Chinandega and Posoltega in 2017, according to municipalities’ estimations. 13 Several different names were provided for this cooperative during the consultation for this ESIA 14 As stated above, cooperatives do not own land titles. 15 Thelatest version of the Municipality Development Plan is dated 1998 and has no available copies, according to City Hall members consulted during the ESIA process. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Table 35: Municipality demography in 2005 and 2017 Municipalit Male Femal Total Male Femal Rural Urban Total y (2005 e (2005) (2017 e (2017 (2017) (2017) ) (2005) ) (2017) ) Chinandega 58,921 62,872 121,79 * * 48,835 134,82 183,66 3 7 2 Chichigalpa 22,052 22,717 44,769 * * * * * Posoltega 8,419 8,352 16,771 10,031 11,311 14,214 7,128 21,342 Source: (Instituto Nacional de Información de Desarrollo - INIDE, 2005), (Chinandega Municipality, 2017) and (Posoltega Municipality, 2017) *Data not obtained during consultation Seasonal migration is observed in all three municipalities. During the harvest season, the population growth in Chichigalpa increases demand for public services (such as potable water, education, health, and electricity) and exacerbates housing shortage. Inversely, a population decrease occurs between harvests from April to November due to employment shortages. During this period, the temporary employees from the two rum and sugar companies move to nearby countries such as Costa Rica, Honduras and Panama. During the harvest period (from November to April), the municipality receives migrant workers from various regions of Nicaragua, including the capital Managua. In Posoltega, stakeholders indicate that about 80% of the farm workers move in from other municipalities with their families during the coffee harvest season from October to January. During that period, there is a decrease in the local population due to families relocating to other municipalities for work. Children are taken out of school to join their parents on the farms, either to help at work or due to lack of caretakers. It appears that child labour is a wider national issue in Nicaragua, with approximately 15% of children aged five to 14 estimated to be engaged in child labour in the country (UNDP, 2016). In four nearby communities, the total population in 2017 is estimated as more than 2,300 inhabitants. Table 36 presents demography information for the four communities in 2017, according to estimations of community members and the Health Ministry (MINSA). Table 36: Community demography in 2017 Community Houses Families Inhabitants Community MINSA Community Community MINSA Las Grietas 132 102 206 460 618 El Higueral 150 173 260 780 920 San Lucas 122 122 143 550 548 Santa Cruz 52 68 Information 300 305 not provided Source: MINSA and community members during consultation As can be seen from Figure 50, some houses host more than one family. In the communities, most of the houses are made from bricks with a zinc roof. We also observed some houses called “casa de champa”, with plastic walls, palm tree leaf or zinc roof and no floor (Figure 51). In San Lucas, the houses are better structured, as they were donated by a Spanish organisation. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 50: “Casa de champa” house with zinc Figure 51: “Casa de champa” house with roof in Las Grietas palm tree leaf roof in San Lucas Source: Mott MacDonald Source: Mott MacDonald 7.8.3 Economy, employment, and livelihoods The three municipalities’ economies and main sources of income are primarily based on agricultural activities. Table 37 presents municipal employment statistics as of 2005. Table 37: Municipal employment statistics as of 2005 Municipa Economically Economically Primary Secondary Tertiary lity active population inactive – men / sector – sector – sector – – men / women women men / men / men / women women women Chichigalp 8,888 / 4,733 8207 / 13,359 3,412 / 266 2,697 / 806 2,220 / a 3,484 Chinandeg 26,455 / 17,749 18,856 / 32,042 6,125 / 459 6,216 / 2,687 12,740 / a 13,369 Posoltega 3,721 / 1,524 2,570 / 4,886 2,376 / 279 545 / 296 637 / 884 Source: 2005 national census In Chinandega, the most important farms and main sources of employment are Concha, Argelia, Bella Vista and San José. During the inter-harvest period, people work on wood extraction, commerce and other small services. As their employment is seasonal, there is the opportunity for the Project to hire workers in the rural communities nearby, given that some of them have previous construction experience from the construction of a main road in the region. According to Chichigalpa city hall members, its municipal economy primarily revolves around two large companies, one producer of rum and sugar (Nicaragua Sugar Estates - SER San Antonio) and one related to rum aging (Compañía Licorera Flor de Caña), both belonging to the same economical group: ‘Pellas Group’. In their view, the amount of traffic used by these companies during the harvest period may result in cumulative impacts with the Project if the same roads are to be utilised by both operations. Agriculture (from November to April), commerce and tourism generate the most number of jobs in Chichigalpa. They do not have a system or department that register job opportunities or unemployed people searching for work. The Chichigalpa city hall members believe the municipality has the potential to provide unqualified experienced workers for the Project. In Posoltega, the Herdocia, Bella Vista, La Concepción and the Cooperative El Porvenir companies employ the most people. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase The biggest farm in the Project area is Hacienda Argelia, which produces coffee and has a permanent camp (“Campamento Hacienda Argelia”) that accommodates up to 200 workers. This camp is located in Chinandega, 1km from the nearest Project structure (well pad F, backup drill site). In general, Las Grietas, El Higueral and San Lucas community members believe they have good employment opportunities in the area and other municipalities. Other than working in farms, they also are provided with jobs such as security guards and caretakers in those private properties. For Santa Cruz community members, employment opportunities are less common as it is located further from the major farms and industries and lacks public transport options. Santa Cruz community members’ incomes are thus primarily derived from their own crops that they sell or raise for subsistence. Table 38 presents how female and male members in the focus group communities are employed. Table 38: Employment in the focus group communities Female Male Both Cleaning, cooking, taking care of Various positions in companies in Working on neighbouring farms children Chinandega as drivers or electricity and in their own lands Selling agriculture produce and mechanic technicians Managing own small business Domestic services Community work, such as cleaning Various positions in companies in and vaccination campaigns Chinandega as administrative assistants Source: Mott MacDonald 7.8.4 Agriculture and use of natural resources As previously stated, the economies of the three municipalities and the four nearby communities are primarily based on agricultural activities. Key crops are sugar cane and coffee, while other produce includes peanuts, beans, corn, wheat and cacao. Access to water is a challenge for this sector due to lack of piped water in the rural area. At the municipal levels, the majority of the three municipalities’ surface areas are used for agricultural purposes. Figure 52 illustrates surface area coverage in Chichigalpa. Sugar cane crops represent 85% of the permanent and semi-permanent crops while basic grains such as maize, dry rice, beans and white sorghum cover 5% of the area. Other produce grown in the municipality include banana, coffee, avocado, citrus, mango, papaya and pitahaya. The municipal livestock population is illustrated in Figure 53. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 52: Chichigalpa –Surface area use (%) Figure 53: Chichigalpa – Livestock 13% 1% 3,502 , Cattle 1,229 , Swine 86% 19,560 , Permanent and semi-permanent crops Birds Seasonal crops, cultivated crops, natural pastures Forest Cattle Swine Birds Source: INIDE-MAGFOR, 2013 Source: INIDE-MAGFOR, 2013 Other statistics related to agriculture producers and availability of water resources are illustrated in Figure 54 and Figure 55. Among the 707 farms with access to water resources, 54 make use of irrigation systems, 30 gravity fed irrigation, 24 by spraying, 11 by drip irrigation, and two by manual watering. Figure 54: Chichigalpa – Individual Figure 55: Chichigalpa – Agricultural agricultural producers producers' access to water 79, 10% 232, 30% 707, 552, 90% 70% Have access to at least some water resources Men Women No access Source: INIDE-MAGFOR, 2013 Source: INIDE-MAGFOR, 2013 Chinandega municipality’s surface area and livestock split is illustrated in Figure 56 and Figure 57. Main crops produced include corn, sugar cane, coffee, banana, dry rice, beans, white sorghum, oilseeds, sesame, peanuts and soy. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 56: Chinandega – Surface area use (%) Figure 57: Chinandega – Livestock Cattle, Swine, 17,734 3,403 23% 8% Birds, 69% 190,47 1 Basic grain production Forest Others Cattle Swine Birds Source: INIDE-MAGFOR, 2013 Source: INIDE-MAGFOR, 2013 The gender split of agricultural producers and the availability of water is presented in Figure 58 and Figure 59 Figure 58: Chinandega – Individual Figure 59: Chinandega – Agricultural agricultural producers producers' access to water 358 , 15% 772 , 32% 2,109 , 1,678 , 85% 68% Have access to at least some water resources Men Women No access Source: INIDE-MAGFOR, 2013 Source: INIDE-MAGFOR, 2013 Most of these farms make use of wells with manual drilling, followed by collection of rain water and rivers, streams and springs in the municipality. Farmers in the municipality are known to start forest fires to remove obstacles for their agricultural production activities. Key statistics for Posoltega municipality are illustrated in Figure 60 to Figure 61. Basic grains represent 40% of the total surface area while the forest area covers 9% of the area. Main crops produced include maize, beans, dry rice, red and white sorghum, as well as sugar cane, 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase avocado, citrus and mango. Main water sources include rivers and streams and wells with manual drilling. Figure 60: Posoltega – Surface area use (%) Figure 61: Posoltega – Livestock 11% Cattle, Swine, 9% 6,171 2,175 Birds, 80% 25,760 Agricultural production Forest Others Cattle Swine Birds Source: INIDE-MAGFOR, 2013 Source: INIDE-MAGFOR, 2013 Figure 62: Posoltega – Individual agricultural Figure 63: Posoltega – Agricultural producers producers' access to water 236 , 328 , 21% 29% 895 , 79% 794 , 71% Have access to at least some water resources Men Women No access Source: INIDE-MAGFOR, 2013 Source: INIDE-MAGFOR, 2013 Within the four nearby communities, their agricultural fields are located in the low and upper areas of the Casita and San Cristobal Volcanos. Community members face challenges relating to high prices of agricultural inputs, as they are not provided with financing support. People use slash and burn practices to prepare their land plots sowing seeds. In San Lucas, El Higueral and Las Grietas, the main products include corn, beans, sorghum and sesame. Their fields are crossed by the Project’s main access road in its km 7, according to community members. In Santa Cruz, one community member indicated that Casita is not very often used for agricultural activities since there is a military base located in the upper area of the volcano. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Farming activities are instead focused around the San Cristobal Volcano area. The land used by Santa Cruz members in the Casita Volcano area is located 400m to 500m away from the Project’s access road. Their daily commute to reach the fields entails a distance of 1.5km to 2.5km by horse, or walking for approximately one hour and a half. They occupy an area of about 370 hectares (527 manzanas). Each family is assigned 1.4 hectare (2 manzanas), which is used for bean and corn crops. Community members report facing difficulties in transporting the produce to their houses by foot or horse during the harvest season. Table 39 presents the livelihood outcomes that these communities generate in terms of selling, eating, trading or animal feeding. Table 39: Livelihood outcomes in the focus group communities Self-consumption Sale Trade Animal feeding Beans Beans Sorghum Sorghum Corn Corn Sesame Sorghum Source: Mott MacDonald Figure 64 and Figure 65 illustrate plantations located by the Project’s access road. We could not identify during the site visit if they were the communities’ crops, however, the land use maps indicate that this is a possibility. Other than agriculture, the neighbouring communities work with livestock on a smaller scale. They usually take their animals to graze in areas where they do not have crops and around the Project’s access road. Figure 64: Wheat plantation by the Project’s Figure 65: Sugar cane plantation by the access road Project’s access road Source: Mott MacDonald site visit 2017 Source: Mott MacDonald site visit 2017 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 64: Wheat plantation by the Project’s Figure 65: Sugar cane plantation by the access road Project’s access road Figure 66: Cattle grazing in the Project’s access road Source: Mott MacDonald site visit 2017 The communities do not have land titles (as detailed in section 7.8.5 below). They are organised in cooperatives that occupied those lands during the 1980s or in the early 1990s. The cooperatives’ land is split into plots and given to cooperative members. More information on cooperatives are presented below. Consultations indicated that hunting for subsistence is a common practice in the four communities. Several animals are hunted for eating, such as deer, coati, paca, iguana, armadillo, rabbit and squirrel. Fishing is a livelihood source too. We were not informed where the fishing occurs during the focus groups and this maybe outside the project AOI. Other animals that are used for sport hunting are chachalaca, doves, parrots and coyotes. According to some of the community members consulted, the Project’s access road has made hunting easier for outsiders, attracting individuals and groups of up to 20 people to hunt for eating and for sport. Hunting activities usually occur at night and during weekends and make use of dogs and small fires. Workers from the military base and the telephone antennas also participate in hunts. MARENA has asked community members to report hunting activities carried out by external people to the army or the police. 7.8.5 Land use and tenure The Project was awarded a 100km2 concession area for geothermal development and specifically 20km2 for this exploitation permit. In 2010 and 2012, CCP signed lease agreements comprising 313,698.36m2 in ten private lands owned by five private owners, of which three are companies. Table 40 presents these landowners and affected properties, the project components, the area the Project affects at each property, the percentage of the total area affected by the Project and the land use prior the lease and currently. For Company B, a 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase mediated settlement through a legal land acquisition process was used to establish the leasing agreement. Company B owns the biggest affected land area (192,836.11m2), which hosts all main Project components and civil works. However, the Project only affects 1.6% of the total properties’ areas owned by this company. The other four land areas have a leased area that ranges from 25,500m2 to 35,000m2 that represents 1.1% up to 7.5% of the total properties’ areas. The landowners do not live at the site. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Table 40: Landowners and affected properties eased by CCP Landowner Total size of the Project components referenced in Area (m 2) Percentage of total Current land Land use property (m2) the lease referenced in the property size leased use prior to lease lease by Project Individual A 2,249,600.03 Main access road 25,598.12 1.1 Agriculture and Agriculture and Transmission line, if needed. cattle cattle Individual B 180,129.17 Main access road 29,216,83 7.5 Agriculture and Agriculture and Transmission line, if needed. cattle cattle 180,020.69 180,022.80 1,080,097.38 Company A 860,811 Main access road 31,635.52 2.2 Forestry Forestry 2,014,584 Transmission line, if needed. Company B 12,039,393 Main access road, access road to 192,836.11 1.6 Coffee Farm, Coffee Farm, platforms, platforms A, B and C; water trees and graze trees and graze pipeline; well 1 and 2; pond 1 and 2. Transmission line, if needed. Company C 635,000.00 Main access road 34,411.77 5.4 Agriculture and Agriculture and cattle cattle Totals Five - - 313,698.36 - - landowners Source: CCP land easements 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase In addition to the properties included in the table, members of a cooperative (hereafter referred to as “Cooperative A” are land users in the Project area that do not have the land title. They said they use 100 hectares (143 manzanas) in an area by the Project’s main access road for subsistence farming. No communities are located within the concession area or affected by the Project’s components. The closest settlements to the existing slim hole that has already been drilled during Component 1 (sub-component 1.1) are Santa Cruz (4.2km), San Lucas (7.2km), El Higueral (7.7km) and Las Grietas (8.1km). The settlements are part of the wider area of influence. There are two households situated close to the Project’s main access road (hereafter referred to as House #1 and House #2). House#1 in Figure 67 is 100m from the road and House#2 (see Figure 68) is 50m from the anticipated access road to well pad E and 570m from the well pad. Figure 67: View to House #1 from the main Figure 68: House #2 near access road access road Source: Mott MacDonald Source: Mott MacDonald In addition to the referred ten private lands owned by five private owners in the concession area, CCP is currently addressing land acquisition needs along the main access road (for widening of existing road) and transmission line and verifying that all project components are covered in exiting leases or identified for future negotiations (to be led by the resettlement policy framework (RPF) prepared as part of this ESIA and provided in Volume VI. At least six properties belonging to three landowners outside the concession area, along the main access road and the transmission line have been identified. Land agreements are not in place for these properties at this time. Table 41 presents these properties and land needs identified to date, which are generally small. CCP already has a land agreement with Individual A. Therefore, it is possible that an amendment can be established to the existing lease instead of producing a new one. This would also be guided by the Project RPF. Table 41: Project’s future land needs identified to date Landow Properties` Total size of Project Area used by Project ner identification the property component component identified number (m 2) to date(m 2) Individual 41,120 180,177.34 Main access road 65.00 C and transmission line 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Landow Properties` Total size of Project Area used by Project ner identification the property component component identified number (m 2) to date(m 2) 41,806 162,353.09 Transmission line Not informed by CCP 41,808 811,149.82 Main access road 498.58 and transmission line 41,614 179,135.03 Main access road 5,271.62 and transmission line Individual CHOO1200001019 2,272,662.35 Main access road 13,986.71 A and transmission line Cooperati 5,9568 2,065,411.68 Main access road 6,143.49 ve B Totals: 3 land 6 properties 25,965.40m2 (2.6ha) owners Source: CCP e-mail from 28 July 2017 7.8.6 Health In the Chinandega municipality, there is one general hospital, three family health centres and ten family and community health posts, in addition to two Health Service Provider Institutions (IPSS), one MINSA (Ministry of Health) Medical Clinic (CMP-MINSA) as well as eleven private medical centres. Four ambulances and 56 general practitioners are available across the centres. In 2015, 68 cases of dengue fever and 40 illnesses related to HIV were reported. No maternal deaths were reported from 2014 to 2015. Priority health issues for the municipality as of 2015 included chronic renal failure, vector-borne diseases such as dengue and malaria, maternal and infant mortality, sexually transmitted diseases, and childhood respiratory and diarrheal diseases. The Chichigalpa municipality has 12 health posts and one hospital. Chronic renal failure has been also noted as a priority health issue within this municipality; rates of chronic renal failure have increased from 799 registered cases in 2004 to 2,073 in 2011 for an average of 212 new patients per year, putting a strain on existing health resources. Other key health issues include acute diarrheal diseases, acute respiratory infections, dengue, pneumonia, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and malaria. The Posoltega municipality has one health centre and ten health posts, of which five are located in urban areas and six in rural areas. The municipality indicates that 90% of these locations have poor sanitary infrastructure. Across the centres, 57 staff including doctors, nurses and paramedics are employed. Several NGOs including World Vision and Multidisciplinary Partnership for Development (AMDES) also support health services relating to breastfeeding, community pharmacies, nutrition and hygiene in coordination with the Ministry of Health. The most frequent diseases that affected the municipality’s population are urinary tract infections, acute respiratory infection, and acute diarrheal disease. Close to the Project site, there is one health centre in El Higueral (see Figure 69) that is open from Monday to Friday, 8:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. However, the doctor is only present on Tuesdays and Fridays. On the other days, the population is attended by one assistant. There are no health centres in Las Grietas, San Lucas and Santa Cruz. Santa Cruz members use the health centre in Villa 15 de Julio, located about 20km away. Las Grietas and San Lucas members use the health centre in El Higueral, which is also used by two other communities (Punta Caliente 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase and San Juan de Las Pencas), totalling a number of 2,898 inhabitants and 644 households attended, according to MINSA. Table 42 presents the health facilities in the local communities. Figure 69: Health centre in El Higueral (Unidad de Salud Higueral) Source: Mott MacDonald site visit 2017 Table 42: Health facilities in local communities Community Number of Linear distance Number of Number of health centres to the nearest nurses doctors Project structure Las Grietas 0 - 0 0 El Higueral 1 2,170m from the 2 1 access road San Lucas 0 - 0 0 Santa Cruz 0 - 0 0 Source: Community members during consultation Similar to municipal figures cited above, community members of Las Grietas, El Higueral and San Lucas mentioned a high incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) (renal failure) resulting in fatalities for several years. Community members believe the disease is caused by the drinking water. We could not obtain the number of people affected by CKD in the four nearby communities, but according to MINSA, kidney failure was the second biggest cause of death in Chinandega from 2011 to 2015. 7.8.7 Education The Posoltega municipality contains 30 education centres, among which there are 26 schools for both pre-school and primary education, one secondary school, one school for both primary and secondary education, one vocational school and one pre-school. The centres employ a total of 239 workers. In the Chinandega municipality, there are a total of 108 primary schools (91 public and 17 private) with a school attendance rate of 96% and 24,613 students, while there are 23 secondary schools (11 public and 12 private) as well as two vocational centres with an attendance rate of 97% and 13,422 students. The Chichigalpa municipality includes 26 primary schools and four secondary schools that also comprise 14 pre-schools. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Across the three municipalities, there is one university: Universidad de Chinandega, a private institution. There are two major universities in the neighbouring municipality of León: the private Universidad Tecnológica La Salle and a campus of the public Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua. The private Instituto Politécnico La Salle in León and the Instituto Nacional Tecnológico (INATEC) in Chinandega, Chichigalpa and León, also provide technical capacity building in electricity, construction and IT. The below Table 43 and Table 44 present the number of enrolled students and illiteracy rates across the three municipalities. Table 43: Municipal number of students enrolled at each level Municipality Pre-school Primary Secondary Chichigalpa 2,271 6,506 4,265 Chinandega 6,082 18,039 13,519 Posoltega 865 2,458 1,146 Source: 2005 national census Table 44: Municipal illiteracy rates Municipality Illiteracy rates (%) - men Illiteracy rates (%) - women Chichigalpa 12.1 11.8 Chinandega 13.5 12.8 Posoltega 23.3 19.5 Source: 2005 national census At the community level, each of the four nearby communities have one public primary school. El Higueral also has one secondary public school and the primary school also provides pre-school classes in San Lucas and Santa Cruz. We were told that students from Las Grietas and San Lucas walk to El Higueral to attend the secondary public school, while residents in Santa Cruz walk two hours to the secondary school in Rancheria community on Saturdays. Help for commuting by car is sometimes provided by a non-governmental organisation and it 40 minutes. We were not able to obtain statistical data on the level of education in the communities. From discussions with local leaders, levels of education in the area are low, with a low number of residents possessing education levels of up to secondary school. Illiteracy rates range from 18% to 46% in the neighbouring communities, as shown in Table 45. Table 46 below presents the education facilities in the nearby communities, showing the nearest linear distance to a Project structure and data about number of teaching staff, male and female students and number of classes. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Table 45: Local communities’ illiteracy rates Community Illiteracy rates (%) - men Illiteracy rates (%) - women El Higueral 30.4 24.9 Las Grietas 18.5 21.6 San Lucas 27.3 25.7 Santa Cruz 45.8 20.5 Source: 2005 national census Table 46: Education facilities in the local communities Community Number of Level Linear distance to the Number of Number of male Number of Number of schools nearest Project structure teaching staff students female students classes Las Grietas 1 Primary 670m from the access road 4 57 54 5 (multigrade) El Higueral 2 Primary 1,180m from the access road 8 93 91 5 (multigrade) Secondary 2,170m from the access road 6 58 50 5 (multigrade) San Lucas 1 Pre-school and 2,770m from the access road 5 52 52 4 (primary primary multigrade) 1 (pre-school) Santa Cruz 1 Primary 3,000m from the access road Information not Information not Information not 3 (multigrade) provided provided provided 1 (pre-school) Source: Teachers during consultation 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase The schools lack basic facilities such as proper restrooms and receive insufficient maintenance, with falling doors and windows. Some of them are not provided with electricity and water services (including potable water). In Santa Cruz, El Higueral and Las Grietas, community members reported that the water pumps have been stolen from all schools. During the consultation in San Lucas, community members reported that they believe the school is unsafe due to robbery activities. At the same time, community members have indicated that good teachers and school meals are available at the schools. Figure 70 to Figure 74 show the education facilities in the nearby communities. Figure 70: Primary School in Santa Cruz Figure 71: Secondary School in El Higueral Source: Mott MacDonald Source: Mott MacDonald Figure 72: Primary School in Santa Cruz Figure 73: Primary School in Las Grietas Source: Mott MacDonald Source: Mott MacDonald Figure 74: Primary School in San Lucas Source: Mott MacDonald 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 7.8.8 Utility access and other community infrastructure In the three municipalities, access to potable water in the urban areas is provided by a public company, Empresa Nicaraguense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados Sanitarios (ENACAL). In Chinandega, a project is currently being implemented to replace the water supply pipelines. Also in the Chinandega municipality, 79% of households have access to potable water. In Chichigalpa, this service is being improved with three new water boreholes. No improvements are foreseen in Posoltega at this moment. Posoltega has a potable water distribution system that covers the entire urban centre and several peripheral communities, however these locations also suffer from water shortages as it is only made available twice a week for two hours. Also in Posoltega, 80% of the population is covered by drinking water services. In most of the rural areas including the nearby communities, groundwater is used for drinking purposes. Water is available from community water boreholes using a motorised pump, and is stored in roof-top tanks (see Figure 75). Schools in El Higueral, Las Grietas and San Lucas have their own boreholes, but given that the water pumps were previously stolen, there is no potable water supply. In Santa Cruz, the school has a water tank provided by the NGO Plan International exclusively for children’s consumption. There are also private water boreholes excavated by hand in which the water is obtained using a crank and a bucket (see Figure 76). Some of them no longer have chlorinators and the waters are understood to be highly contaminated. In Las Grietas, there are 68 boreholes for 146 houses. There is a cemetery very close to the family boreholes. In El Higueral, only 30 out of 150 houses have their own boreholes. In San Lucas, there are 122 households. We could not obtain the number of boreholes, however, we observed that they are fewer in this community. In Santa Cruz, drinking water is captured from a surface water source in the Casita Volcano area. Inhabitants’ perception is that water quality is excellent, however quantity is seen as critically low. They have established a rationing system with the neighbouring San Cristóbal community in which each community can access the source for 12 hours a day. Within Santa Cruz, community members have agreed that each household has access to the source for 24 minutes, which equals a barrel of water per day. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 75: Community water borehole and Figure 76: Hand-drilled water boreholes in roof-top tank in San Lucas Las Grietas16 Source: Mott MacDonald Source: Mott MacDonald In the three municipalities, ENACAL provides sanitary sewer service but not all households are connected. The unconnected ones have latrines or septic tanks. We were not provided with the percentage of connected households in the municipalities during consultation. None of the four communities near the Project AOI are connected to this service, and sewage is instead thrown out on the streets. Electricity services in the three municipalities are provided by a private company (Disnorte- Dissur), which is regulated by the Nicaraguan Institute of Energy (INE). Most of the households are connected to the power grid, but some rural communities are not connected. All four neighbouring communities are connected to this service and have electricity 24 hours a day. Some private companies in the Project area (including Argelia, Concha and San José) utilise their own solar panels. At the municipal levels, 83% of the households in the Chinandega municipality, 97.8% in Chichigalpa and 85.1% in Posoltega have electricity coverage, compared to a total national coverage of 90.1% as of 2016. With regards to communications, a few residents in the three municipalities have conventional telephones at home. Mobile phones are widely used with main providers Movistar and Claro providing a good quality signal in the Project area and in the four neighbouring communities, including 4G internet service. The community members consulted have indicated that the best means of communication are phone calls, mobile messenger apps or face-to-face conversations. Other alternatives are also Radio San Cristóbal de Chinandega, or the community assembly’s radio. Central means to disclose Project materials or information are the 16 This photo was editted for confidentiality porposes 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase schools, while radio, newspaper and television were said to be the best means to disclose information in the urban areas. 7.8.9 Religion, culture, tourism, and recreation No known cultural, touristic, religious, or recreational site will be affected by the Project. However, during the stakeholder consultation, we were informed by stakeholders in the three municipalities of the richness in archaeological findings within the Project area (refer to section 7.10 on cultural heritage). Local museums have some archaeological findings. Local residents also keep historical pieces in their homes. Concerning tourism, the municipalities of Posoltega and Chichigalpa have more tourism infrastructure in comparison to Chinandega. In the Project Area of Influence there is an Ecotourism Complex San Cristóbal Volcano (“Complejo Ecoturistico Volcán San Cristóbal”) in the Chonco-San Cristóbal-Casita Natural Reserve (“Reserva Natural Chonco San Cristóbal Casitas”) established by the Nicaragua’s Tourism Institute (“Instituto Nicaraguense de Turismo – INTUR”), which is visited by groups for biking, hiking and other types of adventure tourism. It has two trails that crosses part of Chinandega and Chichigalpa municipalities, San Cristóbal (which leads to the crater of San Cristóbal Volcano, the highest in Nicaragua) and the Quitacalsón (which leads to the low level of the Volcano El Chonco. Figure 77 illustrates the two trails. By this figure it can be verified that the trails are further east from Casita Volcano and it appears that visitors and tourists will not have visual access to the Project. This Ecotourism Complex is also denominated Chichigalpa Municipal Ecological Park. Three to four cooperatives have small tourism initiatives in the complex. The Cooperativa de Servicios Rurales Sostenibles Chichigalpa (COOTUCHI R.L.), a cooperative of 43 members from nearby communities, was granted a concession in the area in 2016; however due to lack of water and energy supply they were unable to start operations. It appears that this is the only formal public tourism initiative in the Casita Volcano area. With funding from the Government of Nicaragua and the European Union, an infrastructure improvement project was implemented from 2014 to 2016 for the Chichigalpa ecological park including the construction of administrative offices, interpretation centre, restaurant and sanitary services. The attraction is reported to generally have low tourist demand given that major publicity campaigns have not been carried out to date and that it lacks water and electricity. In Posotelga, there is a National Monument in Memory of the Victims of Hurricane Mitch, a 1,637.32ha protected area declared of public utility in memory of those affected by the landslide that occurred on October 30, 1998. This is located approximately 5km south of the Project and is mostly covered by plantation forest. Posotelga does not have public tourism iniciativies. However, there are adventurous tourists that visit the Reserve and a balcony (“Mirador”) where some groups stay for a day. Concerning tourism at the Casita Volcano, there are private tourism initiatives in the municipality of Chinandega such as companies that organise group tours to visit the San Cristóbal-Casita Nature Reserve. It is worth noting that the upper level of the Casita Volcano is occupied by a military base and telephone antennas. Thus, tourists mainly visit the San Cristóbal Volcano, according to stakeholders consulted for this ESIA. Forty-six lodging establishments are located in the Chinandega municipality to accommodate visitors, including 17 hotels, 17 motels, 11 family hostels and one boarding house. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 77: Ecotourism Complex in the San Cristóbal Volcano (“Complejo Ecoturistico Volcán San Cristóbal”) Source: INTUR and e-mail received by Chichigalpa city hall in 14 July 2017 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Evangelicals and Catholics are the predominant religious groups in the three municipalities. Religious holidays or festivities include Holy Week, Christmas and La Purisima (December 08th). In the neighbouring communities, church attendance appears to be an important custom. They have catholic and evangelical churches and cemeteries, community halls and sports facilities. 7.8.10 Deprivation and vulnerable groups According to Chichigalpa city hall members, there are groups experiencing extreme poverty in the peripheral and rural areas, who are illegally occupying public areas or exposed areas. The idea of vulnerability is strongly linked to natural disasters within the communities, given their experience with the landslide that killed approximately 2,000 people during Hurricane Mitch in 1998, as well as several risks related to seismological and volcanic events. A MARENA representative has stated that obtaining resources for critical sites such as potential areas of disasters and preventing life risks are among the most critical needs for this ministry. Other shocks identified as affecting household resilience were health problems, specifically Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), and flooding. Similarly, the Chinandega and Posoltega municipalities have identified several environmental risks as presenting key vulnerabilities for their populations, including landslides, droughts, flooding, volcanic activities, forest fires and earthquakes. For instance, the Posoltega municipality indicates that all 21,342 residents are vulnerable to effects of volcanic eruptions, and 5,189 residents to flooding and 402 residents to potable water shortages. Chinandega also highlights volcanic eruptions, flooding, forest fires and earthquakes as key risks for its communities. The 2005 national census measures extreme poverty based on social and economic indicators relating to living arrangements, education, access to services and economic status that demonstrate if basic needs are being met. According to this census, 35.9% of households in Posoltega, 26.5% in Chichigalpa and 29.4% in Chinandega municipalities were living in extreme poverty. The general level of poverty in Chichigalpa and Chinandega municipalities are considered to be low at 26.5% and 29.4% of households respectively, while it is considered medium in Posoltega with 35.9% of households living in poverty. Table 47 further shows the percentage of households living in extreme poverty in the four local communities according to the 2005 census. Table 47: Households living in extreme poverty Communities Percentage of households living in extreme poverty (%) El Higueral 16.4 Las Grietas 32.1 San Lucas 45.3 Santa Cruz 81.8 Source: 2005 national census It was noted during consultations that employment opportunities in Santa Cruz are less common than in the other three neighbouring communities. The majority of the community members are entirely dependent on their subsistence crops as the sole source of income or food for their families. All four communities have experienced challenges due to lack of public services, infrastructure and employment opportunities as indicated in the above subsections. In response to these 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase challenges and the perceived lack of action by the municipalities, the communities have taken part in protests or road blockages to bring attention to their issues. 7.8.11 Indigenous Peoples At least four indigenous ethnic groups are documented as having lived historically in the Department of Chinandega area in the sixteenth century: the Chorotega, the Maribio, the Nahua, and the Ulúa Chontales. The Chorotega, whose name is thought to be a derivation of “Choluteca,” originally migrated to Nicaragua from the area of Cholula in central Mexico in the period around A.D. 600-800. This is attested by both central Mexican chronicles, such as that of Fray Juan de Torquemada, as well as Nicaraguan ones, which tell similar stories. The Chorotega migrated from Cholula after the fall the great city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico because they were conquered and severely oppressed by a group named the Olmeca- Xicalanca, who came out of Tabasco and southern Campeche and took over part of the central Mexican highlands, capturing Cholula and establishing a new capital at Cacaxtla. Part of the Cholutecans ended up in Chiapas and formed the Chiapanec ethnic group, from which the modern state takes its name. The rest occupied Pacific coastal Nicaragua, including the Peninsula of Nicoya in modern Costa Rica. Their language, sometimes called Mangue, is today extinct, but the records of it indicate it was a member of the Otomanguean language family, one of the largest language families in the Americas, one which probably developed in Mesoamerica. Approximately 495 Chorotega peoples are found in the Department. According to Martínez (2013)[1], Chorotega communities are found near the town of Petacaltepe which is approximately 45km west from the Project site. The Maribio were a second major ethnic group historically located in Department of Chinandega. They occupied a large enclave that began east of the city of Chinandega and west of Chichigalpa. According to Ciudad Real (written in 1873), traveling east from Chinandega, the first Maribio town was Mazatega, which is believed to be located on the east bank of the Rio Cosmapa. The Maribio-speaking towns continue through Chichigalpa, Posoltega, Posolteguilla, and Quezalguaque to Leon. Their territory appears to have extended a considerable distance inland, at least to the Nicaraguan Volcanic Front and perhaps beyond. Thus, the La Pelona area of the Project may well have lain within Maribio territory. Like the Chorotega, the Maribio also apparently emigrated from Mexico, although there is little in the way of historical accounts documenting the timing or causes of the migration. They also spoke an Otomanguean language, but one from a different branch of the family. The limited information about Maribio, or Subtiaba, as the language is sometimes called, indicates that it is most closely linked to the modern Tlapanec languages of eastern Guerrero and western Oaxaca in Mexico. While little is known about the circumstances of their migration, the most recent lexicostatistical research by Holman et al in 2011 suggests that Maribio separated from Tlapanec around A.D. 1050. This tends to support Lyle Campbell’s 1976 thesis that their migration might have had something to do with Toltecs”. At least one central Mexican chronicler wrote that Toltecs did migrate to Nicaragua, so it is possible that the Maribio enclave represented a vestige of that event, but this only highlights archaeological and historical knowledge gaps of who the famous Toltecs were. The Nahua (or Nahual-)-speaking Nicarao occupied several major towns including the largest, El Viejo, and the settlement of Chinandega. The second largest town in the area was Mistega, [1] Nartinez, H. A. (2013). ViaNica: Existing Indigenous Communities of Nicaragua. Available: URL https://vianica.com/go/specials/32-current-indigenous-communities-of-nicaragua.html 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase whose location has been lost, but was located east of El Realejo, which places it well within the Maribio area. Some inhabitants of the chiefdom of Mistega may have spoken Guazama, but little is known about that language or group., A people called the “Chontales” occupied the northern part of the Department of Chinandega. The term “Chontal” was a perjorative indiscriminately used by Aztecs, Tlaxcallans and the Spanish who travelled with them, with the result that there are various totally unrelated peoples called “Chontales” scattered around Mexico, Honduras, and Nicaragua. In 1873, Ciudad Real called the language of this particular group of Chontales “Ulúa,” which is probably a precise designation. The Ulúa towns in northern Chinandega included modern Somotillo and Guasaule (then known, respectively, as Somoto and Condega); two towns both named Olocoton; and “Guaxinijco”, which may be the modern San Franci sco del Norte, which has been known traditionally as Cuajiniquilapa (Werner 2000). The last of the Ulúa towns was Olomega, which is mentioned because it may have been at or near the “Sitio de Olomega” that is adjacent to the Project area. There is no specific indication of any town or area within the modern Department of Chinandega in which Chorotega is actually spoken (Brown 2017). The La Pelona area of the Project appears to be located in what was historically Maribio territory, but may extend into what was Ulúa- Chontal territory. The municipalities of Chichigalpa and Posolotega, which encroach upon the Project area, still retain a sense of Maribio indigenous identity but are considered outside the Project direct AOI. For groups with Ulúa or Chontal ethnicity, there does not appear to be such sense of identity in, for example, Somotillo, which is the largest town in the former “Chontal” territory. Stakeholder consultation in 2017 with city hall members including cultural department officials and community members did not identify any indigenous groups or communities in the Project area. Consultation during the site visit highlighted two ruins of indigenous groups in Posoltega (Posolteguilla y Chiquimulapa) and one family comprised of ten persons descended from indigenous peoples living in the El Pueblito neighbourhood in Chichigalpa, where there are also remains of an indigenous cemetery. Given the distance to the Project Area (more than 15km to the closest well pad), this neighbourhood was not visited during the ESIA consultation. This ESIA concludes that there are no indigenous people’s groups residing in the Project AOI that require specific consideration as defined under WB PS7. 7.9 Biodiversity 7.9.1 Overview This section presents a summary of the desktop review, survey methodologies and baseline characterisation of the Project area’s biodiversity to enable comparison of the current situation with changes anticipated to biodiversity receptors as a result of the Project. It includes protected areas, habitats and species, with information being used from primary and secondary sources. An overview of the consultation is summarised in Chapter 6. 7.9.2 Desk based review A desk-based review of available information from national and international sources was undertaken. This included: ● Convention on Biological Diversity website (http://www.cbd.int/) ● UNESCO database on World Heritage Sites (http://whc.unesco.org/en/interactive-map/) 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase ● IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (http://www.iucnredlist.org) ● Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (IBAT, 2017) ● Nicaragua’s Red List of species at high risk (MARENA, 2013) ● Species protected by Nicaraguan law (http://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/normaweb.nsf/3133c0d121ea3897062568a1005e0f89/35 8637347874589c06257b520059d54d?OpenDocument ) ● BirdLife International Data Zone (http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/home). ● Protected Planet (https://www.protectedplanet.net/country/NI) ● The Reptile Database (http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/) ● The Amphibia Web http://amphibiaweb.org/ ● Flora of Nicaragua (http://www.tropicos.org/Project/FN) ● Catalogue of Life (http://www.catalogueoflife.org/) In August 2017, an updated red list of the animals in Nicaragua will be published. There is no existing red list for plants in Nicaragua. Previous reports undertaken as part of the Casita Geothermal Project have been reviewed and included: ● Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources General Directorate of Protected Areas. Management Plan of Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita protected area (MARENA, 2006). ● Environmental Impact Assessment of the "A", "B" and "C" perforation platforms of the Casita- San Cristobal Volcano geothermal exploration project (Figlios y Asociados S.A, 2009). ● Report of the Rapid Ecological Assessment of wildlife. EIA Casitas - San Cristóbal volcanic geothermal resource exploitation project. Exploitation phase. Department of Chinandega, Nicaragua. Cerro Colorado Power (Cisneros, 2013). ● Study of Environmental Impact of the Exploitation Phase of the Geothermal Project Casitas, San Cristobal. Cerro Colorado power S.A. Study of the flora vegetation and current use (Jerez y Asociados, 2013). ● Environmental Impact Assessment "Exploitation project of the geothermal resource - San Cristóbal Casitas Volcano - Operating phase" to be developed in municipality of Chinandega, Chinandega department (Jerez y Asociados, 2015a) ● Addendum Environmental Impact Assessment "Exploitation project of the geothermal resource - San Cristóbal Casitas Volcano - Operating phase" to be developed in municipality of Chinandega, Chinandega department, (Jerez y Asociados, 2015b) Information on the following nature conservation areas and other protected areas (existing or proposed) within the AOI and up to 10km has also been collected and reviewed: ● Ramsar sites ● Key Biodiversity Areas (KBA) ● Important Bird Areas (IBA) ● World Heritage Sites (WHS) ● Biosphere Reserves ● National Protected Areas of Nicaragua: – National Park – Nature Reserve 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase – Private Wildlife Reserves – Wildlife Refuge – Genetic Reserve – Biological Reserve – Cloud Forest Reserve In addition, biodiversity information was collected and consultation with local NGOs was undertaken in week commencing 26 June 2017. 7.9.3 2009 and 2013 Biodiversity Surveys Biodiversity surveys were undertaken in Spring/Summer 2009 by Fiallos y Asociados S.A to inform the EIA of the perforation platforms of the Casita Geothermal exploration project. The methods used to carry out these surveys were not specified (Fiallos y Asociados S.A, 2009). Biodiversity surveys were also undertaken in 2013 to inform the EIA (Jerez y Asociados, 2015a) and Addendum EIA (Jerez y Asociados, 2015b). These surveys were carried out over four days in September 2013. A total of 20km within the 20km2 project concession area was driven and 79 observation points were visited. Species were directly counted along the route (Cisneros, 2013). Fauna was also identified along three transects 1km in length, within 25m of fixed observation points along each transects. Botanical surveys were also carried out by Jerez y Asociados S.A in September 2013. Species were identified within quadrats placed randomly within 2m of a 500m transect throughout the concession area (Jerez y Asociados, 2013) 7.9.4 2017 Biodiversity Surveys (conducted by FUNDAR on behalf of Mott MacDonald) To complement the baseline biodiversity data from 2009/2013 and to inform this assessment, the following additional biodiversity surveys were undertaken between 28 June and 7 July 2017: ● Habitats and flora ● Mammals ● Birds ● Herpetofauna (reptiles and amphibians) ● Insects Ten days of surveys were carried out in the wet season by La Fundación Amigos del Rio San Juan (FUNDAR). Local specialists for botany, ornithology, mammals, herpetofauna and insects carried out the relevant surveys under the coordination of Mott MacDonald. The biodiversity specialists, surveyed all project components (excluding transmission line) within the Project footprint and 500m buffer zone. These surveys were completed under an environmental permit (DGB-IC-048-2017) issued by MARENA. The baseline biodiversity reports and data from July 2017 are included in Volume III, Part 2. This document includes: the locations of 2017 survey sites are shown on the maps and detailed methods for suvey work. Below is a summary of the methods used during these surveys. Habitat and Flora Survey A habitat map was prepared using the land-use map provided by MARENA from 2015 and ground truthing by FUNDAR in June/ July 2017. Plant species were identified using stratified sampling within the Project AOI with a focus on threatened/ endemic/ protected/ invasive plant 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase species. Within each major habitat type within the Project AOI, a total of 17 quadrats (plots) were surveyed (1,095m2 each). A complete list of plant species was recorded along each transect and a DAFOR score (D=dominants, A=abundant, F=frequent, O=occasional, R=rare) recorded for each species (Technical Appendix III). The uses and functions of the flora were also recorded for each species through interviews with local people and professional knowledge of the botanist. Mammal Surveys Surveys for mammals included: ● Recording field signs (faecal remains, footprints, tracks, feeding signs, hair, calls) along known trails up to 1 km ● Direct observations ● Sherman traps (for small mammals) ● Mist netting (bats) ● Bat acoustic recording ● Camera traps ● Interviews with local people Bird Surveys The bird surveys included: ● Line transects and point counts (fixed radius) ● General observations and call recognition ● Spotlighting ● Interviews with local people The fieldwork was conducted around eight reference geographical points within the Project AOI; exploratory well, powerhouse site and Platforms A – F (refer to Volume III, Part 2 for precise locations). Transects and point counts were established within 500 meters of each platform between 480 and 1,365masl. Species were identified by observation and call recognition. Nocturnal birds were identified based on their calls and spotlighting during the nocturnal transect surveys. Herpetofauna (Reptile and Amphibian) Surveys Reptile and amphibian surveys were based on: ● Search and observations along transects (100m – 500m in length) ● Visual encounter survey (morning, afternoon and evening) ● Pitfall traps ● Acoustic recordings (frogs) The presence/abundance of animals was recorded along transects during the day (avoiding high temperatures) and at night via amphibian calls and using a torch. Pitfall traps were constructed along the transect routes. Visual encounter surveys and searches of likely refuges occurred along transects between 100m and 500m. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Insects The field survey for insects focused on butterflies and dung beetles. The survey comprised eight transect, two observation transects and six transects with traps. In total 162 points were surveyed; 42 observations points and 120 trap points. Survey techniques followed international best practice and included: ● Trapping of fruit feeding butterflies ● Direct observation of butterflies ● Pitfall traps Desk top review A desk-based review of available information from national and international sources was undertaken. This included: ● Convention on Biological Diversity website (http://www.cbd.int/) ● UNESCO database on World Heritage Sites (http://whc.unesco.org/en/interactive-map/) ● IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (http://www.iucnredlist.org) ● Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (IBAT, 2017) ● Nicaragua’s Red List of species at high risk (MARENA, 2013) ● Species protected by Nicaraguan law (http://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/normaweb.nsf/3133c0d121ea3897062568a1005e0f89/35 8637347874589c06257b520059d54d?OpenDocument ) ● BirdLife International Data Zone (http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/home). ● Protected Planet (https://www.protectedplanet.net/country/NI) ● The Reptile Database (http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/) ● The Amphibia Web http://amphibiaweb.org/ ● Flora of Nicaragua (http://www.tropicos.org/Project/FN) ● Catalogue of Life (http://www.catalogueoflife.org/) In August 2017, an updated red list of the animals in Nicaragua will be published. There is no existing red list for plants in Nicaragua. Previous reports undertaken as part of the Casita Geothermal Project have been reviewed and included: ● Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources General Directorate of Protected Areas. Management Plan of Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita protected area (MARENA, 2006). ● Environmental Impact Assessment of the "A", "B" and "C" perforation platforms of the Casita- San Cristobal Volcano geothermal exploration project (Fiallos y Asociados S.A, 2009). ● Report of the Rapid Ecological Assessment of wildlife. EIA Casitas - San Cristóbal volcanic geothermal resource exploitation project. Exploitation phase. Department of Chinandega, Nicaragua. Cerro Colorado Power (Cisneros, 2013). ● Study of Environmental Impact of the Exploitation Phase of the Geothermal Project Casitas, San Cristobal. Cerro Colorado power S.A. Study of the flora vegetation and current use (Jerez y Asociados, 2013). ● Environmental Impact Assessment "Exploitation project of the geothermal resource - San Cristóbal Casitas Volcano - Operating phase" to be developed in municipality of Chinandega, Chinandega department (Jerez y Asociados, 2015a) 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase ● Addendum Environmental Impact Assessment "Exploitation project of the geothermal resource - San Cristóbal Casitas Volcano - Operating phase" to be developed in municipality of Chinandega, Chinandega department, (Jerez y Asociados, 2015b) Information on the following nature conservation areas and other protected areas (existing or proposed) within the AOI and up to 10km has also been collected and reviewed: ● Ramsar sites ● Key Biodiversity Areas (KBA) ● Important Bird Areas (IBA) ● World Heritage Sites (WHS) ● Biosphere Reserves ● National Protected Areas of Nicaragua: – National Park – Nature Reserve – Private Wildlife Reserves – Wildlife Refuge – Genetic Reserve – Biological Reserve – Cloud Forest Reserve In addition, biodiversity information was collected and consultation with local NGOs was undertaken in week commencing 26 June 2017. A summary of this consultation is presented Chapter 6 and summary of meetings outcome in Volume III, Part 4. 7.9.5 Biodiversity Importance of Nicaragua Nicaragua’s Atlantic slope is home to the largest area of relatively pristine forest. The area serves as a vital link in the chain of humid forests stretching from Mexico to Colombia, known as the Atlantic Biological Corridor. The Pacific slope presents a mosaic of terrestrial and marine and coastal ecosystems and is crossed by a volcanic chain of 25 volcanoes. The original vegetation in the Pacific part of the country was dry forest, but most of this has been replaced by agricultural landscapes (CBD Secretariat, 2017). Our observations are that there has been intense deforestation over the last 10 years that has interrupted the Atlantic Biological Corridor. The Maribios mountain range is amongst the Pacific slope volcanoes located in the Northwest of Nicaragua and contains six protected areas for nature conservation (MARENA, 2007). Nicaragua has 215 mammal species, 678 bird species, 179 reptile species, 86 amphibians, 765 fish and 12,230 species of invertebrates, as well as 6,014 species of flowering plants (CBD Secretariat, 2017). The main threats to Nicaraguan biodiversity are overexploitation of resources, pollution, construction of horizontal infrastructure and climate change. 7.9.6 Internationally Recognised Areas and Protected Areas 7.9.6.1 Internationally recognised areas The Project is located within the San Cristóbal-Casita-Chonco Volcanic Complex, which is an Important Bird and Biodiversity Area (IBA) and a Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) (see Figure 80). An IBA is an area identified using an internationally agreed set of criteria as being globally important for the conservation of bird populations. Key Biodiversity Areas (KBA) are sites that 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase contribute to the global persistence of biodiversity, including vital habitat for threatened plant and animal species in terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems. Since birds have been shown to be effective indicators of wider biodiversity, many IBAs are also KBAs for other animal and plant species. 7.9.6.2 San Cristóbal-Casita-Chonco Volcanic Complex IBA/ KBA San Cristóbal-Casita-Chonco Volcanic Complex IBA/ KBA comprises 22,561ha of a mixture of forest and artificial terrestrial habitats and falls partially within the Project AOI. The project AOI overlaps with 1,145ha of the IBA/KBA; this includes all project components and part of the access road and transmission line. The IBA was assessed/designated in 2007 and was triggered by the following species: white-bellied chachalaca Ortalis leucogastra, blue-tailed hummingbird Amazilia cyanura, lesser ground-cuckoo Morococcyx erythropygus, Hoffmann's woodpecker Melanerpes hoffmannii, orange-fronted parakeet Eupsittula canicularis, long-tailed manakin Chiroxiphia linearis and white-throated magpie-jay Cyanocorax formosus. All of these species are currently listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List and are biome-restricted species (IBA criterion A3). The white-bellied chachalaca and the blue-tailed hummingbird are also restricted-range species (IBA criterion A2) (BirdLife International, 2017a). The trigger species of the KBA include those listed above and also yellow-naped Amazon Amazona auropalliata, olive-sided flycatcher Contopus cooperi, western wood-pewee Contopus sordidulus, plain chachalaca Ortalis vetula and montezuma Oropendola psarocolius montezuma. On the IUCN Red List, the yellow-naped Amazon is listed as Vulnerable and the olive-sided flycatcher is listed as Near Threatened. All other species listed above are of Least Concern. 7.9.6.3 Nationally Protected Areas Nature Reserves belong to National System of Protected Areas (SINAP) of the Republic of Nicaragua which is governed by MARENA, through the General Directorate of Protected Areas. Within 10km of the Project, there are two Nature Reserves: Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita and Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico Telica Rota (Figure 78). These are described in the sections below. Both protected areas are part of the Maribios volcanic mountain range, which has a total of seven protected areas, of which six are Nature Reserves and one is a National Monument (MARENA, 2007). 7.9.6.4 Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita The Nature Reserve falls within the jurisdictional limits of the municipalities of Posoltega, Chichigalpa and Chinandega. Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita is 17,950ha within the IBA/ KBA described in 7.9.6.2 and the Project AOI overlaps with 1,138ha of the Nature Reserve and 192ha of the Nature Reserve Buffer Zone (Figure 78 and Figure 79). The Nature Reserve was established by Decree Law 1320 (1983) under Article 2 within the following boundary: The Volcanic Range of Marabios around the hills; El Chonco; Moyotepe; San Cristóbal; El Casita; Los Portillos; El Telica; Santa Clara; Rota; El Cerro Negro; Las Pilas; El Cerro del Hoyo and El Cerro Asososca, including the lagoon. The activities prohibited within a Nature Reserve are listed in Article 3 of this law (refer to chapter 4 details). The Reserve is IUCN Category IV: Habitat/Species Management Area. The San Cristóbal- Casita Volcanic Complex Protected Area Management Plan was published in 2006 and includes the management, monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the management plan. This Management Plan is to be considered with development strategies and plans within the area (MARENA, 2006). 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase The Nature Reserve consists of three types of natural ecosystems: tropical dry deciduous forest, pine forest and savannahs (natural pastures). The reserve is divided into five management zones: Core Area (6,301.42ha), Conservation Recovery Area (1,151ha), High Fragility area (611ha), and Sustainable Production Zone (9,901ha), Broad Use in addition to a Buffer Zone (MARENA, 2006). The core zone comprises all dense and open broadleaved forests with slopes equal to or greater than 15%. The Sustainable Production Zone are areas dedicated to agricultural and livestock production covering 55.1% of the total area of the protected area (see Figure 82 in Volume II ESIA). The Project is proposed to take place within the Sustainable Production Zone and the Core Zone, while part of the existing access road and the future transmission line also affect a narrow strip within the Buffer Zone of the protected area (Figure 80). The Core Zone are areas of strict protection that covers 35% of the total area of the Natural Reserve. It comprises all dense broadleaved forests and all open broadleaved forests with slopes equal to or greater than 15%. It also covers all stands of pine forest Pinus oocarpa, which is the only pine in the Pacific dry tropics, areas without vegetation (sandy beaches, landslides and bare volcanic cones) and the entire system of riverbeds in the protected area. The Sustainable Production Zone are areas dedicated to agricultural and livestock production covering 55.1% of the total area of the protected area. It includes shaded coffee growing areas located in the Casita volcano, La Cerro Pelona and El Chonco volcano; Energy plantations located in the protected area; Areas of annual crops with slopes lower than 15%, pastures, tarsal and vegetation shrub on land with slopes lower than 30%. The Sustainable Production Zone also includes open forests located on land with slopes lower than 30%. Citizen Cabinets are groups of volunteers living in the city's neighbourhoods or in rural communities that watch over, care for and protect their living environment. One of the groups is responsible for the environment and is coordinated by the political secretary of each locality. There is no official structure to manage Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal- Casita within its boundaries. One person per community from Los Gabinetes de Poder Ciudadano is in charge of its environmental protection and responsibilities include reporting any environmental anomaly i.e. tree felling for commercial use, animal hunting for commercial use and forest fires. In the Nature Reserve, 64 species of trees are reported from studies carried out in 2002; whilst, 41 species of birds, 23 species of mammals, 10 species of reptiles and 79 species of butterflies are reported in the Casita volcano area from studies carried out in 1999 (SINAP, 2017). The species confirmed or likely to be in the Project AOI are presented in the next sections. An analysis of the habitats within 500m of project components is presented in the Habitats section below, and the areas of habitats directly affected by the project are presented in Chapter 8. The southern boundary of this Nature Reserve has an isolated population of pine Pinus oocarpa. The forest in this Nature Reserve supports several protected/ notable species that are typical of the Pacific region of Nicaragua. These species are described within the relevant sections below. The orange-fronted parakeet Eupsittula canicularis is a qualifying species for the IBA and KBA and the yellow-naped Amazon parrot Amazona auropalliata is a trigger species for the KBA. In addition, there are three sub-species of birds with restricted ranges. These are: Botteri's sparrow Peucaea botterii vulcanica; rock wren Salpinctes obsoletus fasciatus and Carolina wren Thryothorus ludovicianus (albinucha) (CBD, 2014 and MARENA, 2007). None of these sub- species have been assessed by the IUCN. Refer to section 7.9.9 for more information regarding these species. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 7.9.6.5 Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico Telica Rota Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico Telica Rota is located 7.5km south east of the proposed transmission line and 9km from Platform B. This Nature Reserve was also established by Decree Law 1320 (1983) and is managed by SINAP. The reserve is a habitat/species management area (IUCN Category IV). The management plan for the Nature Reserve was published in 2008 and describes the state of conservation, land use and resources assessment and implementation (MARENA, 2008). The reserve is 9053.9ha and includes humid tropical forest, sub-tropical forest and volcanic sands. A total of 155 species have been identified within the reserve, of which 134 are flora (one species listed in CITES) and 21 species of fauna (six species listed in CITES including the yellow-naped Amazon parrot). There are no other protected areas for nature conservation designated at national or international levels within 10km of the Project. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 78: Biodiversity Protected Areas within 10km of the Project Source: Mott MacDonald, 2017 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 79: Project components and Biodiversity Protected Areas Source: Mott MacDonald, 2017 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 80: Habitat management zones of Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita and Project components Source: Mott MacDonald, 2017 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 7.9.7 Terrestrial Habitats 7.9.7.1 Habitats within the nature reserve and wider area Within the wider area of the Maribios mountain range, the dominant vegetation corresponds to that of a dry deciduous tropical forests and successions of pioneering vegetation develop over the oldest lava flows. In the mountains, Pinus oocarpa is of particular conservation interest as it is the only pine in the Pacific dry tropics (MARENA, 2007). Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita has three types of natural ecosystems: dry deciduous tropical forest, pine forest and savannah. At the beginning of the last century, dry deciduous tropical forests covered the majority of Nicaragua's Pacific region. In 2006, dry deciduous tropical forests covered 42.34% of the total area of the Natural Reserve (MARENA, 2006). The stands of Pinus oocarpa found along the volcanic slopes of San Cristóbal and Casita represent the southern border of the genus Pinus in America. These pine forest are under threat by forest fires and southern pine beetle Dendroctonus frontalis. Savannah is located 800masl on the slopes of San Cristobal and has a population of Liliaceas plant species adapted to strong winds and volcanic gases. Coffee plantations with Coffea arabica are also present within Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita and the Project AOI. All coffee in the Nature Reserve is planted under shade of trees creating a valuable habitat for wildlife. The first coffee plantations were established (approximately 100 years ago) within the Casita area. Most of these plantations are abandoned and those remaining have low production. Small pockets of primary deciduous tropical forest may be located in Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita, however these are not within the Project AOI. A few mature trees from the previous primary forest are scattered within the Nature Reserve (Mario Chavez, personal communication). Between 1976 and 2004, 2,440ha of forest was lost within Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita (MARENA, 2006). An analysis of forest fragmentation across areas of geothermal interest in the Pacific of Nicaragua was carried out between 2010 and 2012. In total, 176,443.37ha were evaluated over 13 protected areas including San Cristóbal-Casita Volcanic Complex. The results found that between 2000 and 2009, 19.20% of dry forest has been gained, there is no change to 36.13% and 44.67% has been lost across all 13 protected areas (Díaz et al., 2012). The Chonco area (north west of Casita within the Maribios mountain range) has private owners and is better conserved than San Cristobal or Casita. Coffee plantation in Chonco area were abandoned approximately 20 years ago and the area has evolved into a secondary forest (Mario Chavez, personal communication). The vegetation in the study area has been affected by human interventions including forest exploitation or gradual removal of trees, land conversion to agriculture, habitat loss and degradation for development, landslides and erosion. The habitat categories currently within the AOI of the Casita Geothermal Project are shown on the maps in Volume III – Technical Appendices “FUNDAR Baseline ecological field reports, July 2017” (FUNDAR 2017) and Figure 81 and Figure 82. 7.9.7.2 Habitats in the Project AOI The Project AOI includes a mosaic of secondary dry tropical forest (dense and open), open forest succession (mainly scrub), agro-forestry and plantations, savannah, rocky outcrops and landslides with pioneer vegetation (Cisneros, 2013; FUNDAR, 2017). These habitats are 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase described briefly below, with full details provided in Volume III – Technical Appendices. A full list of habitat types present within the Project AOI are presented in Table 48, Table 49 and Figure 81 and Figure 82. 7.9.7.3 Secondary dry deciduous tropical forest Of a total of 235 plant species recording in the Project AOI in 2017, 182 species were found in secondary dry deciduous tropical forest. High altitude dense forest (450m to 870m) surveyed in 2013 had approximately 232.1 trees per hectare. The trees had an average diameter of 30cm and an average height of 25m. The dominant species were the ojoche Brosimum alicastrum, guácimo Guazuma ulmifolia, chilamate Ficus spp., guarumo Cecropia obtusifolia and quebracho Mimosa arenosa. The majority of plots surveyed in 2017 were carried out at altitudes between 500 and 915masl where 115 tree species were recorded (FUNDAR, 2017). Species that are characteristic of high altitude forest are the orchids Goodyera major and Habenaria quinqueseta and the Fabaceae, Centrosema sagitifolium. During the 2017 surveys the canopy was dominated by Lysiloma auritum, the understory was dominated by Apeiba tibourbou and the ground flora was dominated by Asteraceae. Low altitude secondary forest surveyed in 2013 presented a high density of trees with a natural regeneration of 358 trees per hectare and average of 25cm diameter and 10 to 15m in height. The following tree species were present at lower altitude during the 2017 surveys: Trichylia glabra, Brosimum alicastrum, Pithecelobium dulcis, Cedrela odorata, Pachyra quinata and Enterolobium cyclocarpum (FUNDAR, 2017). Secondary forest with open canopy (that is more degraded than the dense forest) is present at both high and low altitudes. The ground flora near to top of the volcano is tolerant of the gases emitted by the fumaroles and include quebracho Mimosa arenosa and guarumo Cecropia obtusifolia (Cisneros, 2013). In the lower layers of the open canopy deciduous forest there is a large number of vines (Apocinaceae, Convolulaceae and Fabaceas), as well as grasses (Euforbiaceae and Malvaceae) (FUNDAR, 2017). 7.9.7.4 Open forest succession Composed of mostly ground flora herbs, shrubs and grass, and occasional trees, this habitat is subject to forest fires, livestock (grazing), hunting of garrobo Ctenosaura spp. and extraction of honey. The dominant tree species were quebracho Mimosa arenosa, capulín negro Trema micrantha, chilamate Ficus spp (Cisneros, 2013) and Lysiloma auritum (FUNDAR, 2017). The ground flora is made up of zacate guinea Panicum maximum, ratoncillo Plantago asphodeloides, ormilona Mimosa sp., papa miel Ipomoea batatas, uña de gato Uncaria tomentosa, mozote Desmodium incanun (Cisneros, 2013) and Asteraceae (FUNDAR, 2017). 7.9.7.5 Agro-forestry and plantations Plantations of Eucalyptus and broadleaf forest from the foothills of the volcano and close to the top of Casita Volcano (Cisneros, 2013). Shaded coffee plantations over 40 years old, include mature trees of diameters greater than 50cm (Cisneros, 2013 and FUNDAR, 2017). In 2017, 115 species were recorded in shaded coffee plantations including 39 natural trees species and 35 planted trees and herbaceous vegetation. Dominant species are Gliricidia sepium, Ficus insipida, Ficus ssp, Guazuma ulmifolia, Spondias purpurea, Cedrela Odorata, Pachira quinata, Enterolobium cyclocarpum and Albizia niopoides. In the nature reserve there is one private 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase plantation of teak Tectona grandis (Mario Chavez, personal communication) and reforested areas with pochote Bombacopsis quinata, Laurel Cordia alliodora, caoba Swietenia humilis. 7.9.7.6 Savannah This habitat is predominantly composed of grasses, with 32 species recorded in 2017 (FUNDAR, 2017). In 2013, the dominant grass species included Poaceae of the genus Andropogon, Pennisetum, Aristida, Zonia and Esthilusantum. In 2017, the dominant grass species included Andropogon fastigiatus with an abundance of flowering plant Waltheria indica the invasive grass species Hyparrhenia rufa near Plot 1 (FUNDAR, 2017). 7.9.7.7 Rocky outcrops and landslides with pioneer vegetation Areas without forest cover which are characterized by abundant rocks with grass vegetation and some pioneering plants mainly at the top of the volcano. The drainage network of the volcano is formed by gullies that descend from the top to the plain on the north side, at the southern end of the volcano there is a scar from a mudslide that occurred in 1998. The habitat types present within the Project AOI, the conservation importance and the areas (ha) and proportion (%) to be removed for the Project are presented in Table 48 and Table 49. Table 48: Habitat types and areas within 500m buffer zone of Casita geothermal project Habitat Type Conservation Area Proportion importance (ha) (%) Secondary dry deciduous tropical forest Natural/Medium 2.8 0.4 (dense) Secondary dry deciduous tropical forest Natural/Medium 0.1 0.0 (open) Open forest succession Modified/Low 108.1 13.6 Rocky outcrops and landslides with pioneer Natural/Low 8.0 1.0 vegetation Savannah Natural/Low 66.4 8.4 Water Natural/Low Agro-forestry and plantations Modified/Low 246.8 31.0 Human settlements Modified/Negligible 0.0 0.0 Arable land Modified/Negligible 81.9 10.3 Total 795.0 100.0 Source: Mott MacDonald, 2017 Table 49: Habitat types and areas within 500m buffer zone of Casita transmission line Habitat Type Conservation Area Proportion importance (ha) (%) Secondary dry deciduous tropical forest Natural/Medium 96.9 13.1 (dense) Secondary dry deciduous tropical forest Natural/Medium 157.2 21.2 (open) Open forest succession Modified/Low 365.2 49.2 Rocky outcrops and landslides with pioneer Natural/Low 16.2 2.2 vegetation Savannah Natural/Low 0.9 0.1 Water Natural/Low Agro-forestry and plantations Modified/Low 21.6 2.9 Human settlements Modified/Negligible 0 0.0 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Habitat Type Conservation Area Proportion importance (ha) (%) Arable land Modified/Negligible 84.0 11.3 Total 742.0 100.00 Source: Mott MacDonald 2017 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 81: Habitat types within 500m of the AOIGeothermal Components Source: Mott MacDonald, 2017 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 82: Habitat types within 500m of the AOI Transmission Line Source: Mott MacDonald, 2017 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 7.9.7.8 Flora A total of nine plant species that are of Least Concern globally (IUCN 2017.1) are known within 10km of the Project (IBAT, 2017). A university study completed in 2003 of the vegetation of the Casita volcano recorded a total of 61 species (34 families) of trees and shrubs (Leon, 2003). The study area of this survey was located between 600 and 1405 meters above sea level in the southern part of the volcano complex. The total study area for this survey was 24km2 of which partially overlaps with the Project AOI, but the exact boundary is unknown. In the 2009 surveys, a total of 135 native and introduced species were found in the study area (Fiallos y Asociados, 2009). During the 2013 surveys, a total of 121 native and introduced species (45 families) were recorded in the study area (Jerez y Asociados, 2013). A total number of 235 plant species were reported during the 2017 field survey (FUNDAR, 2017). This included 182 species associated with deciduous forest (opened and closed canopy forest). The herbaceous vegetation is predominantly composed of grasses, with 32 species recorded in savannah habitat. Of all the plant species recorded, five are Endangered according to the IUCN Red List, six species are Vulnerable (Table 50) and the remaining species are either Least Concern, Data Deficient or have not been evaluated. The Project AOI does not provide suitable habitat for the Endangered species; Eugenia salamensis, Zanthoxylum belizense or walking lady Vitex gaumeri as they usually occur in damp forests (Nelson, 1998a, Nelson, 1998b and Nelson, 1998c). These species are considered to be of very high conservation importance; however, as they are unlikely to be within the Project AOI, will not be discussed further. The Endangered Lonchocarpus phlebophyllus is a tree of rocky dry hillsides in lowland regions (Nelson, 1998d) and could be present within the Project AOI. The Endangered Platymiscium pleiostachyum occurs in remnant dry forests and woodlands on flat ground, including disturbed or secondary forest and could also be present within the Project AOI. It is a scarce species heavily exploited for its timber and is listed under Appendix II of CITES. Individuals often show signs of genetic degradation and regeneration is largely absent (Americas Regional Workshop, 1998a). These two species are considered to be of very high conservation importance. The IUCN Vulnerable species: Brazil-nut tree Bertholletia excelsa, Spanish cedar Cedrela odorata, cocobolo Dalbergia retusa, Pacific coast mahogany Swietenia humilis, big leaf mahogany Swietenia macrophylla and Bombacopsis quinata are described below. Brazil-nut tree was found to be rare within the dry forest (Jerez y Asociados, 2013). It is non- native in Nicaragua but has experienced major declines in its global population due to deforestation. The Brazil-nut tree is native to Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela. Spanish cedar is abundant within the Project AOI within the natural dry forest and the agroforestry system (Jerez y Asociados, 2013 and FUNDAR, 2017) and is nationally protected under Law 585 (refer to Chapter 4). Cocobolo is rare within the natural dry forest within the Project AOI and not present within the agroforestry system (Jerez y Asociados, 2013). Spanish cedar and cocobolo are both heavily exploited and also protected under Law 585. Pacific coast mahogany trees are usually seen as scattered and isolated individuals, preserved in cultivated land and pastures. Within the Project AOI, they are occasional in dry forests and rare in the agroforestry system. Large specimens of this species are rare. Subpopulations of 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Bombacopsis quinata are fragmented within remaining areas of seasonally dry lowland forest in Nicaragua (Sandiford, 1998). Spanish cedar is listed under Appendix III of CITES. Pacific coast mahogany and big leaf mahogany are listed under Appendix II. These vulnerable species are considered to be of high conservation importance. All other species of flora are considered to be of low conservation importance. During the 2017 surveys, three species were found within the Project AOI that are considered to be invasive by national botanists (FUNDAR, 2017). These are grasses species Hyparrhenia rufa and Andropogon gayanus and the terrestrial African orchid Oeceoclades maculata. Hyparrhenia rufa was found in three locations within savannah habitats (FUNDAR, 2017). It is known to invade grassland, savannah and disturbed areas, forming dense swards that displace native grasses and forbs (Weber, 2013 and Tropicos, 2017). Andropogon gayanus was observed in two locations, in open forest and savannah (FUNDAR, 2017). It invades grassland and savannah habitats forming dense, large tussocks and displacing native vegetation. Hyparrhenia rufa and Andropogon gayanus are both considered to be invasive in tropical habitats in South America (Weber, 2013). The terrestrial African orchid Oeceoclades maculata was recorded in two forest locations (FUNDAR 2017). These species are not however on the list of the ‘100 of the worst invasive alien species published by the IUCN (www.issg.org/booklet.pdf). None of the species identified in 2009, 2013 and 2017 or during the desk study are endemic to Nicaragua. Table 50 presents the plant species identified in the Project AOI and which are of conservation importance and/or protected in Nicaragua. Table 50: Flora of conservation importance and/or protected identified in the Project AOI Scientific English name Source CITES IUCN National name protecti on Platymiscium - Jerez y Asociados (2013) II Endangere pleiostachyu d m Vitex gaumeri Walking lady Jerez y Asociados (2013) - Endangere d Eugenia - Leon (2003) - Endangere salamensis d Zanthoxylum - Jerez y Asociados (2013), - Endangere belizense FUNDAR (2017) d Lonchocarpus - Fiallos y Asociados (2009), - Endangere phlebophyllus Jerez y Asociados (2013) d Dalbergia Cocobolo Jerez y Asociados (2013), - Vulnerable Law 585 retusa FUNDAR (2017) Bertholletia Brazil-nut tree Jerez y Asociados (2013) - Vulnerable excelsa Cedrela Spanish cedar Leon (2003), Jerez y III Vulnerable Law 585 odorata Asociados (2013), FUNDAR (2017) Swietenia Pacific coast Jerez y Asociados (2013), II Vulnerable humilis mahogany NARENA (2006) Swietenia Big leaf Jerez y Asociados (2013) II Vulnerable macrophylla mahogany Bombacopsis Jerez y Asociados (2013), - Vulnerable Law 585 quinata FUNDAR (2017) Source: Mott MacDonald, 2017 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 7.9.8 Mammals The list of species received from IBAT includes 99 mammal species within 10km of the Project area (IBAT, 2017). Of these species, one is Endangered and one is Vulnerable (IUCN, 2017.1). These species are described below and within Table 51. A total of 22 terrestrial mammal species have been confirmed within the Chonco volcano area using camera traps set up by Fauna Flora Volcán Chonco, a non-profit organisation (Mario Chavez, 2017). Fauna Flora Volcán Chonco Group also undertook bat netting in the Chonco area in December 2016 and recorded 13 species. Research conducted in 2009 for the EIA for the perforation platforms mentioned the presence of 18 mammal species within in the AOI of the Casita Geothermal Project (Fiallos y Asociados S.A, 2009). In 2013, fauna surveys carried out to inform the EIA exploitation phase of the Casita Geothermal Project recorded a total of 12 species of mammals. During the 2017 surveys, a total of 32 mammal species were found to be present in the Project AOI (FUNDAR, 2017). Interviews with local people identified an additional three mammal species that we not observed during the 2017 surveys. Of all of the mammal species identified during the desk study and the field surveys, Geoffroy’s spider monkey Ateles geoffroyi is considered Endangered and giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla is Vulnerable globally (IUCN, 2017.1). Margay Leopardus wiedii is listed as Endangered in the Nicaragua’s Red List (MARENA, 2013) and Near Threatened according to the IUCN Red List. The globally and nationally threatened species are described below and listed in Table 51. Geoffroy’s spider monkey occurs in primary lowland rain forest, evergreen and semideciduous and will enter deciduous forest. This species occupies western Nicaragua across the lowlands of Lake Managua and Lake Nicaragua on the Pacific coast and highlands of northern Nicaragua (Cuarón, 2008). Although the IUCN distribution map for Geoffroy’s spider monkey includes the direct Project AOI, it is unlikely to be within the Project AOI as there is no suitable habitat. In addition, the last record of the species within 10km of the Project was from 2008 (IBAT, 2017). The major threat to this species is habitat loss but they are also subject to exploitation in pet trafficking and hunted (Cuarón, 2008). This species is also listed as Endangered in the National Red List (MARENA, 2013), protected under Appendix II of CITES and fully protected under NSV in Nicaragua (MARENA, 2017). Geoffroy’s spider monkey are considered to be of very high conservation importance however, as they are unlikely to occur within the Project AOI. The Vulnerable giant anteater is found in tropical moist forest, dry forest, savanna habitats and open grasslands and could be present within the Project AOI. Major threats to the species are habitat loss, fires in grassland habitats, road kills hunting for food and additionally hunted as a pest, for pets or for illegal trade in some parts of their range (Miranda et al, 2014). The giant anteater is listed as Endangered in the National Red List (IUCN 2017.1) and protected under Appendix II of CITES. Giant anteater is considered to be of very high conservation importance. Margay is listed as Near Threatened in the IUCN Red List and listed as Endangered in the Nicaragua’s Red List (MARENA, 2013). The IUCN distribution map for this species shows its range overlaps with the Project AOI. The margay is native to Nicaragua and ranges from tropical lowlands of Mexico south through Central America and the Amazon basin to southern Brazil and Paraguay. It occurs in low population densities throughout most of its range. The species occurs in forest habitats, from continuous forest to small forest fragments in savannah ecosystems, both occurring within the Project AOI. Margay will also use highly disturbed forest, abandoned plantations and other agro-forestry systems that provide sufficient tree cover. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase The current global population trend of margay is decreasing due to human induced conversion of native forest habitats to agriculture, pasture and infrastructure development (De Oliveiram, 2015). Current threats to this species include habitat loss, fragmentation, roads, illegal trade (pets and pelts - animals sometimes enter the pet trade) and retaliatory killing. Populations, especially outside the Amazon basin, are severely fragmented and are being reduced by habitat conversion to plantations and pasture. In Nicaragua, this species is fully protected under NSV from hunting/ capture and is included on CITES Appendix I. Margay is considered to be of high conservation importance. The species of conservation importance and/or protected in Nicaragua that have been confirmed during the desk study and 2009/2013/2017 surveys in the AOI are summarised in Table 51. None of the species identified in 2009, 2013 and 2017 or during the desk study are endemic to Nicaragua. Of the species identified, seven have an indefinite national ban (INB) and five have a partial national ban (PNB) (between 1 January and 30 June). These species are considered to be of medium conservation importance. All other species are considered to be of low conservation value. Table 51: Mammals of conservation importance and/or protected identified within the Project AOI Species English Source IUCN Vedas Natio CI Name Classification nal TE (and trend) Red S List An ne x Ateles geoffroyi Geoffroy’s IBAT (2017) Endangered INB Endan II spider (decreasing) gered monkey Myrmecophaga The giant IBAT (2017) Vulnerable INB Endan II tridactyla anteater (decreasing) gered Leopardus wiedii Margay Fiallos y Near Threatened INB Endan I Asociados (decreasing) gered (2009), Cisneros (2013), Mario Chavez (2017), MARENA (2006), FUNDAR (2017) Herpailurus Jaguarundi MARENA Least concern INB - I yagouaroundi(syn. (2006), FUNDAR (decreasing) Puma (2017) yagouaroundi) Cebus capucinus White- MARENA (2006) Not evaluated INB - II faced capuchin Pecari tajacu Collared Fiallos y Least concern PNB II peccary Asociados (stable) (2009), Mario Chavez (2017), MARENA (2006), FUNDAR (2017) Cuniculus paca Spotted Fiallos y Least Concern PNB - III paca Asociados (stable) (2009), Cisneros (2013), Mario Chavez (2017), FUNDAR (2017) 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Species English Source IUCN Vedas Natio CI Name Classification nal TE (and trend) Red S List An ne x Dasyprocta Central Fiallos y Least Concern PNB - III punctata American Asociados (stable) agouti (2009), Cisneros (2013), Mario Chavez (2017) Dasypus Nine- Fiallos y Least Concern PNB - - novemcinctus banded Asociados (stable) armadillo (2009), Cisneros (2013), Mario Chavez (2017), FUNDAR (2017) Nasua narica White- Fiallos y Least Concern INB - III nosed Asociados (decreasing) coati (2009) Mario Chavez (2017) Odocoileus White- Fiallos y Least Concern PNB - - virginianus tailed deer Asociados (stable) (2009), Cisneros (2013), Mario Chaves (2017), FUNDAR (2017) Potos flavus Kinkajou Fiallos y Least Concern INB - III Asociados (decreasing) (2009), Mario Chavez (2017) Coendou Mexican Fiallos y Least Concern - - III mexicanus hairy dwarf Asociados (unknown) porcupine (2009), Mario Chavez (2017) Source: Mott MacDonald, 2017 7.9.9 Birds There are 678 bird species identified in Nicaragua (CBD Secretariat, 2017). Of these species, 15 have been identified as globally threatened according to the IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2017.1). The data from IBAT identified 285 bird species within 10km of the Project area. Of these species, two are Vulnerable, four are Near Threatened and 279 are considered Least Concern according to the IUCN Red List (Table 52). Within Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita, a total of 122 species have been recorded (Martínez-Sánchez, 2007). Of these species, seven are trigger species for the IBA and 12 are trigger species of the KBA (refer to Section 7.8.3.2 for the full list). Five of these trigger species, including the globally Vulnerable yellow-naped Amazon parrot Amazona auropalliata (described below) were confirmed in the Project AOI during the surveys in 2009/2013/2017 (Table 52. Surveys carried out in the Chonco Volcano area in December 2016 by Fauna Flora Volcán Chonco Group identified a total of 52 bird species, also including the Vulnerable yellow-naped Amazon parrot. During the 2009 surveys, a total of 75 bird species were identified, which belong to 15 orders and 33 families (Fiallos y Asociados 2009). Surveys carried out in 2013 for the EIA exploitation phase of the Casita Geothermal Project, recorded 34 species (20 families). Orange-chinned Parakeet Brotogeris jugularis presented the highest abundance across all transects. One 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase species, the rufous-vented ground-cuckoo Neomorphus geoffroyi, is listed as Vulnerable according to IUCN Red List. All other species identified during this survey are classified as Least Concern except the lineated woodpecker Dryocopus lineatus which has not been evaluated yet (IUCN 2017.1) (Cisneros, 2013). During the 2017 surveys, 57 species which belong to 13 orders and 29 families were recorded (FUNDAR, 2017). The largest abundance and diversity of species was observed in secondary dry forest adjacent to the proposed powerplant (see Figure 81 in FUNDAR 2017 for location) with 371 of 43 species followed by shaded coffee plantation near platform E with 226 individuals of 36 species. Of all the species identified within the Project AOI, three are globally Vulnerable according to the IUCN. The yellow-naped Amazon parrot, bronze-brown cowbird Molothrus armenti and rufous- vented ground-cuckoo Neomorphus geoffroyi are described below. The yellow-naped Amazon parrot inhabits semi-arid woodland, arid scrub and savannahs, mangroves, clearings in deciduous forest, Pacific swamp-forest, evergreen gallery forest and sometimes secondary growth in agricultural landscapes. The species is threatened by habitat loss and degradation, driven primarily by the expansion of agriculture and capture for local and international trade (BirdLife, 2016a). It is listed as Vulnerable under the National Red List and is a qualifying species for San Cristóbal-Casita-Chonco Volcanic Complex KBA. It is protected under CITES Appendix I and fully protected under NSV. This species is considered to be of high conservation importance. The bronze-brown cowbird inhabits a range of arid tropical lowland habitats including dry woodland, second-growth shrubland, agricultural land and roadsides as well as mangroves (BirdLife, 2016b). Its range covers the Project AOI. Major threats to the species include deforestation and land clearance. This species is not protected in Nicaragua or listed within the National Red List. This species is considered to be of high conservation importance. The rufous-vented ground-cuckoo occurs in tropical lowland evergreen forest and is therefore unlikely to be present within the Project AOI. The primary threat to this species is accelerating deforestation; it is strongly susceptible to degradation and fragmentation due to its reliance on primary forest (BirdLife, 2016c). This species is considered to be of high conservation importance. The white-bellied chachalaca Ortalis leucogastra and blue-tailed hummingbird Amazilia cyanura are qualifying species of the IBA due to their restricted ranges (BirdLife, 2017a) however, IUCN states these species have large ranges globally, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence <20,000 km 2) (Birdlife, 2017d and BirdLife, 2017e). Both species are of Least Concern according to the IUCN (IUCN, 2017.1). These two species were not observed during the surveys carried out in 2009 / 2013 or 2017. From literature, three sub-species that have a restricted range throughout Central America have been identified within the Los Maribios mountain range. These are the Botteri's sparrow Peucaea botterii vulcanica, rock wren Salpinctes obsoletus fasciatus and Carolina wren Thryothorus ludovicianus (albinucha) (CBD, 2014 and MARENA, 2007). None of these sub- species have been assessed by the IUCN. The subspecies of Botteri's sparrow is only found in the highlands of western Nicaragua and northwest of Costa Rica and subspecies of rock wren is only found in north west Nicaragua. Carolina wren is found in central Guatemala, extreme southern Honduras and western Nicaragua and was observed during the 2017 surveys. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase A study of the avifauna of Casita, Mombacho and Maderas volcanic mountains identified a total of 92 species within the Casita volcano area (Martínez-Sánchez, 1988). Of the species recorded in Casita, 15 are migratory species, all listed as Least Concern (IUCN 2017.1). One of these species, sulphur-bellied flycatcher Myiodynastes luteiventris was observed during the 2017 survey. Turkey vulture Cathartes aura, (observed in 2013 and 2017 surveys) and American black vulture Coragyps atratus (observed in 2013 surveys and in the Chonco area in 2017) are protected under Appendix II of The Convention of Migratory Species, however Nicaragua is not a member of this convention. There is a total of 24 nationally protected species recorded within the Project AOI (Table 52). Of these species, 18 have an indefinite national ban and six have a partial national ban. Hunting is partially banned for eastern thicket tinamou Crypturellus cinnamomeus (between 1 April - 31 July), black-bellied whistling-duck Dendrocygna autumnalis (between 1 January -31 May), streak-backed oriole Icterus pustulatus (between 1 March -30 June), grey-headed chachalaca Ortalis cinereiceps (between 1 March -30 June), plain chachalaca Ortalis vetula (between 1 March -30 June) and for clay-coloured thrush Turdus grayi (1 May – 31 August). Table 52 presents the species of conservation importance and/or protected in Nicaragua that have been confirmed during the desk study and 2009/2013/2017 surveys in the AOI. There are no endemic breeding bird species in Nicaragua. 7.9.10 Migratory birds The Americas flyways connects North American breeding grounds with wintering grounds in the Caribbean and Central and South America (BirdLife, 2017d). The Atlantic Americas flyway and the Central Americas Flyway both overlap with mainland Nicaragua but do not overlap with the Project AOI. The owner of the Argelia Estate (south east of Casita Volcano) has reported the presence of migratory birds in November, bathing and feeding in an artificial pond. There are also reports of the occasional passage of flocks of 20-30 Collared aracari Pteroglossus torquatus in June and July (MARENA, 2006). The San Cristóbal-Casita-Chonco Volcanic Complex IBA is designated for biome-restricted species and/ or restricted-range species (BirdLife,2017a). The Project AOI has therefore not been identified for supporting globally significant concentrations of migratory species and/or congregatory species. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Table 52: Birds of conservation importance and/or protected identified in within the Project AOI Species English Source Category IUCN Trigge CITE Ve National name Classification r S das Red List (and Trend) specie Appe s for ndix design ated site Amazona auropalliata Yellow-naped Martínez-Sánchez, (1988), Resident Vulnerable KBA I INB Vulnerable Amazon parrot Fiallos y Asociados (2009), MARENA (decreasing) (2006), IBAT (2017), FUNDAR (2017), BirdLife, (2017a) Molothrus armenti Bronze-brown IBAT (2017) Resident Vulnerable - - - - cowbird (decreasing) Neomorphus geoffroyi Rufous-vented Cisneros (2013) Resident Vulnerable - - - - ground-cuckoo (decreasing) Eupsittula canicularis Orange-fronted Martínez-Sánchez, (1988), Fiallos y Resident Least Concern IBA, II INB - parakeet Asociados (2009), Cisneros (2013), (stable) KBA MARENA (2006), FUNDAR (2017), BirdLife, (2017a) Ortalis vetula Plain Martínez-Sánchez, (1988), Cisneros Resident Least Concern KBA III PN - chachalaca (2013), FUNDAR (2017) (stable) B Amazona albifrons White-fronted FUNDAR (2017) Resident Least Concern - - INB - Parrot (increasing) Brotogeris jugularis Orange-chinned Martínez-Sánchez, (1988), Fiallos y Resident Least Concern - II INB - parakeet Asociados (2009), Cisneros (2013), (stable) MARENA (2006), FUNDAR (2017) Geranoaetus White-tailed Fiallos y Asociados (2009), FUNDAR Resident Least Concern - II INB - albicaudatus hawk (2017) (increasing) Buteo albonotatus Zone-tailed Fiallos y Asociados (2009) Resident Least Concern - II INB - hawk (increasing) Rupornis magnirostris Roadside hawk Martínez-Sánchez, (1988), Fiallos y Resident Least Concern - II INB - Asociados (2009), Cisneros (2013), (increasing) MARENA (2006), FUNDAR (2017) Buteo nitidus Grey-lined Fiallos y Asociados (2009), Cisneros Resident Least Concern - II INB - hawk (2013) (decreasing) Buteogallus urubitinga Great black Fiallos y Asociados (2009) Resident Least Concern - II INB - hawk (stable) 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Species English Source Category IUCN Trigge CITE Ve National name Classification r S das Red List (and Trend) specie Appe s for ndix design ated site Buteo Jamaicensis Red-tailed FUNDAR (2017) Resident Least concern - II INB - Hawk (increasing) Amazona autumnalis Red-lored MARENA (2006) Resident Least concern - II INB - Amazon (decreasing) Amazilia saucerrottei Steely-vented Fiallos y Asociados (2009) Resident Least Concern - II - - hummingbird (increasing) Caracara cheriway Crested Fiallos y Asociados (2009) Resident Least Concern - II INB - caracara (increasing) Crypturellus Eastern thicket Fiallos y Asociados (2009), mario Resident Least Concern - - - cinnamomeus tinamou Chavez, (2017), FUNDAR (2017) (decreasing) PN B Dendrocygna Black-bellied Fiallos y Asociados (2009) Resident Least Concern - - - autumnalis whistling-duck (increasing) PN B Elanus leucurus White-tailed kite Fiallos y Asociados (2009) Resident Least Concern - II INB - (increasing) Herpetotheres Laughing falcon Fiallos y Asociados (2009) Resident Least Concern - II INB - cachinnans (decreasing) Icterus pectoralis Spot-breasted Cisneros (2013) Resident Least Concern - - INB - oriole (decreasing) Icterus pustulatus Streak-backed Fiallos y Asociados (2009), Cisneros Resident Least Concern - - - oriole (2013) (stable) PN B Ictinia plumbea Plumbeous kite Fiallos y Asociados (2009) Migratory extant Least Concern - II INB - breeding (stable) Ortalis cinereiceps Grey-headed Fiallos y Asociados (2009) Resident Least Concern - - - chachalaca (decreasing) PN B Pionus senilis White-crowned Cisneros (2013) Resident Least Concern - II INB - parrot (decreasing) Pteroglossus torquatus Collared araçari Martínez-Sánchez, (1988), Fiallos y Resident Least Concern - - INB - Asociados (2009), Cisneros (2013), (decreasing) MARENA (2006), FUNDAR (2017) 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Species English Source Category IUCN Trigge CITE Ve National name Classification r S das Red List (and Trend) specie Appe s for ndix design ated site Turdus grayi Clay-coloured Martínez-Sánchez, (1988), Fiallos y Resident Least Concern - - - thrush Asociados (2009), Cisneros (2013), (increasing) PN FUNDAR (2017) B Buteo plagiatus Grey Hawk FUNDAR (2017) Resident Least Concern - II - - (unknown) Thalurania colombica Crowned Fiallos y Asociados (2009) Resident Least Concern - II - - woodnymph (decreasing) Tyto alba Common barn- MARENA (2006) Resident Least concern - II - - owl (stable) Micrastur Collared forest- FUNDAR (2017) Resident Least Concern - II - - semitorquatus falcon (decreasing) Amazilia rutila Cinnamon Martínez-Sánchez, (1988), Fiallos y Resident Least Concern - II - - hummingbird Asociados (2009), Cisneros (2013), (unknown) FUNDAR (2017) Chlorostilbon canivetii Canivet's Fiallos y Asociados (2009) Resident Least Concern - II - - emerald (unknown) Calocitta formosa White-throated Martínez-Sánchez, (1988), Fiallos y Resident Least Concern IBA, - - - magpie-jay Asociados (2009), Cisneros (2013), (stable) KBA BirdLife, (2017a) Melanerpes hoffmannii Hoffmann's Martínez-Sánchez, (1988), Cisneros Resident Least Concern IBA, - - - woodpecker (2013), BirdLife, (2017a) (increasing) KBA Ortalis leucogastra White-bellied BirdLife, (2017a) Restricted Least Concern IBA, - - - chachalaca Range (stable) KBA Amazilia cyanura Blue-tailed BirdLife, (2017a) Restricted Least Concern IBA, - - - hummingbird Range (unknown) KBA Peucaea botterii Botteri's CBD secretariat (2017), MARENA Restricted Not assessed - - - - vulcanica sparrow (2007) Range Salpinctes obsoletus Rock wren CBD secretariat (2017), MARENA Restricted Not assessed - - - - fasciatus (2007) Range Thryothorus Carolina wren CBD secretariat (2017), MARENA Restricted Not assessed - - - - ludovicianus albinucha (2007), Range FUNDAR (2017) Source: Mott MacDonald, 2017 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 7.9.11 Herpetofauna Data provided from IBAT includes a total of 13 species of amphibians and 35 species of reptile recorded within 10km of the project area (IBAT, 2017). Of these species, one is reptile species is Endangered, one amphibian species is Vulnerable and one reptile species is Vulnerable according to the IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2017.1). These species are described below and shown in Table 53. A University study completed in 2005 of the diversity and distribution of reptile species on the Casita volcano recorded a total of 11 lizard species and 11 snake species (Leon, 2005). The study was carried out on the southern slopes of the Casita volcano (1415m above sea level), over an area of 18Km² and for 30 days between July to November 2005. The surveys took place within deciduous forest, agro-forestry and plantations and areas of landslides and pioneer vegetation which are all present within the Project AOI. None of the species identified during these surveys were globally threatened, endemic or restricted range. Surveys conducted in 2009 recorded 13 species of reptiles (Fiallos y Asociados, 2009). The surveys conducted in 2013 recorded three amphibian species and four reptile species. Amphibians were the most abundant within Casita volcano in the 2013 surveys, the dominant species was the Tungara Frog Engystomops pustulosus. It has a wide distribution throughout the Project AOI and tadpoles were also observed around Platform A (Cisneros, 2013). A total of 17 species, seven amphibian and ten reptile were observed during the 2017 surveys (FUNDAR, 2017). All species are of Least Concern or Not Assessed (IUCN, 2017.1). A low number of species was recorded along the transects around the Exploratory Well and Platforms A, C and D. Platform A is secondary dry tropical forest with a section presenting regenerating forest after agriculture and grazing. In this area, the most abundant species was Ctenosaura similis, a species adapted to modified ecosystems without forest cover. Celestus bivittatus has been identified within 10km of the Project (IBAT, 2017) and is considered Endangered according to the IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2017.1). This species usually inhabits subtropical moist forest, lower montane wet forest and higher elevation pine forest. Although, it can survive in some modified habitats, such as coffee plantations (Sunyer and Ariano-Sanchez, 2013) which are present within the Project AOI. In literature, there are only two records in Nicaragua which are within Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal- Casita and Chonco volcano (Sunyer and Ariano-Sanchez, 2013). Major threats to this species are habitat loss due to shifting agriculture and cattle grazing. It is not legally protected under CITES or NSV in Nicaragua. This species is considered to be of very high conservation importance. The Mexican caecilian Dermophis mexicanus is the only amphibian species recorded within 10km of the Project (IBAT, 2017) considered globally threatened (Vulnerable) according to the IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2017.1). The Mexican caecilian occurs in patches on the Pacific slope from Oaxaca, Mexico, through Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras to central Nicaragua (overlapping with the Project AOI). This species lives in humid to dry soils beneath leaf-litter, logs, banana or coffee leaves or similar ground cover. It is threatened by habitat loss, and changes in agricultural methods (such as the transformation of shaded coffee plantations to open plantations) and local persecution due to confusion with snakes. It sometimes appears in the international pet trade, but not at a level to constitute a threat to the species (Santos- Barrera, 2008). This species is considered to be of high conservation importance. The American Crocodile Crocodylus acutus, considered Vulnerable according to the IUCN Red List and Nicaragua’s Red List was observed during the 2009 surveys (location unknown) 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase (Fiallos y Asociados, 2009). This species mainly occurs in coastal habitats such as lagoons, mangrove swamps and other brackish water. It can also inhabit freshwater and landlocked reservoirs (Ponce-Campos, 2012). As there are no permanent waterbodies within the Project AOI, it would be unlikely to permanently reside within the Project AOI. Major threats to this species are illegal hunting, habitat degradation from coastal development and destruction of mangrove swamps for shrimp aquaculture. The American Crocodile is fully protected in Nicaragua under NSV and listed on Appendix I of CITES.This species is considered to be of high conservation importance. The species of conservation importance and/or protected species that have been confirmed during the desk study and 2009/2013/2017 surveys in the AOI are summarised in Table 53. Of the herpetofauna identified, none are endemic to Nicaragua. There is a total of seven nationally protected herpetofauna species identified within the Project AOI (Table 53). The American crocodile (described above), brown basilisk Basiliscus vittatus and green basilisk Basiliscus plumifrons are all protected under the indefinite national ban. The Boa Boa constrictor and eastern milksnake Lampropeltis triangulum are protected under the partial national ban between 1 April and 31 August. The common spiny-tailed Iguana Ctenosaura similis and common green Iguana Iguana iguana are protected under the national ban between 1 January and 30 April. These species are considered to be of medium conservation importance. All of the other herpetofauna species are considered to be of low conservation importance. Table 53: Herpetofauna of conservation importance and/or protected species identified within the Project AOI Species English Source IUCN Distribution Vedas CITES National Name Classification Category Red List (and trend) (2015) Amphibians Dermophis The IBAT, 2017 Vulnerable Wide - - - mexicanus Mexican (decreasing) caecilian Reptiles - - Celestus - IBAT (2017) Endangered Restricted - - - bivittatus (decreasing) range Crocodylus American Fiallos y Vulnerable Wide INB I Vulnerable acutus crocodile Asociados (increasing) (2009) Basiliscus Brown MARENA Least concern Wide INB II - vittatus basilisk (2006) (stable) Basiliscus Green MARENA Least concern Wide INB II - plumifrons basilisk (2006) (stable) Boa Boa Leon (2005), Not Evaluated - PNB II - constrictor MARENA (2006, Fiallos y Asociados (2009) Ctenosaura Common Leon (2005), Least concern Wide PNB - - similis Spiny-tailed Fiallos y (stable) Iguana Asociados (2009), Mario Chavez (2017), FUNDAR (2017) 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Species English Source IUCN Distribution Vedas CITES National Name Classification Category Red List (and trend) (2015) Iguana Common MARENA Not Evaluated - PNB II - iguana green (2006), Fiallos Iguana y Asociados (2009) Lampropeltis Eastern Fiallos y Not Evaluated - PNB - - triangulum milksnake Asociados (2009) Micrurus Central Leon (2005), Least concern Wide - III - nigrocinctus American MARENA (stable) coral snake (2006), Fiallos y Asociados (2009) Source: Mott MacDonald, 2017 7.9.12 Insects Data received for IBAT include 20 invertebrate species within 10km of the Project area (IBAT, 2017). All these species are Least Concern according to the IUCN Red List (IUCN 2017.1). The surveys conducted in September 2013 identified 12 butterfly species (Fiallos y Asociados, 2009). During the 2017 surveys, 84 species of butterfly and 7 species of scarab beetle were observed (FUNDAR 2017). None of the species of butterflies or scarab beetles recorded during both surveys are globally threatened or protected in Nicaragua. Euphoria leucographa, Canthon indigaceus chevrolati and Canthon sallei were the most abundant beetle species observed in 2017 (FUNDAR, 2017). Butterflies are good indicator species for habitat quality. Table 54 shows the butterflies associated with a specific habitat or micro-habitat that were observed during the 2013/2017 surveys in the Project AOI and the habitats they were observed in. Pyrisitia dina ssp. westwoodi, Hamadryas atlantis ssp. atlantis and Chlosyne erodyle (observed during both 2013 and 2017 surveys) are all indicators of well-preserved dry forest present within the Project AOI. Pyrisitia dina ssp. westwoodi was the most abundant species during the 2017 surveys FUNDAR (2017). Onthophagus gazella and Oniticellus intermedius, are invasive species released in the USA which have spread into Nicaragua. No one of these invasive insects were recorded in the study area in 2017. Previous records of Onthophagus gazella have been in Leon, approximately 30km south of the Project (FUNDAR, 2017). Table 54: Butterflies associated with a specific habitat or micro-habitat observed during the 2013/2017 in the Project AOI Species English Source Observation Name Pyrisitia dina ssp. westwoodi Dina Cisneros Indicator of well-preserved dry forest yellow (2013), FUNDAR (2017) Hamadryas atlantis ssp.atlantis Cisneros Indicator of well-preserved dry forest (2013), FUNDAR (2017) Chlosyne erodyle Cisneros Indicator of well-preserved dry forest (2013), 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Species English Source Observation Name FUNDAR (2017) Manataria hercyna maculata white- FUNDAR Associated with bamboo, in this case with spotted (2017) Chusquea satyr Parides montezuma ssp. Cisneros Wide distribution in the country in paddocks and tulana (2013) scrub Phoebis neocypris ssp. Cisneros Generally associated with cloud forest intermedia (2013) Consul fabius ssp. cecrops Cisneros Generally associated with cloud forest (2013) Archaeoprepona demophon Cisneros Under cloudy and humid ssp. centralis (2013), FUNDAR (2017) Hypanartia lethe Cisneros Generally associated with cloud forest (2013) Mechanitis polymnia isthmia FUNDAR Associated with forest with relatively closed (2017) canopy Morpho peleides ssp. limpida Cisneros Wide distribution in the country in paddocks and (2013) scrub Mechanitis lysimnia ssp. Cisneros Under cloudy and humid doryssus (2013) Greta morgane oto Cisneros Generally associated with cloud forest (2013) Lycorea cleobaea ssp. Cisneros Generally associated with cloud forest atergatis (2013) Siproeta epaphus FUNDAR Generally associated with cloud forest (2017) Dircenna klugii FUNDAR Generally associated with cloud forest (2017) Greta morgane oto FUNDAR Generally associated with cloud forest (2017) Lycorea halia FUNDAR Generally associated with cloud forest (2017) Source: Mott MacDonald, 2017 7.9.13 Fish Nicaragua has 765 species of fish (CBD Secretariat, 2017) and three species have been recorded within 10km of the Project (IBAT, 2017). There are no permanent waterbodies within the Project AOI therefore, these species are not relevant to the Project. 7.10 Cultural heritage 7.10.1 Overview The baseline conditions in the potential Project AOI, La Pelona caldera on the eastern part of the eroded Casita volcano and the wider Department of Chinandega are summarised in this section based on desk based information collated by Professor Clifford T Brown of the Department of Anthropology, Florida Atlantic University, information collated from stakeholder consultation and findings of the rapid site reconnaissance undertaken by the specialists from the Department of Anthropology, Florida Atlantic University on 4 August 2017. The site reconnaissance included the surface inspection of the slimhome area, Pad CSA-1 and the area defined as basecamp. No subsurface testing or excavation was carried out. Where artefacts 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase were identified, unsystematic surface collections were carried out to facilitate determination of site age, cultural affiliation and function.. The complete literature review and site visit observation report is provided in Volume III, Technical Appendix). Key points are summarised below. 7.10.2 Summary of archaeological and cultural features No subsurface archaeological surveys have been undertaken. It is important to highlight that there is uncertainty as to the baseline given the relatively limited archaeological research that has been undertaken in the Department of Chinandega and this limitation is reflected in the recommendations in the subsequent impact assessment section. The Project site location in the Department of Chinandega is located in a physiographic province referred to as the Nicaraguan volcanic front, which consists of the Maribios volcanic chain. Two volcanic complexes of the chain lie in the Department of Chinandega, Cosigüina and the San Cristóbal-Casita massif. The San Cristóbal-Casita massif dominate eastern Chinandega. The Project site location is in the Cerro La Pelona, on the eastern part of the eroded Casita volcano. Both San Cristóbal and Casita are understood to have been historically active (Hazlett, 1987). San Cristóbal is currently smoking. Eruptions are reported in the sixteenth century and more recently in 1998 a significant lahar from Casita occurred which buried villages and killed almost 2,000 people. The Project site location is in an area where late quaternary sedimentation, deposited through mass-wasting and/or aeolian volcanic deposition could increase the likelihood of well-preserved stratified archaeological or paleontological deposits, with potential for relatively intact preservation from volcanic ash17, while at the same time making potential buried sites much more difficult to detect. Rapid surface reconnaissance of three areas within the Project footprint undertaken in August 2017 revealed three archaeological loci with prehistoric artefact scatters on the surface, which are further discussed below. 7.10.3 Prehistoric and historic cultural periods The key pre-historic and historic cultural periods and their relevance to the potential for archaeological sites in Project location are summarised in section 1.7.1.1 and section 1.7.1.2. 7.10.3.1 Prehistoric (15000BC to AD 1525) Chinandega lies outside the Greater Nicoya Cultural Subregion. Arfefacts found in the Department of Chinandega show strong links to Mesoamerica. As such the Mesoamerican archaeological periodisation is used in Table 55 to present an overview of the pre-historic periods. Table 55: Pre-historic cultural periods Period Indicative Overview Relevance to the Project dates location Paleoindian 15000-7000 Earliest inhabitants of the Americas, Paleoindian sites have been located BC who arrived during the Late and studied in most Central American countries, including Mexico, Belize, 17 For example similar in nature to preservation of the Joya de Cerén http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/675 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Period Indicative Overview Relevance to the Project dates location Pleistocene and co-existed with Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica and now-extinct megafauna. Panama (Faught, 2006). Inhabitants manufactured highly Nicaragua is notably absence from the distinctive fluted spear points, list, although a recent conference although recent research suggests paper (Brown C. T., 2017) reported on the presence of even earlier the provisional identification of a fluted cultures (i.e., pre-Clovis) for which point from the Department of diagnostic artefacts have yet to be Chinandega. The artefact was identified. recovered on the footslope of the San Cristóbal volcano, it suggests the potential for sites of this period in the vicinity of the Project. Because such sites are rare and the culture they represent is so ancient, they are usually considered to be of significant scientific and cultural value. Archaic 7000 – 2000 People lived as hunter-gatherers, Few Archaic sites are currently known BC sometimes sedentary but usually in Nicaragua. There are no known sites nomadic, after the extinction of the in the Department of Chinandega. megafauna around the end of the They have the potential to exist Pleistocene. preserved through sedimentation in the Peoples used stone tools but not older landforms of the highlands pottery, and were also hunter- including the Maribios volcanoes chain. gatherers, although they consumed mainly modern flora and fauna rather than extinct Pleistocene species. Formative Early Earliest ceramic-using cultures. The first fully agricultural peoples or 2000-1000 Originally intended to designate the appear early in the second millennium preclassic BC ‘Neolithic’ stage cultures of BC in association with a well-known Middle Mesoamerica, that is, sedentary ceramic tradition, starting with the agricultural villages that developed Barra phase (~1850 BC), that has 1000-400 BC been documented along the coast from prior to the rise of the great Late civilizations. central Chiapas to El Salvador 400 BC – AD The definition of the period is a little (Kennett, 2010). 250 unclear because there may have It is therefore considered there is been sedentary hunter-gatherers potential for sites with such ceramic prior to the spread of agriculture materials to be present in Chinandega, and, moreover, today we know that especially given that related materials in Mesoamerica there were highly are known from the Dinarte phase of complex societies with complex the Orosi period (2000-500 BC) on political structures building massive Ometepe Island, Department of Rivas, architectural monuments during the Nicaragua (Haberland, 1992). so-called Formative period. Thus, Three Late Preclassic period sites are the Formative period is used more known in the Department of to designate a chronological Chinandega in the coastal plain and division than a stage of cultural Maribios volcanoes chain (Brown C. T., evolution. 2016), (Demarest A. A., 1986), (Demarest A. A., 1986). The ceramics from these sites are considered closely linked to the ancestors Ch’ortí’ Maya- speaking people (Sharer, 2009). It is considered possible, though not yet proven, that the coastal plains of Chinandega were occupied by Maya peoples during this period, a novel and surprising possibly not previously contemplated. Classic Early Continuation of preclassic ceramic- Ceramics identified to date from this AD 250 - 600 using cultures, with likely period in southern Chinandega exhibit development of more localised the closest ties to the site of Quelepa, Late traditions. near San Miguel in eastern El Salvador AD 600 – (Berdugo & Esteban, 2009), (Andrews, Note that in much of the Maya area, 900 1976). the Early Classic was a period of retrenchment or even temporary 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Period Indicative Overview Relevance to the Project dates location decline following a population collapse at the end of the Preclassic. Postclassic Early Introduction of metallurgy. Small, mixed samples of artefacts from AD 900- It is possible that the early the early post classic period in 1200/1250 postclassic period is the period in Chinandega. Late which the Maribio people migrated Since the Project area in La Pelona to Chinandega. was probably within the Maribio AD 1250- enclave, should sites that contain 1525 artefacts from this period be present this may present an opportunity for learning about this poorly documented culture. Virtually no definite chronological markers for the late post classic period in Chinandega that would allow us to definitively assign cultural deposits to it. 7.10.3.2 Historic (AD 1525 onwards) The Department of Chinandega possesses unusually rich historical documentation from the Spanish colonial period. Key records from the period contribute to understanding of the native people of Nicaragua and the culture and customs of the prehispanic inhabitants of Chinandega. Key sources include: ● Historia General y Natural de las Indias, Islas, y Tierra Firme…of Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés (1959). Oviedo, as he is usually called, was the first official Spanish chronicler of the New World, appointed by Emperor Charles V and lived in Tezoatega, today called El Viejo, and until the nineteenth century the most important town in what is today the Department of Chinandega. ● The account of the journey of Fray Alonso Ponce, attributed to Antonio de Ciudad Real (1873), through the region in the late sixteenth century. ● Legal documents relevant to the area include tax rolls and tax assessments made in 1542 and 1581 (Werner, 2000). At least four indigenous ethnic groups are securely documented as living in the wider area in the sixteenth century. These include the Chorotega, the Maribio, the Nahua, and the Ulúa Chontales. The Maribo territory appears to have extended a considerable distance inland, at least to the Nicaraguan Volcanic Front and perhaps beyond. The La Pelona and thus Project area may well have lain within Maribio territory. The Nahua (or Nahual) occupied several major towns including the largest, El Viejo, and the settlement of Chinandega. The second largest town in the area was Mistega, whose location has been lost, but was located ‘three leagues east of El Realejo’, which places it well within the Maribio area. Out of the five known Ulúa towns, four are understood to the north and therefore not in the vicinity of the Project. However the fifth town Ulúa Olomega may have been at or near the ‘Sitio de Olomega’ that is adjacent to the Project area. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase The La Pelona Project area appears to be located in what was historically Maribio territory, but may extend into what was Ulúa-Chontal territory if the modern settlement of Olomega is close to ancient Olomega. 7.10.4 Presence of archaeological and cultural features 7.10.4.1 Archaeological sites There has only been relatively limited archaeological research in the Department of Chinandega. Known archaeological sites (excluding those maintained confidential by the Ministry of Culture Office of Cultural Patrimony). The nearest sites to the Project location are approximately 40km away. The potential for archaeological finds in the Project area is considered high. The relatively flat land within the Project area would be useful for hunting and gathering, cultivation, habitation, religious rituals, and other activities that would permit the creation of archaeological sites and deposits. For example the 2008 archaeological survey related to the recent road project between Somotillo and Guasaule (~40km north of the project location) identified 21 archaeological sites, of which 16 were in the road project area. Several of the sites are large and important, one boasting 30 mounds (prehistoric earthwork). Two of the sites El Platanal and Morales. The prehistoric sites mostly seemed to date to the Classic period (AD 400-800), although some of the sites outside the project area may have had material from the Postclassic period (AD 800- 1350). Consultation was undertaken with the Mayor Brown Chinandega who expressed concern about possible archaeological artefacts in the Project area. The Mayor highlighted the importance of this consideration given that volcanoes were places of worship in the culture of our ancestors. Consultation with nearby former landowners also noted that archaeological artefacts are commonly found nearby the Project area such as iron bells previously worn on the chest of Spanish horses, grinding stones, pottery and tools such as arrowheads, knives and cutting tools made from obsidian stone. Brown 2017 notes an unconfirmed anecdotal account of an archaeological site on a property on Casita. The only documented archaeological remains on Casita were identified by a team of geologists who investigated the geological risks of the San Cristóbal-Casita massif after the catastrophic lahar during Hurricane Mitch in 1998 (Hradecký, 1999). The report notes that during the study and geological mapping, numerous proofs of the colonisation of the territory by the aboriginal population were found including: ceramic fragments, pieces of worked obsidian, hearths, foundations of houses, and petroglyphs. The most interesting discoveries were found in the area southwest of Bella Vista on the edge of the caldera of La Pelona and to the south- southeast of Posoltega. On an ‘island’ 2 m high in the plain of the river of the same name, foundations of brick and two intact hearths with fragments of ceramic and obsidian were found. The positions of these ancient settlements are located outside the area of the disaster zone of the Casita lahar, showing a perfect knowledge of the natural conditions and risks by the Indians of the pre-Columbian period. The petroglyphs were found in a small valley near the Comarca El Ojochal. The spirals and images of animals are carved into an andesitic lava flow. All the finds and their exact locations were reported to have been turned over to the Nicaraguan archaeologists for study. Visits to the following two museums located in the city of Chinandega were undertaken: 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 1. Museo de Arte Precolombino Chorotega - Nicarao “Enrique B. Mantica D.” 2. Museo Arqueológico Chichihualtepec The museums display a significant number of artefacts collected throughout the Department of Chinandega, although both museums (confirmed via discussions with the Museum directors) do not have artefacts or any additional information specifically from the Casita Volcano area. The rapid surface reconnaissance undertaken in August 2017 for the purpose of this ESIA revealed three predicted archaeological site localities (hereinafter referred to as “loci”) with prehistoric artefact scatters on the surface. All three loci were found in and around the basecamp area where the construction of the offices, a warehouse, a powerhouse and switchyard, and other facilities are planned. Although the boundaries of the archaeological loci have not yet been established, they clearly impinge on planned areas of construction. Figure 83 shows indicative locations of loci. It should be noted that loci are outlined with dashed lines as their full extent is unknown. Figure 83: Summary of findings Source: Rapid surface reconnaissance letter report by professor Clifford T. Brown, August 2017 Artefact analysis has not yet been performed but based on the current understanding, the following features have been identified: ● Archaeological locus 1: consists of a low-density scatter of lithic debitage from the working of both chert and obsidian. A ground stone artefact that looks like a miniature mace head with a circumferential groove has been found. The absence of ceramics was noted. ● Archaeological locus 2: large quantities of both ceramic and lithic artefacts scattered in the bed of the dirt road were observed. The pottery is varied and contains diagnostic specimens. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase It is currently unknown how large the site is, although, as the artefacts are scattered over 300m of roadway, it appears to be relatively large. ● Archaeological locus 3: consists of 2 potsherds recovered from a footpath. This in isolation is unlikely to be significant, but if it is part of archaeological locus 2, it could share in the significance of the larger site. Further detail on the artefacts identified in the project area is contained in Technical Appendix III.Overall the information collated indicates a high probability for archaeological artefacts and sites to be located in the Project footprint and/or immediate vicinity of the current proposed Project area. 7.10.5 Historical buildings or structures In the Municipality of Posoltega there is the Casita Memorial Park in memory of the victims of the 1998 catastrophic lahar from the eruption of Casita, which is located approximately 5km to the south of the Project site location and is mostly covered by plantation forest. No historical buildings or structures of cultural significance were observed above ground in the Project site location during the site walkover or have been noted in stakeholder meetings to date. Structures in Chinandega are known to have had thatched roofs that reach almost to the ground, to protect the inhabitants against the heat of the sun as shown in Figure 84. The same type of thatched structures is still built today in the municipality of El Viejo in Chinandega, but not elsewhere in Nicaragua. Figure 84: Modern house on the Peninsula of Cosigüina, municipality of El Viejo, Department of Chinandega 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Source: Clifford T. Brown (2017) 7.10.6 Burial sites No burial sites or grave markings were observed above ground in the Project site location during the site walkover or have been noted in stakeholder meetings to date. 7.10.7 Intangible cultural heritage In 2006 Nicaragua ratified the 2003 UNESCO convention for the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage. According to the convention, manifestations of intangible cultural heritage, include: ● Oral traditions and expressions, including language ● Performing arts ● Social practices, rituals and festive events ● Knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe ● Traditional craftsmanship UNESCO has inscribed two Nicaraguan elements in the list of intangible cultural heritage: 3. The colonial era drama of El Güegüense (UNESCO, 2014) 4. Language, dance and music of the Garifuna people (UNESCO, 2013) El Güegüense is a satirical drama, representing a forceful expression of protest by native Americans against Spanish colonial rule. The drama includes the character El Güegüense a powerful elder figure in pre-Hispanic Nicaragua, countered charges levelled against him by the colonial officials through a series of clever verbal manoeuvres. Performances combine theatre, dance and music and is considered one of Latin America’s most distinctive colonial -era expressions. It is performed during the feast of San Sebastián, patron saint of the city of Diriamba in Nicaragua’s Carazo province (over 100km from the Project site location). The Garifuna people originate from a population of mixed origin incorporating cultural elements of indigenous Caribbean and African groups. The Garifuna settled along the Atlantic coast (>300km from the Project site location) of Central America after being forced to flee from the Caribbean island of Saint Vincent in the eighteenth century. 7.11 Ecosystem services Ecosystem services can be broadly organized into four types: ● Provisioning services: which are the products people obtain from ecosystems (such as in form of crops, water, fruits, woods) ● Regulating services: which are the benefits people obtain from the regulation of ecosystem processes (such as filtration of pollutants by wetlands, climate regulation through carbon storage and water cycling, pollination and protection from disasters ● Cultural services: which are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems (such as recreation, spiritual and aesthetic and education values) ● Supporting services: which are the natural processes that maintain the other services (such as soil formation, photosynthesis and nutrient cycling among others) The biodiversity, socio-economic and cultural heritage baseline assessments have identified provisioning and potentially cultural services in the area. These are addressed in the socio— 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase economic assessment including consideration of impact related to crops, water, and firewood and cultural heritage impact assessment. General protection of the biodiversity outlined in this chapter will be relevant to supporting ecosystem objectives at the supporting and regulating level but no specific biodiversity related services have been noted. 7.12 Air quality The Project AOI is located in an area adjacent to two volcanoes (San Cristobal and Telica); Casita is not considered an active volcano nevertheless, local ambient concentrations of volcanic non-condensable gases such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and mercury (Hg), and sulphur dioxide (SO2), and methane (CH4) are therefore expected to be high compared to non- volcanic areas. Ambient concentrations of NOx, particulates and SO2 are expected to be low with no anthropogenic sources of pollutant emissions in the Project AOI. Mercury is not present in every geothermal resource, and the presence of mercury in geothermal fluids has not currently been tested. During the site visit, no H2S odours were detected in the direct AOI although some H2S odours were detected in the area of the existing slim hole study area considered to be associated with the widespread steaming grounds on the high NE flank of Casita volcano (uphill from the slimhole site). On May 27 and 28, 2009, baseline air quality survey was carried out, which measured two elements, classified as indicators of the interaction between the geothermal generation process and the environment: the concentration of CO2 and H2S in the environment. H2S is the main pollutant of concern due to its nuisance and health effects at relatively low concentrations. The measurement process was carried out by personnel of the Environmental Unit of LaGeo S.A. The concentrations of gases were measured with the following equipment: ● H2S: Hydrogen Sulfite Analyzer, Jerome 631-X ● CO2: 1260GSS IAQ Multi-Parameter Probe, IAQ Surveyor II Measurements were made at locations tentatively proposed for platforms A, B and C in the Project AOI. We note that these do not correspond exactly with the areas that are now defined as A, B and C but they are within the Project AOI and therefore considered representative. 7.12.1 Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) The Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) results for the Project AOI were taken at 24 measurement points, and present an average of 0.001 parts per million (ppm) H2S. The reported maximum value is 0.004 ppm of H2S identified in platform B. The area where the H2S has been detectable is marked by the isocon-tide line equal to 0.001 ppm H2S of Figure 85 below 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 85: H2S concentrations Source: CCP In platform C, 13 measurement points with an average of 0.002 ppm H2S were made. The maximum reported value is 0.005 ppm H2S. The area where the H2S has been detectable is marked by the isoconduction line equal to 0.001 ppm H2S. The baseline values of H2S found at the sites to be drilled are very low below 0.005 ppm H2S. 7.12.2 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) The CO2 results for the total area of influence of platforms A and B taken at 24 measurement points, have an average of 323.4 ppm of CO2. The maximum value reported was 433 ppm of CO2 and the minimum of 250 ppm CO2. The variation in concentrations is shown in the graph of iso-contours of Figure 86. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 86: CO2 concentration on platforms A and B Source: CCP EIA 2009 / 2015 At platform C, 13 measurement points with an average of 409.8 ppm of CO2 were made. The maximum value reported is 425 ppm of CO2 and the minimum of 376 ppm CO2. The baseline values of CO2 were found in the range from 250 to 433 ppm CO2. Global average levels of CO2 are around 400ppm. 7.13 Noise 7.13.1 Overview The noise baseline has been informed by the results of a high-level desk study of the Project site, the noise baseline date collected during existing EIA’s and surrounding area and noise baseline data collection. Noise monitoring has been done at key infrastructure locations and the location of sensitive residential receptors within the area of influence. Field data in relation to the proximity of potential sensitive receptors has been collected. The general character of the proposed infrastructure locations is rural in nature with little if any anthropogenic noise influences. On May 27 and 28, 2009, nine noise readings were carried out at three locations: a proposed well pad site, the proposed powerhouse site and proposed condenser site. The levels measured at the evaluated points ranged from <35 and 45.0 dBA (see Table 56 and Figure 87). The predominant sources of noise were wind and tree foliage as well as birds, dogs, cattle and insects in the area. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Table 56: Baseline noise results (EIA 2009) Site Coordinat Coordinat Tim Result Result Temperatu Wind es -east es e (minimu (Maximu re Veloci m) db(A) m dB(A) ty Slimhole 507735 1403152 08:1 <35 45 28.3 0.4 well site 5 Slimhole 507735 1403152 10:1 <35 40 25.6 1.1 well site 5 Slimhole 507735 1403152 13:5 <35 42 21.1 1.1 well site 0 Slimhole 507735 1403152 15:1 40 45 22.3 0.9 well site 0 Propose 507460 1403241 07:3 41 45 28.7 0.6 d power 0 house site Propose 507460 1403241 10:5 36 40 25.6 0.5 d power 5 house site Propose 507460 1403241 13:2 37 37 23.3 0.4 d power 5 house site Propose 507460 1403241 15:3 38 40 22.3 0.5 d power 5 house site Condens 505729 402919 13:0 37 42 24.4 0.3 er 5 location Source: EIa 2009 In July 2017, supplementary noise studies were performed in the Project area. A methodology for the calculation of noise impacts was performed in line with British Standard (BS) 5228 Code of Practice for Noise and Vibration Control on Construction and Open Sites (2009) hereafter referred to as BS 5228 – 1:2009. The measurement locations are illustrated in Table 57. The monitoring included night time monitoring at the 2 residential receptors located with the AOI. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 87: Map indicating baseline noise monitoring locations (2009, 2015 and 2017) Source: EIA (2009), EIA (2015) and CCP 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Table 57 summarises the locations with reference to their proximity to sensitive receptors and the well pad sites. Table 57: Details of noise measurement locations Location GPS co- Elevation Description Weather Time Any other noise ordinates emitted in the vicinity (i.e. cars, cattle, etc.) 1 X: 508537 House #1 (along 09:51 Birds, dogs Y: 1406474 main Access road) 21:40 2 X: 506967 Security guard hut 10:53 Dog Y: 14044444 20:46 3 X: 507482 Offices and base 11:42 Cicadas Y: 1403238 camp 19:53 4 X: 507776 House #2 (near 12:26 Cicadas, birds, dogs Y: 1402958 Well pad E) 19:00 5 X: 505542 Pad C 14:43 Lightning Y: 1403593 6 X: 507872 Pad CSB-1 10:50 Birds Y: 1401205 7 X: 508134 Pad CSE-1 10:50 Birds Y: 1402433 8 X: 506707 Pad CSF-1 12:53 Birds Y: 1401754 9 X: 505789 Pad CSA-1 14:29 Birds Y: 1403721 10 X: 597408 Pad CSD-1 15:32 Birds Y: 1403596 Source: CCP 2017 Figures showing the noise monitoring locations are provided in Figure 88 to Figure 97 below. Figure 88: Noise monitoring location 1 Figure 89: Noise monitoring location 2 (House #1) (Security guard hut) Source: CCP Source: CCP 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 90: Noise monitoring location 3 Figure 91: Noise monitoring location 4 (offices and basecamp) House #2) Source: CCP Source: CCP Figure 92: Noise monitoring location 5 (Pad Figure 93: Noise monitoring location 6 (Pad C) CSB-1) Source: CCP Source: CCP 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 94: Noise monitoring location 7 (Pad Figure 95: Noise monitoring location 8 (Pad E) F) Source: CCP Source: CCP Figure 96: Noise monitoring location 9 (Pad Figure 97: Noise monitoring location 10 A) (Pad D) Source: CCP Source: CCP The key sensitive receptors are expected to be dwellings near to the main access road leading to site and Platform E. For these receptors night time monitoring was also undertaken. The sound level meter was configured to record noise levels in contiguous 10-minute intervals, and, as a minimum, the following parameters were recorded in each measurement interval: ● The A-weighted equivalent continuous noise level in decibels – LAeq dB ● The maximum A-weighted sound pressure level in decibels –LA(max) dB ● Statistical description of background noise level defined as the A-weighted sound pressure level exceeded for 90% of the measurement interval – LA90 dB 7.13.2 Results of the baseline noise assessment Table 58 summarizes the results of the baseline noise monitoring undertaken in July 2017. The results indicated that baseline noise levels are characteristic of a rural environment with little to no anthropogenic noise sources. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Table 58: Baseline Noise Monitoring Results (ESIA 2017) Location Start time and date LAeq,10min LA(max)F, LA10,10min LA90,10min dB 10min dB dB dB 1 (House #1 09:51 20/07/2017 65.5 73.5 44.2 71.8 – along 10:08 20/07/2017 45.9 52.8 40.9 49.6 main access road) 10:19 20/07/2017 42.6 46.3 40.6 45.4 21:40 21/07/2017 50.6 54.2 44.1 54.2 21:50 21/07/2017 50.6 52.3 47.3 52.3 22:00 21/07/2017 49.8 51.1 47.6 51.1 2 (Security 10:53 20/07/2017 51.7 60.1 40.3 56.2 guard hut) 11:03 20/07/2017 41.5 43.9 39.0 43.7 11:14 20/07/2017 41.7 46.7 38.4 44.8 20:46 21/07/2017 55.5 62.1 49.4 59.6 20:56 21/07/2017 50.9 52.2 49.9 51.9 21:06 21/07/2017 51.5 54.3 49.7 53.3 3 Offices 11:42 20/07/2017 50.8 60.2 36.6 54.5 and base 11:52 20/07/2017 42.8 50.1 37.3 46.9 camp 12:02 20/07/2017 42.3 45.3 38.1 44.9 19:53 21/07/2017 54.2 58.1 50.2 57.3 20:03 21/07/2017 52.8 54.8 51.3 54.0 20:13 21/07/2017 53.0 54.1 52.0 53.8 4 (house #2 12:26 20/07/2017 58.7 64.3 49.5 62.7 near Well 12:36 20/07/2017 53.2 60.2 44.9 58.4 pad C) 12:46 20/07/2017 50.9 58.9 41.3 55.4 19:00 21/07/2017 65.2 75.0 49.0 64.6 19:11 21/07/2017 63.0 72.2 50.4 66.4 19:20 21/07/2017 56.5 64.1 50.6 60.6 5 Pad B 14:43 20/07/2017 46.6 52.3 38.8 52.2 14:53 20/07/2017 44.5 52.2 36.5 49.7 15:03 20/07/2017 48.8 57.0 39.6 52.5 6 Pad CSB- 10:50 21/07/2017 50.3 59.1 41.9 53.6 1 11:00 21/07/2017 45.3 50.2 40.3 49.2 11:10 21/07/2017 46.9 53.1 40.5 52.1 7 Pad CSE- 10:50 21/07/2017 46.2 51.1 41.3 49.8 1 11:00 21/07/2017 56.1 63.2 46.5 60.7 11:10 21/07/2017 47.6 50.7 41.0 50.6 8 Pad CSF- 12:53 21/07/2017 46.8 50.6 40.0 50.0 1 13:03 21/07/2017 47.0 52.1 39.8 50.6 13:13 21/07/2017 42.1 45.1 39.6 44.5 9 Pad CSA- 14:29 21/07/2017 43.5 48.3 38.9 46.7 1 14:39 21/07/2017 44.6 47.2 41.0 47.0 14:49 21/07/2017 43.1 46.5 39.1 45.5 10 Pad 15:32 21/07/2017 44.4 47.3 41.2 47.2 CSD-1 15:42 21/07/2017 50.0 58.7 40.2 55.0 15:52 21/07/2017 46.0 52.1 40.1 51.2 Source: CCP 2017 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 7.14 Regional infrastructure The following sections set out the municipal infrastructure available to the Project direct and indirect AOI including the wider region. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 98: Regional environmental infrastructure Source: Mott MacDonald / CCP 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 7.14.1 Traffic and transportation infrastructure The main road from Managua to Chinandega is the NIC-12, it is a paved road and maintains normal standards in terms of safety and road infrastructure. The main road near the Project site is the Road NIC-252 (secondary road) that connects the access roads to the project (tertiary or tracks) to the rest of the country. This NIC-252 road is also paved and maintains good standards in terms of safety and road infrastructure. The road is used by trucks carrying various types of crops and agricultural products of the region as well as personal vehicles and bikes. This road has been recently upgraded to provide an alternative route to NIC12 for heavy trucks from the Honduran border to Managua (avoiding passage through the towns of Chinandega and León). Typically, the common means of transport of goods and people in the area are bicycles, horses, motorcycles, trucks. The NIC-252 does pass through a number of villages such as Las Carpas and Villa 15 de Julio that have buildings and shops situated along the road side. Heavy equipment will be transported to the Project site either via the Port of Corinto on the Pacific coast or from the Honduras border along route number NIC-24 (primary road); the final route will be determined by the contractor. The total route from the Corinto Port to the Project site is approximately 70km. The access road to the project is just one, with few branches (to be constructed) to the well pads. A description of the planned expansion and upgrade to existing tracks from NIC-252 to the various well pads is provided in Chapter 2. These roads are not routinely used by non- project related traffic and area confined to landowners or authorised private users. Existing traffic levels on the local roads are low, and the Project may increase traffic movements intermittently as a result of trucks and vehicles transporting the construction material , the drilling employees and the drilling rig. It is estimated that over 4000 heavy-load truck loads will transport materials to the Project site assuming approximately 50,000m 3 of suitable material is needed and each truck capacity is 15m 3 plus additional trucks movement Figure 99: Main access road Figure 100: Access tracks to well pads Source: Mott MacDonald site visit 2017 Source: Mott MacDonald site visit 2017 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 7.14.2 Waste management infrastructure The baseline scenario with regards to current waste volumes in Nicaragua and the Project AOI, available waste collection schemes, waste management facilities and disposal arrangements have been determined through a desk-top study, consultation with MARENA and observations during the ESIA site visit. In Managua as in neighbouring countries in Central America, solid waste management is a municipal responsibility. Domestic waste is typically collected by the central municipal solid waste department. Nicaragua has three technical standards governing the design of landfills and waste management, as summarized below: ● Technical Standard (05 013-01) for Environmental Control of Solid Waste Landfill (non- hazardous) - This standard is to establish the general and specific criteria, parameters and environmental specifications for the location, design, operation, maintenance and closure or closure of the disposal of non-hazardous solid waste in landfills. ● Nicaraguan Mandatory Technical Standard Environmental Management, Treatment and Disposal of Solid Waste (non-hazardous) (05 014-01) - This standard is to establish the technical and environmental criteria to be met in the implementation of projects and activities management, treatment and disposal of non-hazardous solid waste, to protect the environment. ● Technical Standard for the Management and Disposal of Hazardous Solid Waste (05 015- 02) - This standard is to establish environmental technical requirements for storage, collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of hazardous solid waste generated in industrial activities and establishments providing medical care, such as clinics and hospitals, clinical laboratories, laboratories production of human and veterinary rabies centres and biological agents, teaching and research. At the Department level, only four in ten households dispose of waste through a collector or depositing it in a landfill or in an approved container truck. This means that most households, 56.6%, dispose of their waste through burning or burying it. Solid waste collection is provided in 75 of the 153 regional municipalities in garbage trucks administered by the mayors of each municipality. The waste collection coverage in the country is partial, because some areas are difficult to access, which means that there are several areas in the country that lack this service. Of the waste collected in the country, 94% is poured into tanks or open dumps or is burned to reduce its volume. There are some private companies that provide hazardous waste management. Every municipality in the country has its own dump or landfill and these are operated according to the dynamics of each municipality administered by the Municipal Mayors. In the Project area, solid waste will need to be transported to the Chinandega municipal dump for disposal; this is the one and only authorized waste dump located nearby the Project. Hazardous waste will need to be disposed of through the nearest private, certified companies. 7.14.3 Other geothermal resources and industry in the AOI There are currently two geothermal plant in Nicargua: the San Jacinto – Tizate 72MW geothermal power plant located in the northwest of Nicaragua, near the city of Leon, approximately 90km northwest of Managua; and the Momotombo geothermal plant, with 77MW installed which has been in commercial operation since 1983, located at the southern base of 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase the Momotombo Volcano. Refer to Figure 101 (below) for an overview of the existing and planned geothermal projects in Nicargua. The Nicaragua National Expansion Plan does not envisage another geothermal project to come on line before this project in 2023 (35MW) and contemplates up to 140MW from the Casita Project for the future. No other significant industries that may contribute similar impacts to the environment and community are noted in the direct or indirect area of influence. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 209 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 101: Location of existing and planned geothermal projects in Nicaragua Source: Mott MacDonald / CCP 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 210 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 8 Impact Assessment 8.1 Overview This chapter provides the environmental and social assessment of the potential impacts resulting from the Project activities identified during Component 1 exploratory phase works including: i) site establishment, ii) exploratory drilling and the iii) restoration / site closure (for temporary work-sites (e.g. laydown areas) or in the event that the geothermal resource is not confirmed. The assessment considers the extent, duration and magnitude of impacts, against the sensitivity of the number of people or size of resource affected by the predicted changes. The methodology for assigning magnitude and significance is as described in Chapter 5. If a discipline has a specific definition of sensitivity and magnitude, these are described in this chapter, otherwise Chapter 5 applies. A tabulated summary of all the potential impacts and their significant based upon impact magnitude and receptor sensitivity (pre-mitigation) is provided at the end of each section and in full at the end of the chapter. The appropriate mitigation, compensation and enhancement measures that will be implemented as part of the Project are presented in Chapter 9 along with final residual significance (post application of mitigation). Impacts will be identified and significance will be attributed taking into account the interaction between magnitude criteria and sensitivity criteria as presented in the significance matrix in Table 28 (and described in detail in chapter 5), the definitions for these criteria may be elaborated in sections below or otherwise will be as defined in Chapter 5. Table 59: Impact significance matrix (adverse or beneficial) Magnitude of Impact Sensitivity of Receptors Negligible Low Medium High Negligible Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant Low Insignificant Minor Minor Moderate Medium Insignificant Minor Moderate Major High Insignificant Moderate Major Critical Source: Mott MacDonald 8.2 Socio-economic 8.2.1 Introduction This section predicts social impacts expected to occur because of the exploratory phase of the Project and assesses the beneficial and adverse effects by predicting their significance prior to mitigation. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 211 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 8.2.2 Impact identification Impacts have been considered and assessed for the site preparation (including access road construction and well pad set up), exploratory works and where relevant decommissioning. Specifically, this section presents the identification and assessment of the following impacts and risks of the Project: ● Employment generation impacts ● Project induced in-migration ● Land acquisition and resettlement impacts ● Occupational health and safety risks ● Community health, safety and security risks 8.2.3 Sensitivity and magnitude The significance of the social impacts has been determined through consideration of the level of vulnerability (sensitivity) of Project affected individuals, households, communities and other social groups (social receptors), and the magnitude of the impact experienced by them. Significance attribution uses the matrix presented in Chapter 5. Criteria for determining the sensitivity of social receptors and the magnitude of social impacts are described below. The sensitivity of social receptors has been determined through consideration of their vulnerability to social impacts. Sensitivity considers receptors’ capacity to cope with impacts that affect their access to or control over additional or alternative social resources of a similar nature, ultimately affecting their wellbeing. Sensitive or vulnerable people are generally considered to have less means to absorb adverse changes or shocks than less-sensitive or less-vulnerable receptors. Similarly, they may be less able to maximise and build on beneficial changes to their resource bases. When considering sensitivity to social effects, the response to resource change takes into account the type of receptor. For example, a community’s vulnerability is generally measured in terms of its resilience to loss of community facilities, whereas an individual’s or household’s vulnerability considers their resilience to deprivation and loss of livelihood14 assets or opportunities (such as jobs, productive land or natural resources). Impacts that increase impoverishment risks contribute to vulnerability. Impoverishment risks include landlessness, joblessness, homelessness, marginalisation, increased morbidity and mortality, food insecurity, loss of access to common property resources and social disarticulation. Table 60 below presents the guideline criteria that have been used to categorise sensitivity of receptors. Table 60: Social receptor sensitivity criteria Sensitivity Definition High An already vulnerable social receptor with very little capacity and means to absorb proposed changes or with very little access to alternative similar sites or services. Medium An already vulnerable social receptor with limited capacity and means to absorb proposed changes or with little access to alternative similar sites or services. Low A non-vulnerable social receptor with some capacity and means to absorb proposed changes and with some access to alternative similar sites or services. Negligible A non-vulnerable social receptor with plentiful capacity and means to absorb proposed changes and with good access to alternative similar sites or services. The magnitude of the social impacts has been determined by consideration of the extent to which social receptors gain or lose access to or control over socio-economic resources, resulting in a beneficial or adverse effect on their individual and collective wellbeing. Wellbeing 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 212 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase is considered as the financial, physical and emotional conditions and quality of life of people and communities. For beneficial impacts, the extent to which local wellbeing can be enhanced is considered. This is in accordance with the international movement in SIA practice towards an increased focus on enhancing long-term development benefits for local communities’ sustainability, as opposed to only considering mitigation of adverse impacts. As such, the magnitude criteria include consideration of the extent to which benefits are shared with and or realised by local people and communities. The assessment of magnitude has been undertaken in three steps. Firstly, the impacts have been identified. Then the nature of the impact has been considered as to whether it is beneficial or adverse, direct or indirect, transboundary or cumulative, or a combination of any of the above. Finally, the magnitude of impacts has been categorised as major, moderate, minor or negligible, based on consideration of parameters including likelihood, duration, number of people or groups affected, and spatial extent along with professional judgement as presented in Table 61 below. Table 61: Magnitude criteria Categorisation Definition High A highly likely impact that would have implications beyond the Project life affecting the wellbeing of many people across a broad cross-section of the population and affecting various elements of the local communities’, or workers’, resilience. Medium A likely impact that continues over a number of years throughout the Project life and affects the wellbeing of specific groups of people and affecting specific elements of the local communities’, or workers’, resilience. Low A potential impact that occurs periodically or over the short term throughout the life of the Project affecting the wellbeing of a small number of people and with little effect on the local communities’, or workers’, resilience. Negligible A potential impact that is very short lived so that the socio-economic baseline remains largely consistent and there is no detectable effect on the wellbeing of people or the local communities’, or workers’, resilience. Unlike other topics within the ESIA, the potential health and safety impacts will not be assigned formal magnitude and sensitivity ratings and significance of predicted effects will not be identified. Individuals respond to impacts on their health in different ways, influenced by a range of health determinants which includes their genetics, lifestyle, environment, and many others. Therefore, it is common to consider changes associated with the Project as changes to health risks. These health risks can be ranked in terms of their importance, considering the likely scale of change and the population groups which experience the change. Mitigation and enhancement measures are identified to minimise risks and optimise beneficial opportunities created by the Project. 8.2.4 Impact assessment 8.2.4.1 Employment generation The exploration phase will create employment opportunities for site establishment, drilling and site restoration. Estimated jobs are 100 for site establishment and civil works (road and well pads construction) and 100 (60 CCP and 44 contractor) for drilling wells. Table 62 presents the types of jobs envisaged. Site restoration will not require as many staff as site preparation because no access roads will need to be built or remediated. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 213 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Table 62: Estimated jobs for Casita geothermal exploration phase (including roads and related civil works) Site establishment Job numbers Exploratory drilling Job numbers Engineers 4 Geologists 2 Surveyor 1 Supervisors (project and 3 environmental) Equipment operators 7 Engineers 3 Drivers 3 Drilling equipment 9 operators and assistants Bricklayers 10 Mechanics, electricians, 8 welders General helpers and 25 Equipment operators 10 flaggers Civil works 50 Drivers 3 First aid medical 3 assistants General helpers and 19 flaggers Contractor 44 Source: Casita Geothermal Exploration Environmental Impact Assessment 2009 and 2017 site visit The site establishment and site remediation activities will be undertaken during normal working hours. Operation of a drilling rig requires continuous activity 24 hours a day, seven days a week. The personnel who operate and guarantee the maintenance of the drilling machinery (wellhead, drillers, assistants, mechanics and electricians) will work in crews on two 12-hour shifts. Workers with the required skills and experience will be contracted locally, nationally and, if required internationally. There are two operational geothermal project in the country (San Jacinto and Momotombo). It is expected to be challenging to find the required technical skills locally so neighbouring communities will probably supply unskilled labour. There should be most of the technical skills needed available nationally. The jobs will provide an income source for workers and their families, contributing to their well- being. Cumulatively, local jobs may provide small contributions to poverty reduction in the wider area of influence. Minor indirect socio-economic benefits will result from local workers’ earning being spent on local goods and services. The exploration phase jobs will be temporary, but the skills and experience gained will benefit future job prospects as workers develop new skills or enhance existing skills. The production phase works and future geothermal projects in the national pipeline could benefit from the increased national skill set. Overall, the potential workers are considered to be of medium sensitivity because unemployment and subsistence living are common in the local area. However, some workers will come with skills from other parts of the country and they will be less vulnerable. Construction employment is considered to be of low beneficial magnitude because the work is temporary and will affect a small number of workers. Together, the medium sensitivity of the workers with low magnitude impact, means that construction employment is a minor positive impact. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 214 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 8.2.4.2 Project induced in-migration Some infrastructure schemes create project induced in-migration. The rate and magnitude of in- migration is determined by project characteristics. See Table 63 for this Project’s likely potential for creating influx. All indicators suggest a low level of Project induced in-migration. Based on medium sensitivity of the neighbouring communities in the wider area of influence and low magnitude, project induced in-migration is considered an impact of minor adverse significance impact. Table 63: Key factors leading to high rates of influx Factor Factor affecting magnitude of This Project impacts from in-migration Scale of project (project Larger projects lead to a Small: There will only be 3 to construction and operation, greater impact of in- 5 well pads with small labour goods and services) migration; small projects lead amounts of access roads and to a lesser impact of in- pipelines. migration Area capacity to meet project Low capacity leads to a Medium capacity: The town needs/population density of greater impact of in- of Chinandega is not far from project area migration; high capacity the sites. It is only about leads to a lesser impact of in- 150,000 people but will has migration the accommodation and amenities required by the relatively small number who come from other parts of the country or internationally. Tendency towards High concentration leads to a Low concentration: the direct concentration greater impact; low area of influence is not concentration leads to a populated. lesser impact of in-migration Opportunities for Many opportunities lead to a Land acquisition has already compensation and benefits greater impact of in- occurred for the land area speculation migration; few opportunities whithing the concession area lead to a lesser impact of in- and future land needs are migration small and includes three landowners. There will be a community development plan which targets existing local needs. Proximity to large population Projects far from urban Close: The Project site is centres centres lead to a greater easily accessible to the impact of in-migration; municipal capital projects close to urban centres lead to a lesser impact of in-migration Source: Factors are from IFC’s Handbook for Addressing Project -Induced In-Migration (2009), analysis by Mott MacDonald 8.2.4.3 Land use change and resettlement In accordance with national requirements, the Project has acquired the concession for geothermal development and land agreements comprising 313,698.36m2 are in place with two individuals and three companies that own ten land plots where the main facilities will be located. A company (Company B) owns the biggest affected land area (192,836.11m 2), which hosts all 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 215 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase main Project components and civil works. However, the Project only affects 1.6% of the total properties’ areas owned by this company. The other four land areas have a leased area that ranges from 25,500m2 to 35,000m2 that represents 1.1% up to 7.5% of the total properties’ areas. There are no easement rights for the well pads D and E within the Company B’s property and for the transmission line in Company C property. These will need to be negotiated in the future. Additionally, if development drilling requires access to other land areas than the ones already leased, further negotiation will be required. Six properties outside the concession area along the main access road and the transmission line that belong to three landowners were recently identified by CCP. Land agreements for these three landowners are not finalised but land needs identified to date related to these are generally small (2.6ha). A Cooperative (“Cooperative B”) is identified by CCP as one of the three landowners. It is not clear if they own the land title or if they are land users. Management of future land needs is outlined in a Project resettlement policy framework (RPF), Volume V of this ESIA. The land use has not been changed in the properties after the lease. The Project has not anticipated the need for physical displacement for the exploration phase. With regards to economic displacement, for the main access road there was some loss of crops and cattle. The existing wells were installed on non-productive land, according to Company B’s landowner. The land owners with whom the land agreements have been signed are private citizens who do not reside on the properties. They are considered to have been adequately and satisfactorily compensated. As such, they are considered as having negligible sensitivity as receptors to adverse land impacts. The land-users living in the property near the road are considered to be vulnerable as they do not own the home but they do have the patronage of the land owners. They are considered to be receptors of medium sensitivity because they have fewer economic resources to adapt to any changes or to raise a grievance to their landlord (and in the case of House #2, their employer). The women who are part of the agricultural cooperative (“Cooperative A”) are considered to have high sensitivity. Their land rights are solely related to land use and they do not have title to the land. The women are subsistence-based farmers and are reliant on the land for their food security and livelihood. If Cooperative B does not own the land title, its members should also be considered to have high sensitivity. The magnitude of land acquisition impacts on the receptors described above is considered low for the exploratory phase, because the Project footprint is small in comparison to the concession area. The anticipated footprint is currently 56 hectares but this number need to be confirmed by CCP. The 12km access road which will probably be used as an infrastructure corridor for the pipeline and transmission line will provide an infrastructure benefit to local communities and is likely to follow existing route, albeit the road will need to be expanded and upgraded. The well pad areas can be remediated and returned to existing conditions once the geothermal resource is no longer viable. For the affected land owners, combining negligible sensitivity and low magnitude means land use change is considered an insignificant impact. For the land users (two households, ten women who are part of a cooperative and potentially members of the Cooperative B) combining medium to high sensitivity with low magnitude, the land use change is an adverse impact of minor to moderate significance. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 216 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 8.2.4.4 Occupational health and safety risks The main activities involved in site establishment, drilling and site restoration for the exploration phase pose potential risks to the health, safety and security and therefore well-being of construction workers if not managed appropriately.. There are potentially occupational health and safety (OHS) risks related to personal accident or injury on any construction site. If working conditions and labour relations are not carefully managed and monitored, in particular overtime use, the OHS risks increase. Some of the OHS risks which are likely to arise during the exploration phase of the Project are typical to many construction sites, include: exposure to physical hazards from use of heavy equipment; trip and fall hazards; exposure to dust, noise and vibrations; falling objects; exposure to hazardous materials; and exposure to electrical hazards from the use of tools and machinery. Other specific risks associated with this geothermal exploration include: project are blowouts, gas and vapor leakage (hydrogen sulphide), fuel spills or leaks, sewage spills, and agricultural fires and burns. Another likely OHS risk to Project workers specific to the Project location includes: exposure to extreme heat during summer, snake bites will likely be a risk to workers involved in vegetation clearance. Procurement and availability of serum doses will be needed. The location of the project work sites in an area of high volcanic and seismic risk and an area of high risk of forest fires, presents a risk to workers and specific emergency response plans that align with municipality emergency response and evacuation plans. Ensuring good communication technology for communicating within the project area of influence will be important. For the most part specialised work will be undertaken by specialised contractors (drilling contractors) who are experienced in working in this type of environment and the sensitivity to OHS risks for this work will be low. Local workers hired to support non-skilled work may be more susceptible and require very specific instructions related to working in an environment such as this e.g. with high potential risk for hydrogen sulphide and drilling activities). For workers the, combining low (skilled) and medium (unskilled) sensitivity and medium magnitude means OHS risks are considered moderate (unskilled) and minor (skilled) impact. 8.2.4.5 Community health, safety, and security risks While it is not predicted that the Project will result in accidents and transmission of disease among community members, the Project does create a small potential risk for their occurrence. These risks and associated hazards require management measures. During exploration, if not mitigated the following activities could cause disturbance or impact the health safety and security of neighbouring villages and local community members: ● Project truck and vehicle movements will increase existing traffic volumes ● Nuisance impacts from increased noise, vibration and dust related to exploration activities (Two houses within 100m of the access road have been identified and other social receptors are far enough away to not be impacted.) ● Construction site storage of hazardous materials ● Anti-social behaviour (behaviour nor customarily accepted in society) which can be instigated by increase in wages, for instance substance abuse that causes accidents and injuries, prostitution, domestic violence, teenage pregnancy and others. ● Harm caused through use of inadequately trained security personnel (The Project’s existence will create a small security presence) For the local community, combining negligible sensitivity and low magnitude means land use change is considered an insignificant impact. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 217 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase The potential for the Project to contaminate water resources used by the wider community is considered in more detail in the water section including measure to address community concerns related to the existing water quality and managing perceptions that may arise as was identified in our consultation Impact summary Table 64 summarises the findings of the impact assessment pre-mitigation. Chapter 9 elaborates on how significant impacts may be eliminated, reduced, offset, managed or mitigated to acceptable levels. Table 64: Summary of impacts – socio – economic Potential Adverse Magnitude Sensitivity Impact impact /Beneficial evaluation (pre- mitigation) Socio economic Employment Positive low Medium Minor generation Project induced Adverse Low Medium Minor migration Land acquisition Adverse Low Negligible Insignificant and resettlement impacts – landowners Land users Adverse Low Medium – high Moderate (minor) Workers (skilled Adverse Medium Medium Moderate (minor) and unskilled) (unskilled workers) / Low (skilled workers) Community health, Adverse Low Negligible Insignificant safety and security (traffic, nuisance, material storage, antisocial behaviour Security Adverse Low Negligible Insignificant 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 218 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 8.3 Biodiversity 8.3.1 Introduction This section presents the identification and assessment of the following potential beneficial and adverse biodiversity impacts of the Project during Component 1 exploration phase. There will be a production phase ESIA that will assess impacts associated with the full analysis of component 2 activities. 8.3.2 Impact identification We have addressed projects impacts separately for each activity (site establishment, exploratory drilling and re-instatement / site closure) and for each key receptor. This section provides an overview of the impacts that will arise during each activity. A summary of the Critical Habitat Assessment is presented in Section 1.3.2 below. Mitigation is presented after impact assessment in Chapter 9. A summary of the significant residual effects and the compensation required are also presented in Chapter 9. 8.3.3 Component 1 Exploration Phase Site Establishment ● Terrestrial habitat and flora loss and degradation (permanent and temporary) ● Accidental introduction and dispersal of invasive species ● Disturbance to terrestrial animal species (eg noise, artificial light, vibration) ● Injury or death of terrestrial animals ● Habitat fragmentation ● Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife ● Hunting and poaching of wildlife due to improved access roads Exploratory Drilling ● Terrestrial habitat and flora degradation (e.g. dust, vibration, vehicle movement) ● Accidental introduction and dispersal of invasive species ● Disturbance to terrestrial animal species (e.g. noise, artificial light, dust, vibration) ● Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife (deep excavations) ● Hunting and poaching of wildlife due to improved access roads Re-instatement ● Disturbance to terrestrial animal species (eg noise, artificial light) ● Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife ● Hunting and poaching of wildlife due to improved access roads ● Accidental introduction and dispersal of invasive species 8.3.4 Component 2 (production phase) It is proposed that an EIA for the production phase will be undertaken once the geothermal resource is confirmed. For the purposes of this assessment, the possible routing of the transmission line (a component 2 infrastructure) has been considered in order to ascertain whether there are any significant impacts that would represent an impediment to this connection option. 8.3.5 Transmission Line Site establishment ● Terrestrial habitat and flora loss and degradation (permanent and temporary) 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 219 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase ● Disturbance to terrestrial animal species (eg noise, artificial light, vibration) ● Injury or death of terrestrial animals ● Habitat fragmentation ● Accidental introduction and dispersal of invasive species ● Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife Drilling phase ● Terrestrial habitat and flora loss and degradation (permanent and temporary) ● Disturbance to terrestrial animal species (eg noise, artificial light, vibration) ● Injury or death of terrestrial animals and birds (including bird collision and electrocution) 8.3.6 Sensitivity and magnitude The magnitude of the potential impacts upon each ecological feature is assessed for the exploration phase of the Project and the construction of the transmission line during the production (generation) phase. Criteria for determining the magnitude of impact are outlined in Chapter 5. In accordance with WBPS6, the conservation importance (sensitivity) of each ecological feature which occurs within the Project AOI needs to be assessed and this is defined in Table 65. In order to categorise the sensitivity on the basis of biodiversity-specific criteria typically adopted for the assessment of ecological impacts, the sensitivity ranking presented in Table 65 slightly differs from the evaluation matrix presented in Chapter 5 - ESIA Framework and Methodology by including the conservation importance category “Very High”. A “High” or “Very High” sensitivity (conservation importance) is however equivalent to the general category “High” for receptor sensitivity in the impact evaluation matrix in Chapter 5. Significance of impacts has been determined by the interaction between the magnitude of impacts and the sensitivity of receptors affected, as depicted in the impact evaluation matrix shown in Chapter 5. Table 65: Criteria for determining receptor sensitivity (conservation importance) Conservation Detail Species Criteria Habitat or Site importance Criteria (Sensitivity) Very high Very high importance IUCN Critically Internationally and rarity. International Endangered and designated sites (or scale with limited Endangered species. equal status). Habitats of potential for substitution. significant international ecological importance. High High importance and IUCN Vulnerable Nationally designated rarity, national scale, or species. Nationally sites (or equal status). regional scale with threatened/protected Areas of habitats of limited potential for species of significant national ecological substitution, species of population size and importance and natural international status but importance. habitats of significant not within designated ecological importance areas. and/or high biodiversity with limited potential for substitution. Medium High or medium Nationally threatened/ Regionally important importance and rarity, protected species or rare natural habitats. Natural local or regional scale species, but not a habitats. Modified and limited potential for significant population habitats with high substitution, species of size and not of national biodiversity or under national status but not importance. significant threat of loss within designated areas. within the region. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 220 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Conservation Detail Species Criteria Habitat or Site importance Criteria (Sensitivity) Low Very low or low IUCN Near Threatened Undesignated sites and importance and rarity /Least Concern. Species habitats of natural and local scale. of local national habitats of some local importance. biodiversity and cultural heritage interest. Modified habitats with limited ecological value. Other sites with little or no local biodiversity and cultural interest. Modified habitats with limited biodiversity value. Negligible Very limited ecological IUCN Least Concern Highly modified habitats importance. species. Species of no of no biodiversity value. national importance. 8.3.7 Component 1: Site establishment 8.3.7.1 Protected areas As noted in Section 7.8.3.2, the Project AOI overlaps with the boundaries of the San Cristóbal- Casita-Chonco Volcanic Complex IBA/ KBA and Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita. The habitat loss within the Nature Reserve under the footprint of the geothermal Project is shown in Table 66 below. The components of the Project during Component 1 include Pads A-F (6ha), water storage reservoir (0.24ha), water wells (0.18ha), materials storage yard and temporary warehouse (0.50ha), temporary dump pond (0.24ha), drill cuttings management area (0.4ha), and access roads to platforms (2.87ha). Within the Nature Reserve, a total of 10.43ha will be lost under the footprint of the Project. This represents a small proportion (0.06%) of the habitats in the Nature Reserve. The pine forest Pinus oocarpa will not be affected by site establishment activities. Introduction or spread of non-native and invasive species is also a risk during site establishment due to the movement of vehicles through the Project area. During the 2017 surveys, the non- native and invasive plant species Hyparrhenia rufa, Andropogon gayanus and Oeceoclades maculata were found within the Project AoI. Refer to Volume II ESIA Chapter 7 Baseline for details of these invasive species. Project impacts on the IBA/KBA and Nature Reserve during site establishment are considered to be of low magnitude. As the IBA/KBA and Nature Reserve are considered to be of very high/high conservation importance, the resulting effect is therefore adverse moderate and significant without mitigation. Mitigation measures are addressed in Chapter 9 and residual significance summarised thereafter. Given that the IBA/ KBA is designated for supporting biome-restricted and restricted-range bird species, the impact assessment of these birds is discussed in Section 8.3.4.3. The habitat loss within the IBA/KBA and Nature Reserve under the footprint of the transmission line is discussed in Section 8.3.6 below. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 221 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Table 66: Habitat lost within Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita due to Component 1 of the Project Habitat type Habitat loss (ha) Total area of Proportion of habitat habitat loss in in the Nature the Nature Reserve (ha) Reserve (%) Secondary dry tropical forest (dense and 4.13 9531.5 0.04 open) Open forest succession 1.10 3904.4 0.03 Rocky outcrops and landslides with 0.38 842.2 0.05 pioneer vegetation Savannah 0.02 1165.3 0.00 Water 0.00 1.6 0.00 Agro-forestry and plantations 4.32 256.4 1.68 Human settlements 0.00 8.2 0.00 Arable land 0.47 1919.9 0.02 Total 10.43 17630.0 0.06 Source: Mott MacDonald, 2017 Impacts on Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico Telica Rota are considered to be negligible due to the distance from the Project. The resulting effect is therefore insignificant. 8.3.7.2 Habitats and flora Across the Project AOI, the impacts on the terrestrial habitats and flora are largely associated with the temporary and permanent habitat loss/degradation resulting from site establishment. It is not possible to distinguish between permanent and temporary habitat loss of all components at this stage. Vegetation clearance during this stage will be for the Pads A-F (6ha), water storage reservoir (0.24ha), water wells (0.18ha), materials storage yard and temporary warehouse (0.50ha), temporary dump pond (0.24ha), drill cuttings management area (0.4ha), and access roads to platforms (2.87ha). Habitats are likely to become fragmented as a result of the habitat loss under the project footprint. Introduction or spread of non-native and invasive species is also a risk during site establishment due to the movement of vehicles through the Project area (refer to Volume II ESIA Chapter 7 Baseline for details of invasive species). The habitat loss under the footprint of the transmission line is discussed in below and shown in Figure 59. The habitat areas affected by the Project are shown in Table 66 above and in Figure 58. The most affected habitats during site establishment will be secondary dry deciduous tropical forest (dense and open) (4.13ha affected) and agro-forestry and plantations (4.32ha) (Table 8.1 The most valuable terrestrial habitats in the AOI are considered to be the secondary dry deciduous tropical forest (open and dense). The conservation importance of this habitat type is considered to be medium because of the rapid decline in dry deciduous tropical forest in Nicaragua and fragmentation of this habitat type within the Los Maribios Mountain Range. The magnitude of the impact is considered to be adverse low. The resulting effect is therefore adverse minor without mitigation. Other habitats in the AOI considered to be of low conservation importance include natural habitats (open forest succession, rocky outcrops and landslides with pioneer vegetation savannah and water) and modified habitats (agro-forestry and plantations). The magnitude of the impact is adverse low for these habitat types and the resulting effect is adverse minor. The 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 222 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase modified habitats of negligible conservation value (human settlements and arable land) are not discussed further in this ESIA. There are five globally Endangered and six Vulnerable species of flora within the Project AOI described in section 8.3.3. Of the Endangered species Lonchocarpus phlebophyllus and Platymiscium pleiostachyum are native and likely to be within the Project AOI. These species are considered to be of very high conservation importance. Site establishment impacts on these species without mitigation are likely to be of low magnitude. The effect is considered to be adverse moderate and significant in the absence of mitigation. Of the Vulnerable species Spanish cedar Cedrela odorata, cocobolo Dalbergia retusa, Pacific coast mahogany Swietenia humilis, big leaf mahogany Swietenia macrophylla and Bombacopsis quinata are native and likely to be within the Project AOI. Brazil-nut tree Bertholletia excels is non-native to Nicaragua and was also observed in the Project AOI in 2009/2013. The Vulnerable species likely to be in the Project AOI are of high conservation importance. Site establishment impacts on these species without mitigation are likely to be of low magnitude. The effect is considered to be adverse moderate and significant in the absence of mitigation. All other species recorded within the Project AOI are of low conservation importance. Site establishment impacts on flora are likely to be of low magnitude. The resulting effect is therefore adverse minor without mitigation. 8.3.7.3 Mammals Mammals are likely to be affected by site establishment through habitat loss/degradation, habitat fragmentation, disturbance (presence of people, artificial lighting, noise and vibration) injury or death owing to clearance of vegetation and increased traffic. One globally Endangered and two globally Vulnerable mammal species were identified or could be potentially be present within the Project AoI. Geoffroy’s spider monkey Ateles geoffroyi is of very high conservation importance as it is globally Endangered. The species was not observed during the surveys carried out in 2009/2013 or 2017 and it occurs in primary lowland rain forest, evergreen and semideciduous which are not present within the Project AOI. Impacts on this species are therefore considered to be negligible and the resulting effect is insignificant. Margay Leopardus wiedii which is globally Near Threatened and nationally Endangered, is considered to be of high conservation importance. It was recorded in the Project AOI during the 2009/2013 and 2017 surveys in dry secondary forest and savannah habitats. The giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla is also of high conservation importance as it is globally Vulnerable. It was not recorded during the 2009/2013 or 2017 surveys but could still be present due to suitable habitat within the Project AOI. The species is found in dry forest, savanna habitats and open grasslands and the IUCN distribution maps includes the Project AOI. Under the footprint of the Project, approximately 4.13ha of dry forest will be lost representing 0.04% of this habitat within the Nature Reserve and 0.02 of savannah will be lost representing <0.00% of this habitat within the Nature Reserve (Table 66). Project impacts these two species during site establishment include habitat loss/degradation, noise/lighting, hunting, disturbance and habitat fragmentation. These impacts are considered to be of low magnitude; the resulting effect is therefore adverse moderate without mitigation. Improved access roads can cause an increase in hunting and poaching of wildlife in the Nature Reserve. There is a total of twelve nationally protected species recorded within the Project AOI. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 223 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Of these, seven have an indefinite national ban (including Geoffroy’s spider monkey, giant anteater and margay described above). The remaining five species have a partial national ban (between 1 January and 30 June. The IUCN distribution maps for all of these species cover the Project AOI. Nationally protected species are of medium conservation importance and site establishment impacts are of low magnitude. The resulting effect is adverse minor without mitigation. All other mammal species recorded in the AOI are of low conservation importance. The construction impacts described above are considered to be of low magnitude and the resulting effect is adverse minor. 8.3.7.4 Birds Bird species are likely to be affected by loss/degradation of breeding/feeding habitat and disturbance (presence of people, artificial lighting, noise and vibration). These impacts will be associated with site establishment (vegetation clearance for the platforms, new access roads. The impacts of site establishment will be confined to the direct Project AOI. Yellow-naped Amazon parrot Amazona auropalliata, bronze-brown cowbird Molothrus armenti and rufous-vented ground-cuckoo Neomorphus geoffroyi are considered to be of high conservation importance as they are globally Vulnerable. Habitats present within the Project AOI are known to support yellow-naped Amazon parrot and bronze-brown cowbird. Under the footprint of the Project, approximately 4.13ha of dry forest will be lost representing 0.04% of habitat within the Nature Reserve (Table 66). Site establishment impacts on these two species are likely to be of low magnitude, and the resulting effect is adverse moderate without mitigation. Impacts on rufous-vented ground-cuckoo are considered to be negligible as the Project does not affect lowland evergreen forest where this species occurs. The resulting effect is therefore insignificant. Improved access roads can cause an increase in hunting and poaching of wildlife in the Nature Reserve. There is a total of 24 nationally protected species recorded within the Project AOI which are of medium conservation importance. Of these species, 18 have an indefinite national ban and six have a partial national ban. The Yellow-naped Amazon parrot described above has an indefinite national ban. All IUCN distribution maps for these nationally protected species overlap with the Project AOI. All nationally protected species except the plain chachalaca and spot-breasted oriole were observed within the Project AOI during 2009/2013/2017 surveys. Biome-restricted and restricted range species including those which are trigger species for San Cristóbal-Casita-Chonco Volcanic Complex IBA are considered be of medium conservation importance. Of the trigger species, five were recorded within the project AOI including the Vulnerable yellow-naped Amazon parrot. Site establishment impacts on the species of medium conservation importance are considered to be of low magnitude, and the resulting effect is adverse minor. The remaining bird species known to be in the Project AOI are common and widespread and of low conservation importance. The construction impacts described above are likely to be of low magnitude and therefore the resulting effect is adverse minor without mitigation. 8.3.7.5 Herpetofauna Reptiles and amphibians in the Project AOI are likely to be affected by site establishment through habitat loss/degradation, habitat fragmentation, disturbance (presence of people, artificial lighting, noise and vibration) injury or death owing to clearance of vegetation and increased traffic. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 224 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Celestus bivittatus is Endangered according to the IUCN Red List and has a restricted range in Nicaragua therefore it is considered to be of very high conservation importance. The Mexican caecilian Dermophis mexicanus and the American crocodile Crocodylus acutus are considered to be of high conservation importance. Celestus bivittatus and Mexican caecilian may be present within the Project AOI specifically within shaded coffee plantation. Under the Project footprint 4.32ha of agro-forestry and plantations will be lost, which is 1.68% of the Nature Reserve (Table 66). Site establishment impacts on Celestus bivittatus and Mexican caecilian are considered to be of low magnitude and the resulting effect is therefore adverse moderate in the absence of mitigation. Impacts on the American crocodile are considered to be of negligible magnitude as they are unlikely to be present within the Project AOI. The resulting effect is therefore insignificant. Improved access roads can cause an increase in hunting and poaching of wildlife in the Nature Reserve. There are five nationally protected herpetofauna species identified within the Project AOI. One species, American crocodile is described above. The other four species are all protected under a partial national ban and are considered to be of medium conservation importance. Impacts on these species are considered to be of low magnitude and the resulting effect is therefore adverse minor in the absence of mitigation. The other herpetofauna species in the Project AOI are considered to be of low conservation importance. Construction impacts will be of low magnitude and there resulting effect is minor. 8.3.7.6 Insects Insects are likely to be affected by site establishment through habitat loss/degradation, habitat fragmentation, disturbance (presence of people and vibration) injury or death owing to clearance of vegetation. The impacts of site establishment will be confined to the direct Project AOI. There are no globally threatened species, but it is important to note that many of the species identified during the 2013 or 2017 surveys have not been evaluated by the IUCN Red List. Pyrisitia dina ssp. westwoodi, Hamadryas atlantis ssp.atlantis and Chlosyne erodyle indicate well-preserved dry forest present within the Project AOI. Insect species in the Project AOI are considered to be of low conservation importance. site establishment impacts will be of low magnitude and the resulting effect is adverse minor. 8.3.8 Component 1: Exploratory Drilling 8.3.8.1 Protected Areas There is no further habitat loss within the Nature Reserve during exploratory drilling. The qualifying bird species of the IBA/ KBA will be affected by noise, pollution, artificial light, vibration and dust. These will be discussed in the birds’ section below. 8.3.8.2 Habitats and flora No additional habitat will be lost during the exploratory drilling stage of the Project. The habitat loss within each habitat type during the site establishment phase is shown in Table 8.1 above. It is unknown at this stage which components will result in permanent habitat loss. Vehicle movements along the rehabilitated access roads during the exploratory drilling stage may lead to increased dust deposition and runoff within the adjacent habitat. Introduction or spread of non-native invasive species is also a risk during vehicle movement. These impacts 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 225 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase are likely to be of low magnitude and the resulting effect on habitats of medium and low conservation importance is therefore adverse minor. Impact on the flora species of high conservation importance likely to be in the Project AOI include illegal logging. These impacts are considered to be of low magnitude. The effect is considered to be adverse moderate without mitigation. All other species recorded within the Project AOI are of low conservation importance. Impacts on flora are likely to be of low magnitude. The resulting effect is therefore adverse minor without mitigation. 8.3.8.3 Mammals The operation of a drilling rig requires continuous activity 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Mammals are likely to be affected by noise, pollution, artificial light, vibration and dust during exploratory drilling and increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife during vehicular movement. Animals could also become trapped in deep excavations. These impacts will be temporary and confined to 500m from the Project. The magnitude of these impacts are considered to be medium. Therefore, the resulting effect of mammals of very high or high conservation importance is adverse major and the resulting effect on mammals of medium or low conservation importance is adverse moderate and adverse minor without mitigation. In addition, improved access roads can cause an increase in hunting and poaching of wildlife in the Nature Reserve. There is a total of twelve nationally protected species recorded within the 10km of the Project. These species are of high and medium conservation importance. The impacts of hunting on these species are of low magnitude. The resulting effect is therefore adverse moderate for mammals of high conservation importance and moderate for mammals of medium conservation importance. 8.3.8.4 Birds Bird species are likely to be affected by noise, pollution, artificial light, vibration and dust during exploratory drilling. These impacts will be temporary and confined to 500m from the Project. The magnitude of this impact is considered to be medium. Therefore, the resulting effect on birds of very high or high conservation importance is adverse major and the resulting effect of birds of medium or low conservation importance is adverse moderate or minor. There is a total of 24 nationally protected species recorded within the Project AOI. Some of these species are trigger species for the IBA/ KBA. Improved access roads can cause an increase in hunting and poaching of birds in the Nature Reserve. The magnitude of this impact in the absence of mitigation is considered to be low. Therefore, the resulting effect on birds of very high or high conservation importance is adverse moderate and the resulting effect of birds of medium or low conservation importance is adverse minor. 8.3.8.5 Herpetofauna Herpetofauna species are likely to be affected by noise, pollution, artificial light, vibration and dust during exploratory drilling and increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife during vehicular movement. Herpetofauna could also become trapped in deep excavations. The impacts of exploratory drilling will be temporary and confined to 500m from the Project.. The magnitude of this impact is considered to be medium. Therefore, in the absence of mitigation the resulting effect on herpetofauna of very high or high conservation importance is adverse major and the resulting effect of herpetofauna of medium or low conservation importance is adverse moderate or minor. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 226 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Improved access roads can cause an increase in hunting and poaching of reptiles in the Nature Reserve. There are five nationally protected herpetofauna species identified within the Project AOI of very high to medium sensitivity. As it is unlikely that the American crocodile is present within the Project AOI, the magnitude of this impact on this species is considered to be negligible and the resulting effect is insignificant. 8.3.8.6 Insects Insects are likely to be affected by habitat fragmentation and increased disturbance from drilling activities. The impacts of exploratory drilling on insects will be confined to the direct Project AOI. Insect species in the Project AOI are considered to be of low conservation importance. Exploratory drilling impacts will be of low magnitude and the resulting effect is minor. 8.3.9 Component 1: Re-instatement 8.3.9.1 Habitats and flora The re-instatement phase will include dismantling and removing all equipment and associated facilities at the end of drilling each well as well as cleaning the materials and waste generated during the drilling process. Well head valves shall be secured with padlocks to prevent opening by unauthorized persons. Impacts on habitats and flora during the re-instatement phase include water booster pumping stations. The magnitude of the impact is adverse low for the habitat types within the Project AOI. The resulting effect is adverse minor for habitat types of medium and low conservation importance. The project will then move into the production phase of the project which will be covered by a second ESIA for Component 2. If at the end of the exploratory drilling the results of the well are not satisfactory the drilling rig will be decommissioned and the areas will be restored to its original state. This will involve the sealing of the well with cement, the removal of the valve system from the wellhead, the coating of the sludge piles with compacted soil and the replenishment of the vegetal soil over the entire intervened area of the platform. Finally, the site should be replanted with native species of the area. More detail on the mitigation measures is set out in Chapter 9 and Volume IV ESMMP. The impact magnitude is beneficial low for the habitat types within the Project AOI and the resulting effect is beneficial minor for habitats with low and medium conservation importance. 8.3.9.2 Mammals Mammals are likely to be affected by re-instatement through disturbance (presence of people, and noise) injury or death owing to increased traffic. The magnitude of these impacts are considered to be low as these impacts will be temporary. Therefore, the resulting effect of mammals of very high to high conservation importance is adverse moderate and the resulting effect on mammals of medium or low conservation importance is adverse minor. If the results of the exploratory drilling of the well are satisfactory, the Project will then move into the production phase (including production drilling, and then SAGS and power plant development phase) which will be covered by the Component 2 ESIA. If at the end of the exploratory drilling the results of the well are not satisfactory the drilling rig will be decommissioned and the areas will be restored to its original state. The impact magnitude is beneficial low for the mammals within the Project AOI and the resulting effect is beneficial moderate for mammals with high conservation importance and beneficial minor for mammals with medium and low conservation importance. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 227 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 8.3.9.3 Birds If at the end of the exploratory drilling the results of the well are not satisfactory the drilling rig will be decommissioned and the areas will be restored to its original state. The impact magnitude is beneficial low for the birds within the Project AOI and the resulting effect is beneficial moderate for birds with high conservation importance and beneficial minor for birds with medium and low conservation importance. 8.3.9.4 Herpetofauna If at the end of the exploratory drilling the results of the well are not satisfactory the drilling rig will be decommissioned and the areas will be restored to its original state. The impact magnitude is beneficial low for the herpetofauna within the Project AOI. Therefore, the resulting effect is beneficial moderate for herpetofauna with very high or high conservation importance, beneficial for herpetofauna with medium and low conservation importance. 8.3.9.5 Insects If at the end of the exploratory drilling the drilling rig is decommissioned the areas will be restored to their original state. Insect species in the Project AOI are considered to be of low conservation importance however some species are indicators of habitats with medium conservation importance. The impact magnitude is beneficial minor resulting in a beneficial minor effect. 8.3.10 Component 2: Transmission Line (Construction phase) 8.3.10.1 Protected Areas The construction of the transmission line is part of Component 2: Production phase if Component 1: Exploration phase is successful. Approximately 60% of the transmission line is proposed within San Cristóbal-Casita-Chonco Volcanic Complex IBA/ KBA and San Cristóbal- Casita Volcanic Complex Nature Reserve. The remaining 40% is outside the protected areas. The IBA/ KBA is designated for containing biome-restricted and restricted-range bird species, the impact assessment of these birds is discussed in above. Impacts of the transmission line on the protected areas are largely associated with the temporary and permanent habitat loss/degradation and temporary and permanent habitat fragmentation of largely open forest succession. The construction of the transmission line may cause disturbance to terrestrial animal species (eg presence of people and noise), injury or death of terrestrial animals, accidental introduction and dispersal of invasive species and increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife during construction and maintenance. Impacts of the transmission line without mitigation are likely to be of low magnitude. As the protected areas are considered to be of very high and high conservation importance, the effect is considered to be adverse moderate in the absence of mitigation. 8.3.10.2 Habitats and flora The majority of the transmission line is proposed within the open forest succession. The impacts on the terrestrial habitats and flora and associated with habitat loss/degradation, fragmentation and accidental introduction and dispersal of invasive species. Impacts of the transmission line without mitigation are likely to be of low magnitude because the actual habitat loss will be small. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 228 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Therefore, the effect is considered to be adverse minor for habitats of medium and low conservation importance. The globally threatened flora species likely to be in the Project AOI are of very high and high conservation importance. Impacts of the transmission line on these species without mitigation are likely to be of low magnitude. The effect is considered to be adverse moderate. No nationally protected species of flora was identified within the Project AOI. All other species recorded within the Project AOI are of low conservation importance. Impacts of the transmission line on these species are likely to be of low magnitude. The resulting effect is therefore adverse minor without mitigation. 8.3.10.3 Mammals Mammals are likely to be affected by the transmission line through permanent habitat loss/degradation, habitat fragmentation temporary disturbance during construction (presence of people, artificial lighting and noise), injury or death owing to increased traffic. Impacts of the transmission line are likely to be of low magnitude. The resulting effect, without mitigation is therefore adverse moderate for mammal species of very high or high conservation importance and adverse minor for mammal species of medium or low conservation importance. 8.3.10.4 Birds Birds are likely to be affected by the transmission line through permanent habitat loss/degradation, habitat fragmentation and temporary disturbance during construction (presence of people, artificial lighting and noise). The resulting effect, without mitigation is therefore adverse moderate for bird species of very high or high conservation importance and adverse minor for bird species of medium or low conservation importance. 8.3.10.5 Herpetofauna Herpetofauna are likely to be affected by the transmission line through permanent habitat loss/degradation, habitat fragmentation temporary disturbance during construction (presence of people, artificial lighting and noise), injury or death owing to increased traffic. The resulting effect, without mitigation is therefore adverse moderate for herpetofauna species of very high or high conservation importance and adverse minor for herpetofauna species of medium or low conservation importance. 8.3.10.6 Insects Insects are likely to be affected by the transmission line through habitat loss/degradation, habitat fragmentation, disturbance injury or death owing to clearance of vegetation. The resulting effect, without mitigation is therefore adverse minor for insect species of low conservation importance. 8.3.11 Component 2: Transmission Line (Operational phase) 8.3.11.1 Protected Areas The operational impacts of the transmission line include minor terrestrial habitat and flora loss and degradation during maintenance. The transmission line will also cause collision risk for birds including the qualifying features of the IBA/KBA (see the section below). 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 229 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Impacts of the transmission line without mitigation are likely to be of low magnitude. As the protected areas (IBA/KBA and Nature Reserve) are considered to be of very high and high conservation importance, the effect is considered to be adverse moderate. 8.3.11.2 Habitats and flora The majority of the transmission line is proposed within the open forest succession. There will be no additional habitat loss during operation. Impacts of the transmission line without mitigation are likely to be negligible therefore, the effect is considered to be insignificant. 8.3.11.3 Mammals There will be no additional impacts on mammals during operation. Impacts of the transmission line without mitigation are likely to be negligible therefore, the effect is considered to be insignificant. 8.3.11.4 Birds Birds are likely to be affected by the transmission line through injury or death owing to collision and electrocution with power lines. Impacts of the transmission line without mitigation are likely to be of medium magnitude. The resulting effect, without mitigation is therefore adverse major and moderate for bird species of very high/ high and medium conservation importance and adverse minor for bird species of low conservation importance. 8.3.11.5 Herpetofauna There will be no additional impacts on herpetofauna during operation. Impacts of the transmission line without mitigation are likely to be negligible therefore, the effect is considered to be insignificant. 8.3.11.6 Insects Insects are not likely to be affected by the operation of the transmission line. The resulting effect, without mitigation is therefore insignificant for all insect species. 8.3.12 Critical Habitat Assessment A Critical Habitat Assessment (CHA) has been carried out in line with WB PS6 and IFC Guidance Note 6. The San Cristóbal-Casita-Chonco Volcanic Complex IBA/KBA was established as the Discrete Management Unit (DMU). The following potential critical habitat features are known or likely to be present in the DMU: ● C1: Critically endangered and endangered species ● C2: Endemic and/or restricted-range species ● C7: Internationally Recognised Areas The San Cristóbal-Casita- Chonco Volcanic Complex qualifies as an internationally recognised area (C7) on the basis it was identified as a IBA/KBA. The total area to be affected by the Project within the DMU is approximately 10.43ha. This is the equivalent to 0.06% of the entire land coverage within the DMU. The DMU is considered to represent critical habitat for the following species: ● Margay - C1 Tier 2 critical habitat species 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 230 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase ● Geoffroy’s spider m onkey - C1 Tier 2 critical habitat species ● Tree - Lonchocarpus phlebophyllus - C1 Tier 2 critical habitat species ● Tree – Platymiscium pleiostachyum - C1 Tier 2 critical hábitat species ● White-bellied chachalaca and the blue-tailed hummingbird – C2 Tier 2 critical habitat species Nevertheless, the Project is unlikely to have measurable (i.e. significant) adverse effects on the above species that trigger critical habitat or on the ecological processes that support these species. Additionally, the Project will not lead to a net reduction in the global/national/regional populations of the above species. However, given that the Project is located in critical habitat, and irrespective of Project impacts (as required by WB PS6), a Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) to achieve net gain of biodiversity is a requirement under Paragraph 18 of WB PS6 and a Biodiversity Monitoring and Evaluation Program (as requested in the last bullet point in Paragraph 17) and therefore this is planned to be prepared. To achieve the Project will prepare a Biodiversity Management and Action Plan (BMAP) to include both the onsite mitigation during construction and long-term conservation actions during project operation. The BMAP will incorporate a long-term biodiversity monitoring and evaluation programme as required by WB PS6. The BMAP will be prepared at least two months before the start of site establishment on the Project. The Casita ESIA (Volume II) and supporting environmental and social management and monitoring plan (ESMMP) (Volume IV) present the habitat compensation measures to ensure net gain of biodiversity (Mott MacDonald, 2017a). These measures will be developed into a full offset plan as part of the BMAP. Additional surveys will be required for Margay to capture seasonality variation in the populations of the species. The additional surveys will cover a wider area (the DMU) compared to the existing 2017 surveys. The additional survey data will be incorporated in the BMAP and more specific mitigation actions defined if necessary. In all cases, on site protection measures against disturbance from noise, artificial light, dust, vibration, as well as short and long-term monitoring and evaluation will also be implemented through the Project ESMMP (Volume IV) to enable compliance with WB PS6. 8.3.13 Impact Summary Table 67 summarises the findings of the impact assessment pre-mitigation. Chapter 9 elaborates on how significant impacts may be avoided, reduced, or offset. Table 67: Summary of impacts – biodiversity Potential Impact Receptor Sensiti Magnitu Significa vity of de of nce (pre- Recept Impact mitigatio or n) Component 1: Site establishment Vegetation clearance, removal and storage of top soils levelling and compaction Rehabilitation of access road Loss and degradation of terrestrial San Cristóbal-Casita- Very Low Adverse habitat Accidental introduction and Chonco Volcanic Complex high/ Moderate dispersal of invasive species IBA/KBA and Reserva High Disturbance to terrestrial animal Natural Complejo species Volcánico San Cristobal- Casita 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 231 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Potential Impact Receptor Sensiti Magnitu Significa vity of de of nce (pre- Recept Impact mitigatio or n) Injury or death of terrestrial animals Reserva Natural Complejo High Negligible Insignifica Habitat fragmentation Volcánico Telica Rota nt Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife Hunting and poaching of wildlife due to improved access roads Loss and degradation of terrestrial Habitats: Dry deciduous Medium Low Adverse habitat Accidental introduction and tropical forest Minor dispersal of invasive species Other habitats Low Low Adverse Disturbance to terrestrial animal Minor species Injury or death of terrestrial animals Habitat fragmentation Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife Loss and degradation of terrestrial Globally Endangered Very Low Adverse habitat Accidental introduction and plants: Lonchocarpus high Moderate dispersal of invasive species phlebophyllus and Disturbance to terrestrial animal Platymiscium species pleiostachyum Injury or death of terrestrial animals Globally Vulnerable plants: High Low Adverse Habitat fragmentation Cocobolo Dalbergia Moderate Increase in road kills and injuries of retusa, Brazil-nut tree wildlife Bertholletia excelsa, Illegal logging due to improved access Spanish cedar Cedrela roads odorata, Pacific coast mahogany Swietenia humilis, big leaf mahogany Swietenia macrophylla and Bombacopsis quinata Nationally protected plants Medium Low Adverse Minor Other Flora Low Low Adverse Minor Loss and degradation of terrestrial Globally Vulnerable and High Low Adverse habitat Nationally Endangered Moderate Disturbance to terrestrial animal mammals: Giant anteater species and margay Injury or death of terrestrial animals Nationally protected Medium Low Adverse Habitat fragmentation mammals Minor Increase in road kills and injuries of Other mammals Low Low Adverse wildlife Minor Hunting and poaching of wildlife due to improved access roads Loss and degradation of terrestrial Globally Vulnerable birds: High Low Adverse habitat Yellow-naped Amazon Moderate Disturbance to terrestrial animal parrot and bronze-brown species cowbird Injury or death of terrestrial animals Restricted range/ Medium Low Adverse Habitat fragmentation nationally protected birds Minor Hunting and poaching of wildlife due to improved access roads Other birds Low Low Adverse Minor Loss and degradation of terrestrial Globally Endangered Very Low Adverse habitat herpetofauna: Celestus High Moderate bivittatus 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 232 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Potential Impact Receptor Sensiti Magnitu Significa vity of de of nce (pre- Recept Impact mitigatio or n) Disturbance to terrestrial animal Globally Vulnerable High Low Adverse species herpetofauna likely to be Moderate Injury or death of terrestrial animals affected the Project: The Habitat fragmentation Mexican caecilian Increase in road kills and injuries of Dermophis mexicanus wildlife Nationally protected Medium Low Adverse Hunting and poaching of wildlife due herpetofauna Minor to improved access roads Other herpetofauna Low Low Adverse Minor Loss and degradation of terrestrial Insects Low Low Adverse habitat Minor Habitat fragmentation Disturbance Injury or death of terrestrial animals Component 1: Exploratory Drilling Drilling of deep wells Maintenance of drilling equipment machinery and access roads Waste management Well testing and pumping of water Terrestrial habitat and flora San Cristóbal-Casita- Very Low Adverse degradation (eg dust, vibration, Chonco Volcanic Complex High Moderate vehicle movement) IBA/KBA and Reserva Accidental introduction and dispersal Natural Complejo of invasive species Volcánico San Cristobal- Casita Disturbance to terrestrial animal species (eg noise, artificial light, dust, Reserva Natural Complejo High Negligible Insignifica vibration) Volcánico Telica Rota nt Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife Hunting and poaching of wildlife due to improved access roads Terrestrial habitat and flora Habitats Dry deciduous Medium Low Adverse degradation (eg dust, vibration, tropical forest - Higher and Minor vehicle movement) Lower altitude dense Accidental introduction and dispersal forest of invasive species Other habitats Low Low Adverse Disturbance to terrestrial animal Minor species (eg noise, artificial light, dust, vibration) Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife Hunting and poaching of wildlife due to improved access roads Terrestrial habitat and flora Globally Endangered Very Low Adverse degradation (eg dust, vibration, plants: Lonchocarpus high Moderate vehicle movement) phlebophyllus and Accidental introduction and dispersal Platymiscium of invasive species pleiostachyum Disturbance to terrestrial animal species (eg noise, artificial light, dust, vibration) Globally Vulnerable plants: High Low Adverse Illegal logging due to improved access Cocobolo Dalbergia Moderate roads retusa, Brazil-nut tree Bertholletia excelsa, Spanish cedar Cedrela odorata, Pacific coast mahogany Swietenia humilis, big leaf mahogany 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 233 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Potential Impact Receptor Sensiti Magnitu Significa vity of de of nce (pre- Recept Impact mitigatio or n) Swietenia macrophylla and Bombacopsis quinata Nationally protected plants Medium Low Adverse Minor Other Flora Low Low Adverse Minor Terrestrial habitat and flora Globally Vulnerable and High Medium Adverse degradation (eg dust, vibration, Nationally Endangered Major vehicle movement) mammals: Giant anteater Disturbance to terrestrial animal and margay species (eg noise, artificial light, dust, vibration) Nationally protected Medium Medium Adverse mammals Moderate Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife Other mammals Low Medium Adverse Hunting and poaching of wildlife due Minor to improved access roads Terrestrial habitat and flora Globally Vulnerable birds: High Medium Adverse degradation (eg dust, vibration, Yellow-naped Amazon Major vehicle movement) parrot and bronze-brown Disturbance to terrestrial animal cowbird species (eg noise, artificial light, dust, vibration) Restricted range/ Medium Medium Adverse nationally protected birds Moderate Hunting and poaching of wildlife due to improved access roads Other birds Low Medium Adverse Minor Terrestrial habitat and flora Globally Endangered Very Medium Adverse degradation (eg dust, vibration, herpetofauna: Celestus high Major vehicle movement) bivittatus Disturbance to terrestrial animal species (eg noise, artificial light, dust, vibration) Globally Vulnerable High Medium Adverse herpetofauna: The Major Increase in road kills and injuries of Mexican caecilian wildlife Dermophis mexicanus Hunting and poaching of wildlife due to improved access roads Nationally protected Medium Medium Adverse herpetofauna Moderate Other herpetofauna Low Medium Adverse Minor Terrestrial habitat and flora Insects Low Low Adverse degradation (eg dust, vibration, Minor vehicle movement) Disturbance to terrestrial animal species (eg noise, artificial light, dust, vibration) Component 1: Re-instatement (Closing activity 1) Associated facilities in the platform dismantled and removed Area cleaned Wellhead valves secured Disturbance to terrestrial animal San Cristóbal-Casita- Very Low Adverse species (eg noise, artificial light) Chonco Volcanic Complex high/ Moderate Increase in road kills and injuries of IBA/KBA and Reserva High wildlife Natural Complejo Hunting and poaching of wildlife due Volcánico San Cristobal- Casita to improved access roads Reserva Natural Complejo High Negligible Insignifica Volcánico Telica Rota nt 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 234 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Potential Impact Receptor Sensiti Magnitu Significa vity of de of nce (pre- Recept Impact mitigatio or n) Permanent loss and degradation of Habitats Dry deciduous Medium Low Adverse terrestrial habitat Accidental tropical forest - Higher and Minor introduction and dispersal of invasive Lower altitude dense species forest Habitat fragmentation Other habitats Low Low Adverse Minor Permanent loss and degradation of Globally endangered Very Low Adverse terrestrial habitat Accidental plants: Lonchocarpus high Moderate introduction and dispersal of invasive phlebophyllus and species Platymiscium Habitat fragmentation pleiostachyum Illegal logging due to improved access roads Globally Vulnerable plants: High Low Adverse Cocobolo Dalbergia Moderate retusa, Brazil-nut tree Bertholletia excelsa, Spanish cedar Cedrela odorata,Pacific coast mahogany Swietenia humilis, big leaf mahogany Swietenia macrophylla and Bombacopsis quinata Nationally protected plants Medium Low Adverse Minor Other Flora Low Low Adverse Minor Disturbance to terrestrial animal Globally Vulnerable and High Low Adverse species (eg noise, artificial light) Nationally Endangered Moderate Increase in road kills and injuries of mammals: Giant anteater wildlife and margay Hunting and poaching of wildlife due Nationally protected Medium Low Adverse to improved access roads mammals Minor Other mammals Low Low Adverse Minor Disturbance to terrestrial animal Globally Vulnerable birds: High Low Adverse species (eg noise, artificial light) Yellow-naped Amazon Moderate Increase in road kills and injuries of parrot and Bronze-brown wildlife cowbird Hunting and poaching of wildlife due Restricted range / Medium Low Adverse to improved access roads nationally protected birds Minor Other birds Low Low Adverse Minor Disturbance to terrestrial animal Globally Endangered Very Low Adverse species (eg noise, artificial light) herpetofauna: Celestus high Moderate Increase in road kills and injuries of bivittatus wildlife Globally Vulnerable High Low Adverse Hunting and poaching of wildlife due herpetofauna: The Moderate to improved access roads Mexican caecilian Dermophis mexicanus Nationally protected Medium Low Adverse herpetofauna Minor Other herpetofauna Low Low Adverse Minor Disturbance to terrestrial animal Insects Low Low Adverse species (eg noise, artificial light) Minor 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 235 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Potential Impact Receptor Sensiti Magnitu Significa vity of de of nce (pre- Recept Impact mitigatio or n) Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife Hunting and poaching of wildlife due to improved access roads Component 1: Re-instatement (Closing activity 2) Seal wells with cement Remove valve system from the wellhead Coat sludge piles with compacted soil Replenish vegetal soil over entire platform Replant native species Restoration to original state San Cristóbal-Casita- Very Low Beneficial Chonco Volcanic Complex high/ Moderate IBA/KBA and Reserva High Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal- Casita Reserva Natural Complejo High Negligible Insignifica Volcánico Telica Rota nt Restoration to original state Habitats Dry deciduous Medium Low Beneficial tropical forest - Higher Minor and Lower altitude dense forest Other Habitats Low Low Beneficial Minor Habitat restoration to original state Globally Endangered Very Low Beneficial plants: Lonchocarpus high Moderate phlebophyllus and Platymiscium pleiostachyum Globally Vulnerable plants: High Low Beneficial Cocobolo Dalbergia Moderate retusa, Brazil-nut tree Bertholletia excelsa, Spanish cedar Cedrela odorata,Pacific coast mahogany Swietenia humilis, big leaf mahogany Swietenia macrophylla and Bombacopsis quinata Nationally protected plants Medium Low Beneficial Minor Other Flora Low Low Beneficial Minor Restoration to original state Globally Vulnerable and Very Low Beneficial Nationally Endangered high Moderate mammals: Giant anteater and margay Nationally protected Medium Low Beneficial species Minor Other mammals Low Low Beneficial Minor Restoration to original state Globally Vulnerable birds: High Low Beneficial Yellow-naped Amazon Moderate parrot and bronze-brown cowbird 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 236 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Potential Impact Receptor Sensiti Magnitu Significa vity of de of nce (pre- Recept Impact mitigatio or n) Restricted range birds/ Medium Low Beneficial nationally protected Minor species Other birds Low Low Beneficial Minor Restoration to original state Globally Endangered High Low Beneficial herpetofauna: Celestus Moderate bivittatu Nationally protected Medium Low Beneficial herpetofauna Minor Other herpetofauna Low Low Beneficial Minor Restoration to original state Insects Low Low Beneficial Minor Component 2: Transmission line (Construction phase) Vegetation clearance Maintenance of access road Terrestrial habitat and flora San Cristóbal-Casita- Very Low Adverse degradation (eg dust, vibration, Chonco Volcanic Complex high/ Moderate vehicle movement) IBA/KBA and Reserva High Accidental introduction and dispersal Natural Complejo of invasive species Volcánico San Cristobal- Casita Disturbance to terrestrial animal species (eg noise, artificial light, dust, Reserva Natural Complejo High Negligible Insignifica vibration) Volcánico Telica Rota nt Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife Hunting and poaching of wildlife due to improved access roads Terrestrial habitat and flora loss and Habitats Dry deciduous Medium Low Adverse degradation (permanent and tropical forest - Higher Minor temporary) and Lower altitude dense Disturbance to terrestrial animal forest species (eg noise, artificial light, Other Habitats Low Low Adverse vibration) Minor Injury or death of terrestrial animals and birds Habitat fragmentation Accidental introduction and dispersal of invasive species Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife Terrestrial habitat and flora Globally Endangered Very Low Adverse degradation (eg dust, vibration, plants: Lonchocarpus high Moderate vehicle movement) phlebophyllus and Disturbance to terrestrial animal Platymiscium species (eg noise, artificial light, dust, pleiostachyum vibration) Globally Vulnerable plants High Low Adverse likely to be affected by the Moderate Project: Cocobolo Dalbergia retusa, Brazil-nut tree Bertholletia excelsa, 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 237 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Potential Impact Receptor Sensiti Magnitu Significa vity of de of nce (pre- Recept Impact mitigatio or n) Spanish cedar Cedrela odorata,Pacific coast mahogany Swietenia humilis, big leaf mahogany Swietenia macrophylla and Bombacopsis quinata Nationally protected plants Medium Low Adverse Minor Other Flora Low Low Adverse Minor Terrestrial habitat and flora loss and Globally Vulnerable and Very Low Adverse degradation (permanent and Nationally Endangered high Moderate temporary) mammals: Giant anteater Disturbance to terrestrial animal and margay species (eg noise, artificial light, Nationally protected Medium Low Adverse vibration) mammals Minor Injury or death of terrestrial animals Other mammals Low Low Adverse and birds Minor Habitat fragmentation Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife Terrestrial habitat and flora loss and Globally Vulnerable birds: High Low Adverse degradation (permanent and Yellow-naped Amazon Moderate temporary) parrot and bronze-brown Disturbance to terrestrial animal cowbird species (eg noise, artificial light, vibration) Restricted range birds/ Medium Low Adverse nationally protected birds minor Injury or death of terrestrial animals and birds Other birds Low Low Adverse Habitat fragmentation Minor Accidental introduction and dispersal of invasive species Terrestrial habitat and flora loss and Globally Endangered High Low Adverse degradation (permanent and herpetofauna: Celestus Major temporary) bivittatus Disturbance to terrestrial animal species (eg noise, artificial light, vibration) Nationally protected Medium Low Adverse herpetofauna Moderate Injury or death of terrestrial animals and birds Other herpetofauna Low Low Adverse Habitat fragmentation Minor Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife Terrestrial habitat and flora loss and Insects Low Low Adverse degradation (permanent and Minor temporary) Disturbance to terrestrial animal species (eg noise, artificial light, vibration) Habitat fragmentation Component 2: Transmission line (Operation phase) Maintenance of access road Terrestrial habitat and flora San Cristóbal-Casita- Very Low Adverse degradation (eg dust, vibration, Chonco Volcanic Complex high/ Moderate vehicle movement) IBA/KBA and Reserva High Accidental introduction and dispersal Natural Complejo of invasive species Volcánico San Cristobal- Casita 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 238 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Potential Impact Receptor Sensiti Magnitu Significa vity of de of nce (pre- Recept Impact mitigatio or n) Disturbance to terrestrial animal Reserva Natural Complejo High Negligible Insignifica species (eg noise, artificial light, dust, Volcánico Telica Rota nt vibration) Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife Hunting and poaching of wildlife due to improved access roads Terrestrial habitat and flora loss and Habitats Dry deciduous Medium Negligible Insignifica degradation (permanent and tropical forest - Higher and nt temporary) Lower altitude dense Disturbance to terrestrial animal forest species (eg noise, artificial light, Other Habitats Low Negligible Insignifica vibration) nt Injury or death of terrestrial animals and birds Habitat fragmentation Accidental introduction and dispersal of invasive species Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife Terrestrial habitat and flora Globally Endangered Very Negligible Insignifica degradation (eg dust, vibration, plants: Lonchocarpus high nt vehicle movement) phlebophyllus and Disturbance to terrestrial animal Platymiscium species (eg noise, artificial light, dust, pleiostachyum vibration) Globally Vulnerable plants High Negligible Insignifica likely to be affected by the nt Project: Cocobolo Dalbergia retusa, Brazil-nut tree Bertholletia excelsa, Spanish cedar Cedrela odorata,Pacific coast mahogany Swietenia humilis, big leaf mahogany Swietenia macrophylla and Bombacopsis quinata Nationally protected plants Medium Negligible Insignifica nt Other Flora Low Negligible Insignifica nt Terrestrial habitat and flora loss and Globally Vulnerable and Very Negligible Insignifica degradation (permanent and Nationally Endangered high nt temporary) mammals: Giant anteater Disturbance to terrestrial animal and margay species (eg noise, artificial light, Nationally protected Medium Negligible Insignifica vibration) mammals nt Injury or death of terrestrial animals Other mammals Low Negligible Insignifica and birds nt Habitat fragmentation Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife Terrestrial habitat and flora loss and Globally Vulnerable birds: High Medium Adverse degradation (permanent and Yellow-naped Amazon Major temporary) parrot and bronze-brown cowbird 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 239 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Potential Impact Receptor Sensiti Magnitu Significa vity of de of nce (pre- Recept Impact mitigatio or n) Disturbance to terrestrial animal Restricted range birds/ Medium Medium Adverse species (eg noise, artificial light, nationally protected birds Moderate vibration) Injury or death of terrestrial animals and birds Other birds Low Medium Adverse Minor Habitat fragmentation Accidental introduction and dispersal of invasive species Terrestrial habitat and flora loss and Globally Endangered High Negligible Insignifica degradation (permanent and herpetofauna: Celestus nt temporary) bivittatus Disturbance to terrestrial animal species (eg noise, artificial light, Nationally protected Medium Negligible Insignifica vibration) herpetofauna nt Injury or death of terrestrial animals Other herpetofauna Low Negligible Insignifica and birds nt Habitat fragmentation Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife Terrestrial habitat and flora loss and Insects Low Negligible Insignifica degradation (permanent and nt temporary) Disturbance to terrestrial animal species (eg noise, artificial light, vibration) Habitat fragmentation Source: Mott MacDonald, 2017 8.4 Cultural heritage 8.4.1 Introduction This section assesses the cultural heritage impacts as a result of the exploratory phase of the Project and assesses the beneficial and adverse effects by predicting their significance prior to mitigation. In addition, the assessment will adopt a risk based approach, drawing upon the evidence collected during the ESIA process to predict the likelihood of the discovery of previously unknown cultural heritage and archaeological assets, particularly below ground archaeological sites. 8.4.2 Impact identification The following impacts have been considered and assessed for the site preparation (including access road construction and well pad set up), exploratory drilling and where relevant site restoration. ● Above ground sensitive features ● Potential for survival of archeologically artefacts ● National or international designated features of cultural significance ● Intangible cultural heritage 8.4.3 Impact assessment The main potential impacts on archaeological and cultural heritage features are generally as a result of direct impacts from site clearing and construction activities (access roads and well 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 240 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase pads). Impacts will be confined predominantly to the direct area of impact for the Project infrastructure and although there will be some below ground site civil works connected with preparing the well pads, settlement ponds and the expansion of the access roads the total area of impact is considered relatively small. Once exploratory drilling and well testing commences further impacts on cultural resources are not envisaged. Site restoration of the Project will have no impact upon the cultural heritage resource because the activities associated with decommissioning will be confined to areas previously impacted during the site establishment phase of the Project. The archaeology of the Casita Volcano and the La Pelona Project area has been subject to limited formal archaeological investigation. The baseline information collated indicates a high probability for archaeological artefacts and sites to be located in the Project footprint and/or immediate vicinity of the Project area and the observations made during the rapid surface reconnaissance confirms the presence of prehistoric artefacts and sites in the Project AOI. In addition, the Project site location is in an area where Late Quaternary sedimentation, deposited through mass-wasting and/or aeolian volcanic deposition could increase the likelihood of well- preserved stratified archaeological or paleontological deposits. Excavation of sites during site establishment phase has the potential to disturb and remove any previous unrecorded and / or buried cultural heritage assets which could lead to adverse impacts. The primary locations of practice of the UNESCO registered intangible cultural heritage elements are considerable distances from the Project and therefore not anticipated to be affected. Overall, we have assigned a medium sensitivity to the receiving cultural resources in the area of influence as presence of prehistoric artefacts have been confirmed as part of the rapid surface reconnaissance undertaken for the purpose of this ESIA and there is the potential for further unidentified below ground features of potentially important archaeological significance. The magnitude of the impact is considered to be medium adverse impact based on the Project footprint and the potential for a high number of artefacts within a relatively small disturbed area. Together the medium sensitivity combined with medium adverse impact, means the potential unmitigated impact on culturally sensitive features is considered moderate adverse. 8.4.4 Impact summary Table 68 summarises the findings of the impact assessment pre-mitigation. Chapter 9 elaborates on how significant impacts may be eliminated, reduced, offset, managed or mitigated to acceptable levels. Table 68: Summary of impacts – cultural heritage Potential Adverse Magnitude Sensitivity Impact impact /Beneficial evaluation (pre mitigation) Cultural Heritage National or - Medium Negligible Minor international designated features of cultural significance / above ground features Below ground Adverse Medium Medium Moderate archaeological artefacts Intangible heritage - Negligible Negligible Insignificant 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 241 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 242 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 8.5 Water resources 8.5.1 Introduction Potential impacts that have been scoped out of the Component 1 water resources assessment are as follows: ● Flood risk - the area has no surface watercourses due to the high permeability of the volcanic soils and superficial deposits. ● Freshwater supply to and wastewater discharge from workers accommodation - workers will be housed in existing rented accommodation located in nearby communities. There will be no discharge of drilling or sewage effluents from the drilling platforms. Drilling fluid and pad drainage will be settled in 2,500m3 lagoons (lined) for re-circulation; during production tests, water brine will be pumped from the well pad lagoon to a Temporary Dump Pond of 8,000m3 capacity. Any surplus water in this temporary pond will be left to evaporate. 8.5.2 Sensitivity and magnitude The sensitivity of the water features that are likely to be affected by the Project has been evaluated in accordance with Table 69. Table 69: Sensitivity of Receptors (considers duration of the impact, spatial extent, reversibility and ability to comply with legislation) Sensitivit Criteria Examples y High Has very limited or no Surface water body of international or national environmental capacity to accommodate importance with little or no capacity to absorb proposed changes physical or chemical or minimal opportunities for mitigation. changes; or, Groundwater, springs, rivers and lakes used for regional or urban Is nationally or regionally water supply important resource. Rivers, lakes and wetlands at high risk of flooding, drought and/or and increased siltation Groundwater located within a protection zone or close to a potable supply source Medium Has limited capacity to Surface water body of international or national environmental accommodate physical or importance with some capacity to absorb proposed changes. chemical changes or Groundwater, springs, rivers and lakes locally important for water influences. supply to villages or water dependent businesses Is a locally important Water body important for fisheries resource. Groundwater located close to a non-potable supply source (e.g. livestock / irrigation) Low Has moderate capacity to Surface water body of regional environmental importance with accommodate physical or some capacity to absorb proposed changes chemical changes. Groundwater, springs, rivers and lakes used for supply to Is used intermittently or individual dwellings sparsely as a resource Groundwater located within the total catchment area for a groundwater source Soil and agricultural land use may be affected by flooding/change in hydrological conditions Negligible Is generally tolerant of Groundwater, springs, rivers and lakes not used for water supply physical or chemical and that are generally tolerant of physical or chemical changes changes. Soil and agricultural land use not sensitive to some change in Is not used as a resource hydrological regime (e.g. grazing) The magnitude of impact is defined by taking into account the degree of change to the hydrological baseline in terms of how permanent or reversible the impact is likely to be, its spatial scale (local, regional, national, international) and the ease with which mitigation 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 243 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase measures can be put in place to return it to the baseline state. International and national standards and regulations are used, where applicable, to help define thresholds. For the purposes of this assessment, the magnitude criteria have been divided into four categories Table 70. Table 70: Magnitude of Impacts Summary Table Magnitude Definition (considers duration of the impact, spatial extent, reversibility (positive or and ability to comply with legislation) adverse) High Fundamental change to the specific environmental conditions assessed, resulting in long term or permanent change, typically widespread in nature (regional, national and international). Would require significant intervention to return to baseline; likely to exceed national standards and limits. Medium Detectable change to the specific environmental conditions assessed, resulting in non- fundamental temporary or permanent change typically affecting the local area; possibly exceeding national standards and limits. Low Detectable but minor change to the specific environmental conditions assessed that is temporary in nature, with high capacity to return to the baseline conditions; unlikely to exceed national standards and limits. Negligible No perceptible change to the specific environmental conditions assessed. Source: Mott MacDonald 8.5.3 Impact identification 8.5.3.1 Receptors From the baseline study and Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment, it has been concluded that aspects of Component 1 have the potential to impact on water resources receptors located within the hydrological micro-basin where the concession is located (refer to Figure 102). 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 244 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Figure 102: Location of receptors in the AOI 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 245 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase The sensitivity of these identified receptors is assessed in Table 71. Table 71: Receptor sensitivity Receptor Assumed Sensitivity Justification Hydrological Regime Argelia Spring Spring fed by Medium A groundwater spring source used to supply the groundwater originating farms of Argelia and Bella Vista. in the shallow Casita Volcanics to the west of La Pelona Quaternary Shallow aquifer reliant Medium Exploited by shallow wells supplying individual Deposits on recharge to high farms, dwellings and small communities, located Aquifer – ground within study both on the slopes of Casita and at the edge of Casita hillside area catchment. May the Plan area. Many of these have dried up in and Plain be in hydraulic recent years so are sensitive to changes in area continuity with groundwater level but are already impacted by underlying andesite. climate change / abstraction. Quaternary Shallow aquifer reliant Medium No known abstractions but potentially important Deposits on recharge to high for agriculture within caldera, either due to Aquifer – La ground surrounding La shallow groundwater level or if pumped from Pelona Pelona caldera. unrecorded wells. caldera La Pelona Deep, fractured Medium Exploited by deep municipal wells supplying Andesite crystalline aquifer multiple communities and large agricultural in the Aquifer potentially connected Plain area, and potentially individual dwellings via faults / fractures to where present at shallow depths. groundwater on the Catchment area for the headwaters of the Rio plain. Presumed to be Olomega watercourse and Ojo de Agua Spring, reliant on recharge to both of which are tributaries to Rio Estero Real, a study catchment as a conservation area of national and international whole but particularly on importance. high ground where precipitation is greatest. Ephemeral Because of the high Negligible Sediment transfer from the hillside is unlikely to watercourses infiltration rate there are reach the Rio Olomega except under extreme no permanent conditions. watercourses within the study area except for ephemeral streams that flow during periods of heavy rainfall Source: Mott MacDonald 8.5.3.2 Project Activities Aspects of the project relevant to the water resources assessment are summarised below and their proposed locations are shown in Chapter 2. . ● Two 200m deep water supply boreholes located within the La Pelona caldera or at an alternative location on the Plain near Las Grietas ● Five exploratory drilling well pad sites (Pads A to E) ● An 8000 m3 water reservoir (pond) ● A temporary water supply pipeline that can be relocated to feed different drilling pads ● A water booster pumping station ● A materials storage yard and temporary warehouse ● A temporary waste warehouse ● An 8000 m3 temporary dump pond 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 246 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase ● 5000 m3 drill cutting and mud management area ● Rehabilitation and expansion of access roads (6m wide) Water well drilling and installation of the water supply system will be the first construction activity to begin and is programmed to take five months. Road and pad construction will take seven months initially plus 2 months for additional pads if required. Drilling and geothermal well testing at each well pad will be undertaken consecutively. Drilling and testing of the initial three geothermal wells will take eight months, followed by a two-month suspension period to evaluate the results and, a four-month period for drilling and testing the two additional wells if required. 8.5.3.3 Potential Impacts Based on the project description and baseline, the potential impacts on water resources receptors could include: a ● Site Establishment – Changes to natural drainage pathways caused by vegetation clearance, road development or land levelling and site works; leading to increased runoff, erosion and increased sediment load in ephemeral water courses – Pollution of groundwater due to either accidental spills or inappropriate disposal of wastewater from construction activities – Pollution of groundwater resulting from potential release of contaminants or drilling fluids during water well drilling. ● Exploration Drilling – Pollution of groundwater resulting from potential release of contaminants, drilling fluids or geothermal fluids during geothermal well drilling; – Reduced groundwater levels and spring flow due to water abstraction for geothermal drilling and injection testing. ● Site Restoration (Phase A Site Closure) – As for Site Establishment, with the exception of water well drilling impacts. Impact magnitude and significance are assessed in the following sections. Impacts are only assessed for receptors that are considered to be hydraulically connected to the source activity. 8.5.4 Impact assessment 8.5.4.1 Changes to Natural Drainage Pathways During Site Establishment and Restoration, all worksites and drilling platforms will be constructed with drainage to prevent excessive runoff. Access roads will follow existing paths as far as possible and will be surfaced to minimise erosion by runoff. Road culverts and ditches will be designed with capacity to drain rainfall with a return period of 25 years. Measures will be incorporated to protect the roads from rapid runoff and any culverts will be constructed from concrete pipes. Soils in the area allow water to infiltrate into the ground rapidly, therefore catchment runoff will not increase overall. However, localised erosion and sediment transfer may occur in the immediate vicinity of hardstanding areas or culverts during particularly heavy rainfall, resulting in transfer of sediment downstream. The resultant adverse impact on the Rio Olomega would be of negligible magnitude and negligible significance. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 247 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 8.5.4.2 Groundwater Pollution due to Construction / Restoration Activities During Site Establishment and Restoration, a programme will be in place to ensure that equipment is maintained in working order however it is still possible that leaks and spillages from machinery could occur. Small volumes of liquid are likely to be attenuated within the soil zone, with no discernible effect on groundwater resources. However, should there be a catastrophic failure of any bulk storage container, there is potential for serious impacts on water nearby groundwater wells or springs located down-gradient of the construction area. Inappropriate disposal of any significantly contaminated water from containers such as skips or tanks could result in similar impacts. During Site Restoration there is a potential hazard from dismantling of any storage tanks and pipelines which may contain residual fluids, particularly if the site has been abandoned for a lengthy period prior to restoration. The resultant adverse impact on the Quaternary Deposits Aquifer – Casita hillside and Plain area would be of low magnitude and minor significance. 8.5.4.3 Groundwater Quality Effects due to Water Well Drilling Undertaken correctly, there should be no impact on groundwater quality from water well drilling during Site Establishment. If the water supply is taken from La Pelona caldera, it is noted that the geology of La Pelona is currently poorly understood and there is potential for creating pathways that would allow mixing between aquifers of differing water quality. In addition, there is potential for drilling fluid to be lost into the aquifer either at depth or at the surface, if flow into the holding pond is poorly managed. Such impacts are likely to be localised (within La Pelona) and short term due the effects of dilution. The resultant adverse impact on the Quaternary Deposits Aquifer – La Pelona caldera would be of low magnitude and minor significance. If the water supply is taken from the Plain near Las Grietas, there is insufficient information on proposed location and design of this option to draw firm conclusions on local impacts. Depending on the location of the proposed abstraction, there is potential for creating pathways that would allow mixing between aquifer layers of differing water quality. In addition, there is potential for drilling fluid to be lost into the aquifer either at depth or at the surface, if flow into the holding pond is poorly managed. There are thus potential impacts on existing abstraction wells, but the impacts are likely to be localised and short term due the effects of dilution. The resultant adverse impact on the Plains Aquifer would be of low magnitude and minor significance. 8.5.4.4 Groundwater Quality Effects due to Geothermal Well Drilling During the geothermal Exploration Drilling, there is potential for shallow and deep groundwater quality to be affected down-gradient of the concession area. The geology of La Pelona is currently poorly understood and there is potential for creating pathways that would allow mixing between aquifers of differing water quality and drilling fluid may be lost into the aquifer at depth. Since obtaining information on the reservoir and maximizing well yields are essential objectives, a strong emphasis will be placed on minimizing the damage that the drilling fluids can cause to the permeability of the well. For these reasons, the use of aerated drilling fluids will be preferred while drilling into reservoir sections of the wells. Aerated fluids increase drilling cost, but help 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 248 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase minimize permeability damage and require a smaller amount of water to drill through high permeability zones. At all times the use of drilling muds will be avoided where possible during the drilling of the reservoir section of these wells to minimize the damage caused to the permeability that the mud may cause under certain reservoir conditions. The casing and grout for the well have also been designed to minimise contamination of the surrounding soils, rock and water. In addition, there is potential for pollution due to spills at the surface. However, Anti-spill berms will be used to avoid fuel or oil spills to the soil from equipment and drilling fluids will be managed with pipelines and concrete channels connected to a pond protected with an HDPE membrane. Such impacts are therefore unlikely. The resultant adverse impact on the Quaternary Deposits Aquifer – Casita hillside and Plain area would be of low magnitude and minor significance. The resultant adverse impact on the La Pelona Andesite Aquifer would be of low magnitude and minor significance. 8.5.4.5 Reduced Groundwater Level and Water Availability – La Pelona Supply Option Based on the assumptions that the La Pelona Caldera is a closed system and no other abstractions are present in the area, there is currently deemed to be an available resource to supply the proposed abstraction. Assuming conservatively that the caldera is the basin area, the area of recharge required amounts to 4.6% of the total recharge area for the caldera. If it is assumed that the caldera is hydraulically connected to the wider hydrological catchment then the recharge area required equates to 0.6% of the total catchment. A reduction in groundwater level or spring discharge may be experienced at down-gradient receptors during Exploration Drilling as a result of groundwater abstraction from La Pelona caldera. Such effects would be temporary and more likely to occur during dry periods or during the higher water demand periods of the drilling programme. The potential impact on each affected receptor is discussed in the following subsections. La Pelona Andesite Aquifer The amount of water available to downgradient receptors will be reduced overall however, the total volume required by the project represents only 5% of the current demand placed on the aquifer by existing abstractions. It is therefore unlikely that receptors located at the downstream end of the catchment, which are dependent on the La Pelona Andesite Aquifer (such as the River Olomega, Ojo de Agua Spring, municipal and large agricultural abstractions) would be noticeably affected. However, the degree of hydraulic connectivity within the aquifer system is unknown and therefore it is possible that receptors located closer to the abstraction would see some reduction in groundwater levels if they are particularly dependent on recharge to the La Pelona caldera. La Pelona is situated at approximately 600 to 700m ASL so a 200m deep well could reduce groundwater levels at dwellings located on the slopes to the east of the caldera and may impact on lower altitude wells (i.e. those drilled deeper than 100m ASL) located on the Plan area, dependent on the thickness of the aquifer and hydrogeological regime. Such effects would be temporary and more likely to occur during dry periods and during the higher water demand periods of the drilling programme. The resultant adverse impact on the La Pelona Andesite Aquifer would be of low magnitude and minor significance. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 249 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Quaternary Deposits Aquifer The proposed abstraction wells at La Pelona will be drilled to 200m below ground level so although the geological sequence is unknown, they are more likely to be targeting groundwater within the caldera intrusives and La Pelona Andesite than the Quaternary Deposits. It is entirely possible that low permeability layers are present that will prevent water flowing between the two aquifers and hence the Quaternary deposits would not be affected. However, should they be hydraulically connected, groundwater levels may be reduced at wells located downgradient of the abstraction on the Casita hillside in combination with the effects on the La Pelona Andesite (described above). In this situation, the effects on water supplies (although none are known to exist) located within La Pelona Caldera are likely to be observed, due to their close proximity to the abstraction. If the groundwater levels in the Quaternary Deposits Aquifer are extremely shallow, there could also be an effect on crops. As above, such impacts would be more likely to occur during dry periods or during the higher water demand periods of the drilling programme. The resultant adverse impact on the Quaternary Deposits Aquifer – Casita hillside and Plain area would be of low magnitude and minor significance. The resultant adverse impact on the Quaternary Deposits Aquifer – La Pelona caldera would be of low magnitude and minor significance. Argelia Spring Argelia spring is presumed to be fed by shallow groundwater that is recharged by precipitation falling on the southern side of the Casita peak and is unlikely to be affected by abstraction due to its position up-gradient and topographically above the proposed abstraction site. Groundwater levels will be reduced locally to the abstraction wells during the drilling period, with potential impacts on receptors located within the radius of influence of pumping. The resultant adverse impact on the Argelia Spring would be of negligible magnitude and insignificant. 8.5.4.6 Reduced Groundwater Level and Water Availability – Las Grietas Plains Supply Option No specific information has been provided regarding a potential location for the Las Grietas abstraction, therefore the impact assessment is indicative and considers potential impacts. La Pelona Andesite and Quaternary aquifers Assuming the same water demand as the La Pelona option, the calculated recharge area to supply the abstraction equates to 1.16% of the total catchment area or 1.26% of the total catchment area minus the La Pelona caldera (88,387,455m2). However, applying this method at Las Grietas results in a conservative over-estimate of the required recharge area because it does not take account of the inflow of groundwater from higher in the catchment. As for the La Pelona option, the volumetric impact would be 0.6% of the total catchment recharge. Despite the small size of the recharge area required However, this option is likely to reduce groundwater levels in the La Pelona Andesite and Quaternary Deposits aquifers. Local abstractions 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 250 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Whilst there is more water available lower in the catchment due to the larger upstream recharge area, there are more users of groundwater who might be affected by drawdown in this area. These include household and community wells as well as agricultural abstractions. Thus the optimum location of a water supply well in this area would depend on its radius of influence whilst pumping at the required maximum rate. Further investigations including drilling would be required to determine the radius of influence and quantify the potential impacts. Depending on the location of the proposed abstraction, the reduction in groundwater levels may affect water wells and groundwater abstractions located nearby and down gradient (to the north east), resulting in temporary medium magnitude impacts of moderate significance. 8.5.5 Impact summary Table 72 summarizes the findings of the impact assessment pre-mitigation. Chapter 9 elaborates on how significant impacts may be eliminated, reduced, offset, managed or mitigated to acceptable levels. The assessment identified the potential for significant impacts (moderate or above) in connection with water abstraction at the Las Grietas well location. All other impacts were deemed to be minor or negligible. Chapter 9 sets out recommendations for good practice management. Table 72: Summary of impacts – water resources Potential impact Adverse Magnitude Sensitivity Impact /Beneficial evaluation (pre mitigation) Water Resources Natural drainage pathways (Rio Adverse Negligible Negligible Insignificant Olomega) Groundwater pollution (Quaternary Adverse Low Medium Minor Deposits Aquifer – Casita hillside and Plain area) from site establishment / restoration activities Groundwater quality effects from Adverse Low Medium Minor Geothermal exploration drilling (Quaternary Deposits Aquifer – Casita hillside and Plain area / La Pelona Andesite Aquifer) La Pelona Supply Option Groundwater quality effects from Adverse Medium Minor water well drilling (Quaternary Low Deposits Aquifer – La Pelona caldera) Reduced groundwater level / water Adverse Medium Minor availability (La Pelona Andesite Low aquifer, Quaternary Deposits Aquifer) Reduced groundwater level / water Adverse Medium Insignificant availability (Argelia Spring) Negligible Las Grietas Plains Supply Option Groundwater quality effects from Adverse Medium Minor water well drilling (Quaternary Low Deposits Aquifer – La Pelona andesite aquifer) 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 251 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Potential impact Adverse Magnitude Sensitivity Impact /Beneficial evaluation (pre mitigation) Reduced groundwater level / water Adverse Medium Minor availability (La Pelona Andesite Low aquifer, Quaternary Deposits Aquifer) Reduced groundwater level / water Adverse Medium Moderate availability (local abstractions on Medium Plain) temporary 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 252 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 8.6 Air quality 8.6.1 Introduction This section presents the identification and assessment of the following potential beneficial and adverse air quality impacts and risks of the Project during exploration works (site establishment and exploratory drilling). Air quality impacts considered are: ● Fugitive dust emissions from general project activities including traffic ● Exhaust emissions on ecological and human receptors ● Fugitive gas (including non-condensable gases) from well drilling and testing 8.6.2 Impact identification All Project activities have the potential to cause dust related impacts through the construction activities themselves and through the resuspension of dust from vehicles. Fugitive gas emissions including hydrogen sulphide and mercury in the geothermal fluids (non-condensable gases) which are related to the drilling and testing activities. The activities with a potential to raise dust at the site have been identified in Table 73 below. Table 73: Summary of air emissions Activity Potential dust raising Duration Dust raising activities / fugitive gas potential emissions Drilling Transport of materials 2-3 months per well Medium Resuspension of dust on un- surfaced roads NCG’s in drilling fluids / gases Blasting (not expected) Earthmoving Ad hoc High Wind resuspension Materials storage Stockpiling of materials 9 months Medium Wind resuspension Transport of materials Materials handling Wind resuspension Ad hoc Medium Transport of materials Site clearance and ground Earthmoving 5 months Medium to High works: Stockpiling of materials - Vegetation clearing Formation of bunds - Levelling Resuspension of dust from - Import/export of rocks vehicle movements and soil Soil type (prone to suspension - Formation of borrow when dry) pit Fugitive exhaust emissions Removal and storage of Earthmoving 2 months Medium to High topsoil Stockpiling of materials Resuspension of dust from vehicle movements Soil type (prone to suspension when dry) Levelling/compaction of the Resuspension of dust from 1 month Medium well sites vehicle movements Soil type (prone to suspension when dry) Fugitive exhaust emissions Generators 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 253 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Activity Potential dust raising Duration Dust raising activities / fugitive gas potential emissions Compaction and widening of Resuspension of dust from 1-2 months Medium to High access roads vehicle movements Soil type (prone to suspension when dry) Fugitive exhaust emissions Generators Installation of mobile water Transport of materials 1.2 days per well Insignificant storage tanks Storage of materials Resuspension of dust on roads Wind resuspension Assembly of drilling rig Transport of materials 2 weeks per well total Medium to High Storage of materials per 5 wells, 10 weeks intermittently Preparation of materials (cutting etc.) Resuspension of dust on roads Wind resuspension Excavation works for the Earthmoving 1-2 months Medium to High pond and lining the pond Excavation Stockpiling of materials Transport of materials Wind resuspension Vehicle movements and dust resuspension Maintenance / ongoing Earthmoving Ad hoc Medium earthworks Transport of materials Wind resuspension Vehicle movements and dust resuspension Fugitive exhaust emissions Generators Pipes route clearing Stockpiling of materials < 6 months Low Formation of bunds Resuspension of dust from vehicle movements Soil type (prone to suspension when dry) Fugitive exhaust emissions Installation of pipeline and Stockpiling of materials 2 months Low associated infrastructure Transport of materials Preparation of materials (cutting etc.) Wind resuspension Vehicle movements and dust resuspension Fugitive exhaust emissions diesel-powered generators / small generators Sensitive receptors in the air quality AOI are predominantly the two houses along the access road. One is 100m from the road and the second house is 50m from the anticipated access road and 570m from the well pad. In addition, workers may be exposed to dust and fugitive gas emissions during normal and abnormal drilling activities. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 254 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 8.6.3 Impact assessment Earthmoving, stockpiling, excavation The impact magnitude of dust during site establishment activities is conservatively described as ‘high’ for the whole duration. However, not all construction activities have a high dust-raising potential and therefore it can be considered that potential dust episodes may only occur over short periods, and not throughout the whole phase and therefore moderate is considered to be acceptable. Based on an impact magnitude of ‘moderate’ the receptor sensitivity is considered to be ‘medium’ where they exist i.e house #1 and house #2 and ecological receptors, therefore the dust impact from general construction activities is considered moderate adverse, therefore considered significant prior to mitigation. 8.6.3.1 Dust from traffic movements Dust resuspension can be caused by movement of HGVs on tracks and muddy roads during access road construction works. Once roads are complete, the Project site will be accessed via paved roads. Dust impacts of these improvements to road infrastructure are expected to last for a short duration only. However, given the potentially high number of HGV movements that may occur along these roads the impact magnitude is considered to be ‘moderate. Two human receptors are located with the Project AOI and the sensitivity of receptors is ‘medium’, resulting in a moderate adverse impact before mitigation Exploratory phase traffic is expected to be limited to fuel and chemical supply, waste disposal and staff movements. However, given the potentially high number of HGV movements that may occur along these roads the impact magnitude is considered to be ‘moderate and the sensitivity of receptors is ‘low’, resulting in a minor adverse impact, therefore significant before mitigation 8.6.3.2 Drilling rig emissions Emissions of combustion-related pollutants from drilling rigs and other on-site plant have the potential to impact on air quality in the Project area. The five exploration wells will be drilled using a large rig of 300 tons of hook load. The drilling rigs may include approximately four diesel-powered generators. The use of these will be increased during drilling so that all four will not be operating at the same time when drilling commences but will be towards the end of the drilling process. An auxiliary diesel generator (292kW) will also be installed, providing additional capacity when required. The combustion of diesel can emit significant nitrogen oxides (NO x), sulphur oxides (SO2), particulates and carbon monoxide (CO). The composition of exhaust gases will depend on the fuel used (for example its sulphur content) and combustion conditions (i.e. old or poorly maintained generators are likely to produce emissions with a greater percentage of harmful pollutants than newer equipment). Impacts from the exhaust emissions from operation of a drilling rig is considered ‘low and the sensitivity of the human and high conservation ecological receptors based on proximity to well pads is considered low to be ‘low’, resulting in a minor adverse impact, therefor not significant prior mitigation. The magnitude of impacts from operational plant exhaust emissions on workers is higher than residential receptors due to their closer proximity to the emission sources. However, their sensitivity is lower. Overall drilling rig exhaust emission impacts have a ‘medium’ magnitude and ‘low’ sensitivity, resulting in a minor adverse impact, therefor not significant prior mitigation. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 255 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 8.6.3.3 Well testing emissions At the time of writing there is insufficient information on the composition of the steam to quantitatively assess the impacts of well test emissions on air quality. Based on the likely pollutant contents of the steam, location of human and high conservation ecological receptors, and taking a precautionary approach (which is necessary in the absence of further information) potential impacts could be of up to moderate adverse significance, that result from having a medium high’ magnitude and a ‘moderate’ sensitivity of the human and ecological receptors. Critical adverse effects are considered unlikely as well testing emissions only occur for a short period of time however non-condensable gases are a high risk to human health in particular during emergency or abnormal working conditions and therefore the major adverse significance before mitigation is considered to apply. 8.6.3.4 Site restoration In the event of site restoration of the proposed Project, it is likely that any potential air quality impacts would be like those in the site establishment phase, as broadly similar activities would be required. These are considered to be of minor adverse significance. 8.6.4 Impact summary Table 74Table 67 summarises the findings of the impact assessment pre-mitigation. Chapter 9 elaborates on how significant impacts may be eliminated, reduced, offset, managed or mitigated to acceptable levels. Table 74: Summary of impacts – air quality Potential impact Adverse Magnitude Sensitivity Impact evaluation /Beneficial (pre-mitigation) Air Quality Dust from general activities Adverse Medium Medium Moderate site establishment Dust from traffic (site Adverse Medium Medium Moderate establishment) Drilling Exhaust emission from drilling Adverse Low Low Minor (community and workers) Emissions from well testing Adverse Medium Medium Moderate (H2S) (normal operations) Emissions from well testing Adverse High Medium Major (abnormal l operations 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 256 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 8.7 Landscape and visual impacts 8.7.1 Introduction This section presents a qualitative identification and assessment of the following potential beneficial and adverse landscape and visual impacts of the Project during exploration phase works (site establishment and exploratory drilling). 8.7.2 Impact identification Impacts to the landscape and visual character will be short-term and predominantly temporary in nature until the resource is confirmed. Potential impacts on the landscape character and visual amenity will be principally related to impacts during the site establishment phase and the drilling works : Site establishment – Removal of vegetation and levelling of agricultural areas for well pad sites – Soil stripping, temporary stockpiling of excavated materials and other earthworks – Presence of construction traffic, construction plant and equipment Drilling and testing – Presence of floodlighting, as night time works are likely to be required – Introduction of built structures, new roads 8.7.3 Impact assessment 8.7.3.1 Landscape character The site establishment works, including construction traffic and associated noise would adversely affect the setting and the tranquillity; however, it would be of temporary nature and relatively local in scale. The construction works would temporarily change the local landscape character, due to the presence on the site of plant equipment and construction activities. Light pollution due to night construction flood lights would negatively change the night time character. The ESIA site visit noted that the upper level of Casita is occupied by a military base and telephone antennas. The consultation indicated that tourists mainly visit the San Cristóbal Volcano and are therefore less affected by works on the slopes of the Casita volcano. Change will be limited to a relatively small area and overall the magnitude of impact will be ‘medium’. Given the ‘low’ sensitivity of the receptors in the Project AOI, based on type of receptor (non- tourist) and number (most receptors more than 4.5 km from the nearest well pad), the Project will result in a minor adverse effect, which is not significant. Given the duration of the exploratory drilling phase new infrastructure and lighting will be required to undertake the works. Impacts from this phase may be short-term and temporary. The drilling rig as a tall man-made structure is very different from any other structures present in the Project area. Due to its height, the drilling rig will be the key structure visible from a distance from the Project sites. The experience of man-made structures in the landscape is very individualistic, but is influenced by the type of landscape, distance, undulation, vegetation, scale and configuration of the plant as well as the social perception and benefits the visual receptors draw from the Project. The perception of how tall the drilling rig is, relates to the distance that the drilling rig can be seen from and can be difficult to determine from specific viewpoints. The perception and visual impacts of the Project are generally considered to decrease with distance. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 257 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Overall the sensitivity of receptors which is considered to be ‘low and the magnitude of the impact will be ‘medium’, therefore the impact to the landscape character will be minor adverse, therefore significant before mitigation. 8.7.3.2 Visual amenity The visual receptors affected by the Project would include, residents located around the proposed site (such as the two dwellings identified in relative close proximity to the access road and to one of the well pads); workers in the arable fields and farms and potentially users of the roads including tourists. The activities associated with the first stage of site establishment including site preparations, construction of materials storage and rehabilitation of access roads, would only be visible from the closer viewpoints. The excavation of materials will have the greatest visual impact as excavated areas would break up the continuous landscape. Construction activities associated with later stages of construction phase including rising of the drilling rig and other plant would affect the visual amenity of receptors over a wider area, although it is acknowledged this would be sporadic due to the topography of the area. We note that the upper level of Casita volcano is occupied by a military base and telephone antennas. Furthermore, it is understood that tourists mainly visit the San Cristóbal Volcano, according to stakeholders consulted for this ESIA. The construction works and associated traffic would have temporary adverse effect on visual amenity of the study area and this is addressed in subsequent sections. The main visual impact during the drilling phase is considered to be the drilling rig. However, as the distance from the site increases, the drilling rig would be less noticeable due to the weather conditions and other landscape elements obscuring views. The proposed development would have adverse effects on the landscape character of the study area due to low lying topography and relatively uniform land use and land cover comprising of arable fields and woodland areas. It is considered, that although the new Project would create prominent temporary features in the surrounding landscape that will dominate views close to the site, the general visual amenity of the area would not experience large deterioration given the temporary nature of the infrastructure, therefore the magnitude is considered ‘low’ and the sensitivity ‘medium’ resulting in a minor adverse impact. 8.7.3.3 Site restoration phase Decommissioning of the Project (assuming further development does not take place) will reduce the number of man-made elements in the view. There will be increased activity in the area during decommissioning but the removal of structures and the cessation of activity will eventually reduce activities visual impacts. There will be a valve placed on each well head. However, the valve is small and once vegetation and crops are reinstated on the sites there would be limited visibility of the valve. Unmitigated, the magnitude is considered ‘low’ and the sensitivity ‘medium’ resulting in a minor adverse impact 8.7.4 Impact summary Table 75Table 74Table 67 summarises the findings of the impact assessment pre-mitigation. Chapter 9 elaborates on how significant impacts may be eliminated, reduced, offset, managed or mitigated to acceptable levels. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 258 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Table 75: Summary of impacts – landscape and visual impact Potential Adverse Magnitude Sensitivity Impact impact /Beneficial evaluation (pre- mitigation) Landscape and Visual Activities impact Adverse Medium Low Minor landscape character Activities to the Adverse Low Medium Minor visual amenity 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 259 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 8.8 Traffic and transportation 8.8.1 Introduction This section predicts traffic and transportation impacts expected to occur as a result of the exploratory phase of the Project and assesses the beneficial and adverse effects by predicting their significance prior to mitigation. Impacts have been considered and assessed for the site preparation (including access road construction and well pad set up), exploratory works and where relevant decommissioning. The Project works include 6km of new road from main project area to the well pads and 12.7km of new road to be upgraded from existing tracks. 8.8.2 Impact identification Impacts are expected to include: ● Impact to community health and safety ● Traffic impact to local road network from project traffic ● Abnormal loads as the drill rigs are brought to site and or moved from one well pad to another (being moved at least twice during this phase) ● Wear and tear of the access road Magnitude of impacts typically depend on: ● Number of personnel movements - movements connected with those that are employed directly or indirectly ● Truck movements - in particular ones connected with the delivery of equipment to site ● Proximity of sensitive receptors ● Improvement in access as a result of rehabilitation ● Increased speed of traffic. Current speeds are low due to the rough surfaces. With improved access the road speeds will dramatically increase 8.8.3 Impact assessment 8.8.3.1 Traffic impact to community health and safety The local population are not used to the volume or type of traffic that the Project will bring to the local area. There are two households close to the access road. One is 100m from the road and the second house is 50m from the anticipated access road to one of the well pads and 570m from the actual well pad. Road safety in the area can be improved as many people may drive without a driving licence and generally road safety awareness in the area is relatively poor. The traffic increase that will result from the site restoration area may pose a risk to the safety of the wider community outside the immediate area of influence and can be considered of ‘medium’ magnitude. Since the people in the area are not used to this type of traffic, the sensitivity can be considered to be ‘medium’, resulting in a moderate adverse impact, therefore significant before mitigation. The traffic during the drilling phase area may pose a risk to the safety of the community in terms of road safety as there will be a number of HGV transiting the existing roads where people are not particularly used to this type of heavy traffic. However, traffic movements will be considerably less than the ones during the site set-up phase, for this reason, the impacts from increase in traffic to community health and safety will be of ‘low’ magnitude. Since the people in 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 260 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase the area are not used to this type of traffic, the sensitivity can be considered to be ‘medium’, resulting in a minor adverse impact, therefore significant before mitigation. 8.8.3.2 Traffic impact to local road network The transportation of heavy equipment and materials has the potential to result in damage to roads along the proposed existing routes. The condition of the road network up to the site access from NIC-252 is paved and generally good and used for transporting goods. More than 2/3rds of the distance required to be travelled from the Port of Corinto or the Hondruas / Nicaragua border along which the key pieces of infrastructure will travel will be along primary road routes. Once the traffic is off the main road, the main receptors are the two residential homes along the main access road and this has been assessed above. New roads will be constructed to accommodate traffic movements along the site access road to the well pads. The routing of these access roads has been designed trying to use the existing roads or paths in the area as much as possible to reduce the need for new roads and vegetation clearance. These access roads will be designed to withstand heavy traffic all year under all conditions. The sensitivity of the road is considered to be ‘low’. The traffic caused by the HGV during this phase will represent a ‘medium’ magnitude, resulting in a minor adverse impact. During drilling works when vehicles will be fewer, this will be reduced to ‘negligible magnitude. 8.8.4 Impact summary Table 76 summarises the findings of the impact assessment pre-mitigation. Chapter 9 elaborates on how significant impacts may be eliminated, reduced, offset, managed or mitigated to acceptable levels. Table 76: Summary of impacts – traffic and transportation Potential impact Adverse Magnitude Sensitivity Impact evaluation /Beneficial (pre mitigation) Traffic and transport Adverse Medium Medium Moderate (minor Traffic - community safety (site during drilling) establishment and de- mobilisation) Traffic – local road networks Adverse Medium Low Minor 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 261 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 8.9 Waste and materials 8.9.1 Introduction The assessment approach taken included desktop study of readily available information on the Project activities including drilling materials and drilling plans, site visit to the various Project components and discussions with staff at the construction sites during the site visit. 8.9.2 Impact identification The main potential impacts which can arise from the generation of waste and handling of materials are as follows: ● Contamination of receiving environments (particularly surface watercourses, groundwater and soils) due to leakage and spillage of wastes associated with poor waste handling and storage arrangements (these impacts are assessed separately in the hydrogeology section) ● Hazardous material management ● The use of landfill - where waste re-use or recovery is not feasible - which is a finite resource ● Disposal of spoil, excavation material and the various waste streams Three general classifications of wastes have been applied for the assessment; namely non- hazardous wastes, hazardous wastes and inert wastes. Each waste stream has been identified as belonging to one of the following classifications: ● Inert construction wastes are wastes that are solid and when disposed of are not expected to undergo physical, chemical or biological changes to such an extent as to produce substances that may cause an adverse effect. Such wastes include but are not limited to debris, concrete, glass, ceramic materials, unpainted scrap metal, and dry timber or wood that has not been chemically treated ● Non-hazardous wastes are all wastes that are not hazardous wastes and are not inert construction wastes. This includes common garbage, office wastes, construction wastes such as boxes, and treated sewage effluent and sewage sludge ● Waste materials are classified as hazardous wastes when they exhibit on or more of the characteristics such as explosive, flammable, spontaneous combustion potential, oxidizing potential, toxic, and corrosive 8.9.2.1 Material management Materials used during site establishment will principally comprise the items of equipment for the Project, as well as materials used for site preparation such as steel assemblies, concrete for the cellar structure for the drill rig and at the construction works. Materials required for the construction of the well pad sites may include: ● Cement ● Gravels ● Sand ● Steel reinforcement ● Liner for the pond Similar materials will be used during the rehabilitation works on the access roads. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 262 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Table 77 below elaborates the drilling phase materials that may be used. Materials considered to be of a hazardous nature will require bespoke consideration, particularly for any final treatment and disposal options. Table 77: Materials and chemicals Material Type Estimated quantity (tons, unless stated otherwise) Drilling mud and mud additives Drilling bentonite Non-hazardous 100 Walnut shells Non-hazardous 5 Coarse Mica Flakes Non-hazardous 5 Caustic soda Hazardous 15 Cement Additives Wyoming bentonite Non-hazardous 10 Mica flakes Non-hazardous 10 High temperature retarder powder Hazardous 3 Friction reducer / dispersant Hazardous 3 Fluid loss control cement additive Hazardous 3 Cement accelerators Hazardous 3 Portland cement Hazardous 750 Diesel Fuel for on-site generators (auxiliary and Hazardous N/A drilling) Defoamer Hazardous 300 litres Drilling detergents Hazardous 84,000 All the wastes identified above should be minimised, sorted, reused and recycled wherever possible. There may be the opportunity of further community benefit through waste reuse where possible. Special care will be given to food waste, which will be kept separate in enclosed areas to avoid pest and odour, or composted / disposed of rapidly. 8.9.2.2 Waste management Table 78 below summarises waste streams that are expected to be generated as part of the site establishment phase of the Project as well as their potential impacts, how wastes will be handled/stored and the method of disposal for each waste stream. Table 78: Wastes streams Waste Type Potential Impact Handling / Storage Method Excavation spoil Contamination of receiving environments Temporary storage in stock piles for further such as sedimentation of water bodies use on site or removal. Fugitive dust emissions Excess material will be disposed of in spoil Disposal of spoil and excavation material disposal sites or used to level off the site. which results in land take Concrete mix Fugitive dust emissions To be segregated and suitably stored on a Disposal to landfill, where waste re-use or temporary basis in a waste management recovery is not feasible area. Increased waste miles from transporting Using it in other work locations or returning waste materials from the Project site unused cement to the vendor can minimise the volume of waste. Concrete washings Contamination of receiving environments Wash water which cannot be immediately such as sedimentation of water bodies reused is to be stored in an open lined pit or open tanks so as to aid sedimentation or other on-site treatment as appropriate. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 263 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Cement Contamination of receiving environments Segregated and suitably stored on a temporary basis in a waste management area. Iron and steel scrap The use of landfill, where waste re-use or Segregated and suitably stored on a recovery is not feasible temporary basis in a waste management Visual amenity impacts associated with poor area. storage of waste Increased waste miles from transporting waste materials from the Project site. Non-ferrous scrap The use of landfill, where waste re-use or Segregated and suitably stored on a recovery is not feasible temporary basis in a waste management Visual amenity impacts associated with poor area. storage of waste Increased waste miles from transporting waste materials from the Project site. Packaging The use of landfill, where waste re-use or Segregated and suitably stored on a recovery is not feasible temporary basis in a waste management Visual amenity impacts associated with poor area. storage of waste Increased waste miles from transporting waste materials from the Project site. Pallets The use of landfill, where waste re-use or Segregated and suitably stored on a recovery is not feasible temporary basis in a waste management Increased waste miles from transporting area. waste materials from the Project site. Glass The use of landfill, where waste re-use or Segregated and suitably stored on a recovery is not feasible temporary basis in a waste management Increased waste miles from transporting area. waste materials from the Project site. Paper and The use of landfill, where waste re-use or Segregated and suitably stored on a cardboard recovery is not feasible temporary basis in a waste management Visual amenity impacts associated with poor area. storage of waste Increased waste miles from transporting waste materials from the Project site. Timber The use of landfill, where waste re-use or Segregated and suitably stored on a recovery is not feasible temporary basis in a waste management area. Non-Hazardous Construction waste General domestic The use of landfill, where waste re-use or To be segregated and suitably stored on a waste recovery is not feasible temporary basis in a waste management Visual amenity impacts associated with poor area. storage of waste Increased waste miles from transporting waste materials from the Project site. Plastics The use of landfill, where waste re-use or To be segregated and suitably stored on a recovery is not feasible temporary basis in a waste management Visual amenity impacts associated with poor area. storage of waste Increased waste miles from transporting waste materials from the Project site. Drums, barrels and The use of landfill, where waste re-use or Segregated and suitably stored on a containers from recovery is not feasible temporary basis in a waste management non-hazardous Visual amenity impacts associated with poor area. materials storage of waste; and Increased waste miles from transporting waste materials from the Project site. Hazardous wastes Oils and lubricants Hazardous. Contamination of receiving Hazardous. Collected on a temporary basis environments in bunded, segregated marked drums 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 264 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase The use of landfill, where waste re-use or within a designated waste management recovery is not feasible area. Oil contaminated Hazardous. Contamination of receiving Hazardous. To be segregated and suitably cloths environments stored on a temporary basis in a waste The use of landfill, where waste re-use or management area. recovery is not feasible Batteries Hazardous. Contamination of receiving Hazardous. To be segregated and suitably environments stored on a temporary basis in a waste The use of landfill, where waste re-use or management area. recovery is not feasible Chemicals Hazardous. Contamination of receiving Hazardous. Collected in bunded, environments segregated drums and suitably stored on a The use of landfill, where waste re-use or temporary basis within a waste recovery is not feasible. management area. Used solvents Hazardous Hazardous. Collected in bunded, Contamination of receiving environments segregated drums and suitably stored on a temporary basis within a waste management area. Tyres The use of landfill, where waste re-use or Segregated and suitably stored on a recovery is not feasible temporary basis in a waste management Visual amenity impacts associated with poor area. storage of waste; and Increased waste miles from transporting waste materials from the Project site. Excavation materials from access road, ponds, surface water tanks and well pad sites will potentially represent the largest volume of waste. It should be possible to use the material for landscaping purposes and this will be undertaken where ever possible or as part of re- instatement plans in the case of temporary infrastructure. Storage / disposal sites for excavated materials should be such as to prevent risk of landslide, presenting a health and safety impact. Materials will be disposed to extracted borrow pits away from any sensitive or productive land. The magnitude of the impact is considered to be minor and receiving environment minor giving an overall significance of low. Waste streams that will arise from the drilling activities will require adequate handling and disposal procedures to ensure adverse environmental impacts are kept to a minimum and to comply with international standards. Wastes to be generated during the operational phase are summarised in Table 79 below. Table 79: Overview of potential waste streams Waste Source Contaminated packaging Primarily associated with any chemical deliveries Oily contaminated materials, such as oily rags Associated with on-going operational activities Lubricating and auxiliary oils Associated with routine and on- going maintenance in the facility Empty chemical containers Material delivery for drilling activities Waste collected as a result of spills, leakages and/or accidental damage Associated with on-going operational activities and materials handling 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 265 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Waste Source General waste All activities Domestic waste (e.g. food waste from the worker’s accommodation Worker accommodation / on site canteen, paper from administration buildings, cardboard, lightweight offices packaging e.g. glass / plastic drink and food containers. Paper and Cardboard From packaging and deliveries etc. Plastic From packaging and deliveries etc. Pallets Associated with deliveries Drilling muds and cuttings From drilling activities. 8.9.2.3 Contamination to receiving environment This will be an impact posing a risk to the terrestrial environment, surface watercourses, groundwater and soils resulting from leakages and spillages of materials (such as fuel, oils and other chemicals) and corresponding wastes, due to poor handling and storage techniques on site during construction activities before the waste is disposed of by licenced contractors. In case such leakages or spillages occur, the magnitude of such impact is considered to be ‘medium’ adverse as it will cause a detectable change to the receiving environment and it will result in a non-fundamental and temporary change. The environmental receptors identified in this ESIA, are considered to be of ‘medium’ sensitivity based on sensitivity of habitats in the project area, resulting in a moderate adverse impact, which is significant. Drilling wastes are the most significant waste in term of their potential impact if not adequately managed. Environmental impacts could potentially occur from the poor handling of this waste stream and inappropriate disposal methodology resulting in contaminated discharges to the receiving environment, in particular the land and groundwater. Drill cuttings are stored in a sump which provides impervious surface with some cuttings being taken off site for geological research. Following toxicity tests on the cuttings quality, to determine whether they contain any pollutant that could percolate and contaminate the ground water, the option of disposal will be assessed. Given that water based drilling muds will be used, the muds will be relatively clean. However, the muds may be classified as hazardous waste if any pollutant has been picked up from the well bottom, subsequently stored in the settling ponds causing potential pollution risk to surface water. In addition, the muds reduce the buffering capacity of the settling ponds during wells testing. The muds will be either re-injected into total loss wells where these are available or will go to contained storage with subsequent treatment dependent on relevant waste category. The waste category for the muds will be determined through toxicity testing undertaken by CCP or the drilling contractor. Should the toxicity tests indicate classification as hazardous waste; the muds will be removed from site and disposed of accordingly. The magnitude of the impacts to the receiving environment due to inadequate handling is ‘medium. However, all areas designated for waste segregation, collection and material handling and storage will be on hard standing surfaces and on purpose built facilities, therefore the sensitivity is considered to be ‘low’ resulting in a moderate adverse impact, therefore significant prior to mitigation. 8.9.2.4 Landfill capacity Landfill receiving capacity in Nicaragua is understood to be good and suitable to receive all wastes arising from construction of the Project. The sensitivity of the landfill in terms of its 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 266 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase receiving capacity to absorb all wastes generated by the Project considered ‘low’. Similarly, in relation to the landfill capacity to adequately manage the receiving waste, the magnitude is considered ‘low’, and therefore the resulting impact is minor adverse, therefore not significant. 8.9.2.5 Site restoration Site restoration will include the complete removal of facilities and well abandonment, including associated equipment, material, and waste disposal or recycling. The principal pieces of infrastructure which will require removal as part of the decommissioning phase will be: ● Generators ● Fuel storage tanks ● Site offices ● Dismantling and removal of waste storage tanks ● Dismantling and removal of water pipeline ● Auxiliary structures Overall the impacts from waste and materials on this phase are deemed to be similar to the impacts during the site establishment phase. 8.9.3 Impact summary Table 80 summarises the findings of the impact assessment pre-mitigation. Chapter 9 elaborates on how significant impacts may be eliminated, reduced, offset, managed or mitigated to acceptable levels. Table 80: Summary of impacts – waste management Potential impact Adverse Magnitude Sensitivity Impact evaluation /Beneficial (pre mitigation) Waste and Materials Contamination to receiving Adverse Medium Medium Moderate environment (site establishment) Contamination to receiving Adverse Medium Medium Moderate environment (drilling)) Landfill capacity Adverse Low Low Minor Drilling waste streams Adverse (hazardous) 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 267 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 8.10 Noise 8.10.1 Introduction This section predicts noise impacts expected to occur as a result of the exploratory phase of the Project and assesses the beneficial and adverse effects by predicting their significance prior to mitigation. Impacts have been considered and assessed for the site preparation (including access road construction and well pad set up), exploratory drilling works and where relevant decommissioning. 8.10.2 Impact identification Typically noise from activities drops off at distances up to 300m from the source of noise. Beyond 300m, the reliability of any calculations reduces due to the influence of meteorological effects on how noise propagates in the environment (mainly due to wind direction). Considering the proximity of nearby noise sensitive receptors to the vicinity of project works and the absence of particularly noise sensitive ecological receptors, it has not been deemed necessary to undertake quantitative noise modelling at this time. However, there are two properties that may be overly impacted by noise from access road works and a house that is located between 550 and 600m from a well pad and therefore it is considered prudent to assess how noise may be generated so that general mitigation measures may be put in place. During baseline data collection works, baseline noise levels have been taken so that in the future if noise impacts are realized a quantitative assessment may be performed. During site establishment, the potential impacts due to noise could include: ● Temporary disturbance of residents of house #1 and House #2 (e.g. interruption of normal activities and sleep, annoyance, complaint) from site establishment works, traffic noise and drilling works No specific ecological receptors of high noise sensitivity have been identified in the noise AOI and therefore this is not considered further. General mitigation measures for mitigation of noise will support reduction of noise impacts to any unforeseen ecological receptors. 8.10.3 Impact assessment 8.10.3.1 General site establishment works and access road construction The activities of the various site establishment works and the construction of the water pipeline will cause noise impacts to the human and ecological receptors. Activities that will create noise are listed below and they are expected to be in operation approximately 25% of the time during the duration of the access road construction period (total of 6 months): ● Distribution of material : Dump truck (tipping fill) ● Rolling and compaction : Vibratory roller The water pipeline does not require excavation as the pipe sections are laid above the ground and bolted together. The main noise impacts are expected to be mainly associated with the delivery of pipe sections by road vehicle then the use of small tools to fix the sections together. The associated noise impacts are likely to be ‘low’ in magnitude as will be relatively short -term at any one location, and the sensitivity of the receptors is considered ‘low’, resulting in a minor adverse impact, therefore not significant. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 268 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 8.10.3.2 Traffic noise The flow of traffic is expected to be variable and intermittent such that it would not be possible to make a meaningful quantitative assessment of the associated noise impacts. The nearby properties could be adversely affected from a small number of movements or even the passage of a single heavy vehicle in close proximity to receptors at a sensitive time of the day. However, it is considered that the magnitude of noise impacts will be ‘low’ and the sensitivity of the local communities as ‘low’ resulting in a minor adverse impact, therefore not significant It is considered that the effects due to construction traffic can be managed and adequately mitigated with measures including: ● Proper maintenance of vehicles to ensure silencers are fitted and vehicles comply with emission standards ● Avoid queuing vehicles on the access road or at the site access points ● Restrict movements to avoid sensitive times of the day ● Adherence to speed limits ● Avoid unnecessary revving of engines and use of horns ● Minimise changes in the profile of the road to avoid body slap and rattle noise It is considered that the magnitude of impacts can be mitigated so that effects will be negligible. 8.10.3.3 Exploratory drilling Noise during the drilling phase are assumed to be similar to sound power levels based on previous experience and reports from other similar drilling activities in other projects. These are reproduced in Table 81. Table 81: Assumed sound power levels Item Sound power level dB(A) Drill preparation 102 Establishing drilling rig 100 Drilling 110 to 114 Testing/clearing well discharge 95* Production testing venting 97 *Sound Power Level for a rock muffler (Lahendong Pertamina Geothermal Project (7)’ It is expected that noise levels will drop off within 500m of the noise source and therefore noise level are expected to be back to the baseline noise levels at the nearest residential property. Night time impacts may be realised given the rural nature of the location and the low baseline noise. Noise impacts are predicted to be medium sensitivity (house), medium magnitude and therefore moderate significance prior to mitigation. 8.10.3.4 Site restoration The activities of the various site restoration works are deemed to be similar to the ones from the site establishment phase. The noise impacts are likely to be ‘low’ in magnitude as will be relatively short-term at any one location, and the sensitivity of the receptors is considered ‘low’, resulting in a minor adverse impact, therefore not significant. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 269 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 8.10.4 Impact summary Table 82 summarises the findings of the impact assessment pre-mitigation. Chapter 9 elaborates on how significant impacts may be eliminated, reduced, offset, managed or mitigated to acceptable levels. The impact assessment has shown that adverse noise will principally be related to drilling at house #2 and measures to address this should be undertaken. In addition to minimise noise impacts general best practice measures should be implemented during site establishement works and road access and upgrade works. Good practice management measure for addressing noise are presented in Chapter 9 along with specific measure to address drilling noise in particular at adjacent to drilling house #2 are considered Table 82: Summary of impacts – noise Potential impact Adverse Magnitude Sensitivity Impact evaluation /Beneficial (pre mitigation) Noise Site establishment and access Adverse Low Medium Minor road construction house #1 and House #2 Traffic noise Adverse Low Medium Minor Drilling House #2 Adverse Medium Medium Moderate 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 270 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 8.11 Cumulative impact assessment 8.11.1 Introduction The purpose of this section is to address cumulative impacts that may arise from the incremental impact of the proposed Project when considered against related past, present and probable future projects. This assessment relates to activities described under Component 1 (exploratory phase works) only. 8.11.2 Impact identification Cumulative impacts associated with the works may be: ● combined effects (e.g air quality, noise, transportation) ● strategic impacts (e.g. multiple geothermal projects) ● spatial and temporal crowding (planned future activities within the AOI) The following assumptions have been applied to the identification of projects to be considered as part of the cumulative assessment: ● environmental effects of any other development that is already built and operational is effectively included within the environmental baseline against which impacts are being assessed within the ESIA, so are excluded from further consideration in the CIA to avoid being accounted for twice; ● the CIA considers projects that are in the planning process. Efforts have been made to ascertain which if any are likely to become operational prior to this Project but we have assumed that none are in the pipeline so as to be in a position to cause potential cumulative impact ● Component 2 works will be distinct and separate from these works not in addition to and are therefore not considered from a temporary perspective ● For any projects that are substantially further back in the planning process and for which application for consent is unlikely to be submitted until after the Project is consented or where there is unlikely to be any overlap in construction activities it has been assumed that 8.11.3 impact assessment Combined effects are those likely to occur at areas where there is a concentration of activity and where there are receptors that have limited ability to accommodate additional change. They also occur when construction activities related to this project and others happen at the same time. Through our baseline review, consultation and impact assessment we have identified the following potential activities that may be give rise to cumulative impacts: ● traffic impacts: associated with the movement of heavy vehicles and volume of traffic during site establishment works and transfer of drill rigs resulting in increased traffic flow and impacts from wear and team to existing infrastructure. ● impact on other water users (irrigation needs, agricultural needs, water resources ● community health and safety / tourism: The energy and industrial projects could impact on the provision of social infrastructure and use of community resources because they create population movements, especially temporarily during construction but also over the longer term when some workers or those attracted to the work opportunities choose to remain in the region. ● Land use impacts 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 271 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase The significance of these imapcts have been considered in the relevant chapters including combined effects and no significant impacts have been determined. Spatial and temporal crowding occurs when many activities are carried out in too small an area at the same time. The siting of this project within a nature reserve means that it is highly unlikely that other projects will be given the dispensation that geothermal projects have to be developed in this area. The works themselves and the resultant impacts are relatively self-contained to the project direct AOI. This ESIA has not identified any projects that will create a spatial or temporary crowding. No significant infrastructure projects known to be planned within the project AOI and this is not considered in more detail. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 272 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 8.12 Summary of impacts This section presents a summary of the impacts after having applied the criteria as set out in Chapter 5. Unless stated the impacts refer equally to the site establishment, exploratory drilling and site closure works. If the geothermal resource is not confirmed then all sites will be decommissioned to their original state and no further impacts will be realised, the existing “no project impact” will be restored. For temporary impacted areas e.g. laydown areas, then all sites will be restored to their original state and no further impacts will be realised, the existing “no project impact” will be restored. Table 83: Summary of significant impacts – all Potential Adverse Magnitude Sensitivity Impact impact /Beneficial evaluation (pre mitigation) Socio economic Employment Positive low Medium Minor generation Project induced Adverse Low Medium Minor migration Land acquisition Adverse Low Negligible Insignificant and resettlement impacts – landowners Land users Adverse Low Medium – high Moderate (minor) Workers (skilled Adverse Medium Medium Moderate / minor and unskilled) (unskilled workers) / Low (skilled workers) Community health, Adverse Low Negligible Insignificant safety and security (traffic, nuisance, material storage, antisocial behaviour Security Adverse Low Negligible Insignficant Cultural Heritage National or - Medium Medium Negligible Moderate international designated features of cultural significance / above ground features Below ground Adverse Medium Medium Moderate archaeological artefacts Intangible heritage - Negligible Negligible Insignificant Water Resources Natural drainage Adverse Negligible Negligible Insignificant pathways (Rio Olomega) Groundwater Adverse Low Medium Minor pollution (Quaternary Deposits Aquifer – Casita hillside and Plain area) from 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 273 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Potential Adverse Magnitude Sensitivity Impact impact /Beneficial evaluation (pre mitigation) site establishment / restoration activities Groundwater Adverse Low Medium Minor quality effects from water well drilling (Quaternary Deposits Aquifer – La Pelona caldera) Groundwater Adverse Low Medium Minor quality effects from Geothermal exploration drilling (Quaternary Deposits Aquifer – Casita hillside and Plain area / La Pelona Andesite Aquifer) Reduced Adverse Medium Minor groundwater level / Low water availability (La Pelona Andesite aquifer, Quaternary Deposits Aquifer) Reduced Adverse Medium Insignificant groundwater level / Negligible water availability (Argelia Spring) Air Quality Dust from general Adverse Medium Medium Moderate activities Dust from traffic Adverse Medium Medium Moderate (site establishment / minor (during drilling) Exhaust emission Adverse Low Low Minor from drilling (community and workers) Emissions from Adverse Medium Medium Moderate well testing (normal operations) Emissions from Adverse High Medium Major well testing (abnormal l operations Landscape and Visual Activities impact Adverse Medium Low Minor landscape character Activities to the Adverse Low Medium Minor visual amenity Traffic and transport 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 274 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Potential Adverse Magnitude Sensitivity Impact impact /Beneficial evaluation (pre mitigation) Adverse Medium Medium Moderate (minor Traffic - during drilling) community safety (site establishment and de- mobilisation) Traffic – local road Adverse Medium Low Minor networks Waste and Materials Contamination to Adverse Medium Low Minor receiving environment Landfill capacity Low Low Minor Noise Site establishment Adverse Low Medium Minor and access road construction house #1 and House #2 Traffic noise Adverse Low Medium Minor Drilling House #2 Adverse Medium Medium Moderate Table 84: Summary of impact pre-mitigation - biodiversity Potential Impact Receptor Sensiti Magnitu Significance vity of de of (pre- Recept Impact mitigation) or Component 1: Site establishment Vegetation clearance, removal and storage of top soils levelling and compaction Rehabilitation of access road Loss and degradation of terrestrial San Cristóbal-Casita- Very Low Adverse habitat Accidental introduction and Chonco Volcanic Complex high/ Moderate dispersal of invasive species IBA/KBA and Reserva High Disturbance to terrestrial animal Natural Complejo species Volcánico San Cristobal- Casita Injury or death of terrestrial animals Habitat fragmentation Reserva Natural Complejo High Negligible Insignificant Increase in road kills and injuries of Volcánico Telica Rota wildlife Hunting and poaching of wildlife due to improved access roads Loss and degradation of terrestrial Habitats: Dry deciduous Medium Low Adverse Minor habitat Accidental introduction and tropical forest dispersal of invasive species Other habitats Low Low Adverse Minor Disturbance to terrestrial animal species Injury or death of terrestrial animals Habitat fragmentation Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife Globally Endangered Very Low Adverse plants: Lonchocarpus high Moderate phlebophyllus and 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 275 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Potential Impact Receptor Sensiti Magnitu Significance vity of de of (pre- Recept Impact mitigation) or Loss and degradation of terrestrial Platymiscium habitat Accidental introduction and pleiostachyum dispersal of invasive species Globally Vulnerable plants: High Low Adverse Disturbance to terrestrial animal Moderate Cocobolo Dalbergia species retusa, Brazil-nut tree Injury or death of terrestrial animals Bertholletia excelsa, Habitat fragmentation Spanish cedar Cedrela Increase in road kills and injuries of odorata, Pacific coast wildlife mahogany Swietenia Illegal logging due to improved access humilis, big leaf mahogany roads Swietenia macrophylla and Bombacopsis quinata Nationally protected plants Medium Low Adverse Minor Other Flora Low Low Adverse Minor Loss and degradation of terrestrial Globally Vulnerable and High Low Adverse habitat Nationally Endangered Moderate Disturbance to terrestrial animal mammals: Giant anteater species and margay Injury or death of terrestrial animals Nationally protected Medium Low Adverse Minor Habitat fragmentation mammals Increase in road kills and injuries of Other mammals Low Low Adverse Minor wildlife Hunting and poaching of wildlife due to improved access roads Loss and degradation of terrestrial Globally Vulnerable birds: High Low Adverse habitat Yellow-naped Amazon Moderate Disturbance to terrestrial animal parrot and bronze-brown species cowbird Injury or death of terrestrial animals Restricted range/ Medium Low Adverse Minor Habitat fragmentation nationally protected birds Hunting and poaching of wildlife due to improved access roads Other birds Low Low Adverse Minor Loss and degradation of terrestrial Globally Endangered Very Low Adverse habitat herpetofauna: Celestus High Moderate Disturbance to terrestrial animal bivittatus species Globally Vulnerable High Low Adverse Injury or death of terrestrial animals herpetofauna likely to be Moderate Habitat fragmentation affected the Project: The Increase in road kills and injuries of Mexican caecilian wildlife Dermophis mexicanus Hunting and poaching of wildlife due Nationally protected Medium Low Adverse Minor to improved access roads herpetofauna Other herpetofauna Low Low Adverse Minor Loss and degradation of terrestrial Insects Low Low Adverse Minor habitat Habitat fragmentation Disturbance Injury or death of terrestrial animals Component 1: Exploratory Drilling Drilling of deep wells Maintenance of drilling equipment machinery and access roads Waste management Well testing and pumping of water San Cristóbal-Casita- Very Low Adverse Chonco Volcanic Complex High Moderate IBA/KBA and Reserva 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 276 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Potential Impact Receptor Sensiti Magnitu Significance vity of de of (pre- Recept Impact mitigation) or Terrestrial habitat and flora Natural Complejo degradation (eg dust, vibration, Volcánico San Cristobal- vehicle movement) Casita Accidental introduction and dispersal Reserva Natural Complejo High Negligible Insignificant of invasive species Volcánico Telica Rota Disturbance to terrestrial animal species (eg noise, artificial light, dust, vibration) Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife Hunting and poaching of wildlife due to improved access roads Terrestrial habitat and flora Habitats Dry deciduous Medium Low Adverse Minor degradation (eg dust, vibration, tropical forest - Higher and vehicle movement) Lower altitude dense Accidental introduction and dispersal forest of invasive species Other habitats Low Low Adverse Minor Disturbance to terrestrial animal species (eg noise, artificial light, dust, vibration) Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife Hunting and poaching of wildlife due to improved access roads Terrestrial habitat and flora Globally Endangered Very Low Adverse degradation (eg dust, vibration, plants: Lonchocarpus high Moderate vehicle movement) phlebophyllus and Accidental introduction and dispersal Platymiscium of invasive species pleiostachyum Disturbance to terrestrial animal species (eg noise, artificial light, dust, vibration) Globally Vulnerable plants: High Low Adverse Illegal logging due to improved access Cocobolo Dalbergia Moderate roads retusa, Brazil-nut tree Bertholletia excelsa, Spanish cedar Cedrela odorata, Pacific coast mahogany Swietenia humilis, big leaf mahogany Swietenia macrophylla and Bombacopsis quinata Nationally protected plants Medium Low Adverse Minor Other Flora Low Low Adverse Minor Terrestrial habitat and flora Globally Vulnerable and High Medium Adverse Major degradation (eg dust, vibration, Nationally Endangered vehicle movement) mammals: Giant anteater Disturbance to terrestrial animal and margay species (eg noise, artificial light, dust, Nationally protected Medium Medium Adverse vibration) mammals Moderate Increase in road kills and injuries of Other mammals Low Medium Adverse Minor wildlife Hunting and poaching of wildlife due to improved access roads Terrestrial habitat and flora Globally Vulnerable birds: High Medium Adverse Major degradation (eg dust, vibration, Yellow-naped Amazon vehicle movement) parrot and bronze-brown cowbird 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 277 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Potential Impact Receptor Sensiti Magnitu Significance vity of de of (pre- Recept Impact mitigation) or Disturbance to terrestrial animal Restricted range/ Medium Medium Adverse species (eg noise, artificial light, dust, nationally protected birds Moderate vibration) Other birds Low Medium Adverse Minor Hunting and poaching of wildlife due to improved access roads Terrestrial habitat and flora Globally Endangered Very Medium Adverse Major degradation (eg dust, vibration, herpetofauna: Celestus high vehicle movement) bivittatus Disturbance to terrestrial animal species (eg noise, artificial light, dust, Globally Vulnerable High Medium Adverse Major vibration) herpetofauna: The Mexican caecilian Increase in road kills and injuries of Dermophis mexicanus wildlife Hunting and poaching of wildlife due Nationally protected Medium Medium Adverse to improved access roads herpetofauna Moderate Other herpetofauna Low Medium Adverse Minor Terrestrial habitat and flora Insects Low Low Adverse Minor degradation (eg dust, vibration, vehicle movement) Disturbance to terrestrial animal species (eg noise, artificial light, dust, vibration) Component 1: Re-instatement (Closing activity 1) Associated facilities in the platform dismantled and removed Area cleaned Wellhead valves secured Disturbance to terrestrial animal San Cristóbal-Casita- Very Low Adverse species (eg noise, artificial light) Chonco Volcanic Complex high/ Moderate Increase in road kills and injuries of IBA/KBA and Reserva High wildlife Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal- Hunting and poaching of wildlife due to improved access roads Casita Reserva Natural Complejo High Negligible Insignificant Volcánico Telica Rota Permanent loss and degradation of Habitats Dry deciduous Medium Low Adverse Minor terrestrial habitat Accidental tropical forest - Higher and introduction and dispersal of invasive Lower altitude dense species forest Habitat fragmentation Other habitats Low Low Adverse Minor Permanent loss and degradation of Globally endangered Very Low Adverse terrestrial habitat Accidental plants: Lonchocarpus high Moderate introduction and dispersal of invasive phlebophyllus and species Platymiscium Habitat fragmentation pleiostachyum Illegal logging due to improved access roads Globally Vulnerable plants: High Low Adverse Cocobolo Dalbergia Moderate retusa, Brazil-nut tree Bertholletia excelsa, Spanish cedar Cedrela odorata,Pacific coast mahogany Swietenia humilis, big leaf mahogany Swietenia macrophylla and Bombacopsis quinata 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 278 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Potential Impact Receptor Sensiti Magnitu Significance vity of de of (pre- Recept Impact mitigation) or Nationally protected plants Medium Low Adverse Minor Other Flora Low Low Adverse Minor Disturbance to terrestrial animal Globally Vulnerable and High Low Adverse species (eg noise, artificial light) Nationally Endangered Moderate Increase in road kills and injuries of mammals: Giant anteater wildlife and margay Hunting and poaching of wildlife due Nationally protected Medium Low Adverse Minor to improved access roads mammals Other mammals Low Low Adverse Minor Disturbance to terrestrial animal Globally Vulnerable birds: High Low Adverse species (eg noise, artificial light) Yellow-naped Amazon Moderate Increase in road kills and injuries of parrot and Bronze-brown wildlife cowbird Hunting and poaching of wildlife due Restricted range / Medium Low Adverse Minor to improved access roads nationally protected birds Other birds Low Low Adverse Minor Disturbance to terrestrial animal Globally Endangered Very Low Adverse species (eg noise, artificial light) herpetofauna: Celestus high Moderate Increase in road kills and injuries of bivittatus wildlife Globally Vulnerable High Low Adverse Hunting and poaching of wildlife due herpetofauna: The Moderate to improved access roads Mexican caecilian Dermophis mexicanus Nationally protected Medium Low Adverse Minor herpetofauna Other herpetofauna Low Low Adverse Minor Disturbance to terrestrial animal Insects Low Low Adverse Minor species (eg noise, artificial light) Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife Hunting and poaching of wildlife due to improved access roads Component 1: Re-instatement (Closing activity 2) Seal wells with cement Remove valve system from the wellhead Coat sludge piles with compacted soil Replenish vegetal soil over entire platform Replant native species Restoration to original state San Cristóbal-Casita- Very Low Beneficial Chonco Volcanic Complex high/ Moderate IBA/KBA and Reserva High Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal- Casita Reserva Natural Complejo High Negligible Insignificant Volcánico Telica Rota Restoration to original state Habitats Dry deciduous Medium Low Beneficial Minor tropical forest - Higher and Lower altitude dense forest Other Habitats Low Low Beneficial Minor Habitat restoration to original state Globally Endangered Very Low Beneficial plants: Lonchocarpus high Moderate 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 279 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Potential Impact Receptor Sensiti Magnitu Significance vity of de of (pre- Recept Impact mitigation) or phlebophyllus and Platymiscium pleiostachyum Globally Vulnerable plants: High Low Beneficial Cocobolo Dalbergia Moderate retusa, Brazil-nut tree Bertholletia excelsa, Spanish cedar Cedrela odorata,Pacific coast mahogany Swietenia humilis, big leaf mahogany Swietenia macrophylla and Bombacopsis quinata Nationally protected plants Medium Low Beneficial Minor Other Flora Low Low Beneficial Minor Restoration to original state Globally Vulnerable and Very Low Beneficial Nationally Endangered high Moderate mammals: Giant anteater and margay Nationally protected Medium Low Beneficial Minor species Other mammals Low Low Beneficial Minor Restoration to original state Globally Vulnerable birds: High Low Beneficial Yellow-naped Amazon Moderate parrot and bronze-brown cowbird Restricted range birds/ Medium Low Beneficial Minor nationally protected species Other birds Low Low Beneficial Minor Restoration to original state Globally Endangered High Low Beneficial herpetofauna: Celestus Moderate bivittatu Nationally protected Medium Low Beneficial Minor herpetofauna Other herpetofauna Low Low Beneficial Minor Restoration to original state Insects Low Low Beneficial Minor Component 2: Transmission line (Construction phase) Vegetation clearance Maintenance of access road Terrestrial habitat and flora San Cristóbal-Casita- Very Low Adverse degradation (eg dust, vibration, Chonco Volcanic Complex high/ Moderate vehicle movement) IBA/KBA and Reserva High Accidental introduction and dispersal Natural Complejo of invasive species Volcánico San Cristobal- Casita Disturbance to terrestrial animal species (eg noise, artificial light, dust, Reserva Natural Complejo High Negligible Insignificant vibration) Volcánico Telica Rota Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife Hunting and poaching of wildlife due to improved access roads Habitats Dry deciduous Medium Low Adverse Minor tropical forest - Higher 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 280 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Potential Impact Receptor Sensiti Magnitu Significance vity of de of (pre- Recept Impact mitigation) or Terrestrial habitat and flora loss and and Lower altitude dense degradation (permanent and forest temporary) Other Habitats Low Low Adverse Minor Disturbance to terrestrial animal species (eg noise, artificial light, vibration) Injury or death of terrestrial animals and birds Habitat fragmentation Accidental introduction and dispersal of invasive species Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife Terrestrial habitat and flora Globally Endangered Very Low Adverse degradation (eg dust, vibration, plants: Lonchocarpus high Moderate vehicle movement) phlebophyllus and Disturbance to terrestrial animal Platymiscium species (eg noise, artificial light, dust, pleiostachyum vibration) Globally Vulnerable plants High Low Adverse likely to be affected by the Moderate Project: Cocobolo Dalbergia retusa, Brazil-nut tree Bertholletia excelsa, Spanish cedar Cedrela odorata,Pacific coast mahogany Swietenia humilis, big leaf mahogany Swietenia macrophylla and Bombacopsis quinata Nationally protected plants Medium Low Adverse Minor Other Flora Low Low Adverse Minor Terrestrial habitat and flora loss and Globally Vulnerable and Very Low Adverse degradation (permanent and Nationally Endangered high Moderate temporary) mammals: Giant anteater Disturbance to terrestrial animal and margay species (eg noise, artificial light, Nationally protected Medium Low Adverse Minor vibration) mammals Injury or death of terrestrial animals Other mammals Low Low Adverse Minor and birds Habitat fragmentation Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife Terrestrial habitat and flora loss and Globally Vulnerable birds: High Low Adverse degradation (permanent and Yellow-naped Amazon Moderate temporary) parrot and bronze-brown Disturbance to terrestrial animal cowbird species (eg noise, artificial light, vibration) Restricted range birds/ Medium Low Adverse minor nationally protected birds Injury or death of terrestrial animals and birds Other birds Low Low Adverse Minor Habitat fragmentation Accidental introduction and dispersal of invasive species 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 281 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Potential Impact Receptor Sensiti Magnitu Significance vity of de of (pre- Recept Impact mitigation) or Terrestrial habitat and flora loss and Globally Endangered High Low Adverse Major degradation (permanent and herpetofauna: Celestus temporary) bivittatus Disturbance to terrestrial animal species (eg noise, artificial light, Nationally protected Medium Low Adverse vibration) herpetofauna Moderate Injury or death of terrestrial animals Other herpetofauna Low Low Adverse Minor and birds Habitat fragmentation Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife Terrestrial habitat and flora loss and Insects Low Low Adverse Minor degradation (permanent and temporary) Disturbance to terrestrial animal species (eg noise, artificial light, vibration) Habitat fragmentation Component 2: Transmission line (Operation phase) Maintenance of access road Terrestrial habitat and flora San Cristóbal-Casita- Very Low Adverse degradation (eg dust, vibration, Chonco Volcanic Complex high/ Moderate vehicle movement) IBA/KBA and Reserva High Accidental introduction and dispersal Natural Complejo of invasive species Volcánico San Cristobal- Casita Disturbance to terrestrial animal species (eg noise, artificial light, dust, Reserva Natural Complejo High Negligible Insignificant vibration) Volcánico Telica Rota Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife Hunting and poaching of wildlife due to improved access roads Terrestrial habitat and flora loss and Habitats Dry deciduous Medium Negligible Insignificant degradation (permanent and tropical forest - Higher and temporary) Lower altitude dense Disturbance to terrestrial animal forest species (eg noise, artificial light, Other Habitats Low Negligible Insignificant vibration) Injury or death of terrestrial animals and birds Habitat fragmentation Accidental introduction and dispersal of invasive species Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife Terrestrial habitat and flora Globally Endangered Very Negligible Insignificant degradation (eg dust, vibration, plants: Lonchocarpus high vehicle movement) phlebophyllus and Disturbance to terrestrial animal Platymiscium species (eg noise, artificial light, dust, pleiostachyum vibration) Globally Vulnerable plants High Negligible Insignificant likely to be affected by the Project: Cocobolo Dalbergia retusa, Brazil-nut tree 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 282 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Potential Impact Receptor Sensiti Magnitu Significance vity of de of (pre- Recept Impact mitigation) or Bertholletia excelsa, Spanish cedar Cedrela odorata,Pacific coast mahogany Swietenia humilis, big leaf mahogany Swietenia macrophylla and Bombacopsis quinata Nationally protected plants Medium Negligible Insignificant Other Flora Low Negligible Insignificant Terrestrial habitat and flora loss and Globally Vulnerable and Very Negligible Insignificant degradation (permanent and Nationally Endangered high temporary) mammals: Giant anteater Disturbance to terrestrial animal and margay species (eg noise, artificial light, Nationally protected Medium Negligible Insignificant vibration) mammals Injury or death of terrestrial animals Other mammals Low Negligible Insignificant and birds Habitat fragmentation Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife Terrestrial habitat and flora loss and Globally Vulnerable birds: High Medium Adverse Major degradation (permanent and Yellow-naped Amazon temporary) parrot and bronze-brown Disturbance to terrestrial animal cowbird species (eg noise, artificial light, Restricted range birds/ Medium Medium Adverse vibration) nationally protected birds Moderate Injury or death of terrestrial animals and birds Other birds Low Medium Adverse Minor Habitat fragmentation Accidental introduction and dispersal of invasive species Terrestrial habitat and flora loss and Globally Endangered High Negligible Insignificant degradation (permanent and herpetofauna: Celestus temporary) bivittatus Disturbance to terrestrial animal species (eg noise, artificial light, Nationally protected Medium Negligible Insignificant vibration) herpetofauna Injury or death of terrestrial animals Other herpetofauna Low Negligible Insignificant and birds Habitat fragmentation Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife Terrestrial habitat and flora loss and Insects Low Negligible Insignificant degradation (permanent and temporary) Disturbance to terrestrial animal species (eg noise, artificial light, vibration) Habitat fragmentation 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 283 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 9 Mitigation 9.1 Introduction This chapter sets out mitigation and enhancement measures to be put in place during the duration of the Project based upon positive and adverse impacts identified in Chapter 8. It sets out the measures that will be taken to avoid, reduce, and compensate significant adverse impacts and enhance the beneficial impacts of the Project. Mitigation measures control, reduce, eliminate, or offset adverse impacts and enhance potential beneficial impacts of a development. Mitigation can include avoiding the impact by not taking or modifying an action; minimizing, rectifying, or reducing the impacts through the design or operation of the project or policy; or compensating for the impact by providing substitute facilities, resources, or opportunities. The mitigation and enhancement measures discussed in this chapter cover impacts to the following areas: ● Socio-economics ● Biodiversity ● Cultural heritage ● Water resources ● Air quality ● Landscape and visual ● Traffic and transportation ● Noise ● Waste and materials The implementation of the measures defined below will be via the CCP environmental and social management and monitoring plan (ESMMP), refer to Volume IV ESMMP for implementation arrangements. The ESMMP considers existing and planned provisions for CPP to implement corporate management systems, environmental management system (EMS), health and safety management system (HSMS) and human resource policy (Reglamento Interno de Personal (2010)) as described in ESMMP, Volume V. These management systems will be applied in line with international standard guidelines (e.g. ISO 14001:2015 for environmental management). The ESMMP will provide safeguards to ensure the mitigation measures identified in this section to address adverse environmental, health and safety (EHS) and social impacts are implemented. All contractors will be required to demonstrate that they have the procedures in place for implementing EHS and social management measures and the requirements of the ESMMP. Furthermore, CCP or their representatives will undertake regular audits of works against the requirements of the ESMMP commensurate with the nature of the risk. 9.2 Socio-economics 9.2.1 Stakeholder engagement plan A stakeholder engagement plan (SEP) is presented in Volume V in this ESIA. The objective of the SEP will be to manage stakeholder and community relations, expectations, and grievances 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 284 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase through participation, consultation, and disclosure mechanisms. The guiding principles of the SEP will be that throughout the lifetime of the Project, stakeholder engagement will be well planned and based on principles of respectful and meaningful dialogue. As a management tool using a technically and culturally appropriate approach to information disclosure and consultation, the SEP will coordinate, guide and maximise the full value of the engagement processes for the Project. The SEP includes a community grievance mechanism with reporting and resolution procedures. The roles and responsibilities of the Project community liaison officer (CLO) include logging and tracking the resolution of grievances. 9.2.2 Social and community Table 85 provides an overview of the mitigation and enhancement measures proposed to manage, address, and improve the social impacts. The measures are discussed in more detail below the table including mitigation measures for addressing OHS and security risks. Table 85: Overview of the mitigation and enhancement measures proposed to manage, address, and improve the social impacts Type of mitigation Detail Mitigation of non-significant ESMMP addressing labour rights and influx management effects Educational awareness and training plan Resettlement policy framework (RPF) Stakeholder engagement plan (SEP) with community grievance mechanism (addressed in section 9.2.1 above) Enhancement measures Social action plan 9.2.2.1 Labour rights and working conditions The Project needs to ensure that legal, safe, and appropriate working conditions are provided and there is fair management of staff. To ensure this: ● CCP will produce a Project labour commitment that reflects national laws, ILO conventions ratified by Nicaragua and WB PS2 requirements. All tenders and contracts will require Project employers to adhere to the labour commitment ● The commitment requires, inter alia, Project employers (CCP, contractors, subcontractors) to ensure all workers have contracts that detail their rights, do not work more than 60 hours per week (except for drilling crews, who generally work 12 hour shifts on a 28 by 28 day basis, resulting in 84 hours/week), are paid in a timely fashion for hours worked, and are provided with at least one day of rest per week. The labour commitment also, inter alia, requires Project employers to respect workers’ organisations and any agreements with them, make employment decisions based on the principles of non-discrimination and equal opportunity, and not employ child labour or forced labour ● Workers will sign the Project code of conduct which orients expectations about worker behaviour, including with regards to their interaction with the local community ● CCP will need to have a retrenchment plan for any collective dismissals they carry out (this is an eventuality not foreseen) ● CCP will ensure a grievance mechanism for workers is in place for the Project life cycle through either their own entity or a main contractor ● CCP will require all contractors to report monthly on the labour profile, including but not limited to origin (the three municipalities, national or expat), gender, full time or part time, skill level, and any other aspect deemed relevant 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 285 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase ● CCP will monitor the labour rights of contracted workers18. The labour monitoring will focus on the labour topics of the national labour code ● CCP will organise training of contractor and subcontractor key staff (such as human resource managers and environment, health, and safety (EHS) managers) on WB PS2 at the beginning of drilling activities when a majority of exploratory phase contracts have been signed ● Third party drilling monitoring will include a scope for monitoring labour rights CCP wants local workers to be prioritised for the employment opportunities. “Local” will be defined as being from the three municipalities: Chinandega, Chichigalpa and Posoltega. To support this objective, CCP will contractually require each main contractor to advertise and hold a job fair in each municipality at a relevant time during the hiring process. In particular the contractors should inform local vocational institutes about the job fair. The job fair should be organised to identify the job requirements, explain recruitment procedures, and collect resumes. 9.2.2.2 Influx management Project induced influx can bring both positive and negative socio-economic impacts. To minimise the negative and enhance the positive, CCP will: ● Prohibit contractors from hiring staff at site informally for small tasks and for less than five days ● Request main contractors to present their recruiting approach as part of the tender process ● Require main contractors to hold job fairs in each of the three municipalities ● Prohibit worker accommodation located near the well pads and prohibit workers from sleeping at work sites, except for drilling rig personnel (the anticipated exploration workforce is small and any workers from outside the local area will be easily accommodated in Chinandega, an approximate 1-hour drive from the Project site, or in Villa 15 de Julio, a neighbourhood located in Chinandega municipality that is a 20-minute drive from the Project site) ● Organise a one day financial management seminar/workshop for contracted employees at least two months prior to expected end of drilling ● Provide a one or two page or hour monthly brief to workers on stress management, lifestyle campaigns (see additional information about this below under health and safety) and wellness issues ● Require main contractors to organise a short campaign on HIV/AIDS, STIs, Zika virus or other important medical health issues every four months 9.2.2.3 Educational awareness and training plan To assist in minimising the environmental impact of Project activities, an education awareness and training plan will be developed. The plan will focus on training staff to have: ● Awareness to be sensitive to general environmental impacts of the Project as well as the environmental impact of specific tasks ● Knowledge to guide implementation of environmental management procedures ● Skills to use institutional instruments and technologies to contribute to proper environmental management in the project 18 Contracted workers are those who are engaged by third parties to perform work related to core business processes of the Project for a substantial duration. Core business processes constitute those production or service processes essential for a specific business activity without which the business activity could not continue. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 286 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase As appropriate, the plan will also target inhabitants of the areas near the Project area so they have more awareness of environmental problems related to the community. CCP will work with the National Technology Institute (INATEC) and consultants to develop the training programme. 9.2.2.4 Resettlement policy framework A Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) has been prepared alongside this ESIA and presented in Volume VI. Currently land acquisition has been completed for the land area comprised by the concession area. Future land needs have been identified and the RPF orients how they will be managed. Two types of resettlement plans are possible: a resettlement action plan (RAP) if there is any physical displacement with or without economic displacement; and, a livelihood restoration plan (LRP) if there is solely economic displacement. The need for resettlement and compensation refers to project impacts that cause the loss of, or loss of access to, assets growing on or permanently affixed to the land, such as shelters, businesses, buildings and crops and also to impacts that cause loss of or access to a socio-economic resource base or local communities’ means of livelihood. Losses may be total or partial. The RPF presents routing principles aimed at avoiding resettlement and environmental impacts. It establishes resettlement objectives and principles, organisational arrangements and funding mechanisms. Eligibility and entitlements are described in the RPF so that there is a standard approach across the Project for addressing the impacts. In producing the RPF, specific reference has been made to national laws and regulations and the requirements of the WB PS5. The ESIA study found that there are two houses within the impact assessment area for noise, dust and traffic from the road access. House B may be temporarily affected by significant adverse impacts. Negotiations among CCP, the landowner and the two inhabitants are planned to determine appropriate mitigation by the end of 2017 and prior to any site work. Options include redesigning the road alignment to avoid the impacts, moving the two workers inhabiting the house temporarily during exploration works or possibly just during the access road works, and rebuilding the house on a more remote area of the land plot. 9.2.2.5 Social action plan (Component 2) Once there is more certainty about the viability of the geothermal resource, most likely after conclusion of the exploratory drilling program, CCP will produce a social action plan that sets out in broad terms how the Project will interact with communities and contribute to local development in the Project wider area of influence (the three municipalities). The plan will be aligned to stakeholder engagement activities. Typically, social action plans reach beyond the minimal requirement of mitigating project-related negative social and environmental impacts, and is linked and consistent with a company’s overall mission and goals. A successful social action plan should be community centred, participatory, transparent, accountable, and coordinated with community groups and government units to avoid duplication of development efforts. The social action plan will be structured to briefly introduce the Project and direct and wider area of influence including affected communities, describe the principles of community development, highlight any prior local development that CCP and local actors have been engaged in, and then outline the specific activities to be implemented. Inputs such as resources, timelines and targets will be identified for the outputs and intended outcomes. Monitoring and evaluation activities will be described. CCP’s partner Polaris is currently implementing a social action plan for the San Jacinto geothermal project and will be able to use lessons learned from those activities as well as the Casita ESIA baseline to identify activities likely to have successful outcomes. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 287 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 9.2.3 Health, safety, and security risks Table 86 presents mitigation measures for addressing health, safety, and security risks. The measures are discussed in more detail in the following sub-sections. Table 86: Measures to manage health, safety, and security risks Risk Mitigated Measure Increases in accidents Occupational health and safety plan and injuries during Site security plan Project activities Contingency plan for emergency preparedness and response (including H 2S release / incident of elevated H2S concentration) Traffic management plan and road safety Damage to Project Site security plan property and equipment Outbreaks or increase in The following mitigation measures will be included in the ESMMP or related plans: the incidence of diseases ● Provide induction and training on emergency evacuation procedures in the event of a Vice behaviour natural hazard emergency (aligned with municipality emergency evacuation and response Mortality due to snake plans) and animal bites ● Specific requirements for grounding and lightning rods to be included in technical Natural hazards specifications and in the routine monitoring of contrac tors’ equipment and installations (lightning/thunderstorms, ● Hold tool box talks on hygiene and sanitation at least every six months volcanic eruption, ● Ensure good housekeeping on site to prevent pooling of water and nesting of animals seismic activity, ● Undertake control and quality assurance of drinking water landslides, forest fires) ● Identify and implement pest and vector control activities ● Organise and implement information dissemination and sensitisation campaigns on lifestyle factors (smoking, nutrition, obesity, etc. 19) ● Hold awareness workshops with photos of venomous snakes and other poisonous animals that could be encountered in the Project area, directed to workers during site clearance works as well as operation (this activity should also seek prevention of unjustified killing of snakes and other poisonous animals) ● Keep a venom pump and doses of antivenom and rabies serum in health facilities on site and in AOI ● Install telecommunication systems with emergency personnel in place prior to civil works commencing and emergency communication protocol ● Use community grievance mechanism (in the SEP) for addressing any concerns related to security personnel The plans are detailed below in the same order as they appear in the table above. The implementation of these plans is elaborated in the ESMMP. 9.2.3.1 Occupational health and safety plan Each main contractor will be required to have their own occupational health and safety (OHS) plan. The OHS plans will need to be produced with reference to national OHS and worker legislation, the World Bank Group’s General EHS Guidelines, the World Bank Group’s Geothermal EHS Guidelines, WB PS1 and WB PS2. If there are inconsistencies between requirements, the more stringent requirement will be adopted unless it conflicts with national law and then national law applies. The OHS plans will require undertaking and producing risk assessments for work activities. The OHS plans will: ● Identify potential hazards to workers, including physical, chemical, biological, and radiological hazards 19 The increase in wealth among workers has been known to affect other vice habits, for instance alcohol consumption and domestic abuse. If such effects or others are noticed they should be addressed within this mitigation measure. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 288 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase ● Identify preventive and protective measures, including modification, substitution or elimination of hazardous conditions or substances and identification of mandatory and recommended personal protective equipment (PPE) ● Assign organisational responsibilities and authorities for those dealing with OHS ● Describe monitoring activities, including safety inspections, testing and calibration, surveillance of the working environment and workers’ health, and monitoring of training ● Describe worker training requirements ● Identify procedures and systems for reporting and recording OHS accidents, disease, dangerous occurrences, and incidents, including lost time incidents, injuries, near misses and suspected cases of disease ● Identify investigation procedures for classifying the event, establishing what happened, determining the cause of what happened, and identifying measures necessary to prevent a recurrence Any outbreak of disease among workers will need to be reported in accordance with legal requirements for local health authority reporting. Requirements for use of PPE in the workplace include: ● Active use of PPE if alternative technologies, work plans or procedures cannot eliminate, or sufficiently reduce, a hazard or exposure ● Identification and provision of appropriate PPE that offers adequate protection to the worker, co-workers, and occasional visitors ● Selection of PPE products based on hazard identification and risk rating according to criteria on performance and testing that meets good international industry practice ● Proper maintenance of PPE, including cleaning when dirty and replacement when damaged or worn out ● Recurrent training on proper use of PPE Both the Project labour commitment and the workers’ code of conduct refer to provision, training, and appropriate use of PPE. Contractors are responsible for providing the necessary PPE and training about it. Workers are required to keep PPE in good condition and use it as trained. In addition to, or as part of the contractors’ OHS Plans, CCP will require that the Project provide health insurance for all Project workers and that medical screenings of all potential workers are undertaken prior to presence on site at no cost to the potential worker. This requirement will be included as a contract clause. 9.2.3.2 Site security plan The ESMMP for the exploration drilling stage (Component 1) will require CCP in collaboration with contractors to develop a security strategy prior to site mobilisation which will aim to: ● Safeguard site personnel and property through equipment and processes ● Ensure appropriate training for all security staff ● Identify deterrents to theft The exploration phase security strategy should: ● Identify the types of security issues the Project must defend against 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 289 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase ● Indicate how security personnel will be contracted and managed (whether CCP or contractor employed) ● Identify a procedure compliant with WB PS4 for vetting and recruiting security personnel ● Define training requirements for security personnel 20 ● Elaborate use of force and code of conduct policies for security personnel ● Describe access and control equipment and procedures (for instance signage, gates and fencing, lighting, any surveillance, patrols, alarms, visitor arrivals, etc.) ● Elaborate investigation and reporting The Plan will need to reflect national law and WB PS4 requirements related to security personnel. 9.2.3.3 Contingency plan (emergency preparedness and response) A plan for emergency preparedness and response must be developed by CCP prior to site mobilisation for exploratory phase activities. The Plan will aim to identify activities and resources that are needed for the Project to respond to accidental and emergency situations in a manner that prevents and mitigates harm to people and the environment. The Plan needs to identify accident and emergency situations and the workers, communities, individuals and resources that may potentially be impacted. The plan will need to align with existing municipality plans on this topic. More information on what is required to be included in the Plan can be found in the ESMMP. Potential emergencies for consideration include: ● Extreme weather events such as hurricanes, tropical waves, storms and lightning strikes ● Forest fires ● Seismic activity or earthquakes ● Volcanic eruptions ● Slope movement or landslides ● Community protests and road blocks ● Mechanical failures, well blowouts, well kick off or unplanned explosions and combustion ● Unplanned release of hydrogen sulphide gas and carbon dioxide ● Major traffic accidents ● Outbreaks of communicable diseases ● Labour strikes ● Any other event that could cause casualties Each of these scenarios will affect different communities and require a response from local emergency services. A key consideration for the Plan is the capability of emergency vehicles to respond and access the Project site in a timely manner; this should include discussion with the relevant authorities regarding what is feasible to improve emergency response times. Emergencies will be categorized into three alert status levels. The Plan will set out response procedures for each alert status level, provision of equipment and resources, designation of responsibilities, communication systems and channels during and after the emergency, and 20 Training should address requirements related to security personnel included in the United Nation’s Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials, and the United Nation’s Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials . 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 290 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase periodic recorded response training with drills. A list of contacts for a full range of agencies will be developed and maintained. The Plan will need to meet the requirements of national law as well as World Bank PS1 and PS4 on Community Health and Safety. Emergency service providers (ambulance, helicopters, police, fire, military; governmental and private) and relevant municipal authorities will be consulted during the preparation of the Plan and be provided a final copy. 9.3 Biodiversity The measures in this section have been identified to ensure the implementation of the mitigation hierarchy i.e. avoid, reduce (minimise), remedy (restore) and offset. This will allow for the careful management of risk and the best possible outcomes for the Project and local communities, without compromising the health, function and integrity of the ecological systems. These practical measures should minimise any additional pressures on habitats and animals from land clearance activities and exploratory drilling. Table 87 provides a summary of mitigation and enhancement measures for impacts identified in this chapter. They are discussed in more detail in the following sub-sections. Table 87: Mitigation and enhancement measures for impacts on biodiversity receptors Biodiversity Summary of Mitigation Measures Timescale Responsibility Receptors and Potential Impacts Plans relevant to all biodiversity receptors Loss of terrestrial Prepare and implement a Biodiversity Complete two CCP to appoint NGO or habitats and Management and Action Plan (BMAP) months before site consultant to prepare species establishment BMAP and implement it Implement 2018- 2028 Loss of terrestrial Prepare and implement an Ecological Complete one CCP and contractors habitats and Management Plan (EcMP) as part of the month before site species Environmental and Social Management establishment and Monitoring Plan (ESMMP) Implement during site establishment, exploratory drilling and reinstatement Loss and Habitat compensation in the Nature Maintained and CCP to sponsor degradation of Reserve monitored for ten Coordinated by forest habitat years after planting MARENA / INAFOR Potential habitat Provide support for the Reserva Natural Implement 2018- CCP loss in the Nature Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita 2028 Reserve Loss of terrestrial Prepare and implement Habitat Removal Complete one Contractor to prepare habitats and and Restoration Plan (HRRP) month before site and implement on species establishment behalf of CCP Implement during Independent consultant site establishment, to review/monitor exploratory drilling and reinstatement Overexploitation Implement awareness raising and Implement 2018- CCP to sponsor and of natural education for local communities through 2028 coordinate with local resources by educational programmes NGOs local communities (e.g. tree logging and hunting) Terrestrial habitats and flora 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 291 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Biodiversity Summary of Mitigation Measures Timescale Responsibility Receptors and Potential Impacts Introduction or Implement measures to prevent the During site Contractor to spread of non- introduction and spread of non-native and establishment and implement measures native invasive invasive species drilling CCP to appoint local species Implement measures to eradicate invasive botanist to monitor species on drilling sites (where necessary) invasive species Monitor invasive species during site establishment and drilling Loss and Minimise habitat loss and degradation, During site CCP and contractors degradation of prohibit off-road driving, reduce dust levels establishment terrestrial habitat, by using water sprays/misting habitat Implement on-site restoration and off-site End of fragmentation habitat creation; refer to HRRP below reinstatement Loss and Implement off-site habitat creation or/and Implement 2018- CCP to provide degradation of enhancement (to be detailed in the BMAP) 2028 financial and logistical terrestrial habitat, support to SINAP / habitat MARENA fragmentation Independent consultant to monitor Terrestrial fauna Loss and Minimise habitat loss and degradation, During site CCP and contractors degradation of prohibit off-road driving, reduce dust levels establishment terrestrial habitat, by using water sprays/misting habitat Implement on-site restoration and off-site End of fragmentation habitat creation; refer to HRRP above reinstatement Disturbance to Implement noise reduction measures During site Contractors wildlife because establishment and of drilling noise exploratory drilling Disturbance to Reduce and control artificial lighting During construction Contractors wildlife because and drilling of artificial lighting Biodiversity loss Implement ban on hunting and poaching by During site Contractors because of staff and introduce security measures into establishment and hunting and the Nature Reserve exploratory drilling CCP poaching Reinstatement Killing of birds Check for nesting birds before vegetation Within 48 hours of CCP and contractors and destruction of clearance vegetation nests during clearance at each vegetation site clearance Trapping of Protect excavation and trenches and During site CCP and contractors wildlife in deep monitor for any trapped wildlife establishment, excavations exploratory drilling and reinstatement Increased road Install road signs to highlight the risk of During site CCP kills collision with animals and limit speed establishment, exploratory drilling and reinstatement Source: Mott MacDonald, 2017 9.3.1 Biodiversity management and action plan A Project-specific Biodiversity Management and Action Plan (BMAP) will be prepared by an independent consultant as the Project will affect areas of critical and natural habitat (refer to 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 292 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Volume III, Appendix 1 of this ESIA). The aim of the BMAP will be to demonstrate net gain in critical habitats and no net loss in natural habitats, as required under WB PS6. The WB PS6 makes a distinction between Biodiversity Action Plans and Biodiversity Management Plans. However, the issues covered by the two plans are strongly interconnected and therefore they will be integrated into a BMAP on this Project. The mitigation measures summarised in Volume IV ESMMP will be developed in the BMAP to specify objectives, targets and indicators, responsibilities, programme, reporting and monitoring requirements, etc. The BMAP will also include a set of long-term conservation actions for the priority biodiversity features, including the critical habitat trigger species. A long-term biodiversity monitoring and evaluation programme will be included in the BMAP, as required under WB PS6 (Paragraph 24g). The BMAP will be prepared and completed at least two months before site establishment and will include a set of actions for the conservation and enhancement of biodiversity in the Project area. A BMAP framework is presented in Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMMP). 9.3.2 Ecological management plan A framework for an Ecological Management Plan (EcMP) to be prepared and implemented by the contractor is included in the ESMMP in Volume IV. CCP will oversee contractor compliance with this plan. The EcMP will include ecological and environmental management and monitoring measures before t vegetation clearance and site establishment and throughout Component 1. The EcMP will be developed in line with the ESMMP (see Volume IV) and BMAP (see the section above and the BMAP Framework provided in the ESMMP). To ensure the biodiversity of the Project area is protected, the EcMP will include the following as a minimum: ● Details of the environmental staff to be hired by the contractor and their responsibilities with regard to the implementation of mitigation measures and the biodiversity monitoring during construction ● Details of the local NGO or consultancy, and the specialists that will undertake some of the activities that require specialist and local knowledge ● Measures to prevent the introduction and spread of non-native invasive species during Component 1; refer to Section 1.3.4.1 below ● On-site habitat restoration ● Details of how the other biodiversity mitigation measures presented below will be implemented ● All workers engaged in the Project will be made aware of the environmental and ecological sensitivities (critical/natural habitats and threatened and protected species) of the region, the Project site and their own actions. Staff will be provided with relevant information through staff induction, toolbox talks, leaflets and office posters 9.3.3 Support for Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita This Nature Reserve was legally designated in Nicaragua in 1983 by MARENA as part of the Volcanic Range of Maribios. The Reserve is IUCN Category IV: Habitat/Species Management 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 293 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Area. The Nature Reserve overlaps with an IBA/KBA, which is an internationally recognised area according to WB PS6. The Project will affect 10.43ha of natural and modified habitat within the Nature Reserve (Table 7 of chapter 8), which represents 0.06% of the total area of the Nature Reserve. These habitats are also classified as critical, as explained in Volume III, Appendix 1. In line with WB PS6 requirements, CCP will provide support to all or some of the following activities: ● Input into a new Management Plan for the Nature Reserve together with MARENA and SINAP. The existing plan from 2006 has not been implemented and is out-of-date. ● Provide financial support to MARENA to improve the protection of the Nature Reserve, including additional support to Citizen Cabinets ● Ensure access is strictly controlled on the existing access road ● Implementation of a habitat compensation programme in the Nature Reserve (see Section 1.3.11.1 below) ● Control the illegal tree logging and hunting of wildlife in the Nature Reserve ● Local community engagement in the villages near the Project in order to raise awareness of the Nature Reserve as well as the species of conservation importance that it supports (see Section 1.3.12). This programme may also be used to communicate the legal requirements of activities in the forest such as logging and hunting as well as CCP policies on the use of roads and cooperation with local authorities. CCP will manage lands under their control to meet the conservation objectives that are ultimately established in the Management Plan for the Nature Reserve, within the constraints of necessary site establishment, exploratory drilling and reinstatement. Component 2 (Production Phase) will be considered if Component 1 (Exploration Phase) is successful. 9.3.4 Loss and degradation of forest habitat 9.3.4.1 Habitat mitigation for Project affected areas The design and location of the site access roads will minimise the amount of land take and will prioritise using land in modified habitats. An ecologist will visit the site prior to the agreement of the final layout of the access roads and will identify any micro-siting constraints that should be considered during site establishment. ● All off-road access will be prohibited or only allowed along pre-defined routes that limit the extent of off-road activity. Plans will be implemented to minimise all traffic activities. Measures, such as water sprays/misting, will be implemented for the reduction of dust during the working periods. ● A Habitat Removal and Reinstatement Plan (HRRP) will be produced by a specialist on behalf of CCP or the contractors before the start of site establishment. The HRRP will set out the minimum requirements in relation to the clearance and restoration of natural habitats, and the removal, storage and reinstatement of soil. Further details of the contents of the HRRP are provided in the ESMMP in Volume IV. The HRRP can be an independent document or can be included in the contractor’s ESMMP. ● All forest areas to be affected by the Project will be clearly delineated/measured and all trees to be removed will be inventoried (species, numbers, diameter, approximate height, etc.). ● During the site restoration phase, areas affected temporarily by the Project will be planted with dry deciduous tropical forest that will replicate the structure and composition of the 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 294 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase natural forest in the Nature Reserve. To ensure the habitats restored on-site are established successfully, they will be maintained and monitored for ten years. 9.3.5 Measures to prevent the introduction and spread of non-native and invasive species Three terrestrial non-native and invasive plant species have been recorded in the Project AOI. These are grasses Hyparrhenia rufa and Andropogon gayanus and also the terrestrial African orchid Oeceoclades maculata. The civil works contractor or the CCP environmental coordinator will monitor these species during construction works and will identify and report new invasive species establishing in the Project area during Component 1. A local botanist will be employed to confirm the identification of invasive species and to monitor them if present. WB PS6 includes the following best practice measures with regard to Alien Invasive Species (AIS): ● Must not intentionally introduce alien species unless this is in accordance with existing regulatory framework ● Must not deliberately introduce AIS irrespective of regulatory framework ● Introduction of alien species (e.g. in planting) must be subject to a risk assessment ● Implement measures to avoid accidental introduction or spreading of alien species (see below) ● Consider the implementation of measures to eradicate AIS from natural habitats over which CCP has management control Preventative, control and monitoring measures will need to be implemented by contractors throughout Component 1. CCP and/or the contractor will undertake risk screening for invasive species to inform the implementation of the most appropriate prevention and control measures. The requirements for AIS management are elaborated further in the ESMMP. Other species known to be invasive in Nicaragua (Onthophagus gazella) will also be monitored if they are recorded within the Project AOI during site works. 9.3.6 Measures to mitigate for increased hunting pressure and disturbance by human activities in the areas of secondary forest ● Access along the Project roads will be limited/controlled to prevent any unauthorised access to the Nature Reserve; this may be achieved by a guarded gate and security building at the entrance ● CCP will coordinate awareness programmes in villages near the Project to promote understanding of conservation of biodiversity, in particular for globally and nationally threatened and protected species. This may be undertaken in conjunction with existing NGOs working in the region ● Internal routine patrols around locations in the Project area. CCP will work with the local/national authorities through sharing information on any illegal activities in the Project areas ● Worker awareness campaigns to protect the biodiversity in the Project area. This will include education about illegal tree logging and hunting/poaching through staff inductions, toolbox talks, office posters, etc. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 295 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase ● Coordination with local/national authorities in the case of any illegal activity occurring (e.g. illegal logging) 9.3.7 Measures to mitigate for the impact of increased disturbance of mammals, birds and other wildlife ● An ecologist will survey the site prior to the commencement of site establishment to identify biodiversity sensitive areas and to inform the implementation of targeted mitigation measures ● Clearance of trees and other vegetation will be planned to avoid the peak period for breeding birds ● Avoid fragmentation of secondary dry tropical forest which is an important habitat for mammals and birds of conservation importance ● Vehicles will not be permitted to stop and staff will not be allowed to exit their vehicles within the biodiversity sensitive areas without prior authorisation ● The work activity programme during Component 1 within the Nature Reserve will be managed to reduce the length of periods when significant levels of noise will occur ● Artificial lighting used on construction sites and other Project facilities at night will be shaded and directed downwards to avoid light spillage and disturbance to nocturnal birds, bats and other wildlife ● Fences to be maintained around the Project to keep wildlife out. Protect excavations (drilling sumps and open water reservoirs) and monitor for any trapped wildlife. Install structures to provide escape routes for animals (for example wooden tables with rough surface or similar) The following measures will be implemented to mitigate for the impact of increased noise disturbance to birds, mammals and other wildlife: ● Avoidance of unnecessary revving of engines and switch off equipment when not in use ● Vehicles and equipment will be properly maintained to meet the manufacturers’ noise rating levels. Any silencers or bearings which become defective would be replaced as soon as possible ● Using reverse warning systems incorporating broadband noise where practicable ● Minimising drop height of materials ● Equipment and vehicles will be operated with noise control hoods closed 9.3.8 Other mitigation measures related to Component 1 activities All pits, trenches and excavations will be covered overnight or fenced to avoid animals falling in. Pits and trenches will be checked prior to refilling. Vegetation clearance will be carried out in a methodical manner so that any fauna present in these areas can disperse. The incidental creation of pockets of habitat or islands will be avoided. Before and during vegetation clearance or tree felling, any animals found will be removed and released to safe refuge. This will be undertaken with specialist support from local ecologists, NGOs and wildlife rescue organisations. Notices will be put up along the site access roads to highlight the risk of collision with mammals and other animals. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 296 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 9.3.9 Measures to mitigate for the impacts of the transmission line (Component 2) on birds ● Bird deflector devices will be installed on pylons and conductors to minimise bird electrocution and collision ● The transmission line pole and insulator design will follow the CMS Gui delines for ‘avian- safe’ lines (Prinsen et al, 2012), Birdlife International Position Statement on birds and power lines recommendations and suggested practices (Birdlife International, 2013) and Avian Power Line Interaction Committee suggested practice (APLIC, 2006) ● Monthly monitoring will be carried out in the first year after construction along the transmission line routes to check for evidence of bird deaths due to electrocution and collisions. If evidence is found of bird deaths resulting from electrocution or collision, then appropriate remediation measures will be put in place; this may mean replacing the type or location of bird deflector devices. 9.3.10 Additional surveys, monitoring and reporting To complement the biodiversity baseline surveys undertaken in the wet season in 2017, additional surveys will be undertaken in 2018 during the dry season (between January and March). These additional surveys will cover the same species groups and sites and will use the same methodologies as those deployed in the 2017 surveys. The restored or created habitats will be monitored to measure the success of habitat establishment, including the habitat condition and the health and mortality of planted trees. The monitoring will start six months after the completion of habitat restoration or creation at each site and will be maintained twice per year (February and June) for the first five years and once per year between years six and ten (further details are provided in the ESMMP in Volume IV). The biannual monitoring reports will include monitoring indicators, monitoring action-triggers, recommendations for any remediation measures needed, for example replacement of dead tree saplings, watering of tree saplings in the dry season, weed control, pest protection, etc. A more detailed monitoring programme will be provided in the BMAP. During site establishment and exploratory drilling, checks will be undertaken for the accidental introduction or spread of alien invasive species, especially plant species which may be brought into the areas from Component 1 activities (on vehicles, in any imported materials). Measures to remove/eradicate any species introduced, if found, will be put in place. The monitoring will include the invasive species already known in the Project AOI. 9.3.11 Conclusions In the absence of mitigation, Component 1 activities will have adverse significant effects on a range of habitats and species, but these effects are localised and many are temporary. After the implementation of the mitigation measures described here in Chapter 9 Section 1.3, the Project will have few residual effects on terrestrial habitats and species. These residual effects relevant to biodiversity are summarised in Section 1.11 in this chapter. The compensation and enhancement measures presented below will be implemented to ensure residual significant effects are addressed and the Project achieves net gain of biodiversity. This is a requirement under WB PS6 given that the Project is located in critical habitat (see Volume III, Appendix 1). 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 297 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 9.3.11.1 Habitat compensation in the Nature Reserve The implementation of Component 1 of the Project will result in the loss of 4.13ha of dry deciduous tropical forest habitat. This represents 0.04% of the dry deciduous forest habitat in the Nature Reserve (Table 7 of chapter 8). Component 1 of the Project will also determine the loss of 4.32ha of agro-forestry and plantations (1.68% of this habitat in the Nature Reserve) and 1.10ha of open forest succession (0.03% of this habitat in the Nature Reserve). Although agro- forestry/plantations and open forest succession are modified habitats, they are important for biodiversity as they support a wide range of plant and animal species including species of conservation importance. The Project will therefore provide compensatory dry deciduous tropical forest for the loss of 9.55ha of forest habitat (secondary forest, agro-forestry and open forest succession). The habitat loss will be compensated by forest creation or restoration of degraded forest within the Nature Reserve. To account for uncertainty associated with forest habitat creation, the area of forest to be created will be 1.5 times larger than the forest area lost. Additionally, a multiplier of 2 will be applied to address the time gap between the forest loss and the new forest habitat being functional. In case forest restoration is undertaken instead of forest creation, a multiplier of 2 will also be applied. Habitat compensation to be provided by this Project will be one of the options below or a combination of the two options: ● 28.65ha of new dry deciduous tropical forest in the Nature Reserve (9.55ha x 1.5 x 2) OR ● 57.30ha of forest restoration in the Nature Reserve (9.55ha x 1.5 x 2 x 2) The habitat compensation and criteria will be detailed in the BMAP or in a separate offset plan. The site locations for habitat creation and/or restoration will be agreed with the landowners as it may affect agricultural land. These locations will also take into consideration the management plan for the Nature Reserve to ensure conservation efforts are focussed on the areas and biodiversity features that are identified as being priorities. All species used in the habitat creation/restoration will be native. No introduction of non-native plant species will be allowed. CCP will ensure agreements are in place with local tree nurseries to grow a sufficient number of trees to be used in the habitat creation/restoration within the Nature Reserve. For the globally threatened tree species, approximately 150 seedlings will be produced and planted for each adult tree lost. CCP will sponsor this programme in coordination with MARENA/INAFOR and with support from local NGOs (e.g. Jovenes Ambientalistas) and communities. Where creation or restoration of natural forest is not possible within the Nature Reserve, similar habitat will be created elsewhere. CCP will investigate options for compensation land within the same municipality. The aim should be to establish biological corridors of dry tropical forest between Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita and Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico Telica Rota. To ensure the compensatory habitats are established successfully, they will be maintained and monitored for ten years. Any off-set or resettlement sites required for the Project will be subject to an independent environmental assessment in order to minimise potential adverse impacts as a result. Further details and cost estimates for the habitat creation/ restoration and monitoring are provided in the ESMMP. These measures will be fully developed in the BMAP. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 298 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 9.3.12 Enhancement measures 9.3.12.1 Awareness raising and education CCP will sponsor biodiversity awareness raising programmes in the local communities. Biodiversity education workshops will be carried out for the local communities to explain the importance of biodiversity in the Nature Reserve and why and how invasive species of plants and animals affect native biodiversity. The conservation importance of native species and their threats will be explained along with the services provided by the local ecosystems and biodiversity. These programmes will be coordinated by CCP. The above activities will be developed in more detail in the BMAP. 9.4 Cultural heritage Given the high probability for archaeological artefacts and sites to be in the Project footprint and/or immediate vicinity of the Project area. The preferred approach to archaeological mitigation is preservation in situ, however where this is not possible, the following actions are recommended in the absence of ability to move the location of Project infrastructure: ● Delineation and evaluation of the loci that have been identified ● Further survey of the remainder of the Project area prior to any site clearance or construction works during site establishment ● Consultation with the National Archaeology Department of the Nicaraguan Institute of Culture and other stakeholders as appropriate to determine the scope of additional archaeological survey including subsurface testing (via the mechanisms set out in the SEP) ● Archaeological monitoring by qualified and experienced archaeologist during all excavation works This excavation survey would reduce the risk of the Project site clearance and earthworks activities encountering a significant archaeological find that could lead to delays or costs to the Project. The area in and around the La Pelona caldera and near the summit of Casita where the drill pads will be placed, should be surveyed most intensively and systematically i.e. through walkovers of the entire Project area of direct impact systematically along transects and performing subsurface testing at appropriately agreed intervals. For site clearance and earthworks activities, as unknown features/objects could be encountered during works, a chance finds procedure will need to be put in place to stop works and will require investigation by an archaeologist in case of such findings. ‘Chance finds’ are defined as physical cultural resources encountered unexpectedly during project implementation. ‘Physical cultural resources’ (PCR) are defined as movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, and natural features and landscapes that have archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic, or other cultural significance. Their cultural interest may be at the local, municipal, department or international level. The requirements for the chance finds procedure are elaborated as part of the ESMMP and follows the recommendations of the WB PS8 and with reference to the World Bank’s Physical Cultural Resources Policy Guidebook. The procedure includes: ● Definition of cultural resources/archaeological features ● Ownership of the artefact ● Recognition 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 299 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase ● Procedure upon discovery – Conditions and requirements for work stoppage – Fencing and protection of the find – Internal reporting – Expert analysis – Instructions for moveable finds Following internal reporting, the first notification will be to the Ministry of Culture office of cultural patrimony followed by the National Archaeology Department of the Nicaraguan Institute of Culture. An archaeological survey report will document the findings of the survey undertaken prior to start of site clearance and construction and will be submitted to the relevant authorities. A chance finds procedure will be implemented. If a find is made, reporting of the find will be required to the identified authorities. The findings from the survey work should inform Component 2 siting and infrastructure routing to avoid where possible. 9.4.1 Conclusions In the absence of mitigation, Component 1 activities are predicted to have a moderate adverse significance. The significance of the site derives mainly from the archaeological information it holds as described in the impact assessment chapter. After the implementation of the mitigation measures described here it is considered that the Project adverse impacts can be reasonably mitigation through scientific excavation to recover that information (where preservation is not an option) resulting in minor residual impact. Further description for implementing these measures is set out in ESMMP, Volume IV. 9.5 Water resources 9.5.1 Overview Potential impacts on groundwater quality identified during site establishment and exploratory drilling can be mitigated through best practice construction and site management methods, which should be specified in the drilling / construction contract and monitored through the ESMMP. WB PS3 on Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and Management (2016) will be considered with regard to mitigation measures to offset water consumption. This document states that: “[…] Borrower will adopt measures, to the extent technically and financially feasible, that avoid or minimize water usage so that the project’s water use does not have significant adverse impacts on communities, other users and the environment.” For the proposed development, such measures may include but are not limited to: ● Supply of drinking water to local communities should private wells dry out temporarily during the duration of water abstraction carried out as part of the proposed development ● Support to local water companies should the extraction of water require additional resources due to the temporary water use carried out as part of the proposed development 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 300 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase It should be noted that there is considerable uncertainty with respect to hydrogeological conditions, which will not be reduced until a decision has been taken on the location of the Project water wells (La Pelona or Las Grietas Plain) and a comprehensive investigation, including further monitoring and data collation, has been undertaken. A hydrogeological risk assessment should be undertaken on the basis of those findings to inform the design and final location of the water abstraction wells. Specific measures below are recommended to be undertaken in advance of the Site Establishment phase to inform the design of abstraction wells and mitigate any potential impacts on water availability during the Exploration Drilling Phase. These include additional data collection, monitoring and investigations to fill the identified data gaps and produce a more robust hydrogeological assessment. ● For the La Pelona option: – Start a baseline (suggested quarterly) groundwater level and groundwater quality monitoring of existing water wells in the region of La Pelona. Minimum of the three community wells and two springs (Argelia and Ojo de Agua), refer to section 9.5.3 for further detail on this monitoring – Drill a borehole at one of the proposed abstraction borehole sites in La Pelona; borehole should be drilled to full proposed depth of 200m bgl – Geological and geophysical logging of the borehole to determine rock properties and aquifers present – Based on geological logs, water levels and inflows recorded in the exploratory hole, a monitoring well should be designed and constructed accordingly at another location in La Pelona caldera – Design and carry out pump testing of the abstraction borehole. Should include constant rate and step tests to determine if the required water volume can be delivered, drawdown and radius of influence – Water quality monitoring before, during and after pumping test. The monitoring should ideally be carried out at monthly intervals for three months before and after the test, with at least two monitoring rounds during the test. This can be used to compare with existing baseline data – Obtain more detailed DTM / LIDAR data for the study area that can be used to delineate catchments – Update the hydrogeological study based on new information and quantitatively assess the potential impacts of abstraction on the La Pelona area and the wider re-defined catchment ● For the Plains option: – Continue the baseline (quarterly) water quality and water level monitoring of the Ojo de Agua spring and existing water wells in the region as described for La Pelona – Drill a borehole at one of the proposed abstraction borehole sites in the Plain. Borehole should be drilled to full proposed depth of 200m – Geological and geophysical logging of the hole to determine rock properties and aquifers present – Based on geological logs, water levels and inflows recorded in the exploratory hole, a monitoring well should be designed and constructed accordingly at another suitable location between the abstraction well and the closest existing wells 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 301 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase – Design and carry out pump testing of the abstraction borehole. Should include constant rate and step tests to determine if the required water volume can be delivered, drawdown and radius of influence – Water quality monitoring before, during and after pumping test. The monitoring should be carried out at monthly intervals for three months before and after the test, with at least two monitoring rounds during the test. This can be used to compare with existing baseline data – Obtain more detailed DTM / LIDAR data for the study area that can be used to delineate catchments – Update the hydrogeological study based on new information and quantitatively assess the potential impacts of abstraction on the Plain and the existing abstractions In addition, the following measures should be considered and implemented during Component 1 to mitigate potential effects during the Exploratory Drilling phase: ● Ensure that the wells are located outside the areas of seasonal flooding and seasonal water gullies at the drilling site ● Clear management plan for the handling of all drilling waters at the site, including an emergency remediation procedure for large spills and flooding events ● Undertake regular monitoring of groundwater and springs ● A heavy rainfall management plan is needed at each of the drilling sites in order to deal with the impacts of heavy rainfall events, particularly on runoff and on the holding pond ● Best practice site management to ensure spillage limitation ● Use of well casing as necessary during drilling to prevent pollution of shallow and deeper groundwater and placement of well seals / plugs between aquifers to prevent mixing of chemically distinct groundwaters ● The risk of erosion particularly on slopes and eroded areas can be mitigated through best practice construction methods and maintenance measures, which should be specified in the drilling / construction contract and monitored through the ESMMP ● Culverts and drains along access roads need to be maintained In addition to the measures applicable to Site Establishment, specific mitigation is required to address the impact of dismantling of storage tanks and pipelines which may contain residual fluids. Appropriate mitigation will need to be established on a case by case basis depending on the location of the component, its operational use and physical state; however, the measures must be designed to minimise the risk of spills and to ensure that, should a spill occur, a response plan is in place to ensure that the release can be controlled and either treated or removed. Proposed monitoring and reporting has been identified in the sub-sections below. 9.5.2 Groundwater level and spring flow monitoring As described above, additional data collection, monitoring and investigations are needed to fill the data gaps and produce a more robust hydrogeological assessment and risk assessment for the proposed water supply abstraction at La Pelona, and also for the Plain if this option is considered to provide additional or all of the water supply. However the exact scope depends on the chosen water supply option, thus the general recommendations presented here should be refined and appropriate monitoring locations selected. ● Undertake baseline monitoring in advance of site establishment, as outlined above 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 302 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase ● Determine water well locations, and obtain records of abstractions and groundwater levels to gain a better understanding of groundwater water use and demand in the area south and east of La Pelona and on the Plain within 5km of the proposed abstraction location ● Regular (quarterly) monitoring of water flow rates at the springs at Argelia (for the La Pelona option only) and Ojo de Agua springs to establish a baseline flow rate for these key resources ● Regular (quarterly) monitoring of groundwater levels at a minimum of five key observation wells to enable the development of a robust piezometric map that is indicative of seasonal changes. The monitoring locations will depend on the preferred water supply option ● Ongoing regular (monthly) monitoring of groundwater levels during drilling of water wells at the monitoring well(s) constructed for the Project, once completed, and a minimum of three other wells, as selected for the baseline monitoring and described above ● Ongoing regular (monthly) monitoring of groundwater levels in the same wells during the higher rate of water abstraction ● Ongoing regular (twice yearly) monitoring of groundwater levels in the monitoring well and a minimum of two nearby wells during construction and commercial production phases of the scheme ● Keep records of abstraction volumes throughout the operational period of the supply wells in order to understand the water balance and any potential impacts on water resources 9.5.3 Groundwater quality monitoring More extensive water quality investigations need to be carried out, but the exact scope depends on the chosen location of the water abstraction at La Pelona or on the Plain. The scope should include: ● Regular (quarterly) sampling of the springs at Argelia (for La Pelona only) and Ojo de Agua, with analysis of samples for a consistent suite of water quality parameters to determine baseline water quality ● Regular (monthly) sampling and analysis of the springs, monitoring wells drilled for the Project and a minimum of three wells in the Plain during drilling of water wells ● Regular (quarterly) sampling and analysis of springs and the same three wells on the Plain during the higher rate of water abstraction ● Regular (annual) sampling and analysis of the springs and the same three wells on the Plain during the construction and commercial production phases of the scheme ● Clear monitoring plan for site management of wastewater, if there is any 9.5.4 Conclusion Based on the assumptions made in the Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment (Volume III 5a) and following the implementation of the mitigation measures above, the magnitude of all potential (minor) impacts on water resources receptors will be reduced to negligible. 9.6 Landscape and visual The impact assessment did not identify any significant effects on landscape or visual character during the Component 1 works. There are a number of recommended good practice measures that should be implemented through the Project ESMMP to help maintain acceptable levels of E&S management. Due to the temporary nature of the exploratory drilling phase, limited mitigation is proposed. However, good housekeeping practices should be implemented to maintain the appearance of the site. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 303 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Recommended mitigation include: ● Minimising traffic interactions near junctions with other road users and residential receptors along the site access road (no idling, truck layby areas) ● Implement good housekeeping practices including stockpile areas and dust suppression measures ● Set out a material management plan to minimise the number of vehicle movements required ● Careful locating of construction compounds ● Proper storage of topsoil ● Extent of all disturbed areas to be restricted as far as practicable ● Installations to be constructed with sustainable materials, materials to reduce the visual impact and material that enhance the aesthetics of the Project area In general, mitigation associated with the site restoration phase activities would be the same as for the site establishment phase. Long term mitigation would include the reinstatement of the land for arable farming, in line with baseline character and amenity should the geothermal resources be deemed non-viable. 9.7 Air quality The following mitigation measures for controlling air quality impacts have been developed for incorporation into the ESMMP and will be implemented during all phases of the Project. The mitigation measures to be applied during site restoration will be similar and in proportionate measure to the ones applied at site establishment. ● Provide personal protective equipment to workers on site, such as dust masks where dust levels are likely to be excessive ● Locate activities and rock / earth stockpiles away from identified receptors (two households) ● Cover, seed or fence stockpiles to prevent wind whipping ● Bunding and sealing of topsoil and subsoils ● Keep stockpiles for the shortest possible time ● Consider the prevailing wind direction when siting stockpiles to reduce the likelihood of affecting sensitive receptors ● No bonfires ● Minimise amounts of material handling and avoid double handling ● Sealing or re-vegetate completed earthworks as soon as reasonably practicable after completion ● Ensuring all vehicles carrying loose or potentially dusty material to or from the site are fully sheeted ● Use of modern (less than 5 years old) vehicle / construction fleet to minimise emissions ● Ensuring that the engines of all vehicles and drilling equipment on site are not left running unnecessarily ● Plan site layout – machinery and dust causing activities (e.g. access roads, stockpiles) should be located away from the site boundary and sensitive receptors where practicable ● Minimise dust generating activities ● Use water as a dust suppressant where applicable (e.g. using towed water bowsers with spreader bars) and ensure an adequate water supply ● No site runoff of water or mud 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 304 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase ● Minimise movement of construction traffic around site ● Regular (bi-weekly) visual monitoring of dust episodes, soiling of vegetation, dust resuspension on the roads and dust clouds ● Maintained logbook: record any exceptional incidents that cause dust and/or air emissions, either on- or off- site, and the action taken to resolve the situation in the log book ● Resolve all dust issues identified through reinforcing the measures above For exploratory drilling works the following additional measures are proposed: ● Use of modern (less than 5 years old) vehicles which achieve internationally recognised emission limits for NOx ● Release of engine combustion emissions from sufficient height to allow proper dispersion ● Use of low sulphur-content diesel fuel where feasible ● Locate engines away from common working areas and on-site receptors to reduce exposure to emissions where practicable ● Ensure engines are modern and properly maintained through regular inspections ● Plan site layout – machinery and dust causing activities (e.g. access roads, stockpiles) should be located away from the site boundary and sensitive receptors where practicable ● Provide personal protective equipment to workers on site, such as dust masks where dust levels are likely to be excessive ● Ensure mud and cutting stockpiles are kept for the shortest possible time ● Consider the prevailing wind direction when siting stockpiles to reduce the likelihood of affecting sensitive receptors ● Cover, seed or fence stockpiles to prevent wind whipping ● Ensuring all vehicles carrying loose or potentially dusty material to or from the site are fully sheeted ● Use water as a dust suppressant where applicable (e.g. using towed water bowsers with spreader bars) and ensure an adequate water supply ● Minimise amounts of material handling and avoid double handling ● Regular (bi-weekly) visual monitoring of dust episodes, soiling of vegetation, dust resuspension on the roads and dust clouds ● Maintained logbook: record any exceptional incidents that cause dust and/or air emissions, either on- or off- site, and the action taken to resolve the situation in the log book ● Resolve all dust issues identified through reinforcing the measures above Measures to minimise H2S or particulate emissions include: ● Set up and run portable meteorological station during well testing at each platform (to measure and record temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction, atmospheric pressure and solar radiation) ● Develop and implement a continuous real time H2S monitoring programme at all times and at key locations (workers, residents and land users) ● Have a H2S detector and CO2 and CH4 monitor for monitoring air emissions at all of the well pad installation sites ● During each well test, collect data on steam volume, temperature, NCG and other pollutant levels ● Release of steam via a silencer/rock muffler 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 305 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase ● Provision of facility emergency response teams, and workers in locations with high risk of exposure with personal H2S monitors, self-contained breathing apparatus and emergency oxygen supplies, and training in their safe and effective use ● Provision of adequate ventilation of occupied buildings and rig spaces to avoid accumulation of H2S and CO2 ● Provide workers with a fact sheet or other readily available information about the chemical composition of H2S with an explanation of potential implications for human health and safety ● Site emergency preparedness and response plan to be put in place for drilling activities at each drilling location to control the effects of well blowout, in the unlikely event that it occurs (and to be aligned with municipality emergency response plans) ● Disclose the emergency response plan to relevant residential receptors nearby (two households within the Project area) 9.8 Noise The qualitative assessment undertaken for the Project has indicated that, generally, the significance of effects due to noise will not be significant. No specific requirements for mitigation have been identified however it is assumed that basic measures to minimise noise impacts will be applied as matter of course. This is also recommended for the purposes of minimising the exposure of site operatives regarding risks of potential hearing damage in the workplace. General methods of noise control are listed below and the means for implementing this is defined in the ESMMP (Volume V). These will be particularly relevant to road construction works and drilling near House #2, near Pad E. ● The selection of low noise plant and equipment where possible, this may be defined by sound power levels from equipment that can range from about 120 dB to well over 155 dB depending on the size and type of machine ● Plant and equipment to be examined on a daily basis for defect prior to the start of works and under no circumstances should defective equipment be used ● Avoid unnecessary revving of engines ● Equipment to be switched off when not in use ● Noisy activities to be limited to daytime working hours where possible ● Plant and equipment to be positioned as far as possible from sensitive areas ● Location of static plant (e.g. generators) to take advantage of any screening to break the line of sight from receptors ● Site operatives to be briefed in keeping noise to a minimum ● Identify and implement appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) requirements Noise from construction traffic can be mitigated as follows: ● Limit vehicle speeds on site and access roads, particularly close to the two households identified ● Traffic should be managed to avoid the need for traffic to queue up ● Schedule timing of deliveries to avoid disturbance at the two residential receptors ● Maintain access roads to minimise discontinuities in the road surfaces which may give rise to vehicle body noise and rattle Recommended measures for the mitigation of noise impacts during well drilling include: 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 306 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase ● Place barriers or shrouds close to the main sources of noise of the drilling rig and the testing equipment to limit the spread of noise, particularly at Pad E ● Prioritising quiet equipment in the selection process ● Informing nearby dwellings on the timing and duration of works and when the noisiest stages are likely to occur ● Display warning signs about high noise levels around the well pad site boundary ● Provision of hearing protection to those working within 250m of all drilling and well testing sites ● Spot check monitoring at commencement of activities at well pad using sound level meter at the nearest residential properties/sensitive receptor for comparison against standards ● Record and investigate complaints using sound level meter via the community grievance mechanism ● Identify and implement appropriate PPE requirements 9.9 Traffic and transportation The qualitative assessment undertaken for the Project has indicated that, generally, the significance of effects due to traffic and transportation will not be significant, except in relation to traffic movements that may interact with community traffic movements. No specific requirements for mitigation have been identified however it is assumed that basic measures to minimise noise impacts will be applied as matter of course. This is also recommended for the purposes of minimising the exposure of site operatives regarding risks of potential hearing damage in the workplace. The main, vulnerable road users are the women’s cooperative (a group of 10), and two houses (one with a child) along the access route. The most successful road safety measures include a combined approach of road improvements, implementation of road safety features, transport management planning and disclosure of information. A traffic management plan (TMP) shall be developed that incorporates mitigation measures to enhance the efficient transport of any materials to site, whilst minimising congestion and disruption which might affect general traffic on highway N-252 and the local population. The mechanisms in the SEP will be used to communicate information about Project timelines so that road users are aware of periods where there may be disruption to normal traffic flow. The TMP will address risks related to an increase in traffic and heavier loads because of the Project and will take into consideration traffic management during the farm harvesting seasons where farm traffic is known to increase substantially along local roads. The TMP will promote the safe and efficient transportation of Project equipment and materials to site to reduce the likelihood of delay and adverse impacts on other road users, farm workers and settlements along the main route. The police and road authorities will be consulted during the development of the TMP. Mitigation measures to ensure traffic safety are outlined below: ● Adoption of best transport safety practices across all aspects of Project operations with the goal of preventing traffic accidents and minimising injuries suffered by Project personnel and the public. Measures should include: – Emphasising safety aspects among drivers – Improving driving skills and requiring licensing of drivers – Adopting limits for trip duration and arranging driver rosters to avoid overtiredness 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 307 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase – Avoiding dangerous routes and times of day to reduce risk of accidents ● Regular maintenance of vehicles and use of manufacturer approved parts to minimise potentially serious accidents caused by equipment malfunction or premature failure ● Where the Project may contribute to significant increase in traffic along existing roads, the following measures should be implemented: – Minimising pedestrian interaction with construction vehicles – Coordination with emergency responders to ensure that appropriate first aid is provided in the event of accidents – Using locally sourced materials, whenever possible, to minimise transport distances – Employing safe traffic control measures, including road signs and flag persons to warn of dangerous conditions Wear and tear on the public roads which will constitute the Project vehicle routes to site is also considered. The TMP will be finalised between CCP, the civil works contractors, the drilling contractors and the relevant stakeholders, and will be ready and implemented prior to activities commencing on-site. The Project access roads will be designed to withstand and allow the heavy traffic of cargo trucks for the transportation of drilling machinery and materials. Road drainage will be designed to ensure management of rainfall. 9.10 Waste and materials All waste material (regardless of the stage of the Project) is to be segregated into non- hazardous and hazardous wastes for consideration for re-use, recycling, or disposal. The Project should implement the following waste management procedures as follows: ● General waste management: – Waste management planning: identify and characterise the source of all waste streams from the Project with the proposed final disposal option – Waste prevention: identify opportunities to prevent waste production in the first instance – Recycling and reuse: waste reuse and recycling opportunities to be identified including investigations into suitable facilities that can process such waste streams to be explored – Treatment and disposal: where re-use of recycling is not feasible or possible, appropriate treatment and/or final disposal options are to be identified for all waste streams, including confirmation that facilities/sites can accept the proposed waste stream(s) – All skips/waste storage to be suitably covered (to avoid dispersion of light materials by wind or filling of skip with rain) and waterproofing to avoid any soil contamination from leachate ● Hazardous waste management: – Waste storage: temporary waste storage to be fully identified and designed according to GIIP and the Nicaraguan Technical Norm for Hazardous Waste – Transportation: all waste containers designated for off-site shipment to be secured and appropriately labelled with loading overseen by competent and trained employees from an external contractor properly authorised by MARENA to do this transportation – Treatment and disposal: where re-use of recycling is not feasible or possible, appropriate treatment and/or final disposal options to be identified for all waste streams, including those considered to be hazardous, by a company authorised by MARENA for this activity 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 308 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase – Monitoring: procedures for waste tracking to be developed. In addition, there should be periodic audits of internal waste management practices to ensure on-going compliance throughout the life of the Project and reporting of these practices to MARENA. Any recommendations for improvements in the waste management practices of the Project will form part of on-going reporting (if any) For all activities associated with the Project, a detailed waste management plan (WMP) will be produced which should be implemented by all contractors and all sub-contractors employed. The WMP will identify likely wastes, appropriate handling, reuse and recycle opportunities and, as a last resort, disposal methods at approved waste disposal sites. 9.10.1 Materials storage, handling, and use Material and waste storage areas will be specifically designed considering the following requirements and will be used before waste materials are transferred off site for final disposal: ● Separate storage areas for hazardous and non-hazardous wastes ● Separate skips for each waste stream to allow segregation to maximise re-use and recycling opportunities ● All skips to be suitably covered (to avoid dispersion of light materials by wind or filling of skip with rain) and waterproofing to avoid any soil contamination from leachate ● Liquid wastes/oil/chemicals to be stored in tanks or drums located in bunded areas which can hold 110% of the total storage volume and in accordance with national safety requirements (NTON 05015-02) ● Spill kits to be available at all times ● Not at risk from theft or vandalism ● Well ventilated ● Waterproofed floor ● Located next to any required Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (as necessary for irritants and hazardous materials) ● Located away from existing sensitive receptors ● Easily accessible in a safe manner ● Unlikely to be damaged ● Fire extinguisher to be available at all times The ESMMP includes reference to the control measures to minimise the likelihood of incidents associated with materials storage, handling and use. These include the following: ● Identification of the necessary PPE requirements ● Identification of the necessary bunding and spill kit requirements ● Training requirements (as necessary) with respect to materials handling procedures ● The correct procedure for reporting any environmental incidents related to spills / leakages and how to deal with any spills / leakages ● The specific regulatory reporting requirements as they relate to materials storage ● Inventory of hazardous materials and specific procedures / controls ● All hazardous substances used during the Project will be covered by Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) ● Provide copies of all MSDS for all hazardous substances used during the Project to MARENA as part of submission of the detailed environmental management plan(s) 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 309 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 9.11 Summary of residual impact For those impacts that were identified in Chapter 8 as moderate or above (i.e. significant) Table 88 summarises the residual significance of these impacts assuming the application of the measures as described in this chapter. Table 5 summarises the residual biodiversity impacts. Table 88: Summary of residual impact significance – all Potential impact Adverse / Magnitude Sensitivity Impact Residual Beneficial evaluation impact (post (pre- mitigation) mitigation) Socio-economic Land users Adverse Low Medium – Moderate / Minor High Minor Workers (skilled and Adverse Medium Medium Moderate / Minor unskilled) (unskilled Minor workers) / Low (skilled workers) Cultural Heritage Site establishment Below ground Adverse Medium Medium Moderate Minor archaeological artefacts Water Resources Drilling Reduced groundwater Adverse Medium Medium Moderate Minor level / water availability temporary (local abstractions on Plain) Air Quality Site establishment Dust from general Adverse Medium Medium Moderate Minor activities Dust from traffic Adverse Medium Medium Moderate (site Minor establishment) / Minor (during drilling) Drilling Emissions from well Adverse Medium Medium Moderate Minor testing (normal operations) Emissions from well Adverse High Medium Major Minor testing (abnormal operations) Traffic and Transport Site establishment Traffic – community Adverse Medium Medium Moderate Minor safety (Minor during drilling) Waste and Materials Site establishment Contamination to Adverse Medium Medium Moderate Minor receiving environment Drilling 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 310 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Potential impact Adverse / Magnitude Sensitivity Impact Residual Beneficial evaluation impact (post (pre- mitigation) mitigation) Contamination to Adverse Medium Medium Moderate Minor receiving environment Noise Drilling Drilling House #2 Adverse Medium Medium Moderate Minor Table 89: Summary of residual impact significance – biodiversity Potential impact Receptor Sensitivity Magnitude Significance Significance of of residual (pre- (after receptor impact mitigation) mitigation) Component 1: Site establishment Vegetation clearance, removal and storage of top soils Levelling and compaction Rehabilitation of access road Loss and degradation of Globally Very high Low Adverse Major Adverse terrestrial habitat Endangered plants: Moderate Accidental introduction Lonchocarpus and dispersal of invasive phlebophyllus and species Platymiscium Disturbance to terrestrial pleiostachyum animal species Globally Vulnerable High Low Adverse Adverse Injury or death of terrestrial plants: Moderate Moderate animals Cocobolo Dalbergia Habitat fragmentation retusa, Brazil-nut Increase in road kills and tree Bertholletia injuries of wildlife excelsa, Spanish Illegal logging due to cedar Cedrela improved access roads odorata, Pacific coast mahogany Swietenia humilis, big leaf mahogany Swietenia macrophylla and Bombacopsis quinata Component 1: Exploratory drilling Drilling of deep wells Maintenance of drilling equipment machinery and access roads Waste management Well testing and pumping of water Terrestrial habitat and flora Globally Vulnerable High Low Adverse Adverse degradation (e.g. dust, and Nationally Moderate Moderate vibration, vehicle Endangered movement) mammals: Giant Disturbance to terrestrial anteater and animal species (e.g. noise, margay artificial light, dust, vibration) Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife Hunting and poaching of wildlife due to improved access roads 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 311 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Potential impact Receptor Sensitivity Magnitude Significance Significance of of residual (pre- (after receptor impact mitigation) mitigation) Terrestrial habitat and flora Globally Vulnerable High Low Adverse Adverse degradation (e.g. dust, birds: Yellow-naped Moderate Moderate vibration, vehicle Amazon parrot and movement) bronze-brown Disturbance to terrestrial cowbird animal species (e.g. noise, artificial light, dust, vibration) Hunting and poaching of wildlife due to improved access roads Terrestrial habitat and flora Globally Very high Low Adverse Major Adverse degradation (e.g. dust, Endangered Moderate vibration, vehicle herpetofauna: movement) Celestus bivittatus Disturbance to terrestrial Globally Vulnerable High Low Adverse Adverse animal species (e.g. noise, herpetofauna: The Moderate Moderate artificial light, dust, Mexican caecilian vibration) Dermophis Increase in road kills and mexicanus injuries of wildlife Hunting and poaching of wildlife due to improved access roads Disturbance to terrestrial Globally Vulnerable High Medium Adverse Major Adverse animal species (e.g. noise, and Nationally Moderate artificial light) Endangered Increase in road kills and mammals: Giant injuries of wildlife anteater and Hunting and poaching of margay wildlife due to improved access roads Disturbance to terrestrial Globally Vulnerable High Medium Adverse Major Adverse animal species (e.g. noise, birds: Yellow-naped Moderate artificial light) Amazon parrot and Increase in road kills and Bronze-brown injuries of wildlife cowbird Hunting and poaching of wildlife due to improved access roads Disturbance to terrestrial Globally Very high Medium Adverse Major Adverse animal species (e.g. noise, Endangered Moderate artificial light) herpetofauna: Increase in road kills and Celestus bivittatus injuries of wildlife Globally Vulnerable High Medium Adverse Major Adverse Hunting and poaching of herpetofauna: The Moderate wildlife due to improved Mexican caecilian access roads Dermophis mexicanus Component 2: Transmission line (Construction phase) Vegetation clearance Maintenance of access road Terrestrial habitat and flora Globally Very high Low Adverse Major Adverse degradation (e.g. dust, Endangered plants: Moderate vibration, vehicle Lonchocarpus movement) phlebophyllus and Disturbance to terrestrial Platymiscium animal species (e.g. noise, pleiostachyum 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 312 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Potential impact Receptor Sensitivity Magnitude Significance Significance of of residual (pre- (after receptor impact mitigation) mitigation) artificial light, dust, Globally Vulnerable High Low Adverse Adverse vibration) plants likely to be Moderate Moderate affected by the Project: Cocobolo Dalbergia retusa, Brazil-nut tree Bertholletia excelsa, Spanish cedar Cedrela odorata,Pacific coast mahogany Swietenia humilis, big leaf mahogany Swietenia macrophylla and Bombacopsis quinata Terrestrial habitat and flora Globally Vulnerable Very high Low Adverse Major Adverse loss and degradation and Nationally Moderate (permanent and Endangered temporary) mammals: Giant Disturbance to terrestrial anteater and animal species (e.g. noise, margay artificial light, vibration) Injury or death of terrestrial animals and birds Habitat fragmentation Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife Terrestrial habitat and flora Globally Vulnerable High Low Adverse Adverse loss and degradation birds: Yellow-naped Moderate Moderate (permanent and Amazon parrot and temporary) bronze-brown Disturbance to terrestrial cowbird animal species (e.g. noise, artificial light, vibration) Injury or death of terrestrial animals and birds Habitat fragmentation Accidental introduction and dispersal of invasive species Terrestrial habitat and flora Globally Very high Low Adverse Major Adverse loss and degradation Endangered Moderate (permanent and herpetofauna: temporary) Celestus bivittatus Disturbance to terrestrial Nationally protected Medium Low Adverse Adverse animal species (e.g. noise, herpetofauna Moderate Moderate artificial light, vibration) Injury or death of terrestrial animals and birds Habitat fragmentation Increase in road kills and injuries of wildlife Component 2: Transmission line (Operation phase) Maintenance of access road Terrestrial habitat and flora Globally Vulnerable High Low Adverse Major Adverse loss and degradation birds: Yellow-naped Moderate (permanent and Amazon parrot and temporary) 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 313 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase Potential impact Receptor Sensitivity Magnitude Significance Significance of of residual (pre- (after receptor impact mitigation) mitigation) Disturbance to terrestrial bronze-brown animal species (e.g. noise, cowbird artificial light, vibration) Injury or death of terrestrial animals and birds Habitat fragmentation Accidental introduction and dispersal of invasive species 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 314 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 10 Conclusion 10.1 Summary The key findings from the ESIA can be summarised as follows: ● The Project can be developed in accordance with MARENA national requirements as set out in its exploitation environmental permit (2015) ● Public perception is good and stakeholders will welcome a clear communication program that CCP will implement as set out in its stakeholder engagement plan (SEP), Volume V ● Land is privately owned by five landowners with only two residential properties close to proposed location of Project works (one 100m to the main access road and one 50m to well access road and 570m to the nearest well pad) ● The Project will consider any future land requirements and existing land users through negotiated settlement where possible as set out in the CCP Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF), Volume VI ● The Project may generate negative environmental impacts all of which have been considered can be reduced to acceptable levels with mitigation including noise management, water management, traffic management, labour management, community health and safety, security and worker safety as set out in the Project Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMMP), Volume IV ● The Project can be developed in a way that does not significantly adversely affect the conservation objectives of the San Cristóbal-Casita-Chonco Volcanic Complex IBA/KBA and Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita ● The Project will not result in significant habitat loss of dry forest alleviating concerns related to contribution of the Project to deforestation and where deforestation is required the Project will implement an offset plan as part of the wider biodiversity management and action plan (BMAP) ● A Critical Habitat Assessment (CHA) has been carried out in line with WB PS6 and IFC Guidance Note 6 and found that the Project is unlikely to have measurable (i.e. significant) adverse effects on species that trigger critical habitat or on the ecological processes that support these species ● The compensation and enhancement measures proposed will be implemented to ensure residual significant effects are addressed and the Project achieves net gain of biodiversity ● Given that the Project is located in critical habitat, and irrespective of Project impacts, a Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) to achieve net gain of biodiversity and a Biodiversity Monitoring and Evaluation Program will be developed and implemented. To achieve this, the Project will prepare a Biodiversity Management and Action Plan (BMAP) to include both the on-site mitigation during construction and long-term conservation actions during project operation ● Preliminary hydrogeological studies indicate that the Project will not have a significant adverse impact on groundwater levels, and quality and water availability in the local region ● If the geothermal resource is confirmed, the Project will develop and implement a social action plan that focuses on the three core areas of concern for the communities: education, tourism and health ● Emissions from the geothermal steam / fluids will be controlled using state of the art technology to alleviate concerns about effects on human health 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 315 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase ● A robust archaeological survey and monitoring program will be implemented to address potential to impact on any archaeological artefacts and sites of importance ● Hydrogeological impacts resulting from water resource availability and groundwater contamination are expected to be within acceptable levels ● The Project will play a key step towards confirming the geothermal resource potential of the Casita area which will support Nicaragua’s objective to meet 73% renewables generation by 2030 10.2 Conclusion The Project is deemed able to be developed in accordance with MARENA national requirements and in accordance with the World Bank Operational Policy 4.03 for private sector projects as set out in World Bank Performance Standards. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . 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ULR: https://www.opic.gov/sites/default/files/files/Geothermal-Jan31-to-OPIC.pdf Oxford University Press. (n.d.). Nicaragua's Constitution of 1987 with Amendments through 2005. URL: https://www.google.co.za/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0ahUKEwjame- 04szUAhXPK1AKHU9zBakQFggnMAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FNicar agua_2005.pdf&usg=AFQjCNHI2wJfXyVOGiMiwSMMkKYZuDvcLw&sig2=llA7rbvhx6rSdwHJcGt8pA Pallais Vallecillo, Eddy. (2017). Linea Base de Monitoreo de Ruido Ponce-Campos, P., Thorbjarnarson, J. & Velasco, A. (IUCN SSC Crocodile Specialist Group) (2012). Crocodylus acutus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T5659A3043244. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T5659A3043244.en.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T 5659A3043244.en. Quenca Consulting Group S.A. (2013). 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CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 321 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 180/document.php?study=MULTILATERAL+DEVELOPMENT+BANKS+ENVIRONMENTAL+ASSESSMENT+AND+ INFORMATION+POLICIES+IMPACT+OF+THE+PELOSI+AMENDMENT Santos-Barrera, G., Wake, M., Measey, J. & Wilkinson, M. (2008). Dermophis mexicanus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T59545A11961418. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T59545A11961418.en. Sharer, Robert J. (2009). The Ch’orti’ Past: An Archaeological Perspective, in The Ch’orti’ Maya Area: Past and Present, edited by Brent Metz, Cameron L. McNeil, and Kerry M. Hull, pp. 124-133. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. SINAPRED. (2005). Chichigalpa Municipality - Report on Available Information. SKM. (2005). Casita Geothermal Prospect Scientific Assessment. Smithsonian Institution. (n.d.). Global volcanism program. (Smithsonian Institution). URL: http://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=344020 Sunyer, J. & Ariano-Sánchez, D (2013). Celestus bivittatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T203024A2758653. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013- 2.RLTS.T203024A2758653.en.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T203024A2758653.en. Sustainable Energy for All. (2017). http://seforall.org/ Tropicos. (2017) Flora de Nicaragua URL: http://www.tropicos.org/Project/FN UNESCO. (2013). Language, dance and music of the Garifuna. URL: https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/language-dance-and- music-of-the-garifuna-00001 UNESCO. (2014). El Güegüense. URL: https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/el-gueguense-00111 United Nations Development Programme. (2016). 2016 Human Development Report. URL: http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf United Nations. (2005). Millennium Development Goals Report 2005. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/mi/pdf/MDG%20Book.pdf Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA). (2007). Plan De Manejo Integral De La Micro Cuenca Las Marias, Municipios De Telica, Quezalguaque, Posoltega y Chinandega. van Wyk de Vries, B. a. (1996). The role of basement in volcano deformation. Geological Society Special Publication(110), 95-110. Vries, v. W. (1993). Tectonic and magma evolution of Nicaraguan volcanic systems. Milton Keynes: Unpublished PhD Thesis. Weber, Ewald. (2013) Invasive Plant Species of the World: A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. Geobotanical Institute. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland. CABI Publishing. Werner, Patrick S. (2000) Ethnohistory of Early Colonial Nicaragua: Demography and Encomiendas of the Indian Communities. Institute for Mesoamerican Studies. Albany: The University at Albany, State University of New York. World Bank. (2014). World Bank Open Data. URL: www.worldbank.org World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) (1998a). Swietenia humilis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Speci es 1998: e.T32954A9744772. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32954A9744772.en. World Health Organization. (2011). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, Fourth Edition. WHO 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 322 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Exploration Phase 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 . . Casita–San Cristobal Technical Appendices III 18 August 2017 Cerro Colorado Power S.A. San Jacinto Tizate, km 114 Leon Malpaisillo Road Managua Building ESCALA, 6th floor Jean Paul Genie Avenue south side building ProCredit Casita–San Cristobal 387016 2 C Technical Appendices III C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\Technical appendices 3.docx CCP 18 August 2017 Mott MacDonald Limited. Registered in England and Wales no. 1243967. Registered office: Mott MacDonald House, 8-10 Sydenham Road, Croydon CR0 2EE, United Kingdom CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 1 Technical Appendices III 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\Technical appendices 3.docx Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume III - Critical Habitat Assessment 18 August 2017 Cerro Colorado Power S.A Mott MacDonald LLC 1585 Sawdust Road The Woodlands, TX. 77380 T +1 2812922639 mottmac.com Cerro Colorado Power S.A San Jacinto Tizate, km 114 Leon Malpaisillo Road Casita-San Cristobal Managua Building ESCALA, 6th floor Jean Paul Genie Avenue Geothermal Project 387016 1 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | CHA | REV B Mott MacDonald C south side building ProCredit Volume III - Critical Habitat Assessment 18 August 2017 Mott MacDonald Limited. Registered in England and Wales no. 1243967. Registered office: Mott MacDonald House, 8-10 Sydenham Road, Croydon CR0 2EE, Cerro Colorado Power S.A United Kingdom Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume III - Critical Habitat Assessment Issue and Revision Record Revision Date Originator Checker Approver Description A 31/072017 B Ellis M Coroi N Davies Draft for client comment B 07/08/2017 R Bhavsa M Coroi N Davies Final Draft for client comment C 18 August R Bhavsa M Coroi N Davies Final for disclosure 2017 Document reference: 387016 | 1 | C Information class: Standard This document is issued for the party which commissioned it and for specific purposes connected with the above- captioned project only. It should not be relied upon by any other party or used for any other purpose. We accept no responsibility for the consequences of this document being relied upon by any other party, or being used for any other purpose, or containing any error or omission which is due to an error or omission in data supplied to us by other parties. This document contains confidential information and proprietary intellectual property. It should not be shown to other parties without consent from us and from the party which commissioned it. This re port ha s be en pr epare d sol el y f or use b y t h e part y which c ommissi one d it (t h e ‘Client’) i n c on n ecti on with t he ca ptio ne d proj ect. It sho uld n ot be use d for a ny other purp os e. No person ot her tha n t he Clie nt or any part y wh o has expressl y ag ree d t er ms of r elia nce wit h us (t he ‘Reci pient(s)’) may rely o n th e co ntent , inf ormati on or a n y vi e ws e xpresse d in t he re por t. We acc ept n o d ut y of c are, res ponsi bilit y or liabilit y t o an y ot her reci pie nt of this d oc u me nt . This r ep ort is co nfide nti al and c ont ains propri etar y in tell ect ual pro p ert y. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | CHA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume III - Critical Habitat Assessment Contents 1 Introduction 8 1.1 Project Background 8 2 Project Description 10 2.1 Project description 10 2.1.1 Component 1: exploration phase 11 2.1.2 Component 2 production phase 11 3 Approach and Methodology 15 3.1 Overview 15 3.2 Discrete Management Unit 16 3.3 Sources of data and information 19 3.4 Critical habitat assessment approach 19 4 Determination of Critical Habitat 20 4.1 Introduction 20 4.2 Critically endangered and/or endangered species 21 4.2.1 Margay 21 4.2.2 Geoffroy’s spider monkey 21 4.2.3 Lonchocarpus phlebophyllus 22 4.2.4 Platymiscium pleiostachyum 22 4.3 Endemic and/or restricted-range species 22 4.4 Legally protected and internationally recognised areas 23 5 Critical Habitat Impacts and Project Requirements 24 5.1 Overview 24 5.2 Critical habitat triggers 24 5.3 Critically endangered and/or endangered species 25 5.3.1 Lonchocarpus phlebophyllus 25 5.3.2 Platymiscium pleiostachyum 25 5.3.3 Geoffroy’s spider monkey 25 5.3.4 Margay 25 5.4 Endemic and/or range restricted species 26 5.5 Legally protected and internationally recognised areas 26 6 Conclusions 28 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | CHA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume III - Critical Habitat Assessment 7 References 30 Tables Table 1: Quantitative thresholds for Tiers 1 and 2 of Critical Habitat for Criteria 1 through 3 (WB PS, 2013). 15 Table 2 Biodiversity features which meet the threshold for critical habitat in the DMU 20 Table 3: Habitat areas to be affected by the Project in the DMU 24 Figures Figure 1: Project setting 12 Figure 2: Project components 13 Figure 3: Location of the San Cristóbal-Casita Chonco Volcanic Complex IBA/KBA (Discrete Management Unit) 17 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | CHA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume III - Critical Habitat Assessment 1 Introduction 1.1 Project Background In April 2009, the Nicaraguan Ministry of Energy and Mines (“MEM”) issued an “exploration” concession to Cerro Colorado Power Sociedad Anonima (S.A.) (“CCP”) to assess geothermal resources over a 100km2 area along the Casita - San Cristobal Volcanic complex. Upon completion of the surface exploration phase, with promising results, CCP was granted in 2013 an “exploitation” concession over a selected 100km2 area on the south eastern flank of Casita Volcano to develop the geothermal resource. The Government of Nicaragua with the support of the World Bank1 intend to use World Bank (SREP2 and IDA) and private funding to help confirm the geothermal resource of the field and to mitigate the resource risk, and thereby promote possible future private investment to facilitate the development of the first operational geothermal power plant in the Casita-San Cristobal geothermal field. Mott MacDonald USA LLC (“Mott MacDonald”) has been commissioned as the environmental and social consultant (ES consultant) to undertake an environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) in advance of exploration drilling planned to be undertaken to assess the viability of the resource for power generation. Developers seeking financing from the World Bank are required to comply with the Banks’s applicable environmental and social operational policies. Under OP 4.03 (Performance Standards for Private Sector Activities) the eight IFC Performance Standards have been adopted by the Bank as the World Bank Performance Standards for Projects Supported by the Private Sector (“WB Performance Standards”) (WB PS, 2013). Reference is also given to the set of Guidance Notes, developed by the International Finance Corporation (IFC), which correspond to the Performance Standards and provide guidance on the requirements contained in the Performance Standards (IFC, 2012). Alongside the ESIA, a Critical Habitat Assessment (CHA) was undertaken to help identify the conservation priorities for Component 1- exploratory phase of the Project (see Section 2). The CHA has been undertaken to determine which WB PS 6 requirements relating to biodiversity apply to this project. This CHA is designed to identify areas of high biodiversity value in which development would be particularly sensitive and require special attention. Consideration of the project type, impacts and proposed mitigation are not relevant in the CHA process (WB PS, 2013 and IFC, 2012). Critical habitat is a description of the most significant and highest priority areas of the planet for biodiversity conservation. It considers both global and national priority setting systems and builds on the conservation biology principles of 'vulnerability' (degree of threat) and 'irreplaceability' (rarity or uniqueness). Determination of critical habitat is based upon quantitative thresholds of biodiversity priority which are largely based on globally accepted precedents such as IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2017) criteria and Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) thresholds. It is recognised that not all critical habitat is equal: there are grades of critical habitat of varying importance. The WB PS 6 distinguish two main grades: ● Tier 1 critical habitat of highest importance, in which development is generally very difficult to implement and offsets are generally not possible except in exceptional circumstances ● and Tier 2 critical habitat of high importance, in which development can be implemented through appropriate planning and mitigation. Offsets may be possible under some circumstances under Tier 2. Further definition of Tier 1 and Tier 2 is provided in Section 3.1. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | CHA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume III - Critical Habitat Assessment This assessment should be read in conjunction with the Biodiversity sections in the ESIA for the Casita - San Cristobal Geothermal Project (Mott MacDonald, 2017), Volume II. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | CHA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume III - Critical Habitat Assessment 2 Project Description 2.1 Project description Located on the south-east slope of the Casita -San Cristobal Volcano, the Project concession covers an area of 100km2. The Project site is in the Department of Chinandega, 130km north of Nicaragua’s capital city of Managua. The boundaries of three municipalities (Chinandega, Chichigalpa and Posoltega) cross the concession area. The Project has two phases for development: ● Component 1: Geothermal resource confirmation (hereafter referred to as the EXPLORATION PHASE) – Sub-component 1.1 - Surface studies and reconnaissance (already completed) – Sub-component 1.2 - Exploration drilling (current activity) – Sub-component 1.2 - Feasibility study and production phase ESIA (subject to confirmation of resource) ● Component 2: Steam field and power plant development with initial capacity of 25 MW to 35 MW (hereafter referred to as the PRODUCTION PHASE) – Sub-component 2.1 - Production drilling (three to five well production drilling program) – Sub-component 2.2 - Development of steam above ground system (SAGS) and power plant Each stage is described in more detail below. ● Component 1 – Sub-component 1.1: Surface reconnaissance – Some of this stage has already been completed by CCP. It included surface reconnaissance, geological, geophysical and geochemical studies as well as the drilling of a slim/core hole which confirmed the availability of a steam resource. ● Component 1 - Sub-component 1.2: Exploration drilling program – An exploration drilling program of 3-5 wells is proposed to ascertain the steam capacity (i.e. resource base) for producing electricity and to estimate the cost of extracting the resource. The exploration program will significantly improve the understanding of the geothermal resource and provide better estimates as to the cost of the Project, whereby, risks would be considerably reduced. ● Component 1 - Sub-component 1.3: Feasiblity study - A bankable feasibility study and updated ESIA to international standards will also be prepared to support subsequent works. ● Component 2 - Sub-component 2.1: Production drilling and steam field development – Based on successful confirmation of the resource estimate and of the initially proposed power plant development (including a detailed technical feasibility study and production phase ESIA), the well field would be further developed with additional drilling of production and injection wells; and the steam above-ground system (SAGS) that will transport the steam from the wells to the power plant that will be constructed. ● Component 2 - Sub-component 2.2: Construction of power plant – Also based on the feasibility and ESIA studies, an initial l geothermal power plant expected to be 35MW will be constructed in line with industry standards. It will demonstrate the viability of sustainably generating power from the geothermal steam resource in the Casita-San Cristobal reservoir, and open prospects for potential expansion of the field in the future. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | CHA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume III - Critical Habitat Assessment 2.1.1 Component 1: exploration phase Surface studies (geological, geophysical, and geochemical) have already been completed, a well pad constructed (including its associated access road, which will require significant upgrade works), and a slim hole drilled that has led to the confirmation of the availability of a steam resource The Component 1 Project components can be summarised as follows: ● Pad A (CSA-1): 2500m directional well (220°) to prove thickness of vapor zone and presence of underlying liquid reservoir ● Pad E (CSE-1): 2000m vertical well to test inferred resource into the La Pelona area ● Pad C (CSC-1): 2000m deviated well (220°) to target vapor or liquid zones near Casita Volcano ● Pad D, B and F (CSX-X) (to be confirmed if needed): 2000m deviated wells at locations which will be based on the results of the previous three wells (A, E and C) ● 8000 m3 water storage reservoir (pond) (for the Project) ● Water wells (as needed to provide water supply requirements for drilling rig) ● Water supply pipeline (for the Project) (temporary) ● Water booster pumping stations (per Project) ● Temporary materials storage yard and temporary warehouse (for the Project) ● Temporary waste warehouse (per Project) ● Temporary 8000 m3 dump pond (per Project) ● 5000 m3 drill cuttings and muds (sludge) management area (per Project) ● Rehabilitation and expansion of existing main access track (6.2m wide) ● Upgrade / new access roads to Pad A, Pad C, Pad E, Pad B (if needed), Pad F (if needed) and access to the proposed water wells 2.1.2 Component 2 production phase The following assumptions regarding component 2 have been made: ● Six (6) production wells (assumed to be located at existing well pad sites) ● Two (2) reinjection wells ● Power plant (25-35MWe) ● Steam above ground system (SAGS) ● New 138kV transmission line and interconnection substation to an existing transmission line approximately 6km from the proposed power plant site ● Substation ● Operational compound including: – Permanent workers’ accommodation – Warehouses – Chemical station – Fire protection system – Offices ● Drill cuttings and muds management area The location of Project components as currently envisaged is presented in Figure 1 and Figure 2 below. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | CHA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 12 Volume III - Critical Habitat Assessment Figure 1: Project setting Source: Mott MacDonald / CCP 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | CHA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 13 Volume III - Critical Habitat Assessment Figure 2: Project components Source: Mott MacDonald / CCP 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | CHA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 14 Volume III - Critical Habitat Assessment 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | CHA | REV B 15 3 Approach and Methodology 3.1 Overview The identification of WB PS Critical Habitat is based on five criteria (WB PS, 2013 and IFC, 2012): ● C1: Critically endangered and/or endangered species ● C2: Endemic and/or restricted-range species ● C3: Concentrations of migratory and congregatory species ● C4: Highly-threatened and unique ecosystems ● C5: Key evolutionary processes In addition to the above five biological criteria, the IFC Guidance Note 6 (IFC, 2012) clarifies further circumstances in which an area may be recognised as Critical Habitat. The additional criteria that are relevant to this project include: ● C6: Legally Protected Areas in IUCN Categories I-II ● C7: Internationally Recognised Areas The quantitative thresholds for triggering Tier 1 and Tier 2 Critical Habitat for criterion 1 – 3 are described in Table 11. To conduct a CHA, a discrete management unit (DMU) (i.e. the geographic area which is being investigated) must be defined in accordance with criteria 1 to 3 (IFC, 2012) and this is described in section 3.2. Table 1: Quantitative thresholds for Tiers 1 and 2 of Critical Habitat for Criteria 1 through 3 (WB PS, 2013). Criteria Tier 1 Tier 2 1. Critically (a) Habitat required to sustain ≥ 10 percent of (c) Habitat that supports the regular occurrence Endangered the global population of a CR or EN of a single individual of a CR species and/or (CR)/ species/subspecies where there are known, habitat containing regionally- important Endangered regular occurrences of the species and where concentrations of a Red-listed EN species where (EN) Species that habitat could be considered a discrete that habitat could be considered a discrete management unit for that species. management unit for that species/ subspecies. (b) Habitat with known, regular occurrences of (d) Habitat of significant importance to CR or EN CR or EN species where that habitat is one of species that are wide-ranging and/or whose 10 or fewer discrete management sites population distribution is not well understood and globally for that species. where the loss of such a habitat could potentially impact the long-term survivability of the species. (e) As appropriate, habitat containing nationally/regionally important concentrations of an EN, CR or equivalent national/regional listing. 2. Endemic/ a) Habitat known to sustain ≥ 95 percent of the (b) Habitat known to sustain ≥ 1 percent but < 95 Restricted global population of an endemic or restricted- percent of the global population of an endemic or Range Species range species where that habitat could be restricted-range species where that habitat could considered a discrete management unit for be considered a discrete management unit for that species (e.g., a single-site endemic). that species, where data are available and/or based on expert judgment. Source: WB PS, 2013 1 Criterion 4 and 5 are not further categorised as Tier 1 or 2 Critical Habitat. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | CHA | REV B 16 3.2 Discrete Management Unit For Component 1 – exploratory phase of the Project, the DMU encompasses the San Cristóbal- Casita-Chonco Volcanic Complex (excluding the buffer zone), which is an Important Bird and Biodiversity Area (IBA) and a Key Biodiversity Area (KBA), refer to Figure 3. The boundaries of the IBA and KBA are coterminous with each other. An IBA is an area identified using an internationally agreed set of criteria as being globally important for the conservation of bird populations. Key Biodiversity Areas (KBA) are sites that contribute to the global persistence of biodiversity, including vital habitat for threatened plant and animal species in terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems. Since birds have been shown to be effective indicators of wider biodiversity, many IBAs are also KBAs for other animal and plant species. The DMU defined for this CHA includes an area within the management boundary of an internationally recognised area, within which the biological communities and/or management issues have more in common with each other than they do with those in adjacent areas. Overall the DMU is approximately 22,561ha and comprises a mosaic of habitats. There are three types of natural ecosystems: dry deciduous tropical forest, pine forest and savannah. Coffee plantations are also present. The Chonco area (north west of Casita within the Maribios mountain range) has private owners and is better conserved than San Cristobal or Casita. The vegetation in the DMU has been affected by human interventions including forest exploitation or gradual removal of trees, land conversion to agriculture, habitat loss and degradation for development, landslides and erosion. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | CHA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 17 Volume III - Critical Habitat Assessment Figure 3: Location of the San Cristóbal-Casita Chonco Volcanic Complex IBA/KBA (Discrete Management Unit) Source: Mott MacDonald 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | CHA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 18 Volume III - Critical Habitat Assessment 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | CHA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 19 Volume III - Critical Habitat Assessment 3.3 Sources of data and information To determine whether the project is located in critical habitat, a literature review and preliminary consultation with stakeholders including non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and biodiversity specialists have been undertaken. The literature and online sources consulted to date include but are not limited to: ● Convention on Biological Diversity website (http://www.cbd.int/) ● UNESCO database on World Heritage Sites (http://whc.unesco.org/en/interactive-map/) ● IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (http://www.iucnredlist.org) ● Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (IBAT, 2017) ● Nicaragua's Red List of species at high risk (MARENA, 2013) ● Species protected by Nicaraguan law (http://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/normaweb.nsf/3133c0d121ea3897062568a1005e0f89/35 8637347874589c06257b520059d54d?OpenDocument ) ● BirdLife International Data Zone (http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/home). ● Protected Planet (https://www.protectedplanet.net/country/NI) ● The Reptile Database (http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/) ● The Amphibia Web http://amphibiaweb.org/ ● Flora of Nicaragua (http://www.tropicos.org/Project/FN) ● Catalogue of Life (http://www.catalogueoflife.org/) It is understood that an updated red list of the animals in Nicaragua will be published in August 2017. There is no existing red list for plants in Nicaragua. Previous reports undertaken as part of the Project in 2009 and 2013 have been reviewed in addition to information on the nature conservation areas and other protected areas (existing or proposed) up to 10km of the Project. In addition, consultation with local NGOs was undertaken during week commencing 26 June 2017. A full list of the literature included within this review and a summary of NGO consultation are detailed within the biodiversity sections of the Project ESIA. To support the findings of the desk study review and inform the 2017 assessment in-field biodiversity surveys were undertaken between 28 June and 7 July 2017. The survey area comprised all project components (including transmission line) within the Project footprint and 500m buffer zone. A summary of the biodiversity surveys is provided in the Chapter 7 Biodiversity sections of the Casita - San Cristobal ESIA (Volume II Mott MacDonald, 2017a). 3.4 Critical habitat assessment approach This CHA has been undertaken in two stages. The purpose of Stage 1 of the CHA is to use the results from the literature review, consultation with stakeholders and biodiversity specialists and field surveys to determine whether the Project is located within critical habitat. If the project is confirmed to be located within critical habitat, Stage 2 will then assess whether or how the project affects the critical habitat. Stage 1 and Stage 2 correspond to Sections 3 and 4 below. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | CHA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 20 Volume III - Critical Habitat Assessment 4 Determination of Critical Habitat 4.1 Introduction The following potential critical habitat features are known or likely to be present in the DMU: ● C1: Critically endangered and endangered species ● C2: Endemic and/or restricted-range species ● C7: Internationally Recognised Areas No endemic species were recorded during the biodiversity surveys in 2017 and no endemic species are known in the DMU based on the information available. However, the IBA/KBA criteria includes two restricted-range bird species. Following a literature review of the habitats and species it was considered that there is no evidence to show that the area supports significant concentrations of migratory or congregatory species (C3). The Project is also not located within a highly threatened and unique ecosystem or qualify as key evolutionary processes. Therefore C4 and C5 are not considered further within the CHA. Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita has 17,950ha within the IBA/ KBA. The Reserve is IUCN Category IV: Habitat/Species Management Area and is not considered a C6 critical habitat. Table 2 Biodiversity features which meet the threshold for critical habitat in the DMU Common Species C1 C2 C7 Conservation IUCN National name name Importance Status Red List (MARENA, 2012) Mammals Margay Leopardus x Very high NT EN wiedii Geoffroy’s Ateles x Very high EN EN spider geoffroyi monkey Plants Lonchocarpus x Very high EN - phlebophyllus Platymiscium x Very high EN - pleiostachyum Birds White-bellied Ortalis x LC - chachalaca leucogastra Blue-tailed Amazilia x LC - hummingbird cyanura Protected Areas San Cristóbal-Casita-Chonco x Very high n/a n/a Volcanic Complex IBA/KBA Source: Mott MacDonald. C1: Critically endangered and/or endangered species; C2: Endemic and/or restricted-range species; C7: Internationally Recognised Areas * Red List Status: CR: Critically Endangered; EN: Endangered; VU: Vulnerable; NT: Near Threatened; LC: Least Concern; DD: Data Deficient; NE: Not Evaluated 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | CHA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 21 Volume III - Critical Habitat Assessment 4.2 Critically endangered and/or endangered species 4.2.1 Margay Margay is listed as Near Threatened in the IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2017) and listed as Endangered in the Nicaragua’s Red List (MARENA, 2013). The margay is native to Nicaragua and ranges from tropical lowlands of Mexico south through Central America and the Amazon basin to southern Brazil and Paraguay. It occurs in low population densities throughout most of its range (De Oliveira, 2015). No survey data for this species is available under the designation of the IBA/KBA. Based on IUCN distribution map for this species its range overlaps with the DMU although the DMU only comprises a small proportion of the total area of the principal locations in which they are found. Direct evidence of margay was recorded during camera trap surveys undertaken in July 2017. Surveys confirmed the presence of at least one margay within shade coffee plantation, in an area without forest surrounded by crop fields (FUNDAR, 2017). Evidence of Margay was previously recorded during the biodiversity surveys undertaken in 2009/2013, although the location of the study area and location of confirmed presence is unknown. This species is tolerant of a wide variety of habitats, occurring in forest habitats, from continuous forest to small forest fragments in savannah ecosystems. Margay will also use highly disturbed forest, abandoned plantations and other agro-forestry systems that provide sufficient tree cover (De Oliveira, 2015). All habitats within DMU are therefore considered suitable to support Margay. However, the suitability of the different habitats will vary depending on type, condition and proximity to sources of disturbance from human activity. Based on current data it is unknown what percentage of the Margay population is found within the DMU. Given evidence that this species was recorded during the 2009/2013 and 2017 biodiversity surveys it is considered likely that this species occurs regularly within the DMU. However, given their wide-ranging nature and low population densities it is not possible to determine the frequency that they occur without further extensive surveys. Nevertheless, it is considered likely that the habitats within the DMU support regionally important concentrations of this species. The habitat within the DMU is of significant importance to an Endangered species that is wide-ranging and/or whose population distribution is not well understood and where the loss of such a habitat could potentially impact the long-term survivability of the species. Suitable habitat for this species is present within the project area, in particular the dry deciduous dense forest and agro-forestry and plantation. Other habitats present are considered less suitable due their lack of density. However, these habitats may provide connective corridors to more optimal areas. Based on the available population data for Margay, the DMU is considered likely to be a C1 Tier 2 critical habitat for this species. 4.2.2 Geoffroy’s spider monkey Geoffroy’s spider monkey is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List and occurs in primary lowland rain forest, evergreen and semideciduous and will enter deciduous forest. This species occupies western Nicaragua across the lowlands of Lake Managua and Lake Nicaragua on the Pacific coast and highlands of northern Nicaragua (Cuarón et al., 2008). The last record of the 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | CHA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 22 Volume III - Critical Habitat Assessment species within the DMU was from 2008 (IBAT, 2017). No evidence of this species was found during biodiversity surveys competed in 2009, 2013 or 2017. The major threat to this species is habitat loss but they are also subject to exploitation in pet trafficking and hunted (Cuarón et al., 2008). This species is also listed as Endangered in the National Red List (MARENA, 2013), protected under Appendix II of CITES and fully protected under NSV in Nicaragua (MARENA, 2017). It is considered that the DMU is likely to be a C1 Tier 2 critical habitat for this species. 4.2.3 Lonchocarpus phlebophyllus The Lonchocarpus phlebophyllus is a tree listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. The species is associated with rocky dry hillsides in lowland regions (Nelson, 1998). Suitable habitats for this species are present within the DMU and project area. This species was recorded during the 2009/2013 biodiversity surveys, exact location of the survey results and survey area are unknown. Taking a precautionary approach to the available data for Lonchocarpus phlebophyllus, the DMU is considered likely to be a C1 Tier 2 critical habitat for this species. 4.2.4 Platymiscium pleiostachyum The species occurs in remnant dry forests and woodlands on flat ground, including disturbed or secondary forest, all habitats recorded within the DMU. It is a scarce species heavily exploited for its timber and is listed under Appendix II of CITES. Individuals often show signs of genetic degradation and regeneration is largely absent (Americas Regional Workshop, 1998). Suitable habitats for this species are present within the DMU and Project area. No specimens of this species were found during the 2017 biodiversity surveys but was recorded as part of the 2013 surveys, the exact location of the survey results and survey area are unknown. Taking a precautionary approach to the available data for Platymiscium pleiostachyum, the DMU is considered likely to be a C1 Tier 2 critical habitat for this species. 4.3 Endemic and/or restricted-range species The qualifying features for the San Cristóbal-Casita-Chonco Volcanic Complex IBA/KBA include the white-bellied chachalaca and the blue-tailed hummingbird, listed as restricted-range species (IBA criterion A2) (BirdLife International, 2017). These species are known to be resident within Nicaragua and whilst are listed under IBA criteria A2 have a very large range. The distribution of the white-bellied chachalaca ranges from Nicaragua, which forms the southernmost extent of their distribution, extending into south Mexico. The blue-tailed hummingbird is native to Costa Rica; El Salvador; Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico; Nicaragua (IUCN, 2017). Existing data for the habitat preferences of these species is limited but both species are associated with a range of habitats including plantations, heavily degraded and former forest and tropical dry forest. These habitats are known to occur within the DMU. These species were not recorded during any of the biodiversity surveys but their presence can be assumed based on the criteria for the IBA/KBA. Taking a precautionary approach to the available data for these species, the DMU is considered likely to be a C2 Tier 2 critical habitat for these species. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | CHA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 23 Volume III - Critical Habitat Assessment 4.4 Legally protected and internationally recognised areas San Cristóbal-Casita-Chonco Volcanic Complex qualifies as an internationally recognised area on the basis it was identified as a IBA/KBA. The San Cristóbal-Casita-Chonco Volcanic Complex has been taken as the boundary of the DMU and is considered as a C7 critical habitat. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | CHA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 24 Volume III - Critical Habitat Assessment 5 Critical Habitat Impacts and Project Requirements 5.1 Overview The location of a project within critical habitat does not mean that the project should not proceed. WB PS (2013) focusses on appropriate mitigation and offset actions to ensure net gain to critical habitat in the country or region as a result of the presence of the Project. Through wise application of the mitigation hierarchy, measurable adverse residual impacts on the critical habitat features are unlikely on this project. The Project’s impacts onto the features that may trigger critical habitat (see Section 5.2 below), and requirements with regard to critical habitat are discussed in the following sections; see paragraphs GN98 to GN112 in IFC Guidance Note 6 (IFC, 2012). To inform this assessment, the habitat areas to be affected by the Project have been calculated and the results are presented in Table 3 below. A habitat classification for the DMU and the areas under the footprint of the Project has been prepared using land-use mapping from MARENA (2015), satellite imagery and ground truthing from 2017 (see Volume II – ESIA). The total area to be affected by the Project within the DMU is approximately 10.43ha. This is the equivalent to 0.06% of the entire land coverage within the DMU. Table 3: Habitat areas to be affected by the Project in the DMU Habitat loss (ha) Total area of Proportion of habitat habitat loss in in DMU (ha) the DMU (%) Secondary Dry deciduous forest (dense 4.13 9531.5 0.04 and open) Open forest succession 1.10 3904.4 0.03 Rocky outcrops and landslides with 0.38 842.2 0.05 pioneer vegetation Savannah 0.02 1165.3 0.08 Water 0.00 1.6 Agro-forestry and plantation 4.32 256.4 1.68 Human Settlements 0.00 8.2 Arable 0.47 1919.90 0.01 Total 10.43 17630 0.06 Source: Mott MacDonald, 2017 5.2 Critical habitat triggers Sections below discuss the impacts on critical habitat trigger species which occur or may potentially occur within the Project Area. This includes Endangered species at a global and/or national level (C1), endemic species and/or restricted range species (C2), and internationally recognised areas (C7). 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | CHA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 25 Volume III - Critical Habitat Assessment 5.3 Critically endangered and/or endangered species 5.3.1 Lonchocarpus phlebophyllus The Lonchocarpus phlebophyllus is a tree of rocky dry hillsides in lowland regions (Nelson, 1998) and has been recorded within habitats recorded within the DMU, location unknown. This species has not been recorded within the desk study information for the IBA/KBA and no individuals were found during the 2017 biodiversity surveys within the project area or 500m buffer. This species was recorded during the 2009/2013 biodiversity surveys. However, the exact location of the survey results and the boundaries of the survey area within which they were located are unknown. It is considered that there will be no measurable adverse effects on the Lonchocarpus phlebophyllus as a result of the Project. 5.3.2 Platymiscium pleiostachyum The Platymiscium pleiostachyum is a tree of rocky dry hillsides in lowland regions (Americas Regional Workshop, 1998) and has been recorded within habitats associated with the DMU, occurring in remnant dry forests and woodlands on flat ground, including disturbed or secondary forest. This species has not been recorded within the desk study information for the IBA/KBA and no individuals were found during the 2017 biodiversity surveys. This species was recorded as part of the 2013 surveys. However, the exact location of where species were found and the boundaries of the survey area within which they were located are unknown. It is considered that there will be no measurable adverse effects on the Platymiscium pleiostachyum as a result of the Project. 5.3.3 Geoffroy’s spider monkey Geoffroy’s spider monkey occurs in primary lowland rain forest, evergreen and semideciduous and will enter deciduous forest (Cuarón et al, 2008). Deciduous forest is present within the DMU. However, this species was not confirmed during the 2009, 2013 or 2017 surveys and the last record of the species within the DMU was from 2008 (IBAT, 2017). Habitat loss is the major threat to this species and based on the current data it is considered unlikely that there will be any loss of habitats associated with this species within the Project. It is considered that there will be no measurable adverse effects on the Geoffroy’s spider monkey as a result of the Project. However, mitigation measures (e.g. minimising habitat loss and degradation, habitat compensation) and strict control on third party access (to minimise risks from exploitation in pet trafficking and hunting) will be implemented as described in Casita ESIA Volume II Chapter 9. 5.3.4 Margay Margay is likely to occur within habitats within the DMU particularly forest habitats and plantations that provide sufficient tree cover. These include areas of secondary dry deciduous dense forest and shade coffee plantation which will be affected by the Project. However, the proportion of habitat loss will be very small as overall, approximately 0.06% of habitat available to the species within the DMU will be affected by the Project. Although the species shows a large extent of occurrence, its area of occupancy is much smaller. In most areas Margay is typically rare to uncommon, reaching densities around 0.01– 0.05/km². This species is predominantly uncommon to rare throughout its range. In general, 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | CHA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 26 Volume III - Critical Habitat Assessment Margays occur at densities of 1-5 ind./100 km², but have been estimated as high as 15-25 ind./100 km² in a very few and highly localized areas. Habitat loss and fragmentation is considered to impact populations, with predictions that protected areas outside of the Amazon are not expected to retain viable populations over the next few years (and likely do not at present). It is predicted that this species will likely qualify for Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List in the near future and should be periodically reviewed (IUCN, 2017). The area likely to be affected by the Project comprises a mixture of habitat types which are likely not to be of equal value to Margay or, more importantly, to their preys. It is likely that the secondary tropical dry forest represents their core habitat as these are ecologically more diverse. These habitats are also further from the forest edge and the associated disturbance from human activities including hunting. It is considered that there will be no measurable adverse effects on the viability of the population of Margay as a result of the Project as only a very small proportion of their habitat will be affected. The remaining habitats are unlikely to become fragmented thus avoiding isolation of populations. However, on site protection measures against disturbance from noise, artificial light, dust, vibration, as well as short and long-term monitoring and evaluation will be implemented as described in Casita ESIA Volume II Chapter 9 (Mott MacDonald, 2017a). Biodiversity offsets will be undertaken to achieve net gain of dry tropical deciduous forest, which is the main habitat of Margay. 5.4 Endemic and/or range restricted species Both the white bellied chachalaca and blue tailed hummingbird are associated with a range of habitats including those recorded within the DMU. These include plantations, heavily degraded former forest and tropical dry forest. No sightings of these species were reported during the biodiversity surveys. It is considered that there will be no measurable adverse effects on the viability of the population of these species in the Casita Project Area as a result of the Project. However, on site protection measures against disturbance from noise, artificial light, dust, vibration, as well as short and long-term monitoring and evaluation will be implemented to ensure compliance with WB PS (Mott MacDonald, 2017a). Biodiversity offsets will be undertaken as part of the mitigation strategy for the loss of habitat for these species. 5.5 Legally protected and internationally recognised areas Habitats within the IBA/KBA will be removed as a result of the Project. As a requirement under WB PS consultation is required with the appropriate conservation agencies responsible for the designation of the internationally recognised areas. Consultation performed to dated is summarised in Volume III of the ESIA and future consultation in relation to the Project is detailed within Volume V Stakeholder Engagement Plan (Mott MacDonald, 2017b). Under WB PS ‘additional programs to promote and enhance the conservation aims and effective management of the area’ are required. A project specific Biodiversity Management and Action Plan (BMAP) will be prepared and will be used to further promote the conservation aims for the San Cristóbal-Casita-Chonco Volcanic Complex IBA/KBA (refer to Section 5). In addition, on site protection measures, habitat compensation, as well as short and long-term monitoring and evaluation will be implemented to ensure net gain of biodiversity and compliance with WB PS. These measures are presented in the Casita ESIA Volume II Chapter 9 (Mott MacDonald, 2017a) and will be further developed in the Biodiversity Management and Action Plan (BMAP) 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | CHA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 27 Volume III - Critical Habitat Assessment which is outlined in Casita environmental and social management and monitoring plan (ESMM), Volume IV. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | CHA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 28 Volume III - Critical Habitat Assessment 6 Conclusions This CHA has been carried out in line with WB PS6 and with reference to IFC Guidance Note 6. The San Cristóbal-Casita-Chonco Volcanic Complex IBA/KBA was established as the Discrete Management Unit. The following potential critical habitat features are known or likely to be present in the DMU: ● C1: Critically endangered and endangered species ● C2: Endemic and/or restricted-range species ● C7: Internationally Recognised Areas The San Cristóbal-Casita-Chonco Volcanic Complex qualifies as an internationally recognised area (C7) on the basis it was identified as an IBA/KBA. The total area to be affected by the Project within the DMU is approximately 10.43ha. This is the equivalent to 0.06% of the entire land coverage within the DMU. The DMU is considered to represent critical habitat for the following species: ● Margay - C1 Tier 2 critical habitat species ● Geoffroy’s spider monkey - C1 Tier 2 critical habitat species ● Tree - Lonchocarpus phlebophyllus - C1 Tier 2 critical habitat species ● Tree – Platymiscium pleiostachyum - C1 Tier 2 critical hábitat species ● White-bellied chachalaca and the blue-tailed hummingbird – C2 Tier 2 critical habitat species The Project is unlikely to have measurable (i.e. significant) adverse effects on the above species that trigger critical habitat or on the ecological processes that support these species. Additionally, the Project will not lead to a net reduction in the global/national/regional populations of the above species. Given that the Project is located in critical habitat, and irrespective of Project impacts (as required by IFC PS6), a project specific Biodiversity Management and Action Plan (BMAP) will be developed. The aim of the BMAP will be to demonstrate net gain in critical habitats, as required under Paragraph 18 of IFC PS6. It is advised that the BMAP includes both onsite mitigation during construction and long-term conservation actions during project operation. A Biodiversity Monitoring and Evaluation Program, comprising a long-term biodiversity monitoring and evaluation programme as required under Paragraph 17 of IFC PS6, will be incorporated within the BMAP. The mitigation measures summarised in Volume II Chapter 9 of the Casita ESIA (Mott MacDonald, 2017a) will be developed within the BMAP to specify objectives, targets and indicators, responsibilities, programme, reporting and monitoring requirements. The BMAP will also include a set of long-term conservation actions for the priority biodiversity features, including the critical habitat trigger species. The BMAP will be prepared at least two months before the start of site establishment on the Project. As detailed within the Casita ESIA (Volume II Chapter 9) habitat compensation will be required to ensure overall net gain of critical habitats. These compensation measures will be developed as part of the BMAP. The Casita ESIA (Volume II) and supporting environmental and social management and monitoring plan (ESMMP) (Volume IV) present the habitat compensation measures to ensure 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | CHA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 29 Volume III - Critical Habitat Assessment net gain of biodiversity (Mott MacDonald, 2017a). These measures will be developed into a full offset plan as part of the BMAP. Additional surveys will be required for Margay to capture seasonality variation in the populations of the species. The additional surveys will cover a wider area (the DMU) compared to the existing 2017 surveys. The additional survey data will be incorporated in the BMAP and more specific mitigation actions defined if necessary. In all cases, on site protection measures against disturbance from noise, artificial light, dust, vibration, as well as short and long-term monitoring and evaluation will also be implemented through the Project ESMMP (Volume IV) to enable compliance with IFC PS6. Ongoing consultation in relation to biodiversity findings and outcomes of the BMAP will be managed through the Project SEP (Volume V). 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | CHA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 30 Volume III - Critical Habitat Assessment 7 References AMERICAS REGIONAL WORKSHOP (1998). (Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees, Costa Rica, November 1996). 1998. Platymiscium pleiostachyum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1998: e.T32512A9711562. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32512A9711562.en.http://dx.doi.org/10.230 5/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32512A9711562.en. Last accessed on 02 July 2017. BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2017). Important Bird Areas factsheet: San Cristóbal-Casita- Chonco Volcanic Complex. Available: http://www.birdlife.org.http://www.birdlife.org. Last accessed on 22 June 2017 CUARÓN, A.D., MORALES, A., SHEDDEN, A., RODRIGUEZ-LUNA, E., DE GRAMMONT, P.C. & CORTÉS-ORTIZ, L. (2008). Ateles geoffroyi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T2279A9387270. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T2279A9387270.en.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/ IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T2279A9387270.en. Last accessed on 4 July 2017. DE OLIVEIRA, T., PAVIOLO, A., SCHIPPER, J., BIANCHI, R., PAYAN, E. & CARVAJAL, S.V. (2015). Leopardus wiedii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T11511A50654216. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015- 4.RLTS.T11511A50654216.en. Last accessed on 27 June 2017. FUNDAR (2017). Biodiversity Assessment in the Northern Middle Section of Casita Volcano in the Natural Reserve Complex Volcano System San Cristóbal- Casita- Chonco (Chinandega, Nicaragua) IFC (2012). Guidance Note 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources. International Finance Corporation, World Bank Group. IUCN (2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened species, version 2017.1. Accessed on line 29 July 2017 at http://www.iucnredlist.org MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES (MARENA) (2013) Lista Roja de Especies en Alto Riesgo, ARDISA. Jóvenes Ambientalistas - Colonia el Periodista. Mott MacDonald (2017a). Casita – San Cristobal Vol II Environmental and Social Impact. Mott MacDonald, TX Mott MacDonald (2017b). Casita – San Cristobal Vol III Stakeholder Engagement Plan. Mott MacDonald, Brighton NELSON, C. (1998). Lonchocarpus phlebophyllus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1998: e.T30684A9566312. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T30684A9566312.en. Last accessed on 13 July 2017. WB (2013) Operational Manual OP 4.03 – Performance Standards for Private Sector Activities. The World Bank 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | CHA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 31 Volume III - Critical Habitat Assessment mottmac.com 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project | CHA | REV B SECOND VERSION Biodiversity Assessment in the Northern Middle Section of Casita Volcano in the Natural Reserve Complex Volcano System San Cristóbal- Casita- Chonco (Chinandega, Nicaragua). By: FUNDAR Managua, Nicaragua July the 27st, 2017 0 Content 1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 4 1.1.1 General objective ........................................................................................................ 4 1.1.2 Specific objective ......................................................................................................... 4 2. METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Flora and Vegetation ........................................................................................................... 6 2.1.1 Study Area and Survey Locations ................................................................................ 6 2.1.2 Survey Methods .......................................................................................................... 6 2.1.3 Desktop Review ........................................................................................................... 7 2.1.4 Laboratory and Data Analysis...................................................................................... 7 2.1.5 Interviews with Local People....................................................................................... 8 2.2 Insects.................................................................................................................................. 8 2.2.1 Study Area and Survey Locations ................................................................................ 8 2.2.2 Survey Methods ........................................................................................................ 17 2.2.3 Desktop Review ......................................................................................................... 18 2.2.4 Laboratory and Data Analyses................................................................................... 18 2.3 Birds................................................................................................................................... 19 2.3.1 Study sites ................................................................................................................. 19 2.3.2 Field surveys .............................................................................................................. 24 2.3.3 Interviews to local people ......................................................................................... 25 2.4 Amphibians and reptiles.................................................................................................... 25 2.4.1 Research area ............................................................................................................ 25 2.4.2 Sampling methods ..................................................................................................... 26 2.4.3 Methods to identify amphibians and reptiles ........................................................... 27 2.5 Mammals........................................................................................................................... 27 2.5.1 Mammal survey ......................................................................................................... 27 3. RESULTS..................................................................................................................................... 31 3.1 Vegetation ......................................................................................................................... 31 3.1.1 Results of Field Surveys ............................................................................................. 31 3.1.2 Total number of plant species and vegetal formations ............................................ 32 3.1.3 Flora with High Value for Conservation .................................................................... 33 3.1.4 Exotic and Invasive Species ....................................................................................... 34 1 3.1.5 Results of Interviews with Local People .................................................................... 34 3.2 Insects................................................................................................................................ 34 3.2.1 Results of Field Surveys ............................................................................................. 34 3.2.2 Abundant species ...................................................................................................... 35 3.2.3 Rare species............................................................................................................... 43 3.2.5 Species of special interest ......................................................................................... 46 3.2.4 Species associated with Tropical Dry Forest and with relatively narrow distribution in Nicaragua............................................................................................................................... 48 3.2.6 Protected species. ..................................................................................................... 50 3.2.7 Migratory species ...................................................................................................... 50 3.2.8 Invasive species ......................................................................................................... 51 3.3. Birds................................................................................................................................... 51 3.3.1 Results of the field survey ......................................................................................... 51 3.3.2 Results of interviews with local people......................................................................... 55 3.4 Amphibians and Reptiles ................................................................................................... 56 3.4.1 Herpethofauna reported during this study ................................................................... 56 3.4.2 Herpetofauna of interest for conservation ................................................................... 60 3.4.3 Bioindicator herpetofauna ............................................................................................ 61 3.5 Mammals........................................................................................................................... 62 3.5.3 Results of interview to local people .............................................................................. 69 3.5.4 Mammal species with special interest for conservation............................................... 70 4 DISCUSSION .............................................................................................................................. 71 4.1 Flora and Vegetation ......................................................................................................... 71 4.2 Insects................................................................................................................................ 72 4.2.1 Abundant species .......................................................................................................... 72 4.2.2. Rare species............................................................................................................... 73 4.2.3 Species of special interest ......................................................................................... 74 4.3 Birds................................................................................................................................... 75 4.4 Amphibian and Reptile ...................................................................................................... 76 4.5 Mammals........................................................................................................................... 77 5 RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................... 79 5.1 Flora and Vegetation ......................................................................................................... 79 5.2. Mitigation ............................................................................................................................... 79 2 5.3 Further Surveys and Monitoring ............................................................................................. 80 5.2 Insects................................................................................................................................ 80 5.2.1 Mitigation .................................................................................................................. 80 5.2.2 Further Surveys and Monitoring ............................................................................... 81 5.3 Birds................................................................................................................................... 81 5.3.1 Migratory birds .......................................................................................................... 81 5.3.2 Others interviews and field monitoring .................................................................... 82 5.4 Amphibian and Reptile ...................................................................................................... 82 5.5 Mammals........................................................................................................................... 83 6. LITERATURE CITED ........................................................................................................................ 85 7. APPENDICES .................................................................................................................................. 89 7.1 Flora and Vegetation ......................................................................................................... 89 7.1.1 Appendix 1: Maps...................................................................................................... 89 7.1.2 Appendix 2: Species Tables and Lists ........................................................................ 89 7.1.3 Site Photographs ..................................................................................................... 135 7.2 Insects.............................................................................................................................. 139 7.2.1 All data are set in an EXCEL table in a separated file. ............................................. 139 7.3 Birds................................................................................................................................. 139 7.3.1 Maps ........................................................................................................................ 139 7.3.2 Tables and list of species ......................................................................................... 139 7.3.3 Birds observed in the study area............................................................................. 143 7.4 Amphibian and reptile..................................................................................................... 144 7.4.1 Photographs of species recorded during this study ................................................ 145 7.5. Mammals .............................................................................................................................. 148 7.5.1 Mammal species identified within the reserarch area ........................................... 149 7.5.2 Bat species identified with Anabat II ....................................................................... 152 7.5.3 Mammal recorded with traping cameras................................................................ 154 7.5.4 Tables of mammal identified................................................................................... 156 3 1. INTRODUCTION This report presents results of a Biodiversity study carried out in the area of Casita Geothermal Project from 28th June to 7th July of 2017. This field evaluations are necessary to inform on the Environmental and Social Impact of this Project. The general area of the study is known as the Natural Reserve Complex Volcano System San Cristóbal – Casita - Chonco, located in the Northeastern of Nicaragua. This Natural Reserve was created under the decree 1320 in 183 and it has an area of 179.64 km2, the main objective of this conservation area is to protect the pine forest, tropical dry forest and the local fauna (MARENA, 2008). The specific area of the biodiversity study is located within the area known as Casita Volcano. The Tropical Dry forest of Casita Volcano is one of the few remnant areas of natural forests in the Pacific Zone of Nicaragua, consequently represents a biodiversity hotspot for Nicaragua. This protected dry forest is the natural habitat for birds and terrestrial mammals protected by Nicaragua, principally these cornerstone species with synergetic value and currently under anthropogenic pressures by local agriculture, forest fires and poaching. The biogeographical value of this natural reserve for flora and fauna is the fact that it comprises the remaining natural distribution of tropical dry forest in the Pacific Zone of Nicaragua and is the habitat for local and latitudinal migratory birds from North America to South America. 1.1 Objectives 1.1.1 General objective  To evaluate the conservation status of the biodiversity within the Area of Influence of the Casita Geothermal Project and the Natural Reserve Complex Volcano System San Cristóbal- Casita- Chonco, taking into account keystone fauna and flora species as bioindicatos of ecosystem conservation status and appropriate management of protected areas. 1.1.2 Specific objective  To determine species richness and relative abundance of flora and fauna within the Area of Influence of the Casita Geothermal Project and the Natural Reserve Complex Volcano System San Cristóbal- Casita- Chonco. 4  To identify flora and fauna threatened or in danger of local extinction and these that are under conservation by Nicaragua and international conventions.  To identify conservation properties within the most relevant elements of the biodiversity present within the Area of Influence of the Casita Geothermal Project and the Natural Reserve Complex Volcano System San Cristóbal- Casita- Chonco. 5 2. METHODOLOGY 2.1 Flora and Vegetation 2.1.1 Study Area and Survey Locations The present biodiversity assessment was conducted at Casita Volcano which limits to the North with the Community Santa Cruz, Las Grietas Site and Olomega Site, to the West with La Pelona Hill, to the South with Argelia Farm and Bella Vista site and the Volcano Casita fumes known as La Pelona Site, to the West with Uval Mountain and Casita Volcano Flank which are closer to San Cristóbal Volcano. The platforms for geothermic exploration that are to be build are located in the Northern site which presents herbaceous vegetation at La Hoyada site and the Northwest side of Argelia Farm. 2.1.2 Survey Methods We conducted our research sites more or less close to where some infrastructure of the Project was planned to be set up, after that we conducted our field survey. We used the methodology modified of Gentry (1990), which correspond to temporary sampling plots. We set up a total of 14 plots of 33 x 33 m (1,089 m2) in sites with arborous vegetation and 3 plots of 4 x 4 m (16 m2) in sites with non-arborous vegetation. From June the 28 to July the 6 of 2017, 17 plots (Table V1), were surveyed, almost 2 plots each day with the exception of July the 1st, as the field work was set on hold because of heavy rainy conditions. On July the 7th, we conducted taxonomical identification and organization of the field data set as there was delay on these two specific areas. We listed all species identified in each plot, most of the species were identified in the field and samples were taken to the field lab for further identification whenever necessary. Upon completing the species checklist draft, we implemented the categories of frequency DAFOR in which the species was found in the field: D = dominant, A = Abundant, F = Frequent, O = Occasional, R = Rare. The results of the field assessment are in a set of several Tables in the Vegetation Appendix Section. Plot establishment Plot X Y Meters at sea level (m.a.s.l) Plot 1 Herbaceous vegetation 505663 1403148 956 dominated by gramineous plants 6 Plot X Y Meters at sea level (m.a.s.l) Plot 2 Herbaceous vegetation 505634 1403205 966 dominated by gramineous plants Plot 2 Herbaceous vegetation 505863 1403184 895 dominated by gramineous plants Plot 4 Highlands deciduous forest 505728 1403309 915 Plot 5 Highlands deciduous forest 505680 1403700 897 Plot 6 Highlands deciduous forest 505916 1403799 853 Plot 7 Dense deciduous forest located 506806 1402934 693 in the middle section. Plot 8 Open canopy deciduous forest 506844 1401792 620 of the middle section Plot 9 Open canopy deciduous forest 507072 1402459 604 of the middle section Plot10 Shade Borbone Coffee 508123 1402367 572 plantation Plot 11 Abandoned Borbone Coffee 507719 1403059 604 plantation Plot 12 Shaded Caturra Coffee 508174 1401127 581 plantation Plot 13 Abandoned Borbone Coffee 507779 1401249 581 plantation Plot 14 Dense deciduous forest 507399 1402991 594 located in the middle section Plot 15 Dense deciduous forest 507449 1403485 594 located in the middle opened section. Plot 16 Grassland with scattered 507735 1405697 327 shrubs and bushes Plot 17 Dense deciduous forest 506840 1402986 705 located in the middle section Table V1. Coordinates of 17 vegetation sampling plots on the middle slope of the Northern side of Casita Volcano, Chinandega, 2017. 2.1.3 Desktop Review A review of the national/local literature, online databases and other sources of information (reports etc.) was carried out in order to interpret the field survey results. 2.1.4 Laboratory and Data Analysis In each plot we generated species checklist, most species were identified in the field and few samples were taken to the field lab for identification with the Online Nicaraguan Flora at the level of Family, Genus and Species. We were able to identify to the level of species a 7 total of 94% of the samples. There is a sample that we were not able to identify at any level and 7 samples that were tentatively identified to the family level and other at the Genus level. 2.1.5 Interviews with Local People We interviewed 9 local people (males) on the use and function of species of flora: two people from La Grecia Community, which also helped us as field guides; four field workers form Argelia Farm; and three subsistence agriculture people producing in a plot owned by the State of Nicaragua at 240 m.a.s.l. 2.2 Insects 2.2.1 Study Area and Survey Locations This survey comprises 8 transects, 2 observation transects and 6 transects where we set up traps. These transects are shown on the maps in Figures 1 to 11 below. Transect 1 (29-V). This transect, made of 20 points of observation has the objective of covering the main access trail and the platforms A, E and D. 8 Figure I1. Map of transect 1. Transect 2 (30-V). This transect, made of 20 trapping sites has the objective of evaluating the entomological biodiversity of platforms C, F and B. 9 Figure I2. Map of transect 2. Transect 3 (1-VI). This transect, made of 20 trapping sites has the objective of evaluating the entomological biodiversity of platforms C and F, nearest of the platform sites. 10 Figure I3. Map of transect 3. Traps were set up around platforms C and F. Transect 4 (2-VI). This transect, is made of 20 trapping sites and 4 observation points has the objective of evaluating the biodiversity at platforms A and D. 11 Figure I4. Map of transect 4, 20 trap sites around platform A. Figure I5. Map of transect 4, 4 observations points around platform D. 12 Transect 5 (3-VI). This transect is made up of 20 trapping sites and it has the objective of evaluating entomological biodiversity in ecosystems located nearby the area of platform E. Figure I6. Map of transect 5. Transect 6 (4-VI). These transect, made of 20 trapping sites and 1 observation point has the objective of covering platform D. 13 Figure I7. Map of transect 6. Transect 7 (5-VI). This transect, made of 20 trapping sites has the objective evaluating the entomological biodiversity of the higher working area (9 traps) and the area between main trail and electricity transmission line (11 traps). 14 Figure I8. Map of transect 7, higher working area site. Figure I9. Map of transect 7, lower part, from main trail to electricity transmission line. 15 Transect 8 (6-VI). This transect comprised 17 observation points which has the objective of evaluating the entomological biodiversity nearby platform E. Figure I10. Map of transect 8. In total 162 points have been worked out, 42 observations points and 120 trap points, covering most of the area. 16 Figure I11. Global map of the sampling points. 2.2.2 Survey Methods The survey methodology works on two routine systems. One routine is direct observation for butterflies. On the trail, stations are defined, and from each observation point all butterflies are taxonomically identified as these fly and their identity, abundance and coordinates are recorded into the database. Whenever necessary butterflies are collected with hand net to get accurate identifications. The other routine is based on trapping butterflies. Two kinds of traps were set up as illustrated in Figure I12. Butterfly traps (Van Sommeren kind) include a fruit bite to collect butterflies that feed on fruit juice. Each trap consists of a mosquito net cage, baited with a mix of pineapple and banana fermented fruits. For each trap we noted their coordinates and vegetation type. That information, together with the collected butterflies was recorded into the EXCEL table (database). The other trap system comprise of a pit-fall trap set up in each station, baited with rotten meat. Each trap consists of a small jar set into the ground, with the finish level with the ground, so insect could pit-fall into it. A stone is lay on the trap to avoid depredation by small carnivores. Four of our traps were destroyed, 3 by a dog and one by a raccoon. 17 a) Butterfly trap. b) Pit-fall trap. Figure I12. Photography showing a butterfly trap and a pit-fall trap in the Tropical Dry Forest of Casita Volcano. 2.2.3 Desktop Review The only report of a previous survey of insects in Volcano Casita is a checklist of butterflies conducted on the north part of Casita Volcano (Maes, 1999). A previous impact assessment report is taken as a reference (Cisneros, 2013), and some more collecting was carried out here. 2.2.4 Laboratory and Data Analyses All collected specimens were sent to the Museo Entomologico in Leon (Nicaragua), where these were properly mounted and identified. Representative specimens were later photographed, directly or with the microscope for some small Scarabs. 18 2.2.5 Interviews with Local People For the specific case of insects, interviews with local people were not carried out, knowing that the main species of interest is honey bee and it is reared to some low extent by local farmers, but it is not seemed to be present in the Casita Volcano study area. Illegal wild honey extraction by people that enter to the protected area should be regulated and controlled. Illegal honey collectors require the use of smoke and this increases the risk of forest fire in a similar way smoke is used by local people in the practice of garrobo hunting. 2.3 Birds 2.3.1 Study sites This section focuses on the ornithological study of the biodiversity assessment conducted at the Natural Reserve Complex Volcano System San Cristóbal- Casita- Chonco, Chinandega State, Nicaragua during the same period. The fieldwork was conducted around eight reference geographical points which were considered of importance for the Geochemical Project, as there is where the geothermic platform are going to be installed. Around 500 hundred meters of each point we established bird count points, transects. The criteria to establish a bird count point or transect was the type of ecosystem present and its use as habitat for birds. In general the ornithological study was conducted within 480 and 1,365 meters at sea level m.a.s.l. (See annex section for bird taxa). 19 Figure B1. Research sites for birds within the research area of the Geothermical Project in Casita Volcano. Black line represents transects. Purple diamons are observation count stations. Paper pins respresents the location of each platform. Injection well site: Located at 922 m.a.s.l., N: 505749 and W: 1403143. It is located in an area covered by natural grassland with a few scattered vascular trees (Table B1). Method / Coordinates (Count point N, W; Transect – N,W initial and N,W final) Injection well site Count point 505749 1403143 Count point 505776 1402934 Count point 505742 1403133 Count point 505663 1403306 Transect 505677 1403246 505936 1402754 Table B1. Geographical coordinates of research sites within injection well site. 20 Powerhouse site: It is located at 636 m.a.s.l., N: 507471 and W: 1403237. The site is located in a secondary growth tropical dry forest with remnants trees of mature tropical dry forest such as Cedro Real (Cedrela odorata), Guanacaste de oreja (Enterolobium cyclocarpum), among others. Toward the North there is an area covered by grasses and volcanic gravel (Table B2). Method / Coordinates (Count point N, W; Transect – N,W initial and N,W final) Powerhouse site Count point 507471 1403237 Count point 507517 1403426 Count point 507638 1403167 Count point 507450 1403042 Count point 507332 1403383 Count point 507228 1403129 Transect 507434 1403189 507269 1402616 Table B2. Geographical coordinates of research sites within Powerhouse site. Platform A: Site located at 867 m.a.s.l., N: 505800 and W: 1403750. The site is located on a sloppy area and corresponds to a secondary tropical dry forest with a close canopy suggesting good stage of conservation with predominant trees of Quebracho (Lysiloma sp.), Guacimo (Guasuma ulmifolia), among others. Method / Coordinates (Count point N, W; Transect – N,W initial and N,W final) Platform A site Count point 505800 1403143 Count point 505705 1403941 Count point 505686 1403639 Count point 505976 1403658 Count point 506143 1403516 Transect 505856 1403737 505574 1404081 Table B3. Geographical coordinates of research site, Platform A. Platform B: Site located at N: 507885 and W: 1401191, corresponds to secondary dry forest on a slightly sloppy terrain with predominance of Cedro real (Cedrela odorata), Guanacaste de oreja (Enterolobium cyclocarpum), among others. 21 Method / Coordinates (Count point N, W; Transect – N,W initial and N,W final) Platform B site Count point 507456 1403633 Count point 507558 1403791 Count point 507379 1403482 Count point 507265 1403668 Count point 507147 1404016 Transect 507371 1403578 507624 1404017 Table B4. Geographical coordinates of research site, Platform B. Platform C: Site located at coordinates N: 506754 and W: 1402927; it is a secondary tropical dry forest under conservation. There is evidence of recent focal forest fires on the bark of large trees. Species with larger dominance are Cedro real (Cedrela odorata), Quebracho (Lysiloma sp.), among others. Method / Platform Coordinates ( Count point N, W; Transect NW initial and NW final) C site Count point 506754 1402927 Count point 506799 1403079 Count point 506799 1403079 Count point 506903 1403059 Count point 506934 1402843 Transect 506763 1403229 506682 1402743 Table B5. Geographical coordinates of research site, Platform C. Platform D: Site located on the central valley named La Pelona Site, with geographic coordinates N: 507885 and W: 1401191. This is a two layered shaded coffee plantation with trees heights ranging between 10 and 20 m. Predominant tree species are Guanacaste (Enterolobium cyclocarpum), Genízaro (Albizia saman), Guácimo colorado (Lehea seemanii), among others. Shaded coffee plantations can be defined as a highly diverse ecosystems as these present a great number of microhabitats for insects, birds and mammals (Perfecto et al., 1996). Toward the northern section of La Pelona site there is a large area of monoculture corn (Zea mays), Table B6. 22 Method / Coordinates ( Count point N, W; Transect NW initial and NW final) Platform D site Count point 507885 1401191 Count point 507911 1401234 Count point 507852 1401041 Count point 507738 1401313 Count point 507458 1401271 Transect 508001 1401155 507476 1401265 Table B6. Geographical coordinates of research site Platform D. Platform E: Site located in N: 508124 and W: 1402421; corresponds to a shade coffee and cocoa plantation. These plantations are mixed with Musaceae and avocado trees (Persea americana). Among the trees present in the canopy are Laurel (Cordia alliodora), Chilamate (Ficus sp.), Guanacaste (Enterolobium cyclocarpum), among others. Shade coffee plantation is not under cultural practices, thus representing appropriate habitat for local fauna (Table B7). Method / Coordinates ( Count point N, W; Transect NW initial and NW final) Platform E site Count point 508124 1402421 Count point 507861 1402449 Count point 508086 1402225 Count point 508491 1402275 Count point 508048 1402713 Transect 507881 1402479 508408 1402549 Table B7. Geographical coordinates of research site Platform E. Platform F: This site is located at N: 506705 and W: 1401749, and it corresponds to a secondary dry forest. The terrain is flat with natural grooves system that drain rain water and soil humidity from the upper side of Casita Volcano. This site is an ecological bridge that connects the forested area with a shade coffee plantation, and it is a biological corridor for the local fauna. Method / Coordinates ( Count point N, W; Transect NW initial and NW final) Platform F site Count point 506705 1401749 23 Method / Coordinates ( Count point N, W; Transect NW initial and NW final) Platform F site Count point 506688 1401792 Count point 506815 1401656 Count point 507024 1402103 Count point 506910 1401912 Transect 506806 1401646 507030 1402123 Table B8. Geographical coordinates of research site, Platform F. 2.3.2 Field surveys In order to record the largest number of birds observed we conducted four count methods: count points with a fixed radius, count transects, identification via bird vocalizations and interviews with local people. Count points with fixed radius – In each one of the eight project reference points we located four count points separated at a distance of 200 m from each other. In total there were 32 count points. Bird counts were conducted in the morning from 6:00 am to 10:00 am and during the afternoon from 3:00 pm to 5:00 pm, following the methodology developed by Gilbert et al. (1998). In each bird count point we identified and recorded all bird species either observed or heard for a period of 10 minutes. Additionally we noted some weather characteristics such as wind, cloudiness and rain occurrence. We also took notice of the type of vegetation surrounding the count points, following standard methodology by Ralph et.al. (1996). Bird count transects – In each of the eight project reference points we also established bird count transects of 500 m, in order to identify bird species via observation and/or bird vocalization. This field evaluation was conducted from 6:00 am to 7:00 am at constant velocity according to the method recommended by Ralph et.al. (1996). Bird vocalizations – Diurnal and nocturnal bird species were identified via vocalization. Because it was raining during the field assessment we were not able to use recording equipment. However we were able to identify all bird species heard with the highest level of confidence for studies of this kind. 24 2.3.3 Interviews to local people In addition to field survey, gatekeeper and fieldworkers at Argelia Farm were interviewed on endangered bird species, migratory bird species and protected bird species. During these interviews we were able to gather information on presence, abundance, local distribution, seasonality of migration, breeding, threats (poaching, hunting, illegal trade) of the species reported by local people. All interviews included questions regarding which bird species were observed / captured, number of people engaged in bird poaching, distance to the nearest settlement from where bird poaching took place and frequency of these activities. All questions were framed in a temporal context (year and month). 2.4 Amphibians and reptiles 2.4.1 Research area The current amphibian and reptile species evaluation was conducted at the Casita Volcano, which is localized in the Pacific Slope of Central America (Figure AR1). Casita Volcano is part of the Volcanic Chain that expand from California all the way to Chile in South America. General research reference sampling points were predetermined by the contractor (Figure AR2). Figure AR1. General area of Casita Volcano in Chinandega, Nicaragua. Yellow area corresponds to Chinandega State. 25 Figure AR2. General localization of research points for amphibians and reptiles within the area of interest for the Project. 2.4.2 Sampling methods The herpetofauna sampling sites were set up within eight research points defined earlier by the constractor (see Section 2.3.1). Transepts: This method consists on field walks along a habitat considered as ideal for the presence of amphibian and reptile, the length of these transepts may vary from 0 to 100 mts or even larger and 5 mts of width, conducting an intensive search. The searching velocity depends on the topography and the scope of the study, but I can normally range from one to two hours. For reptile we oriented the sampling to these sites with full day light with trunks or shrubs that generally are used as shelter or hiding places. In the Shaded Coffee Plantation we searched the leaf-litter, vegetative material in decomposition, the base of posts used in fencing, as well along internal trail that are generally used as sites used by reptiles to take sun-bath during the morning. For amphibian the search was conducted by way of counting nocturnal calls and their presence in the vegetation (small trees) and ephemeral pond that are formed after the rain. 26 During the present assessment of the state of the amphibian and reptile taxa at the Casita Volcano we conducted intensive field search in transects with length between 100 y 500 mts during the morning 08:00 AM to 12:00 M and during the afternoon from 04:00 PM to 06:00 PM mainly to search for crepuscular reptiles. During the night from 07:00 PM to 09:00 PM we searched for amphibian and reptile, for amphibian we counted their calls and for reptile we captured these within the transept, paying special attention to nocturnal snakes. Pitfall Traps: This is one of the method most used to capture amphibian and reptiles and consists of cylindrical recipients set up at the ground level with the finish upward. The size and shape of the pitfall trap is 4 inches in diameter and 12 inches in length constructed with plastic PVC. This type of trapping is oriented to capture small lizards and small snakes. The herpetofauna sampling sites were set up within eight 500 mts circles with diameters of 100 defined by the contractor. For reptile we oriented the sampling to these sites with full day light with trunks or shrubs that generally are used as shelter or hiding places. In the Shade Coffee Plantation we searched the leaf-litter, vegetative material in decomposition, the base of posts used in fencing, as well along internal trail that are generally used as sites used by reptiles to take sun-bath during the morning. For amphibian the search was conducted by way of counting nocturnal calls and their presence in the vegetation (small trees) and ephemeral pond that are formed after the rain. 2.4.3 Methods to identify amphibians and reptiles All amphibian and reptiles were manipulated for proper taxonomical identification, we used a herpetological pin to capture larger snake whenever necessary but mainly we were able to capture these with our bare hands. All specimens were photographed and we used the Guía de Anfibios y Reptiles de Nicaragua (HerpetoNica 2015), for field identification. 2.5 Mammals 2.5.1 Mammal survey In the mammal study we implemented 6 methods: evaluation of large body sized mammal species by way tracking footprints, direct observations, trapping, bat captures with mist 27 nets, bat acoustic recording, trapping camera and interview of local people that live or work nearby the research site. We used as reference to elaborate the mammal species check list, the Official Check list of Nicaraguan Mammal Species (Medina-Fitoria y Saldaña, 2012). Figure M1. Sampling points within the project area. Figure M2. Trapp cameras locations within the project area. 28 Figure M3. Transects with Sherman traps. Evaluation of large body sized mammal species - In each research site we carried out field walks along known trails up to 1 km of distance and variable width. Field walks were conducted at any given time during the day with the objective of detecting footprints, remains, feces, burrows, sounds and odors. Here we used the Field Guide of Mammals of Mexico (Aranda 2012), for identification. Each route was evaluated only once. Bat trapping – Six mist nets (12 m x 2.5 m / 35 mm aperture), were set up in each research site. Bat were captured from 18:00 to 22:00 hours. For each individual identified we recorded their sex, reproductive status, weight (gr) and length of the forearm. For taxonomical identification we took as reference the Field Guide of Bats of Costa Rica (Timm et. al., 1999) and (Reíd, Fiona, 2009), as well as the Field Guide of Bats of Nicaragua by Medina-Fitoria (2014). Evaluation of small body sized rodents – in order to trap rodents we set up 20 Sherman traps at a distance of about 10 m from each other. Each trap was baited with a mixture of cereal, peanut and vanilla, typically used in mammal studies in the Neotropic. All traps were activated from 17:00 to 06:00 hours of the next day. For the taxonomical identification of 29 rodents we used the Field Guide by Reid (2009). Additionally we recorded, weight, length of the body, sex, reproductive status, developmental stage (i.e. adult, juvenile). Trapping cameras – In order to determine the presence of fauna with nocturnal habits and with timid behavior, we set up 20 trapping cameras with movement sensors at each one of the research point evaluated. Trapping cameras were set up in area where the activity of mammals is notorious. Trapping cameras were looped around trees and keep recording during the entire research period. Bioacoustic sampling - We conducted and analyzed ultrasonic recording emitted by bats with ANABAT 2 available for sale at www.titley-scientific.com. These devises were used in each sampling points. Interview to local people - We conducted interviews to local people that (1) have some knowledge regarding local fauna and (2) that live nearby the research area. Our main goal was to learn more about the mammal species present in the area, what species are more common, and on what type of habitat/s these were commonly found. We also asked general questions about the intensity and frequency of local hunting or poaching. 30 3. RESULTS 3.1 Vegetation Plant species reported in this work and their use for local people is listed in Appendix (Table V2). Detailed information of each plot is presented in Appendix (Table V5). 3.1.1 Results of Field Surveys Vegetation Formations (Habitats) From our field survey carried out in 17 plots, we are able to define 3 vegetation formations (habitats) characteristic of this locality: 1. In the sector known as La Hoyada there is herbaceous vegetation, predominantly, gramineous native to this type of volcanic gravel (Plots 1, 2 and 3). Species found are unique to this type of vegetation formation and are presented in detail in Appendix Table V3. 2. Deciduous dry forest that floristically present small differences in species composition between high sections (from 850 to 915 m.a.s.l.), Plots 4, 5 and 6 and middle section (from 500 to 700 m.a.s.l.), Plots 7, 8, 9, 14, 15 and 17. However, it is more effective to use satellite imagery to classify these type of forest type, and it is more feasible to classify these by degree of forest canopy cover, for instance Open Forest with less than 50% of forest cover and Close Forest with more than 50% of forest cover. From 350 m.a.s.l. and up we left the area of Argelia Farm, characterized for its highly transformed vegetation because it is currently used as extensive pasture land for cattle (Plot 16) and extensive grain crops. 31 3. Another vegetation type present in the locality are Shaded Coffee Plantations with native trees used as shade (mainly), and the bushes and grasses control treatments which provide niche for vegetation species that are not found in natural forest or natural grasslands (Appendix Table V4). 3.1.2 Total number of plant species and vegetal formations A total number of 235 plant species are reported during our field survey (Appendix, Table V2), in 192 genera and 53 families. There are 182 species of deciduous forest, both opened and closed canopy forest. At a medium altitude or in the highlands, in this category there are only 115 tree species. The following are species present at lower altitude: Trichylia glabra, Brosimum alicastrum, Pithecelobium dulcis, Cedrela odorata, Pachyra quinata and Enterolobium cyclocarpum. There are species tipical of forest located at higher altitude and are not distributed at lower altitudes, these are the orchids Goodyera major and Habenaria quinqueseta and the Fabaceae, Centrosema sagitifolium. Herbaceous vegetation (Plot 1, 2, and 3) is predominantly composed of grasses, with 32 species recorded in total. 19 species (Table V3) are unique to this vegetation formation; these are not distributed in forested areas or shade coffee plantations. Among these are the grasses Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf., which is a non-native species, invasive which is not naturalized in Nicaragua (Appendix, Table V3). In Shaded Coffee Plantations there are 115 species characteristic of nearby forests. Of the 115 species, 39 are arboreus species. However, there are 35 species among which some are are herbaceous and tree species that are not in naturalized deciduous forest species, which is a contribution of coffee management system: among which are native trees species, tree rarely used as shade in coffee plantations and species used to manage weeds in the coffee plantation (Appendix, Table V4). In all plots, among tree species most commonly present are: Castilla elastica, Luehea candida, Sapium macrocarpa, Lysiloma auritum, Cedrela odorata, Alvaradoa amorphoides, Brosimum alicastrum, Sapranthus violaceum and Annona reticulata. To a lower extent are: Maclura tinctoria, Calycophyllum candidissimum, Tabebuia ochracea ssp neochrysantha, 32 Spondia mombin, Karwinskia calderoni, Cordia alliodora, Bursera simarouba and Apeiba tibourbou. In the forest floor of these secondary forest in the nature reserve the most abundant species are Petiveria alliaceae, Rivinia humilis, Centrosema plumieri and grasses adapted to shaded understories such are: Pharus, Oliria and Chusquea. In the lower layers of the open canopy deciduous forest there is a large number of vines (Apocinaceae, Convolulaceae and Fabaceas), as well as grasses (Euforbiaceae and Malvaceae). 3.1.3 Flora with High Value for Conservation Among the species listed in the IUCN Red List as endangered species is Cedro Real ( Cedrela odorata). There is a great deal of individual of this species and most of these are tree of large stem diameter and large crown area. The species was found in 7 Plots: 7 trees, 4 juveniles and 5 seedlings. (Plot 5 n° 7 a tree, 37 a seedlings; Plot 7 n° 1 a tree, 43 a seedlings; Plot 8 n° 13 a tree; Plot 10 n° 4 a tree, 16 seedlings and 30 juvenile; Plot 11 n° 7 a tree, 48 a juvenile, Plot 12 n° 1 a tree and 18 a seedlings; Plot 14 n° 10 a tree, 22 a juvenile and 48 a seedlings; Plot 15 n° 3 a tree and 23 a juvenile). Here we report a few number of tree individuals with excellent phenotype such is Pochote, Pachira (Bombacopsis) quinata which is under partial protection during the year by the National System of Protected Species by Law - Sistema Nacional de Vedas (S.N.V., in Spanish). This species appears in 4 plots as 4 trees, 1 Juvenile and 1 seedlign which is not an effective recruitment pattern. (Plot 9 n° 6 a tree and 52 a juvenile; Plot 11 n° 17 a tree; Plot 12 n° 13 a tree; Plot 15 n° 4 a tree and 49 a seedling). Local people that work at Argelia Farm let us know the existence of 2 adult individuals of the highly valuable tree species Dalbergia retusa. An adult individual was present in abandoned Shaded Coffee Plantation, the second is a small sized tree individual with diameter < 10 cm in the forest (Plot 17). It is highly likely that this species will be very soon listed in Appendix II of CITES for Central America. 33 3.1.4 Exotic and Invasive Species Exotic and invasive species present in the locality are: Zacate Jaragua (Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf.), Zacate Gamba (Andropogon gayanus Kunth) in Plot 4 and Plot 16, also the Terrestrial African Orchids (Oeceoclades maculate (Lindl.) Lindl.) Plots: 5, 7 and 14. 3.1.5 Results of Interviews with Local People Peasants that helped us as fieldworkers mentioned that they feed on fruits and use grasses in traditional medicine treatments but they are not allowed to use trees for timber. Only dead trees are allowed to be extracted for firewood, fallen branches are harvested as firewood as well. Later on this report we will mention the great importance of dead tree for the ecology of insects (See Section 5.2.1 on Mitigation). The people that were not workers at the Argelia farm mentioned that they were not allowed to enter to this farm because there is security and that it is prohibited to take material out of this sector. However, they knew about the use of plants and provided us with information that together with our scientific knowledge are displayed in Appendix section (Table V2). There are many plant species for which we do not know their use. The use of woody trees is well known, to about the same extent plant used as food by locals and those used to feed livestock. The use of medicinal plants is less understood by local people. A Chaman may have better insights on medicinal plants but we could not interview one during the surveys. 3.2 Insects Full result set is presented in the EXCEL table. In the following section we present what we consider the most relevant results (See Appendix 7.2.1). 3.2.1 Results of Field Surveys Global results Butterflies: 2,466 specimens collected or observed belonging to 84 species. 34 Scarabs: 602 specimens collected or observed belonging to 7 species. 3.2.2 Abundant species In this table we report all species with more than 1 % of the total of butterflies. This is calculated as the total number of specimens of the species dividied by the total number of specimens collected. Species (ex = specimens; % = percentage) Pyrisitia dina westwoodii 361 ex. (14.6 %) Archaeoprepona demophon centralis 43 ex. (1.7 %) Hamadryas guatemalena 111 ex. (4.5 %) Hamadryas februa ferentina 256 ex. (10.4 %) Hamadryas glauconome 113 ex. (4.6 %) Hamadryas mexicana 37 ex. (1.5 %) Siproeta stelenes biplagiata 74 ex. (3 %) Smyrna blomfildia datis 301 (12.2 %) collected in nearly all traps. Biblis hyperia aganisa 31 ex. (1.3 %) Chlosyne melanarge 255 ex. (10.3 %) Chlosyne hippodrome 56 ex. (2.3 %) Mechanitis polymnia isthmia 116 ex. (4.7 %) Taygetis thamyra 90 ex. (3.6 %) Cissia themis 297 ex. (12 %) Dorsal and ventral view of Pyrisitia dina westwoodii. 35 Dorsal and ventral view of Archaeoprepona demophon centralis. Dorsal and ventral view of Hamadryas guatemalena. Dorsal and ventral view of Hamadryas februa ferentina. 36 Dorsal and ventral view of Hamadryas glauconome. Dorsal and ventral view of Hamadryas mexicana. Dorsal and ventral view of Siproeta stelenes biplagiata. 37 Dorsal and ventral view of Smyrna blomfildia datis. Dorsal and ventral view of Biblis hyperia aganisa. Dorsal and ventral view of Chlosyne melanarge. 38 Dorsal and ventral view of Chlosyne hippodrome. Dorsal and ventral view of Mechanitis polymnia isthmia. Dorsal and ventral view of Taygetis thamyra . 39 Dorsal and ventral view of Cissia themis. In this table we report all species with more than 1 % of the total of scarabs. Euphoria leucographa 274 ex. (45.5 %) Canthon indigaceus chevrolati 291 ex. (48.3 %) Canthon sallei 24 ex. (4 %) 40 Dorsal view and close up of the head of Euphoria yucateca. 41 Dorsal view and close up of the head of Canthon indigaceus chevrolati. 42 Dorsal view and close up of the head of Canthon cyanellus sallei. Dorsal view of different color morphs of Canthon cyanellus sallei. 3.2.3 Rare species It is always a difficult approach to take, but as far we know, we decide based of our own experience, what species may be considered as rare in Nicaragua (not only in the study area), as there are very few investigations done. This evidence the fact that we have very few specimens in the museum collection as to conduct cross comparisons or to conduct strong inferences based on information gathered during entomological studies. We consider that it is the quantity of specimens, not the percentage, the most informative variable, as most of them will be 0.1 %. Rare species of butterflies collected in the present study. Species Specimens count Battus ingenuus 1 ex. Hamadryas atlantis 3 ex. Smyrna karwinskii 1 ex. Adelpha iphicleola 3 ex. Adelpha melanthe 1 ex. Pyrrhogyra neaerea hypsenor 2 ex. Eryphanis aesacus 1 ex. 43 Dorsal and ventral view of Hamadryas atlantis. Dorsal and ventral view of Smyrna karwinskii. Dorsal and ventral view of Adelpha iphicleola. 44 Dorsal and ventral view of Adelpha melanthe. Dorsal and ventral view of Pyrrhogyra neaerea hypsenor. Dorsal and ventral view of Eryphanis aesacus. 45 3.2.5 Species of special interest In this group we set species associated with a specific habitat or micro-habitat. Species, associated habitat ex = specimens; % = percentage Manataria hercyna maculata. Associated 6 ex. with bamboo, in this case with Chusquea (Identification by Alain Meyrat). Mechanitis polymnia isthmia. Associated 116 ex. (4.7 %) with forest with relatively closed canopy. Siproeta epaphus. Generally associated 8 ex. with cloud forest. Dircenna klugii. Generally associated with 2 ex. cloud forest. Greta morgane oto. Generally associated 6 ex. with cloud forest. Lycorea halia atergatis. Generally 2 ex. associated with cloud forest. Dorsal and ventral view of Manataria hercyna maculata. 46 Dorsal and ventral view of Mechanitis polymnia isthmia. Dorsal and ventral view of Siproeta epaphus. Dorsal and ventral view of Dircenna klugii. 47 Dorsal and ventral view of Greta morgane oto. Dorsal and ventral view of Lycorea halia atergatis. 3.2.4 Species associated with Tropical Dry Forest and with relatively narrow distribution in Nicaragua Three species associated with Tropical Dry Forest and with narrow distribution have been found. Distribution is narrow in Nicaragua. Distribution is globally wider but in reality is very patchy and limited to some areas, not the whole countries. Species ex = specimens; % = Distribution percentage Pyrisitia dina 361 ex. (14.6 %) Global distribution: Mexico to Panama westwoodii (= (www.butterfliesofamerica.com). Eurema dina) In Nicaragua: Nueva Segovia (Ocotal: San Ramon); Volcan Casita, Leon (Rio Pochote), Rio San Juan (Bartola). In this last two localities we collected only one specimen. Aditionnally, in older litteratur, Matagalpa (no data), Chontales (no data). In reality, we have seens several specimens flying 48 Species ex = specimens; % = Distribution percentage togother only in San Fernando and Volcan Casita. (Maes, 2007) Hamadryas 3 ex. (0.1 %) Global distribution: Mexico to atlantis Honduras (www.butterfliesofamerica.com). In Nicaragua: reported as new for Nicaraguan fauna by MAES (1995) in base of specimens from Nueva Segovia (Ocotal: San Fernandeo) and Volcan Casita (www.bio-nica.info). More recently the species was reported from Domitila (Granada) and Somoto (Nueva Segovia). (Maes, 2014) Chlosyne 8 ex. (0.3 %) Global distribution: Mexico (Chiapas) erodyle to NW Costa Rica (www.butterfliesofamerica.com). In Nicaragua: Matagalpa (San Ramon); Volcan Casita; Chontales; pero solo de Volcan Casita tenemos especímenes recientes (www.bio-nica.info). Dorsal and ventral view of Pyrisitia dina westwoodii. 49 Dorsal and ventral view of Hamadryas atlantis. Dorsal and ventral view of Chlosyne erodyle. 3.2.6 Protected species. So far I think that there are no species of butterflies or scarabs in the IUCN red list under protection status in Nicaragua, mainly because there are not enough studies to build a strong case for each species. In the area, some good candidates for protection could be Hamadryas atlantis and Smyrna karwinskii. 3.2.7 Migratory species In the study area, we observed Danaus plexippus plexippus, a migratory species between Canada / USA and Mexico. The populations of this species in Nicaragua are not migrants. 50 3.2.8 Invasive species Very few invasive species of butterflies and scarabs have been reported from Nicaragua: Onthophagus gazella and Oniticellus intermedius, both released on purpose in the USA have spread into Nicaragua. No one of these invasive insects has been collected in Volcano Casita. Although, Onthophagus gazella has been collected in Leon, and could be in the study area. 3.3. Birds 3.3.1 Results of the field survey A total of 1,196 bird individuals were identified resulting in 57 species, which belong to 13 orders and 29 families (see table in Appendix 7.3.2). The total number of species reported represent 9.94% of the bird species for Nicaragua (57 out of 754) according to Martínez Sanchez (2014). In the Powerhouse site, a secondary forest, there is the largest diversity and abundance of birds with 371 birds of 43 species, followed by Shaded Coffee Plantation in platform E with 226 birds in 36 species (Table B9 and Table 10). Site Number of birds reported Number of species Ecosystem type Injection well 64 23 Natural pasture on volcanic ravel Powerhouse 371 43 Secondary forest Platform A 119 32 Secondary forest Platform B 93 32 Secondary forest Platform C 116 26 Secondary forest Platform D 82 31 Shaded Coffeee Plantation Platform E 226 36 Shaded Coffeee Plantation Platform F 125 35 Secondary forest Table B9. Abundance and diversity of bird species found within the Project area in Casita Volcano. P.E C.M. PL. A PL. B PL. C PL. D PL.E PL. F SPECIES C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T Total Crypturellus cinnamomeus 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 17 Cathartes aura** 2 3 1 3 5 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 19 51 P.E C.M. PL. A PL. B PL. C PL. D PL.E PL. F SPECIES C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T Total Coragyps atratus 2 1 4 0 3 1 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 16 Rupornis magnirostris 1 0 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 0 1 1 1 1 2 0 18 Buteo albicaudatus 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Buteo Jamaicensis 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Buteo plagiatus 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Micrastur semitorquatus 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 8 Ortalis vetula 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 8 Colinus cristatus 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Patagioenas flavirostris 2 4 2 3 3 6 2 6 0 4 0 4 1 3 2 42 Columbina talpacoti 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 8 Columbina inca 4 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Columbina passerina 4 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Leptotila verreauxi 0 0 0 0 2 0 4 2 4 0 1 1 1 2 1 4 22 Psittacara strenuus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 10 Eupsittula canicularis 0 0 20 54 5 0 2 0 4 2 0 4 22 20 3 0 136 Brotogeris jugularis 0 0 12 30 8 2 0 7 2 0 0 0 10 23 2 0 96 Amazona albifrons 0 0 18 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 9 0 0 72 Amazona auropalliata 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 10 Piaya cayana 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 8 Morococcyx erthropygius 5 0 7 2 2 0 2 1 0 2 1 0 1 0 2 1 26 Crotophaga sulcirostris 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 4 16 Tapera naevia 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Geococcyx velox 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Ciccaba virgata 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 Nyctibius jamaicensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 Nyctidromus albicollis 0 3 0 3 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 12 Amazilia rutila 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 6 Amazilia saucerrottei 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Trogon melanocephalus 0 0 5 3 4 1 1 0 1 2 1 0 1 1 5 0 25 Trogon elegans 0 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 4 0 4 0 3 0 3 0 23 Eumomota superciliosa 0 0 4 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 6 0 1 0 16 Momotus momota 1 1 7 4 3 2 3 4 4 3 1 2 7 4 3 3 52 Pteroglossus torquatus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 5 Melanerpes Hoffmanii 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 13 Dryocopus lineatus 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Lepidocolaptes souleyetii 0 0 5 2 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 15 Thamnophilus doliatus 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Myiarchus tuberculifer 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 5 Pitangus sulphuratus 2 0 2 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 12 Megarynchus pitangua 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Myiozetetes similis 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 4 Tyrannus melancholicus 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 8 Myiodynastes luteiventris 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Tityra semifasciata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 Chiroxiphia linearis 0 0 15 12 10 5 5 4 14 13 6 3 5 3 10 9 114 Vireo flavoviridis 0 0 5 7 6 5 0 2 3 4 1 0 6 6 4 4 53 52 P.E C.M. PL. A PL. B PL. C PL. D PL.E PL. F SPECIES C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T Total Calocitta formosa 0 0 8 8 2 0 5 3 4 0 3 2 2 6 4 0 47 Thryothorus ludovicianus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 Campylorhynchus rufinucha 0 0 8 7 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 5 4 0 0 30 Thryophilus pleurostictus 0 0 6 5 4 2 4 2 5 4 6 2 9 7 6 6 68 Cantorchilus modestus 4 2 2 1 5 3 1 1 3 1 1 0 3 2 1 2 32 Turdus grayi 0 1 2 1 3 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 14 Basileuterus rufifrons 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 0 0 0 0 7 6 21 Saltator coerulescens 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 6 Peucaea ruficauda 6 4 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 Euphonia affinis 0 0 4 1 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 4 0 15 42 22 167 204 84 35 53 40 70 46 58 24 132 94 79 46 1196 Key: P.E: Exploratory well; C. M : Powerhouse; PL. A: Platform A; PL.B: Platform B; PL.C: Platform C; PL.D: Platform D; PL.E: Platform E; PL. F: Platform F. C: Count point; T: Transect Table B10. Species identified and number of bird counted per each count point and transect in each site sampled Seventeen out of 57 bird species reported in this study are protected by Nicaraguan law either indefinitely or partially protected (MARENA 2016). Besides, the commercialization of these species is regulated under CITES (IUCN 1999) (Table B11). Conservation Bird species Common name Spanish name status Rupornis magnirostris Roadside Hawk Gavilán chapulinero VNI; II; LC Buteo albicaudatus White-tailed Hawk Gavilán blanco VNI; II; LC Buteo Jamaicensis Red-tailed Hawk Gavilán colirrojo VNI; II; LC Buteo plagiatus Gray Hawk Gavilán pollero VNI; II; LC Micrastur semitorquatus Halcón collarejo Collared Forest-Falcon VNI; II; LC Psittacara strenuus Pacific Parakeet Perico verde VNI; II: LC Eupsittula canicularis Orange-fronted Parakeet Perico frentinaranja VNI; II: LC Chocoyo Brotogeris jugularis Orange-chinned Parakeet barbinaranja VNI; II: LC Amazona albifrons White-fronted Parrot Loro frentiblanco VNI; II: LC Amazona auropalliata Yellow-naped Parrot Lora nuquiamarillo VNI; I; VUL Pteroglossus torquatus Collared Aracari Tucancillo collarejo VNI; LC Ortalis vetula Plain Chachalaca Chachalaca lisa VPN; LC Crypturellus cinnamomeus Thicket Tinamou Tinamú canelo VPN; LC Turdus grayi Sensontle pardo VPN; LC 53 Ciccaba virgata Mottled Owl Cárabo café II; LC Amazilia rutila Cinnamon Hummingbird Amazilia canela II; LC Amazilia saucerrottei Steely-vented Hummingbird Amazilia rabiazul II; LC Thryothorus ludovicianus Carolina Wren Charralero cejiblanco CR Keys: Protected by national law: VPN; Partially; VNI; indefinitely. CITES: I: Appendix 1; II: Appendix 2; III; Appendix 3; VC: Commercial value; IUCN Red List: UICN: VUL-Vulnerable, LC- Least Concern Red list for Nicaragua (2013): CR: Critically threatened Table B11. Bird species protected by Nicaraguan law present at Casita Volcano, June - Julio 2017. Yellow-naped Parrot (Amazona auropalliata), is under vulnerable status according to conservation categories by IUCN (2017, the other 56 species reported here are under Least Concern category (Annex 7.3.2). Duing our field survey we observed 10 individuals in two sites: 2 at the Powerhouse site, which corresponds to a secondary forest and 8 were reported in a transect at Platform E which corresponds to a Shaded Coffee Plantation. These individuals were observed during the afternoon coming from the south, possibly from the Telica Volcano area with direction towards San Cristóbal Volcano and overflown La Pelona hill within the project area. Out of the total number of species reported here two present resident and migratory populations, these are Turkey vulture (Cathartes aura) this species are common in Nicaragua during the whole year, these reproduce from the south of Canada to the South of Argentina. Population in the north emigrate south in September and October, and Sulphur-bellied flycatcher (Myiodynastes luteiventris), a species less common, which reproduce from south Arizona to north of Costa Rica, it is resident and migratory (transit) from north to south, it spent winter time between Colombia and Brazil. There were five species of Psittacidade (true parrots), three of these species were common parrots species such are the orange-fronted parakeet (Eupsittula canicularis), orange- chinned parakeet (Brotogeris jugularis) and white-fronted amazon (Amazona albifrons). These tree species were observed in secondary forest and with more number of individuals in Shaded Coffee Plantation. Nicaraguan green conure (Psittacara strenuus), was reported only in a shade coffee plantation, this species is endemic to the Pacific Slope of Central America, Nicaragua is the northern limit of its distribution. Yellow-naped Parrot (Amazona auropalliata), resulted less common than expected, and we were able to observe while flying, this species was only observed in platform E and powerhouse site a shaded coffee plantation and a secondary forest, respectively (Table B10). 54 In the secondary dry forest located near the reference point of Platform E, we recorded the presence of Carolina wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus), which present an isolated population from its natural geographic distribution, restricted to the tropical dry forests distributed in the Western of Nicaragua. Here we also report two bird species with cinegetic value, Thicket tinamou (Crypturellus cinnamomeus), commonly found in the entire study area and Plain Chachalaca (Ortalis vetula), both subject to illegal poaching. Overall, both tropical dry forest and the shade coffee plantation represent habitats preferred for most birds species reported here, including all bird species with conservation priority. In the Casita Volcano area, bird species generally used as bioindicatiors of habitat quality are not present (e.g. Scarlet macaw (Ara macao) and Great curassow (Crax rubra)). 3.3.2 Results of interviews with local people From the interviews carried out with local people we were able to determine the presence of Yellow-naped Parrot, White-fronted amazon, Orange-fronted parakeet, thicket tinamou (Amazona auropalliata, Amazona albifrons, Eupsittula canicularis, Crypturellus cinnamomeus). All these species were also recorded during our field surveys. Local people mentioned that few years ago (~ 10 years ago) in occasions it was possible to observe Great curassow (Crax rubra), but since few years ago there has not been a sight of this species by the people interviewed. Local people also remember that in a small artificial lagoon, built as source of water for cattle, migratory ducks known as blue-winged teal (Anas discors), were observed in the past few 3 to 4 years during September, but not any longer (Table B11). Local people also mentioned that in the area there is illegal trading, principally poachers extraction of newborn Psittacidade from their nests, there is also illegal hunting of Crypturellus cinnamomeus and Ortalis vetula, and illegal hunting is conducted by people from the settlement known as Las Grietas and other villages nearby the Casita Volcano. Illegal hunters have to travel about 15 Kms of distance form their places to their hunting 55 grounds in Casita Volcano, and normally travel riding horses, mules and rarely do walk to these area. Open Area Forest area (W/in and (W/in and Affected by ouside ouside hunting and Project Project study illegal trade Species Spanish name study area) Trails area) Amazona Lora nuca auropalliata amarilla x x x Amazona albifrons Cotorra x x x Eupsittula canicularis Chocoyos x x Crypturellus Gallina de cinnamomeus monte x x x Chachalaca Ortalis vetula liza x x Crax rubra Pavon x x x x Anas discors Cerceta aliazul x x Table B12. Bird species considered by local people in the Protected Area Casita Volcano. Notice that classification is defined by habitat type. 3.4 Amphibians and Reptiles 3.4.1 Herpethofauna reported during this study In 9 days of sampling around 8 project reference points of interest we found a total of 17 species, 7 are amphibian in 3 families and 1 order and the other 10 species are reptile in 9 family, 1 order and 2 sub-order (Table AR1). This number of species represent 7% of the herpetofauna of Nicaragua. Common Group Order Sub Order Family Scientific name name Sapo Amphibian Anura Bufonidae Incilius luetkeni amarillo Sapo Rhinella marina común Rana Arbórea Hylidae Smilisca baudini común Ranita Scinax Stauferi Arbórea 56 Dendropsophus microcephalus Rana grillo Sapito Leptodactylidae Engyptomops pustulosus Túngara Ranita de Leptodactylus melanonotus charco Cherepo papada Reptile Squamata Sauria Dactyloidae Norops Cupreus café Gekkonidae Hemidactylus frenatus Escorpión Gymnosphthalmus Lucia cola Gymnosphthalmidae speciosus roja Iguanidae Ctenosaura similis Garrobo Chomba Mabuyidae Marisora brachypoda lucia Pichete Phrynosomatidae Sceloporus squamosus común Escorpión Sphaerodactylidae Gonatodes albogularis común Lagartija Teiidae Aspidoscelis deppi rayada Teiidae Holoscus undulatus Lagartija Serpentes Dipsadidae Coniophanes piceivittis lagartijera Table AR1. Herpetofauna species list sampled in the study area in the Casita Volcano. Here we are not including these species that were mentioned during interviews conducted to local people. In a previous herpetofauna field study conducted in this site by Cisnero (2013), there were only 7 species reported, 3 of these species were not reported in our study, these species are Kinosternon scorpioides, incilius coccifer and Rhinophrynus dorsalis. The study by Cisnero was conducted in the Casita Project concession area (20km2). Although in this study they only evaluataed few sites and it is not clear the location of these survey areas. However, their observation yielded additional number of species to our count count (3). Pitfall traps were less successful during our study due to the short time that those were set up in the field. High capture rates have been observed during field monitoring within Protected Areas where pitfall traps have been set up > 2 weeks and evaluated every 3 to 4 days which increases the encounter rate in the pitfall traps. However, we reported 14 herpetofauna species that were not reported in the previous study conducted in 2013. 57 Table AR2. Coordinates of transects and pitfall traps during our research assessment. Platform Initial point of transect Final point of transect Pitfall trap coordinates N12° 41.870' W86° N12° 41.886' W86° N12° 41.540' W86° A 56.787' 56.844' 56.802' N12° 40.796' W86° N12° 40.807' W86° N12° 41.877' W86° B 56.105' 56.223' 56.806' N12° 40.824' W86° N12° 40.888' W86° N12° 41.879' W86° B 56.246' 56.328' 56.782' N12° 41.497' W86° N12° 41.448' W86° N12° 41.483' W86° C 56.228' 56.276' 56.232' N12° 41.816' W86° N12° 41.796' W86° N12° 41.476' W86° D 55.938' 55.899' 56.225' N12° 41.155' W86° N12° 41.028' W86° N12° 41.816' W86° E 55.537' 55.509' 55.938' N12° 41.214' W86° N12° 41.212' W86° N12° 41.796' W86° E 55.551' 55.265' 55.899' N12° 41.594' W86° N12° 41.704' W86° N12° 40.836' W86° Powerhouse 55.891' 55.886' 56.218' Exploratory N12° 41.540' W86° N12° 41.625' Number W86° of Scientific well name 56.802' A B C D E F Expl. well Powerhouse 55.914' individuals Incilius luetkeni 1 1 2 Rhinella marina 1 2 Smilisca baudini 1 1 2 Scinax Stauferi 1 2 Dendropsophus microcephalus 1 1 2 Engyptomops pustulosus 1 1 2 Leptodactylus melanonotus 1 1 Norops Cupreus 11 3 14 Hemidactylus frenatus 1 1 Gymnosphthalmus speciosus 1 1 Ctenosaura similis 3 2 9 14 Marisora brachypoda 2 1 1 4 Sceloporus squamosus 2 2 6 10 Gonatodes albogularis 1 1 2 Aspidoscelis deppi 5 4 9 Holoscus undulatus 2 2 Coniophanes piceivittis 1 1 Total 3 11 2 2 25 6 8 11 71 Table AR3. List of herpetofauna listed by platform and number of individuals reported. Table AR3 shows that platforms A, C and D have the lower number of species reported. For instance, platform A is a secondary tropical forest with a section presenting a regenerating rain forest after agriculture and grassing. In this are the species more abundant is 58 Ctenosaura similis, a species adapted to modified ecosystems without forest cover. This platform is nearby the Exploratory Well site which also presented a relatively low number of species. Platform B presents 11 individuals of the species Norops Cupreus, it is a secondary forest in good condition. Platform E is the site with the highest number of species and relative abundance, this is a shaded coffee plantation, with excellent habitats for amphibians and reptiles. Nicaraguan Conservation status of Family Scientific name Trophic guild staus (UICN) conservation Protected in several Natural Bufonidae Incilius luetkeni Insectívoro Least Concern Reserve. It is permite the exportation (Processed Rhinella marina insectívoro Least Concern products) Hylidae Smilisca baudini insectívoro Least Concern Scinax Stauferi insectívoro Least Concern Dendropsophus microcephalus insectívoro Least Concern Protected in Natural Rserves Engyptomops Moropotente and Leptodactylidae pustulosus insectívoro Not mentioned Ometepe. Leptodactylus melanonotus insectívoro Least Concern Dactyloidae Norops Cupreus insectívoro Least Concern Hemidactylus Gekkonidae frenatus insectívoro Not mentioned Gymnosphthalmida Gymnosphthalmu e s speciosus insectívoro Not mentioned Partially protected by law Iguanidae Ctenosaura similis Omnívoro Not mentioned (1 Jan to 30 April). Marisora Mabuyidae brachypoda insectívoro Not mentioned Protected in Sceloporus Natural Reserve Phrynosomatidae squamosus insectívoro Not mentioned Moropotente Protected in Natural Reserve Momotombo Gonatodes Volcano, Sphaerodactylidae albogularis insectívoro Not mentioned Solentiname and 59 Rio San Juan Natural Reserve. Teiidae Aspidoscelis deppi insectívoro Not mentioned Holoscus Permitted its undulatus insectívoro Sin mención exportation (Pet) Protecrted in Nature Reserve Mombacho Volcano, Coniophanes Momotombo, Dipsadidae piceivittis Omnívoro Sin mención Ometepe. Table AR4. List of herpetofauna with IUCN criteria and their national status of protection according to literature. 3.4.2 Herpetofauna of interest for conservation The herpetofauna species found in our field assessment is not listed as threatened species by IUCN. Some species are protected in some National Reserves (but not in Casita-San Cristobal-Chonco Nature Reserve) or partially protected by national laws, such is the case of Ctenosaura similis known as Common Garrobo (Figure AR3). All other herpetofauna are widely distributed in Nicaragua or are generalist with respect to the habitats that these use and are not threatened because they have relatively high abundance within the country. Figure AR3. Garrobo (Ctenosaura similis) in Casita Volcando in Nicaragua. 60 3.4.3 Bioindicator herpetofauna Herpetofauna is in general regarded as no attractive for the public, but few comestible species, which makes this groups very difficult to be focalized as an indicator species. In the specific case of garrobo their relative abundance with respect to other sites may indicate over hunting. In the case of snakes their role in the ecosystem seems to be perceived as negative by local people. However, relative abundance of snakes could indicate the presence of small body sized mammal species that snakes prey upon. During our study we reported only one snake species which is normally found in forested areas, which indicates that the forest is is a remanant of the original primary forest. This is the case of Coniophanes piceivittis a species with wide distribution. However it is not very common, and there are just few reports. The species is protected within the Natural Reserve of Mombacho Volcano and Crucero County in Managua, Mombacho Volcano System and Madera Volcano (Ometepe Island). This snake species is not listed under IUCN criteria. Figure AR4. An individual o the snake Coniophanes piceivittis reported in our study at Casitas Volcano. 4.3.4 Herpetofauna expected in the study site During the present study we conducted interviews with local people and we were able to gather information on the presence of other amphibian and reptile species that were not sampled in our assessment. Based on interviews with local people, our understanding about the distribution of species in each habitat type and field studies conducted nearby Casita Volcano we were able to define Table AR5. 61 Group Scientific name Spanish name Culebra de dos cabezas, suelda Amphibian (Anura) Dermophis mexicanus consuelda Trachycephalus typhonius Rana lechosa Reptile (Snakes) Drymarcon melanurus Culebra voladora, zumbadora Coluber mentovarius Sabanera, ratonera. Oxybelis aeneus Bejuquilla café Oxybelis fulgidus Chocoya Spilotes Pullatus Mica Trimorphodon cuadruplex Zorcuata Akistrodon howardgloydi Castellana Crotalus simus Cascabel Table AR5. Herpetofauna species expected to be found in the study site in Casita Volcano base on their habitat type and current distribution of species in observational studies conducted nearby Casita Volcano. 3.5 Mammals 3.5.1 Large body sized mammals There is a total number of 32 mammal species present in the study area, which belong to 17 families and 6 Orders, adding up to 366 individuals reported (Table M1). Most of the species reported here are bats captured with mist nets and rodents trapped with Sherman traps, to a lesser extent we noted terrestrial vertebrate induvial via direct observations. We report here 13% of the total number of mammal species reported for Nicaragua (Fitoria y Saldaña, 2012). The order most frequently represented is Rodentia with 5 families followed by Carniove with 4 families and Chiroptera with 4 families. The last order is the most diverse with 18 bat species. The mammal family with more species (10) is Phyllostomidae. 62 Number of Species Importance Site / Sampling method individuals Important seed diserser of This species was found in a Shaded Didelphis marsupialis plant species coffee plantation in platform F. 1 such is Ficus. Sampling method to be determined. Prey of This species was reported at Dasypus nomencinctus margay. platforms B,C,D,E. Sampling method 6 to be determined Controls insect Saccopteryx bilineata populations, 13 Captured with mist nets at platforms insectivore. C and E. Controls insect Saccopteryx leptura populations, Identification by way of bioacoustic 1 insectivore. methodology at platform C. Controls insect Rhynconycteris naso populations, 1 Identification by way of bioacoustic insectivore. methodology at platform C. Important seed diserser of a Artibeus jamaicensis wide number 72 of plant Captured with mist nets at all sites species. sampled. Important seed diserser of a Artibeus lituratus wide number 38 of plant Captured with mist nets at all sites species. sampled. Important seed diserser of a wide number Captured with mist nets at all sites Dermanura watsoni 20 of plant sampled. species. Important seed diserser of a Dermanura phaeotis wide number 8 of plant species. Captured with mist nets at platforms A,C,D and E. 63 Number of Species Importance Site / Sampling method individuals Important seed diserser of a Platyrrhinus helleri wide number 16 of plant species. Captured with mist nets at platforms C,E and F. Important seed diserser of a Carollia subrufa wide number 37 of plant species. Captured with mist nets at platforms A,B,C and E. Important seed diserser of a Carollia perspicillata wide number 35 of plant species. Captured with mist nets at platforms A,B,C,E and F. Important pollinator of plant species such as: Captured with mist nets at platforms Glossophaga soricina 11 Pochote, Ceiba, A,B,C and E. Pitahaya among others. Important Captured with mist nets at platforms pollinator of C and E. plant species such as: El Glossophaga commissarisi 8 Pochote, Ceiba, Pitahaya among others. Important seed Captured with mist nets at diserser of a platformA,C and E. Sturnira parvidens wide number 14 of plant species. Controls insect Identification by way of bioacoustic Eptesicus furinalis populations, methodology at platform C and E. 2 insectivore. Controls insect Rhogeessa bickami populations, Identification by way of bioacoustic 1 insectivore. methodology at platform E and C. 64 Number of Species Importance Site / Sampling method individuals Controls insect Pteronotus populations, mesoamericanus Identification by way of bioacoustic 1 insectivore. methodology at platform E. Controls insect Pteronotus davyi populations, Identification by way of bioacoustic 1 insectivore. methodology at platform E. Species of Reported via trap cameras at E, importance shaded coffee plantation. since their populations are being reduced by the Leopardus wiedii habitat and 1 loss and hunting. Species of Reported via trap cameras at E, importance shaded coffee plantation. since their populations are being reduced by the Puma yagouarundi habitat and 1 loss and hunting. Controls rodent populations Canis latrans and important Two groups of coyotes were heard 12 seed disperser in different places, one in the of plant species powerhous and another group in such is Ficus. platform A. 65 Number of Species Importance Site / Sampling method individuals Controls rodent This species is identified by Urocyon cinereoargenteus populations 1 and seed footprints on the E platform. disperser Generalist, it Footprints and trapp cameras used feeds on a to report this species at platform B, great variety of E and F, as well as at the food sources powerhouse. among these small vertebrates, controls Procyon lotor population of 4 mice. Controls population of Footprints found at platform A and Spilogale angustifrons 2 rodents and B. lizards. Important seed diserser of a wide number Reported in all sampled sites in this Sciurus variegatoides 20 of plant study. species. 66 Number of Species Importance Site / Sampling method individuals Seed disperser, Footprints found at platforms B and protected E. partially by Nicaraguan law. Cuniculus paca 2 Photographed wiht trapp cameras at platform D,E and F. Dasyprocta punctata 7 Seed disperser, protected partially by Nicaraguan law. Plant species An individual was identified at disperser and platform E, in a shaded coffee Nyctomys sumichrasti pollinator plantation. 1 Important seed disperser of plant species, Liomys salvini principally, 13 guanacaste Sherman trapps used to capture an negro. individual at powerhouse site and platforms A. 67 Number of Species Importance Site / Sampling method individuals Species of Interview with local people, importance footprints used to determine the since their presence of this species at platform populations E; shade coffee plantation. are being Pecari tajacu 1 reduced by the habitat and loss and hunting. Species of Footprints and trapp cameras used importance report this species at platform B and since their E. populations are being Odocoileus Virginianus 4 reduced by the habitat and loss and hunting. Table M1. Mammal species reported within the project area, their ecological importance, habitat, sampling method and number of individuals reported. 3.5.2 Conservation status and vulnerability of mammals There are 7 mammal species partially or permanently protected by Nicaraguan Law and 6 mammal species under CITES system Appendix I or II. There are not endemic species in the study area (Table M2). Conservation and vulnerability Protected Scientific name Common name by CITES UICN Endemic National law Dasypus novemcinctus Cusuco de Nueve Bandas VPN LC Leopardus wiedii Gato Margay VNI I NT Puma yagouarundi Leoncillo VNI I LC Cuniculus paca Guardatinaja VPN II LC Dasyprocta punctata Guatuza VPN II LC 68 Pecari tajacu Chancho Sahino VPN II LC Odocoileus Venado Cola Blanca VPN II LC virginuanus Vedas: VNI. = Indefinitely protected by national law; VPN = Partially protected by national laws CITES: I = under severe risk of extinction; II = almost under extinction risk; III = low risk UICN: List of fauna with importance for conservation in Central America and Mexico: LC: Least concern, EN: Endangered, NT: Near threatened, VU: Vulnerable, DD: Insufficient data?: Without data Endemic: species with limited distribution and reduced geographic range, it can not be found in their natural stage in any other part of the world Table M2: Mammal species protected within the study area. 3.5.3 Results of interview to local people During the interview process conducted to local people in the study site we were able to identify 14 mammal species, of which 11 were also reported during our field assessments. The other mammal species (Caluromys derbianus, Nasua narica and Sphiggurus mexicanus), were not included in the oficial mammal species checklist for the present study. Mammal species such are Odocoileus virginianus, Caluromys derbianus and Didelphis marsupialis have been observed by local people in the forested area with relatively high frequency as well in the area without forest. Other species such as Leopardus wiedii, Dasyprocta punctata and Cuniculus paca were observed only in Close Canopy Tropical Dry Forest. There are also reports of Odocoileus virginianus, Dasyprocta punctata, Dasypus novemcinctus and Cuniculus paca (Table M3). Nombre Área Área Afectados Especie común abierta Caminos Boscosa por Casería Zorro cola Didelphis marsupialis pelada x x x Zarigüeya Caluromys derbianus lanuda x x x Dasypus nomencinctus Cusuco x x Canis latrans Coyote x x Urocyon cinereoargenteus Zorro ostoche x x x Procyon lotor Mapache x Leopardus wiedii Gato margay x x Sciurus variegatoides Ardilla común x x x Cuniculus paca Guardatinaja x x Dasyprocta punctata Guatuza x x 69 Chancho Pecari tajacu x sahino x Venado cola Odocoileus Virginianus x blanca x x x Nasua narica Pizote x Sphiggurus mexicanus Puerco espin x Table M3. Mammal species reported during interviews conducted to local people. 3.5.4 Mammal species with special interest for conservation During the field assessment with the trap cameras we recorded the presence of 2 feline species of high value for conservation due to their declining population sizes and distribution in Nicaragua. These are (Leopardus wiedii) and Jaguaroundi (Puma yaguarundi). Jaguaroundi are often found in secondary growth tropical dry forest, but also are reported in mature tropical dry forest and there are reports by local people that these have been seen in nearby small villages near to Casita Volcano and up to 3,200 m in other areas in Nicaragua (See table M1, for details). Leopardus wiedii also known as margay, inhabit areas where vegetation is dense, occasionally have been reported in open fields. In this particular study we reported its presence in a Shade Coffee Plantation which is surrounded by crop fields and an area without forest. This is a species that can be consider as bioindicatior as these prey upon small body sized mammals that often feed on fruiting trees present in close canopy environments such mature forest, Shade Coffee Plantations and Secondary forests. In area with altered forest and with few fruiting trees, this species is not common because there is less presence of their preys and more contact with human population. 70 4 DISCUSSION 4.1 Flora and Vegetation The forest located in the study area is one of the best conserved and it has a high number of original species of what is genetically named as Tropical Dry Forest undergoing different level of human intervention. Its current status is regarded as Secondary Tropical Dry Forest with some elements of composition en structure that resembles Mature Tropical Dry Forests in a few specifics locations. It is fair to say, that this is one of the last distribution of natural dry forest in the Pacific Slope of Central America. The Tropical Dry Forest of Central America, is under strong human pressures, such as poaching, and reduction of forest cover area for at least 11,000 years (Murphy & Lugo, 1995). Tropical Dry Forest transformation to agriculture fields and grassland for livestock have been occurring at a high rate for the last 400 years (Maass, 1995). Currently, the relatively high human population density, represents a constant high pressure, which is why the remnant tropical dry forests are experiencing high rates of exploitation and livestock grazing (Murphy & Lugo, 1995). It is considered that the Tropical Dry Forest is one of the most threatened ecosystems, with less than 2% of its original distribution (Janzen, 1988); and it is less than 0,1% of the original Tropical Dry Forest under conservation status in the Pacific Slope of Mesoamerica (Maass, 1995). It is therefore important to continue conserving this ecosystem, especially because it is within the Natural Reserve of Casita Volcano, whose management plan aims to protect the ecosystems and the biodiversity they support. On the other hand, there are few forests in Nicaragua that conserve the similar high flora species composition, large stem sizes and ecological assembly as in the Natural Reserve Casita Volcano. Given the high density of large trees of Cedro Real (Cedrela odorata), Granadillo or Ñámbar (Dalbergia retusa) and Pachira quinata present in remnant secondary tropical dry forests in the Casita Project area, it would be important to carry out tree population studies that would indicate where or not this trees population conserve their ecological network (Ruiz et al., 2009). For instance, it is important to understand whether or not seed dispersal mechanisms leads to successful seedling establishment (Ruiz, 2008). Seed predation by insects is another area that should be studied in detail in order to understand the degree of ecological resilience of these ecosystems (Ruiz, 2009). 71 In the survey plots (and surrounding areas) with large trees, the number of seedling rain is large (brinzales) but there is very few number of intermediate sized trees individuals (less than 10 cm in diameter at the breast height (latizales), which indicates that these are mature forests. It is highly likely that lower light level at the intermediate forest stories limits the recruitment of intermediate sized trees individuals from seedling stages. However, it will be interesting to evaluate the forest dynamics of light-gaps and seedling and intermediate sized individual regeneration in these light-gaps, a process that has been evaluated by a member of our team in the Tropical Rain Hurricane Forest of the Atlantic Coast of Nicaragua (Vandermeer et al., 2000; Ruiz et al., 2010). There are other tree species that were observed and are part of the Management Plan of the Natural Reserve Casita Volcano. Fieldworkers at Argelia Farm mentioned that Pacific Mahogany (Swietenia humilis) has been a rare species in this area ever since they can recall; generally individuals are found at higher or lower altitude from their reference point but always highly scattered. El Balona or Bimbayan (Vitex guameri), was not found in our sampling, this species is typical of sites with lower altitudes, generally found in moist environments nearby creeks, and areas with lower drainage. The tree species known as Lagarto or Tetón (Zanthoxylum belizense) was not reported in our survey but it is known to be present in forest and shade coffee plantations in the Southern Slope of the Casita Volcano. 4.2 Insects Because the differences in methods applied, season, timeframe and kind of numerical results. It is difficult to compare between two previous insect studies conducted at Casita Volcano (Maes, 1999; Cisneros, 2013), and the present study. In Maes (2013) the collecting method was conducted only with butterfly net, using no traps, in that way there is bias against fruit-sap eaters. In Cisneros (2013) there is no clear methodology indicated, but it seems mainly an observational study. There is no a full list of species found, but only a selection listing 12 insect species. 4.2.1 Abundant species 72 Pyrisitia dina westwoodii (Eurema dina) is fairly abundant (14.6 %), as it was expected since it is commonly found at Tropical Dry Forest. Their presence indicates presence of Tropical Dry Forest. Mechanitis polymnia isthmia, more commonly found inside tropical dry forests with close or nearly close canopy, is also abundant (4.7 %). The other 12 abundant species are all common species of disturbed areas. All together they represent 67.4 % of the total. In Scarabaeidae the abundance in concentrated in 2 species which reached a notorious 93.8 % of the Scarabaeidae sample size. As far as dung beetles concerns, Canthon indigaceus chevrolati is extremely abundant, mostly on or near of main trails, where horses travels regularly. Inside the forest and on smaller trails, Canthon sallei (4%) is dominant. In Cetoninae, counting from the fruit traps, Euphoria leucographa represents nearly the total of captures. There is not report of larger sized scarabs like Copris or Phanaeus, which is probably because defaunation – the contemporary pulse of large mammals loss in the tropics (Dirzo et al., 2014). For instance, there were no sight of monkeys, and logically we were not able to observe small scarabs on the leaves. 4.2.2. Rare species No one of the species that we consider as rare is reported in Cisneros (2013), probably because of the short time of their study. Of the seven species, 4 are reported in Maes (1999): Battus ingenuus, Hamadryas atlantis, Adelpha melanthe and Pyrrhogyra neaerea hypsenor. Three species that we consider as rare in the Pacific Slope of Nicaragua and are reported for first time in the Casita Volcano area: Smyrna karwinskii (1 ex.), Adelpha iphicleola (3 ex.) and Eryphanis aesacus (1 ex). 73 4.2.3 Species of special interest Inside the landscape we found small patches of bamboo of the genus Chusquea (identified by Alain Meyrat), those micro-habitats support the species Manataria maculata (6 ex. found). Although the predominant ecosystem is Tropical Dry Forest, there is a mosaic of other ecosystems present in this area, all of these in different stages of succession, intervention and/or conservation. The best forest patches present Secondary Dry Forest with a close canopy or nearly close canopy. Some of these forest gives the impression of being in a Cloud Forest typical of the Central of Nicaragua Mountain Range, not wonder why there is vegetation typical of that type of ecosystem. Those shaded areas are suitable habitat for Mechanitis polymnia isthmia (116 ex.). This species can be a good indicator of quality of habitat, because it has been seen in the past that when forest build a close canopy, Mechanitis normally increase populations. Cisneros (2013) report Mechanitis lysimnia doryssus, we consider that it could be a miss identification as this species is a lot less common, we didn’t see it in the present study. Although, it was reported by Maes (1999) from the other slope of the Volcano Casita. The third group is composed by species that live generally in cloud forest and would be expected routinely in Matagalpa and Jinotega cloud forests, but sometimes also in Mombacho Volcano. In this group, in the present study we reported Siproeta epaphus (8 ex.), Dircenna klugii (2 ex.), Greta morgana oto (6 ex.) and Lycorea halia atergatis (2 ex.). In Maes (1999) seven other species are reported, Leptophobia aripa, Phoebis rurina intermedia, Hypanartia lethe, Hypanartia godmani, Diaethria astala, Epiphile adrasta and Mechanitis lysimnia doryssus, giving the impression that the other slope of the volcano may be more humid. Overall we can see that the southern slope of the volcano has been under lower forest fire regime, and probably part of the humidity could be because of the better conservation of that area. Cisneros (2013) report 4 of those species: Phoebis rurina intermedia, Hypanartia lethe, Greta morgane oto and Lycorea halia atergatis. 4.2.4 Species associated with Tropical Dry Forest and with relatively narrow distribution in Nicaragua. 74 Pyrisitia dina westwoodii (= Eurema dina) is very commonwithin the research area. Chlosyne erodyle is more abundant on the other slope. Hamadryas atlantis seems to be scarce in both slopes. Pyrisitia dina westwoodii is reported in recent collecting in Nicaragua from San Fernando (Nueva Segovia), Volcano Casita (Chinandega), Leon: Rio Pochote (Leon) and curiously from Bartola (Rio San Juan). From Casita Volcano, collecting dates indicate May, June, July, august (those dates could be casual) (Maes, 2007). Chlosyne erodyle, in addition to Volcano Casita; is reported from San Ramon (Matagalpa) (De Vries, 1987). Hamadryas atlantis is reported from San Fernando (Nueva Segovia), Somoto (Nueva Segovia), Volcano Casita (June, July) (Chinandega) and Domitila private protected area (Granada) (Maes, 2014). 4.3 Birds The number of species reported in the present ornithological study is 57, in the Casita Protected area. This species number is larger than the 34 bird species reported by Cisneros (2013) during an ornithological study conducted in November 2013. Normally the species count is higher in November because the presence of migratory birds in Nicaragua. Cisneros (2013) also mentioned that there has been a total number of 75 bird species reported by Cerro Colorado Power in 2009. It is highly likely that if we conducted this study once more during the bird migration season will report more than 75 bird species. The presence of 18 bird species protected by Nicaraguan law and also included in CITES appendices indicates the necessity to continue protecting the tropical dry forest area within the Protected Area. Among these species is Yellow-naped amazon (Amazona auropalliata), which is in the category of vulnerability by IUCN 2017. This bird species indicates the necessity of developing and implementing protocols to promote forest natural regeneration that could function as ecological corridors and thus prompting genetic flow between their populations. This is especially important for these populations that could be threatened because of habitat loss. 75 The percentage of migratory bird species in our study is 0%. This is due to the fact that our study was conducted when there is not presence of Neotropical migratory birds in Nicaragua, as these departed to North America to complete their reproductive stages. Because the Natural Reserve Complex Volcano System San Cristóbal- Casita- Chonco conserves one of the last naturally distributed Tropical Dry Forest of Nicaragua, it represents a hotspot of illegal trade of Psittacidade. This is a group undergoing tremendous pressures due to the illegal pet trade and by habitat loss. Among these species is Nicaraguan green conure (Psittacara strenuus), recorded in the project study area (Table B10), it is endemic to the slope of the highest mountain in the Pacific of Central America, ranging from Southern Mexico, through Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras, to Central part of Nicaragua (Mascotas 2016). The presence of Carolina wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus) in the Tropical Dry Forest of Casita Volcano highlighted the importance of conserving this ecosystem, as it is a species with restricted habitat, usually living in couples, which are territorial. 4.4 Amphibian and Reptile 4.4.1 Habitat of importance for conservation of herpetofauna in the study area This section focuses on habitats that are very important for amphibian and reptile species within the research area. These include Shade Coffee Plantations present around platforms B, E and F and the habitats provided by grasslands on the volcanic ravel located nearby the exploration well and the Powerhouse. Shade Coffee Plantations: This habitat provides suitable conditions for herpetofauna as it presents a thick layer of leaf-litter, fallen trunks in decomposition, moisture and small pounds where small amphibian start their earlier life stages. These local habitat conditions are similar in many ways to local native forests that have been reduced to small areas within the research area – Mature Tropical Dry Forest. Grassland over volcanic ravel: This habitat is one of the few habitats where one can find Viperidae typical of this habitat which account for just a few reports in the country, such as 76 Akistrodon bileneatus (Castellana). This species was reported in grassland and volcanic ravel in other regions of the country. During the herpetological study we observed very few snakes and lizards. It is highly likely that people kill these because they are afraid of their presence, especially snakes. This group of hepetofauna is the most vulnerable in areas populated by humans, which are considered as poisonous or dangerous due to the local belief system. During our field sampling we were not able to observe dead snakes, however we considered that snake killing has to be controlled and it is important to carry out an awareness workshop that involve local institutions and local people on this topic. Another important factor that is affecting local populations of amphibian and reptile are forest fires. A program to reduce the occurrence of forest fires have to be developed with the participation of members of the local community. 4.5 Mammals During this field study we were able to identify a total of 32 species that belong to 17 families and 6 orders which represent 13% of the mammal species reported for Nicaragua (Medina and Saldaña, 2012). A total number of 366 individuals were counted and most of these are bat individuals captured were in mist nets. Seven mammal species reported are protected by Nicaragua laws (Ministry Resolution DISUP No 02.01.2015), (2 in VNI, and 5 in VPN), 5 under CITES: 2 species in Appendix I (threatened with extinction), 1 species in Appendix II (almost threatened with extinction), and 2 species in Appendix III (Low risk). According to IUCN 2017; jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi) and margay (Leopardus wiedii) are endangered (EN) – to be confirmed. It is considered that their populations are decreasing along their natural distribution due to hunting to commercialize their skin, specifically that of Leopardus wiedii, and also as a byproduct of habitat loss due to deforestation. From the interviews to local people we were able to identify 14 mammal species, 11 of these species were also reported in our field assessment. However 3 species were not found in our survey: Caluromys derbianus, Nasua narica and Sphiggurus mexicanus. According to people interviewed the species locally known as Pizote (Nasua narica), shows social 77 behavior as it has been found in groups up to 20 individuals among adults and juvenile. We also asked to local people if there were primates in the area, although they mentioned that there are not, we think that during the year some group of White-throated Capuchin monkey (Cebus imitator) might get into the research area in search for fruiting adult trees to feed upon. The species is found in nearby forest and it has been reported to be present at San Cristóbal Volcano and El Chonco Volcano. Local people interviewed mentioned that people from nearby human settlements come into the sampling area to hunt White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus), Lowland paca (Cuniculus paca) and Central American agouti (Dasyprocta punctate). With the aid of trapping cameras we were able to record 3 groups of hunters within the farm. These people seem to be causing a tremendously high pressure on mammal population exiting within the research site. These groups of people also hunt for leisure as they shoot any wild animal they enter into contact with. There are mammal species that use different ecosystem types as their habitat, for instance Gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), Common opossum (Didelphis marsupialis) and White- tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). These species were reported feeding on forested areas, open fields and trails. However, Jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi) and Margay (Leopardus wiedii) and Collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) prefer or require Close Canopy Tropical Dry Forests to survive. The latter species is considered as indicator of habitat quality and their presence in the site suggests good conservation status of the much reduced remnant Mature Tropical Dry Forest area. Research sites with higher mammal species counts are the reference point known as platform E and C. These site present a close canopy tropical dry forest with a large number of trees that produce fruits that area eaten by medium body sized mammals, birds, reptile and small body sized mammals. These in turn attract to large body sized mammals which are carnivores, this is the reason of the presence of Felidae in areas like this one. It is important to highlight that at platform E there is a Shade Coffee Plantation and Shade Cocoa Plantation which represent an excellent habitat for local fauna. On the contrary, in the reference point known as Exploration Well there are not mammal reported as the forest there is degraded and will limited food source and shelter for local fauna. 78 5 RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Flora and Vegetation Due to the inherent importance of this forest ecosystem and the genetic conservation of Cedro Real (Cedrela odorata), Pochote (Pachira quinata) and Granadillo ó Ñambar (Dalbergia retusa), it represents a high degree of responsibility for the directives of the Project of Exploitation and subsequent Commercial Project, to produce the less environmental impact possible to this forest ecosystem and to manage the conservation of this ecosystem and its plant species following ecologically sound approaches to detect fluctuations in the ecological indicators (such as sapling recruitment, seed dispersal, and so on), of all species but in specific these species with High Conservation Value. 5.2. Mitigation Geothermal exploitation must include a water re-injection systems which reduces to a minimum time possible, the contact between hot-contaminated water, contaminated gases and vegetation. In cases when the emplacement affects forested areas containing each of the 3 highly valuable tree species mentioned above, we recommend to prepare nurseries containing 150 seedlings for each adult tree affected. Ideally seed for the nurseries have to come from trees affected, these seeds have to be collected during the previous season, before the affectation by the emplacement in the sites of interest. If there is not enough space within the Natural Reserve to establish a seedling nursery then we recommend to donate seedlings to local farmers (small, medium and large ones) in the vicinity of the area of the emplacement only if these have the genuine interest of planting these seeds. If there is interest by the farm owner, we recommend to fund a biodiversity research program that includes local universities oriented to better understand the ecological and human aspects surrounding the 2 most intact forest areas, each forest area is at least 1 ha. We recommend to let the forest continue developing into the forest light-gap stage, which is characterized by the creation of holes in the close forest canopy, created when a large 79 tree falls. The micro-habitat below a light-gaps is an appropriate habitat for seed germination, seedling establishment and the establishment of saplings. However, if the farm owner is seriously thinking in extracting the trees with highly commercial value and there is no other option. We may recommend to manage the forest extraction with the aid of a local university with recognized experience in forest management and forest enrichment with seedling and sapling after the forest management. To avoid promoting the expansion of the actual range of exotic and invasive plant species as a result of machinery movement and constructions: Zacate Jaragua (Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf.), Zacate Gamba (Andropogon gayanus Kunth) and the terrestrial African orchid (Oeceoclades maculate (Lindl.) Lindl.). 5.3 Further Surveys and Monitoring We recommend to evaluate forest growth every 3 years in order to know what factors may be influencing the key ecological processes within these forest. 5.2 Insects 5.2.1 Mitigation Taking into account that the entire area is Tropical Dry Forest ecosystem with different levels of conservation or lack of it, the priority must be to establish conservation initiatives that target big areas of forest and to promote natural regeneration. No special measures are needed for butterflies, restoring the forest will lead to a better conservation of the butterflies. Same for the scarabs, the poor scarab fauna richness depends of the few bigger animals, if the forest is restored, then larger body sized mammals may become more abundant. Beside if a more effective effort is done by security program, restricting the entry to hunters in the area will certainly increase the population or large body sized animals, which will result in more feeding resources for dung beetles. For other scarabs, two conservation principles are important; one is soil conservation, as part of the scarabs live cycles in leaf-litter and organic soil. The other point of conservation is keeping dead branches and dead trees in site, as these support xylophage insects, among these some species of scarabs. Removing dead wood represent food source loss to scarab 80 larvae. In the case of trails, just remove the part of the trunk or branches that are on the trail and move it to one a side. An improvement in local habitat conditions for the butterflies associated with Tropical Dry Forest could be done, if we know the host plants, we can try to increase the quantity of the host plants. Pyrisitia dina larvae grow on Picramnia (Simaroubaceae) (De Vries, 1987). The host plant of Chlosyne erodyle is unknown, but other species of Chlosyne in the area live on Aphelandra (Acanthaceae) and Melanthera and other species of Asteraceae. Host plant of Hamadryas atlantis is also unknown but the other 4 species of Hamadryas in the area live on Dalechampia scandens (Euphorbiaceae). Field research on the host plants of those species could be a first step to increase the quantity of food available for those species of butterflies. 5.2.2 Further Surveys and Monitoring Monitoring during the whole year could be interesting to have a better idea about the insect population dynamics into the area. Rearing caterpillar to get adults, to check what host plant these use and also to confirm that these complete (or not) their life cycle within the study area. 5.3 Birds 5.3.1 Migratory birds To protect remnant Secondary Tropical Dry Forests which are the habitat for bird species of important for conservation due to their restricted habitats. To carry out a protocol to bridge the gap between remnant of Tropical Dry Forest, prioritizing the establishment of vegetation that will be used as biological corridor by birds present in the Natural Reserve Complex Volcano System San Cristóbal- Casita and the Tropical Dry Forest present in the Natural reserve of Telica – Rota, as well as other forest patches scattered in areas nearby the reserve. 81 To increase the number of Park Rangers in order to protect the forested areas in the Casita Volcano. These areas are used as feeding areas, reproduction spots and resting sites for resident and migratory bird species. To promote intercropping mixing shade coffee, Musaceaes with trees, since these agriculture systems are used as habitats for a great number of bird species restricted to forest habitats. We consider that poaching should be banned from remnant Tropical Dry Forest present in the research area, which in turn could increase the population number of local fauna, among these species currently endangered by local extinction. Forest fires as a method of preparing the ground previous to an agriculture cycle should be banned because it leads to habitat loss. 5.3.2 Others interviews and field monitoring To carry out more detailed Ornithological studies, during the dry and rainy seasons, taking into account both migratory and resident bird species. These studies should focus on understanding at the community level habitat distribution, food sources, reproduction between habitats in order to allocate efforts to mitigate and compensate for the direct and indirect effects of the geothermal emplacement. To implement a permanent Bird Monitoring System, involving organizations that conduct migratory bird studies national wise and in the Neotropics, such is the Bird Monitoring Program (MoSI), a collaborative, international network of bird monitoring stations across the northern Neotropics that bolsters conservation efforts through population monitoring. Field surveys are required to determine whether or not key bird species are locally extinct. 5.4 Amphibian and Reptile 82 We recommend to carry out systematic evaluations of the local Herpetofauna. A great effort has to be allocated to evaluate the group of reptiles, we think that with more sampling we could account for more reptile species, and also test the hypothesis that the low number of reptiles is due to presence of people that kill these snakes in the study area. To establish coordination between communities to carry out environmental education workshops to promote the importance of the Herpetofauna for the ecosystem functions, but also to promote non-industrial techniques to produce grains and vegetables with the objective to reduce the use of chemical pest control, which could be affecting local Herpetofauna. To reduce local practices that can reduce the forest cover, such as the use of fire to hunt for reptile or the use of fire to kill large trees that later are cut down for firewood, forest exploitation, and forest management practices unless it is the last alternative. We recommend to forbid handling of cattle in the area nearby platform B, E and F as these represent key habitats for amphibian and reptile. 5.5 Mammals It is recommended to establish a yearly monitoring system of mammals with the main goal of improving the Nicaragua Mammal Species Check list. To carry out systematic evaluation of the local fauna, during dry and rainy season, focusing on determining aspect related to changes in the dynamic of the population of the local mammals over time. To identify ecological connectivity conditions that allows the mobility of local mammal species present in the area of study and areas nearby the Natural Reserve of Casita Volcano. In specific, deers, wild cats and coyotes. To implement forest restoration to improve habitats for mammal species. For instance, reforestation in degraded areas in order to bridge the gap between forest areas 83 It is recommended to carry out a rescue program that involves capture and re-insertion of faunas from the areas of the emplacement into habitats with appropriate habitats. This program have to be conducted by well experienced field scientist. It is recommended to conduct environmental education program to raise awareness on the value of local biodiversity among local people that live nearby the protected area of Casita Volcano. To implement an field study at the population level of the distribution patterns of Leopardus wiedii, Odocoileus virginianus and Pecari tajacu in the area of study with the goal of identifying habitat choice, food source and food availability and population structure. 84 6. LITERATURE CITED Introduction MARENA. 2008. Plan de Manejo de la Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico Telica-Rota. III INFORME: Estado de Conservación, Uso del Suelo y Recursos Naturales y Evaluación de la Implementación. With the support of Propiedad Segura, Cuenta Reto del Milenio and SINAP. 133 Pages Vegetation Dirzo, R., H. S. Young, M. Galetti, Ceballos G. Isaac N. J. B. and Collen B. 2014. Degaunation in the Anthropocene. Science 345: 401 Gentry, A.H. 1990. Similarities and differences between southern Central America and upper and central Amazonia. En: Four neotropical rainforest. Editor Gentry, A.H. 141-157. Yale University Press. New Haven, USA. Janzen, D.H. 1988. Tropical dry forests: the most endangered tropical ecosystem. In: Wilson, E. (Ed.) Biodiversity. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. pp.130-137. Maass, J. M. 1995. Conversion of tropical dry forest to pasture and agriculture. In: Bullock, S.H., Mooney, H.A. and Medina, E. 1995. Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests. The University Press, Cambridge. pp 399-422. Murphy, P.G. and Lugo, A.E. 1995. 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Greenberg and M. E. van der Voort. 1996. Shade Coffee: A Disappearing Refuge for Biodiversity. BioScience 8 (46) 598-608 pp. Ralph, J., R. Geupel, P. Pyle, E. Martin, F. Desante, Y B. Milá, 1996. Manual de métodos de campo para el monitoreo de aves terrestres. USDA, Forest Service, General Technical. Report 159. 44 pp. SINIA – MARENA 2015. San Cristóbal Casita. El complejo volcánico San Cristóbal Casita. Sistema Nacional de Areas Protegidas SINAP. MARENA. 2015. UICN, 1999. Listas de fauna de importancia para la conservación en Centroamérica y México. UICN- ORMA y WWF Centroamérica. San José, Costa Rica. 230 p. Amphibian and Reptile Guia ilustrada de anfibios y reptiles de Nicaragua (HerpetoNica – 2015). Jerez y Consultores Asociados, CCP-Casita, Vegetación Report EME. Estudio de Flora – 2013. CCP-Casita-Fauna-EIA-CC, Evaluación de Fauna 2013. Gascon, C. , Collins, J. P., Moore R. D. Church, D. R., Mckay, J. E., y Mendelson, J.R., III (eds). 2007. Amphibiams conservation action plan. 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APPENDICES 7.1 Flora and Vegetation 7.1.1 Appendix 1: Maps Figure V1. Flora and Vegetation Ecosystem Map in the study area of Casita Volcano. 7.1.2 Appendix 2: Species Tables and Lists Table V2. Vegetation species list consisting of 235 species reported in 17 sampling plots. Species Family Local use Aphelandra scabra (Vahl) Sm. Acanthaceae Potentially ornamental Barleria oenotheroides Dum. Acanthaceae Potentially ornamental Ruellia inundata Kunth Acanthaceae Unknown use Flowers are harvested for flower Celosia argentea L. Amaranthaceae arrangements 89 Species Family Local use Crinum erubescens Aiton Amaryllidaceae Ornamental flowers Spondias mombin L. Anacardiaceae Edible fruits, wildlife food, bark for crafts Annona reticulata L. Annonaceae Edible frutis, wildlife food Sapranthus violaceus (Dunal.) G. E. Annonaceae Feeding sources for bats Schatz. Annonacea 2 Anonaceae Unknown use Cynanchum cf racemosum (Jacq.) Jacq. Apocynaceae Unknown use Apocynaceae 1 Apocynaceae Unknown use Echítes woodsoniana Monach. Apocynaceae Unknown use Echites yucatanensis Millsp. ex Standl Apocynaceae Unknown use Gonolobus barbatus Kunth Apocynaceae Unknown use Labidostelma guatemalense Schltr. Apocynaceae Unknown use Matelea sp 1 Apocynaceae Unknown use National flower, ornamental and national Plumeria rubra L Apocynaceae simbol Prestonia sp 1 Apocynaceae Unknown use Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. Apocynaceae Medicinal Stemmademia pubescens Benth. Apocynaceae Used to build handles for slingshots Xanthosoma mexicanum Liebm. Araceae Potentially ornamental Xanthosoma wendlandii (Schott) Schott Araceae Potentially ornamental Sciadodendron excelsum Griseb. Araliaceae Unknown use Fallen stem are fermented in a strong Acrocomia mexicana Karw. ex Mart. Arecaceae wine; Edible fruits processed as candies (coquitos) Aristolochia maxima L. Aristolochiaceae Medicinal - to treat snakebite 90 Species Family Local use Asteraceae 1 Asteraceae Unknown use Baltimora recta L. Asteraceae Source of nectar for bees Elephantopus mollis Kunth Asteraceae Unknown use Funte de miel para abejas, aquenios son Melanthera nivea (L.) Small Asteraceae alimento para las aves granívoras Mikania sp 1 Asteraceae Potencially medicinal Montanoa cf hibiscifolia (Benth.) Sch. Asteraceae Unknown use Bip. ex K. Koch Tridax procumbens L Asteraceae Unknown use Bignoniaceae 1 Bignoniaceae Unknown use Bignoniaceae 2 Bignoniaceae Unknown use Cydista aequinoctialis var. Bignoniaceae Unknown use Aequinoctialis (L.) Miers, Proc. Wood used to build handles for agriculture Tabebuia ochracea ssp. neochrysantha Bignoniaceae tools, wood can carved with lathe and (A.H. Gentry) A.H. Gentry ephimeral nectar source for bees Cochlospermum vitifolium (Willd.) Bixaceae Unknown use Spreng., Syst. Wood used to build forniture, construction Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken Boraginaceae work, it is higly valuable Heliotropium indicum indicum L., Sp. Boraginaceae Medicinal Edible fruits and seasoning for certain Bromelia karatas L. Bromeliaceae sweets; Live fences Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. Burseraceae Seeds are food source for birds Trema micrantha (L.) Blume Cannabaceae Food source for birds Capparis indica (L.) Fawc. & Rendle Capparaceae Unknown use Carica papaya L. Caricaceae Food source for fauna Mammea americana L. Clusiaceae Edible fruits Combretum laxum Jacq. Combretaceae Nectar for bees Terminalia oblonga (Ruiz & Pav.) Steud. Combretaceae Wood for indoor construction Commelina diffusa Burm. f. Commelinaceae Unknown use Dichorisandra amabilis, J.C.Grant Commelinaceae Potencially ornamental Tradescantia schippii D. Hunt. Commelinaceae Unknown use 91 Species Family Local use Ipomoea sp 1 Convolvulaceae Unknown use Ipomoea sp 2 Convolvulaceae Unknown use Cayaponia racemosa (Mill.) Cogn. Cucurbitaceae Unknown use Green fruits can be eaten as cucumbers in Rytidostylis gracilis Hook.&Arn. Cucurbitaceae salads Cyperus entrerianus Boeck. Cyperaceae Unknown use Cyperus humilis Kunth, Enum. Cyperaceae Unknown use Cyperus laxus Lam. Cyperaceae Unknown use Kyllinga sp 1 Cyperaceae Unknown use Scleria secans (L.) Urb. Cyperaceae Unknown use Desconocido 1 Desconocido Unknown use Davilla kunthii A. St.-Hil. Dilleniaceae Unknown use Tetracera volubilis L. Dilleniaceae Used as file paper Dioscorea densiflora Hemsl Dioscoreaceae Potencially medicinal Diospyros salicifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Ebenaceae Edible fruits, specially for wildlife Willd. Acalypha alopecuroidea Jacq. Euphorbiaceae Unknown use Croton trínitatis Millsp. Euphorbiaceae Unknown use Dalechampia scandens L. Euphorbiaceae Unknown use Manihot rhomboidea ssp. microcarpa Euphorbiaceae Potencially ornamental (Müll. Arg) Used as shade in coffee plantations, castor Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae oil source (heat resistant) Sapium macrocarpum Müll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae Unknown use 92 Species Family Local use Aeschynomene americana L. Fabaceae Potential forage and green compost Albizia guachapele (H.B.K.) Dugand Fabaceae Average quality wood Albizia niopoides (Spruce ex Benth.) Fabaceae Average quality wood and firewood Burkart Timber for truck floors and livestock Andira inermis (W. Wright) DC. Fabaceae infrastructures, durable Calopogonium caeruleum (Benth.) C. Fabaceae Potential forage and green compost Wright Calopogonium macunoides Desv. Fabaceae Potential forage and green compost Centrosema plumieri (Turpin ex Pers.) Potential forage and green compost and Fabaceae Benth. ornamental flowers Centrosema pubescens Benth. Fabaceae Potential forage and green compost Centrosema sagittatum (Humb. & Fabaceae Potential forage and green compost Bonpl. ex Willd.) Brandegee Chamaecrista nictitans (Cho-dat & Fabaceae Unknown use Hassl.) Precious wood of excellent quality, nectar Dalbergia retusa Hemsl. Fabaceae source for bees and animal fodder Desmodium axillare (Sw.) DC. Fabaceae Potential animal fodder and green compost Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Fabaceae Medium quality wood Griseb. Shade in coffe plantation and green Erythrína poeppigiana (Walp.) Fabaceae compost Fabaceae 1 Fabaceae Unknown use Galactia striata (Jacq.) Urb. Fabaceae Potential animal fodder 93 Species Family Local use Posts for life fences and wood of excelent Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. Fabaceae quality for wood crafting Shade for coffe plantation and green Inga punctata Willd. Fabaceae compost Shade for coffe plantation and green Inga vera Kunth Fabaceae compost Shade for coffe plantation and green Leucaena leucocephala Fabaceae compost Shade for coffee plantations, green Lonchocarpus minimiflorus Donn. Sm. Fabaceae compost and nectar source for bees Wood for lathe, farm infrastructures, poles Lysiloma auritum (Schltdl.) Benth Fabaceae and firewood Machaerium biovulatum Micheli Fabaceae Unknown use Machaerium kegelii Meisn. Fabaceae Unknown use Machaerium sp 1 Fabaceae Unknown use Mimosa albida Humb. & Bonpl. ex Fabaceae Unknown use, harmful undergrowth Willd. Mimosa pudica L. Fabaceae Medicinal Mimosa sp 1 Fabaceae Unknown use Mucuna holtonii (Kuntze) Holdenke Fabaceae Potencially medicinal (Parkinson) Myrospermum frutescens Jacq. Fabaceae Wood for lathe, poles for fences Unknown use, potentially for green Phaseolus lunatus Billb. ex Beurl. Fabaceae compost Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth Fabaceae Firewood Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. Fabaceae Unknown use 94 Species Family Local use Medium quality wood, source of nectar for Samanea saman (Jacq.) Benth. Fabaceae bees and resinous fruits food for fauna and cattle Senna bicapsularis (L.) Roxb. Fabaceae Unknown use Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S. Irwin & Fabaceae Unknown use Barneby Senna sp 1 Fabaceae Unknown use Green compost (before the formation of Stizolobium pruriens (L.) Medik Fabaceae rutican fruits) Stysanthes cf viscosa (L.) Sw Fabaceae Potentially for animal fodder Unknown use, potentially for green Tephrosia vicioides Schltdl. Fabaceae compost Vachellia collinsii (Saff.) Seigler & Fabaceae Firewood Ebinger Vigna adenantha (G. Mey.) Maréchal, Fabaceae Potentially for green compost Mascherpa & Stainier Hippocratea volubilis L. Hippocrateaceae Fruit potentialy for handicraft Hyptis sp 1 Lamiaceae Unknown use Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Lamiaceae Muscilaginous seed used as medicinal drink Ocimum campechianum Mill. Lamiaceae Potentially for essence oil Persea americana Lauraceae Edible fruits Gronovia scandens L. Loasaceae Unknown use Lomariopsidacea Nephrolepis sp 1 Potencially ornamental e Lygodium venustum Sw. Lygodiaceae Unknown use Edible fruits, drinks, can be conserved, Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth Malpighiaceae tannin (epicarp) Abutilon trisulcatum (Jacq.) Urb. Malvaceae Unknown use Apeiba tibourbou Aubl. Malvaceae Seed oil is cosmetic for hair 95 Species Family Local use Byttneria aculeata Jacq. Malvaceae Unknown use Light wood of low quality, symbol of the Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Malvaceae Tree of Life of the Mayas, flowers provide nectar to bats Fruits are food source for wild life, leaves Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Malvaceae forage for cattle Heliocarpus appendiculatus Turcz Malvaceae Fiber bark used as rustic ropes Luehea candida (Mof. & Sessé ex DC.) Malvaceae Source of nectar for bees and firewood Mar Malvaceae 1 Malvaceae Unknown use Malvaceae 2 Malvaceae Unknown use Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. Malvaceae Source of nectar for wildlife Very good quality wood for furniture and Pachira quinata (Jacq.) Dugand Malvaceae interiors Fodder for swines, branches are used as Sida acuta Burm. f. Malvaceae rustic brooms. Edible seed with similar qualities as the Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) H. Karst Malvaceae Kola, wood for boxes of hives and internal uses Waltheria indica L. Malvaceae Unknown use Calathea marantifolia Standl. Marantaceae Potentially ornamental Edible roots (Arrow root), potencially Maranta arundinacea L. Marantaceae ornamental Melastomatacea Miconia sp 1 Unknown use e Wood of excellent quality for furniture and Cedrela odorata L. Meliaceae interiors Guarea glabra Vahl Meliaceae Unknown use Trichilia glabra L. Meliaceae Medium quality wood, very fragrant 96 Species Family Local use Trichilia martiana C. DC. Meliaceae Unknown use Cissampelos pareira L. Menispermaceae Unknown use Medium quality wood, foliage is forage, Brosimum alicastrum Sw. ssp. fruits can replace maize, firewood, latex is Moraceae alicastrum lactogenic for women with difficulty producing milk for their babies Castilla elastica Sessé Moraceae Source of rubber Dorstenia contrajerva L. Moraceae Potentially medicinal Ficus aurea Nutt. Moraceae Shade tree on Coffee plantations Ficus goldmanii Moraceae Shade tree on Coffee plantations Shade tree on Coffee plantations and food Ficus insipida Willd. Moraceae source for wildlife Ficus ovalis (Liebm.) Miq. Moraceae Shade tree on Coffee plantations Precious wood (Fustic or Fruit), provides a Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steud. Moraceae dye used to make Kaki fabric, edible and wildlife fruits Muntingiaceae Edible fruits when fresh, compost, Muntingia calabura L. (Salicaceae) excellent for wildlife Giant grass as a temporary or complementary as shade for the coffee, a Musa sp AAX BB Musaceae commercial source of fruits and benefits the local fauna Eugenia hondurensis Ant. Molina Myrtaceae Unknown use Psidium guineense Myrtaceae Edible fruits and for wildlife Psidium guajava L. Myrtaceae Furit are food source for wildlife Mirabilis violacea (L.) Heimerl Nyctaginaceae Potencially ornamental Pisonia aculeata L. Nyctaginaceae Unknown use 97 Species Family Local use Botrychium cf decompositum M. Ophioglossaceae Unknown use Martens & Galeotti Habenaria quinqueseta Orchidaceae Potentially ornamental Catasetum maculatum Kunth Orchidaceae Potentially ornamental Goodyera major Ames & Correll Orchidaceae Potentially ornamental Lophiaris (Oncidium) cartagenensis Orchidaceae Potentially ornamental (Jacq.) Braem Oeceoclades maculata (Lindl.) Lindl. Orchidaceae Escaped, invasive, African origins Oxalis frutescens ssp. angustifolia Oxalidaceae Unknown use (Kunth) Lourteig Passiflora biflora Lam. Passifloraceae Unknown use Passiflora sp 1 Passifloraceae Unknown use Turnera diffusa Willd. Passifloraceae Unknown use Turnera ulmifolia L Passifloraceae Potentially ornamental Phytolacca icosandra L. Phytolacaceae Unknown use Petiveria alliacea L. Phytolaccaceae Extraction of essential oils Rivina humilis L. Phytolaccaceae Unknown use Alvaradoa amorphoides Liebm. Picramniaceae Firewood Piper aduncum L. Piperaceae Unknown use Piper peltatum L. Piperaceae Unknown use Piper tuberculatum Jacq. Piperaceae Unknown use Piper umbellatum L. Piperaceae Unknown use Plantaginaceae Potentially ornamental, used to atract / Russelia sarmentosa Jacq (Scrophulariacea feed bees. e) 98 Species Family Local use Andropogon angustatus (J. Presl) Steud. Poacaeae Natural pasture Andropogon fastigiatus Sw. Poacaeae Natural pasture Andropogon gayanus Kunth Poaceae Invasive species in this environment Fiber used to buildutility baskets (Coffee Chusquea simpliciflora Munro Poaceae harvest) and decorative ones Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler Poaceae Natural pasture Escaped grass is invasive in these Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf. Poaceae ecosystems Lasiacis ruscifolia (Kunth) Hitchc. Poaceae Unknown use Olyra latifolia L. Poaceae Unknown use Panicum maximum Jacq. Poaceae Escaped grass Panicum sp 2 Poaceae Natural pasture Paspalum virgatum L Hochst. ex Chiov. Poaceae Food source for animals Paspalum conjugatum Bergius Poacaeae Natural pasture Pennisetum complanatum (Nees) Poaceae Natural pasture Hemsl Pharus latifolius L. Poaceae Potentially ornamental Securidaca sylvestris Schltdl. Polygalaceae Unknown use Ardisia revoluta Kunth Primulaceae Edible fruits for wildlife Adiantum braunii Mett. ex Kuhn Pteridaceae Potentially ornamental Adiantum cf princeps T. Moore Pteridaceae Potentially ornamental Adiantum cf tenerum Liebm. Pteridaceae Potentially ornamental Pteridaceae 1 Pteridaceae Potentially ornamental Clematis acapulcensis Hook.& Arn. Ranunculaceae Unknown use Gouania lupuloides (L.) Urb. Rhamnaceae Unknown use Fine wood can worked with a lathe, Karwinskia calderonii Standl. Rhamnaceae handicrafts Ziziphus sp 1 Rhamnaceae Unknown use 99 Species Family Local use Borreria densiflora DC Rubiaceae Unknown use Branches used as ornament during Calycophyllum candidissimum (Vahl.) Rubiaceae December festivities, excellent firewood, DC. was used to make bows Marketed coffee seeds, fruits consumed by Coffea arabica L. Rubiaceae wildlife Genipa americana L. Rubiaceae Fruit consumed by wildlife Hamelia patens Jacq. Rubiaceae Source of nectar for bees Source of necetar for bees and fruits for Psychotria berteroana DC Rubiaceae wildlife Source of necetar for bees and fruits for Casearia corymbosa Kunth Salicaceae wildlife Xylosma characantha Standl. Salicaceae Unknown use Allophylus racemosus Sw. Sapindaceae Unknown use Paullinia alata (Ruiz & Pav.) G. Don Sapindaceae Source of nectar for bees Paullinia sp 1 Sapindaceae Source of nectar for bees Serjania triquetra Radlk Sapindaceae Source of nectar for bees Thouinidium decandrum (Bonpl.) Radlk. Sapindaceae Unknown use Sideroxylon capiri ssp. tempisque Sapotaceae Hardwood for agricultural infrastructures (Pittier) T.D. Penn. Selaginella sp 1 Selaginellaceae Unknown use 100 Species Family Local use Smilax spinosa Mill. Smilacaceae Medicinal use (Cuculmeca) Dishwasher, leaves have disinfectant Solanum erianthum D. Don Solanaceae substances and wash dining utensils with them Solanum ipomoea Sendtn. Solanaceae Potencialmente ornamental Solanum volubile Sw. Solanaceae Unknown use Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn. Talinaceae Potentially ornamental Thelypteris dentata (Forssk.) E.P. St. Thelypteridaceae Potentially ornamental John Fruits are consumed by bats and wildlife in Cecropia peltata L. Urticaceae general Myriocarpa longipes Liebm. Urticaceae Unknown use Urera baccifera (L.) Gaudich. ex Wedd. Urticaceae Unknown use Lantana camara L Verbenaceae Toxic plant for livestock Phoradendron sp 1 Viscaceae Unknown use Cissus microcarpa Vahl Vitaceae Unknown use Cissus verticillata (L.) Nicolson & C.E. Vitaceae Unknown use Jarvis ssp. verticillata Table V3. List of herbaceous vegetation Species Family Croton trínitatis Millsp. Euphorbiaceae Manihot rhomboidea ssp. microcarpa (Müll. Arg) Euphorbiaceae Aeschynomene americana L. Fabaceae Calopogonium macunoides Desv. Fabaceae Chamaecrista nictitans (Cho-dat & Hassl.) Fabaceae Galactia striata (Jacq.) Urb. Fabaceae Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. Fabaceae Stysanthes cf viscosa (L.) Sw Fabaceae Tephrosia vicioides Schltdl. Fabaceae Hyptis sp 1 Lamiaceae Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Lamiaceae 101 Psidium guineense (O. Berg) Nied. Myrtaceae Turnera diffusa Willd. Passifloraceae Turnera ulmifolia L Passifloraceae Andropogon angustatus (J. Presl) Steud. Poacaeae Andropogon fastigiatus Sw. Poacaeae Paspalum conjugatum Bergius Poacaeae Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf. Poaceae Borreria densiflora DC Rubiaceae Table V4. List of species found only in Shade Coffee Plantations. Species Family Cynanchum cf racemosum (Jacq.) Jacq. Apocynaceae Sciadodendron excelsum Griseb. Araliaceae Elephantopus mollis Kunth Asteraceae Mikania sp 1 Asteraceae Tridax procumbens L Asteraceae Bignoniaceae 2 Bignoniaceae Heliotropium indicum indicum L., Sp. Boraginaceae Mammea americana L. Clusiaceae Terminalia oblonga (Ruiz & Pav.) Steud. Combretaceae Combretum laxum Jacq. Commelinaceae Tradescantia schippii D. Hunt. Commelinaceae Cyperus entrerianus Boeck. Cyperaceae Cyperus humilis Kunth, Enum. Cyperaceae Cyperus laxus Lam. Cyperaceae Kyllinga sp 1 Cyperaceae Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae Fabaceae 1 Fabaceae Inga vera Kunth Fabaceae Leucaena leucocephala Fabaceae Machaerium kegelii Meisn. Fabaceae Mimosa pudica L. Fabaceae Senna sp 1 Fabaceae Persea americana Lauraceae Gronovia scandens L. Loasaceae Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) H. Karst Malvaceae Ficus goldmanii Moraceae Ficus insipida Willd. Moraceae Ficus ovalis (Liebm.) Miq. Moraceae Musa sp AAX BB Musaceae 102 Species Family Mirabilis violacea (L.) Heimerl Nyctaginaceae Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler Poaceae Paspalum virgatum L Hochst. ex Chiov. Poaceae Securidaca sylvestris Schltdl. Polygalaceae Solanum ipomoea Sendtn. Solanaceae Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn. Talinaceae Table V4. List of species and famility per sampling plot and theri respective DAFOR category; blue letters represent arboreous vegetation. Coordinates of Plot 1: 505663; 1403148. Altitude: 956 masl, northern flank of Casita Volcano, Chinandega Municipality. Date: 06/28/2017 N° Species Family Plot 1: Description of the ecosystem: Herbazal dominated by grasses (natural DAFOR: D = Dominant, A = pasturage). Slope 50%, covered by herbaceous vegetation and few shrubs 66%, Abundant, F = Frequent, O Rock 25% and without vegetation 10% Plot located in a natural channel. = Occasional, R = Rare Dimension: 4 X 4 m. 3. Herbs and sapling layer 1 Psidium guineense Myrtaceae O 2 Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf. Poaceae A 3 Panicum maximum Jacq. Poaceae F 4 Waltheria indica L. Malvaceae A 5 Andropogon fastigiatus Sw. Poacaeae D 6 Hyptis sp 1 Lamiaceae O 7 Manihot rhomboidea ssp. microcarpa (Müll. Arg) Euphorbiaceae O 8 Croton trínitatis Millsp. Euphorbiaceae R 9 Turnera ulmifolia L Passifloraceae O 10 Calopogonium macunoides Desv. Fabaceae F 11 Chamaecrista nictitans (Cho-dat & Hassl.) Fabaceae F 12 Passiflora foetida L. Passifloraceae O 13 Capparis indica (L.) Fawc. & Rendle Capparaceae R 14 Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg Burseraceae R 15 Turnera diffusa Willd. Passifloraceae O 16 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Lamiaceae O 17 Melanthera nivea (L.) Small Asteraceae R 18 Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. Fabaceae R 19 Oxalis frutescens ssp. angustifolia (Kunth) Lourteig Oxalidaceae R 20 Mimosa albida Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Fabaceae R 103 Coordingates of Plot 2: 505634; 1403205. Altitude: 966 masl, flank of Casita Volcano, Chinandega municipality. Date: 06/28/2017 N° Species Family Plot 2: Description of the ecosystem: Herbazal dominated by grasses (natural DAFOR: D = Dominant, pasturage). Slope 35, covered by herbaceous vegetation 50%, Rock 40% and A = Abundant, F = without vegetation 10% Plot located at an inclined crag. Dimension: 4 X 4 m. Frequent, O = Occasional, R = Rare 3. Herbs and sapling layer 1 Melanthera nivea (L.) Small Asteraceae F 2 Andropogon fastigiatus Sw. Poacaeae D 3 Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf. Poaceae F 4 Galactia striata (Jacq.) Urb. Fabaceae O 5 Stysanthes cf viscosa (L.) Sw Fabaceae O 6 Capparis indica (L.) Fawc. & Rendle Capparaceae F 7 Mimosa albida Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Fabaceae O 8 Waltheria indica L. Malvaceae F Coordinates of Plot 3: 505863; 1403184. Altitude: 895 masl, flank of Casita Volcano, Chinandega Municipality. Date: 06/29/2017 Species Family Plot 3. Description of the ecosystem: Herbazal dominated by grasses (natural DAFOR: D = Dominant, A pasture). Slope 35%, covered by herbaceous vegetation 40%, Rock 40% and = Abundant, F = without vegetation 20%. Plot located in a slanted crag. Dimension: 4 X 4 m. Frequent, O = Occasional, R = Rare N° 3. Herbs and sapling layer 1 Waltheria indica L. Malvaceae F 2 Galactia striata (Jacq.) Urb. Fabaceae O 3 Turnera diffusa Willd. Passifloraceae F 4 Andropogon fastigiatus Sw. Poacaeae D 5 Andropogon angustatus (J. Presl) Steud. Poacaeae F 6 Paspalum conjugatum Bergius Poacaeae O 7 Senna bicapsularis (L.) Roxb. Fabaceae O 8 Cochlospermum vitifolium (Willd.) Spreng., Syst. Bixaceae O 9 Tephrosia vicioides Schltdl. Fabaceae O 10 Aeschynomene americana L. Fabaceae O 11 Borreria densiflora DC Rubiaceae R 12 Mimosa albida Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Fabaceae R 13 Stysanthes cf viscosa (L.) Sw Fabaceae R 14 Botrychium cf decompositum M. Martens & Galeotti Ophioglossaceae R 15 Sida acuta Burm. f. Malvaceae O 16 Turnera ulmifolia L Passifloraceae R 104 Coordinates of Plot 4: 505728; 1403309. Altitude: 915 masl, flank of Casita Volcano, Chinandega Municipality. Date: 06/29/2017 Species Family Plot 4: Dimension: 33 X 33 m. Description of the ecosystem: Deciduous forest DAFOR: D = Dominant, heavily affected by forest fires. Plot located on a slope, slope 15%. Vegetation A = Abundant, F = cover 60%, Rock 20% and without vegetation 20%. Frequent, O = Occasional, R = Rare N° 1. Arboreus layer 1 Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. Fabaceae O 2 Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken Boraginaceae O 3 Cochlospermum vitifolium (Willd.) Spreng., Syst. Bixaceae F 4 Luehea candida (Mof. & Sessé ex DC.) Mar Malvaceae O 5 Karwinskia calderonii Standl. Rhamnaceae F 6 Ficus aurea Nutt. Moraceae R 2. Shrubs, Juvenlie trees or Re-sprouts layer Fabaceae O 7 Allophylus racemosus Sw. Sapindaceae A 8 Luehea candida (Mof. & Sessé ex DC.) Mar Malvaceae R 9 Cochlospermum vitifolium (Willd.) Spreng., Syst. Bixaceae F 10 Sapranthus violaceus (Dunal.) G. E. Schatz. Annonaceae F 11 Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken Boraginaceae O 12 Karwinskia calderonii Standl. Rhamnaceae A 13 Tabebuia ochracea ssp. neochrysantha (A.H. Gentry) A.H. Gentry Bignoniaceae O 14 Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg Burseraceae O 15 Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. Fabaceae F 16 Apeiba tibourbou Aubl. Malvaceae O 17 Lysiloma auritum (Schltdl.) Benth Fabaceae D 18 Stemmademia pubescens Benth. Apocynaceae A 3.Herbaceous and sapling layer 19 Dioscorea densiflora Hemsl Dioscoreaceae R 20 Inga punctata Willd Fabaceae R 21 Dalechampia scandens L. Euphorbiaceae F 22 Stemmademia pubescens Benth. Apocynaceae F 23 Aphelandra scabra (Vahl) Sm. Rubiaceae A 24 Smilax spinosa Mill. Smilacaceae R 25 Russelia sarmentosa Jacq Scrophulariaceae R 26 Serjania triquetra Radlk Sapindaceae A 27 Asteraceae1 Asteraceae D 28 Ruellia inundata Kunth Acanthaceae R 29 Allophylus racemosus Sw. Sapindaceae A 30 Labidostelma guatemalense Apocynaceae F 105 Coordinates of Plot 4: 505728; 1403309. Altitude: 915 masl, flank of Casita Volcano, Chinandega Municipality. Date: 06/29/2017 Species Family 31 Pennisetum complanatum (Nees) Hemsl Poaceae O 32 Maranta arundinacea L. Marantaceae R 33 Echítes woodsoniana Monach. Apocynaceae F 34 Desmodium axillare (Sw.) DC. Fabaceae F 35 Lysiloma auritum (Schltdl.) Benth Fabaceae A 36 Cydista aequinoctialis var. Aequinoctialis (L.) Miers, Proc. Bignoniaceae A 37 Calathea marantifolia Marantaceae R 38 Aristolochia maxima L. Aristolochiaceae R 39 Phoradendron sp 1 Viscaceae O 40 Crinum erubescens Aiton Amaryllidaceae R 41 Cissus microcarpa Vahl Vitaceae F 42 Oxalis frutescens ssp. angustifolia (Kunth) Lourteig Oxalidaceae R 43 Melanthera nivea (L.) Small Asteraceae O 44 Andropogon gayanus Kunth Poaceae O 45 Ocimum campechianum Mill. Lamiaceae O 46 Combretum laxum Jacq. Combretaceae F 47 Adiantum cf tenerum Liebm. Pteridaceae F 48 Selaginella sp 1 Selaginellaceae R 49 Calopogonium macunoides Desv. Fabaceae R 50 Habenaria quinqueseta Orchidaceae R Coordinates of Plot 5: 505680; 1403700. Altitude: 897 masl, flank of Casita Volcano, Chinandega Municipality. Date: 06/30/2017 Species Family Plot 5: Ecosystem description: deciduous forest with some trees of the primary DAFOR: D = Dominant, forest and most trees are regenerating ever since 15-20 years. Plot located on a A = Abundant, F = slope, slope 15%, vegetation cover 70%, rock 15% and without vegetation 15% Frequent, O = Dimension: 33 X 33 m Occasional, R = Rare N° 1. Arboreus layer 1 Lysiloma auritum (Schltdl.) Benth Fabaceae D 2 Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken Boraginaceae F 3 Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth Malpighiaceae R 4 Sapium macrocarpum Müll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae F 5 Cecropia peltata L. Urticaceae O 6 Spondias mombin L. Anacardiaceae R 7 Cedrela odorata L. Meliaceae F 8 Luehea candida (Mof. & Sessé ex DC.) Mar Malvaceae O 106 Coordinates of Plot 5: 505680; 1403700. Altitude: 897 masl, flank of Casita Volcano, Chinandega Municipality. Date: 06/30/2017 Species Family 9 Karwinskia calderonii Standl. Rhamnaceae O 10 Heliocarpus appendiculatus Turcz Malvaceae O 11 Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. Fabaceae O 12 Sapranthus violaceus (Dunal.) G. E. Schatz. Annonaceae O 2. Shrubs, Juvenlie trees or Re-sprouts layer Fabaceae O 13 Heliocarpus appendiculatus Turcz Malvaceae F 14 Sapranthus violaceus (Dunal.) G. E. Schatz. Annonaceae F 15 Apeiba tibourbou Aubl. Malvaceae D 16 Annona reticulata L. Annonaceae F 17 Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. Fabaceae F 18 Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken Boraginaceae O 19 Psychotria berteroana DC Rubiaceae F 20 Solanum erianthum D. Don Solanaceae O Malvaceae 1 Malvaceae O 21 3.Herbaceous and sapling layer 22 Oeceoclades maculata (Lindl.) Lindl. Orchidaceae O 23 Oncidium carthagenense (Jacq.) Sw. Orchidaceae R 24 Dorstenia contrajerva L. Moraceae F 25 Allophylus racemosus Sw. Sapindaceae F 26 Olyra latifolia L. Poaceae O 27 Cydista aequinoctialis var. Aequinoctialis (L.) Miers, Proc. Bignoniaceae O 28 Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. Malvaceae O 29 Waltheria indica L. Malvaceae O 30 Annona reticulata L. Annonaceae O 31 Bromelia karatas L. Bromeliaceae R 32 Gouania lupuloides (L.) Urb. Rhamnaceae A 33 Xylosma characantha Standl. Salicaceae R 34 Piper aduncum L. Piperaceae O 35 Lasiacis ruscifolia (Kunth) Hitchc. Poaceae A 36 Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken Boraginaceae O 37 Cedrela odorata L. Meliaceae O 38 Goodyera major Ames & Correll Orchidaceae O 39 Centrosema sagittatum (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Brandegee Fabaceae A 40 Trichilia glabra L. Meliaceae O 41 Echítes woodsoniana Monach. Apocynaceae O 42 Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg Burseraceae F 43 Apeiba tibourbou Aubl. Malvaceae R 107 Coordinates of Plot 5: 505680; 1403700. Altitude: 897 masl, flank of Casita Volcano, Chinandega Municipality. Date: 06/30/2017 Species Family 44 Sapranthus violaceus (Dunal.) G. E. Schatz. Annonaceae R 45 Centrosema plumieri (Turpin ex Pers.) Benth. Fabaceae O 46 Labidostelma guatemalense Schltr. Apocynaceae R 47 Albizia guachapele (H.B.K.) Dugand Fabaceae R 48 Aphelandra scabra (Vahl) Sm. Acanthaceae A 49 Stemmademia pubescens Benth. Apocynaceae F 50 Ipomoea sp 1 Convolvulaceae F 51 Xanthosoma wendlandii (Schott) Schott Araceae R 52 Piper umbellatum L. Piperaceae F 53 Solanum erianthum D. Don Solanaceae R 54 Asteraceae 1 D 55 Hamelia patens Jacq. Rubiaceae O 56 Russelia sarmentosa Jacq Plantaginaceae R 57 Piper peltatum L. Piperaceae R 58 Castilla elastica Sessé Moraceae R 59 Cecropia peltata L. Urticaceae R 60 Psidium guajava L. Myrtaceae R 61 Montanoa cf hibiscifolia (Benth.) Sch. Bip. ex K. Koch Asteraceae A 62 Lysiloma auritum (Schltdl.) Benth Fabaceae F 63 Heliocarpus appendiculatus Turcz Malvaceae O 64 Solanum erianthum D. Don Solanaceae F 65 Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. Malvaceae A 66 Malvaceae 1 Malvaceae R 67 Cayaponia racemosa (Mill.) Cogn. Cucurbitaceae R 68 Dalechampia scandens L. Euphorbiaceae R 69 Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urb. Fabaceae O 70 Cissus microcarpa Vahl Vitaceae O 71 Bignoniaceae 1 Bignoniaceae A 72 Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth Malpighiaceae R 73 Sapium macrocarpum Müll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae O 74 Spondias mombin L. Anacardiaceae R 75 Eugenia hondurensis Ant. Molina Myrtaceae R 108 Coordinates of Plot: 505916; 1403799. Altitude: 853 masl, in flank of Casita Volcano, Municipality of Chinandega. Date: 06/30/2017 N° Species Family Plot: 6. Description of the ecosystem: Open deciduous forest severely DAFOR: D = Dominant, affected by forest fires, 45% canopy cover, forest floor vegetation cover A = Abundant, F = 90%, and forest floor presents lava rocks 10%. Plot located in slope of 15%. Frequent, O = Dimension: 33 X 33 m. Occasional, R = Rare 1. Arboreus layer 1 Lysiloma auritum (Schltdl.) Benth Fabaceae D 2 Luehea candida (Mof. & Sessé ex DC.) Mar Malvaceae O 3 Annona reticulata L. Annonaceae O 4 Apeiba tibourbou Aubl. Malvaceae F 5 Sapium macrocarpum Müll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae F 6 Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Malvaceae O 7 Castilla elastica Sessé Moraceae O 8 Alvaradoa amorphoides Liebm. Picramniaceae F 9 Brosimum alicastrum Sw. ssp. alicastrum Moraceae R 10 Lonchocarpus minimiflorus Donn. Sm. Fabaceae O 11 Solanum erianthum D. Don Solanaceae F 12 Karwinskia calderonii Standl. Rhamnaceae F 13 Cecropia peltata L. Urticaceae F 2. Shrubs, Juvenlie trees or Re-sprouts layer O 14 Lysiloma auritum (Schltdl.) Benth Fabaceae A 15 Stemmademia pubescens Benth. Apocynaceae O 16 Lonchocarpus minimiflorus Donn. Sm. Fabaceae O 17 Trichilia martiana C. DC. Meliaceae R 18 Sapranthus violaceus (Dunal.) G. E. Schatz. Annonaceae F 19 Malvaceae 2 Malvaceae O 20 Solanum erianthum D. Don Solanaceae o 21 Cecropia peltata L. Urticaceae F 22 Diospyros salicifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Ebenaceae R 23 Aphelandra scabra (Vahl) Sm. Rubiaceae A 24 Annonacea 2 Anonaceae O 25 Hamelia patens Jacq. Rubiaceae F 26 Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. Rubiaceae A 27 Sideroxylon capiri ssp. tempisque (Pittier) T.D. Penn. Sapotaceae R 28 Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Malvaceae O 29 Heliocarpus appendiculatus Turcz Malvaceae O 30 Tabebuia ochracea ssp. neochrysantha (A.H. Gentry) A.H. Gentry Bignoniaceae R 31 Montanoa cf hibiscifolia (Benth.) Sch. Bip. ex K. Koch Asteraceae A 32 Cecropia peltata L. Urticaceae F 109 Coordinates of Plot: 505916; 1403799. Altitude: 853 masl, in flank of Casita Volcano, Municipality of Chinandega. Date: 06/30/2017 N° Species Family 33 Myriocarpa longipes Liebm. Urticaceae R 34 Lantana camara L Verbenaceae O 35 Trema micrantha (L.) Blume Cannabaceae O 36 Muntingia calabura L. Muntingiaceae R (Salicaceae) 3.Herbaceous and sapling layer 37 Centrosema plumieri (Turpin ex Pers.) Benth. Fabaceae A 38 Phaseolus lunatus Billb. ex Beurl. Fabaceae O 39 Aphelandra scabra (Vahl) Sm. Acanthaceae F 40 Vigna adenantha (G. Mey.) Maréchal, Mascherpa & Stainier Fabaceae F 41 Psychotria berteroana DC Rubiaceae F 42 Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. Malvaceae D 43 Lysiloma auritum (Schltdl.) Benth Fabaceae A 44 Alvaradoa amorphoides Liebm. Picramniaceae A 45 Hamelia patens Jacq. Rubiaceae F 46 Labidostelma guatemalense Schltr. Apocynaceae O 47 Gonolobus barbatus Kunth Apocynaceae A 48 Cydista aequinoctialis var. Aequinoctialis (L.) Miers, Proc. Bignoniaceae F 49 Ipomoea sp 1 Convolvulaceae A 50 Ipomoea sp 2 Convolvulaceae A 51 Asteraceae 1 Asteraceae D 52 Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urb. Fabaceae R 53 Cayaponia racemosa (Mill.) Cogn. Cucurbitaceae O 54 Allophylus racemosus Sw. Sapindaceae O 55 Dalechampia scandens L. Euphorbiaceae A 56 Chusquea simpliciflora Munro Poaceae O 57 Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steud. Moraceae O 58 Chusquea simpliciflora Munro Poaceae O 59 Phytolacca icosandra L. Phytolacaceae R 60 Serjania triquetra Radlk. Sapindaceae O 61 Lantana camara L Verbenaceae O 62 Centrosema pubescens Benth. Fabaceae A 63 Trema micrantha (L.) Blume Cannabaceae R 64 Calopogonium caeruleum (Benth.) C. Wright Fabaceae R 65 Passiflora biflora Lam. Passifloraceae A 66 Cissampelos pareira L. Menispermaceae O 67 Piper umbellatum L. Piperaceae R 110 Coordinates of Plot: 505916; 1403799. Altitude: 853 masl, in flank of Casita Volcano, Municipality of Chinandega. Date: 06/30/2017 N° Species Family 68 Piper aduncum L. Piperaceae R 69 Piper peltatum L. Piperaceae R 70 Pteridaceae 1 Pteridaceae R 71 Cecropia peltata L. Urticaceae A 72 Byttneria aculeata Jacq. Malvaceae R 73 Miconia sp 1 Melastomataceae R 74 Scleria secans (L.) Urb. Cyperaceae R 75 Combretum laxum Jacq. Combretaceae O 76 Celosia argentea L. Amaranthaceae A 77 Aristolochia maxima L. Aristolochiaceae R 78 Dalechampia scandens L. Euphorbiaceae A 79 Acrocomia mexicana Karw. ex Mart. Arecaceae R 80 Phytolacca icosandra L. Phytolacaceae O Coordinates of Plot 7: 506806; 1402934. Altitude: 693 masl, flank of Casita Volcano, Chinandega Municipality. Date: 07/01/2017 N° Species Family Plot 7: Dimension: 33 X 33 m. Description of the ecosystem: Forest deciduo of DAFOR: D = Dominant, glen (riverine). Forest canopy coverage 60%. Slope 15% Forest floor presents a A = Abundant, F = vegetation cover of 60% and forest floor without cover accouts for 40%. Frequent, O = Occasional, R = Rare 1. Arboreus layer 1 Cedrela odorata L. Meliaceae D 2 Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steud. Moraceae R 3 Luehea candida (Mof. & Sessé ex DC.) Mar Malvaceae F 4 Ardisia revoluta Kunth Primulaceae R 5 Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Malvaceae R 6 Sapium macrocarpum Müll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae A 7 Heliocarpus appendiculatus Turcz Malvaceae O 8 Castilla elastica Sessé Moraceae F 9 Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg Burseraceae R 10 Alvaradoa amorphoide Picramniaceae O 11 Trichilia glabra L. Meliaceae R 12 Brosimum alicastrum Sw. ssp. alicastrum Moraceae R 2. Shrubs, Juvenlie trees or Re-sprouts layer 14 Annona reticulata L. Annonaceae F 15 Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. Malvaceae F 111 Coordinates of Plot 7: 506806; 1402934. Altitude: 693 masl, flank of Casita Volcano, Chinandega Municipality. Date: 07/01/2017 N° Species Family 16 Psychotria berteroana DC Rubiaceae A 17 Myriocarpa longipes Liebm. Urticaceae O 18 Allophylus racemosus Sw. Sapindaceae A 19 Aphelandra scabra (Vahl) Sm. Acanthaceae D 20 Tabebuia ochracea ssp. neochrysantha (A.H. Gentry) A.H. Gentry Bignoniaceae O 21 Diospyros salicifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Ebenaceae R 22 Xylosma characantha Standl. Salicaceae R 23 Heliocarpus appendiculatus Turcz Malvaceae R 24 Plumeria rubra L Apocynaceae R 25 Malvaceae 2 Malvaceae R 26 Pisonia aculeata L. Nyctaginaceae R 27 Annonaceae 1 Annonaceae R 28 Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken Boraginaceae O 29 Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg Burseraceae F 30 Machaerium sp 1 Fabaceae R 31 Casearia corymbosa Kunth Salicaceae R 3.Herbaceous and sapling layer 37 Adiantum cf princeps T. Moore Pteridaceae D 38 Trichilia glabra L. Meliaceae A 39 Aphelandra scabra (Vahl) Sm. Acanthaceae A 40 Gouania lupuloides (L.) Urb. Rhamnaceae A 41 Ardisia revoluta Kunth Primulaceae R 42 Dioscorea densiflora Hemsl Dioscoreaceae R 43 Cedrela odorata L. Meliaceae F 44 Labidostelma guatemalense Schltr. Apocynaceae A 45 Stemmademia pubescens Benth. Apocynaceae O 46 Cydista aequinoctialis var. Aequinoctialis (L.) Miers, Proc. Bignoniaceae F 47 Myriocarpa longipes Liebm. Urticaceae R 48 Barleria oenotheroides Dum. Acanthaceae R 49 Mucuna holtonii (Kuntze) Holdenke Fabaceae R 50 Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. Malvaceae F 51 Echites woodsonianus Monach. Apocynaceae F 52 Brosimum alicastrum Sw. ssp. alicastrum Moraceae F 53 Chusquea simpliciflora Munro Poaceae R 54 Dorstenia contrajerva L. Moraceae A 55 Paullinia alata (Ruiz & Pav.) G. Don Sapindaceae R 56 Smilax spinosa Mill. Smilacaceae R 112 Coordinates of Plot 7: 506806; 1402934. Altitude: 693 masl, flank of Casita Volcano, Chinandega Municipality. Date: 07/01/2017 N° Species Family 57 Lysiloma auritum (Schltdl.) Benth Fabaceae F 58 Castilla elastica Sessé Moraceae F 59 Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg Burseraceae R 60 Desconocido Desconocido R 61 Phaseolus lunatus Billb. ex Beurl. Fabaceae R 62 Selaginella sp 1 Selaginellaceae A 63 Tabebuia ochracea ssp. neochrysantha (A.H. Gentry) A.H. Gentry Bignoniaceae R 64 Dichorisandra amabilis, J.C.Grant Commelinaceae R 65 Casearia corymbosa Kunth Salicaceae R 66 Oeceoclades maculata (Lindl.) Lindl. Orchidaceae R 67 Psidium guajava L. Myrtaceae R 68 Trichilia glabra L. Meliaceae O 69 Lygodium venustum Sw. Lygodiaceae R 70 Spondias mombin L. Anacardiaceae R 71 Sapranthus violaceus (Dunal.) G. E. Schatz. Annonaceae R 72 Pisonia aculeata L. Nyctaginaceae R 73 Centrosema pubescens Benth. Fabaceae R 74 Adiantum braunii Mett. ex Kuhn Pteridaceae R 75 Erythrína poeppigiana (Walp.) Fabaceae R 76 Thelypteris dentata (Forssk.) E.P. St. John Thelypteridaceae R 77 Genipa americana L. Rubiaceae R 78 Tetracera volubilis L. Dillenaceae R 79 Oncidium cf carthagenense (Jacq.) Sw. Orchidaceae R 80 Phytolacca icosandra L. Phytolacaceae O Coordinates of plot 8: 506844; 1401792. Altitude: 620 masl, flank of Casita Volcano, Chinandega Municipality. Date: 07/01/2017 N° Species Family Plot: 8. Dimension: 33 X 33 m. Description of the ecosystem: Open DAFOR: D = Dominant, A deciduous forest, 45% forest canopy cover, mixed stand between of 30 - = Abundant, F = 40 years old and a mixture of young trees between 15 and 20 years old. Frequent, O = Slope 10%, vegetal cover. Occasional, R = Rare 1. Arboreus layer 1 Luehea candida (Mof. & Sessé ex DC.) Mar Malvaceae O 2 Xylosma characantha Standl. Salicaceae O 3 Brosimum alicastrum Sw. ssp. alicastrum Moraceae F 4 Trichilia glabra L. Meliaceae F 5 Castilla elastica Sessé Moraceae F 113 Coordinates of plot 8: 506844; 1401792. Altitude: 620 masl, flank of Casita Volcano, Chinandega Municipality. Date: 07/01/2017 N° Species Family 6 Pisonia aculeata L. Nyctaginaceae A 7 Sapium macrocarpum Müll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae O 8 Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Malvaceae O 9 Annona reticulata L. Annonaceae O 10 Trichilia martiana C. DC. Sapindaceae O 11 Samanea saman (Jacq.) Benth. Fabaceae R 12 Sideroxylon capiri ssp. tempisque (Pittier) T.D. Penn. Sapotaceae R 13 Cedrela odorata L. Meliaceae F 14 Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steud. Moraceae R 15 Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Malvaceae R 16 Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb. Fabaceae R 2. Shrubs, Juvenlie trees or Re-sprouts layer 17 Myriocarpa longipes Liebm. Urticaceae O 18 Luehea candida (Mof. & Sessé ex DC.) Mar Malvaceae O 19 Labidostelma guatemalense Schltr. Apocynaceae F 20 Castilla elastica Sessé Moraceae F 21 Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. Malvaceae F 22 Psychotria berteroana DC Rubiaceae O 23 Sapium macrocarpum Müll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae O 24 Heliocarpus appendiculatus Turcz Malvaceae O 25 Annona reticulata L. Annonaceae O 26 Samanea saman (Jacq.) Benth. Fabaceae R 27 Sena sp 1 Fabaceae R 28 Sideroxylon capiri ssp. tempisque (Pittier) T.D. Penn. Sapotaceae R 29 Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steud. Moraceae R 30 Albizia niopoides (Spruce ex Benth.) Burkart Fabaceae R 31 Diospyros salicifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Ebenaceae R 32 Alvaradoa amorphoides Liebm. Picramniaceae R 33 Calycophyllum candidissimum (Vahl.) DC. Rubiaceae O 34 Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. Burseraceae O 35 Stemmadenia obovata (Hook. & Arn.) K. Schum Apocynaceae O 3.Herbaceous and sapling layer 36 Brosimum alicastrum Sw. ssp. alicastrum Moraceae 37 Petiveria alliacea L. Phytolacaceae D 38 Dioscorea densiflora Hemsl Dioscoreaceae R 39 Piper tuberculatum Jacq. Piperaceae A 40 Trichilia glabra L. Meliaceae F 114 Coordinates of plot 8: 506844; 1401792. Altitude: 620 masl, flank of Casita Volcano, Chinandega Municipality. Date: 07/01/2017 N° Species Family 41 Castilla elastica Sessé Moraceae F 42 Pisonia aculeata L. Nyctaginaceae A 43 Allophylus racemosus Sw. Sapindaceae F 44 Sapium macrocarpum Müll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae O 45 Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth Fabaceae R 46 Echites woodsonianus Monach. Apocynaceae O 47 Abutilon trisulcatum (Jacq.) Urb. Malvaceae F 48 Annona reticulata L. Annonaceae O 49 Sida acuta Burm. f. Malvaceae O 50 Solanum volubile Sw. Solanaceae O 51 Rivina humilis L. Phytolaccaceae O 52 Byttneria aculeata Jacq. Malvaceae R 53 Piper aduncum L. Piperaceae A 54 Echites woodsonianus Monach. Apocynaceae F 55 Thouinidium decandrum (Bonpl.) Radlk. Sapindaceae R 56 Solanum erianthum D. Don Solanaceae R 57 Davilla kunthii A. St.-Hil. Dilleniaceae R 58 Guarea glabra Vahl Meliaceae O 59 Myrospermum frutescens Jacq. Fabaceae F 60 Piper peltatum L. Piperaceae R 61 Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. Apocynaceae R 62 Albizia niopoides (Spruce ex Benth.) Burkart Fabaceae R 63 Xanthosoma wendlandii (Schott) Schott Araceae R 64 Commelina diffusa Burm. f. Commelinaceae R 65 Alvaradoa amorphoide Picramniaceae F Coordinates of plot 9: 507072; 1402459. Altitude: 604 masl, flank of Casita Volcano, Chinandega Municipality. Date: 07/07/2017 N° Species Family Plot 9: Description of the ecosystem: Open deciduous forest 45% of forest DAFOR: D = Dominant, canopy cover, mixed stand with trees between 30 and 40 years old, young trees A = Abundant, F = between 15 and 20 years old, grasses, shrubs and lianas. The forest floor Frequent, O = presents 50% herbs and shrubs 50% with branches and leaves litter. Pending Occasional, R = Rare 5%. Dimension: 33 m X 33 m. 1. Arboreus layer 1 Calycophyllum candidissimum (Vahl.) DC. Rubiaceae A 2 Andira inermis (W. Wright) DC. Fabaceae R 115 Coordinates of plot 9: 507072; 1402459. Altitude: 604 masl, flank of Casita Volcano, Chinandega Municipality. Date: 07/07/2017 N° Species Family 3 Lysiloma auritum (Schltdl.) Benth Fabaceae R 4 Karwinskia calderonii Standl. Rhamnaceae O 5 Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. Burseraceae O 6 Pachira quinata (Jacq.) Dugand Malvaceae R 7 Albizia niopoides (Spruce ex Benth.) Burkart Fabaceae O 8 Guarea glabra Vahl Meliaceae O 9 Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steud. Moraceae O 10 Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Malvaceae F 11 Luehea candida (Mof. & Sessé ex DC.) Mar Malvaceae F 12 Sapium macrocarpum Müll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae O 13 Brosimum alicastrum Sw. ssp. alicastrum Moraceae O 14 Castilla elastica Sessé Moraceae F 15 Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken Boraginaceae O 2. Shrubs, Juvenlie trees or Re-sprouts layer 16 Calycophyllum candidissimum (Vahl.) DC. Rubiaceae A 17 Allophylus racemosus Sw. Sapindaceae A 18 Tabebuia ochracea ssp. neochrysantha (A.H. Gentry) A.H. Gentry Bignoniaceae R 19 Xylosma characantha Standl. Salicaceae O 20 Vachellia collinsii (Saff.) Seigler & Ebinger Fabaceae R 21 Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. Malvaceae F 22 Karwinskia calderonii Standl. Rhamnaceae O 23 Stemmadenia obovata (Hook. & Arn.) K. Schum Apocynaceae O 24 Casearia corymbosa Kunth Salicaceae O 25 Albizia niopoides (Spruce ex Benth.) Burkart Fabaceae O 26 Chusquea simpliciflora Munro Poaceae F 27 Urera baccifera (L.) Gaudich. ex Wedd. Urticaceae O 28 Aphelandra scabra (Vahl) Sm. Acanthaceae A 29 Heliocarpus appendiculatus Turcz Malvaceae F 30 Guarea glabra Vahl Meliaceae O 31 Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steud. Moraceae O 32 Sapranthus violaceus (Dunal.) G. E. Schatz. Annonaceae R 33 Spondias mombin L. Anacardiaceae R 34 Ziziphus sp 1 Rhamnaceae O 35 Byttneria aculeata Jacq. Malvaceae O 36 Castilla elastica Sessé Moraceae F 37 Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. Burseraceae O 3.Herbaceous and sapling layer Apocynaceae O 116 Coordinates of plot 9: 507072; 1402459. Altitude: 604 masl, flank of Casita Volcano, Chinandega Municipality. Date: 07/07/2017 N° Species Family 38 Calycophyllum candidissimum (Vahl.) DC. Rubiaceae A 39 Allophylus racemosus Sw. Sapindaceae A 40 Cydista aequinoctialis var. Aequinoctialis (L.) Miers, Proc. Bignoniaceae A 41 Xylosma characantha Standl. Salicaceae R 42 Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. Malvaceae F 43 Lysiloma auritum (Schltdl.) Benth Fabaceae R 44 Bromelia karatas L. Bromeliaceae R 45 Gouania lupuloides (L.) Urb. Rhamnaceae F 46 Prestonia sp 1 Apocynaceae A 47 Lasiacis ruscifolia (Kunth) Hitchc. Poaceae R 48 Karwinskia calderonii Standl. Rhamnaceae O 49 Piper tuberculatum Jacq. Piperaceae F 50 Montanoa cf hibiscifolia (Benth.) Sch. Bip. ex K. Koch Asteraceae F 51 Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken Boraginaceae O 52 Pachira quinata (Jacq.) Dugand Malvaceae R 53 Gonolobus barbatus Kunth Apocynaceae R 54 Stemmadenia obovata (Hook. & Arn.) K. Schum Apocynaceae O 55 Aphelandra scabra (Vahl) Sm. Acanthaceae A 56 Dioscorea densiflora Hemsl Dioscoreaceae R 57 Abutilon trisulcatum (Jacq.) Urban Malvaceae F 58 Echites yucatanensis Millsp. ex Standl Apocynaceae R 59 Dorstenia contrajerva L. Moraceae F 60 Piper umbellatum L. Piperaceae R 61 Centrosema plumieri (Turpin ex Pers.) Benth. Fabaceae R 62 Sideroxylon capiri ssp. tempisque (Pittier) T.D. Penn. Sapotaceae R 63 Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steud. Moraceae O 64 Mucuna holtonii (Kuntze) Holdenke Fabaceae O 65 Piper peltatum L. Piperaceae R 66 Serjania triquetra Radlk. Sapindaceae F 67 Selaginella sp 1 Selaginellaceae F 68 Matelea sp 1 Apocynaceae R 69 Cissus microcarpa Vahl Vitaceae R 70 Spondias mombin L. Anacardiaceae R 71 Dalechampia scandens L. Euphorbiaceae O 72 Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. Burseraceae O 73 Albizia niopoides (Spruce ex Benth.) Burkart Fabaceae O 74 Rivina humilis L. Phytolaccaceae O 117 Coordinates of plot 9: 507072; 1402459. Altitude: 604 masl, flank of Casita Volcano, Chinandega Municipality. Date: 07/07/2017 N° Species Family 75 Castilla elastica Sessé Moraceae F 76 Xanthosoma mexicanum Liebm. Araceae R Coordinates of plot 10: 508123; 1402367. Altitude: 572 masl, flank of Casita Volcano, Chinandega Municipality. Date: 07/03/2017 N° Species Family Plot 10: Description of the ecosystem: Shade Coffee (Bourbon) plantation with DAFOR: D = Dominant, large natural trees and Musacea (50%); Flat ground with leaves litter (50%). A = Abundant, F = Pending 5%. Dimension: 33 X 33 m. Frequent, O = Occasional, R = Rare 1. Arboreus layer 1 Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb. Fabaceae R 2 Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steud. Moraceae R 3 Persea americana Lauraceae O 4 Cedrela odorata L. Meliaceae O 5 Cecropia peltata L. Urticaceae R 6 Ficus aurea Nutt. Moraceae R 7 Ficus insipida Willd. Moraceae R 8 Samanea saman (Jacq.) Benth. Fabaceae R 9 Castilla elastica Sessé Moraceae O 10 Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken Boraginaceae O 2. Shrubs, Juvenlie trees or Re-sprouts layer 11 Coffea arabica L. Rubiaceae A 12 Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae R 13 Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steud. Moraceae O 14 Solanum erianthurn D. Don Solanaceae O 15 Cecropia peltata L. Urticaceae R 16 Cedrela odorata L. Meliaceae R 3.Herbaceous and sapling layer Apocynaceae O 17 Piper tuberculatum Jacq. Piperaceae O 18 Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb. Fabaceae O 19 Sida acuta Burm. f. Malvaceae O 20 Piper peltatum L. Piperaceae O 21 Rytidostylis gracilis Hook.&Arn. Cucurbitaceae O 22 Solanum ipomoea Sendtn. Solanaceae A 23 Xanthosoma mexicanum Liebm. Araceae R 24 Xanthosoma wendlandii (Schott) Schott Araceae O 25 Borreria densiflora DC Rubiaceae O 118 Coordinates of plot 10: 508123; 1402367. Altitude: 572 masl, flank of Casita Volcano, Chinandega Municipality. Date: 07/03/2017 N° Species Family 26 Cyperus laxus Lam. Cyperaceae O 27 Mimosa pudica L. Fabaceae R 28 Rivina humilis L. Phytolaccaceae F 29 Tradescantia schippii D. Hunt. Commelinaceae O 30 Cedrela odorata L. Meliaceae F 31 Heliocarpus appendiculatus Turcz Malvaceae R 32 Castilla elastica Sessé Moraceae R 33 Heliotropium indicum indicum L., Sp. Boraginaceae R 34 Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn. Talinaceae R 35 Piper umbellatum L. Piperaceae F 36 Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth Fabaceae R 37 Guarea glabra Vahl Meliaceae O 38 Spondias mombin L. Anacardiaceae R 39 Gonolobus barbatus Kunth Apocynaceae O 40 Sideroxylon capiri ssp. tempisque (Pittier) T.D. Penn. Sapotaceae R 41 Cecropia peltata L. Urticaceae R 42 Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken Boraginaceae R 43 Paspalum virgatum L Hochst. ex Chiov. Poaceae O 44 Piper tuberculatum Jacq. Piperaceae A 45 Kyllinga sp 1 Cyperaceae O Coordinates of plot 11: 507719; 1403059. Altitude: 604 masl, flank of Casita Volcano, Chinandega Municipality. Date: 07/03/2017 N° Species Family Plot 11. Ecosystem description: Abandoned Shade Coffee (Borbon variety) DAFOR: D = Dominant, plantation with natural trees with 30% canopy cover, mature trees are 40-50 A = Abundant, F = years old, trees with diameters greater than 10 cm estimated to be between Frequent, O = 15- 20 years and Juvenile trees are 4-5 year old. Bare soil 40% with Coffee Occasional, R = Rare trees, herbs and some shrubs, slope: 5%. Dimension: 33 X 33 m. 1. Arboreus layer 1 Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Malvaceae O 2 Brosimum alicastrum Sw. ssp. alicastrum Moraceae O 3 Castilla elastica Sessé Moraceae O 4 Guarea glabra Vahl Meliaceae O 5 Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steud. Moraceae O 6 Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. Burseraceae R 7 Cedrela odorata L. Meliaceae F 119 Coordinates of plot 11: 507719; 1403059. Altitude: 604 masl, flank of Casita Volcano, Chinandega Municipality. Date: 07/03/2017 N° Species Family 8 Ziziphus sp 1 Rhamnaceae F 9 Sapium macrocarpum Müll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae O 10 Luehea candida (Mof. & Sessé ex DC.) Mar Malvaceae O 11 Sciadodendron excelsum Griseb. Araliaceae O 12 Muntingia calabura L Salicaceae O 13 Cecropia peltata L. Urticaceae R 14 Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb. Fabaceae R 15 Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) H. Karst Malvaceae R 16 Brosimum alicastrum Sw. ssp. alicastrum Moraceae O 17 Pachira quinata (Jacq.) Dugand Malvaceae R 18 Calycophyllum candidissimum (Vahl.) DC. Rubiaceae O 19 Sideroxylon capiri ssp. tempisque (Pittier) T.D. Penn. Sapotaceae R 20 Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Malvaceae O 21 Heliocarpus appendiculatus Turcz Malvaceae O 22 Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. Burseraceae O 2. Shrubs, Juvenlie trees or Re-sprouts layer 23 Alvaradoa amorphoide Picramniaceae F 24 Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. Malvaceae O 25 Senna sp 1 Fabaceae R 26 Guarea glabra Vahl Meliaceae O 27 Sapium macrocarpum Müll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae O 28 Leucaena leucocephala Fabaceae R 29 Sciadodendron excelsum Griseb. Araliaceae R 30 Stemmademia pubescens Benth. Apocynaceae R 31 Coffea arabica L. Rubiaceae F 32 Cecropia peltata L. Urticaceae O 33 Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Malvaceae O 34 Montanoa hibiscifolia Benth Asteraceae F 35 Brosimum alicastrum Sw. ssp. alicastrum Moraceae O 36 Heliocarpus appendiculatus Turcz Malvaceae O 37 Sapranthus violaceus (Dunal.) G. E. Schatz. Annonaceae O 38 Casearia corymbosa Kunth Salicaceae R 39 Urera baccifera (L.) Gaudich. ex Wedd. Urticaceae F 3.Herbaceous and sapling layer 40 Petiveria alliacea L. Phytolaccaceae O 41 Brosimum alicastrum Sw. ssp. alicastrum Moraceae F 42 Piper umbellatum L. Piperaceae O 120 Coordinates of plot 11: 507719; 1403059. Altitude: 604 masl, flank of Casita Volcano, Chinandega Municipality. Date: 07/03/2017 N° Species Family 43 Urera baccifera (L.) Gaudich. ex Wedd. Urticaceae F 44 Castilla elastica Sessé Moraceae O 45 Guarea glabra Vahl Meliaceae O 46 Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steud. Moraceae R 47 Psychotria berteroana DC Rubiaceae R 48 Cedrela odorata L. Meliaceae O 49 Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. Burseraceae R 50 Lasiacis ruscifolia (Kunth) Hitchc. Poaceae O 51 Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. Malvaceae O 52 Senna sp 1 Fabaceae R 53 Urera baccifera (L.) Gaudich. ex Wedd. Urticaceae O 54 Rivina humilis L. Phytolaccaceae O 55 Calathea macrocephala K. Schum. Marantaceae R 56 Tetracera volubilis L. Dilleniaceae R 57 Rytidostylis gracilis Hook.&Arn. Cucurbitaceae O 58 Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken Boraginaceae R 59 Centrosema plumieri (Turpin ex Pers.) Benth. Fabaceae O 60 Serjania sp 1 Sapindaceae R 61 Bromelia karatas L. Bromeliaceae O 62 Pharus latifolius L. Poaceae O 63 Piper aduncum L. Piperaceae O 64 Luehea candida (Mof. & Sessé ex DC.) Mar Malvaceae R 65 Piper tuberculatum Jacq. Piperaceae F 66 Olyra latifolia L Poaceae O 67 Thouinidium decandrum (Bonpl.) Radlk. Sapindaceae R 68 Combretum laxum Jacq. Commelinaceae R 69 Fabaceae 1 Fabaceae R 70 Trichilia glabra L. Meliaceae F 71 Serjania triquetra Radlk. Sapindaceae A 72 Chusquea simpliciflora Munro Poaceae F 73 Allophylus racemosus Sw. Sapindaceae D 74 Olyra latifolia L. Poaceae O 75 Bignoniaceae 2 Bignoniaceae R 76 Cydista aequinoctialis var. Aequinoctialis (L.) Miers, Proc. Bignoniceae A 77 Phaseolus lunatus Billb. ex Beurl. Fabaceae O 78 Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb. Fabaceae O 79 Heliotropium indicum indicum L., Sp. Boraginaceae F 121 Coordinates of plot 11: 507719; 1403059. Altitude: 604 masl, flank of Casita Volcano, Chinandega Municipality. Date: 07/03/2017 N° Species Family 80 Brosimum alicastrum Sw. ssp. alicastrum Moraceae F 81 Acrocomia mexicana Karw. ex Mart. Arecaceae R 82 Gouania lupuloides (L.) Urb. Rhamnaceae F 83 Lygodium venustum Sw. Lygodiaceae R 84 Smilax spinosa Mill. Smilacaceae R 85 Myrospermum frutescens Jacq. Fabaceae O 86 Pisonia aculeata L. Nyctaginaceae R Coordinates of plot 12: 508174; 1401127. Altitude: 581 masl, flank of Casita Volcano, Chinandega Municipality. Date: 07/04/2017 N° Species Family Plot 12: Description of the ecosystem: Shade Coffee (Caturra variety) DAFOR: D = Dominant, plantation with huge trees with canopy cover of 35%, bare floor 50% with A = Abundant, F = Coffee trees, some herbs and few shrubs. Pending: 5%. Dimension: 33 X 33 Frequent, O = m. Occasional, R = Rare 1. Arboreus layer 1 Cedrela odorata L. Meliaceae O 2 Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb. Fabaceae R 3 Albizia niopoides (Spruce ex Benth.) Burkart Fabaceae R 4 Calycophyllum candidissimum (Vahl.) DC. Rubiaceae O 5 Brosimum alicastrum Sw. ssp. alicastrum Moraceae F 6 Samanea saman (Jacq.) Benth. Fabaceae R 7 Lysiloma auritum (Schltdl.) Benth Fabaceae D 8 Ficus ovalis (Liebm.) Miq. Moraceae R 9 Castilla elastica Sessé Moraceae F 10 Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Malvaceae R 11 Cecropia peltata L. Urticaceae O 12 Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Malvaceae O 13 Pachira quinata (Jacq.) Dugand Malvaceae R 14 Terminalia oblonga (Ruiz & Pav.) Steud. Combretaceae R 2. Shrubs, Juvenlie trees or Re-sprouts layer 15 Coffea arabica L. Rubiaceae D 16 Guarea glabra Vahl Meliaceae F 17 Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steud. Moraceae R 3.Herbaceous and sapling layer 18 Cedrela odorata L. Meliaceae R 19 Inga vera Kunth Fabaceae R 122 Coordinates of plot 12: 508174; 1401127. Altitude: 581 masl, flank of Casita Volcano, Chinandega Municipality. Date: 07/04/2017 N° Species Family 20 Aeschynomene americana L. Fabaceae R 21 Mammea americana L. Clusiaceae R 22 Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae O 23 Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb. Fabaceae O 24 Ziziphus sp 1 Rhamnaceae O 25 Piper tuberculatum Jacq. Piperaceae F 26 Sida acuta Burm. f. Malvaceae O 27 Gonolobus barbatus Kunth Apocynaceae A 28 Tetracera volubilis L. Dilleniaceae R 29 Matelea sp 1 Apocynaceae R 30 Serjania atrolíneata C. Wright Sapindaceae O 31 Piper umbellatum L. Piperaceae F 32 Brosimum alicastrum Sw. ssp. alicastrum Moraceae O 33 Mikania sp 1 Asteraceae R 34 Samanea saman (Jacq.) Benth. Fabaceae R 35 Lysiloma auritum (Schltdl.) Benth Fabaceae F 36 Trichilia glabra L. Meliaceae F 37 Psychotria berteroana DC Rubiaceae F 38 Cyperus laxus Lam. Cyperaceae F 39 Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Malvaceae R 40 Mirabilis violacea (L.) Heimerl Nyctaginaceae R 41 Securidaca sylvestris Schltdl. Polygalaceae O 42 Rytidostylis gracilis Hook.&Arn. Cucurbitaceae F 43 Xanthosoma wendlandii (Schott) Schott Araceae R 44 Tridax procumbens L Asteraceae F 45 Pisonia aculeata L. Nyctaginaceae O 46 Centrosema plumieri (Turpin ex Pers.) Benth. Fabaceae O 47 Inga vera Kunth Fabaceae R 48 Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steud. Moraceae R 49 Commelina diffusa Burm. f. Commelinaceae R 50 Gouania lupuloides (L.) Urb. Rhamnaceae F 51 Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn. Talinaceae F 52 Clematis acapulcensis Hook.& Arn. Ranunculaceae O 123 Coordinates of plot 13: 507779; 1401249. Altitude: 581 masl, flank of Casita Volcano, Chinandega Municipality. Date: 07/04/2017 N° Species Family Plot 13: Description of the ecosystem: Abandoned Shade Coffee (Bourbon) DAFOR: D = Dominant, plantation, medium shade trees with 35% canopy cover with some samplings A = Abundant, F = and herbs. Forest floor without vegetation 30%. Pending: 5%. Dimension: 33 X Frequent, O = 33 m. Occasional, R = Rare 1. Arboreus layer 1 Castilla elastica Sessé Moraceae F 2 Guarea glabra Vahl Meliaceae D 3 Albizia niopoides (Spruce ex Benth.) Burkart Fabaceae R 4 Ficus goldmanii Moraceae R 5 Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb. Fabaceae R 6 Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken Boraginaceae O 7 Brosimum alicastrum Sw. ssp. alicastrum Moraceae F 8 Dalbergia retusa Hemsl. Fabaceae R 9 Cecropia peltata L. Urticaceae O 10 Lysiloma auritum (Schltdl.) Benth Fabaceae O 11 Sapium macrocarpum Müll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae F 12 Ficus aurea Nutt. Moraceae R 2. Shrubs, Juvenlie trees or Re-sprouts layer 13 Coffea arabica L. Rubiaceae D 14 Castilla elastica Sessé Moraceae F 15 Carica papaya L. Caricaceae O 3.Herbaceous and sapling layer 16 Castilla elastica Sessé Moraceae F 17 Albizia niopoides (Spruce ex Benth.) Burkart Fabaceae R 18 Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steud. Moraceae R 19 Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb. Fabaceae O 20 Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken Boraginaceae R 21 Dalbergia retusa Hemsl. Fabaceae F 22 Cecropia peltata L. Urticaceae F 23 Trichilia glabra L. Meliaceae A 24 Trema micrantha (L.) Blume Cannabaceae O 25 Petiveria alliacea L. Phytolaccaceae D 26 Sideroxylon capiri ssp. tempisque (Pittier) T.D. Penn. Sapotaceae R 27 Musa sp AAX BB Musaceae A 28 Piper tuberculatum Jacq. Piperaceae O 29 Serjania triquetra Radlk. Sapindaceae F 30 Piper umbellatum L. Piperaceae A 124 Coordinates of plot 13: 507779; 1401249. Altitude: 581 masl, flank of Casita Volcano, Chinandega Municipality. Date: 07/04/2017 N° Species Family 31 Clematis acapulcensis Hook.& Arn. Ranunculaceae F 32 Xanthosoma wendlandii (Schott) Schott Araceae R 33 Xanthosoma mexicanum Liebm. Araceae R 34 Cydista aequinoctialis var. Aequinoctialis (L.) Miers, Proc. Bignoniaceae A 35 Cissus microcarpa Vahl Vitaceae F 36 Piper peltatum L. Piperaceae A 37 Echites yucatanensis Millsp. ex Standl Apocynaceae F 38 Tetracera volubilis L. Dilleniaceae R 39 Cynanchum cf racemosum (Jacq.) Jacq. Apocynaceae R 40 Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae R 41 Solanum erianthum D. Don Solanaceae R 42 Dichorisandra amabilis, J.C.Grant Commelinaceae F 43 Machaerium kegelii Meisn. Fabaceae R 44 Lonchocarpus minimiflorus Donn. Sm. Fabaceae O 45 Lygodium venustum Sw. Lygodiaceae R 46 Paspalum virgatum L Hochst. ex Chiov. Poaceae F 47 Heliotropium indicum indicum L., Sp. Boraginaceae R 48 Cyperus humilis Kunth, Enum. Cyperaceae O 49 Elephantopus mollis Kunth Asteraceae F 50 Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler Poaceae F 51 Acalypha alopecuroidea Jacq. Euphorbiaceae F 52 Cyperus entrerianus Boeck. Cyperaceae R 53 Cissus verticillata (L.) Nicolson & C.E. Jarvis ssp. verticillata Vitaceae R 54 Panicum maximum Jacq. Poaceae F 55 Gouania lupuloides (L.) Urb. Rhamnaceae A 56 Calathea marantifolia Standl. Standl. Marantaceae R 57 Rivina humilis L. Phytolaccaceae F 58 Guarea glabra Vahl Meliaceae F 59 Gronovia scandens L. Loasaceae R Coordinates of plot 14: 507399 1402991. Altitude: 594 masl, flank of Casita Volcano, Municipality of Chinandega. Date: 07/05/2017 N° Species Family Plot 14: Description of the ecosystem: 15- 20 year old deciduous forest with DAFOR: D = Dominant, elements of mature forest of 40-50 years old, with a 50% of canopy cover with A = Abundant, F = very dense understory. Well-formed soil. Pending 5%. Dimension: 33 X 33 m. Frequent, O = Occasional, R = Rare 1. Arboreus layer 125 Coordinates of plot 14: 507399 1402991. Altitude: 594 masl, flank of Casita Volcano, Municipality of Chinandega. Date: 07/05/2017 N° Species Family 1 Guarea glabra Vahl Meliaceae F 2 Sapium macrocarpum Müll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae F 3 Castilla elastica Sessé Moraceae F 4 Annona reticulata L. Annonaceae O 5 Brosimum alicastrum Sw. ssp. alicastrum Moraceae F 6 Apeiba tibourbou Aubl. Malvaceae O 7 Trichilia glabra L. Meliaceae R 8 Calycophyllum candidissimum (Vahl.) DC. Rubiaceae R 9 Spondias mombin L. Anacardiaceae R 10 Cedrela odorata L. Meliaceae O 11 Cecropia peltata L. Urticaceae O 12 Heliocarpus appendiculatus Turcz Malvaceae R 13 Luehea candida (Mof. & Sessé ex DC.) Mar Malvaceae F 14 Alvaradoa amorphoide Picramniaceae F 2. Shrubs, Juvenlie trees or Re-sprouts layer 16 Guarea glabra Vahl Meliaceae F 17 Sapium macrocarpum Müll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae O 18 Castilla elastica Sessé Moraceae F 19 Cecropia peltata L. Urticaceae O 20 Heliocarpus appendiculatus Turcz Malvaceae F 21 Luehea candida (Mof. & Sessé ex DC.) Mar Malvaceae O 22 Cedrela odorata L. Meliaceae R 23 Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. Malvaceae F 24 Piper aduncum L. Piperaceae F 25 Aphelandra scabra (Vahl) Sm. Acanthaceae F 26 Piper umbellatum L. Piperaceae A 27 Allophylus racemosus Sw. Sapindaceae F 28 Psychotria berteroana DC Rubiaceae A 29 Urera baccifera (L.) Gaudich. ex Wedd. Urticaceae O 30 Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steud. Moraceae R 31 Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken Boraginaceae O 32 Ziziphus sp 1 Rhamnaceae F 33 Sapranthus violaceus (Dunal.) G. E. Schatz. Annonaceae F 34 Pisonia aculeata L. Nyctaginaceae R 35 Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. Burseraceae O 36 Annona reticulata L. Annonaceae O 37 Casearia corymbosa Kunth Salicaceae R 126 Coordinates of plot 14: 507399 1402991. Altitude: 594 masl, flank of Casita Volcano, Municipality of Chinandega. Date: 07/05/2017 N° Species Family 3.Herbaceous and sapling layer 38 Guarea glabra Vahl Meliaceae O 39 Piper umbellatum L. Piperaceae A 40 Sapium macrocarpum Müll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae O 41 Castilla elastica Sessé Moraceae F 42 Annona reticulata L. Annonaceae F 43 Brosimum alicastrum Sw. ssp. alicastrum Moraceae F 44 Apeiba tibourbou Aubl. Malvaceae O 45 Calycophyllum candidissimum (Vahl.) DC. Rubiaceae O 46 Spondias mombin L. Anacardiaceae R 47 Psychotria berteroana DC Rubiaceae A 48 Allophylus racemosus Sw. Sapindaceae A 49 Inga punctata Willd. Fabaceae O 50 Sideroxylon capiri ssp. tempisque (Pittier) T.D. Penn. Sapotaceae R 51 Alvaradoa amorphoide Picramniaceae 52 Genipa americana L. Rubiaceae R 53 Acrocomia mexicana Karw. ex Mart. Arecaceae R 54 Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. Malvaceae F 55 Piper aduncum L. Piperaceae F 56 Aphelandra scabra (Vahl) Sm. Acanthaceae A 57 Chusquea simpliciflora Munro Poaceae A 58 Calathea marantifolia Standl. Marantaceae O 59 Bromelia karatas L. Bromeliaceae R 60 Xanthosoma mexicanum Liebm. Araceae R 61 Trichilia glabra L. Meliaceae R 62 Tetracera volubilis L. Dilleniaceae R 63 Centrosema plumieri (Turpin ex Pers.) Benth. Fabaceae R 64 Dorstenia contrajerva L. Moraceae R 65 Clematis acapulcensis Hook.& Arn. Ranunculaceae R 66 Combretum laxum Jacq. Combretaceae R 67 Adiantum braunii Mett. ex Kuhn Pteridaceae A 68 Olyra latifolia L. Poaceae O 69 Gouania lupuloides (L.) Urb. Rhamnaceae A 70 Nephrolepis sp 1 Lomariopsidaceae R 71 Ipomoea sp 1 Convolvulaceae R 72 Lophiaris(Oncidium) cartagenensis (Jacq.) Braem Orchidaceae R 73 Dioscorea densiflora Hemsl Dioscoreaceae O 127 Coordinates of plot 14: 507399 1402991. Altitude: 594 masl, flank of Casita Volcano, Municipality of Chinandega. Date: 07/05/2017 N° Species Family 74 Oeceoclades maculata (Lindl.) Lindl. Orchidaceae F 75 Catasetum maculatum Kunth Orchidaceae R 76 Paullinia alata (Ruiz & Pav.) G. Don Sapindaceae O 77 Smilax spinosa Mill. Smilacaceae R 78 Lygodium venustum Sw. Lygodiaceae R 79 Mucuna holtonii (Kuntze) Holdenke Fabaceae F Coordinates of plot 15: 507449; 1403485. Altitude: 594 masl. Casita Volcano, Municipality of Chinandega. Date: 07/05/2017 N° Species Family Plot 15: Description of the ecosystem: Young deciduous forest, 30% DAFOR: D = Dominant, canopy cover, with some elements between 40-50 years old and with A = Abundant, F = some seedlings. Land with slope 35% and rocky soil. Dimension: 33 X 33 m. Frequent, O = Occasional, R = Rare 1. Arboreus layer 1 Lysiloma auritum (Schltdl.) Benth Fabaceae O 2 Diospyros salicifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Ebenaceae O 3 Cedrela odorata L. Meliaceae R 4 Pachira quinata (Jacq.) Dugand Malvaceae R 5 Sapium macrocarpum Müll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae O 6 Castilla elastica Sessé Moraceae F 7 Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Malvaceae O 8 Sideroxylon capiri ssp. tempisque (Pittier) T.D. Penn. Sapotaceae R 9 Calycophyllum candidissimum (Vahl.) DC. Rubiaceae O 10 Luehea candida (Mof. & Sessé ex DC.) Mar Malvaceae F 11 Trichilia glabra L. Meliaceae O 12 Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb. Fabaceae R 13 Samanea saman (Jacq.) Benth. Fabaceae R 14 Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steud. Moraceae R 15 Alvaradoa amorphoides Liebm. Picramniaceae F 2. Shrubs, Juvenlie trees or Re-sprouts layer 16 Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. Burseraceae R 17 Mimosa sp 1 Fabaceae R 18 Tabebuia ochracea ssp. neochrysantha (A.H. Gentry) A.H. Gentry Bignoniaceae O 19 Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. Burseraceae O 20 Allophylus racemosus Sw. Sapindaceae F 21 Carica papaya L. Caricaceae A 128 Coordinates of plot 15: 507449; 1403485. Altitude: 594 masl. Casita Volcano, Municipality of Chinandega. Date: 07/05/2017 N° Species Family 22 Casearia corymbosa Kunth Salicaceae R 23 Cedrela odorata L. Meliaceae O 24 Sapium macrocarpum Müll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae F 25 Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. Malvaceae A 26 Trema micrantha (L.) Blume Cannabaceae R 27 Genipa americana L. Rubiaceae R 28 Eugenia hondurensis Ant. Molina Myrtaceae R 29 Guarea glabra Vahl Meliaceae F 30 Urera baccifera (L.) Gaudich. ex Wedd. Urticaceae F 31 Brosimum alicastrum Sw. ssp. alicastrum Moraceae O 32 Myriocarpa longipes Liebm. Urticaceae R 33 Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken Fabaceae R 3.Herbaceous and sapling layer 34 Lysiloma auritum (Schltdl.) Benth Fabaceae F 35 Cissus microcarpa Vahl Vitaceae O 36 Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. Burseraceae O 37 Passiflora sp 1 Passifloraceae R 38 Centrosema plumieri (Turpin ex Pers.) Benth. Fabaceae F 39 Cissus verticillata (L.) Nicolson & C.E. Jarvis ssp. verticillata Vitaceae O 40 Cydista aequinoctialis var. Aequinoctialis (L.) Miers, Proc. Bignoniaceae O 41 Echites yucatanensis Millsp. ex Standl Apocynaceae F 42 Aphelandra scabra (Vahl) Sm. Acanthaceae A 43 Tabebuia ochracea ssp. neochrysantha (A.H. Gentry) A.H. Gentry Bignoniaceae F 44 Allophylus racemosus Sw. Sapindaceae A 45 Spondias mombin L. Anacardiaceae R 46 Panicum maximum Jacq. Poaceae A 47 Casearia corymbosa Kunth Salicaceae R 48 Cedrela odorata L. Meliaceae R 49 Pachira quinata (Jacq.) Dugand Malvaceae R 50 Stizolobium pruriens (L.) Medik Fabaceae R 51 Baltimora recta L. Asteraceae F 52 Panicum sp 2 Poaceae F 53 Capparis indica (L.) Fawc. & Rendle Capparaceae R 54 Sapium macrocarpum Müll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae O 55 Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. Malvaceae A 56 Carica papaya L. Caricaceae A 57 Paullinia sp 1 Sapindaceae R 129 Coordinates of plot 15: 507449; 1403485. Altitude: 594 masl. Casita Volcano, Municipality of Chinandega. Date: 07/05/2017 N° Species Family 58 Olyra latifolia L. Poaceae R 59 Adiantum braunii Mett. ex Kuhn Pteridaceae A 60 Castilla elastica Sessé Moraceae F 61 Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Malvaceae F 62 Chusquea simpliciflora Munro Poaceae A 63 Serjania triquetra Radlk. Sapindaceae R 64 Lygodium venustum Sw. Lygodiaceae R 65 Dichorisandra amabilis, J.C.Grant Commelinaceae F 66 Paullinia alata (Ruiz & Pav.) G. Don Sapindaceae R 67 Tetracera volubilis L. Dilleniaceae R 68 Mucuna holtonii (Kuntze) Holdenke Fabaceae F 69 Rivina humilis L. Phytolaccaceae R 70 Passiflora foetida L. Passifloraceae R 71 Pharus latifolius L. Poaceae F 72 Guarea glabra Vahl Meliaceae F 73 Desconocido Apocynaceae R 74 Lonchocarpus minimiflorus Donn. Sm. Fabaceae R 75 Piper umbellatum L. Piperaceae A 76 Byttneria aculeata Jacq. Malvaceae O 77 Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Malvaceae R 78 Gonolobus barbatus Kunth Apocynaceae A 79 Dorstenia contrajerva L. Moraceae F 80 Trema micrantha (L.) Blume Cannabaceae O 81 Smilax spinosa Mill. Smilacaceae R 82 Adiantum braunii Mett. ex Kuhn Pteridaceae F 83 Desconocido Desconocido R 84 Acalypha alopecuroidea Jacq. Euphorbiaceae F 85 Xanthosoma mexicanum Liebm. Araceae R 86 Rytidostylis gracilis Hook.&Arn. Cucurbitaceae R 87 Gouania lupuloides (L.) Urb. Rhamnaceae R 88 Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urb. Fabaceae F Coordinates of plot 16: 507735; 1405697. Altitude: 327 masl. Casita Volcano, Municipality of Chinandega. Date: 07/07/2017 N° Species Family Plot 16. Description of the ecosystem: Pasture grasses (75%) and other DAFOR: D = Dominant, herbaceous trees with small sized trees and shrubs (25%). Pending: 20%. A = Abundant, F = 130 Coordinates of plot 16: 507735; 1405697. Altitude: 327 masl. Casita Volcano, Municipality of Chinandega. Date: 07/07/2017 N° Species Family From this point down, the vegetation has been greatly disturbed by local Frequent, O = people. Dimension: 33 X 33 m. Occasional, R = Rare 1. Arboreus layer 1 Acrocomia mexicana Karw. ex Mart. Arecaceae D 2 Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. Fabaceae F 2. Shrubs, Juvenlie trees or Re-sprouts layer 3 Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. Fabaceae F 4 Guazuma ulmifolia Malvaceae R 5 Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. Burseraceae O 6 Spondias purpurea L. Anacardiaceae O 7 Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth Malpighiaceae R 8 Eugenia hondurensis Ant. Molina Myrtaceae O 9 Vachellia collinsii (Saff.) Seigler & Ebinger Fabaceae O 10 Stemmademia pubescens Benth. Apocynaceae F 11 Mimosa albida Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Fabaceae F 12 Byttneria aculeata Jacq. Malvaceae F 3.Herbaceous and sapling layer 13 Acrocomia mexicana Karw. ex Mart. Arecaceae A 14 Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf. Poaceae D 15 Andropogon gayanus Kunth Poaceae F 16 Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urb. Poaceae F 17 Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. Fabaceae F 18 Lantana camara L Verbanaceae R 19 Cydista aequinoctialis var. Aequinoctialis (L.) Miers, Proc. Bignoniaceae A 20 Gouania lupuloides (L.) Urb. Rhamnaceae F 21 Sida acuta Burm. f. Malvaceae F 22 Mimosa albida Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Fabaceae F Coordinates of plot17: 506840; 1402986. Altitude: 705 masl. North flank of Casita Volcano, Municipality of Chinandega. Date: 07/07/2017 N° Species Family Plot 17: Description of the ecosystem: Forest with trees of 15- 20 years DAFOR: D = Dominant, and of re-sprouts of 7-10 years, forest canopy cover of 50-60% Slope: 15% A = Abundant, F = floor with good cover of herbaceous and shrub. Dimension: 33 X 33 m. Frequent, O = Occasional, R = Rare 1. Arboreus layer 1 Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Malvaceae O 131 Coordinates of plot17: 506840; 1402986. Altitude: 705 masl. North flank of Casita Volcano, Municipality of Chinandega. Date: 07/07/2017 2 Cecropia peltata L. Urticaceae R 3 Apeiba tibourbou Aubl. Malvaceae R 4 Spondias mombin L. Anacardiaceae R 5 Sideroxylon capiri ssp. tempisque (Pittier) T.D. Penn. Sapotaceae R 6 Sapium macrocarpum Müll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae O 7 Diospyros salicifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Ebenaceae F 8 Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken Boraginaceae O 9 Luehea candida (Mof. & Sessé ex DC.) Mar Malvaceae O 10 Castilla elastica Sessé Moraceae D 11 Plumeria rubra L Apocynaceae R 12 Lysiloma auritum (Schltdl.) Benth Fabaceae F 13 Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. Burseraceae O 2. Shrubs, Juvenlie trees or Re-sprouts layer 14 Dalbergia retusa Hemsl. Fabaceae R 15 Sapium macrocarpum Müll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae F 16 Diospyros salicifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Ebenaceae F 17 Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken Boraginaceae R 18 Luehea candida (Mof. & Sessé ex DC.) Mar Malvaceae O 19 Stemmademia pubescens Benth. Apocynaceae F 20 Castilla elastica Sessé Moraceae A 21 Allophylus racemosus Sw. Meliaceae A 22 Aphelandra scabra (Vahl) Sm. Acanthaceae D 23 Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. Malvaceae A 24 Psychotria berteroana DC Rubiaceae F 25 Piper tuberculatum Jacq. Piperaceae A 26 Tabebuia ochracea ssp. neochrysantha (A.H. Gentry) A.H. Gentry Bignoniaceae F 27 Trichilia glabra L. Meliaceae O 28 Annona reticulata L. Annonaceae F 29 Pisonia aculeata L. Nyctaginaceae O 30 Machaerium biovulatum Micheli Fabaceae R 31 Lonchocarpus minimiflorus Donn. Sm. Fabaceae R 32 Sapranthus violaceus (Dunal.) G. E. Schatz. Annonaceae F 33 Hippocratea volubilis L. Hippocrateaceae O 34 Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb. Fabaceae R 35 Myriocarpa longipes Liebm. Urticaceae O 36 Albizia niopoides (Spruce ex Benth.) Burkart Fabaceae R 37 Inga punctata Willd. Fabaceae R 38 Alvaradoa amorphoides Liebm. Picramniaceae F 132 Coordinates of plot17: 506840; 1402986. Altitude: 705 masl. North flank of Casita Volcano, Municipality of Chinandega. Date: 07/07/2017 3.Herbaceous and sapling layer 39 Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken Boraginaceae R 40 Plumeria rubra L Apocynaceae R 41 Lysiloma auritum (Schltdl.) Benth Fabaceae F 42 Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. Burseraceae R 43 Acrocomia mexicana Karw. ex Mart. Arecaceae R 44 Guarea glabra Vahl Meliaceae F 45 Genipa americana L. Rubiaceae R 46 Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby Fabaceae R 47 Brosimum alicastrum Sw. ssp. alicastrum Moraceae A 48 Piper aduncum L. Piperaceae A 49 Serjania triquetra Radlk. Sapindaceae A 50 Paullinia alata (Ruiz & Pav.) G. Don Sapindaceae R 51 Dorstenia contrajerva L. Moraceae F 52 Bromelia karatas L. Bromeliaceae R 53 Lasiacis ruscifolia (Kunth) Hitchc. Poaceae F 54 Cydista aequinoctialis var. aequinoctialis (L.) Miers, Proc. Bignoniaceae A 55 Centrosema plumieri (Turpin ex Pers.) Benth. Fabaceae F 56 Gouania lupuloides (L.) Urb. Rhamnaceae F 57 Chusquea simpliciflora Munro Poaceae F 58 Echites woodsonianus Monach. Apocynaceae A 59 Gonolobus barbatus Kunth Apocynaceae A 60 Dichorisandra amabilis, J.C.Grant Commelinaceae R 61 Echites yucatanensis Millsp. ex Standl Apocynaceae R 62 Adiantum braunii Mett. ex Kuhn Pteridaceae F 63 Smilax spinosa Mill. Smilacaceae R 64 Piper umbellatum L. Piperaceae A 65 Byttneria aculeata Jacq. Malvaceae R 66 Crinum erubescens Aiton Amaryllidaceae O 67 Acalypha alopecuroidea Jacq. Euphorbiaceae F 68 Mucuna holtonii (Kuntze) Holdenke Fabaceae O 133 Alien/ IUCN Red Conservation Common Endemic to Invasive Protected in Scientific name List (CR, EN, Status in name Nicaragua Status Nicaragua VU) Nicaragua (A/I) Cedrela odorata Cedro Real X Law 585 Yes L. Pachira Pochote, (Bombacopsis) Cedro Law 585 Yes quinata (Jacq.) Espino Dugand Dalbergia retusa Granadillo, CITES II and Yes Hemsl. Ñámbar Law 585 Law 585: Law that regulates: extraction, harvesting and commersiatilitation of timber . Hyparrhenia rufa Zacate Alien and (Nees) Stapf. Jaragua Invasive Andropogon Zacate Alien and gayanus Kunth Gamba Invasive Oeceoclades Orquídea Alien and maculate (Lindl.) africana Invasive Lindl. terestre Table V. Summary table of tree species with conservation value. 134 7.1.3 Site Photographs Figure V2. Foreground, herbaceous vegetation dominated by grasses. Background, tropical deciduous forest with very open canopy. 135 Figure V3. Below, Broadleaved deciduous forest, Middle section is herbaceous vegetation dominated by grasses. Figure V4. Intensive agriculture, Shaded Coffee Plantation, deciduous forest and herbaceous vegetation 136 Figure V5. Adult tree of Dalbergia retusa with fruits. 137 Figure V6. Large tree of Cedrela odorata (Cedro Real) with a diameter at the beast height of 80 cm. Figure V7. Adult individual of Acrocomia mexicana (Palma Coyol). This species indicates extensive cattle raising. 138 7.2 Insects 7.2.1 All data are set in an EXCEL table in a separated file. 7.3 Birds 7.3.1 Maps 7.3.2 Tables and list of species Conservatio No. Order - Family Species English name Spanish name n state Status TINAMIFORME Crypturellus 1 Tinamidae cinnamomeus Thicket Tinamou Tinamú canelo VPN; LC R FALCONIFORM E 139 Conservatio No. Order - Family Species English name Spanish name n state Status Zopilote 2 Cathartidae Cathartes aura** Turkey Vulture cabecirrojo LC R-M 3 Cathartidae Coragyps atratus Black Vulture Zopilote negro LC R Gavilán 4 Accipitridae Rupornis magnirostris Roadside Hawk chapulinero VNI; II; LC R White-tailed 5 Accipitridae Buteo albicaudatus Hawk Gavilán blanco VNI; II; LC R 6 Accipitridae Buteo Jamaicensis Red-tailed Hawk Gavilán colirrojo VNI; II; LC R 7 Accipitridae Buteo plagiatus Gray Hawk Gavilán pollero VNI; II; LC R Micrastur Collared Forest- Halcón collarejo 8 Falconidae semitorquatus Falcon VNI; II; LC R GALLIFORME 9 Crasidae Ortalis vetula Plain Chachalaca Chachalaca lisa VPN; LC R Crested Codorniz Colinus cristatus 10 Phasianidae Bobwhite crestada LC R COLUMBIFOR ME Patagioenas Red-billed Paloma 11 Columbidae flavirostris Pigeon piquirroja LC R Ruddy Ground- 12 Columbidae Columbina talpacoti Dove Tortolita rojiza LC R Tortolita 13 Columbidae Columbina inca Inca Dove colilarga LC R Common 14 Columbidae Columbina passerina Ground-Dove Tortolita común LC R White-tipped Paloma Leptotila verreauxi 15 Columbidae Dove coliblanca LC R PSITTACIFORM E Psittacidae Psittacara strenuus Pacific Parakeet Perico verde VNI; II: LC R Orange-fronted Perico 16 Psittacidae Eupsittula canicularis Parakeet frentinaranja VNI; II: LC R Orange-chinned Chocoyo 17 Psittacidae Brotogeris jugularis Parakeet barbinaranja VNI; II: LC R White-fronted 18 Psittacidae Amazona albifrons Parrot Loro frentiblanco VNI; II: LC R Amazona Yellow-naped Lora 19 Psittacidae auropalliata Parrot nuquiamarillo VNI; I; VUL R CUCULIFORME 20 Cuculidae Piaya cayana Squirrel Cuckoo Cuco ardilla LC R Morococcyx Lesser Ground- 21 Cuculidae erthropygius Cuckoo Cuclillo sabanero LC R Crotophaga Groove-billed Garrapatero 22 Cuculidae sulcirostris Ani común LC R 23 Cuculidae Tapera naevia Striped Cuckoo Cuclillo listado LC R Geococcyx velox Lesser Correcaminos 24 Cuculidae Roadrunner menor LC R STRIGIFORMES 140 Conservatio No. Order - Family Species English name Spanish name n state Status 25 Strigidae Ciccaba virgata Mottled Owl Cárabo café II; LC R CAPRIMULGIF ORME Estaquero Nyctibius jamaicensis Northern Potoo 26 Nyctibiidae norteño LC R Common Pocoyo 27 Caprimulgidae Nyctidromus albicollis Pauraque tapacaminos LC R APODIFORME Cinnamon 28 Trochilidae Amazilia rutila Hummingbird Amazilia canela II; LC R Steely-vented Amazilia saucerrottei 29 Trochilidae Hummingbird Amazilia rabiazul II; LC R TROGONIFOR ME Trogon Black-headed Trogón 30 Trogonidae melanocephalus Trogon cabecinegro LC R 31 Trogonidae Trogon elegans Elegant Trogon Trogón collarejo LC R CORACIIFORM ES Eumomota Turquoise- Guardabarranco 32 Momotidae superciliosa browed Motmot común LC R Blue-crowned Guardabarranco 33 Momotidae Momotus momota Motmot azul LC R PICIFORMES Pteroglossus Tucancillo 34 Ramphastidae torquatus Collared Aracari collarejo VNI; LC R Melanerpes Hoffmann’s Carpintero 35 Picidae Hoffmanii Woodpecker nuquigualdo LC R Lineated Carpintero Dryocopus lineatus 36 Picidae Woodpecker crestirrojo LC R PASSERIFORM ES Lepidocolaptes Streak-headed Trepatronco 37 Furnaridae souleyetii Woodcreeper cabecirrallado LC R Thamnophilida Thamnophilus Batará 38 e doliatus Barred Antshrike barreteado LC R Myiarchus Dusky-capped 39 Tyrannidae tuberculifer Flycatcher Guis crestioscuro LC R 40 Tyrannidae Pitangus sulphuratus Great Kiskadee Guís común LC R Megarynchus Boat-billed 41 Tyrannidae pitangua Flycatcher Guis picudo LC R Social (Vermilion- Myiozetetes similis crowned) 42 Tyrannidae Flycatcher Guis chico LC R Tyrannus 43 Tyrannidae melancholicus Tropical Kingbird Tirano tropical LC R Myiodynastes Sulphur-bellied Cazamoscas 44 Tyrannidae luteiventris Flycatcher pechiamarillo LC R-M 141 Conservatio No. Order - Family Species English name Spanish name n state Status 45 Tityridae Tityra semifasciata Masked Tityra Titira carirroja LC R Long-tailed Chiroxiphia linearis 46 Pipridae Manakin Saltarín toledo LC R Yellow-green 47 Vireonidae Vireo flavoviridis Vireo Vireo cabecigrís LC R White-throated 48 Corvidae Calocitta formosa Magpie-Jay Urraca copetona LC R Thryothorus Charralero Carolina Wren 49 Troglodytidae ludovicianus cejiblanco LC R Campylorhynchus Rufous-naped Soterrey 50 Troglodytidae rufinucha Wren nuquirrufo LC R Thryophilus Soterrey Banded Wren 51 Troglodytidae pleurostictus barreteado LC R Cantorchilus Charralero Plain Wren 52 Troglodytidae modestus culirrufo LC R 53 Turdidae Turdus grayi Sensontle pardo VPN; LC R Rufous-capped Basileuterus rufifrons (Chestnut- Reinita 54 Parulidae capped) Warbler cabecicastaña LC R Inserción 55 dudosa Saltator coerulescens Saltator grisáceo LC R Stripe-headed Sabanero Peucaea ruficauda 56 Emberizidae Sparrow cabecilistado LC R Euphonia Euphonia affinis Scrub Euphonia 57 Thraupides gorginegra LC R KEY: UICN: VUL: Vulnerable; LC: Least concern. Veda: VPN; partially protected by Nicaraguan law; VNI; indefined protection by Nicaraguan law. CITES: I: Appendix 1; II: Appendix 2; III; Appendix 3; status: R: Residente; R-M: Población residente y población migratoria. 142 7.3.3 Birds observed in the study area 143 Scientific name Common name IUCN Conservation Protected in Red List Status in Nicaragua (CR, EN, Nicaragua VU) Rupornis magnirostris Roadside Hawk II VNI Buteo White-tailed VNI albicaudatus Hawk II Buteo Red-tailed VNI Jamaicensis Hawk II Buteo plagiatus Gray Hawk VNI II Micrastur Collared VNI semitorquatus Forest-Falcon II Psittacara Pacific VNI strenuus Parakeet II Eupsittula Orange-fronted VNI canicularis Parakeet II Orange- VNI Brotogeris chinned jugularis Parakeet II Amazona White-fronted VNI albifrons Parrot II Amazona Yellow-naped VUL VNI auropalliata Parrot I Pteroglossus Collared VNI torquatus Aracari Plain Ortalis vetula Chachalaca VPN Crypturellus Thicket VPN cinnamomeus Tinamou VPN Turdus grayi Ciccaba virgata Mottled Owl II Cinnamon Amazilia rutila Hummingbird II Amazilia Steely-vented saucerrottei Hummingbird II 7.4 Amphibian and reptile 144 7.4.1 Photographs of species recorded during this study Dendropsophus microcephalus Smilisca baudini 145 Rhinella marina Scinax Stauferi 146 Engyptomops pustulosus Norops cupreus 147 Gymnosphthalmus speciosus Marisora brachypoda 7.5. Mammals 148 7.5.1 Mammal species identified within the reserarch area Saccopteryx bilineata / Bilistado Rhogeessa bickhami / Anteado Negruzco CentroAmericano Eptesicus furinalis / Casero Neotropical 149 Artibeus jamaicensis / Murcielago Frutero Artibeus lituratus / Frutero Grande Común Dermanura watsoni / Murcielago Frutero Dermanra phaeotis / Murcielago Selvatico Frutero Menudo 150 Glossophaga soricina / Lenguilargo Carollia subrufa / Colicorto Común Neotropical Glossophaga commissarisi / Lenguilargo Sturnira parvidens / Hombrugualdo Dentiabierto Largo 151 7.5.2 Bat species identified with Anabat II Rhynconycteris naso / Murciélago Narigudo Saccopteryx leptura / Bilistado Cafe 152 Pteronotus davyi / Murciélago Bigotudo espalda desnuda Pteronotus mesoamericanus / Murcielago Bigotudo 153 7.5.3 Mammal recorded with traping cameras Odocoileus virginianus / Venado Cola Blanca Procyon lotor / Mapache 154 Dasypus novemcinctus / Cusuco de Nueve bandas Puma yagouarundi / Leoncillo 155 Leopardus wiedii / Gato Margay Dasyprocta punctata / Guatuza 7.5.4 Tables of mammal identified 156 7.5.4 Tables of mammal identified List of mammal identified within the Casita Volcano area of interest by the Geothermal Project. Chinandega Municipality. June – July, 2014 FEEDING TYPE OF CONSERVATION AND SCINETIFIC NAME SPANISH NAME GUILD INFORMATION VULNERABILITY ORDER DIDELPHIMORPHIA Family Didelphidae (1) Didelphis marsupialis Zorro Cola Pelada OMNI OBS LC ORDER CINGULATA Family Dasypodidae (1) Dasypus nomencinctus Cuzuco de Nueve Bandas INSEC OBS, RAS, CAMT VPN,LC, ORDER CHIROPTERA Family Emballonuridae (3) Saccopteryx bilineata Bilistado Café INSEC CAP LC Saccopteryx leptura Bilistado Negruzco INSEC BIO LC Rhynconycteris naso Murcielago Narigudo INSEC BIO LC Family Phyllostomidae (10) Artibeus jamaicensis Murcielago Frutero Comun FRUG CAP LC Artibeus lituratus Murcielago Frutero Grande FRUG CAP LC Dermanura watsoni Murcielago Frutero Selvatico FRUG CAP LC Dermanura phaeotis Murcielago Frutero Menudo FRUG CAP LC Platyrrhinus helleri Murcielago Narigon FRUG CAP LC Carollia subrufa Colicorto del Pacifico FRUG CAP LC Carollia perspicillata Colicorto Comun FRUG CAP LC Glossophaga soricina Lenguilargo Neotropical NECT CAP LC 0 FEEDING TYPE OF CONSERVATION AND SCINETIFIC NAME SPANISH NAME GUILD INFORMATION VULNERABILITY Glossophaga commissarisi Lenguilargo Dentiabierto NECT CAP LC Sturnira parvidens Hombrugualdo Largo FRUG CAP LC Family Vespertilionidae (2) Eptesicus furinalis Casero Neotropical INSEC CAP LC Rhogeessa bickami Anteado CentroAmericano INSEC CAP LC Family Mormopidae (2) Pteronotus mesoamericanus Murcielago bigotudo INSEC BIO LC Pteronotus davyi Murcielago bigotud espalda desnuda INSEC BIO LC ORDER CARNIVORA Family Felidae (2) Leopardus wiedii Gato Margay CARN CAMT VNI,NT,I Puma yagouarundi Leoncillo CARN CAMT VNI LC,I Family Canidae (2) Canis latrans Coyote OMNI VOC LC Urocyon cinereoargenteus Zorro o Gato Ostoche, Zorro Gris OMNI RAS LC Family Procyonidae (1) Procyon lotor Mapache OMNI RAS,CAMT LC Family Mephitidae (1) Spilogale angustifrons Mopheta Rayada CARN RAS LC ORDER RODENTIA Familia Sciuridae (1) Sciurus variegatoides Ardilla centroamericana FRUG OBS LC Family Cunidulidae (1) Cuniculus paca Guardatinaja HERB, FRUG RAS VPN,LC,II Family Dasyproctidae (1) 1 FEEDING TYPE OF CONSERVATION AND SCINETIFIC NAME SPANISH NAME GUILD INFORMATION VULNERABILITY Dasyprocta punctata Guatuza HERB, FRUG RAS,CAMT VPN,LC,II Family Cricetidae (1) FRUG, Nyctomys sumichrasti Rata Arboricola Centroamericana OBS LC INSEC Family Heteromydae (1) Liomys salvini Raton Espinozo GRAN CAP LC ORDER ARTIODACTYLA Family Tayassuidae (1) Pecari tajacu Chancho sahino RAS VPN,LC,II Family Cervidae (1) Odocoileus Virginianus Venado Cola Blanca HERB, FRUG RAS,CAMT VPN, LC, II Feeding guild: Granivore (GRAN): feed on grains and seeds; Scavengers (NCR): feed on dead animals; Nectarivores (NEC): feed nectar; Frugivores (FRUG) and herbivores (HERB): feed on fruits and live plant material; Insectivores: feed on insects; Omnivores (OMNI): feed on a large variety of food source; Insectivores (INSEC) and frugivores (FRUG): feed on insects and fruits; Carnivores (CAR): feed on meat. Observed (OBS); Vocalizing (VOC); Trail (RAS); Recording (BIO); Interview (ENTR); Trap Camera (CAMT) Conservation and vulnerability: Least concern (LC), Appendix I or II ( CITES), Partial protected by Nicaraguan laws (VPN), No threatened (NT). 2 Number of species per each sampling point Species PE CM PLA PLB PLC PLD PLE PLF Didelphis marsupialis 1 Dasypus nomencinctus 1 1 1 3 Saccopteryx bilineata 1 12 Saccopteryx leptura 1 Rhynconycteris naso 2 Artibeus jamaicensis 12 10 13 14 4 15 4 Artibeus lituratus 4 5 7 6 6 10 Dermanura watsoni 3 2 6 3 3 3 Dermanura phaeotis 1 2 2 3 Platyrrhinus helleri 1 2 13 Carollia subrufa 10 7 9 11 Carollia perspicillata 5 9 4 7 7 3 Glossophaga soricina 2 2 3 4 Glossophaga commissarisi 3 5 Sturnira parvidens 2 3 2 7 Eptesicus furinalis 1 2 Pteronotus mesoamericanus 3 Pteronotus davyi 1 3 Rhogeessa bickami 2 1 Leopardus wiedii 1 Puma yagouarundi 1 Canis latrans 8 4 Urocyon cinereoargenteus 1 Procyon lotor 1 1 1 1 Spilogale angustifrons 1 1 Sciurus variegatoides 1 3 2 3 6 5 Cuniculus paca 1 2 Dasyprocta punctata 1 5 1 Nyctomys sumichrasti 1 Liomys salvini 4 1 2 2 2 2 Pecari tajacu 1 Odocoileus Virginianus 2 2 4 Coordinates of trap cameras wihitn Casita Volcano study área. Camera number Platform X Y Habitat type Camera 1 Exploaration well 505849 1402998 Pasture on volcanic rock Camera 2 Exploaration well 505752 1403121 Pasture on volcanic rock Camera 3 Platform A 505800 1403763 Secondary forest Camera 4 Platform A 505727 1403752 Secondary forest Camera 5 Platform C 505762 1402927 Secondary forest Camera 6 Platform C 506709 1403003 Secondary forest Camera 7 Powerhouse 507426 1403162 Secondary forest Camera 8 Powerhouse 507414 1403323 Pasture on Volcanic Rock Camera 9 Platform E 508129 1402428 Secondary forest Camera 10 Platform E 508127 1402252 Secondary forest Camera 11 Platform F 507836 1401250 Secondary forest Camera 12 Platform F 507768 1401252 Secondary forest Camera 13 Platform B 507054 1401740 Secondary forest Camera 14 Platform B 506810 1401750 Secondary forest Camera 15 Platform D 507426 1403590 Secondary forest Camera 16 Platform D 507419 1403590 Secondary forest 5 Cultural Resources Overview Clifford T. Brown, Ph.D. Professor Department of Anthropology Florida Atlantic University 777 Glades Road Boca Raton, FL 33431 ctbrown@fau.edu 561-297-3232 © Clifford T. Brown 2017 Executive Summary • Geologists have documented archaeological remains near and possibly within the project area. • The project area is a propitious, high-probability location for archaeological remains. • Late Quaternary sedimentation is likely in many parts of the project area, implying that buried and/or stratified sites may exist. Such sites are often considered of unusual significance. • The World Bank Standards for Cultural Heritage imply that an intensive, systematic, full- coverage archaeological survey including systematic subsurface testing is appropriate in this case. Any sites found should be carefully evaluated for scientific, cultural, educational, aesthetic, and cultural significance. • Close consultation with the national regulatory agencies, local governments, and affected communities will be required. • Consultation with traditional cultural leaders in Chinandega, Chichigalpa, and Posoltega is recommended to identify traditional cultural places and practices that might require protection or preservation as intangible cultural heritage. • The client should prepare early for the performance of the consultation and archaeological survey, including the associated laboratory analyses of recovered materials and samples. • If any of the archaeological, cultural, or historical sites found by the survey are determined to be significant after consultation with the interested parties, then measures to avoid or preserve them should be considered. If preservation or avoidance is impossible, then measures to mitigate the adverse impacts through intensive excavation and documentation should be contemplated. 1 Introduction This chapter provides an outline of what is known about the cultural heritage resources of the project area and its surrounding region. It contains the following subsections: • a review of historic preservation law in Nicaragua, • a description of the prehistoric archaeological cultural sequence, • a discussion of relevant ethnohistorical information, • a sketch of the history of the area, • a review of previous archaeological investigations, • a preliminary evaluation of the archaeological potential of the project area and its environs, and • proposed recommendations for taking cultural heritage into account in the design and execution of the project under review. This report is based on publicly available information. I have never visited the proposed project area, nor have I carried out any archaeological research or fieldwork in connection with this project. The following discussion focuses on the Department of Chinandega, but because that is a modern political unit rather than a cultural or archaeological one, the presentation is organized in terms of physiographic provinces. Marshall (2007: Figure 3.4) divides the Department of Chinandega into four such provinces, which, from south to north, are: the Sandino Forearc, the Nicaraguan Volcanic Front, the Nicaraguan Depression, and the foothills of the Chortis Highlands (Figure 1). Geographic Setting and Environment The Department of Chinandega forms the northwest corner of Nicaragua, bordering Honduras and, across the Gulf of Fonseca, El Salvador. To the east lies the Nicaraguan Department of León while to the north are the Departments of Estelí and Madriz. Chinandega falls roughly between 12o 30’ and 13o 30’ north latitude and 86o 30’ and 87o 45’ west longitude. The climate is described in the Köppen classification as Aw, Tropical savannah, in the coastal plain, and Cwb, dry Tropical highland, in the piedmont further north (Marshall 2007: Fig. 3.3). It is noteworthy that the rainfall increases as one moves north and west along the coastal plain from Managua through León to Chinandega. In the Department of Chinandega, while remaining strongly seasonal, precipitation sometimes exceeds 2000 mm per year, well above the minimum necessary for maize agriculture (Bergoing 1987; Taylor 1963). Meteorological data from the Nicaraguan Institute for Territorial Studies (INETER) for the period 1984-2012 from Bella Vista, which is adjacent to the project area, show annual mean rainfall of 2235 mm. 2 In Chinandega, the Sandino Forearc comprehends the coastal plains between the Pacific Ocean and the Maribios volcanic chain. The ejecta and colluvium from the Quaternary volcanoes of the Maribios cordillera, especially Cosigüina, San Cristóbal, and Telica, have created deep fertile soils on these plains, which, along with the plentiful rain, make Chinandega the breadbasket of the region. The agricultural potential of the region ought to have attracted dense prehistoric settlement, and, indeed, many sites have been found on those plains. Currently, these lowlands are used for the extensive cultivation of sugar cane, an important cash crop; in earlier decades, cotton was king, and there is some evidence to suggest that even in prehistoric times the region was devoted to other cash crops such as cacao, which may have attracted the avarice of the Aztecs. The coastal plains are also well-watered by numerous, short, deeply incised streams. The rivers form extensive estuary systems dominated by red and black mangrove along the Pacific coast. The brackish water lagoons behind the barrier islands create exceptional environments for fish, crustaceans, and birds. For example, there are over 160 species of birds in them, of which 25 percent are migratory (Jiménez 1999:57). The highly industrialized agricultural activities long-practiced in the area have had serious deleterious effects on the many sites in the region. It is possible that most of the ancient architecture on these plains has already been destroyed by heavy machinery. One would also expect dense prehistoric settlements in the coastal lagoons and marshes, and some sites have been documented in those environments, but the widespread excavation of shallow ponds for shrimp farming has damaged or destroyed some sites. On the other hand, the extensive eruptive activity of the nearby Quaternary volcanoes and mass-wasting from them increase the probability of buried archaeological deposits, which may have been protected from disturbance because of the depth of their burial. They also increase the likelihood of stratified archaeological deposits, which are especially valuable, while at the same time making buried sites much more difficult to detect and therefore requiring subsurface testing during site prospection. 3 Figure 1. Hillshaded relief map of the Department of Chinandega with its four physiographic provinces marked and labeled. The Nicaraguan Volcanic Front consists of the Maribios volcanic chain, also called the Marrabios. Two volcanic complexes of the chain lie in the Department of Chinandega, Cosigüina and the San Cristóbal-Casita massif. Cosigüina is a broad shield volcano that forms the northwest corner of the Republic, thrusting like the chin of a boxer into the Gulf of Fonseca. Cosigüina is famous for its huge plinian eruption in 1835, one of the largest eruptions of the nineteenth century, with a Volcanic Explosivity Index rated at 5 (Briffa et al. 1998; Galindo, 1835; Hradecký and Rapprich 2009; Self et al. 1989). This eruption deposited a 5 to 10 cm layer of ash over most of the Department. We have heard reliable reports of sites on Cosigüina, but we have not located any yet. The San Cristóbal-Casita massif dominates eastern Chinandega, and a subsidiary structure, Cerro La Pelona, is the subject of the environmental assessment. San Cristóbal is currently smoking and has been historically active (Hazlett 1987). The English pirate Dampier reported dramatic eruptions in the late seventeenth century. It is a visually dramatic and distinctive stratocone that appears to have been significant to the indigenous people at the time of the Spanish conquest. The sixteenth century Spanish historian Oviedo (1855, Tomo IV, p. 33) reported eruptions in the province of the Maribio people that he described as tempests of fire and smoke pouring down the mountains and wreaking much damage. Whether this activity came from San Cristóbal or Casita is unknown, although opinion leans toward San Cristobal (Hazlett 4 1987). More recently, a huge lahar from Volcán Casita in 1998 buried villages and killed almost 2,000 people. It probably buried archaeological sites as well. The high rates of deposition in this physiographic province create both opportunities and obstacles for the archaeologist. The deposition contributes to stratification in archaeological sites, probably facilitating the discovery of cultural sequences. It has certainly also buried many archaeological sites, enhancing their preservation. Some sites may have been buried rapidly, and the area therefore offers us the prospect of finding a Cerén-type site with outstanding preservation. The high rates of deposition simultaneously make sites much more difficult to detect and subsurface testing during site prospection becomes unavoidable. The Nicaraguan Depression is a large structure (50 km wide by 600 km long), possibly a half-graben (Marshall 2007, but see also Saginor et al. 2011), of tectonic origin that runs diagonally across the whole country. It lies behind the Maribios volcanic cordillera and, further east, contains the two great lakes, Xolotlán and Cocibolca. In Chinandega, it is occupied by an interior lowland, called the Plain of Somotillo, that possesses poorly drained clayey black soils, locally known as “Sonsocuitles” (Bergoing 1987). The plain is dissected by large, slowly meandering rivers—the Ríos Aquespalapa (a.k.a. Villanueva or Hato Grande), Negro, and others—that drain into the large Estero Real estuary, which in turn feeds into the Gulf of Fonseca, which has been mapped as part of the Depression (Marshall 2007). The soils are, presumably, an altered weathering product of the volcanic sediments transported out of the Chortis highlands by the rivers. Along the western edge of the Estero Real near the Gulf of Fonseca and extending into the Peninsula of Cosigüina, saline soils are found (Taylor 1963: Figure 3), and they were exploited, we believe, to produce salt from prehistoric times until the twentieth century. The huge wetlands of the Estero Real, although they may seem inhospitable to us, are extremely rich environments for human occupation because of their high biomass and biodiversity, as well as the presence of other rare and critical resources, such as salt. Therefore, a high density of archaeological such as we have observed is not surprising. The high rate of deposition in the Depression presents archaeological opportunities and obstacles similar to those in the coastal plains: the potential for excellent preservation and stratification, but difficulties in site detection. We have, nonetheless, already found sites in the Depression (Figure 3). The Estero Real appears to be exceptionally rich in sites, particularly along the natural levees of tributaries and estuarine distributaries, but they are being rapidly destroyed, along with the unique environment, by the explosive expansion of aquaculture. From the northeast edge of the Nicaraguan Depression, the Department of Chinandega extends north into the foothills of the Chortis Highlands along the fringe of the central Chortis platform, reaching a maximum elevation above 1600 m in the Sierra de la Botija. These highlands are massive beds of highly dissected Tertiary ignimbrites. The northern part of the Department is arguably outside of the region of interest regarding the cultural heritage for this project because it appears to lie within a distinctively different cultural sphere, at least during the cultural periods that have been identified and defined to date in the Department. Nevertheless, note that in this region we have found highly significant sites, including buried and stratified ones, mainly associated with alluvial terraces in the narrow stream valleys. The deeply incised 5 ignimbrites of the region contain several major rives, such as the Gallo and the Negro, which flow into the Estero Real. The La Pelona caldera, the focus of this study, is perched on the eastern part of the eroded Casita volcano, which is part of the San Cristóbal volcanic complex. Therefore, the physiographic province most relevant to prehistoric and historic heritage of the project is the Nicaraguan Volcanic Front, but given their proximity, the Sandino Forearc and Nicaraguan Depression may also be relevant. To interpret this report correctly, one must recognize that archaeological research in Chinandega has been minimal and Chinandegan archaeology is in its infancy. However, as always in archaeology, the absence of evidence does not imply evidence of absence. In other words, merely because something has not been reported does not mean it is not there; in this case, it is highly likely no one has looked. Therefore, the existing documentation of the archaeological record does not provide a reliable inventory of, or even guide to, what may be found in the project area. Brief Review of Historic Preservation Law in Nicaragua After the triumph of the Revolution, the first Sandinista administration set about the arduous task of modernizing the obsolete legal system of the country. Among many other legislative projects, the government passed, in 1982, a new historic preservation and cultural heritage law, the Ley de Protección al Patrimonio Cultural de la Nación (Decreto No. 1142 de 22 de noviembre de 1982, Publicado en La Gaceta No. 282 de 2 de diciembre de 1982) (http://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/normaweb.nsf/3133c0d121ea3897062568a1005e0f89/219c2c b0ba8db6b0062570a10057cf32?OpenDocument, accessed July14, 2017), which remains the mainstay of the law in this field. The law is many ways typical of historic preservation statutes in countries with a tradition of civil law. In Chapter I, it defines five types of cultural properties, archaeological remains, paleontological remains, historical buildings or structures, artistic works, and historic districts. The first two, archaeological and paleontological materials, are declared to be Cultural Patrimony of the Nation, and as such, are automatically protected by the State, whereas the last three types of cultural properties require specific declarations before they are legally considered National Patrimony. National Patrimony is declared to be under the safeguard and protection of the State regardless of its location or nominal owner. The Ministry of Culture is assigned responsibility for the conservation and protection of cultural resources and is given the power to administer and regulate such protections through its office of cultural patrimony. Museums are also placed under the authority of the same office. Chapter II requires that anyone who finds or has knowledge of archaeological or paleontological sites report them to the nearest municipal authorities. The chapter also requires that all projects, foreign or domestic, whether carried out by individuals or corporations, devote between 1% and 10% of their budgets, as directed by Patrimony, to salvage, conserve, or restore, as the case may be, cultural property affected by the project. Cultural property may be expropriated for the public good. Chapter III creates a registry 6 of cultural patrimony and requires owners of cultural materials to register them. The exportation of cultural materials covered by the law is prohibited, by Chapter IV, except in limited circumstances and with prior government authorization. Chapter V deals with enforcement, while Chapter VI lists prohibited acts, which include the alteration or destruction of cultural properties, including by excavation, without authorization of the Patrimony Office, and provides for stopping or suspending unauthorized activities or projects that threaten to harm cultural property. Penalties for violations of the statute are described in Chapter VII. Violators risk prison sentences of 6 months to 2 years, which cannot be commuted, and fines of up to C$50,000, as well as the seizure of the cultural property. This law, therefore, provides the legal basis for Patrimony’s regulatory authority. Obviously, activities that may threaten archaeological or paleontological remains, even if those remains are currently undocumented and unregistered, are subject to review and regulation by the office of Patrimony. Similarly, archaeological and paleontological research, which obviously must have an effect on the remains, are also regulated by the same office. Note the inclusion of paleontological remains in the definition of cultural property. That presumably means that paleontological survey or prospection is required, in addition to archaeological survey and prospection, which expands the contexts that should be explored. Shortly after the Sandinista Revolution, Nicaragua ratified the 1972 Convention Concerning the Preservation of the World Cultural and National Heritage, which is coordinated by the World Heritage Committee under the sponsorship of the United Nation’s Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Nicaragua is an active member of the organization and has nominations pending before the committee. The archaeological and historical site of León Viejo and the Cathedral of modern León are inscribed in the Convention’s list as World Heritage cultural properties. Nicaragua is also a state party to the 2003 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage. The purpose of the Convention, described in Article 1, is to raise awareness, ensure respect for, and safeguard intangible cultural heritage, as well as to provide for international cooperation and assistance. Intangible cultural heritage is defined in Article 2 as, the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills – as well as the instruments, objects, artefacts and cultural spaces associated therewith – that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage. This intangible cultural heritage, transmitted from generation to generation, is constantly recreated by communities and groups in response to their environment, their interaction with nature and their history, and provides them with a sense of identity and continuity, thus promoting respect for cultural diversity and human creativity. According to the Convention, manifestations of intangible cultural heritage, as defined above, include, (a) oral traditions and expressions, including language as a vehicle of the intangible cultural heritage; (b) performing arts; 7 (c) social practices, rituals and festive events; (d) knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe; (e) traditional craftsmanship. UNESCO has inscribed two Nicaraguan elements in the list of intangible cultural heritage, the Colonia era drama of El Güegüense and Language, Dance and Music of the Garifuna people. These are thusly recognized officially as part of humanity’s heritage. States parties to the convention are also expected to develop and maintain an inventory of the elements of intangible cultural heritage present in their territory. In Nicaragua, those efforts are coordinated by the Instituto Nicaragüense de Cultura. I strongly recommend that you consult and coordinate closely with the Dirección Nacional de Arqueología of the Instituto Nicaragüense de Cultura. They also have a policy requiring consultation with the affected municipal governments, which you should undertake or continue, as the case may be. Prehistoric Cultural Sequence In the Americas, archaeologists employ a sequence of broadly defined periods to describe the overall prehistoric cultural chronology. In current usage, they are called Paleoindian, Archaic, Formative (or Preclassic) Classic, and Postclassic (see discussion in Willey and Phillips, 1955) followed by several variously defined historic periods, including the Spanish Colonial period, the Republican period, Early Modern, and so forth. While the prehistoric archaeological periods were originally designed to reflect a unilinear trajectory of cultural evolution, our ever-increasing knowledge of the complexity of prehistory has caused such unilinear ideas of cultural evolution to fall somewhat into desuetude, and the periods are more often understood and interpreted as referring to chronological increments rather than invariant cultural stages. Note that the chronology in most frequent usage in Nicaragua is that of the so-called “Greater Nicoya Cultural Subregion,” which encompasses the Departments of Rivas and Granada and surrounding areas in southeast Nicaragua as well as northwest Costa Rica, especially the Nicoya Peninsula and the rest of the Department of Guanacaste. This chronology had its origin in the work of Michael Coe and Claude Baudez (Coe 1962; Coe and Baudez 1961) who established a sequence of four periods, starting with the Zoned Bichrome period and continuing through Early, Middle and Late Polychrome periods. Norweb (1964) subsequently used the same periods to describe the materials he excavated with Gordon Willey in southeastern Nicaragua, as did Paul Healy (1980) in his subsequent analysis of those collections. Healy also subdivided the four broad periods into a series of shorter phases specific to the Department of Rivas, where most of the collections he studied had been excavated. Other phases have been proposed for nearby regions, such as the Department of Granada (Salgado and Zambrana 1992- 93), and Chontales (Gorin and Rigat 1988), and the Segovias region of north-central Nicaragua (Espinoza et al. 1996). However, the most radical re-interpretation of the sequence was proposed by Bonilla and her colleagues (1990), who created a new series of periods (named after rivers): 8 Orosí (2000-500 B.C.), Tempisque (500 B.C.-A.D. 300), Bagaces (A.D.300-800), Sapoá (A.D. 800-1350), and Ometepe (A.D. 1350-1550) (Zambrana and Zambrana 2011). These period names have been widely adopted in Nicaragua, where most archaeological work has focused on the southeast corner of the country, that is, the Greater Nicoya Subregion, for which the chronology was developed. However, Chinandega lies well-outside the Greater Nicoya Cultural Subregion and therefore we use the Mesoamerican archaeological periodization because the archaeological artifacts known in the Department show strong links to Mesoamerica, allowing for stratigraphic correlations with that area. With one exception, cultural phases have not yet been proposed for Chinandega, although it is possible that the two proposed for the Segovias region of north-central Nicaragua (Espinoza et al. 1996) will eventually be found applicable to the northern portion of the Department. They are not relevant, however, to the southern part of the Department, which includes the La Pelona project area, where only additional research will permit the definition of archaeological phases. Paleoindian period. The Paleoindian period generally refers to the earliest inhabitants of the Americas, who arrived during the Late Pleistocene and co-existed with now-extinct megafauna. They famously manufactured highly distinctive fluted spear points, although recent research suggests the presence of even earlier cultures (i.e., pre-Clovis) for which diagnostic artifacts have yet to be identified. Paleoindian sites have been located and studied in most Central American countries, including Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica and Panama (Faught 2006). Nicaragua, the largest country in Central America, is notably absence from the list, although Brown (2017), in a recent conference paper, reported on the provisional identification of fluted point from the Department of Chinandega. In fact, as the artifact was recovered on the footslope of the San Cristóbal volcano, it suggests the potential for sites of this period on that massif. Because such sites are rare and the culture they represent is so ancient, they are usually considered to be of outstanding scientific and cultural value. Archaic period. The Archaic period cultures in the Americas were people who lived as hunter- gatherers, sometimes sedentary but usually nomadic, after the extinction of the megafauna around the end of the Pleistocene. Those peoples used stone tools but not pottery, and were also hunter-gatherers, although they consumed mainly modern flora and fauna rather than extinct Pleistocene species. Few Archaic sites are currently known in Nicaragua, although many probably exist. I am not currently aware of any Archaic sites in the Department of Chinandega, although they are likely to occur in any of the physiographic provinces in the Department. High sedimentation rates may have obscured these sites on the coastal plains and the Depression, but they probably occur as shell middens in the coastal lagoons and estuaries, as well as on the older landforms in the highlands including the Maribios volcanoes. Formative or Preclassic period. The Formative, or Preclassic, period represents the earliest ceramic-using cultures. It was originally intended to designate the “Neolithic” stage cultures of Mesoamerica, that is, sedentary agricultural villages that developed prior to the rise of the great civilizations. However, the definition of the period is a little unclear because there may have been sedentary hunter-gatherers prior to the spread of agriculture and, moreover, today we know that in Mesoamerica there were highly complex societies with complex political structures 9 building massive architectural monuments during the so-called Formative period. Thus, the Formative period is used more to designate a chronological division than a stage of cultural evolution. The period is usually subdivided into Early (ca. 2000-1000 B.C.), Middle (ca. 1000- 400 B.C.), and Late (400 B.C. - A.D. 250). Archaeologists working in southern Mesoamerica refer to the interval from 100 B.C. to A.D. 250 as the Terminal Preclassic or the Protoclassic. In general, these periods and subperiods are recognized by the presence of diagnostic artifact types, usually ceramics. The current absolute chronology for Preclassic period in the adjacent portion of southern Mesoamerica was recently presented by Inomata and his colleagues (2014) who used Bayesian calibration to significantly improve its precision and accuracy. In adjacent regions of Pacific coastal Chiapas, Mexico, one finds early agricultural peoples (or quasi-cultivators) first appearing in and around the estuarine lagoon systems between 6500 and 4700 cal B.P. (Kennett et al. 2010). Given the overall similarities in their environments and archaeological sequences, the Pacific coastal regions of Guatemala, El Salvador, and Chinandega may exhibit similar occupational sequences. The first fully agricultural peoples appear early in the second millennium B.C. in association with a well-known ceramic tradition, starting with the Barra phase (ca. 1850 B.C.), that has been documented along the coast from central Chiapas to El Salvador. It would not be surprising if such materials were also present in Chinandega, especially given that related materials are known from the Dinarte phase of the Orosi period on Ometepe Island, Department of Rivas, Nicaragua (Haberland 1992). Figure 2. Chronological chart for the Preclassic period of southern Mesoamerica taken from Inomata et al. (2014). The stratigraphic column from Chalchuapa (far right) appears to be the one 10 most closely aligned to the Department of Chinandega, Nicaragua. It is also the closest geographically. More complex societies with larger sites and more elaborate, public architecture appear within a few centuries in coastal Chiapas, Guatemala, and El Salvador. These societies were in close contact with the Olmec civilization in Gulf coastal Veracruz and Tabasco. Olmec contacts or influence also extended inland at least as far as the site of Los Naranjos on Lake Yojoa in central Honduras during the Middle Formative (Joyce and Henderson 2002, 2010). Few sites of Middle Formative age are known in Pacific Nicaragua, but they were probably marked by the presence of ceramics in the form of bottles with globular bodies, most of which are classified in Nicaragua as variants of the Bocana Incised type. Figure 3. Distribution of known sites in the Department of Chinandega. The map does not include sites whose locations have been maintained confidential by the Office of Patrimony. Our knowledge of the archaeological record of Pacific Nicaragua begins to blossom during the Late Preclassic period, or the Tempisque period as it is more commonly known in southeast Nicaragua. Numbers of sites from this period are known in Pacific Nicaragua (Healy 11 1980; Lange et al. 1992). In the Department of Chinandega, although our samples are small, we find a highly distinctive ceramic complex from this period, one which correlates quite closely with those of western El Salvador and southeast Guatemala. All three of the sites we have tested through excavation in the coastal plain and Maribios chain have ceramics from this complex. We have named the ceramic complex “Cosigüina,” and given the close similarities to the Maya pottery of western El Salvador and adjacent southern Guatemala, we have suggested that the Cosiguina complex participated in the Providencia-Miraflores ceramic sphere that characterizes the latter region (Brown et al. 2016; Demarest 1986; Demarest and Sharer 1986). That ceramic sphere is in turn closely linked to the ancestors Ch’ortí’ Maya-speaking people (Sharer 2009). So, it is possible, though not yet proven, that the coastal plains of Chinandega were occupied by Maya peoples during this period, a novel and surprising possibly not previously contemplated. Given, however, that in Guatemala and Mexico this period represented the first great fluorescence of Maya culture, when they developed their first kingdoms, when the institution of divine kingship emerged, and when they began inscribing elaborate hieroglyphic texts on their monuments, then perhaps it is not surprising to find them also being expansive and venturing beyond their original territories. Classic period. In the Early Classic period (ca. A.D. 250-600) we find in Chinandega a continuation of the same ceramic tradition previously present, although the specific ceramic types and varieties we have observed to date are more closely linked to eastern than western El Salvador. This may indicate increasing regionalization and the development of more localized traditions. Note that in much of the Maya area, the Early Classic was a period of retrenchment or even temporary decline following a population collapse at the end of the Preclassic. We might be seeing distant reverberations of these events in Chinandega. Thus, the ceramics identified to date from this period in southern Chinandega exhibit the closest ties to the site of Quelepa, near San Miguel in eastern El Salvador (Amador n.d.; Andrews 1976). In the succeeding Late Classic period (ca. A.D. 600-900), the ceramics change substantially; even the simplest utilitarian ceramics seem to have changed in paste, surface finish, form, and decoration from the preceding period. We see new links to El Salvador in ceramic types such as Delirio Red-on-White and Campana Fine-Line Polychrome, while “influence” from Honduras is suggested by small quantities of pottery from Honduras such Ulúa Polychromes. This is the period when, based on historical accounts from the sixteenth century, we believe the Chorotega emigrated from central Mexico to Pacific Nicaragua. Their arrival might be represented by the Delirio Red-on-white, which resembles Coyotlatelco pottery from their region of origin in central Mexico. Delirio is also found at Bagaces period sites further southeast, such as the Ayala site (Salgado and Zambrana 1992-93), where the Chorotega may also have settled. Postclassic period. In southeast Nicaragua, i.e., the Greater Nicoya Cultural Subregion, the Sapoá period represents approximately what is considered the Early Postclassic period in Mesoamerica (ca. A.D. 900-1200/1250). In Nicaragua, the Sapoá period is famous for vessels with elaborate polychrome designs painted on a white slip. The iconography of the designs often shows close links to contemporary Mesoamerican imagery, especially the International, or Mixteca-Puebla, 12 style of central Mexico, including motifs such as feathered serpents. The vessel forms, such as tripod shallow owls with anthropomorphic supports and periform vases, are also quite similar to those from central Mexico. Because of those kinds of similarities, the Sapoá period has long been supposed to represent migrations from central Mexico, either Chorotega or Nahua, Aztec- related peoples. In Chinandega, we have observed very little Sapoá pottery. Rather we have some similar material that is classified as “Las Vegas Polychrome,” best known from Honduras (Baudez 1966; Manahan 2003, 2004; Stone 1957), but which also occurs in El Salvador, where it is known as “Nicoya Polychrome.” It has been found as far afield as the Toltec capital of Tula, Hidalgo, Mexico; it shares some forms and decorations with the polychromes of the Greater Nicoya, but is distinctive. Otherwise, the Chinandega assemblages seem quite different from those to the east and south. The Chinandegan ceramics are in general much more like those from eastern El Salvador and Honduras, but we have only been able to excavate small, mixed samples of artifacts from this period, so much remains to be defined. It is possible that this is the period in which the Maribio people migrated to Chinandega (see below). We located and tested the first Maribio site ever systematically excavated. Since the project area for La Pelona was probably with the Maribio enclave, learning more about this poorly documented culture would be desirable. We know virtually nothing about the Late Postclassic period (A.D. 1250-1525) in Chinandega. The corresponding Ometepe period in the Greater Nicoya subregion has become more mysterious, rather than less, with the most recent revision of the local chronology because it turns out that most of the ceramic markers thought to date from the period actually predate it (McCafferty and Steinbrenner 2005). The situation in southern Chinandega is similar but worse because we have virtually no definite chronological markers for the period that would allow us to definitively assign cultural deposits to it. Little more can be said about the period at this time, which is particularly unfortunate because it means that we lack tight connections between the rich ethnohistorical record of the region and the prehistoric archaeological record. Let us turn to what history tells us about the area. Historical Summary The Department of Chinandega possesses unusually rich historical documentation because it was settled early in the Spanish colonial period and it included significant Spanish settlements, such as the port of El Realejo, which generated a documentary and bureaucratic administrative record. For example, the most famous of all the early Spanish chronicles was probably the Historia General y Natural de las Indias, Islas, y Tierra Firme…of Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés (1959). Oviedo, as he is usually called, was the first official Spanish chronicler of the New World, appointed by Emperor Charles V. Although the work contains rich detail about Nicaragua that is often cited in histories of the country, it is rarely appreciated that Oviedo actually lived in the town of Tezoatega, today called El Viejo, and until the nineteenth century the most important town in what is today the Department of Chinandega. 13 Thus, much of Oviedo’s extensive narrative about the natives of Nicaragua is specifically relevant to an understanding of the culture and customs of the prehispanic inhabitants of Chinandega. He describes the languages, politics, religion, ceremonies, and even the games of the region. He recorded personal conversations he had with the chieftain of Tezoatega, Agateyte. It is due to Oviedo that we have an actual plan of the aboriginal architecture of the town of Tezoatega (Figure 4) as well as elevation drawings of some of the architecture (Figure 5). It is noteworthy that the structures in the plaza of Tezoatega are both described and illustrated by Oviedo as having thatched roofs that reach almost to the ground, to protect the inhabitants against the heat of the sun—Chinandega is the hottest part of Nicaragua. The same type of thatched structures is still built today in the municipality of El Viejo, but not elsewhere in Nicaragua (Figure 6). This level of detailed information is available for few regions of the Americas at such an early date. 14 Figure 4. Plan of the plaza of Tezoatega, from Fernández de Oviedo (1959). 15 Figure 5. Drawing of structures in the plaza of Tezoatega, taken from Fernández de Oviedo (1959). The rich ethnohistorical documentation for Chinandega includes the account of the journey of Fray Alonso Ponce, attributed to Antonio de Ciudad Real (1873), through the region in the late sixteenth century. Legal documents relevant to the area include tax rolls and tax assessments made in 1542 and 1581 (Werner 2000), which contain significant ethnographic descriptions as well. There are also many important unpublished documents available through the Spanish archives and the Central American archives in Guatemala. From these sources, among others, we can draw a sketch of the early Colonial period cultural history of the Department. The picture that emerges is of a complicated, multi-ethnic area with close historical ties to Mexico and the adjacent parts of El Salvador and Honduras. At least four indigenous ethnic groups are securely documented as living in the area in the sixteenth century, the Chorotega, the Maribio, the Nahua, and the Ulúa Chontales. The Chorotega, whose name is thought to be a corruption of “Choluteca,” originally migrated to Nicaragua from the area of Cholula in central Mexico in the period around A.D. 600-800. This is attested by both central Mexican chronicles, such as that of Fray Juan de Torquemada, as well ss Nicaraguan ones, which tell similar stories. The Chorotega migrated from Cholula after the fall the great city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico because they were conquered and severely oppressed by a group named the Olmeca-Xicalanca, who came out of Tabasco and southern Campeche and took over part of the central Mexican highlands, capturing Cholula and establishing a new capital at Cacaxtla. Part of the Cholutecans ended up in Chiapas and formed the Chiapanec ethnic group, from which the modern state takes its name. The rest occupied Pacific coastal Nicaragua, including the Peninsula of Nicoya in modern Costa Rica. Their language, sometimes called Mangue, is today extinct, but the records of it indicate it was a member of the Otomanguean language family, one of the largest language families in the Americas, one which probably 16 developed in Mesoamerica. Unfortunately, while we possess consider historical data about the Chorotega in general, we have no specific indication of any town or area within the modern Department of Chinandega in which Chorotega was actually spoken. Figure 6. Modern house on the Peninsula of Cosigüina, municipality of El Viejo, Department of Chinandega, Nicaragua (Photo courtesy of Clifford T. Brown). Note the thatched roof that extends almost to the ground, as Oviedo described and illustrated for the houses of El Viejo. The Maribio were a second major ethnic group located in what is today the Department of Chinandega. They occupied a large enclave that began east of the city of Chinandega and west of Chichigalpa. Traveling east from Chinandega, the first Maribio town, according to Ciudad Real (1873: 354-355), was Mazatega, which we believe we have located on the east bank of the Rio Cosmapa. The Maribio-speaking towns continue through Chichigalpa, Posoltega, Posolteguilla, and Quezalguaque to Leon. Their territory appears to have extended a considerable distance inland, at least to the Nicaraguan Volcanic Front and perhaps beyond. Thus, the La Pelona project area may well have lain within Maribio territory. Like the Chorotega, the Maribio also apparently emigrated from Mexico, although we have little in the way of historical accounts documenting the timing or causes of the migration. 17 They also spoke an Otomanguean language, but one from a different branch of the family. The limited information about Maribio, or Subtiaba, as the language is sometimes called, indicates that it is most closely linked to the modern Tlapanec languages of eastern Guerrero and western Oaxaca in Mexico. While we know little about the circumstances of their migration, the most recent lexicostatistical research suggests that Maribio separated from Tlapanec around A.D. 1050 (Holman et al. 2011). This tends to support Lyle Campbell’s earlier idea that “their migration might have had something to do with Toltecs” (Campbell 1976:171). Indeed, at least one central Mexican chronicler wrote that Toltecs did migrate to Nicaragua, so it is possible that the Maribio enclave represented a vestige of that event, but this only highlights our embarrassing archaeological and historical ignorance of who the famous Toltecs were. The Nahua (or Nahual-)-speaking Nicarao occupied several major towns including the largest, El Viejo, and the settlement of Chinandega. The second largest town in the area was Mistega, whose location has been lost, but was located 3 leagues east of El Realejo, which places it well within the Maribio area. Apparently, some inhabitants of the chiefdom of Mistega spoke Guazama (Werner 2000:6-7), but we don’t know anything about that language or group, although Oviedo also mentions it. A people called the “Chontales” occupied the northern part of the Department of Chinandega. It is important to realize that the term “Chontal” was a perjorative indiscriminately by Aztecs, Tlaxcallans and the Spanish who traveled with them, with the result that there are various totally unrelated peoples called “Chontales” scattered around Mexico, Honduras, and Nicaragua. Ciudad Real called the language of this particular group of Chontales “Ulúa,” which is probably a precise designation. (1873:352). The Ulúa towns in northern Chinandega included modern Somotillo and Guasaule (then known, respectively, as Somoto and Condega); two towns both named Olocoton; “Guaxinijco”, which may be the modern San Francisco del Norte, which has been known traditionally as Cuajiniquilapa (Werner 2000:192-193; the original document has been scanned and is available at the website of the Archivo de Indias in Spain [http://pares.mcu.es/] at Código de referencia: ES.41091.AGI/16403.8.5.18.2// Signatura: GUATEMALA,40,R.5,N.10.). Finally, the last of the Ulúa towns was Olomega, which I mention because it may have been at or near the “Sitio de Olomega” that is adjacent to the project area. So, the La Pelona project area appears to be located in what was historically Maribio territory, but may extend into what was Ulúa-Chontal territory if the modern settlement of Olomega is close to ancient Olomega. These facts may influence which cultural groups should be consulted about traditional cultural places and practices that may constitute intangible cultural heritage. The municipalities of Chichigalpa and Posolotega, which encroach upon the project area, still retain a sense of Maribio indigenous identity and traditional cultural leaders could be located for consultation. As far as Ulúa or Chontal ethnicity is concerned, I am not aware of such sense of identity in, for example, Somotillo, which is the largest town in the former “Chontal” territory. Previous Archaeological Investigations in the Department of Chinandega 18 There has been only limited archaeological research in the Department of Chinandega. In his two-volume monograph, Pottery of Costa Rica and Nicaragua, Samuel Lothrop (1926:435- 436) mentioned two sites in Chinandega. One was a pictograph in Cañon Tanque on the Peninsula of Cosigüina that had been described by a geologist working for the Nicaraguan government in 1895, while the second was the town of El Viejo, from which antiquities had reportedly been recovered, according to a note published by a French diplomat in 1888. Lothrop himself did not conduct any fieldwork in the area. We next hear of the archaeological record of the Department in 1980 with the publication of an article by Silvia Montealegre in which she describes the ceramics recovered from the site of El Progreso during a salvage excavation directed by Richard Magnus in the city of Chinandega in 1974. We believe we have relocated this site. We named it “Carlos Fonseca,” after the modern barrio that has encroached on it. We only realized later, from her textual description, that it was probably the same site as El Progreso. Montealegre's ceramic descriptions are too ambiguous to allow us to match her ceramic types to ours, and, worse, her types numbered 29 to 50 were omitted from the publication, apparently due to a printing error. However, she did identify Usulután or Usulután-like pottery in her collection, as well as some polychrome sherds possibly related to types from Honduras. Her conclusions presaged our own: the archaeological culture she observed, which she dated to the Classic period, was closely linked to those in the neighboring countries of El Salvador and Honduras but showed little affinity with the Gran Nicoya subregion further south and east along the Pacific coast of Nicaragua. We know from our own experience that classifying these mostly unknown-ceramics is difficult, and we applaud her precocious success in deducing what we think is the correct conclusion. Subsequently, in the 1980s, Lange and his colleagues (1992:46-47) visited four sites in the Department of Chinandega, Quebrada Seca, La Chanchera, Las Padillas, and Santa Marta. They made small surface collections of ceramics and lithics. These sites had been located previously by archaeologists from the Department of Archaeology of Patrimonio Histórico, and the last two had been excavated by them. Lange and his colleagues said little about the Quebrada Seca and La Chanchera sites, except that they did not produce sherds of known Gran Nicoya pottery types. However, they reported that Las Padillas was located 3 km northeast of Chinandega, measured 5 to 10 ha in size, and had produced a Maya mold-made miniature flask as well as two sherds of Papagayo Polychrome, which persuaded them to date the site to the Mesoamerican Classic period. They also dated Santa Marta to the Classic period, because Usulután ware was the principal diagnostic ceramic type. We have not been able to visit these sites for lack of precise information about their locations. In the last couple of decades, several archaeological surveys have been carried out in the Department to comply with historic preservation laws in advance of development projects. The projects we know of mostly consisted of highway construction. One survey was conducted in connection with the recent rebuilding and widening of the El Viejo--El Congo road on the Peninsula of Cosigüina. We have not seen the report, but the archaeologist very kindly directed 19 us to several of the sites he located. Similarly, the new road from El Viejo to Puerto Morazán was surveyed, and the same archaeologist called our attention to sites he had identified there. One significant and excellent report on an archaeological survey related to roadwork between Somotillo and Guasaule (Navarro Genie 2008) has been available. The principal investigator, Dr. Rigoberto Navarro, identified 21 archaeological sites, of which 16 were in the project area. The prehistoric sites mostly seemed to date to A.D. 400-800, that is, the Classic period, or the Bagaces period in the Gran Nicoya chronology, although some of the sites outside the project area may have material from the succeeding Sapoá period. Several of the sites are large and important, one boasting 30 mounds. Unfortunately, Navarro was only able to make surface collections, and thus he did not develop a ceramic or lithic sequence. He did note that some of the ceramics from the northern part of the Department resembled those previously identified by Edgar Espinoza Pérez, Laraine Fletcher and their colleagues in the Segovias region further north. The sites identified by Dr. Navarro appear on the archaeological map in Figure 3. Some of the sites he identified appear to be highly significant, such as Los Andinos and El Platanal. We worked at El Platanal in 2009 without knowing that it had a different name. we called it Morales (after the name of the landowner). Additional research has recently been performed in the Department of Chinandega by Lic. Roberto Sirias Pérez (2012) as part of his thesis research for the degree of licentiate under the direction of Dr. Rigoberto Navarro Genie. He focused on the potential for underwater sites in the area of El Realejo, an early Colonial period port and shipyard complex in the part of the Department. He located several historic and prehistoric archaeological sites, some of which appear in Figure 3. Clifford Brown, the author of this document, has co-directed archaeological research in the Department of Chinandega intermittently since 2009, first in collaboration with the National Museum of Nicaragua and subsequently with various other Nicaraguan archaeologists and institutions. The research has been sponsored by Florida Atlantic University. The team has investigated and/or discovered around 40 archaeological sites in the different municipalities of the Department of Chinandega. Small excavations have been carried out in six sites and several other sites have been surface collected. The goals of the project include studying the processes of migration that brought the various Mexican groups to Chinandega as well as identifying their geographical distributions by means of proxies, such as ceramics or lithic artifacts, preserved in the archaeological record. Nevertheless, given the limited information available about the archaeology of the Department, it has been necessary and desirable to start by studying the spatial and temporal distribution of material culture to be able to establish a cultural sequence and chronology, which in turn will facilitate future research. The archaeological sites located and/or investigated by the project are shown on the map in Figure 3. The team has succeeded in making progress in establishing a ceramic sequence, as briefly outlined earlier in this chapter, and they performed geochemical provenance studies of a large sample of obsidian artifacts using portable X-ray fluorescence. They conducted no archaeological survey on Casita volcano itself, but there are likely to be sites on it. Indeed, the late mayor of Posoltega, Carlos Huete, told me there were archaeological sites on his property on Casita and sent his driver to show them to us. 20 Unfortunately, we did not reach the sites because of limited time, but I do not doubt the truth of his assertion. The only archaeological remains on Casita for which I have been able to obtain documentation are those identified by a team of geologists who investigated the geological risks of the San Cristóbal-Casita massif after the catastrophic lahar during Hurricane Mitch in 1998 (Hradecký et al. 1999). Although not the focus of their work, they observed archaeological remains during the course of their study. They describe them as follows on p. 52 of their report. Arqueología Durante el estudio y el levantamiento geológico fueron encontradas numerosas pruebas de la colonización del territorio por la población aborigen: los fragmentos de cerámica, los pedazos de obsidiana labrados, los fogones, los fundamentos de las residencias y grabados en piedras. Se trata ante todo de las regiones de Loma San Lucas (SO de Buenos Aires), de Mocorón (al E del Casita), cerca de las fumarolas al NO de la finca Argentina, etc. Los más interesantes hallazgos se han encontrado en la zona al SO de Bella Vista en el borde de la caldera de La Pelona y al SSO de Posoltega. En una “isla” de 2 m de altura en la vega del río del mismo nombre se han encontrado fundamentos de ladrillos, dos fogones intactos con fragmentos de cerámica y obsidiana. La posición de estas antiguas poblaciones que están situadas fuera de la actividad desastrosa del Deslave Casita, demuestra un conocimiento perfecto de las condiciones de la naturaleza y sus riesgos por los indios del periodo antes de Colón. Los gravados en piedras se encuentran en un valle pequeño cerca de la Comarca El Ojochal. Las espirales e imagen de los animales están grabadas en un flujo de lava andesítica (foto). Todos los hallazgos con la localización exacta fueron entregados a los arqueólogos nicaragüenses para su debido estudio. I translate this passage (roughly) as follows. During the study and geological mapping, numerous proofs of the colonization of the territory by the aboriginal population were found: ceramic fragments, pieces of worked obsidian, hearths, foundations of houses, and petroglyphs. Above all, these occur in the regions of Loma San Lucas (southwest of Buenos Aires), of Morocón (east of Casita), near the fumaroles northeast of the finca Argentina, etc. The most interesting discoveries were found in the area southwest of Bella Vista on the edge of the caldera of La Pelona and to the south-southeast of Posoltega. On an “island” 2 m high in the plain of the river of the same name, foundations of brick and two intact hearths with fragments of ceramic and obsidian were found. The positions of these ancient settlements are located outside the area of the disaster zone of the Casita lahar, showing a perfect knowledge of the natural conditions and risks by the Indians of the pre- Columbian period. The petroglyphs are found in a small valley near the Comarca El Ojochal. The spirals and images of animals are carved into an andesitic lava flow. 21 All the finds and their exact locations were turned over to the Nicaraguan archaeologists for study. (Emphasis added). The locations highlighted in the above passage, though not described with great specificity, appear to fall within or near the project area. Regardless of their exact locations, it is evident from this information alone that there are archaeological sites in the immediate vicinity of the project area, and therefore the possibility of additional remains directly within the footprint of the project must be considered. Preliminary Evaluation of the Archaeological Potential of the Project Area The plans for the project area, according to the kmz file I was provided by Mott- MacDonald, appear to include at least 11 drilling pads, a warehouse, an office, a mess hall, a parking area, paved sidewalks (“aceras”), a guardhouse, and a staging area, all located slightly east of the summit of the volcano Casita in the area of La Pelona. The kmz file also contains other lines and polygons whose meaning was unclear to me, but might represent other planned construction features. In addition, the plans include transmission lines that descend the northeast side of Casita from one electric substation near the summit to another electric substation near the foot, and an access road that climbs the same flank of the mountain from the highway NIC-252 to a spot near a place labeled Lugar La Hoyada on the INETER 1:50000 scale topographic map sheet number 2854-3. Like most of the Department of Chinandega, the volcano Casita and specifically Cerro La Pelona are suitable and even propitious for human use and habitation. The topographic maps of the area suggest that there are extensive reaches of relatively flat land within the project area that would be useful for hunting and gathering, cultivation, habitation, religious rituals, and other activities that would permit the creation of archaeological sites and deposits. Indeed, people live in the area today and satellite imagery suggests the presence of cultivated fields. There is no reason to believe that similar activities would not have taken place in the past, and if they did, they would have left traces that qualify as archaeological remains or residues. It is also possible that the fumarole fields themselves were sources of minerals that were useful to ancient people for paints, pigments or dyes, and thus may have been exploited. The fumarole fields nearby at San Jacinto, Department of León, seem to be associated with archaeological remains, and that is probably also the case at La Pelona. Most non-archaeologists do not realize how common archaeological sites are. There are probably thousands of archaeological sites in the Department of Chinandega. Given that 1) there are expanses of flat or nearly flat land in the project area, 2) Casita as a landform is old enough (Middle to Lower Pleistocene [Šebesta 2000]) to contain archaeological remains from the entire interval of human habitation of the Americas, and 3) the geologists cited above found archaeological remains at, apparently, many places in the vicinity of the project area, 22 I would predict there are probably archaeological sites within the project area. Moreover, one can reasonably assume there has been sedimentation deposited within the project area from 1) mass wasting from the cone and flanks of Casita, and the sides of the La Pelona caldera itself, and 2) ejecta erupted from San Cristóbal during its historic and prehistoric activity. That sedimentation has the potential to 1) bury sites, which protects them from disturbance and which may contribute to unusually good preservation of the archaeological remains; and 2) to stratify sites through periodic depositional episodes combined with permanent or intermittent human occupation, adding to their potential for preserving relative chronological information. Therefore, it is possible that some of the sites are well preserved and potentially significant. Consequently, it is my opinion that most of the project area should be considered to have high probabilities for the presence of archaeological sites and that the potential exists for highly significant sites as well. Recommendations 1) My first and most important recommendation is that the client consult with the cognizant authorities, specifically the Instituto Nicaragüense de Cultura, including its Dirección Nacional de Arqueología, either directly or through their geological and environmental advisors, to ensure compliance with Nicaraguan law. 2) The client should also consult with affected municipal governments, including the Municipality of Chinandega, where the bulk of the work appears to fall, but also with the nearby municipalities of Chichigalpa and Posoltega, which may be affected as well. 3) I recommend your client attempt to consult with traditional cultural leaders regarding sacred places and traditional cultural practices. The citizens of Chichigalpa and Posoltega may feel a cultural affiliation with the project area if they consider it to be part of the ancestral lands of their aboriginal progenitors. It is not impossible that some consider the volcano itself or the fumaroles as sacred places or traditional cultural places, and as such they would constitute culture resources and possibly elements of intangible cultural heritage. Mtra. Sagrario Balladares, who is a member of the Faculty of History at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua and who directs the archaeological program there, has carried out such consultations in the past and may therefore be a useful advisor in those matters. 4) Given the known presence of archaeological remains in the vicinity as well as the topography and geomorphology of the project area, I recommend an intensive archaeological survey that includes subsurface testing at small intervals to identify archaeological and historic sites. The World Bank Cultural Heritage Performance Standards are vague, but they do refer to “internationally-recognized practices for the protection, field-based study, and documentation 23 cultural heritage.” Subsurface testing is required in many countries where the potential exists for buried archaeological deposits, where archaeological visibility is low, or where the obtrusiveness of the archaeological remains is low. All three of these conditions apply to part or all of the La Pelona project area. There is a high probability of Late Pleistocene and Holocene sedimentation (i.e., during the period of human occupation of the landscape) in parts of the project area, as mentioned above, from mass-wasting and/or aeolian volcanic deposition. Archaeological visibility is probably or apparently low throughout most of the project area. Forested areas with leaf litter have low visibility, for example, because the ground, and therefore artifacts, cannot be easily seen. The archaeological remains in the region usually exhibit low obtrusiveness, meaning that they do not “stick out” very much. The Great Pyramid of Egypt is obtrusive. A scatter of ceramic or stone fragments, such as you are likely to encounter on Casita, is not obtrusive. Therefore, subsurface testing will be necessary if your client is to perform a reasonable survey in good faith. Subsurface testing should also be considered an internationally-recognized practice. It is common in many states of the United States, in Canada, and in parts of northern Europe (e.g., the Low Countries and eastern Belgium, where high rates of post-Pleistocene sedimentation occurred). It is probably required in many other countries as well. Often, decisions about the details of field methodology are made in consultation with both government authorities and specialists, including geoarchaeologists. My specific recommendation for meeting the international standard are stated in the following paragraphs. a. The area in and around the La Pelona caldera and elsewhere near the summit of Casita, where the drill pads and buildings will be placed, should be surveyed most intensively and systematically by fieldwalking the entire project area systematically along transects and performing subsurface testing at intervals (if shovel testing is used) of no more than 15 m. Similarly, the distance between transects that are systematically field-walked and inspected should be no more than 15 m. The testing interval should be related to the size of the archaeological sites that are the object of prospection. While we have little relevant data about site size in this instance, it should be noted that archaeological site sizes are commonly distributed as a power law such that smaller sites are much more numerous than large ones. That said, small sites should not be neglected merely because they are diminutive; they often contain distinctive, sometimes unique, and surprising remains. b. If shovel test probes are excavated by hand, they should measure at least 50 cm wide by 100 cm deep. If mechanized coring is performed, the coring instrument should be as wide as feasible but certainly no less than 12 cm in diameter. If mechanized excavation is used, for example, with a backhoe, the teeth should be removed from the bucket, excavations should take place only where no archaeological remains are visible on the surface, and they should be conducted under expert supervision, preferably with a trained archaeologist operating the machine. c. It may be difficult or impossible to test areas where the slope is greater than, say, 20 degrees, but in such areas the surface should at least be inspected visually if it can be done safely. Note that, for example, petroglyphs might be carved on rocks too steep to develop archaeological deposits. 24 d. The survey should provide full and systematic coverage of the project area. The entire project area—wherever the surface of the ground may be disturbed, even by apparently innocuous activities such as clearing vegetation—should be surveyed. Thus, access roads, parking areas, and the like should be surveyed. If the access road down the volcano or parts of the course of the electrical transmission lines are too steep to perform subsurface testing, every effort should be made to at least inspect them. e. In a case like this, archaeological survey is not a sampling procedure. So, if there is an archaeological site where you plan to place a drill pad, and you excavate the site, and then decide to move the pad, you need to survey, and if necessary excavate, at the new pad location. One cannot just assume that, having performed some excavation, “We know what these sites are like.” Each site is unique, and unpredictably so. Two adjacent sites can easily be from different period or cultures. In Europe, for example, it is not unknown to find an Neanderthal site near a Roman villa. You cannot excavate the Neanderthal site and then bulldoze the Roman villa (or vice versa) just because you “did some excavation.” f. At a minimum, your survey field methods should meet the statutory requirements enunciated by the Dirección Nacional de Arqueología. If your client chooses to exceed them, perhaps to fulfill the spirit of the World Bank regulations, so much the better. g. You should begin the archaeological compliance portion of your client’s work as soon as is practicable. Cultural resources compliance typically takes much longer than other aspects of environmental compliance. Best practices in the field always emphasize starting as early as possible. h. Once the presence, location, and extent of archaeological sites have been determined, they should be evaluated for their scientific, cultural, aesthetic, educational, and historical significance. These evaluations should be performed in consultation with the other interested parties, such as, obviously, the relevant government agencies and local communities. i. If any sites are judged to be significant enough to merit preservation, then your client, in consultation with the national and local governments and affected communities, should decide whether they can be preserved in place, which is always preferable, as the World Bank standards note. Preservation in situ might imply, in this project, shifting a drill pad or altering the course of an access road. In some cases, sites can be preserved from superficial impacts by burial, but that requires geotechnical studies. If a site cannot be avoided, excavations to recover significant data and samples may be contemplated. Such excavations, designed to mitigate adverse impacts to cultural resources, require planning, and are expensive. j. Extensive time and resources must be budgeted for the laboratory analysis of recovered materials. It commonly takes 3 to 5 times as much time to perform the laboratory analysis as the fieldwork. Laboratory analysis is often neglected by engineers (or officials) who believe that compliance is over because construction has started. In addition to conventional analyses of ceramic and lithic artifacts, analytical plans should contemplate the need for: bioarchaeological analysis of human remains, including ancient DNA analysis, and strontium, carbon, and nitrogen isotope analysis; paleoethnobotanical analysis of plant remains, including microremains such as pollen, phytoliths, and starch 25 grains; soil chemical, residue, and particle size analyses; zooarchaeological analysis of animal bones; trace element provenance analysis of obsidian; chemical compositional and petrographic analyses of ceramics; and radiocarbon dating. 5) Historic architecture should be documented and evaluated during the archaeological survey. 6) A consulting geologist should perform a paleontological assessment and survey if your consulting archaeologists are not qualified to perform this task. 7) A plan should be developed in consultation with the government and affected communities for the diffusion to the local communities of the archaeological and historical information garnered by the compliance process. That may include museum exhibits, printing of pamphlets, and/or the production of documentary films. 8) Provision must be made for the long-term curation of the archaeological remains recovered during the project. The national and local governments will determine the repository, but your client may need or wish to provide archival quality boxes, bags, labels, tags, copies of the field notes (including a safety copy off site), artifact catalog records, digital media for storing electronic records (photographs, electronic maps, CAD drawings, etc.), shelving, and possibly climate control. Conclusion To conclude, I would like to emphasize that, because of the embryonic state of our knowledge of archaeology in the Department of Chinandega, any and all new data have greater significance than they would elsewhere. It is, consequently, both a duty and an opportunity, which we all share, to do our utmost to foster that knowledge as it grows to maturity. 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Salgado González, Silvia and Jorge Zambrana Fernández (1992-93). El Sector Norte de la Gran Nicoya: Nuevos Datos en la Provincia de Granada, Pacifico de Nicaragua. Vinculos Vol. 18-19, pp. 121-137. Self, S., M. R. Rampino, and M. J. Carr (1989). A Reappraisal of the 1835 Eruption of Cosigüina and its Atmospheric Impact. Bulletin of Volcanology Vol. 52, pp. 57-65. 29 Sharer, Robert J. (2009). The Ch’orti’ Past: An Archaeological Perspective, in The Ch’orti’ Maya Area: Past and Present, edited by Brent Metz, Cameron L. McNeil, and Kerry M. Hull, pp. 124-133. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. Sirias Pérez, Roberto (2012). Patrimonio Cultural Sumergido (PCS): Elemento Importante en la Historia Colonial de El Realejo, Chinandega. Licentiate thesis, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua, Facultad de Historia. Managua. Stone, Doris (1957). Archaeology of Central and Southern Honduras. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 49, No. 3. Cambridge, Mass., Peabody Museum, Harvard University. Šebesta, Jiří (2000). Dynamic Relief Development and Geological Risks of the San Cristobal and Casita Volcanic Groups, Nicaragua. Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Geographica, XXXV, pp. 53- 72. Taylor, B. W. (1963). An Outline of the Vegetation of Nicaragua. The Journal of Ecology 51(1): 27-54 Werner, Patrick S. (2000) Ethnohistory of Early Colonial Nicaragua: Demography and Encomiendas of the Indian Communities. Institute for Mesoamerican Studies. Albany: The University at Albany, State University of New York. Willey Gordon R. and Philip Phillips (1955). Method and Theory in American Archaeology II: Historical-Developmental Integration. American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 723-819. Zambrana Fernández, Jorge and Nora Zambrana Lacayo (2011). La Secuencia Cultural/The Cultural Sequence, in Cerámica Prehispánica del Pacifico de Nicaragua/Prehispanic Ceramics of Pacific Nicaragua: Mi Museo Collection, edited by Nora Zambrana Lacayo, pp. 25-119. Granada, Nicaragua: Mi Museo. 30 Letter Report Initial, Partial Surface Reconnaissance of the La Pelona Geothermal Plant Project Area Clifford T. Brown, Ph.D., R.P.A. Professor Department of Anthropology Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Fla., USA August 5, 2017 Executive Summary Rapid surface reconnaissance of three parts of the La Pelona Geothermal Plant Project area revealed three loci with prehistoric artifact scatters on the surface. All three loci were found in and around the basecamp portion of the project area where the plans call for the construction of offices, a warehouse, a powerhouse and switchyard, and other facilities. Although the boundaries of the archaeological loci have not yet been established, they clearly impinge on planned areas of construction. I recommend 1) delineation and evaluation of the loci that have been identified; 2) survey of the remainder of the project area; 3) consultation with the other interested parties including the municipal government of Chinandega to determine what measures will be taken to take into account the presence of this historic patrimony and any other remains that are subsequently discovered. In general, if the interested parties in an undertaking agree that an archaeological or historic site is significant for its cultural, educational, aesthetic, historic or scientific value, then it should be avoided if possible by modifying the details of the planned project. Preservation in situ, through avoidance, is generally preferred because anything else, even the best scientific excavation, is an adverse impact. Often, however, it is not possible to modify the project as required to avoid sites. In such cases, the best result would be to conduct archaeological excavations using scientific methods and techniques to recover as much information as possible prior to the inevitable destruction of the archaeological deposits. In this case, I understand that the project is of the highest priority for the wellbeing and prosperity of the citizens of the Republic of Nicaragua. Therefore, I imagine there are considerable limits on how it can be modified. Nevertheless, with directional drilling, for example, it may be possible to shift a platform to avoid a site without unduly increasing the cost. Excavation may also be an option, and while archaeology is not cheap when done properly, the cost of an excavation to mitigate an adverse impact would probably pale in comparison to the overall cost of a project such as this one. 1 Introduction and Methods On August 4, 2017, we visited parts of the La Pelona Geothermal Plant Project area at the request of the municipal government of Chinandega, Nicaragua, and Mott-MacDonald, Inc. Using the GIS maps kindly provided by Mott-MacDonald, we performed rapid surface reconnaissance of three areas within the footprint of the planned project, the “Exploratory Well”; Pad CSA-1; and part of the basecamp area where the offices, dormitory, mess hall, parking area, warehouse, powerhouse, and switchyard are to be sited. Lack of time precluded any additional work. The reconnaissance was performed by the author, Dr. Clifford T. Brown; Ms. Kelsey I. Willis, B.A.; Lic. Roberto Sirias Pérez; and Sr. Mario Nájares. Mr. Nájares does not have formal training in archaeology but has worked with us for many years, has learned many archaeological field procedures, and is adept at fieldwork. We only performed surface inspection. No subsurface testing or excavation was carried out. We attempted systematic fieldwalking along transects, but where it would have been most useful, in areas with low archaeological visibility, the terrain and thick vegetation prevented us from carrying it out successfully. We could have cut transects through the bush, but that would have required additional workers and more work-days. At the archaeological loci identified, we made unsystematic, opportunist surface collections of artifacts to facilitate determination of site age, cultural affiliation, and function. We plan to wash, label, and analyze the materials recovered using standard and conventional analytical methods, which we can describe in detail upon request. The artifacts will be turned over to the municipal government of Chinandega for permanent curation. Results We started at the west end of the main access road at the platform labeled as “Exploratory Well” and started to work our way back down the volcano to the lower electric substation near sea level. Exploratory well. This first platform has the mothballed remains of a geothermal plant on it (Figure 1). The area is above the tree line and, according to the government (INETER) 1:50000 scale topographic maps, the elevation is around 1040 m, although Google Earth displays an elevation of about 940 m. The only vegetation is sparse grass, allowing for excellent archaeological visibility. The entire area is heavily disturbed by previous construction: the access road was graded and paved with a bed of gravel, and the well itself is a large structure, the construction of which required extensive excavation. Any archaeological deposits which had been present certainly would have been severely disturbed. However, we did not observe any archaeological remains of any kind. 2 Figure 1. Site named "Exploratory Well" on the La Pelona Project plans. The old well site and associated infrastructure is visible. The area has clearly been disturbed by the previous construction activities. Well Area 1. This area is located about 330 meters west northwest of the well pad, straight up a steep, rocky slope composed primarily of boulder-sized lithic fragments from apparently (geologically) recent eruptions. The area contains many fumaroles. Visibility as very good. We observed no archaeological remains or petroglyphs in the area, nor does it apt for settlement (Figures 2-3). 3 Figure 2. Photograph of Well Area No. 1, about 200 m up the ridge, looking west from the Exploratory Well site. Figure 3. Photograph of Well Area No. 1. 4 Pad CSA-1. Pad CSA-1 is at a lower elevation than the Exploratory Well. The terrain is very rugged and uneven, apparently because the surface is composed of lava flows with large lithic fragments, but there has been more soil development and more vegetative growth. The forest is almost impenetrable scrub with tree heights in the 5-10 m range. We do not know whether this is secondary growth, recent growth, or climax vegetation for the area, but it was so thick that we had to cut trail constantly to traverse the area. Consequently, despite our best efforts, we could not carry out our plan to systematically walk transects at 20 m intervals. Visibility was poor, but we inspected the ground surface in small patches where it could be seen. The central part of the platform area is disturbed, both by the construction of the road foundation with rip-rap and what appears to be an old drill pad (Figures 4-5). The remainder does not appear particularly propitious for human settlement. At best, it is a low probability area for archaeological remains. Figure 4. Platform CSA-1 site showing rip-rap supporting the bed of the access road. 5 Figure 5. Photograph of Platform CSA-1 site showing part of old well construction. Basecamp. These planned facilities are located on a relatively flat expanse or bench just above 700 m elevation (according to the INETER topographic maps, or about 625 m, according to Google Earth). The access road passes through this area from southwest to northeast. To the northwest and southeast, small areas have been previously cleared and leveled with gravel. The area northwest of the road is intended for the construction of the offices, a mess hall, a dormitory and a parking area. In the GIS shapefile provided, the area designated for construction measures 3058 m2. Across the road, to the southeast, a warehouse is planned. From the southeast edge of the southeastern cleared area, an unimproved dirt road departs heading southeast and then south. This runs toward the Finca Argentina and will serve as an access road for Platform CSE-1 and Platform B. The warehouse will be south of that road, while to the north of it a large staging area and an electric substation are planned. Archaeological locus 1. Locus 1 encompasses most of the area designated for offices, the mess hall, and dormitories northwest of the main access road. This archaeological site is marked “Sitio 1” on the accompanying map (Figure 6). Note that on this map the sites are outlined with dashed lines to indicate that we do not know their complete extent because we have not yet been able to delineate them fully. The site, as we currently understand it, not having yet performed any artifact analysis, consists of a low-density scatter of lithic debitage from the working of both chert and obsidian. We also collected what appears to be a ground stone artifact that looks like a miniature mace head with a circumferential groove. The absence of ceramics from the site may be significant. It suggests the possibility of a pre-ceramic, Archaic period site, although it is also possible that site is not pre-ceramic, but merely acercamic. That is, it may date from the ceramic- 6 using periods, but be a special purpose site at which, for some reason, ceramics were never deposited. Figure 6. Map of archaeological sites in the Basecamp area of the La Pelona project. The base map is the INETER topographic map sheet of the 1:50,000 series. The purple polygons are planned La Pelona project facilities. Archaeological sites are marked in red with hachure. Note the overlap between the sites as currently known and the footprint of the facilities. 7 Figure 7. View of La Pelona project Archaeological Site/Locus No. 1, looking northwest from the access road toward the site. 8 Figure 8. La Pelona project Archaeological Site/Locus No. 1, looking west. Note the hill to the west, which might be the source of the artifacts if mass wasting is carrying them downhill. 9 Figure 9. View of La Pelona project Archaeological Site/Locus No. 1, looking west. Note the adjacent hill. A low-density scatter of lithic debitage is unlikely to be significant because of its low information content, especially if it is limited to the surface because surface deposits have low integrity. The soils at the site appear to be shallow, limiting the potential for stratified or buried deposits. It is also possible that the entire site consists of materials that eroded downslope from the west, in which case the materials would comprise a secondary deposit which would completely lack integrity and therefore informational value. However, the internal structure and vertical extent of the site should be evaluated through subsurface testing with shovel tests or small (1 x 1 m or 1 x 2 m) test units. If the evaluation does not yield substantially greater evidence of significance and integrity, then the presence of this archaeological locus should not impede the project. Therefore, my preliminary opinion, with the important caveats that we have only performed a limited surface inspection without subsurface testing or artifact analysis, is that site is unlikely to prove to be significant. Archaeological Locus No. 2. On the southeast side of the main access road, we observed large quantities of both ceramic and lithic artifacts scattered in the bed of the dirt road that is planned as the access road for Platform CSE-1 and Platform B. We have not followed the road for more than 400 m, but on the topographic map, it appears to run to the Finca Argentina. The road contains a high density of both lithic and ceramic artifacts. The lithics include both chert and 10 obsidian. The pottery is varied and contains diagnostic specimens, although we have not yet analyzed them. We noted artifacts outside of the road bed on what appears to be undisturbed surfaces, not only in the road itself. The southern part of the site, along the road where it begins its decent into the La Pelona caldera, may be partly or completely a secondary erosional deposit. The road probably turns into a stream during the frequent heavy rains, and it is likely that some of the artifacts in the extreme southern part of the site were merely washed down there. That does not appear to be the case in the western and northern part of the site. There appears to be no possible colluvial source for those artifacts and they are almost certainly in situ. We do not know how large the site is, although, as the artifacts are scattered along over 300 m of roadway, it appears to be relatively large. The density of artifacts is high, and there appears to be a significant variety of them as well, although until we have analyzed them, we cannot say for certain. In sum, Site No. 2 is almost certainly a relatively large site with a high density and high diversity of archaeological remains. The site seems to be reasonably well preserved, although parts of it have been disturbed by the existing access roads. The remainder may have good preservation, but only additional testing will tell. Given only the information presently at hand, Site No. 2 is likely to be significant scientifically, historically, and culturally. If preservation in situ is not possible, given only the information presently available, the site would be good candidate for excavation to recover the important archaeological and cultural data it possesses. I say this because, for example, we have not yet seen architectural remains that might be sufficiently charismatic, aesthetically remarkable, or religiously significant enough to require preservation in place; nor have we, for instance, observed evidence of human burials that might make the site exceptionally sensitive for descendent communities in the region, although I must add the caveat that burials are unlikely to be observed until subsurface testing is performed. Therefore, the potential significance of the site currently resides primarily in its archaeological value as a repository of scientific evidence of past cultures, history, and peoples. Because its potential significance derives mainly from the scientific information it contains, excavations to recover those data could reasonably serve to mitigate adverse impacts to it, which might not be the case if it significance derived primarily from religious or aesthetic considerations. 11 Figure 10. Photograph of Site No. 2, looking east southeast. 12 Figure 11. Photographs of artifacts in the road at Site No. 2. Archaeological Locus No. 3. This locus consists of 2 potsherds recovered from a footpath. This may indicate that Site No. 2 extends at least this far west, which would not be surprising. In itself, the locus is unlikely to be significant, but if it is part of Site 2, it could share in the significance of the larger site. More survey obviously needs to performed here. Summary and Recommendations Rapid surface reconnaissance of three parts of the La Pelona Geothermal Plant Project area revealed three loci with prehistoric artifact scatters on the surface. All three loci were found in and around the basecamp portion of the project area where the plans call for the construction of offices, a warehouse, a powerhouse and switchyard, and other facilities. Although the boundaries of the archaeological loci have not yet been established, they clearly impinge on planned areas of construction. I recommend 1) delineation and evaluation of the loci that have been identified; 2) survey of the remainder of the project area; 13 3) consultation with the other interested parties including the municipal government of Chinandega to determine what measures will be taken to take into account the presence of this historic patrimony and any other remains that are subsequently discovered. In general, if the interested parties in an undertaking agree that an archaeological or historic site is significant for its cultural, educational, aesthetic historical or scientific value, then it should be avoided if possible by modifying the details of the planned project. Preservation in situ, through avoidance, is generally preferred because anything else, even the best scientific excavation, is an adverse impact. Often, however, it is not possible to modify the project as required to avoid sites. In such cases, the best result would be to conduct archaeological excavations using scientific methods and techniques to recover as much information as possible prior to the inevitable destruction of the archaeological deposits. In this case, the project is of the highest priority for the wellbeing and prosperity of the citizens of the Republic of Nicaragua. Therefore, there are considerable limits on how it can be modified. Nevertheless, it may be possible, for example, to shift a drilling platform or pipeline to avoid a site without unduly affecting the project. Excavation to mitigate the adverse impacts to an archaeological site should be considered if avoidance is not possible. At present, the only site we have observed that appears on the face of it to have the potential to be significant is Site No. 2. As explained above, given only the information presently available, the potential significance of the site appears to derive mainly from the archaeological information it holds. Therefore, adverse impacts to it could reasonably be mitigated through scientific excavation to recover that information, if preservation is not an option. Respectfully submitted, Clifford T. Brown, Ph.D., R.P.A. References Cited Hradecký, Petr, P. Havlicek, P. Hradecky, M. Hrubes, B. Mlcoch, M. Opletal, J. Sebesta, N. Buitrago, and W. Strauch (1999). Estudio Geológico y Reconocimiento de la Amenaza Natural-Zona León-Chinandega, Nicaragua. (Technical Report). Praga-Managua: Servicio Geológico Checo e Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales. 14 Appendix Contents – Stakeholder Meeting Summaries 1. Biodiversity meeting summaries 2. Hydrogeology meeting summaries 3. Social meeting summaries 4. Social meeting attendance lists 5. Photos of stakeholder meetings Record of meeting/discussion Continuation sheet Date of Meeting 24.07.17 Project title Casita Geothermal Project Division ETR Subject Summary of feedback - Biodiversity Project no 387016 Location Managua, Nicaragua Date of meeting 30.06.17 Present Feria Nacional de la Tierra and Jovenes Ambientalistas, Flora Fauna San Cristobal Group and Centro Humboldt Recorded by Mihai Coroi Item Text 1 Feria Nacional de la Tierra and Jovenes Ambientalistas Attendees: Mr Edwin Castro, President, Mott MacDonald representative, CCP representative · It is recognised that geothermal projects have lower environmental impacts than other development projects. The Government and this NGO are fully supportive of the Casita project because it helps to increase the proportion of renewable energy, which is a national priority. · Casita project has to be environmentally friendly. Mr Castro expects a series of reforestation programmes to be included as mitigation. · This NGO coordinates the National Fair of the Earth, which involves educational programmes and a centre (CICFA - Centro the Investigation y Capacitation Ambiental). There have been no activities in the three municipalities where the Casita project is, but this area will be included in programme in the future. · There is significant deforestation in the Casita area. · There is a national reforestation programme coordinated by MAREN/INAFOR, involving 18 million ha of reforestation at national level. INAFOR have a reforestation map, including for forest area. · This NGO was involved in a study on highly threatened species in Nicaragua; this was coordinated by MARENA, and local universities (University of Central America) and IUCN were also involved. In August 2017, an updated red list of the animals in Nicaragua will be published. There is no existing red list for plants in Nicaragua. 2 Flora Fauna San Cristobal Group Attendees: Mr Mario Chavez, Mott MacDonald representative, CCP representative · There may be small pockets of primary forest in the Casita-San Cristobal- Chonco Nature Reserve (not in the Casita project area though), but few of the original forest trees are left. · San Cristobal area was where first coffee plantations were established (probably 100 years ago). Most of these plantations are abandoned and those remaining have low production. · Fire is one of the most significant threats to natural forest in the nature reserve area. People set fire for hunting, wood, charcoal etc. · Chonco area has private owners and is better conserved than San Cristobal or Casita. Coffee plantation in Chonco area were abandoned c. 20 years ago and the area has evolved into a secondary forest. · Mario has done camera trapping in Chonco area since May 2015. He recorded 23 mammal species and provided data to be used for Master degree theses. This information is also available on Mario’s Facebook page. Page 1 of 2 © Mott MacDonald 2017 Record of meeting/discussion Continuation sheet Date of Meeting 24.07.17 Item Text · Mario and his team undertook bat netting in the Chonco area in December 2016; they recorded 13 species. · Mario has visited local schools to show videos of local wildlife. · There is one private plantation of teak (Tectona grandis) between San Cristobal and Casita. 3 Centro Humboldt Attendees: Two Centro Humboldt representatives, three Mott MacDonald representatives, two CCP representatives · Casita ESIA to use a study from 2007 on forest fragmentation and habitat connectivity along the Pacific volcanic complex (study contracted by MARENA). · Centro Humboldt published reports on deforestation in Nicaragua and a recent land-use study, which updated the land-use study published by MARENA in 2011. GIS data can be provided. · ‘Lista patron’ of birds in Nicaragua to be used in Casita ESIA. ‘Lista’ to be provided by Centro Humboldt. · Centro Humboldt is very active nationally but does not have specific projects in the Casita geothermal project area. · Centro Humboldt expect to receive the Casita ESIA for review and to provide comments. · Key points enumerated by Centro Humboldt that they would like to see addressed in the Casita ESIA: 1. Habitat connectivity issues in the project area. 2. Dynamic of species changing with climate / climate variability in this area of the country 3. Identification of commercial species 4. Cost benefit analysis of the potential of the soils in the area versus the Project activities (and any conflict with community use of soils) 5. Consider correct compensation for the environment and for the local people 6. Casita geothermal project must respect the existing management plans and implement sustainable management practices over the long term. 7. Casita project should consult with local communities to understand the true needs of the people and the environment. Page 2 of 2 © Mott MacDonald 2017 Record of meeting/discussion Continuation sheet Date of Meeting 27.06.17, 28.06.17 Project title Casita Geothermal Project Division ETR Subject Summary of feedback - Hydrogeology Project no 387016 Location Las Grietas, El Higueral and San Lucas, Date of meeting 27.06.17, 28.06.17 Nicaragua Present Los Comités de Agua Potable y Saneamiento (CAPS) (Committees for Drinking Water and Sanitation) in Las Grietas, El Higueral and San Lucas, Mott MacDonald representatives Recorded by George Newman Item Text 1 Las Grietas Date: 27 June 2017 The following is a summary of the consultation: · There are a total of 68 hand pumped household wells in the village. The deepest of those wells are around 12- 15m deep. The wells are used for drinking water. In the 1990s the deepest wells were around 11m. Wells have had to be dug deeper due to a reduction in groundwater level, assumed to have been caused by abstraction of groundwater for sugar cane plantations. · It was mentioned that people were dying at a rate of five people per month, assumed to be due to water quality. It was noted that this is not an uncommon death rate in Pacific (Nicaragua), but sounds high for the region, potentially due to kidney failure from consumption of pesticides in groundwater. This could also be the phenomenon known as Mesoamerican Nephropathy. Kidney disease is a known issue in the region but with unknown causes, although assumed to be related to heat stress and exacerbated by other factors such as water quality. · The community has a village well that pumps up to a water tank that has capacity of 5000gallons. This can be emptied in 45 minutes and is refilled continuously when the pump is running. The pump requires three horse power and has a pump rate of 15m 3/hr. The pump is turned on at 6am and off at 9am. They can only pump for three hours because that is all the power that can be afforded. No money is available for maintenance, hence the leaking tank. This system supplies 38 households, these can have more than one family. The pump was installed in August 2011. For families with one to three members it is $80 per year; for more than three members it is $120. · Apparently, there are no seasonal impacts on the groundwater levels. · Finally, the committee made a complaint about the sugar cane farms, saying that river that used to flow through Las Grietas and other bathing locations in the area has run dry. The dried up river was noted on the visit. · Las Grietas was also discussed during a meeting with the Municipality on Wednesday 28th June. Las Grietas is known to be affected by flooding caused by the construction of the road next to the village. This was re-visited after the meeting and flood marks were noticed on some of the houses close to the road. · There is also a confluence of two dried up streams in the centre of Las Grietas. 2 El Higueral Date: 28 June 2017 Page 1 of 2 © Mott MacDonald 2017 Record of meeting/discussion Continuation sheet Date of Meeting 27.06.17, 28.06.17 Item Text · Most households still have their own wells, however unlike Las Grietas the community well is used for drinking and the household wells used for other purposes such as washing. · The community well is reportedly 72m deep with 12 x 6m sections of pipe. The village has a population of 921 with 115 households connected to the well. · Household wells are apparently around 10 – 14m deep. Some household wells run dry in the summer months. · The village tank has a capacity of 12,000 US gallons. · The pump itself had a capacity of 15m3/hr. It was not possible to dip for a groundwater depth as no dip tube was present. 3 San Lucas Date: 28 June 2017 · Here only three households still use their individual wells. Almost all the wells in the village are dry, despite reaching depths of up to 21m. · 58 households rely on the community well which pumps for four hours a day. Every house is metered. · The pump has a capacity of 15m3/hr. It was reported that the pump had problems with overheating. · A dip tube was present, however; it was not possible to get a water level reading as some damp white material, assumed to be rock or grout, became stuck to the dip meter at approximately 24m depth. This may be a result of damage to the dip tube. Depth to base of the well was 33m. Page 2 of 2 © Mott MacDonald 2017 Record of meeting/discussion Continuation sheet Date of Meeting 27.06.17 to 05.07.17 Project title Casita Geothermal Project Division ETR Subject Summary of feedback - Social Project no 387016 Location Chichigalpa, Chinandega and Posoltega Date of meeting 27.06.17 to 05.07.17 municpalities, Nicaragua Present Representatives from Ministerio de Educación (MINED), Universidad Americana (UAM), Chichigalpa city hall, Chinandega city hall, Ministerio de Salud MINSA, tourism office, MARENA, El Instituto Nicaragüense de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), INETER, Santa Cruz, Las Grietas and El Higueral community members, Cooperativa Gerardo Novoa, and Mott MacDonald Recorded by Aline Martins Item Text 1 Las Grietas · They had not been informed before the project until now. · They only knew of an energy project that is well regarded by the community. 2 El Higueral · We knew about 5 years ago that they made the access road and it was said that there was going to be a project, but then the works stopped and we didn’t hear anymore about it. · Best means to invite a meeting or consultation: Radio San Cristóbal de Chinandega, in community schools and community assemblies. 3 San Lucas · Until now we’ve been provided some information about the project. We enjoyed the experience of this meeting, we hope they will invite us back, so we continue to learn. The Station seems to be a good place for consultation activities. If they give us transportation and snacks we can go. · The best way to inform or to invite community members is the periphery in the community or invitation from house to house. · Some community members say that the water from the wells is contaminated, that civil works such as road construction influence the currents that reach them. · Casita geothermal project must respect the existing management plans and implement sustainable management practices over the long term. · Casita project should consult with local communities to understand the true needs of the people and the environment. 4 Santa Cruz · They know about the project because when they opened the access road and the well, they heard and felt detonations, some quite strong that frightened them. They have an impact on the access road. The people of El Higueral burn the land to prepare the land and sometimes leave the fires. It's up to the Santa Cruz brigades to turn them off. · Radio Ya of Managua and Radio San Cristóbal de Chinandega are the best ways to disseminate information. In the community, the school is a central point for distributing information. 5 Posoltega · The Mayor of Posoltega states that the environmental damages caused by the project need to be mitigated. For example, cutting trees. For the construction of Page 1 of 3 © Mott MacDonald 2017 Record of meeting/discussion Continuation sheet Date of Meeting 27.06.17 to 05.07.17 Item Text the access road to the Casita geothermal project, a lot of wood was cut. The population will want to know that: how are they going to mitigate impacts on the environment? Does the hot steam that comes out of it cause an impact on people? · Best way to disclose information: Internet, among others. Local radio (Radio Emanuel), Facebook, television. People do not like to read. In Chinandega they listen to the Radio San Cristóbal a lot. · What do you expect from the Project for the municipality (benefits, affections?): Development for the three municipalities. Sources of employment, improvements, infrastructure, cheaper energy for the municipality. Expect priority for municipalities that are producing energy. 6 Chichigalpa · They understand that it will not see impact on the structure of Chichigalpa. What can happen is that the workforce here migrates to work in Hacienda Algeria. But the population that knows how to report that. They expect job creation. Generation of taxes. More demand for education and health. Replenishment of vegetation and environmental projects. · Best way to disclose: Community Assembly. Radio Samaria (local). In the countryside you hear a lot. City Hall and Palace of Culture are good places to leave brochures. 7 Chinandega · What is the impact of the project on schools, will there be greater demand? · What impacts will it have on private property and how will this issue be handled if drilling wells every 2 years in addition to the access road and other civil works? · The drainage and the water aspect in the zone are sensitive points, they must be well analysed. · Alliances are important, talk to communities so they are clear of benefits because they say that the product of these interventions their water flows or flood or come contaminated. · If wells are going to affect a community, have you taken into account procedures 12 and 14 of the World Bank for involuntary resettlement? · Are you doing archaeological studies? Do they have a specialist? We want to request the care of that at the time of civil works. Volcanoes were places of worship of our ancestors, we are concerned about the archaeological sites in the area. Please, it is important not to neglect this because it is our culture. · Education Ministry requests Polaris to provide the “polygonal” of the project concession to be able to provide the precise information of the area of influence. Polaris will provide the details to Claudio Guillén. · When doing the road works, we recommend hiring companies that have Marana and MEM concessions for the exploitation of materials bank. · Best way to disclose info: Radio for local people. Television for the municipality (channel 10). The most listened radio, they do not know to inform. Newspaper in less quantity. Internet a bit more. · For tourism, they expect it to benefit the sector. · Education: interested in not to be so dependent on oil. Fruitful for the whole country, not just for local communities. · Infrastructure: one more step to contribute to the issue of climate change. Also the generation of labour. · Expect social responsibility activities in the communities. · And what does the population expect? Does not know. They believe that the population does not know about the project. No one was at the 2015 meeting. Page 2 of 3 © Mott MacDonald 2017 Record of meeting/discussion Continuation sheet Date of Meeting 27.06.17 to 05.07.17 Item Text 8 Cooperativa Gerardo Novoa · Are you interested in participating in the Public Consultation? Yes. The best way to inform would be to telephone the contacts and the cooperative. Weekday is better but not at night time or very late. · They listen to the radio San Cristóbal de Chinandega and Radio Ya de Managua. Page 3 of 3 © Mott MacDonald 2017 Photos of stakeholder meetings 28 June 2017: Chichigalpa city hall meeting 28 June 2017: Chinandega city hall meeting 29 June 2017: Posoltega city hall meeting 29 June 2017: Communities focus group 4 July 2017: Gender focus group 5 July 2017: Cooperativa Gerardo Novoa meeting Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment 08 August 2017 Mott MacDonald LLC 1585 Sawdust Road The Woodlands, TX. 77380 T +1 2812922639 mottmac.com Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 387016 H01 B Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment 08 August 2017 Mott MacDonald Limited. Registered in England and Wales no. 1243967. Registered office: Mott MacDonald House, 8-10 Sydenham Road, Croydon CR0 2EE, United Kingdom Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 1 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment Issue and Revision Record Revision Date Originator Checker Approver Description A 28/07/17 G Newman A Irving J Dottridge Draft for client review B 08/08/17 G Newman A Irving J Dottridge Final draft for client review Document reference: 387016 | H01 | B Information class: Standard This document is issued for the party which commissioned it and for specific purposes connected with the above- captioned project only. It should not be relied upon by any other party or used for any other purpose. We accept no responsibility for the consequences of this document being relied upon by any other party, or being used for any other purpose, or containing any error or omission which is due to an error or omission in data supplied to us by other parties. This document contains confidential information and proprietary intellectual property. It should not be shown to other parties without consent from us and from the party which commissioned it. This re port ha s be en pr epare d sol el y f or use b y t h e part y which c ommissi one d it (t h e ‘Client’) i n c on n ecti on with t he ca ptio ne d proj ect. It sho uld n ot be use d for a ny other purp os e. No perso n ot her tha n t he Clie nt or any part y wh o has expressl y ag ree d t er ms of r elia nce wit h us (t he ‘Reci pient(s)’) may rely o n th e c o ntent , inf ormati on or a n y vi e ws e xpresse d in t he re por t. We acc ept n o d ut y of care, res ponsi bilit y or liabilit y t o an y other reci pie nt of this d oc u ment . This r ep ort is co nfide ntial and c ont ains propri etar y in tell ect ual pro p ert y. Con tents 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 2 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment Contents Glossary of Terms 5 Acronyms 6 Executive Summary 7 1 Introduction 9 1.1 Project Background 9 1.2 Terms of Reference 10 1.3 Scope of Preliminary Assessment Report 10 1.4 Limitations 12 2 Project Information 13 2.1 Project Components and Timescale 13 2.2 Water Supply System 15 2.3 Drilling and Testing 15 2.4 Water Demand 16 2.5 Wastewater and Effluent Discharges 16 2.6 Site Restoration 17 3 Regulatory Information 18 3.1 Policies and Management 18 4 Baseline Information 21 4.1 Consultation 21 4.2 Climate 22 4.3 Soils 23 4.4 Geology 24 4.5 Hydrology 29 4.6 Hydrogeology 34 4.7 Water Resources 41 5 Hydrogeological Characterisation 45 5.1 Baseline Conceptual Model 45 5.2 Baseline Water Balance 53 5.3 Projected Water Balance 56 5.4 Key Uncertainties 58 6 Qualitative Impact Assessment 59 6.1 Assessment Methodology 59 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 3 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment 6.2 Receptor Sensitivity 60 6.3 Potential Impacts 62 6.4 Mitigation Measures 63 6.5 Residual Impacts 65 6.6 Recommendations for Monitoring and Reporting 65 7 Conclusions 67 8 References 69 Appendices 71 A. Groundwater quality monitoring results 2017 72 Tables Table 3.1: River Basin Management Plans 18 Table 3.2: MARENA permit requirements relating to hydrogeology 19 Table 4.1: Meteorological stations in the project area 23 Table 4.2: Summary of precipitation data 31 Table 4.3: Summary of wells with known pumping volumes 43 Table 5.1 La Pelona Proposed Well Locations 56 Table 5.2: La Pelona Water Balance 56 Table 5.3: Las Grietas Water Balance 57 Table 6.1: Sensitivity of Receptors (considers duration of the impact, spatial extent, reversibility and ability to comply with legislation) 59 Table 6.2: Magnitude of Impacts Summary Table 59 Table 6.3: Impact Significance Matrix 60 Table 6.4: Receptor Sensitivity 60 Figures Figure 2.1:Project Components 14 Figure 4.1: SKM structural analysis 26 Figure 4.2: Geological map of the study area 27 Figure 4.3: SKM cross section through San Cristobal and La Pelona. 28 Figure 4.4: INETER hydrological catchment 30 Figure 4.5: Critical flow areas 31 Figure 4.6: Meteorological station location plan 32 Figure 4.7: Summary of precipitation data 33 Figure 4.8: Precipitation vs Evapotranspiration 34 Figure 4.9: INETER Villanueva aquifer extent 35 Figure 4.10: Groundwater levels (mASL) in wells 37 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 4 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment Figure 4.11: Groundwater sampling locations 2017 40 Figure 4.12: All known abstraction points 42 Figure 5.1: Monthly recharge 46 Figure 5.2: Study area hydrological catchment 47 Figure 5.3: Piezometric map 50 Figure 5.4: Casita Hydrogeological Conceptual Model 52 Figure 5.5: Recharge area required for existing abstractions and proposed abstractions 55 Figure 6.1: Receptor location map 61 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 5 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment Glossary of Terms Term Definitions Aquifer A body of permeable rock which can contain or transmit groundwater Aquitard Aquitard are layers of rock that retard water flow and act as a barrier for groundwater. Consultation Consultation is a two-way process of dialogue between the project company and its stakeholders. Stakeholder consultation is about initiating and sustaining constructive external relationships over time. Cumulative The combination of multiple impacts arising from existing projects or activities, and/or impacts anticipated future projects or activities Environmental A forward-looking instrument that is able to proactively advise decision-makers on what might and Social Impact happen if a proposed activity is implemented. Impacts are changes that have environmental, Assessment political, economic, or social significance to society. Impacts may be positive or negative and (ESIA) may affect the environment, communities, human health and well-being, desired sustainability objectives, or a combination of these. Environmental Summarises the company’s commitments to address and mitigate risks and impacts and Social identified as part of the ESIA, through avoidance, minimization, and compensation/offset, and Management and monitor these mitigation measures. Monitoring Plan (ESMMP) Groundwater Water held underground in cracks and spaces in soil and rock Piezometric head The height above a datum (such as sea level) of the column of water that can be supported by the hydraulic pressure at a point in a groundwater system. Recharge The quantity of water that is added to groundwater from areally distributed sources such as the direct infiltration of rainfall Storage The volume of water an aquifer releases from or takes into storage per unit surface area of Coefficient the aquifer per unit change in head. Transmissivity The rate at which groundwater is transmitted through a unit width of an aquifer under a unit hydraulic gradient. 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 6 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment Acronyms Acronym Term ASL Above sea level BGL Below ground level CAPS Comités de Agua Potable y Saneamiento CCC Cerro Colorado Corporation CCP Cerro Colorado Power Sociedad Anonima (S.A.) EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ENEL Empresa Nicaragüense de Electricidad ESMMP Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan ETP Evapotranspiration H&H Hargreaves y Hancock HDPE High density polyethylene INAA National Water Authority INETER Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales (Nicaraguan Institute for Earth Studies) ISA Ingenio San Antonio MARENA Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment MEM Ministry of Energy and Mines PNRH National water policy PPP Public private partnership PS Performance Standards SOP Standard Operating Procedures 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 7 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment Executive Summary CCP is proposing an exploratory drilling phase of a geothermal power project on the eastern slopes of Casita volcano in Nicaragua to assess the viability of the resource for power generation. The exploratory phase involves the drilling of five geothermal wells. Drilling and commissioning of the wells requires an estimated 502,000m3 of water over 14 months. To supply this water, it is proposed that two abstraction boreholes are drilled to 200m depth in the La Pelona caldera or on the eastern Plain near Las Grietas. Mott MacDonald has been commissioned to undertake an ESIA in advance of the exploratory drilling. This Preliminary Hydrogeological Study has been produced to inform the ESIA and identify further hydrogeological work required to develop the project water supply, manage risks and meet the requirements of the MARENA permit. Based on a review of the available data on geology, hydrogeology, climate, water resources and a site visit, a hydrogeological conceptual model and preliminary water balance were developed. There are assumed to be three aquifers: the La Pelona Quaternary Deposits aquifer within the La Pelona caldera, the Quaternary Deposits Aquifer on the Casita eastern hillside and Plain area, and the La Pelona Andesite Aquifer, which is an extensive deep, fractured aquifer potentially connected via fractures to groundwater on the plain. Connectivity between the three aquifers is uncertain, particularly for the La Pelona shallow aquifer. Recharge occurs throughout the study area between April and December, but is notably higher in the La Pelona caldera and on the slopes of Casita, which provide a major source of recharge for the downstream area. Infiltration rates are high, estimated to be over 40% of total rainfall, with no permanent surface water courses, although localised runoff occurs after heavy rain causing erosion. All recharge is believed to flow eastward towards the Rio Olomega, which rises at Ojo de Agua and is fed by small streams at the foot of the volcano between San Lucas and Las Grietas. The Rio Olomega flows northwards, to join the Rio Estero Real. The high level spring which supplies Argelia and Bella Vista farms is considered to be up gradient of the proposed water wells. There are existing community and agricultural wells only on the Plain, indicating good groundwater potential in this area. Farming also occurs within the La Pelona caldera, but this is likely to be rain fed. It is assumed that household wells abstract from the Quaternary deposits aquifer and deeper agricultural and community wells from the La Pelona Andesite Aquifer. Based on the assumptions that the La Pelona Caldera is a closed system and there are no existing abstractions, there is considered to be sufficient resource to supply the proposed abstraction. The area of recharge required to supply the abstraction is 4.6% 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 8 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment of the total recharge area for the caldera. If the caldera is hydraulically connected to the wider hydrological catchment, the recharge area required equates to 0.35% of the total catchment. The recharge area for abstraction from the Las Grietas Plains equates to 1.16% of the total catchment area or 1.26% of the total catchment minus the La Pelona caldera. Both options represent 0.6% of the total catchment recharge or 4.6% of recharge to the La Pelona caldera. Potential impacts resulting from the proposed La Pelona abstraction are: ● Adverse impact on the both Quaternary Deposits Aquifers (La Pelona and the Casita hillside and Plain) of low magnitude and minor significance because the proposed borehole will be drilled to 200m depth targeting the La Pelona Andesite aquifer, although this could also lower groundwater levels in the Quaternary aquifers ● Adverse impact on the La Pelona Andesite Aquifer of low magnitude and minor significance. The potential receptors in this aquifer are down gradient at the downstream extent of the catchment. but it is possible that receptors located closest to the abstraction would see some reduction in groundwater levels ● Negligible impact on the Argelia/Bella Vista Spring because the spring is up gradient. Based on the assumptions made and following the implementation of the mitigation measures, all potential impacts on water resources receptors will be reduced to negligible. Potential impacts from the proposed abstraction from the Las Grietas Plains depends on the chosen location for the abstraction wells, thus there is insufficient information to draw detailed conclusions. This option would reduce groundwater levels in the La Pelona Andesite and Quaternary Deposits aquifers resulting in temporary medium magnitude impacts of moderate significance on the local groundwater abstraction wells during the short period of high water demand. These impacts could be mitigated by temporary supply of drinking water to local communities and supporting local water companies to maintain adequate water supplies when required. In addition, the ESMMP should include measures to manage waste water, flooding, erosion and pollution prevention. Further investigation and data collection is recommended to reduce the uncertainty about hydrogeological conditions and inform the choice of abstraction location. Based on the findings, the hydrogeological risk and impact assessments should be revised. During set up and operation of the scheme, regular monitoring of water levels, water quality and spring flows is required to define baseline conditions and monitor any impacts. 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 9 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment 1 Introduction 1.1 Project Background The Government of Nicaragua has identified the Casita-San Cristobal geothermal scheme as having high potential to support its generation expansion plan and investment in renewable energy. In April 2009, the Nicaraguan Ministry of Energy and Mines (“MEM”) issued an “exploration” concession to Cerro Colorado Power Sociedad Anonima (S.A.) (“CCP”) to assess geothermal resource to develop a 100km2 geothermal resource area along the Casita-San Cristobal Volcanic Complex. Upon completion of the surface exploration phase, with promising results, CCP was granted in 2013 an “exploitation” concession over a selected 20km2 area on the south eastern flank of Casita Volcano to develop the geothermal resource. The Project site is in the Department of Chinandega, 130km north of Nicaragua’s capital city of Managua. The boundaries of three municipalities (Chinandega, Chichigalpa and Posoltega) are located across the concession area. MacDonald USA LLC (“Mott MacDonald”) has been commissioned as the environmental and social consultant (ES consultant) to undertake an ESIA in advance of exploration drilling planned to be undertaken to assess the viability of the resource for power generation. The Government of Nicaragua with the support of the World Bank1 intends to use World Bank (SREP and IDA) and private funding to help confirm the geothermal resource of the field and to mitigate the resource risk, and thereby promote possible future private investment to facilitate the development of the first operational geothermal power plant in the Casita-San Cristobal geothermal field. The Casita-San Cristobal geothermal project will be developed by Cerro Colorado Power S.A. (CCP, or the Project Developer), as a public private partnership (PPP) project between Cerro Colorado Corporation (CCC, a Panamanian subsidiary of Polaris Infrastructure Inc.) and Empresa Nicaragüense de Electricidad (ENEL), a state-owned company of the Republic of Nicaragua. The exploratory drilling phase of the project (Component 1, Stage II) aims to confirm whether a commercially viable geothermal resource exists and develop a Feasibility Study for commercial development. Between three and five, full size, 2,000-2,500m deep wells are planned to be drilled in this phase of the project. If the project progresses to commercial development, the drilling of an additional six production and two reinjection wells would be part of a successive phase (Component 2), together with construction of a power generation plant with an anticipated capacity of 25-35 MWe. The objectives of the exploratory drilling are to: ● Confirm exploitable geothermal resource ● Prove temperature and pressure ● Assess the nature and distribution of permeability within the reservoir ● Evaluate the geothermal system hydrogeology ● Assess likely well productivity ● Determine balance between production and injection 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 10 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment ● Gather the necessary information to be able to develop a simulation of reservoir behavior under proposed exploitation conditions ● Provide the key information necessary to prepare an updated geothermal and reservoir model and a technical-economic feasibility study for initial commercial development of the resource ● Provide the key information necessary to prepare an ESIA for the development phase of the projects (Component 2: production drilling, SAGS and power plant construction) and address outstanding conditions of the MARENA exploitation authorization relevant to the production phase. The execution of drilling operations and associated civil works, the power plant construction and the future commercial operation of the geothermal field require a fresh water supply which is variable depending on each project phase; drilling is the activity with highest water demand. No surface water sources are available in the area, therefore abstracting groundwater is the planned solution for water supply. Two potential zones have been identified for water supply from the shallow aquifer; these are respectively located inside the La Pelona Caldera and on the Las Grietas plain at the base of the eastern flank of Casita volcano. The La Pelona area, given its proximity to the exploration drilling sites; is the preferred solution for water supply; however, the effective existence of a local aquifer suitable to meet the project demand is still to be confirmed in this area. In the plain located at the base of Casita Volcano, east of the geothermal concession area, water availability is confirmed, based on existing wells used by local communities and agricultural activities. The project area overlaps the protected area Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita (Nature Reserve), and lies on the western border of the Western Basin of Nicaragua which drains into the Rio Estero Real, a Nicaraguan Protected Area and Ramsar site. Farms, dwellings and settlements in the area are mostly reliant on groundwater supplies. CCP commissioned an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) to national standards and in 2015 a conditional permit for exploration drilling phase was issued by the Nicaraguan Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MARENA). This permit requires several hydrogeological issues to be investigated before the exploration drilling can proceed. 1.2 Terms of Reference The Project has been categorised as Category A according to World Bank criteria, which means that it has potentially significant adverse environmental or social risks and/or impacts that are diverse, irreversible, or unprecedented. In addition to national environmental impact assessment documentation, an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) is needed to meet World Bank Operational Policy 4.03 Performance Standards (PSs) for Private Sector Activities (May 2013). This Preliminary Hydrogeological Study has been produced to inform the ESIA and identify what further hydrogeological work would be required to develop the project water supply, manage risks and meet the requirements of the MARENA permit. The Terms of Reference (ToR) prepared by CCP for this Preliminary Hydrogeological Study are provided in Appendix A. 1.3 Scope of Preliminary Assessment Report The Preliminary Hydrogeological Study is intended to meet the following specific requirements, which are summarised below and detailed in the ToR. 1. Preliminary Hydrogeological Study 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 11 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment a. Describe geomorphological and topographical characteristics of the study area. b. Delineate the boundary of study area based on hydrological basins. c. Identify main groundwater resource uses, describe the current water use and demand, and compare to the estimated water demand of the Project. d. Report and discuss baseline surface and groundwater quality. e. Develop a high level hydrogeological conceptual model f. Assess aquifer sensitivity and identify areas and receptors at risk from pollution relating to land use. g. Develop a high-level water balance for existing conditions in the study area to assess the potential impact of the project water demand on the groundwater resource. h. Consider the regional importance of water recharge areas located within the Project area and surroundings, with reference to the protected San Cristobal – Casita Volcanic Complex Nature Reserve Management Plan. 2. Assessment of Impacts and Mitigation Needs a. Identify potential impacts to the hydrogeological system that should be assessed as a result of the project water consumption. b. Provide a qualitative assessment of the impact significance and magnitude. 3. Mitigation Options Assessment: a. Make recommendations to mitigate potential impacts in accordance with World Bank Performance Standard PS6, b. Develop a set of mitigation measures that can be incorporated into the Project Design and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). c. Determine the residual impact and its significance. Identify impacts that cannot be avoided or mitigated, and thus will need to be offset. d. Recommend technically feasible water conservation measures, alternative water supplies or consumption offsets to reduce total demand in accordance with World Bank PS3. 4. Recommendations for further investigation a. Provide recommendations for further investigations to be carried out based on the findings of the Preliminary Hydrogeological Study. It should also be noted that: ● the study is based on information available at time of writing; ● no detailed groundwater modelling has been undertaken; and ● the study assesses both the La Pelona and Las Grietas water supply options, however more emphasis is given to La Pelona, which is the preferred option. A high level assessment of the Las Grietas (Plains) area option is included although details of coordinates and assumptions have not been provided by CCP for this option. 1.1 Sources of Information The study draws on a wide range of published and project-specific technical references and datasets, provided by the following organisations: ● CCP ● MARENA ● INETER ● ANA 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 12 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment ● World Bank ● Chinandenga Municipality This is supplemented by information collected by MML during a site visit to the project area, in July 2017. A full list of sources used can be found in Section 8 References. 1.4 Limitations This document is issued for the party which commissioned it and for specific purposes connected with the above-captioned project only. It should not be relied upon by any other party or used for any other purpose. We accept no responsibility for the consequences of this document being relied upon by any other party, or being used for any other purpose, or containing any error or omission which is due to an error or omission in data supplied to us by other parties. This document contains confidential information and intellectual property. It should not be shown to other parties without consent from us and from the party which commissioned it. 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 13 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment 2 Project Information 2.1 Project Components and Timescale The exploratory drilling program, schedule and budget are based on a three plus two strategy, meaning that the initial scope of the Project is to drill three geothermal wells, allow for up to 60 days as needed to evaluate the results, and decide if drilling of up to two additional wells is required. Exploratory drilling will be undertaken from three to five well pads, supplied with water by pipeline from a groundwater abstraction, which is initially assumed to be within the La Pelona caldera aquifer. The key project components are listed below and their proposed locations are shown Figure 2.1. ● Five exploratory drilling well pad sites (Pads A to E); ● An 8000 m3 water reservoir (pond) ● A temporary water supply pipeline that can be relocated to feed different drilling pads ● A water booster pumping station ● A materials storage yard and temporary warehouse ● A temporary waste warehouse ● An 8000 m3 temporary dump pond ● 5000 m3 drill cutting and muds (sludge) management area ● Rehabilitation and expansion of access roads A full project description is provided in the Chapter 2, ESIA Report (Volume II) and relevant details are presented in the following subsections. Water well drilling and installation of the water supply system will be the first construction activity to begin and is programmed to take five months. Road and pad construction will take seven months initially plus 2 months for additional pads if required. Drilling and testing the initial three geothermal wells will take eight months, followed by a two-month suspension period as needed to evaluate the results and, a six-month period for drilling and testing the additional wells. 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 14 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment Figure 2.1:Project Components Source: Mott MacDonald 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 15 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment 2.2 Water Supply System According to a hydrogeological study carried out by CCP in 2009, the area suitable for drilling the water wells is the site called La Pelona, which is an area of flat terrain; it is recommended to drill to a depth of 200 metres. The presence of a suitable and sufficient source of groundwater in La Pelona is, however, still to be confirmed; therefore, an alternative option with abstraction from the plain area at the north eastern base of Casita volcano is also considered. Water for drilling the geothermal wells is expected to be obtained from two (2) wells. The proposed water wells are currently located near La Pelona at the sites with coordinates 507489 E-1401829 N and 507584 E-14 01528 N. The minimum distance between the two wells is about 200 metres. Each water well will be developed within a surface area of 30 m x 30 m. The water wells are to be drilled prior to developing any other Project activity to enable access road and platform construction, drilling of the geothermal wells, and thereafter construction of the power plant and other Component 2 facilities. Once Component 2 works have been completed and the power plant is in commercial operation, these wells will be used to service operations (i.e. administrative buildings, green areas irrigation, fire protection system, etc.). For the scheme abstracting water from the La Pelona area, the water will be pumped from the wells along a 2km route to a water reservoir (8000m3) and then pumped again to each drilling platform through temporary pipelines. It is initially envisaged that high density polyethylene (HDPE) ten-inch diameter pipelines might be used, but both material and diameter may be revised following a detailed assessment of the terrain and required water pressures. If the option to be implemented is abstraction from the plain area to the north east, the water will be pumped along an approximately 8 km route, and elevated over 550-600 m to the same water reservoir indicated above. 2.3 Drilling and Testing The drilling will be performed using proven geothermal methodologies and in accordance with internationally recognized engineering and safety standards. Permanent well casing pipes, wellhead and valves will be installed in accordance with API or equivalent standards. Since obtaining information on the reservoir and maximizing well yields are essential objectives, a strong emphasis will be placed on minimizing the damage that the drilling fluids can cause to the permeability of the well. For these reasons, the use of aerated drilling fluids will be preferred while drilling into reservoir sections of the wells. Aerated fluids increase drilling cost, but help minimize permeability damage and require a smaller amount of water to drill through high permeability zones. At all times the use of drilling muds will be avoided where possible during the drilling of the reservoir section of these wells to minimize the damage caused to the permeability that the mud may cause under certain reservoir conditions. Drilling will be undertaken over approximately 14 months (60 days/well, plus a two-week period required for rig mobilization onto a new drilling pad after completion of each well). Each well will be subject to injection tests upon completion, lasting 24 to 72 hours. Successive well discharge testing will be conducted on productive wells to characterize well deliverability and power output capacity. 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 16 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment 2.4 Water Demand Water volumes required for the drilling are highly variable but have been estimated by CCP based on their experience at the San Jacinto site. For a single geothermal well the (approximate) water requirement is: ● 272.5m3/day for an initial drilling period of up to 40 days; then, ● 4,350m3/day for deeper drilling lasting 15 to 20 days. The increase in water demand during drilling of the deeper sections of the wells is due to potential losses of drilling fluid when highly permeable sections of the reservoir are encountered. The indicated maximum water consumption is estimated assuming drilling with water flush and total loss of circulation. If aerated drilling technology is applied then the water consumption would be significantly reduced. Water would be pumped into water reservoir for the project and then to each well pad. The total water requirement for drilling five wells is therefore conservatively estimated as 489,500 m3 (129,311,215 US gal ). The water storage requirement to allow for 12 hours of supply at maximum rate of use (assuming drilling with water flush and total loss of circulation) would be 2175m3. ● Well testing for injectivity will require an additional 863m3 (227,980 US gal) water per well (4315m3 total). ● Master valve testing will require an additional 1,635.3m3 (432,000.5 US gal) water per well (8176.5m3 total). The Casita exploration drilling program will comprise five wells, which are planned to be drilled (under the more favorable scenario of continuous drilling without any standby time after the third well) in approximately 14 months (60 days/well, plus a two weeks period required for rig mobilization onto a new drilling pad after completion of each well). Based on average water demand data reported above, water consumption for each well is estimated in 100,400 m3, which corresponds to a total consumption for drilling and testing five wells, throughout a 14 month timeframe, of 502,000 m3. Given the indicated drilling schedule, the 20 days peak demand could occur every approximately 2 months (55-60 days). No figures on water use have been provided for Component 2 of the Casita scheme, however the drilling of the production/reinjection wells (estimated 6 additional wells) implies water requirements for each well similar to the figures indicated above for the exploratory wells. 2.5 Wastewater and Effluent Discharges There will be no discharge of drilling or sewage effluents from the drilling platforms. Drilling fluid and pad drainage will be settled in 2,500m3 lagoons (lined) for re-circulation and during production test water brine will be piped from well pad lagoon to a Temporary Dump Pump of 8,000m3 capacity. Any surplus water in the Temporary Dump Pond will be left to evaporate. During exploratory drilling, workers will be housed in rented accommodation so there will be no sewage discharges. During Component 2, permanent accommodation facilities will be established including a dedicated domestic wastewater treatment plant. Drilling fluid may be lost in the subsurface during drilling. Losses are expected to increase at depth when high permeability formations or features are encountered. The volume of expected losses has been accounted for in the drilling water demand estimate. During the well testing phase, particularly discharge tests of production wells, geothermal brine will be separated from the steam at atmospheric pressure. The steam is dispersed in the atmosphere while the residual brine is collected through separators and discharged directly to 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 17 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment injection wells (hot injection) or to an open pond for storage, followed by evaporation or eventual disposal back to the geothermal reservoir via injection wells. 2.6 Site Restoration At the end of Component 1, all equipment and temporary facilities at the platform sites (machinery, warehouses, temporary offices, portable latrines) will be dismantled and removed, and the area cleared of materials and wastes generated during the drilling process. Wellhead valves shall be secured with padlocks to prevent opening by unauthorized persons and water ponds and mud sumps will remain securely fenced. If at the end of Component 1, the results of the wells are not satisfactory and the development of the geothermal resource is not feasible, the drilling platform area will be restored to its original state. The environmental restoration will involve the sealing of the well with cement, the removal of the valve system from the wellhead, the coating of the mud sumps with compacted soil, the replenishment of the top soil over the entire intervened area of the platform. Finally, the site will be replanted with native species of the area. This work will be undertaken in accordance with a vegetation restoration plan. 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 18 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment 3 Regulatory Information 3.1 Policies and Management 3.1.1 Protected Area and River Basin Management Plans Available regional management plans for water resources and conservation have been reviewed to identify whether specific issues hold be considered within this study. The relevance of each is described Table 3.1. The plans set out over-arching strategies for the management of water resources and identify some issues for consideration during the exploration and exploitation phases of the Project. The Las Marias basin and volcanic reserve plans also provide baseline geological and hydrological information. Table 3.1: River Basin Management Plans Basin Management Plan Relevance to Hydrogeological Study Plan De Cuenca De La Parte Relates to upper reaches of the rivers Rio Estero Real and Rio Negro, which Alta De Las Cuencas Estero flow north-westwards towards the Gulf of Fonseca. This area is located Real y Río Negro [1] 40km to the north east of the Project and will not be affected by Project activities. Plan De Manejo Integral De La The Las Marias micro basin includes parts of the municipalities of Telica, Micro Cuenca Las Marias, Quezalguaque, Posoltega and Chinandega that lie to the east of the Casita Municipios De Telica, summit. The Project and potentially affected receptors lie within this basin. Quezalguaque, Posoltega y The plan identifies particular issues at the communities of El Porvenir, Las Chinandega [2] Carpas, Los Mangles, Las Marias, Mocorón, Pozo Viejo, Monte Olivo, Ojo de Aqua and Los Portillos however any of these communities are near the project area. Plan De Manejo del Área The reserve area includes the whole of the San Cristobal - Casita volcanic Protegida Reserva Natural complex. Precipitation in this area feeds the western aquifer, which in turn Complejo Volcánico San Cristóbal feeds all the wells which the local drinking water company ENACAL uses to – Casita [3] supply water to the communities of Chinandega, Chichigalbpa, Posoltega, Corinto, El Realejo and El Viejo (340 000 people). The aquifer also supplies water to all rural communities situated at the foot of the volcano, and to the irrigation systems of the Ingenio San Antonio (ISA) and Ingenio Monte Rosa, which has most extensive sugar cane plantations in the country. 3.1.2 Regulations and Standards The main legislative instruments relating to water management are shown in Table 3.2 below. Table 3.2: Legislative instruments related to water management Legal or policy Relevant details instrument Law No. 620 General Law of This law establishes the legal and institutional framework for the management, National Water conservation and sustainable and fair use of all water resources in the country, including surface, ground water and waste water. It is aimed to manage the quantity and quality of all waters whilst ensuring the protection of other natural resources, ecosystems and the environment. It also refers to Decree 107-2001, the National Water Resources Policy, which is summarized further below. Relevant articles for the purpose of this assessment include: ● Article 14: sets out the national water policy (PNRH) as the master instrument of the integrated management of water resources. ● Article 100: sets out that hydrogeological studies detailing the environment, as well as complete physical, chemical and biological analysis of heavy metals, 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 19 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment Legal or policy Relevant details instrument pesticides and others will be required when requirements for drilling wells or assessing springs for drinking water purposes. The National Water Authority (INAA) has also issued Decree 44-2010 which regulates the provisions established in Law 620. National Water Resources The aim of this policy is to guide the integrated management of water resources Policy, Decree 107-2001 at national, regional and local level to achieve a sustainable use of environmental resources. Law on Water Pollution Decree 33-95 contains paragraphs regulating discharge into public sewers, Control, Decree 33-95 discharge of sewer water into waterbodies, discharge of industrial waste water directly into waterbodies, the use of treated domestic and industrial water in agriculture and fines for non-compliance. ● Articles 22-23 set out water quality thresholds for the discharge of wastewater from sewage treatment plants and will be applicable to the workers accommodation constructed for Component 2 ● Articles 24-57 set out water quality thresholds for the discharge of industrial waste water directly into waterbodies by industry (e.g. sugar cane plantations, breweries etc). ● Article 43 sets out the limits for thermoelectric power plants however these will not apply to the project as there will be no discharge other than the recirculation of geothermal fluids within the geological formation at greater than 100m depth. ● Article 57 set out the thresholds for the use of domestic and industrial water in agriculture. The thresholds are set out in Gazette No. 118 of June 26, 1995. For the use in agriculture Technical Norm 05 027-05: This norm regulates the treatment of waste water and water re-use Treatment of Waste Water Technical Norm 09 003-99 This norm regulates the design of water supply and purification systems, and sets out standards for drinking water quality. Technical Norm 09 006-11: This norm establishes the environmental requirements for the construction, Construction, Operation and operation and closure of water abstraction wells including the selection of Closure of Wells for Water locations for new wells in relation to potential sources of contamination. This Abstraction norm will be considered for any wells constructed as part of the proposed scheme. Source: Mott MacDonald summary of laws 3.1.3 Project Permit Requirements The MARENA permits issued for the exploitation phase of the Project include a number of hydrogeological requirements, some of which have already been addressed by CCP. Table 3.2 summarises requirements relating to the protection of groundwater resources. Table 3.2: MARENA permit requirements relating to hydrogeology Clause Requirement 5.25 It is prohibited to spill brine or other aqueous or oily fluids on the ground or in surface water bodies. The proponent must guarantee the re-injection of both, cold and hot brine and adopt environmental measures required to avoid that these type of fluids pollute the environment and to implement continuous ground and groundwater monitoring. 5.40 Prior to well perforation / groundwater abstraction, the Developer should obtain the corresponding permits with ANA, and submit copies of these to the relevant authorities within 10 days of receiving these permits from ANA. 5.48 Given the high vulnerability of the aquifer as described in the EIA, the Developer should submit a report detailing the preventive measures to be applied to protect and mitigate the aquifer in the case of a contamination event i.e. hydrocarbon spill. To be submitted to the authority within 30 days of receiving the present Resolution 5.49 The proponent must protect the spring of the River Olomega which is situated at the foot of the San Lucas hill, situated north-east of the peak of La Pelona, and the rivers and springs which are within 20km2 of the MEM concession, implementing protection measures such as reforestation, natural regeneration management and avoid pollution through waste and waste tipping. The actions undertaken should be included in the annual report that is issued to the MARENA Delegation in 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 20 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment Clause Requirement Chinandega, the General Directorate of Environmental Quality, Natural Heritage Directorate, Environmental Management Units – MEM, ANA, and the Municipality of Chinandega. The proponent/developer must build sewage and drainage systems in accordance with the EIA of the project, to control rain water run-off and all components of the project Source: Exploitation permit DGCA-P0034-0B12-011-2015 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 21 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment 4 Baseline Information 4.1 Consultation No communities are located within the Project concession area, however we there are two dwellings located in the concession area, one of which is located near to planned Project activities. The closest settlements to the Project area are Santa Cruz (4.2km), San Lucas (7.2km), El Higueral (7.7km) and Las Grietas (8.1km). The following sections summaries the key findings from the site visits carried out to the three villages within the project area. 4.1.1 Las Grietas Consultation with the Las Grietas CAPs was held on Tuesday 27th June 2017. The following is a summary of the consultation: There are a total of 68 hand pumped household wells in the village. The deepest of those wells are around 12- 15m deep. The wells are used for drinking water. In the 1990s the deepest wells were around 11m. Wells have had to be dug deeper due to a reduction in groundwater level, assumed to have been caused by abstraction of groundwater for sugar cane plantations. It was mentioned that people in the local area were dying at a rate of five people per month, assumed to be due to water quality. It was noted that this is not an uncommon death rate in the Pacific region of Nicaragua, but sounds high for the region, potentially due to kidney failure from consumption of pesticides in groundwater. This could also be the phenomenon known as Mesoamerican Nephropathy. Kidney disease is a known issue in the region but with unknown causes, although assumed to be related to heat stress and exacerbated by other factors such as water quality. The community has a village well that pumps up to a water tank that has capacity of 5000 gallons. This can be emptied in 45 minutes and is refilled continuously when the pump is running. The pump requires three horse power and has a pump rate of 15m3/h. The pump is turned on at 6am and off at 9am. They can only pump for three hours because that is all the power that can be afforded. No money is available for maintenance, hence the leaking tank. This system supplies 38 households, these can have more than one family. The pump was installed in August 2011. For houses with one family it is C$80 (cordobas) per month; for houses with more than one family it is C$120 (cordobas) per month. Apparently, there are no seasonal impacts on the groundwater levels. Finally, the committee made a complaint about the sugar cane farms, saying that river that used to flow through Las Grietas and other bathing locations in the area has run dry. The dried up river was noted on the visit. Las Grietas was also discussed during a meeting with the Municipality on Wednesday 28th June. Las Grietas is known to be affected by flooding caused by the construction of the road next to the village. This was re-visited after the meeting and flood marks were noticed on some of the houses close to the road. There is also a confluence of two dried up streams in the centre of Las Grietas. 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 22 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment 4.1.2 El Higueral A visit was made to El Higueral on Wednesday 28th June 2017. Most households still have their own wells, however unlike Las Grietas the community well is used for drinking and the household wells used for other purposes such as washing. The community well is reportedly 72m deep with 12 x 6m sections of pipe. The village has a population of 921 with 115 households connected to the well. Household wells are apparently around 17- 21 m deep and water level is between 12 – 15 m. Some household wells run dry in the summer months. The village tank has a capacity of 12,000 US gallons. The pump itself had a capacity of 15m3/h. It was not possible to dip for a groundwater depth as no dip tube was present. 4.1.3 San Lucas A visit was also made to San Lucas on Wednesday 28th June 2017. Here only three households still use their individual wells. Almost all the wells in the village are dry, despite reaching depths of up to 21m. 58 households rely on the community well which pumps for four hours a day. Every house is metered. The pump has a capacity of 15m3/h. It was reported that the pump had problems with overheating. A dip tube was present, however; it was not possible to get a water level reading as some damp white material, assumed to be rock or grout, became stuck to the dip meter at approximately 24m depth. This may be a result of damage to the dip tube. Depth to base of the well was 33m, however this well was also reported as 60.96m deep in January 2017. 4.2 Climate Nicaragua is for most part of the year under the influence of the trade winds, with subtropical anticyclones originating from the Azores and Bermuda. These winds are constant, vary little and drag masses of humid air from the Caribbean Sea to the interior of Nicaragua. This warm and humid wind penetrates through the Atlantic slope toward the Pacific slope, exerting a major effect on the weather and climate of the country. The departments of León and Chinandega are characterized by being warm in the lowlands becoming cooler with height. According to the Köppen climate classification, these two departments are defined as Tropical savanna, which is characterized as subhumid with rains in the summer and autumn. This climate zone is characterized by altitudes ranging from 0.0 masl to 1,745.0 masl, corresponding to sea level and to the summit of the San Cristóbal volcano, with average annual rainfall between 750 mm and 2000mm. The meteorological characterization of the area was made based on the data from the nearest meteorological stations, Posoltega, Ingenio San Antonio and Chinandega. Small differences were found between data from Posoltega and the other two stations (see Table 4.1). 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 23 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment Table 4.1: Meteorological stations in the project area Code Name Latitude Longitude Elevation Source (masl) 64028 Posoltega 12º 33´00´´ N 86º 59´00´´W 80 INETER 64007 Chinandega I 12º 38´00´´N 87º 08´00´´W 60 Hargreaves y Hancock (H&H) 64022 Ingenio San 12º 32´00´´N 87º 03´00´´W 35 Hargreaves y Antonio Hancock (H&H) Source: EIA 2009 / 2015 4.3 Soils The soils present in the area are formed mainly from volcanic ash from the quaternary age and overall exhibit similar physical and chemical characteristics. Below there is a description of the main type of soils present in and around the Project [4]: ● Olocoton - This type of soils as described in the two previous ESIAs and classified taxonomically as Pachic Argiustoll, are deep drained soils, very dark on the surface and dark reddish brown, well structured, and clayey in the sub-surface. On the surface, these soils are derived from recent volcanic ash and on the sub-surface of older volcanic ash. They are located from low slopes (<1%) to slopes of 15%. They present moderately high organic matter contents (3.36% horizon A), moderate to high available water retention capacity and exhibit moderate to high interchangeable base capacities and base saturation of more than 70% at the surface and sub-surface horizons. They have average potassium contents available and the phosphorus is medium at the surface and very low in the subsoil. ● Malpaisillo- These soils are classified as Mollic Vitrandepts, and consist of deep to moderately deep, well drained soils of moderately thick textures derived from volcanic ash. Soils are dark on the surface and yellowish brown in the subsoil, lying on smooth slopes. In the Las Marías micro-watershed they are associated with the Olocotón soil series. They present moderately rapid permeability, from moderate to high in the availability of water that can be used by plants and deep root zone. ● La Mora - These soils are classified as Mollic Vitrandepts and consist of deep to moderately deep, well drained soils derived from volcanic ash, with sandy or coarse texture, and are mainly present in plains. These soils have a rapid permeability, the moisture retention capacity is moderate and the root zone is deep. On the surface, there are high amounts of organic matter and moderate in the subsoil. They are moderately high in interchangeable bases, the saturation of bases is of 45 to 50% in the subsoil. They have low available phosphorus content and average exchangeable potassium content. ● Las Colinas - The soils are classified as Mollic Vitrandepts, consist of somewhat excessively drained soils, deep, dark and sandy that derive from volcanic ash. Soils in this series have rapid permeability, moderately low available moisture content and a moderately deep root zone, are moderately high in organic matter and well predicted bases. Base saturation is about 66%. The potassium content is medium and the phosphorus is low. ● Villa Salvadorita - These soils are classified as Mollic Vitrandepts. They consist of deep soils, well drained, very dark grayish brown that are derived from volcanic ash. They are moderately permeable, have moderately high available moisture capacity and a deep root zone. They are moderately high in organic matter and well predicted from bases, base saturation is greater than 75%, potassium content is medium and phosphorus is low. ● Algeria - These soils are classified as Mollic Vitrandepts, consist of deep soils, well drained, medium texture, relatively recent volcanic ash derivates in the upper part of the profile and of older volcanic ash. They are associated with steep miscellaneous soils. They are very 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 24 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment porous, have moderate permeability, high moisture retention capacity available and a deep root zone. Soils are high in organic matter in the first fifty centimetres and moderately high to moderate in the next 50 centimetres. They are moderately high in bases. Base saturation in the subsoil is more than 50%. The available potassium is high, but the phosphorus is low. ● Alluvial - Alluvial soils consist of deposits of recent stratified materials, washed from adjacent uplands of volcanic ash, basalt, tuff and sandstone, and are deposited by rivers in the lowlands. These soils are generally found in narrow, elongated areas and have much variation in drainage and texture over short distances. Some of the alluvial soils are found on low terraces. 4.4 Geology 4.4.1 Regional The regional geology has previously been covered by a number of studies, but is summarised in the SKM 2005 Casita Geothermal Prospect Assessment [5], as follows. Nicaragua is sited on the Caribbean tectonic plate. To the west the Cocos plate is subducting under the Caribbean plate at a rate of 8cm a year and an angle of 60o. This high angle and rate of subduction favours small shallow intrusions of magma and has thus produced the chain of volcanoes along the western coast of Nicaragua. Vectors of movement of the two plates indicate the compressive direction has a trend of 030°. Normal and hence permeable faults run semi-parallel to this trend. 4.4.2 Local 4.4.2.1 Volcanic History Eruptions from Casita are reported but are not well documented and may relate to activity elsewhere on the Marrabios chain [6]. It has been reported that the top of Casita consists of a cluster of dacite domes that are described as autobrecciated and altered [6]. This was not confirmed in the field or by petrologic examination [7] of the rocks from Casita and it appears that this earlier report may have confused andesites with dacites. As a whole, Casita forms an E-W ridge of andesitic volcanic products. A set of prominent north east trending normal faults cut the summit area bounding the central crater at the top of the mountain. Both San Cristobal and Casita have asymmetric distributions of pyroclastics and lavas within their volcanic piles because the prevailing winds are north easterly [8]. Pyroclastics have therefore been concentrated on the southwest slopes and lava flows predominate on the northeast slopes. This is likely to be a contributory factor in the slope instability on the southern side of Casita and would favour a predominance of groundwater flow down the north eastern slopes. The latter is a result of a greater amount of precipitation on that side and the greater permeability of fresh lavas in comparison to pyroclastics. 4.4.2.2 Structure The active deformation in the region by dextral trans-extension with north south extension has produced north west and north east trending strike slip faults with some associated pull-apart basins with north-south striking normal faults. Deformation has been superimposed upon a Pliocene structural regime which includes NNW and ENE strike-slip faults and north-west striking normal faults, some of which could be reactivated under the current tectonic regime. Because the Casita volcanic pile is post-Pliocene, only the current structural regime is exhibited 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 25 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment at the surface. Pre-volcanic basement is affected by both current and Pliocene tectonics, and at greater depths by Miocene folding where fold axes strike to the north-west. Analysis of aerial photography carried out by SKM in 2005 showed the following; ● Strong north-east trending lineations that on examination are being largely produced by the occurrence of prominent lava flows; ● Some limited north east faulting; ● One of the lava flows is clearly originating from the small south eastern crater. This may be the source for the north-eastern flow as well, noting that the upper portion of the flow has not been preserved or has been buried. This may be the most recently active volcanic vent. ● The prominent flows located further to the west appear to originate from the western-most crater. The central larger crater has been superimposed upon the western crater, hence is younger, however it is older than the south eastern crater. ● The size of the central crater (1.2 km across), the lack of obvious lava flows from it and its relatively flat bottom suggest that it may actually be a summit caldera with an associated intrusion below. The La Pelona caldera is a major feature to the east of Casita with a well defined rim, a maximum exposed width of 4 km, and possibly some elongation in an east-west direction. It is partially buried by the Casita volcanic pile and the caldera rim is likely to extend beneath the eastern part of the Casita ridge. A major intrusion is likely to lie below this caldera and may also extend to beneath the eastern part of Casita. There is a major fault zone to the east of the caldera [9]. The structural information was summarised by SKM and can be found in Figure 4.1 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 26 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment Figure 4.1: SKM structural analysis Source: [5] A geological map of the study area was provided as a shapefile by CCP and can be found in Figure 4.2. 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 27 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment Figure 4.2: Geological map of the study area Source: CCP 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 28 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment 4.4.2.3 Subsurface Stratigraphy The Casita ridge is made up of a series of overlapping volcanic centres and from surface geology, they are broadly divided into three units. These are: ● the San Cristobal volcanics, ● the Casita volcanics and ● the La Pelona volcanics. All comprise andesitic lavas and pyroclastics, but the San Cristobal Volcanics may contain more basaltic rocks and, the La Pelona Volcanics may include an uppermost dacitic pumice layer produced by the eruption that resulted in the formation of the La Pelona Caldera. These units are considered to rest unconformably on the Tertiary El Coyol Ignimbrite. Intrusives associated with the younger volcanics are also likely to be present. A moderately large intrusion is likely to be found beneath the La Pelona caldera and may be relatively shallow. Smaller intrusions, possibly associated with the Casita Volcanics, may also be present and comparatively shallow, possibly even being found within the young volcanic pile. A geological cross section produced by SKM can be found in Figure 4.3. Figure 4.3: SKM cross section through San Cristobal and La Pelona. Source: [5] 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 29 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment 4.5 Hydrology 4.5.1 Overview The study area lies within the Las Marias microbasin on the western edge of the Villanueva basin, as shown in Figure 4.4. Communities located within the microbasin include El Porvenir, Los Portillos, Las Carpas, Los Mangles, Las Marias Monte Olivio and Pozo Viejo. The nearest surface watercourse is the Rio Olomega, which flows northward, joining the Rio Estero Real approximately 7km north of Las Grietas. The Rio Estero Real discharges into the Gulf of Fonseca, adjacent to the border with Honduras. An estuary within the Estero Real catchment is a Nicaraguan protected area and a designated Ramsar site. 4.5.2 Drainage and Water Features Due to the permeable sandy/sandy loam soils in the study area, infiltration rates are high (estimated to be 42% of rainfall on the western side of San Cristobal [3]), thus the area is important for groundwater recharge. There are no permanent water courses, but ephemeral streams result from rapid runoff following heavy rain. When the rainfall is very heavy, erosion causes loss of soil. The Casita – San Cristobal protected area management plan [3] identifies two areas as critical (see dark blue areas labelled Flujo de Agua on Figure 4.5) [10]: ● on the eastern slope of La Pelona to the north of Bella Vista and Argelia and ● to the west of El Porvenir. Although no details are provided in the management plan, these are interpreted to be areas with occasional flows of substantial volumes of surface water towards the east and thus a potential for erosion. The water discharges to the Rio Olomega, a tributary of the Estero Real, which rises at Ojo de Agua, where local maps indicate the presence of a swamp. The river collects water from ephemeral streams and groundwater baseflow issuing from the foot of the volcano as it flows northward between San Lucas and Las Grietas. 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 30 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment Figure 4.4: INETER hydrological catchment Source: CCP 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 31 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment Figure 4.5: Critical flow areas Source: [3] 4.5.3 Precipitation Precipitation data for two stations was provided: Villa 15 de Julio on the plain area of the study 8km north west of Las Grietas and Bella Vista in the Pelona Caldera. The Villa 15 de Julio data runs from 1990 – 2012, the Bella Vista data is only available from 1993 – 2012 with a gap in 2001. The location of the meteorological stations can be found in Figure 4.5. The data is summarised below in Table 4.2. Table 4.2: Summary of precipitation data Station Bella Vista Villa 15 De Julio Location 507202, 1400312 506476, 1413618 Altitude 600mASL 25 mASL Mean 2355mm 1451mm Median 2251mm 1372mm Min 802mm 823mm Max 4115mm 2689mm Source: INETER The Bella Vista precipitation is on average 903mm a year more than that of Villa 15 de Julio indicating that a higher percentage of rain falls on the upper slopes of Casita rather than on the plains to the north east. The exceptionally high maximum rainfall of 4115mm was associated with Hurricane Mitch. 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 32 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment Figure 4.6: Meteorological station location plan 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 33 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment Analysing the data available it is noticeable that there has been an apparent increase in rainfall over the 20 years of data from 1990 to 2011. This is visible in Figure 4.7: . It must be noted that during the site visit consultations it was mentioned on several by local community well groups (CAPS) that the last few years have been notably dry. Figure 4.7: Summary of precipitation data 4500 4000 Bella Vista 3500 Precipitation (mm) 3000 Villa 15 De Julio 2500 2000 Bella Vista Average 1500 1000 Villa 15 De Julio 500 Average 0 Jan-90 Jan-91 Jan-92 Dec-92 Dec-93 Dec-94 Dec-95 Dec-96 Dec-97 Dec-98 Dec-99 Dec-00 Dec-01 Dec-02 Dec-03 Dec-04 Dec-05 Dec-06 Dec-07 Dec-08 Dec-09 Dec-10 Dec-11 Year Source: INETER 4.5.4 Evapotranspiration INETER provided a calculation of potential evapotranspiration calculation based on data from 1967 – 1990 for the Chichigalpa station situated 20km south west of Casita. The calculated evapotranspiration is 1942mm/yr. The station for Chinandega (20km west) has a calculated evapotranspiration of 1829mm/yr based on data from 1966 – 2016. This evapotranspiration data has been plotted against precipitation data in Figure 4.8. During months where precipitation exceeds evapotranspiration there is an input to the hydrological system. 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 34 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment Figure 4.8: Precipitation vs Evapotranspiration 600 Precipitation vs Evapotranspiration 500 400 Rainfall Average of (mm) 300 Bella Vista Rainfall Average Villa 200 15 De Julio Avg ETP 100 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Source: INETER For the Bella Vista station yearly precipitation exceeds yearly evapotranspiration by 551mm, whereas for the Villa 15 de Julio station yearly ETP exceeds precipitation by 434mm. This indicates that higher altitude areas provide more recharge than lower altitude areas. 4.6 Hydrogeology 4.6.1 Overview GIS data provided by INETER provides the following information about aquifers in the study area. With reference to Figure 4.9, the Villanueva aquifer has an area extent of 1,352km2 and thickness ranging between 0 – 130m. It covers the entirety of the project area, with the San Cristobal – Casita volcano situated on the western boundary. Based on the available local geology map (which does not cover the full extent of the aquifer), there is no correspondence between lithology and the position of aquifer boundaries. 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 35 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment Figure 4.9: INETER Villanueva aquifer extent Source: Shapefile INETER 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 36 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment According to ANA [11] the aquifer of Villanueva consists of quaternary material; recent sedimentary deposits and volcanic deposits from Casita and San Cristobal, these include basaltic and andesitic lavas and associated pyroclastics. 4.6.2 Recharge Several infiltration tests have been carried out by Quenca Consulting [11] in the area around Las Grietas with rates calculated at 6.22 – 10.05mm/h [11]. One test was carried out in Villa 15 de Julio, the infiltration rate was 16.22mm/h. The report also states that recharge potential in the area of the study was 55% of precipitation, with the remaining 45% assumed as evapotranspiration. Infiltration tests were also carried out as part of the Quenca Consulting report [12], one 1.5km north west of Las Grietas had an infiltration rate of 2.45mm/h, the other one 500m north west of El Higueral village had an infiltration rate of 10.47mm/h. This study calculated a potential recharge of 49.7% of rainfall. It also states that due to the more heterogenous nature of the geology on the slopes of Casita there is likely to be a lower recharge value of 30%. 4.6.3 Groundwater Level and Flow Direction Of the 46 wells that are recorded in the area of the study, 18 have water depth information and of these 12 have a datum from which to calculate a water level. The location of these wells is shown in Figure 4.10. Water levels range between 2.9mASL and 44mASL. This significant variance seen is assumed to be the result of the following: ● Varying well design - There is very limited well construction information for the wells present. But from the limited information provided there is a significant variation in the depth of the wells, from shallow 16m to 60m deep wells. Thus there is the potential for these wells to screen different aquifer layers which could result in the variations in water level. ● Location of well - Well datums vary from 10 to 62.9mASL. The low altitude, plain wells have shallow groundwater levels of 3 to 15m below ground level (BGL), compared with the higher altitude wells with water depths ranging from 15 to 37mBGL. The groundwater gradient is therefore shallower than that of the topography. ● Abstraction - there are known to be several Sugar Plantation wells in the area that abstract up to 900 gallons/minute (4,900 m3/day). It is possible that these wells reduce groundwater levels locally. From Figure 4.10, regional flow is interpreted to be in a north easterly direction but with some more localised flows in a more easterly direction encountered around El Higueral and San Lucas. The overall hydraulic gradient for the full area assessed was 0.00528. Much higher local gradients are present at San Lucas of 0.027 and El Higueral of 0.017. The Quenca report interprets flow direction as being in a north easterly direction and with regards to hydraulic gradient states “appear high near Pueblo Nuevo with 0.075, representing fast underground currents and in the lower part with 0.007, horizontal gradient, with slow flows”. The ANA report [11] recorded water levels between 25.49 and 14.38 m AOD, the gradient calculated was 0.01. 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 37 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment Figure 4.10: Groundwater levels (mASL) in wells 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 38 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment 4.6.4 Aquifer Properties The 2013 Quenca hydrogeological study summarised four pumping tests carried out in the plain area of this study. The four wells were: Presa 1, Presa 2, Olomega 1 and Olomega 2, the location of these wells can be found in Figure 5.5. The tests were run for 24 hours, however; it is not clear whether a step or constant rate test was used. The Neuman pumping test solution was used for analysis of the results so the following standard conditions were assumed: ● aquifer has infinite areal extent; ● aquifer is homogeneous; ● uniform thickness; ● control well is fully or partially penetrating; ● aquifer is unconfined with delayed gravity response; and ● flow is unsteady and diameter of a pumping well is very small so that storage in the well can be neglected. Hydraulic conductivity calculated from these pumping tests ranged between 2.14 – 6.69m/day. Based on the most likely assumption that flow in the aquifer is dominantly horizontal, the report assumed that the contributing aquifer thickness is the same as the well depth, which was 60.96m for all four wells. This gives transmissivity values of 127 to 356m2/d. A 12 hour pumping test carried out at the Las Grietas Community well by ANA in 2015 [11] was analysed using Cooper Jacob and Neuman methods. This gave transmissivity values of 473 and 502m2/d respectively. The calculated storage coefficient value of 1.27 is unfeasibly high so it is assumed to be a reporting error. Source: Reported in Quenca Consulting Group, 2016 [11] Note that relevant geological and well construction data is not available to this study, therefore it is not possible to verify whether the assumptions used to derive these values are representative of aquifer conditions, but overall the assumptions and methods of analysis are reasonable and 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 39 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment follow standard good practice. The results are consistent and plausible for the lithologies in the area. 4.6.5 Groundwater Quality As part of the study samples were taken from four water supply sources including: ● the three village wells of Las Grietas, El Higueral and San Lucas, located at the foot of the Casita hillside; and, ● the Argelia spring (sampled at Finca Bella Vista), located uphill and up-hydraulic-gradient of the proposed La Pelona abstraction site. See Figure 4.11 for these locations. Full results can be found in Appendix A. The results were compared against World Health Organisation (WHO) Drinking Water Guidelines [10] and national drinking water guideline values (Technical Norm 09 003-99). The WHO values included the health guideline value where available and if not the taste and odour thresholds. ● All samples exceeded the Norm value of 0.05mg/L for H2S and the WHO taste and odour threshold at 0.1mg/l. ● The spring exceeded the Norm value of 0.5mg/L for ammonia and Las Grietas Well exceeded what is considered the natural level at 0.2mg/L. ● All three wells exceeded the Norm guideline value for Conductivity of 400 µs/cm, values ranged from 438 – 477µs/cm. ● There were no other noticeably high results. 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 40 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment Figure 4.11: Groundwater sampling locations 2017 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 41 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment A comparison between locations was made to see if any differences were present in the results. ● Nitrate (NO3) – lowest value was in the spring sample at 0.91mg/l, perhaps representing natural background levels. Higher values of 3.15 and 7.85mg/l were recorded in El Higueral and Las Grietas respectively. The highest value was recorded in San Lucas at 14.85mg/l. This could suggest impact on the groundwater from agriculture and/or waste water. ● Phosphates (PO4) – indicate a similar trend with a low value of 1.62mg/l in the spring sample and higher values of 3.15 – 3.67mg/l in the well samples. Results from La Base, a well 2km north west of Las Grietas, are presented in the Quenca Consulting report from 2016. Water quality at this location appears to be significantly different from the primary data obtained for this study, with conductivity at 3274 µs/cm, sodium at 655.58mg/l and chloride at 1078.6mg/l. No coliforms or fertilisers were recorded at the location. These results could indicate any of the following; ● Anthropogenic impact of over abstraction in the area and potentially, the drawing in of more saline recharge from soils; ● Localised volcanic deposits; ● Upwelling of geothermal waters; and ● Pollution. 4.7 Water Resources 4.7.1 Surface Water No surface water abstractions were noted during the site visit or recorded in other reports. Irrigation of crops is achieved through spraying and drip feeding with groundwater abstracted from wells. 4.7.2 Groundwater (boreholes, wells & springs) One spring is recorded in the La Pelona area of the study, at Argelia on the south-eastern flank of Casita volcano. There is also an important spring at Ojo de Agua in the southern part of the Plain area, which is the source of the Rio Olomega. A total of 25 water wells are recorded with well information such as; depth and water level, in the Plain area of the study, at the north-east base of the Casita-San Cristobal Volcanic complex. Of the 25 wells, eight have information on amount of water pumped on a daily basis. These are summarised in Table 4.3. The location of the spring and all known abstraction points can be found in Figure 4.12. 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 42 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment Figure 4.12: All known abstraction points 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 43 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment Table 4.3: Summary of wells with known pumping volumes Well Easting Northing Datum Water Level Well Depth Output (masl) (masl) (m) (m3/d) Higueral 513680.00 1405235.00 37.00 - 72.00 22.50 Presa 1 513725.00 1408938.00 14.00 1.35 - 4905.00 Presa 2 514280.00 1408835.00 13.00 1.10 - 4905.00 Olomega 1 513618.00 1406179.00 23.00 6.45 60.96 4905.00 Olomega 2 514101.00 1405532.00 31.00 6.77 60.96 4905.00 Comarca las 512877.00 1407545.00 25.00 13.65 37.30 45.00 Grietas Comarca San 513123.00 1403954.00 63.00 39.00 32.80 60.00 Lucas Nicaragua 513192.00 1404962.00 46.90 - - 1816 Sugar Estates Limited Source: [11] [12] 4.7.3 Water Demand Using the values in Table 4.3, the current total use of the aquifer in the Plain area of the study is calculated at 22,991m3/d. Of this it is calculated that 99% is used for agricultural purposes with the remaining 1% being used for domestic purposes. This calculation does not take into account household wells but it is unlikely that they will have a significant effect on these percentages. Industrial use in the study area is considered to be very low, apart from agroindustry, since no industrial activities were noted in the area during the site visit and the main land use is for agriculture. Based on the available data, the exploratory drilling and testing phase of the geothermal scheme would account for the following percentage of current water use: ● 272.5m3/d for an initial drilling period of up to 40 days = 1% for 40 days per hole; ● 4,350m3/d for deeper drilling lasting 15 to 20 days = 16% for 20 days per hole; ● 863m3/d for injectivity testing of one day = 4% for one day per hole; ● 1635.3m3/d for master valve testing of one day = 7% for one day per hole Assuming a seven-day working week and that the five proposed wells are drilled in succession with a two week remobilisation time to each hole over a total programme of 14 months, the total volume required for the drilling programme (501,991m3) would represent 5% of the current demand from the aquifer. Subsequent water demand is very low with commercial production only requiring 136m3/d, which is <1% of the total water use for the lifetime of project. 4.7.4 Potential Sources of Contamination (existing industrial sites, known issues) Based on the site visit and reports on the study area, no major potential sources of contamination have been identified. The study area is not industrialised, with the major land use being agricultural including sugar cane plantations. 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 44 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment Based on discussions with community well committees, the intensive agriculture and water use associated with sugar cane growth are suspected to be a contamination source, due to use of pesticides and fertilisers with leaching into the aquifer. However, available water quality data records no detections of those fertilisers/pesticides which have been tested for. The risk to domestic wells can therefore currently not be quantified and additional water quality testing is required to clarify the risks. Another potential source of contamination/reduction of water quality associated with agriculture is the creation of saline conditions through irrigation and evaporation in the summers months followed by flushing through of saline water created into the aquifer. More saline conditions were encountered at La Base borehole. However, agriculture cannot be confirmed as the source, because it could also be a result of localised volcanic deposits or an upwelling of geothermal water. Small point source contamination can be associated with settlements and villages. For example the following were identified in a walkover at Las Grietas and are applicable to other villages in the study area: ● Graveyard; ● Road run-off (flooding) to ground; ● Livestock kept close to wells; and ● Toilets draining straight to ground in close proximity to wells. 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 45 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment 5 Hydrogeological Characterisation 5.1 Baseline Conceptual Model 5.1.1 Hydrological Catchment A baseline hydrological catchment (micro-basin) has been defined for the project to define areas that could potentially be affected by the project and its proposed abstractions (see Figure 5.2). This is approximate, based on available topographic contour data and the Villa Nnueva catchment boundary provided by INETER (see Figure 5.2). This catchment assumes north eastward groundwater flow and that the River Olomega and Ojo de Agua are the ultimate hydrological receptors in the study area. The total area of the catchment is 95,738,972m2. 5.1.2 Recharge Values from two previous studies [11] [12] suggest that recharge ranges between 30 – 55% of precipitation. This is a considered to be a high proportion of rainfall but is consistent with the observations that there are no permanent surface water courses, runoff occurs for short periods following heavy rain and the surface materials are permeable with high measured infiltration rates (section 4.6.2). Potential recharge has been estimated using the available precipitation and evapotranspiration data from 1990 to 2012. For months where evapotranspiration exceeded precipitation it was assumed that there was zero recharge. For months where precipitation exceeded evapotranspiration the difference was assumed to be recharge. The monthly recharge for the two rainfall stations is summarised below in Figure 5.1. Bella Vista is considered to be representative of the La Pelona area, whilst Villa 15 de Julio is representative of the Plain area, locations of the stations can be found in Figure 4.6. In summary, the La Pelona area and the slopes of Casita have a recharge of 1288mm (1.28m) or 52% of precipitation and the plain area has a recharge of 387mm (0.39m) or 27% of precipitation. These values are consistent with previous estimates and demonstrate that Casita is a key recharge zone for the region. 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 46 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment Figure 5.1: Monthly recharge 450 Recharge 400 350 300 Recharge (mm) 250 Recharge 200 Bella Vista 150 Recharge 100 Villa 15 de Julio 50 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 47 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment Figure 5.2: Study area hydrological catchment Source: CCP 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 48 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment 5.1.3 Aquifers and their extent The following sections refer to geological mapping shown in Figure 4.11 and other features such as wells, shown on Figure 4.12. 5.1.3.1 La Pelona Area The La Pelona study area has very limited information on geology and hydrogeology with no borehole records present or information on wells present. There is agriculture in the caldera which is considered likely to be rain fed. Based on the geological map provided for the study area, the Caldera (which is clearly defined by satellite imagery) is infilled with sediments of unknown thickness. It is assumed that these are post caldera formation infill, underlain by caldera intrusives cutting across the La Pelona volcanics, ash, pumice, lavas and pyroclastics. The extent of the aquifer has been assumed as the caldera itself with the infill sediments being the aquifer material. Given the break in slope provided by the caldera, there is potential for groundwater inflow to the aquifer from up gradient of the caldera, i.e. from the Casita Volcanics to the west which are the source rock for the spring at Finca Bella Vista. However, it is not known whether the aquifer is in hydraulically continuity with the surrounding volcanics, or if it is a localised perched aquifer and restricted to the caldera. 5.1.3.2 Plain Area The Plain area has a proven aquifer resource that currently supports numerous domestic and agricultural water supplies. The aquifer is assumed to comprise a number of geological formations which fall into two broad groups. The uppermost layer of recent Quaternary Deposits comprises fluvially redistributed volcanics, underlain at the foot of Casita by layers of pumice and, further from the slopes, by layers of ash. During the site visit (section 4.1.3), it was noted that the shallow household wells that are reported to be running dry in San Lucas are at a higher elevation; they are assumed to be screened in the superficial Quaternary deposits, ash and pumice. The Quaternary deposits are assumed to be underlain by La Pelona Andesite, which is faulted and fractured, with the fractures in the crystalline rock providing a secondary porosity and high permeability in contrast with the low porosity and permeability of the unfractured rock. The lateral extent of the aquifer is undefined. For the purposes of this study the thickness of the aquifer is conservatively assumed to be 72m, which is the depth of the deepest well recorded in the area. It is further assumed that the more permeable fractured and faulted andesite is present from 25 – 70m depth, as these are the depths targeted by the higher output community and agricultural wells in the area. However, it is possible that the permeable horizons extend below 70m depth. 5.1.4 Abstractions and outflows 5.1.4.1 Abstractions Information is held on eight abstractions in the study area, with five being agricultural and three domestic. The current total abstraction from the aquifer in the Plain area of the study is calculated at 22,991m3/d. More information on these abstractions can be found in section 5.2. 5.1.4.2 Outflows Surface outflows from the aquifer are situated on the plain on the eastern side of the main road that runs north south through the region. The two main points considered are at Ojo de Agua, 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 49 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment south east of San Lucas and a number of tributaries to the Rio Olomega found near Las Grietas. The amount of water that flows out of the catchment is unknown. 5.1.5 Piezometric map and interpreted flow directions Regional groundwater flow information is not available so the overall direction of flow and gradient are unknown. Localised groundwater levels from available data and reports were compiled and plotted using GIS. Using Kriging interpolation a raster file was produced and subsequently a contour file. The resulting piezometric map can be found in Figure 5.3. This map formed the basis for an interpretation of groundwater flow directions and gradients. Regional flow is in a north easterly direction but with some more localised flows in a more easterly direction encountered around El Higueral and San Lucas. The overall gradient for the full area assessed was 0.00528. Much higher gradients are present at San Lucas of 0.027 and El Higueral of 0.017. The piezometric map only covers the Plain area, where well data was available. The gradient and flow direction for the La Pelona area is assumed to approximately follow topography. 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 50 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment Figure 5.3: Piezometric map 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 51 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment 5.1.6 Conceptual Model Based on the information available, the following assumptions have been made regarding aquifers in the study area; ● The slopes of Casita are likely to be geologically heterogeneous, comprising lava flows, pumice, ash and pyroclastic deposits; ● The plain area to the east is likely to be more homogeneous, comprising shallow fluvial deposits, fluvially reworked volcanics, pumice and ash. ● For deeper bedrock (La Pelona Andesite), faults and fractures are considered to provide the permeability rather than the crystalline rock matrix. Based on these assumptions for the purpose of the conceptual model, there are considered to be three aquifers: ● La Pelona Quaternary Deposits aquifer; a shallow aquifer reliant on recharge to high ground surrounding La Pelona caldera. ● Casita eastern hillside and Plain area Quaternary Deposits Aquifer; a shallow aquifer reliant on recharge to high ground within study area catchment. It may be in hydraulic continuity with underlying andesite. ● La Pelona Andesite Aquifer; a deep, fractured crystalline aquifer potentially connected via faults / fractures to groundwater on the plain. It is assumed to be reliant on recharge to study catchment as a whole, but particularly on high ground where precipitation is greatest. Connectivity between the three aquifers is unknown. The La Pelona area of the study has the potential to either be a localised, possibly perched aquifer or fully connected to the other aquifers. Due to the high precipitation, it potentially provides a recharge source for the Casita Slopes and Plain aquifer and underlying Pelona Andesite aquifer. The wells in the area can be found on the Plain, indicating good resource potential in this area. However, farming also occurs on the high ground, notably within the La Pelona caldera, but this is considered likely to be rain fed. It is assumed that household wells penetrate only the Quaternary deposits aquifer. Deeper agricultural and community wells are assumed to penetrate the La Pelona Andesite Aquifer. Recharge occurs throughout the study area between April and December, but is notably higher on the slopes of Casita, which provide a major source of recharge for the downstream area. All recharge is believed to flow eastward towards the Rio Olomega, which rises at Ojo de Agua and is fed by small streams issuing from the foot of the volcano between San Lucas and Las Grietas. The Rio Olomega flows northwards, joining the Rio Estero Real approximately 7km north of Las Grietas. A diagram illustrating the conceptual model can be found in Figure 5.4. 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 52 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment Figure 5.4: Casita Hydrogeological Conceptual Model 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 53 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment 5.2 Baseline Water Balance 5.2.1 Assumptions The following have been assumed as part of the water balance: ● Abstractions considered in the water balances are assumed to be the only abstractions in the area. This considers community, agricultural and irrigation wells, but does not include abstractions for domestic use in dispersed houses, which are considered to be insignificant at this basin scale. ● Abstractions for agricultural purposes are mainly carried out in dry months (December – April). ● For months where evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation, the recharge is zero. ● For months where precipitation exceeds evapotranspiration, the difference of this exceedance is considered to represent the recharge. This is a conservative assumption as more recharge may occur on some wet days. ● Bella Vista precipitation is assumed to be representative of La Pelona area and the hillside at altitude > 200mASL. ● Villa 15 de Julio precipitation is assumed to be representative of the plain area and hillside at altitude <200mASL. ● As neither of the evapotranspiration stations (Chichigalpa and Chinandega) are close to the two study areas, an average of the two has been used. ● It is assumed that there is no surface water run-off to water features in both study areas. ● Aquifer thickness is conservatively assumed to be the proven thickness between the water level and the base of deepest well. ● In the plain study area, one aquifer is assumed with several heterogeneous layers of Quaternary and superficial deposits assumed to be in connectivity with basement fractured and faulted andesite. ● In the La Pelona study area two scenarios have been considered: i) the aquifer is assumed to be bounded by the extent of the caldera; and ii) the aquifer is connected to the wider catchment and provides recharge to it. 5.2.2 Limitations ● Micro basins have not been delineated due to low quality of DTM data. Therefore, catchments for boreholes are unknown. ● No run-off value has been used as no permanent surface water features are present. ● No groundwater throughflow has been considered in the water balance and is only considered in the conceptual model. This is conservative assumption. ● Recharge from irrigation, where the irrigation applied exceeds the crop water demand, is not considered, but it is likely there is a component of recirculation of groundwater as a result of irrigation. ● Area of input required for each borehole is represented as a circle, groundwater flow direction and gradient has not been factored in. Therefore, the potential for downstream effects from abstraction is not considered and the contribution of subsurface flow from upgradient to the abstraction is not represented. ● All aquifer properties of the La Pelona caldera are unknown, including thickness, groundwater level, permeability, groundwater flow direction etc. 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 54 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment 5.2.3 Methodology ● A recharge depth for both study areas was calculated on a monthly basis and then combined to provide an estimate of annual recharge depth for each study area. ● The annual abstraction for each well was calculated. ● These annual abstraction values were then divided by the recharge depth for the plain area to provide an area of recharge required to supply each abstraction. ● Where relevant, the total recharge volume for the catchment was estimated by multiplying the two recharge depths by the area of catchment above and below 200mASL, ● Assuming radial flow, a radius for the recharge area was calculated and a circle representing the recharge area for each abstraction was plotted. 5.2.4 Existing Conditions Results The areas of recharge required for each major existing abstraction are plotted in below in Figure 5.5. Figure 5.5 clearly shows that agriculture is the main use of water in the study zone. The area around El Higueral in particular, is heavily exploited by three large abstractions and the community well. Due to the inevitable simplifying assumptions, the recharge areas of the wells have been represented as circles and there is some overlap. In reality the shape of the recharge areas required for the abstractions will be elongated with no overlap. Comparing the calculated areas of recharge with the total area, the figure does suggest that, based on the aquifer assumptions for the plain area, there is sufficient recharge to the groundwater resource to support these abstractions. As there are no known abstractions in the La Pelona area, it was not possible to apply this calculation to La Pelona. 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 55 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment Figure 5.5: Recharge area required for existing abstractions and proposed abstractions 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 56 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment 5.3 Projected Water Balance The Preliminary Hydrogeological Study focusses on establishing whether sufficient water is available within the basin to satisfy the project water requirement and the potential impacts that may result from abstracting this water at La Pelona and Las Grietas. For the purposes of undertaking a worst case assessment of project water demand, it is assumed that all five exploratory wells will be drilled. 5.3.1 Water Supply Option: La Pelona Given the lack of available information on the La Pelona study area, it is difficult to assess the changes to the groundwater baseline. The proposed locations and current details of the two proposed wells, as provided by CCP can be found in Table 5.1 La Pelona Proposed Well Locations. As shown in Figure 2.1 the proposed well locations are along an existing track approximately 900m south of a proposed geothermal well platform. Well 1 is sited in a more vegetated area and Well 2, close to agricultural fields. Table 5.1 La Pelona Proposed Well Locations Well Easting Northing Proposed Altitude of Proposed Minimum required site (mASL) Depth of well output La Pelona 507489 1401829 590 200m 4360.8m3/d Well 1 La Pelona 507584 1401528 586 200m 4360.8m3/d Well 2 Source: CCP Using the projected water usage for the project during the drilling stage as the maximum proposed abstraction over the 14-month drilling period, the calculation used for the baseline conditions was applied, see Table 5.2 (water used for construction and sanitation assumed to be negligible). An area of required recharge was plotted as a circle and fitted to what was deemed the optimum position based on the criteria above. Table 5.2: La Pelona Water Balance Input / Output Value Unit 1 Precipitation 2437 mm/yr Evapotranspiration2 1886 mm/yr Recharge 1.28 m/yr Proposed Abstraction 431,043 m3/yr Area of recharge required 337,325 m2 Radius of recharge area 328 m Notes: 1: precipitation for Bella Vista used. 2 = Average ETP used. It is assumed that setup of the two proposed boreholes will be ‘Duty-Standby’ with one borehole delivering the full water requirement and the standby borehole to be used as back up if there are problems with the duty borehole. Although only one borehole would be in use at any time except for short periods of exceptionally high demand, the area of recharge required has been plotted for both boreholes to provide an idea of the area of impact associated with each location. The areas can be seen in Figure 5.5. Based on the conservative assumption that the La Pelona Caldera is a closed system, that the recharge circles fit within it and no other abstractions are recorded in the area, there is currently deemed to be an available resource to supply the proposed abstraction. Assuming the caldera 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 57 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment as the basin area (7,351,517m2), the area of recharge required (337,325m2) amounts to 4.6% of the total recharge area for the caldera. If the study hydrological catchment (95,738,972m2) in Figure 5.2 is assumed then the recharge area required is considered to be 0.35% of the total catchment. In volume terms, the abstraction would be 4.6% of recharge to the La Pelona caldera and 0.6% of the total catchment recharge. Drawdown of the groundwater level has the potential to impact negatively on agriculture in nearby fields if the water table is very shallow, or if an unrecorded groundwater abstraction or spring source used for irrigation is affected. This may be more severe at Well 2 which is in close proximity to the agricultural fields. However, the proposed depth of the water wells is 200m, so it is not known what geological formation will be targeted as the aquifer, nor whether this is hydraulically connected to shallow groundwater. If a deep aquifer is targeted and aquitards are present, the impact on agriculture could be reduced or negligible. Further study and information from drilled wells is required to assess this. Other receptors downstream of the abstraction are unknown as the extent of the aquifer resources is unknown. There is the potential that the La Pelona aquifer is not confined laterally to the caldera and could act as a key recharge zone for the Casita slopes and plains Quaternary aquifer and also, the La Pelona andesite aquifer. The Spring supplying Argelia is located 2.9km west of the proposed wells. The wells are assumed to be down-gradient, (based on topography) and are likely to be screened in a different geological unit than the one that feeds the spring, this is shown in the conceptual model Figure 5.4. Based on these assumptions it is unlikely that this spring would be impacted by the wells however, this would need to be confirmed by further investigations and monitoring. The limited abstraction period of Component 1, with the higher water demand over a period of 14 months, reduces the potential for detrimental effects downstream of the abstractions. 5.3.2 Water Supply Option: Las Grietas No specific information has been provided regarding a potential location for the Las Grietas abstraction, therefore the location shown on Figure 2.1 is indicative and only one recharge circle is shown. The Las Grietas water balance (summarised in Table 5.3) has been calculated using the same assumptions as above, except for rainfall which is taken from the Villa 15 De Julio station. Table 5.3: Las Grietas Water Balance Input / Output Value Unit 1 Precipitation 1451 mm/yr Evapotranspiration2 1886 mm/yr Recharge 0.39 m/yr Proposed Abstraction 431,043 m3/yr Area of recharge required 1,113,297 m2 Radius of recharge area 595 m Notes: 1: precipitation for Villa 15 De Julio used. 2 = Average ETP used. The calculated recharge area equates to 1.16% of the total catchment area or 1.26% of the total catchment minus the La Pelona caldera (88,387,455m2). 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 58 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment Using this method at Las Grietas results in a conservative over-estimate of the required recharge area because it does not take account of the inflow of groundwater from higher in the catchment. The volumetric impact would be 0.6% of the total catchment recharge, as for the La Pelona option Whilst there is more water available lower in the catchment due to the larger upstream recharge area, there are more users of groundwater who might be affected by drawdown in this area. These include household and community wells as well as agricultural abstractions. The location of a water supply well in this area would be dependent on its radius of influence whilst pumping at the required maximum rate. Further investigations including drilling would be required to determine the radius of influence and quantify the potential impacts. 5.4 Key Uncertainties ● Geology in La Pelona caldera; aquifer materials and aquitard layers. ● Groundwater; levels, gradient and flow direction ● Aquifer parameters; hydraulic conductivity, storage, thickness. ● Current use of La Pelona aquifer; no abstractions recorded but this should be confirmed by additional field investigation. ● Current use of groundwater in the south-east of the catchment; no abstraction records provided. ● Detailed design of abstraction boreholes and the target aquifer. ● How the La Pelona caldera interacts with surrounding areas with regards to groundwater, to define if it an open or closed system. ● Necessary drilling depth within caldera to obtain reliable yield ● Distribution of recharge across the hydrological catchment. 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 59 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment 6 Qualitative Impact Assessment 6.1 Assessment Methodology The impact assessment has been undertaken in accordance with the assessment methodology described in the ESIA Report (Volume II, Chapter 5). For ease of reference, sensitivity, magnitude and impact significance criteria are reproduced in the following tables. Table 6.1: Sensitivity of Receptors (considers duration of the impact, spatial extent, reversibility and ability to comply with legislation) Sensitivity Criteria Examples High Has very limited or no Surface water body of international or national environmental capacity to accommodate importance with little or no capacity to absorb proposed changes physical or chemical or minimal opportunities for mitigation. changes; or, Groundwater, springs, rivers and lakes used for regional or urban Is nationally or regionally water supply important resource. Rivers, lakes and wetlands at high risk of flooding, drought and/or increased siltation Groundwater located within a protection zone or close to a potable supply source Medium Has limited capacity to Surface water body of international or national environmental accommodate physical or importance with some capacity to absorb proposed changes. chemical changes or Groundwater, springs, rivers and lakes locally important for water influences. supply to villages or water dependent businesses Is a locally important Water body important for fisheries resource. Groundwater located close to a non-potable supply source (e.g. livestock / irrigation) Low Has moderate capacity to Surface water body of regional environmental importance with accommodate physical or some capacity to absorb proposed changes chemical changes. Groundwater, springs, rivers and lakes used for supply to Is used intermittently or individual dwellings sparsely as a resource Groundwater located within the total catchment area for a groundwater source Soil and agricultural land use may be affected by flooding/change in hydrological conditions Negligible Is generally tolerant of Groundwater, springs, rivers and lakes not used for water supply physical or chemical and that are generally tolerant of physical or chemical changes changes. Soil and agricultural land use not sensitive to some change in Is not used as a resource hydrological regime (e.g. grazing) Table 6.2: Magnitude of Impacts Summary Table Magnitude Definition (considers duration of the impact, spatial extent, reversibility (positive or and ability to comply with legislation) adverse) High Fundamental change to the specific environmental conditions assessed, resulting in long term or permanent change, typically widespread in nature (regional, national and international). Would require significant intervention to return to baseline; likely to exceed national standards and limits. Medium Detectable change to the specific environmental conditions assessed, resulting in non- fundamental temporary or permanent change typically affecting the local area; possibly exceeding national standards and limits. Low Detectable but minor change to the specific environmental conditions assessed that is temporary in nature, with high capacity to return to the baseline conditions; unlikely to exceed national standards and limits. Negligible No perceptible change to the specific environmental conditions assessed. 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 60 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment Source: Mott MacDonald Table 6.3: Impact Significance Matrix Magnitude of Impact Sensitivity of Receptors Negligible Low Medium High Negligible Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant Low Insignificant Minor Minor Moderate Medium Insignificant Minor Moderate Major High Insignificant Moderate Major Critical Source: Mott MacDonald 6.2 Receptor Sensitivity The area has no surface watercourses due to the high permeability of the volcanic soils and superficial deposits. Although flood risk may be locally significant along dry streambeds in the lower slopes and adjacent plains during/after heavy rain, this is a localised issue and has therefore been scoped out of the assessment. The sensitivity of groundwater receptors is assessed in Table 6.4 and key water supply locations are shown in Figure 6.1. Impact magnitude and significance at different stages during the project are assessed in the following sections. Table 6.4: Receptor Sensitivity Receptor Assumed Hydrological Sensitivity Justification Regime Argelia Spring Spring fed by groundwater Medium A groundwater spring source used to supply originating in the shallow the farms of Argelia and Bella Vista. Casita Volcanics to the west of La Pelona Quaternary Shallow aquifer reliant on Medium Exploited by shallow wells supplying Deposits recharge to high ground individual farms, dwellings and small Aquifer – within study area catchment. communities, located both on the slopes of Casita hillside May be in hydraulic Casita and at the edge of the Plan area. and Plain area continuity with underlying Many of these have dried up in recent years andesite. so are sensitive to changes in groundwater level but are already impacted by climate change / abstraction. Quaternary Shallow aquifer reliant on Medium No known abstractions but potentially Deposits recharge to high ground important for agriculture within caldera, Aquifer – La surrounding La Pelona either due to shallow groundwater level or if Pelona caldera caldera. pumped from unrecorded wells. La Pelona Deep, fractured crystalline Medium Exploited by deep municipal wells supplying Andesite aquifer potentially connected multiple communities and large agricultural Aquifer via faults / fractures to in the Plain area, and potentially individual groundwater on the plain. dwellings where present at shallow depths. Presumed to be reliant on Catchment area for the headwaters of the recharge to study catchment Rio Olomega watercourse and Ojo de Agua as a whole but particularly Spring, both of which are tributaries to Rio on high ground where Estero Real, a conservation area of national precipitation is greatest. and international importance. Source: Mott MacDonald 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 61 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment Figure 6.1: Receptor location map 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 62 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment 6.3 Potential Impacts 6.3.1 La Pelona Supply Option La Pelona Andesite Aquifer Assuming as a worst case that the La Pelona aquifer is hydraulically connected to the wider groudndwater system, the amount of water available to downgradient receptors will be reduced overall. However, the total volume required by the project represents only 5% of the current demand placed on the aquifer by existing abstractions. It is therefore unlikely that receptors located at the bottom of the catchment, which are dependent on the La Pelona Andesite Aquifer (such as the River Olomega, Ojo de Agua Spring, municipal and large agricultural abstractions) would be noticeably affected. However, the degree of hydraulic connectivity within the aquifer system is unknown and therefore it is possible that receptors located closer to the abstraction would see some reduction in groundwater levels if they are particularly dependent on recharge to the La Pelona caldera. La Pelona is situated at approximately 600 to 700m ASL so a 200m deep well could reduce groundwater levels at dwellings located on the slopes to the east of the caldera and may impact on lower altitude wells (i.e. those drilled deeper than 100m ASL) located on the Plain area, depending on the thickness of the aquifer and hydrogeological regime. Such effects would be temporary and more likely to occur during dry periods and the higher water demand periods of the drilling programme. The resultant adverse impact on the La Pelona Andesite Aquifer would be of low magnitude and minor significance. Quaternary Deposits Aquifer The proposed abstraction wells will be drilled to 200m below ground level so although the geological sequence is unknown, they are more likely to be targeting groundwater within the La Pelona Andesite than the Quaternary Deposits. It is possible that low permeability layers are present that will prevent water flowing between the two aquifers and hence the Quaternary deposits would not be affected. However, should they be hydraulically connected, groundwater levels may be reduced at wells located downgradient of the abstraction on the Casita hillside in tandem with the effects on the La Pelona Andesite (described above). In this situation, the effects on water supplies (if any) located within La Pelona Caldera are likely to be observed, due to their close proximity to the abstraction. If the groundwater levels in the Qauternary Deposits Aquifer are extremely shallow, there could also be an effect on crops. As above, such impacts would be more likely to occur during dry periods and during the higher water demand periods of the drilling programme. The resultant adverse impact on the Quaternary Deposits Aquifer – Casita hillside and Plain area would be of low magnitude and minor significance. The resultant adverse impact on the Quaternary Deposits Aquifer – La Pelona caldera would be of low magnitude and minor significance. Argelia Spring Argelia spring is presumed to be fed by shallow groundwater that is recharged by precipitation falling on the southern side of the Casita peak and is unlikely to be affected by abstraction due to its position up-gradient and topographically above the proposed abstraction site. 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 63 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment Groundwater levels will be reduced locally to the abstraction wells during the drilling period, with potential impacts on receptors located within the radius of influence of pumping. The resultant adverse impact on the Argelia Spring would be of negligible magnitude and insignificant. 6.3.2 Las Grietas Plains Supply Option There is insufficient information on proposed location and design of this option to draw conclusions on impacts. However, this option is likely to reduce groundwater levels in the La Pelona Andesite and Quaternary Deposits aquifers. Depending on the location of the proposed abstraction, the reduction in groundwater levels may affect water wells and groundwater abstraction located nearby and down gradient (to the north east), resulting in temporary medium magnitude impacts of moderate significance. 6.4 Mitigation Measures 6.4.1 Site Establishment Management of construction activities relating to potential impacts on water features will be included in the Project framework Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMMP). Techniques summarized below for consideration during construction and decommissioning of the access roads have been made with regard to the IFC General EHS Guidelines (2007)1. Potential impacts on groundwater quality identified during Site Establishment (see section 8.7.8 of the main ESIA report) can be mitigated through best practice construction and site management methods, which should be specified in the drilling /construction contract and monitored through the project ESMMP. All contractors will be required to demonstrate that they have the procedures in place for implementing EHS management measures. Furthermore CCP or their representatives will undertake regular audits of works against the requirements of the ESMMP commensurate with the nature of the risk. 6.4.2 Exploratory Drilling WB PS 3 on Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and Management (2016) will be considered with regard to mitigation measures to offset water consumption. This document states that “[.] the Borrower will adopt measures, to the extent technically and financially feasible, that avoid or minimize water usage so that the project’s water use does not have significant adverse impacts on communities, other users and the environment”. For the proposed development, such measures may include but are not limited to: ● Supply of drinking water to local communities should private wells dry out temporarily during the duration of water abstraction carried out as part of the proposed development. ● Support to local water companies should the extraction of water require additional resources due to the temporary water use carried out as part of the proposed development. 1 https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/554e8d80488658e4b76af76a6515bb18/Final+-+General+EHS+Guidelines.pdf?MOD=AJPERES (accessed 27/07/2017) 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 64 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment Specific measures below are recommended to be undertaken in advance of the Site Establishment phase to inform the design of abstraction wells and mitigate any potential impacts on water availability during the Exploration Drilling Phase. These include additional data collection, monitoring and investigations to fill the identified data gaps and produce a more robust hydrogeological assessment. For the La Pelona option: ● Start a baseline (suggested quarterly) water quality and water level monitoring of existing water wells in the region downgradient of La Pelona. Minimum of the three community wells and two springs (Argelia and Ojo de Agua). ● Drill a borehole at one of the proposed abstraction borehole sites in La Pelona. Borehole should be drilled to full proposed depth of 200m. ● Geological and geophysical logging of the hole to determine rock properties and aquifers present. ● Based on geological logs, water levels and inflows recorded in the exploratory hole, a monitoring well should be designed and constructed accordingly at another location in the La Pelona caldera, suitable for monitoring the impacts of geothermal drilling. ● Design and carry out pump testing of the abstraction borehole. Should include constant rate and step tests to determine if the required water volume can be delivered, drawdown and radius of influence. ● Water quality monitoring before, during and after pumping test. The monitoring should ideally be carried out at monthly intervals for three months before and after the test, with at least two monitoring rounds during the test. This can be used to compare with existing baseline data. ● Obtain more detailed DTM / LIDAR data for the study area that can be used to delineate catchments. ● Update the hydrogeological study based on new information and quantitatively assess the potential impacts of abstraction on the La Pelona area and the wider re-defined catchment. For the Plains option ● Continue the baseline (quarterly) water quality and water level monitoring of the Ojo de Agua spring and existing water wells in the region as described for La Pelona. ● Drill a borehole at one of the proposed abstraction borehole sites in the Plain. Borehole should be drilled to full proposed depth of 200m. ● Geological and geophysical logging of the hole to determine rock properties and aquifers present. ● Based on geological logs, water levels and inflows recorded in the exploratory hole, a monitoring well should be designed and constructed accordingly at another suitable location between the abstraction well and the closest existing wells ● Design and carry out pump testing of the abstraction borehole. Should include constant rate and step tests to determine if the required water volume can be delivered, drawdown and radius of influence. ● Water quality monitoring before, during and after pumping test. The monitoring should be carried out at monthly intervals for three months before and after the test, with at least two monitoring rounds during the test. This can be used to compare with existing baseline data. ● Obtain more detailed DTM / LIDAR data for the study area that can be used to delineate catchments. 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 65 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment ● Update the hydrogeological study based on new information and quantitatively assess the potential impacts of abstraction on the Plain and the existing abstractions. In addition, the following measures should be considered and implemented during the Exploratory Drilling Component 1 applicable to mitigate potential effects during the Exploratory Drilling phase. ● Ensure that the wells are located outside the areas of seasonal flooding and seasonal water gullies at the drilling site. ● Develop a clear management plan for the handling of all drilling waters at the site, including an emergency remediation procedure for large spills and flooding events. ● Undertake regular monitoring of groundwater and springs, as outlined above and in Section 6.6. ● A flood management plan is needed at each of the drilling sites in order to deal with the impacts of heavy rainfall events, particularly on runoff and on the holding pond. ● Best practice site management to ensure spillage limitation. ● Use of well casing as necessary during drilling to prevent pollution of shallow and deeper aquifers and placement of well seals / plugs between aquifers to prevent mixing of chemically distinct groundwaters. ● The risk of erosion particularly on slopes and eroded areas can be mitigated through best practice construction methods and maintenance measures, which should be specified in the drilling / construction contract and monitored through the ESMMP. ● Culverts and drains along access road need to be maintained. 6.4.3 Site Restoration In addition to the measures applicable to Site Establishment, specific mitigation is required to address the impact of dismantling or removing storage tanks and pipelines which may contain residual fluids. Appropriate mitigation will need to be established on a case by case basis depending on the location of the component, its operational use and physical state; however, the measures must be designed to minimise the risk of spills and to ensure that, should a spill occur, a response plan is in place to ensure that the release can be controlled and either treated or removed. 6.5 Residual Impacts Based on the assumptions made in this assessment and following the implementation of the mitigation measures above, all potential (minor) impacts on water resources receptors will be reduced to negligible. It should be noted that there is considerable uncertainty with respect to hydrogeological conditions, which will not be reduced until a comprehensive investigation, including further monitoring and data collection, has been undertaken. A hydrogeological risk assessment should be undertaken on the basis of those findings and the impact assessment re-visited at that time. 6.6 Recommendations for Monitoring and Reporting Proposed monitoring and reporting has been identified in the subsections below. 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 66 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment 6.6.1 Groundwater Resources As described in section 6.4.2, additional data collection, monitoring and investigations are needed to fill the data gaps and produce a more robust hydrogeological assessment and risk assessment for the proposed water supply abstraction at La Pelona, and also for the Plain if this option is considered to provide additional or all of the water supply. However the exact scope depends on the chosen water supply option, thus the general recommendations presented here should be refined and appropriate monitoring locations selected. ● Undertake baseline monitoring in advance of site establishment, as outlined in section 6.4.2 ● Determine water well locations, and obtain records of abstractions and groundwater levels to gain a better understanding of groundwater water use and demand in the area south and east of La Pelona and on the Plain within 5km of the proposed abstraction location ● Regular (quarterly) monitoring of water flow rates at the springs at Argelia (for La Pelona option only) and Ojo de Agua to establish a baseline flow rate for these key resources ● Regular (quarterly) monitoring of groundwater levels at a minimum of 5 key observation wells to enable the development of a robust piezometric map that is indicative of seasonal changes. The locations of the monitoring locations depend on the preferred water supply option. ● Ongoing regular (monthly) monitoring of groundwater levels during drilling of water wells at the monitoring well(s) constructed for the project, once completed, and a minimum of 3 other wells, as selected for the baseline monitoring (section 6.4.2) ● Ongoing regular (monthly) monitoring of groundwater levels in the same wells during the higher rate of water abstraction ● Ongoing regular (twice yearly) monitoring of groundwater levels in the monitoring well and a minimum of two nearby wells during construction and commercial production phases of the scheme ● Keep records of abstraction volumes throughout the operational period of the supply wells in order to understand the water balance and any potential impacts on water resources. 6.6.2 Groundwater quality More extensive water quality investigations need to be carried out but the exact scope depends on the chosen location of the water abstraction at La Pelona or on the Plain. The scope should include: ● Regular (quarterly) sampling of the springs at Argelia (for La Pelona only) and Ojo de Agua, with analysis of samples for a consistent suite of water quality parameters to determine baseline water quality ● Regular (monthly) sampling and analysis of the springs, monitoring wells drilled for the project and a minimum of three wells in the Plain during drilling of water wells ● Regular (quarterly) sampling and analysis of springs and the same three wells on the Plain during the higher rate of water abstraction ● Regular (annual) sampling and analysis of the springs and the same three wells on the Plain during the construction and commercial production phases of the scheme ● Clear monitoring plan for site management of waste water if any 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 67 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment 7 Conclusions CCP is proposing an exploratory drilling phase of a geothermal power project on the eastern slopes of Casita volcano in Nicaragua. This exploratory phase involves the drilling of five geothermal wells. In order to drill and commission the holes, it is estimated that over a 14 month time frame 502,000m3 of water will be required. It is proposed that two abstraction boreholes are drilled to 200m depth in the La Pelona caldera in order to supply this water. An alternative location for the abstraction boreholes is on the Plain in the area of Las Grietas, to the north east of La Pelona. Based on the assumptions that the La Pelona Caldera is a closed system and no other abstractions are recorded in the area, there is currently deemed to be an available resource to supply the proposed abstraction. Assuming the caldera as the basin area (7,351,517m2) the area of recharge required (337,325m2) amounts to 4.6% of the total recharge area for the caldera. If the caldera is hydraulically connected to the wider hydrological catchment (95,738,972m2), the recharge area required equates to 0.35% of the total catchment. The recharge area for the Las Grietas Plains area option equates to 1.16% of the total catchment area or 1.26% of the total catchment minus the La Pelona caldera (88,387,455m2). In volumetric terms both options represent 0.6% of the total catchment recharge or 4.6% of recharge to the La Pelona caldera. Potential impacts resulting from the proposed La Pelona abstraction are: ● Adverse impact on the both Quaternary Deposits Aquifers (La Pelona and the Casita hillside and Plain) would be of low magnitude and minor significance because the proposed borehole will be drilled to 200m depth targeting the La Pelona Andesite aquifer. The drawdown could still affect the Quaternary aquifers should they be hydraulically connected. This could reduce groundwater levels. This would have a more direct impact in the La Pelona area, and a lesser impact on the plain area of the study. ● The resultant adverse impact on the La Pelona Andesite Aquifer would be of low magnitude and minor significance. Assumed receptors in this aquifer are down gradient at the downstream extent of the catchment. However, the degree of hydraulic connectivity within the aquifer system is unknown and therefore it is possible that receptors located closer to the abstraction would see some reduction in groundwater levels if they are particularly dependent on recharge to the La Pelona caldera. ● The resultant adverse impact on the Argelia Spring would be of negligible magnitude and insignificant because the spring is up gradient, assumed to be fed by shallow groundwater and recharged on the southern side of Casita. Based on the assumptions made in this assessment and following the implementation of the mitigation measures above, all potential (minor) impacts on water resources receptors will be reduced to negligible. The assessment of the impact of the Las Grietas Plains area option depends on the chosen location for the abstraction wells, thus there is insufficient design information to draw detailed conclusions. However, this option is likely to reduce groundwater levels in the La Pelona Andesite and Quaternary Deposits aquifers which, dependant on their location, may affect water wells and groundwater abstractions located nearby and down gradient (to the north east), 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 68 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment resulting in temporary medium magnitude impacts of moderate significance during the short period of high water demand. It should be noted that there is considerable uncertainty with respect to hydrogeological conditions, which will not be reduced until a comprehensive investigation, including further monitoring and data collection, has been undertaken. A hydrogeological risk assessment should be undertaken on the basis of those findings and the impact assessment re-visited at that time. 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 69 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment 8 References [1] MARENA, “Plan De Cuenca De La Parte Alta De Las Cuencas Estero Real Y Río Negro,” Undated. [2] UNA, “Plan De Manejo Integral De La Micro Cuenca Las Marias, Municipios De Telica, Quezalguaque, Posoltega y Chinandega,” 2007. [3] MARENA, “Plan de manejo del area protegida reserva natural complejo volcanico San Cristobal - Casita,” 2006. [4] Fiallos & Asociados S.A. consultores, “ESTUDIO DE IMPACTO AMBIENTAL DE LAS PLATAFORMAS DE PERFORACION “A”, “B” y “C” DEL PROYECTO DE EXPLORACION GEOTERMICA VOLCAN CASITA-SAN CRISTOBAL.,” 2009. [5] SKM, “Casita Geothermal Prospect Scientific Assessment,” 2005. [6] Smithsonian Institution, “Global volcanism program.,” Smithsonian Institution, [Online]. Available: http://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=344020. [Accessed July 2017]. [7] Kingston Morrison Ltd., “Pre-feasibility review of the El Bonete geothermal concession,,” Prepared for Triton Minera S.A., 1999. [8] B. a. B. A. van Wyk de Vries, “The role of basement in volcano deformation.,” Geological Society Special Publication, no. 110, pp. 95-110, 1996. [9] v. W. d. Vries, “Tectonic and magma evolution of Nicaraguan volcanic systems.,” Unpublished PhD Thesis, Milton Keynes, 1993. [10] Ministerio del Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales Dirección General de Áreas Protegidas, “Plan de Manejo del Área Protegida Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristóbal - Casita,” 2006. [11] Quenca Consulting Group, “Estudio hidriogeologicao para solicitud de permiso de perforacion y concesion de aprovechamiento de agua subterranean de un pozo (01) nuevo ubicado en la comunidad de las Grietas el departamento de Chinandega,” 2016. [12] Quenca Consulting Group S.A., “ESTUDIO HIDROGEOLÓGICO PARA SOLICITUD DE CONCESIÓN DE AGUA SUBTERRÁNEA DE 4 POZOS PERFORADOS EN LA SUBCUENCA TECOMAPA, CUENCA NO. 60, ESTERO REAL,” 2013. 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 70 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment [13] Environmental Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, “Geothermal Water Use: Life cycle water consumption, water resource assessment and water policy framework,” 2014. [14] World Health Organization, “Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, Fourth Edition,” WHO, 2011. 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 71 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment Appendices A. Groundwater quality monitoring results 2017 72 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 72 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment A. Groundwater quality monitoring results 2017 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B Empresa Nicaragüense de Electricidad Dirección de Estudios Geotérmicos Resultados de Análisis Químicos. / Area CASITAS FECHA 05/07/2017 05/07/2017 05/07/2017 05/07/2017 NORMA WHO Drinking Comment Muestra Manantial Finca Bella Comarca las Comarca el Comarca San Lucas Water Standard Vista Grietas Higueral Tipo de fuente Manantial Pozo perforado Pozo perforado Pozo perforado Temp. Muestr. °C 23 35 37 39 Coordenada Norte 1400758 1407545 1405236 1403954 Coordenada Este 504804 512877 513682 513123 Altitud (msnm) 747 25 37 71 Profundidad (m) 11.39 72.00 32.80 pH 7.98 7.91 7.85 7.53 6.5 - 8.5 Cond. (µS/cm) 399 475 438 477 400 Na+ (ppm) 10.00 39.00 33.00 31.50 200.00 200 Taste threshold K+ (ppm) 4.00 9.00 8.00 6.50 10.00 Ca++ (ppm) 52.58 40.01 38.33 46.55 100.00 500 Taste threshold Mg++ (ppm) 11.83 12.02 12.34 11.87 30.00 Li+ (ppm) 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 Fe total (ppm) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Cl– (ppm) 8.50 18.46 12.63 13.84 25 - 250 250 Taste threshold SO4= (ppm) 47.63 40.49 39.78 40.96 25 - 250 250 Taste threshold HCO3– (ppm) 182.93 229.18 234.18 244.31 CO3= (ppm) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 F– (ppm) 0.29 0.27 0.24 0.27 1.50 1.5 B (ppm) 0.17 0.69 0.69 0.69 2.4 H2S (ppm) 0.34 0.43 0.34 0.34 0.05 0.1 Taste and odour threshold NH3 (ppm) 1.11 0.22 0.19 0.16 0.50 0.2 Natural levels. Anaerobic 3mg/l SiO2 total (ppm) 74.08 110.98 111.90 116.49 NO3_ (ppm) 0.91 7.85 3.15 14.85 45.00 50 PO4_=(ppm) 1.62 3.32 3.15 3.67 S.T.D. (ppm) 330 450 400 430 Balance iónico -2.05 -4.32 -6.23 -7.39 (STD)calc./(STD)med. 0.97 0.89 0.96 0.97 Laboratorio de Geoquímica 11 de Julio de 2017 Mott MacDonald | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 73 Volume III - Preliminary Hydrogeological Assessment mottmac.com 387016 | H01 | B | 08 August 2017 Casita San Cristobal Geothermal Project | HA | REV B .,. ,. MINISTERIO DEL AMBIENTE Y LOS RECURSOS NATURALES DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE CALIDAD AMBIENTAL RESOLUCIÓN ADMINISTRATIVA No . DGCA-P0034-0B12-011-2015 VISTOS RESULTA Vista y examinada solici tud presentada por el se ñor Arturo José Chamorro Zamora , quien se identifica con Cédula de I dentida d Nº 888- 04 1 145 - 0000E , en su calidad de Representante Lega l de la empresa "Cerro Colorado Power S .A" lo que d emuesi: ra mediante Escrit ura Pública Número veintisiete , denominada Poder General de Adminisi:ración , otorg ada en la ci udad de Managua a l as diez de la mañana de l día siete de junio del año dos mil trece , ante l os oficios notariales de Gustavo Ge na ro Molina Valdivia , para el proyecto "Geotérmico Volcán Casitas-San Cristóbal - Fase de Explotación" y r eg is trada en expediente Nº DGCA-P0034-0812 ante la Dirección General de Calidad Ambieni:al del Ministerio del Ambiente y los Re cursos Naturales , ubicado en el municipio de Ch inandega , departamento de Ch inandega . Que de conformidad con el ari:ículo 10 del Decreto 76- 2 0 0 6 "Sistema de Ev aluac i ón Ambien tal ", se procedió a c onforma r a la Comis i ón Ini:e rinstitucional integrada por especialistas del Ministerio del Amb i ente y los Rec u rsos Naturales - MARENA {Dirección Gene ral de Calidad Ambiental , Direccion de Biodiversidad , Direccion de Cuencas , Direccion de Seguridad Qu ími ca , Sistema Nac i onal de Áreas Protegidas {S INAP ) , Unidad de Asesor ía Legal , y la Delegación Ter r it o ria l MARENA Chinandega) , Ministerio de Energía y Minas - MEM (Dirección de Geotermia y Unidad de Gestión Ambiental) , Au t oridad Naci o nal del Agua-ANA , y la Unidad Ambiental Municipal de Chi nandega , efectuándose inspecc ión in situ el día nueve d e mayo del año dos mil trece , con e l objetivo de realizar la valoración amb i ental del área d est inada para emplazamie:it o del proyecto . Los Térmi nos de Referencia ( T dR ) para la elaboración del Est udio de Impact o Ambiental y el r e spectivo Document o de Impacto Ambienta l , fueron emitidos con fecha del diecinueve de j unio del año dos mil trece . De confor;nidad a los procedimientos establecidos en el Decreto 76 - 20 06, la Resoluc i ón Mi ni sterial N° 0 12 - 2 008 Procedimientos Generales e Instrumentos Norma ti vos Comp l emen t ar íos p ara la Tr ami t ación de Permisos y Autorizaciones Ambientales y la Reso l ución Ministerial N º .,.- 03-2000 , Disposic i ones Administrativas Complementarias MINISTERIO DEL AMBIENTE Y LOS RECURSOS para el EN VICTORIAS! . . \ • .. -·~·<... ~- ,.. l . "· ... ""- OEc>"' • .· ,,,_,. .. .. . ,.. 4) p. l1 Ot:orgamiento de los Permisos Ambientales , se realizó el proceso de Consulta Pública bajo las dos modalidades : 1- Disponibilidad del Documento de en el p e r iod o Impacto Ambiental comprendido entre el lunes seis al v i ernes diez de abr i l del año dos mil quince , período dura nte el cual el Documento de Impacto Ambiental, fue puesto a consulta de la sociedad civil en la Delegación Territoria l MARENA Chinandega , Alcaldía M uni cipal de Chinandega y en el Centro de Documen t ación Ambiental (CEDOCA) de MARENA Central , en la c ual se emitieron once comentarios al respecto . 2- Audiencia Pública se realizó el día diez de del año dos mil ab~il quince , en el mu nici pio de Chinandega , depa r tamento de Chinandega , en la cual se emi ti eron once comentarios en relac i ón al Plan de Reforestación a implementarse y protección del Área Protegida . CONSIDERANDO I Que la Constitución Política de Nicaragua, publicada en la gaceta No 32 del 18 de febrero del 2014 , establece en su artículo 60 el derecho de l os nic a ragüenses de habitar en un ambiente saludable , así como la obligación de su preservación y conservación . El b ie n común supremo y universal , condición para todos los demás bienes , es la Madre Tierra esta debe ser amada , cuidada y regenerada . El bien común de la Tie rr a y de la humanidad nos pide que entendamos la tierra como viva y sujeta de dignidad . Pertenece comuni tariamente a t odos los q ue la habitan y a l conjunto de los ecosistemas ... II Que Nicaragua se adhirió como país a la carta de la Declaración Universa l del Bien Común de la Tierra y de la Humanidad , por tanto se debe al cumplimient o de los pri ncipi os rect:ores de protección a la Madre Tie rra, siendo uno de estos la disminución de la polución de cualquier parte del ambien t e para evitar l os efectos del calentami ento global y no permitir el aumento de sustancias químicas tóx i cas y peligrosas , promov i endo la prod ucción sostenible en equil i brio con la naturaleza . III Que la Ley 217, Ley General de l Medio Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales con sus reformas incorporadas , en su artículo 27 establece que : Los proyectos , obras , industrias o cualquier ot ra actividad , MINISTERIO DEL AMBIENTE Y LOS .L (... EN VICTORIAS ! 3 Q 1 ¡>. \] públicos o privados , de i nversión nac io nal o extranjera, durante su fase de pre inversión , ejecucion , ampliación , rehabiliLación o reconversion que por sus características puedan producir deLerioro al medio ambiente o a los recursos naturales , conforme a la l is ta es pecífica de las categorías de obras o proyectos que se establezcan en el Reglamento respectivo , deberán obtener previo a su ejecución, el Permiso Ambiental o Autorización Ambiental . IV Que de conformidad al Decreto 76-2006, Sistema de Evaluación Ambiental, el "Proyecto Geotérmico Volcán Casitas - San Cristóbal- Fase de Explotación" se clasifica en la categoría II , según lo dispuesto en el artículo N º 1 7, numeral 25. Generación de energía geotérmica de cuaiquier nivei de generación; cuyo Estudio de Impacto Ambiental presenLado por el Proponente , fue debidamente analizado y valorado , técnica y ambientalmente . V Que la Ley 2 17, Ley General del M edio Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales con sus reformas incorporadas, en su artículo 4 , numeral 3 , establece "El criterio de prevención prevalecerá sobre cualquier OLro en la gestión pública y privada del ambiente . No podrá alegarse la falta de una ce rteza cie ntíf ica absoluta como razón para no adoptar medidas preventivas en todas las actividades que impacten el ambiente . Asimismo , el ar t í culo 4 numeral 5, de la misma Ley , esLablece que "El derecho de pro p iedad tiene una función social ambiental que limita y condiciona su ej ercicio absoluto , abusivo y arbitrario , de conformidad con las disposiciones de la presente Ley y de las Leyes ambientales especiales vigentes" . VI Que en el trámite de atención de la solici t ud de Pe rmiso Ambiental se ha cumplido con los proced imie ntos establecidos en el Decreto 7 6-2006 Sistema de Evaluación Ambiental y en el marco legal vigente , dictaminando la Comisión Interinstitucional , que el proyecto es ambientalmente viable , siempre y cuando el Propone n te c u mp la en su totalidad con las medidas ambientales y el Programa de Ges tión Ambiental que se incluye en el Es tudio de ImpacLO Ambiental y I Adendum y a las ajustes y refuerzos que a estos haga e l proponente conforme las condicionantes que se l e es tablezc an en la presente Reso l ución . MINI STERIO DEL AMBIENTE Y LOS EN VICTORIAS ! *--. . ~"' . . . -- . "~ f'."' • ......-... - .. ··· .. · VII Que de acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos en el proceso de Consulta Pública , realizado el día diez de abril del año dos mil quince, al proyec t o "Geotérmico Volcán Casitas-San Cristóbal- Fase de Explotación", obtuvo la aprobación por parte de la pobl ac i ón d el Municipio de Chinandega . POR TANTO: El Ministerio del Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales , a través de la Dirección General de Cal idad Ambiental en uso de las facultades que le confiere la Ley 290, Ley de Organización, Competencia y Procedimientos del Poder Ejecutivo, Arto.28, inciso b, Reglamento de la Ley 290, Decreto 25-2006, Arto.294 . , Ley 217, Ley General del Medio Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales Art. 27, 28 y 29; y Decreto 76-2006 Sistema de Ev aluación Ambiental , y con base en el cumplimiento de lo establecido por la leg isla c ión vigente y en los criterios y disposiciones establecidas por la Comisión Interinstitucional que evaluó dicho estudio . RESUELVE : Primero. Otorgar Permiso Ambiental a la empresa Cerro Colorado Power, S.A , represe~tada a través del Señor Art uro José Chamorro Zamora , quien se identif ica con Cédula de Identidad Nº 888 - 041145 - 0000E , en su calidad de Representante Legal ; para el desarrollo del proyecto "Geotérmico Volcán Casitas-San Cristóbal- Fase de Explotación" . Segundo. El presente Permiso Ambiental , se extiende exclusivamente para la ej ecución del Proyecto "Geotérmico Volcán Cas i tas - San Cristóbal - Fase de Explotación"; a desarrollarse en el municipio de Chinandega , departamento de Chin andega, c uyo polígono del área de ubicación es de 20 km2 y está enmarcado entre las coordenadas UTM proyección WS84 siguientes : ID Este Norte 1 503000 1405000 2 504000 1405000 3 504000 1404000 4 506000 1404000 5 506000 1405000 6 508000 1405000 7 508000 1404000 8 509000 1404000 A MINISTERIO DEL AMBIENTE Y LOS EN VICTORIAS ! r n Gobierno de Reconciliación ·JI " y Un...1....dad Nacional / ,nc:"".:;uA •·p.S.lJ.,..,,,_. ~ Pu.tté../Jt/.o, /J/<.~d..t:é. n:;lr • 9 509000 1401000 10 504000 1401000 11 504000 1402000 12 503000 1402000 Terce ro. El pre sente Permiso Ambiental aprueba la ejecucion del proyec to "Ge o t érmico Volcán Casitas-San Cristóbal- Fase de consiste en la construcción e i nstalación de Explo t a ción" , el cual tres plataformas para perforar cuatro pozos de produc c i ón y uno de reinyección, los que generarán 33 MW energía eléctrica limpia mediante la explotación del reservorio . Las plataformas y sus componentes estarán ubicados en las siguientes coordenadas UTM proyección WGS84: Coord. Coord. Pozo Plataforma Plataformas Pozo Norte Este Norte Este CS - A 1403400 50 7 000 Plataforma 1403284 505695 CS-E A (Direccional) 1402400 506000 Plataforma CS-D IB 1403631 505424 ( Direcc ional ) 140 2 400 506000 Plataforma c 1401286 507870 CS - B, RI 1401286 507870 Componentes Norte Es t e 1 ~ Casa de máquinas 1403298 507533 Bo dega 1403202 507463 1 Plantel 1403248 507402 1 Separador de Vapor 1403305 505514 _J En cada plataforma se incluye la perforación de uno o dos pozos geotérmicos segün sea el caso, el sistema de tubería de sumi n i s t ro d e a gua , vapor y reinyeccion, y el depósito de lodo (pila), en un a superficie de 10,000 m2 • Construcción, instalación y operación de turbinas unitarias de condensación de 11 MW, hasta completar tres unidades para un tota l de 33 MW. Los componentes principales del sistema de generación: 1.Turbina-Generador: turbina, caja reductora y generador montado en banca de acero pesado. 2. Turbina de Vapor: • Reductor de velocidad FE. r LSfI~TA, S'"'CI FAMILIA MINISTERIO DEL AMBIENTE Y y COMUNIDAD! EN VICTORIAS ! Telefono 22331112 www.marena.gob.ni p. u • Generador • Consola de lubricación • Condensador • Torre de enfriamie nto La casa de máquinas albergará el generador eléctrico , los equipos de medición y control de desconexión , con una dimensión de 5600 m2 y altura de 7 m. Las instalaciones de servicios administrativos y logística esta rá n integrados por : oficina , bodega , taller de mantenimiento , hospedaje , comedor y parqueo ; en una superficie de 1200 m2 . Las pilas de rebombeo tendrán d imens iones de 30mx30m en la base inferior y 36mx36m en base super ior , con capacidad de 3 , 000 m3 a 4, 000 m3 , se impermeabilizarán con una membrana de polietileno , cercada y señalizada . La longitud total del sistema de abastecimie nto de agua es de 3752 . 64 m, desglosados en 2303 . 30 rn de PVC soterrada y 1449 . 34 de acero al carbón superficial . Cuarto. Pa r a efecto de este Permiso Ambiental l a empresa Cerro Colorado Powe r, S.A es responsable tanto administrativo corno penalmente del cumplimiento del Programa de Gestión Ambiental y Medidas Amb ie ntales, conte nid o en el Estudio de Impacto Ambiental y I Adendum , asi corno de las condiciones y cargas moda l es establecidas en la presente Reso l ución ; a quien en adelante se denominara como El Proponen t e. Quinto. El Proponente, debe cumpl ir con las siguientes condicionantes las cuales son de obligatorio y estricto cump limiento : 5.1 El Proponente , debe contratar a personal con experiencia en medio ambiente y seg uridad con experiencia comprobable , que tend rán bajo su responsabilidad la ejecución y bue n cumpl imiento de las medidas ambientales aceptadas y formuladas para proyectos geotérmi cos , conteni dos en la leg isla ción nac i onal e internac i onal vigentes , y lo recome ndado por la comisión interinstitucional conformada para la evaluación del proyecto, asi como lo estipulado en el Estudio de Impacto Ambiental, Programa de Gestión Ambiental y l a presente r esolución . MINISTERIO DEL AMBIENTE Y LOS RECURSOS EN VICTORIAS ! ~( N ,_- p.. (; 1' 5.2 El Proponente, debe fortale ce r la identificación y valoración de los Impactos Ambientales conforme la s actividades del proyecto consideranco los diseños finales , así como la Matriz de Medidas Ambientales i ndicando los siguientes aspectos : impactos a mitigar , efect o a cor r egir , descripción de la medida , etapa o fase del proyecto , frecuencia , costo y responsable ; previo al inicio de actividades y en un plazo máximo de treinta días hábiles a partir de la entrega de la presente Resolución , para su debido evaluación y aprobación de la Direccion General de Calidad Ambiental , en coordi na ción con la Delegación Departamenta l de MARENA Chinandega , Direccion de Pat r imonio Natural , Unidad de Gestión Ambiental-MEM y ANA . 5.3 El Proponente, debe fortalecer y presentar el Programa de Gestión Ambiental actualizado , indicando para cada programa específico lo sigui en te : objetivos , alcances , responsabl e , periodo de ejecución , asi como las medidas propios de cada plan : a) Pl an General de Medidas Ambientales y Socioeconómicas b) Plan de Cont ingencias e) Plan de control y seguimiento d) Plan de Monitoreo de la Calidad Ambienta l e) Plan de mantenimiento y cont r ol de los equipos y es tructuras de disposición de desechos sólidos y líquidos f) Plan de Manejo de Hidrocarburos g) Plan de Manejo de Desechos sólidos h) Plan de Manejo del Ruido i) Plan de capacitación y educación ambienta l Dicha información considerando los diseños finales , debe remitirse previo al inicio de actividades del proyecto , en un plazo máx imo de treinta días hábiles a partir de la ent r ega de la presente Resoluc ión , para su debida evaluación y aproba ción de la Direccion General de Calidad Ambiental , en coordinación con la Delegación Departamental de MARENA Chinandega , Di reccio n de Patrimonio Natural , Unidad de Gestión Ambiental-MEM y ANA . 5.4 El Proponente, debe compl e ta r y presentar las hojas de seguridad de los sustancias químicas a utilizar en las actividades de perforación , tales como : Cloruro de Sodio (N aCl ) , silicat o de sodio , agua salada , sulfato de calcio (CaS04 ) , ácido hidrocarboxilico , organofosfonatos , puzolanas , tierras diatomeas , meta silicato de sodio anhidro , Hemati ta ( Fe 2 0 3 ) , tubería corta , cementación forzada , (celulosas) , Carboximetil Hidroxieti l .,,,- FE FA A MINISTERIO DEL AMBIENTE Y LOS RECURSOS EN VICTORIAS ! polímeros , sal , lignosu lfonato de calcio , Har ina de Síl ice , Cl oruro de Sodio , perlita expandida , Gil son ita , Micro-esferas huecas, orevio a l ini cio de actividades y en un plazo máximo de treinta días hábiles a partir de not i ficada la presente Re solución , a la Delegación Departamental de MARENA Chinandega con cop i a a la Direccion Genera l de Cal i dad Ambie nta l , ANA , Unidad de Gestión Ambiental y Direccion de Geote rmi a del MEM . 5.5 El Proponente debe garant i zar el cumpl i mient o del Pla n de Manejo del Compl ejo Volc án ico San Cristóba l - Casitas , así como o tros instrumentos ambienta les que l e aplique p or la vulnerabilidad de l si t:io , considerando q ue el proyecto "Geotérmico Volcán Casitas- San Cristóbal-Fase de Explotación", se encuen tra dentro del Sistema Naciona l de Áreas Protegidas (S INA P) . 5.6 El Proponente, está en la obligación de informa r el inicio de las obras y actividades del proyecto , adjuntando los permisos , licenci as y au tor izac i one s vi nc u lantes co n el proyect:o , los qu e serán part e del expedien te , tales como : a} Licencia Especial de Aprovechamie nto de Agua emit ido por ANA. b} Pe r miso del MEM , Constancia o Aval Municipal , y Permiso o Autorización de MARENA , para el der echo a e xtraer del Banco de Materiales , prev i o su ap rovechamient o . e} Permiso de Const r ucción otorgado por la Alcaldía Mun i cipal de Chinandega . d} Pe rmi so del INAFOR p a ra la tala o poda de árboles . e} Concesion de Explota ción del Recur s o Geotérmi co emitida por e l MEM . La in formación debe remitirse of icialment e a la Delegac i ón Departamenta l de MARENA Ch inandega y Di reccion Gene r al de Calidad Ambi ental y Unidad de Gestión Amb iental -MEM, a más tardar treinta días hábiles an tes d e i nic i ar operación . 5. 7 El Proponen te, debe remitir un Plan de Emergencias ante accidentes o conti ngenci as de origen t:ec nológico y natu ra l ; acciones o medidas a tomar, en caso de f uga de vapo r o gases , explo siones, incendios , cortocircu i tos , evacuaciones, e ntre o tros , para protege r la seguridad de l a s personas , ins tal ac i o nes y el medio ambiente, el que se entregará a la Delegación Departamental de MARENA Chinandega , con copia a l a Alcaldía de Chinandega, Dirección Ge ner al de Ca li dad Ambiental , Unidad d e Gestión Ambient a l y Dirección de Geotermia del MEM, y ANA, en un plazo máx imo de treinta días hábiles a partir de not · la //.s.\.. :\l 'tv_,, ....... //~ ·- ).~~ !/~ J ·, ........ MINISTERIO DEL AMBIENTE Y LOS RECURSOp~~T~~~ ~f:'.: ~ ~ J, \\1"' ~~ - ~ . ., ,/ ") r , -' '" .. EN VIéTORIAS ! 31 i \ "'-~c. ~~RE~ i" \1 presente Resoluc ión . Este plan será actualizado por lo menos una vez al año , con bas e en el arto. 85 del Decreto No . 45-2010 "Reglamento de la Ley de Exploración y Explotación de Recursos Geotérmicos"; y entregados a las autoridades antes mencionadas . 5.8 El Proponente, debe remitir el Plan de Mantenimiento de todas las instalaciones geotérmicas desde el punto de vista predictivo , preventivo y correctivo , y en el mantenimiento de la t ecnología utilizada debe ser conforme los procedimientos establecidos en los manuales del fab ricante y las normas aplicables a nivel nacional e internacional , y entregarla a la De legación Departamental MARENA Chinandega , Alcaldía de China nde ga, Di rección General de Calidad Amb ie ntal , Unidad de Gestión Ambiental - MEM , MITRAS y ANA , en un plaz o máximo de treinta días hábiles a partir de notificada la presente Resolución . 5.9 El Proponente debe fo rmul ar y presentar un Plan de Reforestación y manejo de Regeneración Natural, a implementarse en el á rea de incidencia directa e indirecta de l proyecto , en coordinación con la Delegación Depa r tamental de MARENA China ndega , Alcaldía de Chinandega y pobladores de las coma r cas aledañas al proyecto . Este plan debe incluir el número de plantas , tipo de especies , espaciamiento , t ra tamiento silvicultural que asegure su crecimiento , coordenadas de ub i cació n y mapa georeferenciando el área a ser ref ore s tada a esca la legible , recursos técni cos y humanos co n los que s e contará para asegurar el desarrollo de las plántulas . Estas especies serán autóctonas del lugar y no se deben introducir especies exóticas y/o invasoras , no incluir especie de Neem y Eucalipto . Adicionalmente formará parte de este Plan, la selección de un área de compensacion p roporcional al á r ea afectada por las actividades del proyecto tomando en consideración la reforestación , mantenimie nto d e esp ecies y protección de la regeneración natural en zonas de recargas hídricas y bosques riparios , para su debida revisión y aprobación de la Direccion General de Cal idad Ambiental , en coordina ción con la Delegación Departamental de MARENA Chi nandega , Direccion de Patrimo!lio Natural , Unidad de Gestión Ambiental - MEM y ANA . La información debe r e mit i rs e a más tardar treinta días hábiles una vez notificada la presente resolución . El Proponente, trasplantará las especies ecol ógico y económico que se encuentran en i n fraestruct ura del proyecto , previo al EN VICTORIAS ! p l) Plan debe ser implementado por un inge n iero for estal . 5 . 10 El Proponente , debe seleccionar parcelas demostrativas para el monitoreo de f lora y fauna , tanto en áreas destinada para su conservacion como en áreas próximas a las actividades del proyecto y presentar una vez al año un informe de d i cho monitoreo indicando la met:odología utilizada . 5 .11 El Proponent e, debe priorizar l a contrataci ón de la mano de obra local , ya sea contratados o subcontratados , para potenciar el impacto positivo del proyecto , el cual se debe contratar el 50% del persor.al cal i ficado a nivel nacional preferentemente , de acuerdo a lo presentado en el Estud i o de impacto Ambiental . 5.12 Para la construcción e instalación de los componentes de la Línea de Conexión de Media Tensión en 34 . 5 kv y Línea de Transmisió n de Doble Terna en 230 kv , El Proponente debe presentar su re spectiva solicitud de Permiso Ambiental , ante la Direccion General de Calidad Ambiental - MARENA. 5 . 13 Para la construcción e instalación de los component:es subestación eléctrica elevadora de 10 . 5/34 . 5 kv y subestación elevadora de 34 . 5 Kv/230 Kv, El Proponent e debe presentar su respectiva solicitud de Permiso Ambiental , ante la Direccion General de Calidad Ambiental - MARENA . 5 . 14 Queda estrictamente prohibida la caza de especies faunísticas y la ext:racción de especies de flora por el personal cont:ratado o subcontratado. 5.15 Para los movimientos de tierra tales como cortes y rellenos , voladuras , remoción de material orgánico o descapote del área donde se construirán los componentes del proyecto , El Propon ente debe garantizar que el suel o vegetal sea almacenado de manera temporal y reutilizarlo en las actividades de ref ore stación u o rnamentación del proyecto o de las áreas a recomp ensar que sean propuestas por la municipalidad . Los volúmenes de t:ierra que no sean utilizados, debe ser debidamente protegidos de acuerdo a los planes propuestos en el EIA y I Adendum , tomando las medidas ne cesarias para reducir la erosión y las emisiones de material particulado, para evitar su dispersión por t:oda el área de trabajo y los alrededores . E F IL A MINISTERIO DEL AMBIENTE Y LOS EN VICTORIAS ! ono 2 ~11 f.'. \J 5 .16 El debe construir los difere n tes componentes de las Proponente instalaciones geotérmicas , con materiales Ecotech (inte ligentes y sustentables) aplicados al campo de la construcción, de conformidad a lo descritos en el I Adendum al EIA , y que garantice ~a incorporación con el medio circundante, mediante la mimetización , en caso contrario , serán ocultadas las instalaciones con vege ta ción de diferentes estratos para no impactar visualmente el medio natura l ni la estética del á r ea protegida , cumpliendo con lo estipulado en el art o. 84 del Decreto No. 45 - 2010 "Reglamento de la Ley de Exploración y Explotación de Recursos Geotérmicos" 5 .1 7 El espacio seleccionado para la construcción de las plataformas de perforación e infraestructura de apoyo , El Proponente debe garantizar el cumplimiento de las Medidas Ambientales y Planes de Manejos actualizados , de confo rmi dad a la co ndi cionante 5 . 3 de la presente Reso l u ción , para toda la vida útil del proyecto . 5.18 El Proponente debe compa cta r e impermeabilizar las áreas do nde se instalarán la pila para depositar l os lodos de perforación , a ri n de evitar que se impacte el suelo u otros componentes ambienta les . La impermeabilización debe realizarse por medio de una lona plastificada , con alta res i stencia de la trama a l a ruptura , la que debe quedar acorde a las especificaciones internacionalmente aceptadas y basado a la Norma Mexicana NOM- 150 - SERMANAT-2006. La compactación debe estar a cargo de empresa especializada externa . La Pila de l odos de perforación tendrá una capac i dad para almacenar hasta 5 veces e l volumen del pozo que se construya , la cual debe cumplir con todas las especi f icaciones y requerimientos técnicos , asi como estar bajo la supervisión de personal especializado desde su construcción , operación, mantenimiento y cierre del proyecto . 5.19 Los lodos de perforación previo a la deposición fina l, deben ser tratados con técnicas de biorremediación garantizando que los parámetros físico-químicos estén por debajo de límites permisibles, tomando como referencia una normativa internacional (de acuerdo a ia actividad de geotermia ) . La empresa que realice el tratamiento debe ser especializada para este tipo de actividad . FE A I A MINISTERIO DEL AMBIENTE Y LOS RECURS EN VICTORIAS ! P.\,) 11 - p. G 'P. ?-l t... 5.20 El Proponente, debe reali zar monitoreos físico-químicos de los lodos (tomando corno r eferencia sin limiLa rs e a ello en el monito re o : silicio , c loruros , ars é n ico , mercu r io , vanadio , n íquel y o tros meta les pesados que l a Norma con temp le ) , con una frec uencia no menor de seis mes es o conforme a lo estipulado en dicha normativa se leccionada y remitir los resultados del moni toreo , a la Delegación Depart amen tal de Chinandega con copia a la Al ca ldía de Chinandega , Di recci on General de Calida d Amb ie ntal , Unidad de Gesti ón Ambi en tal - MEM , y ANA . 5 .21 En la perfo raci ón de los pozos El Proponente debe utilizar adi tivos qu e no sean nocivos para l a sa lud de las personas que es tarán e x puestos a ellos y al med i o ambiente , implementando medidas ambie nt a l es q ue eviten cualqu i er t ipo de afectación . se prohíbe el uso de ::luidos a base de a ceiLe . Asi mismo , se d ebe conta r con preventores y vá l vulas para al ta tempe r atura , silenciadores centrífugos , tuberí as de descarga y vertederos . 5.22 El Proponente debe ga ran tizar que las actividades de p e rf oración y ope r ación d e los pozos de producción , sean realizadas por una cuadri l la de p erfo ra ción calificada , y que la s activ idades sean efec t uadas por tur n os la bo rales basado a la leg is lac i ón labo ra l vigen t e de con f ormi dad a los es tablecido en el EIA . 5. 23 Las líneas d e acarreo de flujo bifásico , vapor y salmuera , serán de tubería de acero al ca rbó n diseñadas bajo Normas Código ASM E para tube r ía a presión B. 3 1 , con re vestimiento para ais lamient o té r mico de fibra de vidrio de 4 pulgadas , cubierta de alumi n io para material b ifásico y vapor , y una c ubier ta de tela más pintura térmica pa r a la línea de acar re o de salmuera , en caso que esto cambie de acuerdo al diseño final o nuevos materiales dentro de la indus tr ia geoté rmica , El Propone nte debe previamente solicitar su aprobación a la Di r ección de Geo te rmia del MEM y cumplir con las norma s y especiI icaciones nacionales y /o internacionales de re sistenc ia y a is lami e nto de acuerdo al fluido que van a transportar . 5.24 Para las prue bas de producci ón del f lujo geotérmico se deben tomar todas las medidas preventivas de seguridad de acuerdo a l o desc rito en el EIA y I Adendum y en cumplimiento con las normas nacionales o internacionales que aplique a la actividad de geotermia . A A MINISTERIO DEL AMBIENTE Y LOS RECUR EN VICTORIAS ! 5. 25 Se el derrame de salmuera y otros fluidos acuosos u prohíbe oleosos , en el suelo o cuerpos de agua superficiales . El Proponente debe garantizar l a reinyección tanto en frio como en caliente de estas aguas de sa lmue ra y adoptar las medidas ambientales necesarias para evitar contaminación por estos tipos de fluidos en el ambiente y realizar monito reo permanente de los suelos y aguas subterráneas . 5.26 El Proponente, debe contar con u n detector de gases pa r a monitorear emisiones a la atmosfera especialmenLe de H2 S , NO, C02 , Co , S0 2 , Amonio , gases tóxicos de cloro , S , Hg , Si , C0 3 • entre otros , en todas las instalaciones geotérmicas (plataformas , casa de máquinas , torres de refrigeración , sisLemas de depuración de gases , turbinas y separadores de vapor , entre otros) , asi mismo debe limiLar la exposic1on de los trabajadores conforme lo establecido en la norma internacional de referencia , estos monitoreos deben ser remitidos a la Delegación Departamental MARENA Chinandega , con copia a la Unidad Ambiental Municipal de la Alcaldía de Chinandega , Direccion General de Calid ad Ambiental , Unidad de Ges t ión Ambiental y Dirección de Geotermia - MEM . Para el mon i toreo de los gases antes mencionado debe ins ta lar una (s) estación (es) , donde el emplazamien Lo estos obedezca a la modelización de la pluma de contaminación de la calidad aire y su afectación a la población del área . de incidencia . 5.27 El Proponente, debe presentar los monit oreos de calidad de aire en el área de producción y en sus alrededores , e n el que se incluya los resultados de los análisis de concentraciones de gases y partículas en suspensión , con::orme lo es t ablecido en la NTON 05 012 - 02 Norma Técnica Obligatoria Nicaragüense de Calidad d el Aire , con una frecuencia de al menos cada seis meses a la Delegación DeparLamenta l MARE~A Chi nandega , con copia a la Direccion General de Calidad Ambiental , unidad de Gestión Ambiental- MEM , MI TRAB y MINSA . 5.28 El Proponente ,debe tomar en cuenta las siguientes medidas cuando exista la probabilidad de exposición que sobrepasen los ni veles permisibles de ácido sulfhídrico y C0 2 , en todas las instalaciones de generación de energía geoLérmica : a) Formular un plan de emergencia para l os verLidos de ácido sulfhídrico y C02, incluyendo todos los aspectos relativos a la evacuación y la normalización de las operaciones . ~ FAM~LIA L MINISTERIO DEL AMBIENTE Y LOS EN VICTORIAS ~ ¡>.u b) Proporcionar equipos de respuesta ante emergencias en las instalaciones (equipos de protección , aparatos respiratorios autónomos y suministro de oxígeno de emergencia , entre otros), capaci tar sobre el uso seguro y efectivo de los mismos a los trabajadores que se encuent re n en áreas con alto riesgo de exposición . e) Proporcionar sistemas de ventilación adecuados para los edificios a construir , que eviten la acumulación de gas de ácido sulfhídrico y calor (en las áreas que aplique) d) Elaborar e implementar un programa de acceso a espac i os ce rrados para las zonas designadas como tales : áreas de turbinas , condensadores, torres de refrigeración de agua (durante las actividades de mantenimiento) , e n t re otros ; acondicionar estas áreas para el bienestar del traba j ador . e) Capacitar y propo r cionar a los trabajadores hojas informativas y contar con información accesible sobre la composición química de las fases líquida (fluidos geotérmicos) y gaseo sa, y las posibles implicaciones para la salud , seguridad humana y el ambiente . Asi mismo debe cumplir con todas las condic i ones de seguridad ocupac i onal con base en lo e s t ablecido en los arto . 118 a 120 de la Ley General de Higi e ne y Seguridad del Trabajo. 5.29 El Proponente, debe implementar adecuadas medidas cont ingentes en caso de desl iz a mien to s , desp rendimie n t os de roc as , erosión para la construcción y ope rac ión en las plataformas , casa de máquinas, y demás componentes del proyecto . Las que deben incorporarse al Programa de Gestión Ambiental para su f ortalecimiento ; así mismo, deben ser remi tidas treinta días hábiles después de notificada la presente Resolución, a la Delegación Departamental de Chinandega , Dirección General de Calidad Ambiental, Unidad Ambien tal Municipal de la Alcaldía de Chinandega , Unidad de Gestión Ambiental-MEM, y ANA . 5.30 El Proponente, debe realizar un seguimiento riguroso al mantenimiento de boca de pozos y tuberí a interna de pozos en las plataformas de perforación, conductos de fluidos geotérmicos , incluidos el control e inspección de corrosión , para poder determinar posibles obstrucciones o daños a la misma , llevando una bitácora de reg i stro ; las calibraciones se realizarán al menos una vez al año y se debe notificar cinco días hábiles antes de su ejecución , a la De l egación Departamental MARENA Chinandega, Alcaldía de Chinandega, Dirección General de Calidad Ambiental, A MINISTERIO DEL AMBIENTE Y LOS RECURSOS EN VICTORIAS ! ono 3 re Q p J 1. Unidad de Gestión Amb i ental MEM, y ANA, para el debid o acompañamiento y monitoreo . 5.31 La bodega para al rna cenamie nLO de sustancias químicas y peligrosas , debe estar techada , impe rmeabilizado piso y paredes , libre de humedad , tener venLilación natural , contar con extintores portátiles , instalados según lo r e comienda la Norma NFP 10 Norma para Ex tintores Portátiles o bien las fichas de seguridad de cada producto químico. 5. 32 El ta l ler de mantenimiento debe estar construido con todas las medidas de seguridad , tales corno impermeabilización , rejillas , cubeto de prote cción , sistema de tratamiento de agua o l eoginosas , señal i zación , donde se realizará el mantenimiento de la maquinaria p esada de la planLa geotérrni ca , por ningún motivo se debe ubicar maquinar ia en mal esLado y que pueda derramar hidrocarburos en áreas no impe r meabil izadas . 5.33 El Propon ente , debe llevar el registro del control y seguimiento de las actividades mecánicas y el é ctricas , a través de una bitácora , teniendo presente los distintos sistemas de la centra l : Vapor princ i pal , turbina , agua de en f riamiento o c i rculació n , t ratarniento químico , gene rador pri ncipal y excitación , transformadores (p rincipa l , auxiliar y de arranque) , entre otro s . 5.3 4 Una vez se in stale y opere el proyecto " Geotérmico Vol.cán Casitas- San Cristóbal.- Fase de Expl.otación" e n un pla zo no mayor a doce meses ; El Pr oponente debe prese nt ar copia de la aprobación del MITRAB referenLe a Evaluación de Riesgos Higiénico Industrial en el que se analizarán parámetros de r uido , iluminación , temperatura , confort l aboral y rutas de evacuación , e ntre ot ros, utilizando el método simplificado aprobado por e l M I TRAS y rigiéndose con l os parámetros establecidos en la Resolución Ministeria l sobre Hig i ene Industrial en los lugares de trabajo , el cua l se remitirá a la Dirección General de Calidad Ambienta l y Delegación Departamental MARENA Chinandega . 5 . 35 Para la insta la ción y construcción de Tanque d e Gas Licuado de Pet:róleo, El Pr oponen te debe pre sentar la debida solicitud de Autorización Ambiental ante la Delega ción Departamental MARENA Chinandega, conforme lo establecido e n el Decr eto 76-2 00 6 S i stema de Evaluación Ambiental de Nicaragua , y la solicitud de Licencia de Almacenamiento ante la Direccion de Suminis tro de Hidrocarburos de l Ministerio de Energía y Minas , con base en la ... ~ FE .... FAM LA MINI STERIO DEL AMBIENTE Y LOS RECURSOS EN VICTORIAS ! 9 .;ww a en gob Ley 277 y su reforma Ley 742 Ley de Suministro de Hidrocarburos. 5.36 El Proponente, debe colocar señalización y rotulación en las diferentes áreas de in terés del proyecto , el tamaño de los r ótulos debe ser de lmxlm y colocarse en lugares visible s , rest ri ngiendo las zonas de riesgo , para garant: izar la segu ridad de los traba jadores y personas que transitan en el á rea , con base en lo establecido en la NOM-150-SEMARNAT- 2006 Norma Oficial Mexicana en su numeral 4.2.2, que contenga como mí n imo lo siguiente : a) Nombre de l campo geot:érmi co b) Numer o o clave de l pozo geot:érmico de explotación que además indique tipo de p ozo (vertical , direccional , producto r , r ei nyecto r o de monitoreo) , coordenadas UTM proyección W GS84 , elevación , p ro f undidad , año de per f o r ación . c ) Localización (coordenadas UTM Zona 16 Da t: um WGS84) d) Zonas de riesgo volcáni co e) Zonas de posibles deslaves e n to rno a las instalaciones f ) Zonas de protección g) Zonas de inundación h ) Permi so Ambiental de MA RENA i) Concesion del MEM Esta i nformación debe ser visible a una distancia de 20 metros . 5.37 El Proponente debe realizar el monitoreo bacteriológico y físico- quírnico de las aguas superficiales y subterr áneas en el á r ea de influencia d irecta e indi r ecta del p royect:o , para evi t a r cualquier p osible afectación por las act iv idades a ejecutar, real izando compara ción con la NormaCAPRE, OMS y / o NTON 05 007- 98 "Norma Técnica Obligatoria Nicaragüense para la Clasificación de los Recursos Hídricos" , just ifi cando y analizando los resultados o btenidos ; estos deben ser remitidos a la Delegación MARENA Chinandega, c on c opia a la Al caldía de Chinandega , Dirección Gene r al de Calidad Ambien tal , Unidad de Gestión Ambiental - M EM, y ANA , e n un plazo máximo de quince días hábiles después de recibidos l os result:ados del labora t o r io , el cual debe esta r debidamente acreditado sus ensayos (presentar copia de l os resultados emitidos por el laboratorio) . Asi mismo, deberá informar a l a Delegación Departamental de Chinandega al menos con cinco días hábiles de a n ticipación , las fechas y puntos seleccionados para la toma de muest:ras , para el debido acompañamiento . .,.- E FAMILIA MINISTERIO DEL AMBIENTE Y LOS RECURSOS NA EN VICTORIAS ! 5. 38 Para las sustancias peligrosas se debe realizar manejo adecuado de los mismos mediante separación , clasificación , almacenamiento temporal , tratamiento , transporte y disposición final, de acuerdo al Decreto No. 47-2005 Política Nacional sobre Gestión Integral de Resid uos S ó lidos , y la NTON 05 015-01 "Norma Técnica Obligatoria Nicaragüense para el Manejo y Eliminación de Residuos Sól idos Pel igrosos " y la legislación internacional que le aplique . Para el manejo y disposición final de los aceites y lubricantes usados, se debe entregar a las empresas especializada y autorizadas por el MARENA , donde se lleve una bitácora de registro de enLrega , con la fecha , volumen , nombre de la empresa y copia del contrato entre las pa r tes ; conforme lo establecido en la NTON 05 032-10 Norma Técnica Obligator ia Nicaragüense para el Manejo Ambiental de los Aceites Lubricantes Usado. 5.39 Para las sustancias no peligrosas se debe implementar las medidas establecidas en la NTON 05 0 14 -0 1 "Norma Técnica Obligatoria Nicaragüense Ambiental para el M anejo , Tratamiento y Disposición Final de los Desechos Sólid os No Peligrosos " , y entregar estos residt.:os al servicio de recolección municipal o a una empresa autorizada por la municipalidad bajo ordenanza municipal para realizar esta actividad . El Proponente también debe i mplementar técnicas de reciclaje y reúso a f i n de mejorar la gestión ambiental . 5. 4 0 Previo a la perforación de pozos y aprovechamie nto del agua subte rr ánea , El Proponen te debe gestionar ante ANA los correspondiern:es permisos , con base en lo establecido en la Ley No. 62 0 Ley Gen e r al d e Aguas Nacion a l es , y presentar una copia del permiso a la Delegación Departamental MARENA Chinandega , Alcaldía de Chinandega , Dirección General de Calidad Ambiental , Unidad d e Gestión Ambiental - MEM , a más tardar die z días h ábi les después de emitidos por la autoridad antes referida . Queda estrictamente prohibido la construcción de pozos y aprovechamien t o del recurso agua, sin contar con los permisos respectivos . 5 . 41 El Prop o nente , debe implemen-car las medidas de uso y ahorro de agua y energía eléctrica , conforme a las Técnicas de Producción más Limpia, según lo propuesta en el EIA y I Adendum , manteniendo los controles respectivos , mediante indicadores y formatos . 5. 42 El Proponente , debe presentar .,,..., AMILIA EN VICTORIAS ! descriptiva y de cálcu lo (que incluya cargas orgá n icas e hidráulicas de trabajos , tiemp os de retención t eóricos y efi cienc ias de remoción esperado s) y diseños de la Sistema de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales Domésticas, así como la localización del sistema y de las obras para la disposición final del efluente , ante la Direccion General de Calidad Ambiental del MARENA ; así mismo , presentar el manual de operación y mantenimiento del sisLema , para su eva luación técnica, ambiental y su aprobac ión . En caso que la disposición final de las aguas residuales domesticas tratadas sea a un cuerpo receptor , el ProponenL e debe presentar la solicitud ante la Autoridad Nacional del Agua . 5. 43 Para el diseño y ubicación del Sistema de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales Domésticas , El Proponente debe cumpli r con los criterios técnicos es tablecido en la NTON 05 - 027-05 Norma Técnica Obligatoria Nicaragüense p ara Regular los Sistemas de Tratamientos de Aguas residuales y su Reúso. 5.44 El Proponente, debe realizar monitoreos del efluente de la Planta de TraLamiento de Aguas Residuales Domés t icas . Los muestreos deben realizarse por medio de muestras compuestas , confo rme los parámetros establecidos en los artículos 22 y 23 del Decreto 33- 95 " Disposiciones para e l. Control. de 1.a Contaminación Proveniente de 1.as Aguas Residual.es Domésticas, Industrial.es y Agropecuarias~ y con una frecuencia de cada cuatro meses (según l o detallado en el Anexo I de dicho Decreto) . La fecha de realización de los muestreos debe notificarse ci~co (5) días hábiles de anticipación ante la De lega ción Depar t amental MARENA Ch inandega , Alcaldía de Chinandega y Autoridad Nacional del Agua y entregar los resultados a las entidades referidas con copia a la Dirección General de Calidad Ambiental - MARENA , veinte (20) días hábiles después de haberse realizado el muestreo. 5. 4 5 El Propo n e nte, debe garantizar el suministro de equipos de protección a los trabajadores tales como orejeras o tapones e n tre otros, a fin de cumplir con los decibeles de ruido permitidos, basado al artículo 121 de La Ley 618 Ley de Higiene y Seguridad del trabajo. 5. 46 El Proponente , debe consLruir los sisLemas de alcantarillas y obras de drenaje y de protección de acuerdo a lo detallado en el EIA del proyecto, para el con t rol de l as aguas pluviales en todos y cada uno de los compone n tes de l proyecto . MINISTERIO DEL AMBIENTE Y LOS RECURSOS EN VICTORIAS ! ' l Qo p. u 5. 4 7 En caso de mejoramiento de caminos , El Proponente debe su jetars e a las medidas establecidas en el Plan de Manejo del complejo Volcánico San Cristóba l- Casitas y en la Zonificación Ambiental dentro de la que se enmarca e l proyecto . Debiendo aplicarse las medidas que eviten la fragmentac ión de los hábitats , que garantice la protección y conservacion de l os corredor es biológicos , biodiversidad y recurso fo re stal . 5 . 48 Debido a la alta vulnerabilidad del acuífero de Le ón-Chinandega de conformidad a l o descrito en el EIA ; El Proponente debe presentar un informe donde se detallen las medidas preven ti vas para la protección y mitigación en caso de cualquier evento que exponga la con Larninacion del acuífero (Po r ejemplo de r rame de fluido geotérrnico o de hidrocarburo al acuífero) , para su debida revis1on y aprobación. El informe será remitido a la Direccion General de Calidad Ambiental , en un plazo máximo de treinta días hábiles una vez notificada la presente Resolución . 5.49 El Proponente, debe proteger la naciente del Río Olomega que brota al pie de La Loma de San Lucas , situada al noroeste del cono de La Pelona , y l os r íos y nacientes que estén dentro del área de los 20 krn 2 a ser concesionados por el MEM , implementando medidas de protección tales corno re f orestación , manejo de la regeneracion nat ural y evitar la contaminación por resi duos y desechos. Incl ui r las accio nes efectuadas en e l informe anual que se remitirá ante Delegación Departamenta l MARENA Chinandega , Direccion General de Ca lidad Ambiental , Di re ccion de Patrimonio Natural, Unidad de Gestión Arnbiental-MEM , ANA , Alcaldía Municipal de Chinandega . 5. 50 El Proponente , debe implementar medidas para prevenir posibles accidentes por reventones de pozos y en tuberías, producidos dura nte la operación del proyecto , así como el mal funcionamiento de la contención de vapor , conforme Normativas internacionales que regulen la actividad a desarrollar . 5. 51 El Proponente, debe asegu r ar que los equipos de refrigeración , climatización y enfriamiento utilizados en la operación de l p r oyecto , sean de bajo potencial de calentami ento global y dispongan de alta eficiencia energéLica . Dichos equipos deb en hacer uso de refrigeranLes que no agoten la Capa de Ozon ~ . ~Se prohíbe el uso de ai res acondicionados que f uncionen. ~ con clorodifluorometano (R-22) , en pro al proceso de FE. A TA MINISTERIO DEL AMBIENTE Y LOS RECURSOS NA EN VICTORIAS ! In .I gradual que se está imp lement ando en el país . 5. 52 Durante la etapa d e operaci ón de l proyecto , El Proponente d ebe asegurar que l os prestadores de servicio s de mantenimiento y/ o reparación de eq u ipos de refr ige ra ción y climatización , dispongan de herramientas necesarias para un adecuado manejo que garantice la recuperación y almace namiento de los re:: r igerantes , a fi n de evitar fugas a l amb ien te . 5.53 El Proponente, previo al inicio de obras debe forta lecer el inventario de Fauna , clasificándola conforme lista oficial de veda nacional y de UICN , definiendo la metodología a util i zar , número de espec i es (migratorias , endémicas , r esidente y de pas o si las hay) , de fin ir l as especies indi cado r as e interacc i o:ie s re leva nt es entre las comun i dades , indicar l as rutas migratorias , áreas reproductivas , de a nidami en t o , c orred ores de vida silvestre ; esta in f o rma ción debe ser presentadas pa r a revisión , t r einta días hábiles después de l a en trega de la presenLe resolución , a la Delegación Departamental MARENA Ch ina ndega , Direccion General de Cal idad Ambiental , Di re ccio n d e Patrimonio NaLural , Unidad Ambien t a l Municipal de la Alca l día de Chinandega , Un idad de Gestión Amb ient al - MEM . 5.5 4 El previo al inicio de obras debe forta l ecer el Propon e n te , inventario de Flora conforme la l ista ofic i al de Veda Nacional y de UICN , de f inir la metodolog ía de identificación a utilizar , número de especies , defi ni r es9e cies indicadoras e inte r accion es relevanLes , correderos de vida silvestre ; esta información debe ser p r esen t ada en un plazo no mayor de t r einta días hábiles de spués de la entrega de la presente re solución , a l a Delegación Departamenta l MARENA Chinandega , Direccion General d e Calidad Ambien tal , Direccion de Pat rimonio Natural , Un idad Ambiental Municipa l de la Alcaldía de Chinandega , Unidad · de Gestión Ambiental- MEM . debe f o r talecer el Plan de Monitoreo i ncluyendo el 5.55 El Pr opon e n te , control de los siguientes elementos : Calidad del aire, ruido y vibraciones, calidad del agua superficial y subte rr ánea , flora y fa una, suelo , lodos y recorte s de pe rforació n , accidentes laborales y de la sa 1 ud de lo s t rabajado re s , área indus t rial, aguas residuales y p r ese n tarlo en un plazo no mayor de trein ta días hábiles después de la entrega de l a p r esen te Resolución, remitiéndolo a la Delegac i ón Departamental MARENA Ch i nandega, Direccion General de Calidad Ambiental , Di recci o n de ..- E FAMILIA MINI STERIO DEL AMBIENTE Y LOS RECURSOS ... 1;.¡. ! EN VICTORIAS ! fono ,. 23:3 22 3199 2233191 .· Natural , Unidad Ambiental Municipal de la Alcaldía de China ndega , Unidad de Gestión Ambiental - MEM . 5.56 El Proponente, es respo~sable de mantener en buen estado de seguridad , fu ncionamiento , limpieza y or na to , las instalaciones , equipos , área de servicio y otras áreas dentro del proyecto " Geotérmico Vo.lcán Casitas- San Cristóba.l - Fase de Exp.lotación". 5. 57 El Proponente, debe remiti r en el primer trimestre de cada año , un Informe de cumplimiento de las condi cionan tes es tablecidas en l a presente Re solución Administrativa , del Prog rama de Gestión Ambiental , as i como de las Medida s Amb i entales , de Mitigación y de Riesgos es t ablec i das en el EIA , Pr imer Adendum y en el marco de lo establecido en la presente Re solución . El informe se entregará a la Delegación MARENA China ndega , Direccion General de Calidad Ambiental y a la Unidad Ambiental Municipal de la Alcaldía de Chinandega , 5. 58 En caso de cierre parcial , temporal o def ini tivo de las o~eraciones del p r oyecto , El Proponente debe notificar la decisión de cierre al menos con un año de anticipación y solicitar los TdR para presentar la propuesta d e Plan de Ci erre Actualizado , ante la Direccion General de Calidad Ambiental en MARENA Centra l con copia a la Delegación MARENA Chin andega , Al caldía de China ndega , Unidad de Gestión Ambienta l - MEM , y ANA . 5. 59 En caso que , El Proponen te requiera la construcción de nuevas plataformas con su infraestructura de apoyo debe realizar la caracterización amb i e n tal de los nuevos sitios a per forar , dent r o del perímetro de la concesion que otorgue el tv:EM , para el cual p r eviamente debe presentar la solicitud de la Gu ía Técnica ante MARENA . Sexto . Es obligación del Proponente dar a conoce r las medidas ambientales y condicionantes establecidas en la presente Resolución a las compañías y personal contratado para realizar los trabajos re lac ionados con el proyecto . El Proponente deberá tener disponibl e una copia del Permiso Ambiental en el área de cons truccion y operac i on del proyecto . Asi mismo , d ebe mantener los controle s y recomendaciones para la ejecución o realización de l as actividades e implementar las disposic iones indicadas en la legislación nacional e internacional que le aplique , y asume las responsabilidades administrativas , civiles y penales de los daños que se causaren al ambiente , en caso de que lo altere, dañe o degrade por incumplimiento de la normativa ambiental y wf"" FAMILIA FE. MINISTERIO DEL AMBIENTE Y LOS RECURSOS N EN VICTORIAS ! 6~ 9 c ... l ' a ~~c. l< G 1' ~ \) \' ' ~ Pu_~lo, fJ~f.Aid.~nTc ! previsiones del Estudio de Impacto Ambiental aprobado por la autoridad competen t e , será sa ncionado según el arto. 371 del Código Procesal Penal de Nicaragua. Séptimo. La Delegación Departamenta l MARENA Chinandega , de conformidad al Decreto 76 - 2006 "Sistema de Evaluaci·ón Ambiental de Nicaragua" y la Ley 290 , Ley de Organización , Competencia y Procedimientos del Poder Ejecutivo, es la autoridad administrativa competente para el seguimiento y contro l del Permiso Ambienta l , r ealiz ando las inspecciones que considere necesarias al proyecto con o sin previo aviso . Así mismo , l a Alcaldía de China ndega, ANA y el MEM , de acuerdo a sus competencias podrá realizar inspecciones de seguimiento al proyecto . El Proponente deberá brindar todas las facilidades necesarias para que rea l icen las inspecciones y cumplirá con las disposiciones que al r especto se emitan con el fin de salvaguardar el medio ambiente . Octavo. El ti tu lar del Permiso Ambiental se obliga a cumplir con la garantía financiera establecida en el arto. 33 de la ley 647 , Ley de Reforma y Adiciones a la Ley 21 7 "Ley General de Medio Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales" , una vez que la misma sea definida por el MARENA . No ex ime al p r oponente cubrir los gastos financieros para la reparación de los posibles daños ambientales que pudiera ge n erar e l proyecto , en las etapas de construcción y operación , antes de la presentación de la fianza ambiental . Noveno. Con base al arto. 30 del Decreto 76-2006 "Sistema de Evaluación Ambiental de Nicaragua", el presente Permiso Ambiental podrá ser objeto de Cesión de Derechos previa autorización del MARENA , asumiendo el cesionario todas las obligaci ones establecidas en el Permiso Ambiental , previa inspeccion donde se verifiaue el cumplimiento de la presente Resolución Administrativa y que las actividades a realizar sean las mismas conten idas e n dicho Permiso . Décimo. El otorgamiento de l Permiso Ambiental es basado en la viabilidad ambiental y no acredita ningún derecho de dominio sobre el bien inmueble en donde se desarrolla la actividad . En el caso que El Proponente pretenda realizar amp liaciones o modificaciones al proyecto que estén fuer a del alcance de la presente Resolución , deberá solicitar p r eviamente el pe rmi so co rrespondie nte del MARENA , de conf o rmidad a l o estab lecido en el arto . 27 de la Ley 6 4 7 Ley de reformas y adiciones a la Ley 217 Ley General del Medio Ambiente. Undécimo . El presente Permiso Ambiental tiene una validez de dieciocho ( 18) meses, en caso de no ejecutarse durante el plazo establecido, El W- FAMILIA FE, MINISTERIO DEL AMBIENTE Y LOS RECURSOS l EN VICTORIAS ' 6 ..:L1 Q 2~ 9 Proponente deberá sol icitar previo a su vencimiento la renovación con dos meses de ar.ticipación de este permiso , para lo cual el MARENA a través de la Dirección General de Calidad Ambiental , evaluará las condiciones ambientales exi stentes en el s i tio , pudiendo autorizar su renovación , siempre y cuando se mantengan las mismas condiciones ambientales del sitio y de l as obras propuestas del proyecto a ejecuLar , con base en el arto. 29 del Decreto 76 - 2006. Duodécimo. En el caso de incumplimiento o violación de alguna de las cláusulas anteri o res , la empresa incurrirá en amonesLaciones , multas , suspensión tempora l o cancelación del Permi so Ambiental conforme lo esLipulado en el arto. 160 de la Ley 217 Ley General del Medio Ambiente y sus r e formas y demás legislación v i gente en el país . Decimotercero. Serán causales de revocacion del Permiso Ambiental sin mayor trámite , cuando se determine que la empresa Cerro Colorado Sociedad Anónima : l. Ha incumplido las cargas modales establecidas en el Permiso Ambiental . 2 . Ha iniciado obras y actividades propias del proyecto sin los correspondienLes permisos , licencias y autorizaciones establecidas en la legislación vigente . 3. Haber omit ido informaci ón en la documentación del Estudio de Impacto Ambiental , Programa de Gestión Ambiental , Perfil del Proyecto y demás requisitos de la solicitud de Permiso Ambiental . 4 . Presentar datos falsos y alterados en la so l icitud de Permiso Ambiental , Programa de Autorización Ambien ta l , escrituras , cargas modales y otros . Dado en la ciudad de Managua a 1 mes de julio del año dos mil Qui nce . Dirección Ministerio del ._- FE FAMJI,IA MINI DEL AMBIENTE Y LOS RECURSOS NATURALES EN VICTORIAS ! ar n b Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan 18 August 2017 Cerro Colorado Power S.A Cerro Colorado Power S.A San Jacinto Tizate, km 114 Leon Malpaisillo Road Managua Building ESCALA, 6th floor Jean Paul Genie Avenue south side building ProCredit Cerro Colorado Power S.A Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 387016 1 C C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan 18 August 2017 Cerro Colorado Power S.A X CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Issue and revision record Revision Date Originator Checker Approver Description A 28 July A Dal Mut M Rowan N Davies Draft for client comment 2017 J Fullwood M Coroi A Cuschnir B 09 Aug Various A Cuschnir N Davies Final draft for client review 2017 C 18 Various A Paul N Davies Final for disclosure August 2017 Document reference: 387016 | 1 | C Information class: Standard This document is issued for the party which commissioned it and for specific purposes connected with the above- captioned project only. It should not be relied upon by any other party or used for any other purpose. We accept no responsibility for the consequences of this document being relied upon by any other party, or being used for any other purpose, or containing any error or omission which is due to an error or omission in data supplied to us by other parties. This document contains confidential information and proprietary intellectual property. It should not be shown to other parties without consent from us and from the party which commissioned it. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Contents Glossary of Terms 1 Acronyms 5 1 Introduction 9 1.1 Overview 9 1.2 Structure of the report 10 1.3 Objectives and scope 10 1.4 References 10 2 Project Description 12 2.1 Project setting 12 2.2 Project overview 12 2.2.1 Component 1: exploration phase 13 2.2.2 Component 2: production phase 14 2.3 Program for development 14 3 Legal and Administrative Requirements 19 3.1 National 19 3.2 International 19 4 Institutional Arrangements 21 4.1 Overview 21 4.2 CCP EHS management 21 4.2.1 CCP health and safety (H&S) coordinator 23 4.2.2 CCP social responsibility coordinator 23 4.2.3 CCP environment control officer (ECO) 23 4.3 Contractors 24 4.3.1 Site / Project manager 24 4.3.2 Contractor EHS specialist(s) 25 4.3.3 Control of sub-contractors 25 4.4 Temporary permits and notification of works 25 5 Mitigation and Monitoring Requirements 27 5.1 Overview 27 5.2 General ESMMP 27 5.3 Supporting management plans 46 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan 5.3.1 Emergency response plan / pollution incident control plan (contingency plan) 46 5.3.2 Traffic management plan (TMP) 48 5.3.3 Drill cuttings management plan 49 5.3.4 Waste management plan 49 5.3.5 Hydrocarbon management plan 50 5.3.6 Recruitment plan 50 5.3.7 Labour commitment statement 51 5.3.8 Labour code of conduct 52 5.3.9 Labour grievance mechanism framework 52 5.3.10 Site safety and security management plan 53 5.3.11 Social action plan (investment plan) 53 5.3.12 Ecological Management Plan 53 5.3.13 Habitat removal and reinstatement plan 55 5.3.14 Biodiversity management and action plan framework 56 5.3.15 Habitat compensation and additional conservation actions 59 5.3.16 Chance finds procedure 61 5.3.17 Hydrogeological monitoring plan 62 6 Implementation and Funding 63 6.1 Environmental and social management system 63 6.1.1 CCP environmental policy and commitment 63 6.2 Funding 64 6.2.1 Environmental 64 6.2.2 Social 65 7 Monitoring and Reporting 66 7.1 Overview 66 7.2 Performance reporting and auditing 66 7.2.1 Document handling 67 7.2.2 Supervision, inspection, and auditing 67 7.2.3 Monitoring and supervision of contractors’ management of labour and working conditions 67 7.2.4 Environmental monitoring 68 7.2.5 General awareness training 69 7.2.6 Sub-contractor training requirements 70 7.3 Communication 70 Tables Table 1: Project program – dates and duration of activities 14 Table 2: Responsibilities for temporary permits 25 Table 3: Key activities for exploration phase (Component 1) 27 Table 4: ESMMP structure 28 Table 5: General site environmental and social management 30 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Table 6: Air quality management 31 Table 7: Surface and groundwater management including water quality 33 Table 8: Noise management 35 Table 9: Landscape and visual management 36 Table 10: Traffic and transport management 36 Table 11: Land contamination, materials and waste management 37 Table 12: Social management 39 Table 13: Ecological management 41 Table 14: Archaeology and cultural heritage management 43 Table 15: Occupational health and safety management 43 Table 16: Contents of HRRP 55 Table 17: Reinstatement activity 55 Table 18: Environment mitigation estimations 64 Table 19: Social mitigation estimations 65 Table 20: Minimum reporting requirements 66 Table 21: Contractor labour monitoring 67 Table 22: Environmental monitoring 68 Figures Figure 1: Project location 16 Figure 2: Project setting 17 Figure 3: Project components 18 Figure 4: CCP organisation structure 22 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 1 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Glossary of Terms Glossary of terms Term Definitions Air quality Any kind of recommendation or guidance on the protection of human beings or receptors in guidelines the environment from adverse effects of air pollutants Area of Influence The area over which the impacts of the Project are likely to be felt including all its related or (AOI) associated (where applicable) facilities such as the transmission line corridor, water and steam pipelines, access roads, borrow pits, accommodation facilities (where required) as well as any reasonably foreseen unplanned developments induced by the Project or cumulative impacts Associated Facilities that are not funded as part of the project and that would not have been constructed facilities or expanded if the project did not exist and without which the project would not be viable Baseline surveys Gathering of data to describe the existing physical, biological, socioeconomic, health, labour, cultural heritage, or any other variable considered relevant before project development Bioacoustic Sampling method in which ultrasonic recordings emitted by bats are taken with ANABAT 2 sampling and analysed Biodiversity Variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems Chance find Archaeological or cultural sites and artefacts, including such items as ceramics, tools, buildings, burials, etc., previously unrecognized in baseline studies that are discovered during the course of exploration activities Citizen Cabinets Community-driven organizational structure in the cities’ neighbourhoods and rural communities Consultation Consultation is a two-way process of dialogue between the project company and its stakeholders. Stakeholder consultation is about initiating and sustaining constructive external relationships over time. Critical habitat Either modified or natural habitats supporting high biodiversity value, such as habitat required for the survival of critically endangered or endangered species Cultural heritage Defined as resources with which people identify as a reflection and expression of their constantly evolving values, beliefs, knowledge and traditions Cumulative The combination of multiple impacts arising from existing projects or activities, and/or impacts anticipated future projects or activities dB(A) Unit used to measure the A-weighted decibel scale, which compensates for the specific sensitivities of the human ear Decibel Unit used to measure the intensity of sound Direct area of Considers the physical footprint of the projects such as the right of way, construction sites, influence work staging area and area affected during operational works (e.g. traffic patterns) Ecosystem The interacting system of a biological community and its non-living environmental surroundings Effluent Wastewater - treated or untreated- that flows out of a treatment plant, sewer, or industrial outfall Emission Pollution discharged into the atmosphere from smokestacks, other vents, and surface areas of commercial or industrial facilities; from residential chimneys; and from motor vehicle, locomotive, or aircraft exhausts Environmental A forward-looking instrument that is able to proactively advise decision-makers on what might and Social Impact happen if a proposed activity is implemented. Impacts are changes that have environmental, Assessment political, economic, or social significance to society. Impacts may be positive or negative and (ESIA) may affect the environment, communities, human health and well-being, desired sustainability objectives, or a combination of these. Environmental Summarises the company’s commitments to address and mitigate risks and impacts and Social identified as part of the ESIA, through avoidance, minimization, and compensation/offset, and Management and monitor these mitigation measures 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 2 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Term Definitions Monitoring Plan (ESMMP) Environmental Part of a project’s overall management system that includes the organizational structure, and social responsibilities, practices and resources necessary for implementing the project-specific management management program developed through the environmental and social assessment of the system (ESMS) project Exploration Geothermal resource confirmation phase that can include surface studies, reconnaissance, exploration drilling, feasibility study and production phase ESIA Geothermal power Involves drilling deep production wells into the Earth’s crust to harness the thermal energy generation contained in underground reservoirs of geothermal waters or steam Good International Exercise of professional skill, diligence, prudence, and foresight that would reasonably be Industry Practice expected from skilled and experienced professionals engaged in the same type of (GIIP) undertaking under the same or similar circumstances globally or regionally. The outcome of such exercise should be that the project employs the most appropriate technologies in the project-specific circumstances Greenhouse The following six gases or class of gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), gases methane (CH4), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) Grievance Procedure provided by a project to receive and facilitate resolution of affected communities’ mechanism concerns and grievances about the project’s environmental and social performance Habitat Terrestrial, freshwater, or marine geographical unit or airway that supports assemblages of living organisms and their interactions with the non-living environment Hazardous waste By-products of society that can pose a substantial or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly managed. Substances classified as hazardous wastes possess at least one of four characteristics—ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity—or appear on special lists Indigenous Defined by the World Bank E&S Framework as a distinct social and cultural group possessing peoples the following characteristics in varying degrees: (a) Self-identification as members of a distinct indigenous social and cultural group and recognition of this identity by others; (b) Collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats, ancestral territories, or areas of seasonal use or occupation, as well as to the natural resources in these areas; (c) Customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions that are distinct or separate from those of the mainstream society or culture; and (d) A distinct language or dialect, often different from the official language or languages of the country or region in which they reside Indirect area of Includes area which may experience project related changes in combination with activities not influence under the direct control of the project Information Disclosure means making information accessible to interested and affected parties disclosure (stakeholders). Communicating information in a manner that is understandable to stakeholders is an important first and ongoing step in the process of stakeholder engagement. Information should be disclosed in advance of all other engagement activities, from consultation and informed participation to negotiation and resolution of grievances. This will make engagement more constructive. Intangible cultural According to the 2003 UNESCO convention for the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage heritage, manifestations of intangible cultural heritage include: Oral traditions and expressions, including language; Performing arts; Social practices, rituals and festive events; Knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe Invasive alien Non-native species of flora and fauna that are a significant threat to biodiversity due to their species ability to spread rapidly and out-compete native species Land acquisition All methods of obtaining land for project purposes, which may include outright purchase, expropriation of property and acquisition of access rights, such as easements or rights of way Livelihood Full range of means that individuals, families, and communities utilize to make a living, such as wage-based income, agriculture, fishing, foraging, other natural resource-based livelihoods, petty trade, and bartering Magnitude The assessment of magnitude is undertaken in two steps. Firstly, the magnitude of potential impacts associated with the Project are categorised as beneficial or adverse. Secondly, the beneficial or adverse impacts are categorised as major, moderate, minor or negligible based on consideration of a number of parameters Modified habitat Land and water areas where there has been apparent alteration of the natural habitat, often with the introduction of alien species of plants and animals, such as agricultural areas 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 3 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Term Definitions Natural habitat Land and water areas where the biological communities are formed largely by native plant and animal species, and where human activity has not essentially modified the area's primary ecological functions Occupational The range of endeavours aimed at protecting workers from injury or illness associated with health and safety exposure to hazards in the workplace or while working. Pitfall traps One method used to capture amphibians and reptiles and consists of cylindrical recipients set up at the ground level with the finish upward. The size and shape of the pitfall trap is 4in in diameter and 12in in length constructed with plastic PVC. This type of trapping is oriented to capture small lizards and small snakes Political Secretary Each rural community in Nicaragua has a Political Secretary that is the highest authority at the departmental, municipal and community levels. They represent the government party and ensure that economic and social policies instituted by the mayors and government delegations are implemented in each locality Pollution Refers to both hazardous and non-hazardous pollutants in the solid, liquid, or gaseous forms, and is intended to include other forms such as nuisance odours, noise, vibration, radiation, electromagnetic energy, and the creation of potential visual impacts including light Power plant Second of the two main components of the geothermal power plant process, where the extracted steam is used to generate electricity Production Steam field and power plant development phase that can include production drilling and development of steam above ground system (SAGS) and power plant Project affected Individuals, workers, groups or local communities which are or could be affected by the people project, directly or indirectly, including through cumulative impacts Renewable Energy sources derived from solar power, hydro, wind, certain types of geothermal, and energy biomass Resettlement Establishes the principles, procedures, entitlements and eligibility criteria, organizational framework arrangements, arrangements for monitoring and evaluation, the framework for participation, and mechanisms for redressing grievances by which the company will abide during the project implementation Sensitivity The sensitivity of a receptor is determined based on the review of the population (including proximity / numbers / vulnerability), presence of biological features of the site and the surrounding area, soil, agricultural suitability, geology and geomorphology, proximity of aquifers and watercourses, existing air quality, presence of any archaeological features, etc. Significance Significance of impact takes into account the interaction between the magnitude and sensitivity criteria Solid waste Material with low liquid content, sometimes hazardous. Include municipal garbage, industrial and commercial waste, sewage sludge, wastes resulting from agricultural and animal husbandry operations and other connected activities, demolition wastes and mining residues Stakeholders Stakeholders are persons or groups who are directly or indirectly affected by a project, as well as those who may have interests in a project or the ability to influence its outcome, either positively or negatively Steam fields First of the two main components of the geothermal power plant process, where the geothermal fluids are extracted, processed and subsequently re-injected Supply chain Both labour and material inputs of a good or service. A supply chain of goods may include suppliers of raw material and suppliers of pieces or components for assembly and production. Tangible cultural Physical artefacts such as buildings and historic places, monuments, artefacts, etc., which heritage are considered worthy of preservation for the future. These include objects significant to the archaeology, architecture, science or technology of a specific culture. Transects Sampling method used for amphibians and reptiles. This method consists of field walks along a habitat considered as ideal for the presence of amphibian and reptile. The length of these transects can be up to 100m (or even longer) and 5m wide, conducting an intensive search. The searching velocity depends on the topography and the scope of the study, but it can normally range from one to two hours Vulnerable people Individuals and groups that may be directly and differentially or disproportionately affected by project activities because of their disadvantaged or vulnerable status (based on race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, or other status) World Bank Group Technical reference documents for environmental protection and set out industry-specific EHS Guidelines examples of ‘international good practice’. Projects are expected to comply with the levels and 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 4 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Term Definitions measures identified in the General EHS Guidelines where host country requirements are less stringent or do not exist 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 5 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Acronyms Acronyms Acronym Term AC Affected communities ANA National Water Authority aOa Analysis of Alternatives AOI Area of Influence AP Action Plan Asl Above Sea Level BMAP Biodiversity Management and Action Plan BOP Blowout prevention equipment BS British Standards CCP Cerro Colorado Power S.A. CEPREDENAC Centro de Coordinación para la Prevención de los Desastres Naturales en América Central CESMP Construction Environment and Social Management Plan CHA Critical Habitat Assessment CHS Community Health and Safety CLO Community Liaison Officer DEMP Decommissioning Environmental Management Plan EA Environmental Assessment ECIA Ecological Impact Assessment ECO Environmental Control Officer EHS Environment, Health and Safety EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIACA EIA Certificate of Authorisation EMP Ecological Management Plan ENEL Empresa Nicaragüense de Electricidad EPRP Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan ESA Environment and Social Assessment ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMMP Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan ESMS Environmental and Social Management System EWC European Waste Catalogue FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations FGD Focus group discussions FISE Emergency Social Investment Fund FPIC Free, prior and informed consent FUNCOD Fundación Nicaragüense para la Conservación y Desarrollo GDP Gross Domestic Product GIIP Good International Industry Practice GIS Geographical Information System GNI Gross national income GoN Government of Nicaragua HFO Heavy Fuel Oil 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 6 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Acronym Term HGVs Heavy Goods Vehicles HR Human resources HRRP Habitat Removal and Reinstatement Plan IBA International bird area ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights IFC International Finance Corporation ILO International Labour Organisation INAFOR National Forestry Institute INATEC Instituto Nacional Tecnologico INC Instituto Nicaragüense de Cultura INETER Nicaraguan Institute of Territorial Studies INIDE National Institute of Information and Development INIFOM Instituto Nicaragüense de Fomento Municipal INSS Social Security Institute of Nicaragua INTA Instituto Nicaragüense de Tecnología Agropecuaria IP Indigenous peoples IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature LFO Light Fuel Oil LRF Livelihood Restoration Framework LVIA Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment MAGFOR Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry MARENA Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources MEM Nicaraguan Ministry of Energy and Mines MER Central American Regional Market MINED Ministerio de Educación MINSA Ministerio de Salud MITRAB Ministry of Labour MMLLC Mott MacDonald LLC MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet MTI Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure NCG Non Condensable Gases NCR Non-compliance report NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NPE National Policy on Environment NTS Non-Technical Summary O&M Operation and Maintenance OD Operational Directive OHL Overhead lines OHS Occupational Health and Safety OP Operational Policy OSHA Occupational Safety and Health and Safety Guidelines PAPs Project Affected Peoples PASM Predictable Archaeological Sensitivity Method PCDP Public Consultation and Disclosure Plan PCR Physical cultural resources POPs Persistent organic pollutants PPE Personal Protective Equipment 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 7 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Acronym Term PPP Public private partnership PRs Performance Requirements PS Performance Standards PV Photovoltaic RAP Resettlement Action Plan RENEA National Register for Environmental Evaluation RoW Right of Way RPF Resettlement Policy Framework SAGS Steam field above ground system SEA Sistema de Evaluacion Ambiental SEP Stakeholder Engagement Plan SERENA National Secretariat of Environmental Permits SI Site Investigation SIA Social Impact Assessment SIEPAC Central American Electrical Interconnection System SPV Special purpose vehicle SRP Spill Response Plan SWMP Site Waste Management Plan TMP Traffic Management Plan ToR Terms of Reference UAM Universidad Americana UK United Kingdom WB OP World Bank Operational Policy WBG World Bank Group WHO World Health Organisation WMP Waste Management Plan WWF Worldwide Fund for Nature ZVI Zone of visual impact Measurements & formulae Acronym Term CH4 Methane dB Decibel dBA Decibels Acoustic GWh Gigawatt Hour H2S Hydrogen sulphide Ha Hectare Hr Hour HV High Voltage Kg Kilogram Km Kilometre kV Kilovolt kW Kilowatt kWh Kilowatt hour l Litre Leq Equivalent Continuous Sound level 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 8 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Acronym Term LV Low Voltage m Metre M Million Masl Metres above sea level MW Megawatt MWe Megawatt electrical NO2 Nitrogen dioxide NOx Nitrogen Oxide PM10 Particulate Matter ppm Parts per million SO2 Sulphur dioxide STP Standard Temperature and Pressure t Tonnes 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 9 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan 1 Introduction 1.1 Overview The Government of Nicaragua has identified the Casita-San Cristobal geothermal area as having high potential to support its generation expansion plan and investment in renewable energy. In April 2009, the Nicaraguan Ministry of Energy and Mines (“MEM”) issued an “exploration” concession to Cerro Colorado Corporation Sociedad Anonima (S.A.) (“CCP”) to assess geothermal resources over a 100km2 area along the Casita-San Cristobal volcanic complex. Upon completion of the surface exploration phase, with promising results, CCP was granted in 2013 an “exploitation” concession over a selected 100km2 area on the south eastern flank of Casita Volcano to develop the geothermal resource. The Government of Nicaragua with the support of the World Bank1 intend to use World Bank (SREP/IDA) and private funding to help confirm the geothermal resource of the field and to mitigate the resource risk, and thereby promote possible future private investment to facilitate the development of the first operational geothermal power plant in the Casita-San Cristobal geothermal field. The Casita-San Cristobal geothermal project will be developed by CCP, as a public private partnership (PPP) between Cerro Colorado Corporation (CCC), a Panamanian subsidiary of Polaris Infrastructure Inc., and Empresa Nicaragüense de Electricidad (ENEL), a state owned company of the Republic of Nicaragua. The Project has been categorised as Category A according to World Bank criteria, essentially due to the fact that the Project will be developed within the Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita (the Nature Reserve). Category A means that it has potentially significant adverse environmental or social risks and/or impacts that are diverse, irreversible, or unprecedented. In addition to national environmental impact assessment documentation, an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) should be prepared to meet World Bank Operational Policy 4.03 Performance Standards (PSs) for Private Sector Activities (issued in May 2013). Mott MacDonald USA LLC (“Mott MacDonald”) has been commissioned to undertake an ESIA in advance of exploration drilling planned to be undertaken to help assess the viability of the resource for power generation. This Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMMP) is designed to safeguard the environment, site staff and the local population from Project activity that may cause harm or nuisance. This ESMMP is intended to provide a framework to ensure transparent and effective monitoring, prevention, minimisation, mitigation, off-setting and enhancement measures to address the environmental and social (E&S) impacts associated with the Project. This volume consolidates the mitigation requirements identified in the international Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) process (presented in Volume II of the ESIA) and applies to the exploratory phase works only (Component 1). 1 World Bank means IBRD and IDA 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 10 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan 1.2 Structure of the report The ESMMP is structured according to the following chapters: ● Chapter 1: Introduction ● Chapter 2: Project description ● Chapter 3: Legal and administrative requirements ● Chapter 4: Key roles and responsibilities ● Chapter 5: Mitigation and monitoring requirements including outline for supporting plans ● Chapter 6: Implementation ● Chapter 6: Reporting, monitoring, auditing and communication requirements 1.3 Objectives and scope The objectives of this ESMMP are to: ● Clearly describe the specific components of the ESMS relevant to the Project ● Establish objectives for the ESMS ● Define the roles and responsibilities for implementation and maintenance of the system ● Define the actual working arrangements for environmental management during the site establishment, exploratory drilling and de-mobilisation (decommissioning) activities of the Project This ESMMP applies to all aspects of the exploratory phase (Component 1) activities. In addition, this document acts as a guide to the supporting documentation that together constitutes the environmental and social management framework for the Component 1 Project activities. Responsibilities for implementation are outlined in the ESMMP. Where responsibilities fall to contractors, these may be implemented via the contractor’s own ESMS which will be required to be accredited to ISO 14001:2004 or equivalent and approved by CCP prior to use. As a minimum, contractors must comply with the CCP ESMS including this ESMMP, and this will be included in the bid materials for contractors. The mitigation measures identified within this document will be implemented within the formal CCP ESMS aligned to ISO 14001:2004, the international standard for ESMS, or equivalent. Guidance on requirements for EMS for power plants is also discussed and addresses: ● Organisation and responsibilities ● Training and awareness ● Emergency procedures and response ● Record keeping ● Performance monitoring, reporting and auditing 1.4 References The environmental and social management requirements presented in this document have been based on the findings of the following: ● Polaris environmental and social management system (ESMS) including policies and procedure ● MARENA Environmental Permit (2015) ● MARENA Environmental Permit (2009) 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 11 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan ● Project site visit and data collected by Mott MacDonald’s project team in July 2017 ● The ESIA report (Volume II) prepared by Mott MacDonald 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 12 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan 2 Project Description 2.1 Project setting Located on the south-east slope of the Casita Volcano, the geothermal exploitation concession area covers an area of 100km2. The Project site is in the Department of Chinandega, 130km north of Nicaragua’s capital city of Managua. The boundaries of three municipalities (Chinandega, Chichigalpa and Posoltega) are located across the concession area. The concession area includes ten private lands and extends within the Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita (the Nature Reserve). The ten private lands are owned by five private landowners. The Nature Reserve is a protected area of 179.64km2 that was established by a national decree in 1983. The protected area comprises a chain of five volcanic cones, including the Casita Volcano and the adjacent San Cristobal, which is the country's highest volcano. The Nature Reserve has five management zones: i) core zone, ii) conservation recovery zone, iii) high fragility zone, iv) sustainable production zone and the v) buffer zone. The core zone comprises all dense and open broadleaved forests with slopes equal to or greater than 15%. The Sustainable Production Zone are areas dedicated to agricultural and livestock production covering 55.1% of the total area of the protected area (see Figure 82 in Volume II ESIA). The main geothermal facilities and Project activities are proposed to take place in the sustainable production zone and the core zone. The future access road and transmission line also affect a narrow strip within the buffer zone of the Nature Reserve. Two households were identified within less than 500m to sections of the Project’s access road. No communities are located within the concession area or directly affected by Project’s components. The closest settlements to the Project area are Santa Cruz (4.2km), San Lucas (7.2km), El Higueral (7.7km) and Las Grietas (8.1km). These settlements are part of the wider area of influence. The Project setting and components are illustrated in Figures 1 to 3 at the end of this chapter. 2.2 Project overview The Casita-San Cristobal geothermal project development is split into two components with sub- components as described below: ● Component 1: Geothermal resource confirmation (hereafter referred to as the EXPLORATION PHASE) – Sub-component 1.1 - Surface studies and reconnaissance (already completed) – Sub-component 1.2 - Exploration drilling (current activity, three to five full-size well drilling program) – Sub-component 1.3 - Feasibility study and production phase ESIA (subject to confirmation of resource) ● Component 2: Steam field and power plant development with initial capacity of 25 MW to 35 MW (hereafter referred to as the PRODUCTION PHASE) – Sub-component 2.1 - Production drilling (estimated six additional production and reinjection wells) – Sub-component 2.2 - Development of steam above ground system (SAGS) and power plant 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 13 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Each component is described in more detail below and further description of the components and activities connected with this work is provided in Chapter 2. ● Component 1 (sub-component 1.1): surface reconnaissance – most of this component has already been completed by CCP. It included surface reconnaissance, geological, geophysical and geochemical studies as well as the drilling of a slim/core hole which confirmed the availability of a steam resource. ● Component 1 (sub-component 1.2): exploration drilling program – an exploration drilling program of 3-5 wells is proposed to ascertain the steam capacity (i.e. resource base) for producing electricity and to estimate the cost of extracting the resource. The exploration program will significantly improve the understanding of the geothermal resource and provide better estimates as to the cost of the Project, whereby, risks would be considerably reduced. ● Component 1 (sub-component 1.3): feasibility study and production phase ESIA – a bankable feasibility study and updated ESIA to international standards will also be prepared to support subsequent works (subject to confirmation of resource). ● Component 2 (sub-component 2.1): production drilling and steam field development – based on successful confirmation of the resource estimate and of the initially proposed power plant development (including a detailed technical feasibility study and production phase ESIA), the well field would be further developed with additional drilling of production and injection wells; and the steam above-ground system (SAGS) that will transport the steam from the wells to the power plant that will be constructed. ● Component 2 (sub-component 2.2): construction of power plant – also based on the feasibility and ESIA studies, an initial geothermal power plant expected to be in the 25- 35MWe range will be constructed in line with industry standards. It will demonstrate the viability of sustainably generating power from the geothermal steam resource in the Casita- San Cristobal reservoir, and open prospects for potential expansion of the field in the future. 2.2.1 Component 1: exploration phase Surface studies (geological, geophysical, and geochemical) have already been completed, a small well pad constructed (including its associated access road, which will require significant upgrade works), and a slim core-hole drilled that has led to the confirmation of the availability of a steam resource. The Component 1 Project components can be summarised as follows: ● Pad A (CSA-1): 2500m directional well (220°) to prove thickness of vapor zone and presence of liquid reservoir ● Pad E (CSE-1): 2000m vertical well to test inferred resource into the La Pelona area ● Pad C (CSC-1): 2000m deviated well (220°) to target vapor or liquid zones near Casita Volcano ● Pad D, B and F (CSX-X) (to be confirmed if needed): 2000m deviated wells at locations which will be based on the results of the previous three wells (A, E and C) ● 8000 m3 water reservoir (pond) (for the Project) ● Water wells (as needed to provide water supply requirements for drilling rig) ● Water supply pipeline (for the Project) (temporary) ● Water booster pumping stations (per Project) ● Temporary materials storage yard and warehouse (for the Project) ● Temporary waste warehouse (per Project) 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 14 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan ● Temporary 8000 m3 dump pond (per Project) ● 5000 m3 drill cuttings and muds (sludge) management area (per Project) ● Rehabilitation and expansion of existing main access track (6.2m wide) ● Upgrade / new access roads to Pad A, Pad C, Pad E, Pad B (if needed), Pad F (if needed) and access to the proposed water wells 2.2.2 Component 2: production phase Although the impact of Component 2 activities is not covered under the scope of this ESIA, we have considered the potential location of infrastructure at a high level to understand potential for key impacts that may arise. A detailed ESIA for Component 2 will be undertaken following confirmation of the resource. The following assumptions regarding Component 2 have been made: ● Six (6) production wells (assumed to be located at existing well pad sites) ● Two (2) reinjection wells ● Power plant (25-35MWe) ● Steam above ground system (SAGS) ● New 138kV transmission line and interconnection substation to an existing transmission line approximately 6km from the proposed power plant site ● Substation ● Operational compound including: – Permanent workers’ accommodation – Warehouses – Chemical station – Fire protection system – Offices ● Drill cuttings and muds management area (in place from Component 1) 2.3 Program for development Table 1 illustrates the Project program dates and duration of activities. Table 1: Project program – dates and duration of activities Step Description Expected start Duration date 1 Landownership / access Ongoing, requires - land outside the concession area 2 Geoscience and geotechnical review Ongoing; requires - Steps 6 and 7 3 Temperature gradient well (slimhole) Completed - 4 Secure water resource Not started - 5 ESIA #1 – exploration phase including biodiversity Ongoing - assessment, socio-economic assessment and preliminary hydrogeological survey 6 World Bank Review Period August 16, 2017 120 days to December 16, 2017 7 Civil design procurement for roads and well pads Month 1 4 weeks 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 15 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Step Description Expected start Duration date 8 Road and pad construction Month 2 10 months 9 Construct water infrastructure Month 1 5 months 10 Drilling and design procurement Month 1 7 months 11 Exploration and appraisal wells and well testing Month 8 14 months (2 months per drill site to be drilling in sequence) 12 ESIA #2 – Production Phase Month 9 3 months 13 World Bank and MARENA validation review Month 12 2-3 months 14 Detailed hydrogeological testing Month 14 2 months 15 Feasibility Study (front end engineering design and Month 16 5 months technical specifications) 16 Confirmation of power purchase agreement Month 21 - 17 Production Phase engineering design works Year 3 10 months 18 Production Phase procurement and construction of Year 4 and Year 24 months infrastructure (production and reinjection wells, 5 permanent accommodation for operations and maintenance personnel, SAGS, power plant, transmission line, substation) 19 Target commercial operation date (COD) 2023 - Source: CCP and Mott MacDonald 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 16 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Figure 1: Project location Source: CCP / Mott MacDonald 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 17 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Figure 2: Project setting Source: CCP / Mott MacDonald 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 18 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Figure 3: Project components Source: CCP / Mott MacDonald 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 19 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan 3 Legal and Administrative Requirements 3.1 National In addition to the Constitution of the Republic of Nicaragua, national laws, acts, and decrees are applicable to the Project. For energy, geothermal and land: ● Law 272 on the Electricity Industry, approved in 1998 ● National Energy Policy Act 2004 ● Law 532 on Promotion of Electricity Generation with Renewable Resources, approved in April 2005 ● Law 443 on Exploration and Exploitation of Geothermal Resources, approved in October 2002 ● Law 532 on Exploration and Use of Geothermal Resources, published in the official Gazette 218 of November 17, 2014 ● Decree No. 45-2010/Bylaw of the Law of Exploration and Use of Geothermal Resources, published in the Official Gazette 152 on August 11, 2010 ● Law 229 on Expropriation, approved in 1976 For labour management: ● Law 185 on Labour Code ● Minimum Wages Act 625, approved in 2007 ● Law 618 on Occupational Health and Safety For environmental management inter alia: ● Law 217 on Environmental and Natural Resource, approved in 1996 ● Law 647 (Law 217 reformed and additions) Environmental Audit Section XII ● Law 620 on national water regulations ● Regulation of general law on environmental and natural resources, Decree No. 9-96, approved July 25 ● Decree 33-95 Law on water pollution control ● Technical Norm 05012-01 / 02 on Air Quality on 6 November 2002 ● Technical Norm 05015-02 on Hazardous Solid Waste ● Technical Norm 05014-01 on Non-Hazardous Solid Waste Because of the Project’s location, it will need to comply with the requirements of the environmental amendment plan of the Complejo Volcánico San Cristóbal-Casitas and other environmental requirements applicable to the National System of Protected Areas (SINAP) (currently under review). 3.2 International The Project will be undertaken in accordance with all the international treaties and conventions ratified by Nicaragua, including those related to biodiversity, climate change, species protection and labour rights. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 20 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan The Project will also comply with World Bank’s lending requirements. For this Project, relevant World Bank standards include: ● World Bank Operational Policy (OP) 4.03 – Performance Standards for Private Sector Activities (May 2013) ● World Bank Group Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines for Geothermal Power Generation (April 2007) ● World Bank Group EHS General Guidelines (April 2007) ● World Bank Group EHS Guidelines for Electric Power Transmission and Distribution (April 2007) The Project also aims to meet good international industry practice (GIIP). 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 21 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan 4 Institutional Arrangements 4.1 Overview It is the responsibility of CCP and contractors to ensure this ESMMP is followed to ensure the Project does not cause unacceptable impacts. This ESMMP will be updated or revised to address prevailing conditions. Responsibilities for implementation of identified mitigation or management actions may fall to various actors. It is the responsibility of CCP to oversee and monitor the implementation of relevant ESMMP elements by the main civil works contractors, drilling contractors, other contractors and subcontractors. All contractors will be responsible for implementing the site-specific ESMMP via their own environmental management system (which must meet the minimum requirements of the CCP environmental and social management system). Both CCP and the contractors will appoint EHS specialists to oversee, monitor and audit work. Sub-contractors will be responsible for implementing task specific activities in line with the Project ESMMP at a minimum and in accordance with their own or the lead contractor systems and procedures. The next sections outline in more detail the anticipated roles and responsibilities of CCP and contractor staff. 4.2 CCP EHS management CCP will establish an Environment, Security and Social unit, in collaboration with their Owner’s Engineer, to address environmental and socio-economic issues. See CCP’s organisation structure in Figure 4. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 22 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Figure 4: CCP organisation structure CCP Project Committee World Bank Project Manager External Legal Counsel consultants Environment, Contracts & Health & Safety, Procurement Social Unit Infrastructure Finance & Drilling Unit Reservoir Unit Administration Unit Unit Source: CCP 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 23 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan CCP will be the key party responsible for implementing the ESMMP through their Environment, Security & Social Team. The Team includes: ● CCP Health and Safety coordinator will be responsible for overseeing health, safety and security at the site ● CCP Social coordinator will oversee social aspects for the Project, including managing community liaison officer responsibilities for stakeholder engagement and grievance mechanism redress and including ensuring that labour rights are being upheld ● CCP Environmental Control Officer (ECO) who will be responsible for overseeing compliance with environmental policy and monitoring compliance of the Project, and ensure compliance with the obligations set out in the applicable national and international legislation, this ESMMP and environmental permit on a day to day basis The main tasks of these key roles are described below. 4.2.1 CCP health and safety (H&S) coordinator ● Take prime responsibility for practical implementation of safety management ● Oversee and ensure the implementation of the safety management plans (with support from the contractors’ Site Manager) and ensure all contractors and sub-contractors are in compliance with safety requirements ● Oversee and report safety performance to the contractors’ Site Manager ● Coordinate regular audits and inspections to check that committed impact mitigation measures are being implemented ● Act as the first point of contact on safety matters for government authorities, other external bodies, and the general public 4.2.2 CCP social responsibility coordinator ● Department with overall responsibility for social issues governed by the ESMMP, stakeholder engagement plan (SEP) and other social subplans ● Being the main point of contact for community stakeholders to request information or lodge grievances which the Social Coordinator must process and work to resolve in a timely and satisfactory manner according to the Project’s grievance mechanism ● Organising meetings with stakeholders (except for media), especially the local group leaders (for instance there are women’s groups, youth groups, village elders, religious leaders) and the elected and appointed local authorities to provide a regular opportunity to discuss any issues or concerns stakeholders may have ● Producing annual summaries that provide details related to community investment activities and the use of the grievance mechanism 4.2.3 CCP environment control officer (ECO) CCP will nominate an environmental specialist to take the primary responsibility for day-to-day environmental oversight for the Project. The nominated person will have the following key responsibilities: ● Take prime responsibility for practical implementation of environmental management ● Oversee and ensure the implementation of the ESMMP (with support from the contractors’ Site Managers (see below for further details)) and ensure all contractors and sub-contractors are in compliance with the ESMMP requirements 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 24 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan ● Oversee and report environmental performance to the contractors’ Site Managers ● Oversee and report environmental performance of the ESIA and ESMMP to MARENA in a bi-annual report ● Review contractors’ and sub-contractors’ environmental protection/mitigation measures to ensure compliance with the ESMMP ● Coordinate regular audits and inspections to check that committed impact mitigation measures are being implemented ● Act as the first point of contact on environmental matters for government authorities, other external bodies, and the general public ● Report on a daily basis any ESMMP non-compliances to the contractors’ Site Managers ● Carry out regular environmental awareness sessions and assist personnel in applying environmental standards on site ● Conduct regular audits and inspections to check that committed impact mitigation measures are being implemented ● Conduct environmental monitoring on waste management, water resources, air quality, noise and biodiversity 4.3 Contractors Main contractors for civils works, drilling and other activities have not yet been identified. All contractors will be responsible for ensuring that performance of the Project complies with this plan, all applicable laws relating to the environment or social management, good international industry practice with respect to environmental and social matters, and all requirements of the World Bank. Key environmental management requirements of the main contractors will include: ● Implementing the requirements of the ESMMP as defined in sections below ● Providing site layout plans that identify key activities areas ● Producing detailed management plans and method statements relating to key activities that include specific reference to the mitigation requirements contained herein during the Project progression ● Providing all training necessary to oversee and implement ESMMP requirements ● Being responsible for producing a comprehensive suite of EHS management and coordination procedures ● Identifying a full time person on site with dedicated E&S responsibilities to oversee works on site ● Requiring third party sub-contractors to implement relevant requirements of the construction ESMMP or follow lead contractor policies and procedures ● Holding temporary permits, notification of works, and documentation required to support permit implementation The key tasks of the main contractor EHS roles are described below. 4.3.1 Site / Project manager The contractor site manager will be required to work to coordinate efforts based on inputs from the CCP ECO and assist in the allocation of staff with the skills for applying the ESMMP. It is envisaged that the Site Manager will: 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 25 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan ● Ensure that EHS specialists are adequately qualified to understand and implement the ESMMP ● Nominate personnel to assist the Site Manager, the contractor’s EHS specialists as required ● Be responsible for communications with CCP and other project management with regard to environmental and community issues and non-compliances 4.3.2 Contractor EHS specialist(s) The contractors as part of the tender process will be required to demonstrate how they intend to oversee works and the day to day implementation of the requirements of this plan for their activities and those undertaken by any sub-contractors. This requirement will be included in the contractor tender specifications and form part of the selection process. Contractors will be required to appoint an EHS specialist to oversee implementation of the ESMMP requirements applicable to their works. It is expected that there will be staff with EHS responsibilities at each drilling pad or work site. 4.3.3 Control of sub-contractors The contractors’ management team will be responsible for ensuring sub-contractors’ performance, including ensuring that sub-contractors are adequately informed of the requirements of the ESMMP and can adhere to the requirements. Contractors will ensure that their sub-contractors are fully aware of all the occupational health and safety and labour rights requirements that must be implemented. Contractors will be expected to identify the procedures for monitoring and reporting on sub-contractor performance. 4.4 Temporary permits and notification of works Temporary permits have been identified as necessary for the proposed works including those listed in Table 2. CCP will notify MARENA and the relevant authorities prior to the start of Project works and activities, attaching the required permits, licenses and authorisations. All permits are to be submitted to the relevant authorities at the latest 60 days prior to initiating site works. Table 2: Responsibilities for temporary permits Permit Responsibility Water abstraction special license issued by ANA CCP MEM permit (for the right to extract ballast and earthy materials from quarries or CCP borrow pits) Municipal approval (for the right to extract ballast and earthy materials from CCP quarries or borrow pits) MARENA authorisation (for the right to extract ballast and earthy materials from CCP quarries or borrow pits) Landowner authorisation (for the right to extract ballast and earthy materials from CCP new quarries or borrow pits) Land use change permit issued by Chinandega Municipality CCP Construction permit issued by Chinandega Municipality CCP INAFOR permit for tree cutting or trimming CCP Municipal solid waste disposal permit, Chinandega (use of municipal landfill) CCP Ministry of Agriculture (MAG) chemical storage and handling permits CCP MEM permit for temporary storage of hydrocarbons CCP Documentation required to support permit applications and submission to relevant authorised bodies will be the responsibility of the contractors monitored by the CCP Project team as 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 26 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan defined above. Prior to the appointment of any contractor, the CCP Project team will elaborate a permit matrix that confirms all the types of temporary and permanent permit requirements including roles and responsibilities. CCP will have ultimate responsibility for ensuring all permits are obtained through its auditing procedure. The Project will use diesel tanks. While not envisioned, should the Project need a liquid petroleum gas tank, this is included in the current environmental authorization and only a storage license from the MEM would be needed. The environmental permit for the associated 34.5kV medium tension connection line, 230kV transmission line, 10.5/34.5kV and 34.5/230kV step-up substations is to be obtained and submitted to MARENA and the relevant authorities; this is part of Component 2 of the Project and requires an independent ESIA. For any site modification or additional site or Project component not covered in the ESIA, the Project is required to inform MARENA and the Municipality and seek the approval of the modification from these authorities. Once the Component 1 activities have been completed, CCP will need to submit a copy of the Ministry of Labour (MITRAB) approval within 12 months referring to the Industrial Hygiene Risks Evaluation covering aspects such as noise, illumination, temperature, worker comfort and evacuation routes. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 27 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan 5 Mitigation and Monitoring Requirements 5.1 Overview Table 3 summarises the activities to be performed for Component 1 works and which are covered by this ESMMP. These include measures to be implemented by and transposed into each contractor’s ESMMP (drilling contractor and other contractors) or work procedures. Table 3: Key activities for exploration phase (Component 1) Component 1-Exploration Phase Site Establishment Exploratory Drilling Site Closure (temporary closure) ● Confirm water resources (drilling of ● Exploratory drilling works ● Removal of infrastructure and water wells) restoration ● Site clearance ● Geological sampling and analysis ● Construction of drilling well pads ● Well testing ● Assembly of water pipeline ● Pumping of water / drilling muds ● Materials storage yard ● Drilling maintenance ● Water intake and pumping stations ● Waste management / disposal ● Construction, rehabilitation and expansion of access roads CCP will review and approve all contractors’ respective plans and procedures to ensure continuity with CCP requirements before any work commences. 5.2 General ESMMP The following sub-sections address individual Project activities identifying specific mitigation and monitoring measures associated with general environmental and social aspects and acts as the framework for implementing actions identified in the ESIA. Table 4 sets out the order for details on management measures for specific impacts and topics which are addressed in section 5.3. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 28 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Table 4: ESMMP structure Sub-section Discipline / media Table 4 General environmental and social management Table 5 Air quality management Table 6 (& 5.3.2) Surface water management Including water quality Table 7 Noise management Table 8 Landscape and visual management Table 9 (& 5.3.3) Traffic and transport management Table 10 (& 5.3.4/5) Land contamination, materials and waste management Table 11 (& 5.3.6/7/8/9/10/11) Social management Table 12 (& 5.3.12/13/14) Ecological mitigation and management Table 13 (& 5.3.15) Archaeology and cultural heritage management Table 14 Occupational health and safety management Supporting plans - Minimum requirements 5.3.1 Emergency response plan / pollution incident control plan (contingency plan) 5.3.2 Traffic management plan 5.3.3 Drill cuttings management plan 5.3.4 Waste management plan 5.3.5 Hydrocarbon management plan 5.3.6 Recruitment plan 5.3.7 Labour commitment statement 5.3.8 Labour code of conduct 5.3.9 Labour grievance mechanism framework 5.3.10 Site safety and security management plan 5.3.11 Social action plan (community investment plan) 5.3.12 Ecological management plan 5.3.13 Habitat removal and reinstatement plan 5.3.14 Biodiversity management and action plan 5.3.15 Chance finds procedure 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 29 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 30 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Table 5: General site environmental and social management Objective Activity Action Responsibility Timescales Monitoring / KPI Comply with Environmental Develop permit matrix (name, phase, requirements and lead) CCP project team Prior to Permit matrix – national permits appointment of monthly permit (permanent) contractors checking requirements Implement Notification of Plan ahead and give regulators advanced warning of potential problems and start CCP Project team Prior to site Monthly good works of works establishment updates international Always display on site the emergency number for regulators and local community industry site at key worksites management Ensure site personnel know the correct procedure for reporting incidents Selecting and Contractors to provide work completion certificates and EHS certificates as proof CCP Project team Part of Proof of managing of their past environmental performance prior to hiring contractor checks, contractors Ensure sub-contractors have a copy of the ESMMP as part of the tender process tender process training and sub- Ensure sub-contractors attend environmental training session records contractors Site inspection Audit the performance of sub-contractors during the project records Management Nominate persons within contractor’s organisation with defined responsibility for Contractors Throughout Successful and site control EHS role in Project Component 1 third party Require all method statements to include EHS requirements audit Through relevant training, ensure everyone on site is aware of their responsibilities and liabilities with respect to the environment Through site induction, make staff and visitors aware of Project environmental issues and environmental standards Display warning signs at key work sites prominently Make CCP’s environmental policy available to all on site Adequately protect primary work sites against vandalism, theft and breakage. CCP Project team Drilling contractor to be responsible for security the site at all times while the services are being performed Secure the worksite boundary All site works Establish a safe working environment with an occupational health and safety Contractors Throughout (OHS) plan that addresses potential hazards, identifies preventive and protective Component 1 measures, including training and us of PPE, and describes documentation and reporting of accidents, diseases and incidents. See Table 15 for more details about OHS Liaison with Identify the key local representatives and keep them informed of progress CCP CLO Start of site Complaints the local works – register community Monthly audits 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 31 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Objective Activity Action Responsibility Timescales Monitoring / KPI ongoing Communicatio thereafter n records Display contact board at the perimeter of key work sites stating contact details in CCP Project team Daily site walk the event of a complaint or comment. around Use this board to display information about project phasing and other relevant matters Implement the requirements of the grievance mechanism and stakeholder CCP CLO Grievance logs engagement plan (SEP) Deal with any complaints that arise quickly and in accordance with the defined CCP CLO Grievance logs complaints procedure Number of Create a log of complaints and ensure they are properly followed up and resolved complaints Security (inside Develop and implement a site safety and security management plan based on a CCP Project team All times Daily site walk work site risk assessment (See Table 12 on social management for additional details) / Contractors around boundary) Do not stack materials against the inside or outside of a site boundary Secure platforms to prevent vandalism Monitor movement of people on and off work area through a system of site passes or similar Ensure all security staff are appropriately vetted and trained about use of force, the Contractors Before Training security plan, and emergency response employee records starts work Ensure Daily and Work sites will be subjected to “walk-round” site inspection by the contractors’ EHS Contractors Throughout Site inspection general site weekly site management staff on a daily basis Component 1 records housekeepin inspections of Number of g and permanent complaints environment work sites Target zero al protection Table 6: Air quality management Objective Activity Action Responsibility Timescale Monitoring / KPI Minimise Earthworks, Provide personal protective equipment to workers on site, such as dust masks Contractors Throughout Site inspection dust material where dust levels are likely to be excessive CCP ECO Component 1 records emissions handling Locate activities and rock / earth stockpiles away from identified receptors (2 households) Cover, seed or fence stockpiles to prevent wind whipping Bunding and sealing of topsoil and subsoils Keep stockpiles for the shortest possible time 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 32 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Objective Activity Action Responsibility Timescale Monitoring / KPI Consider the prevailing wind direction when siting stockpiles to reduce the likelihood of affecting sensitive receptors No bonfires Minimise amounts of material handling and avoid double handling Sealing or re-vegetate completed earthworks as soon as reasonably practicable after completion Ensuring all vehicles carrying loose or potentially dusty material to or from the site are fully sheeted Use of modern (less than 5 years old) vehicle / construction fleet to minimise emissions Ensuring that the engines of all vehicles and drilling equipment on site are not left running unnecessarily Plan site layout – machinery and dust causing activities (e.g. access roads, stockpiles) should be located away from the site boundary and sensitive receptors where practicable Minimise dust generating activities Use water as a dust suppressant where applicable (e.g. using towed water bowsers with spreader bars) and ensure an adequate water supply No site runoff of water or mud Minimise movement of construction traffic around site Regular (bi-weekly) visual monitoring of dust episodes, soiling of vegetation, dust resuspension on the roads and dust clouds Maintained logbook: record any exceptional incidents that cause dust, either on- or off- site, and the action taken to resolve the situation in the log book Minimise Site Prepare and implement a hydrocarbon management plan Drilling contractor Throughout Site inspection NOX, PM10, establishmen Use of modern (less than 5 years old) vehicles which achieve internationally and other Component 1 records SO2 t recognised emission limits for NOx contractors emissions Drilling Maintained logbook: record any exceptional incidents that cause air emissions, CCP ECO Well testing either on- or off- site, and the action taken to resolve the situation in the log book Minimise Drilling Set up and run portable meteorological station during well testing at each platform CCP ECO Throughout H2S H2S, Well testing (to measure and record temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction, Drilling contractor drilling and monitoring particulate atmospheric pressure and solar radiation) and other well testing reports emissions Develop and implement a continuous real time H2S monitoring programme at all contractors Dispersion on: times and at key locations (workers, residents and land users) modelling On-site Have a H2S detector and CO2 and CH4 monitor for monitoring air emissions at all of report occupational the well pad installation sites Emergency receptors Ambient air quality to be measured for H2S on a semi-annual basis at each receptor preparedness Residential location, once during wet season and once during dry season H2S to be measured and response receptors at each location continuously for 24 hours plan Monitoring equipment to be calibrated in line with manufacturers requirements 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 33 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Objective Activity Action Responsibility Timescale Monitoring / KPI Off-site Limit worker exposure to H2S and particulate air emissions occupational Release of steam via a silencer/rock muffler receptors Provision of facility emergency response teams, and workers in locations with high Off-site flora risk of exposure with personal H2S monitors, self-contained breathing apparatus and and fauna emergency oxygen supplies, and training in their safe and effective use Provision of adequate ventilation of occupied buildings and rig spaces to avoid accumulation of H2S and CO2 Provide workers with a fact sheet or other readily available information about the chemical composition of H2S with an explanation of potential implications for human health and safety Site emergency preparedness and response plan to be in place for drilling activities at each drilling location to control the effects of well blowout, in the unlikely event that it occurs Minimise Installation Utilise energy efficient AC systems Contractors Throughout Site inspection impacts from and Do not use AC systems that use banned ozone-depleting substances CCP ECO Component 1 records air condition operation of AC system repairmen during operations, to prevent accidental chemical releases (AC) systems AC systems Table 7: Surface and groundwater management including water quality Objective Activity Action Responsibility Timescales Monitoring / KPI Minimise Water No groundwater abstractions without prior approval/permits from authorised body CCP Site Site impact on abstraction Submit copies of abstraction permits to the relevant authorities within 10 days of Contractors establishment, inspection natural water receiving these permits from ANA drilling and well records resource use testing Permit and Wastewater At each pad water will be collected in tanks and level control will be carry out daily, requirements contaminatio treatment once reaching 50% capacity an specialize company" met n and disposal Domestic wastewater treatment system monitoring reports Borrow pits No borrow pits within 50 m of a water course CCP Throughout Site Prepare a borrow pit extraction plan Civil works Component 1 inspection contractor records Project Minimum Permit requirements, requirements refer to section 3 met 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 34 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Objective Activity Action Responsibility Timescales Monitoring / KPI Management Prepare and implement a drilling cuttings management plan CCP Throughout Drilling of drilling drilling cuttings fluid and management cuttings plan and monitoring results All No direct discharges to surface watercourses Contractors Site Site construction Manage silt laden run off from sites, especially during rainy season establishment, inspection activities drilling and well records Implement cross drainage structures where building new roads, borrow pits with the testing potential to Site compounds away from sensitive water features result in spillage of fuels, lubricants, concrete and other toxic materials Access Provide adequate cross drainage structures where building new roads to avoid CCP Throughout Site roads altering drainage paths or damming waters and causing flooding Civil works Component 1 inspection Consider climate resilience designs contractors records Drainage Design storm water drainage systems in line with the Nicaraguan technical norms and CCP Throughout Site to take account of future climate variability Civil works Component 1 inspection contractors records Equipment Undertake equipment and/or vehicle maintenance off site where feasible to prevent Contractors Throughout Site and vehicle potential for releases and spills of oils/solvents/hydrocarbons Component 1 inspection maintenance records General Undertake monitoring of groundwater within the direct and indirect areas of influence CCP Throughout Surface water of the project (as per MARENA environmental permit requirements, or World Bank Component 1 and requirements if more restrictive) groundwater Results to be submitted to the relevant authorities within 15 days of receiving the monitoring results from an accredited lab reports Notify the relevant authorities 5 days in advance of taking the samples, so that they may accompany these surveys Groundwater Baseline Monitoring and investigations are needed to fill the data gaps and produce a more CCP Prior to Hydrogeologic / water data robust hydrogeological assessment and risk assessment for the proposed water confirming al works resources collection supply abstraction site (La Pelona or Plain area) as outlined in ESIA Volume II. Component 2 viability 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 35 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Objective Activity Action Responsibility Timescales Monitoring / KPI Groundwater Undertake more extensive water quality investigations: CCP Prior to Monthly quality Regular (quarterly) sampling of the springs at Argelia (for La Pelona only) and Ojo de confirming reports monitoring Agua, with analysis of samples for a consistent suite of water quality parameters to Component 2 determine baseline water quality viability Regular (monthly) sampling and analysis of the springs, monitoring wells drilled for the Project and a minimum of three wells in the Plain during drilling of water wells Regular (quarterly) sampling and analysis of springs and the same three wells on the Plain during the higher rate of water abstraction Clear monitoring plan for site management of wastewater, if there is any Table 8: Noise management Objective Activity Action Responsibilit Timescale Monitoring / y KPI Avoid Site The contractor will prepare a site specific noise control plan specifically focussing on Contractors Throughout Site inspection nuisance establishmen the well pads near to the identified residential receptor (House #2). It should include Component 1 records generated by t the following general methods of noise control: Noise daytime The selection of low noise plant and equipment using equipment with lower monitoring works comparative sound power levels where possible. reports affecting Plant and equipment to be examined on a daily basis for defect prior to the start of closest works and under no circumstances should defective equipment be used sensitive receptors up Avoid unnecessary revving of engines to 500m Equipment to be switched off when not in use Noisy activities to be limited to daytime working hours where possible Plant and equipment to be positioned as far as possible from sensitive areas Location of static plant (e.g. generators) to take advantage of any screening to break the line of sight from receptors Site operatives to be briefed in keeping noise to a minimum Identify and implement appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) requirements Construction Limit vehicle speeds on site and access roads, particularly close to the two Contractors Throughout Site inspection traffic households identified Component 1 records Traffic should be managed to avoid the need for traffic to queue up Noise Schedule timing of deliveries to avoid disturbance at the two residential receptors monitoring Maintain access roads to minimise discontinuities in the road surfaces which may give reports rise to vehicle body noise and rattle Avoid noise Drilling Place barriers or shrouds close to the main sources of noise of the drilling rig and the CCP CLO / Throughout Noise nuisance Well testing testing equipment to limit the spread of noise, particularly at Pad E Project team Component 1 monitoring from day and Prioritising quiet equipment in the selection process reports 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 36 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Objective Activity Action Responsibilit Timescale Monitoring / y KPI night Informing nearby dwellings on the timing and duration of works and when the noisiest Drilling Monitoring Community affecting stages are likely to occur contractor and upon grievance closest Display warning signs about high noise levels around the well pad site boundary other contractors complaints via mechanism sensitive Provision of hearing protection to those working within 250m of all drilling and well community (showing receptors testing sites grievance resolution of mechanism any noise Spot check monitoring at commencement of activities at well pad using sound level complaints) meter at the nearest residential properties/sensitive receptor for comparison against standards Record and investigate complaints using sound level meter via the community grievance mechanism Identify and implement appropriate PPE requirements Table 9: Landscape and visual management Objective Activity Action Responsibilit Timescale Monitoring / y KPI Minimise Site Keep construction traffic to a minimum especially near well pad where two residential CCP Mitigation Site inspection adverse establishmen receptors are noted Civil works ongoing records impacts on t Implement good housekeeping practices including stockpile areas and dust contractors throughout site viewsheds suppression measures establishment and Set out a material management plan to minimise the number of vehicle movements landscape required character Careful locating of construction compounds Proper storage of topsoil Extent of all disturbed areas to be restricted as far as practicable Installations to be constructed with sustainable materials, materials to reduce the visual impact and material that enhance the aesthetics of the project area Minimise Drilling Implement good housekeeping practices to maintain the appearance of the site Drilling Mitigation Site inspection adverse Well testing contractor and ongoing records impacts on other contractors throughout viewsheds drilling and and well testing landscape character Table 10: Traffic and transport management 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 37 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Objective Activity Action Responsibilit Timescale Monitoring / y KPI Minimise Site Contractors to develop the framework transport management plan (TMP) into a detailed Contractors Throughout Site inspection road establishm TMP and implement CCP Component 1 records hazards, ent Adoption of best transport safety practices across all aspects of Project operations with EHS statistics congestion Drilling the goal of preventing traffic accidents and minimising injuries suffered by Project and incident and damage personnel and the public. Measures should include: reporting Well testing to road relating to Emphasising safety aspects among drivers infrastructure traffic incidents Improving driving skills and requiring licensing of drivers Adopting limits for trip duration and arranging driver rosters to avoid overtiredness Avoiding dangerous routes and times of day to reduce risk of accidents Regular maintenance of vehicles and use of manufacturer approved parts to minimise potentially serious accidents caused by equipment malfunction or premature failure Where the Project may contribute to significant increase in traffic along existing roads, or where road transport is a significant component of a project, the following measures should be implemented: Minimising pedestrian interaction with construction vehicles Coordination with emergency responders to ensure that appropriate first aid is provided in the event of accidents Using locally sourced materials, whenever possible, to minimise transport distances Locating secondary project components such as worker accommodation close to project sites and arranging worker bus transport to minimising external traffic Employing safe traffic control measures, including road signs and flag persons to warn of dangerous conditions To be defined under CCP EHS requirements. CCP to review contractors’ EHS Plan to ensure continuity with CCP EHS requirements (including commitment to this ESMMP and implementation of Traffic Management Plan - refer to Section 5.3.2) CCP review / audit of contractors’ EHS plan including traffic management plan as part of audit programme Reporting of accidents and statistics by contractor to CCP In the case of a traffic accident, the national police should be contacted Table 11: Land contamination, materials and waste management Objective Activity Action Responsibili Timescale Monitoring ty / KPI Reduce the Site Re-using materials on site wherever possible, with most significant opportunity of which is Contractors Mitigation N/A use of raw establishm with respect to excavated materials ongoing materials/ ent Implementing good housekeeping and operating practices, including inventory control to throughout site potentially Drilling reduce the amount of waste resulting from materials that are out-of-date, off-specification, establishment finite and or contaminated, damaged, or excess to plant needs and drilling 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 38 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Objective Activity Action Responsibili Timescale Monitoring ty / KPI scarce Implementing procurement measures that recognise opportunities such as ordering the resources correct amount of materials to be delivered when needed, reducing the amount of packaging used by suppliers and establishing a take back system with suppliers Seeking ways to reduce raw material consumption Substituting raw materials or inputs with less hazardous or toxic materials wherever economically and technically feasible Appropriate Site Topsoil and overburden will be carefully removed from each of the proposed spoil disposal Contractors During site Site spoil establishm sites and stockpiled nearby and preserved for eventual use as rehabilitation material once establishment inspection handling and ent the spoil disposal sites are no longer required and excavations records disposal Organic topsoil (superficial layers) will be used for reforestation activities to exploit its potential and will be carefully disposed Minimisation, Site General waste management: CCP ECO Throughout Waste safe establishm CCP to develop and implement a detailed waste management plan (WMP) Contractors Component 1 monitoring/ handling, ent tracking Waste management planning: identify and characterise the source of all waste streams storage and Drilling records from the Project with the proposed final disposal option disposal of Well testing Site waste Waste prevention: identify opportunities to prevent waste production in the first instance inspection Recycling and reuse: waste reuse and recycling opportunities to be identified including records investigations into suitable facilities that can process such waste streams to be explored Periodic Treatment and disposal: where re-use or recycling is not feasible or possible, appropriate waste audits treatment and/or final disposal options are to be identified for all waste streams, including (at least two confirmation that facilities/sites can accept the proposed waste stream(s) audits during Monitoring: procedures for waste tracking to be developed the Monitoring: there should be periodic audits of internal waste management practices to contracted ensure on-going compliance throughout the life of the Project and reporting of these scope) practices to MARENA, with any recommendations for improvements in waste management practices of the Project forming part of on-going reporting (if any) All waste material arising to be segregated into non-hazardous and hazardous wastes for consideration for re-use, recycling, or disposal All skips/waste storage to be suitably covered (to avoid dispersion of light materials by wind or filling of skip with rain) and waterproofing to avoid any soil contamination from leachate Hazardous waste management: Waste storage: temporary waste storage to be fully identified and designed according to GIIP and the Nicaraguan Technical Norm for Hazardous Waste Transportation: all waste containers designated for off-site shipment to be secured and appropriately labelled with loading overseen by competent and trained employees from an external contractor properly authorised by MARENA to do this transportation Treatment and disposal: where re-use of recycling is not feasible or possible, appropriate treatment and/or final disposal options to be identified for all waste streams, including those considered to be hazardous, by a company authorised by MARENA for this activity 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 39 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Objective Activity Action Responsibili Timescale Monitoring ty / KPI Liquid wastes/oil/chemicals to be stored in tanks or drums located in bunded areas which can hold 110% of the total storage volume and in accordance with national safety requirements (NTON 05015-02) Prevention of Site Development of an emergency response plan / pollution incident control plan (contingency CCP ECO Throughout Records of leaks, spills establishm plan) Contractors Component 1 emergency and ent Establish procedure for reporting any environmental incidents related to spills / leakages drills environment Drilling and how to deal with any spills / leakages Site al incidents inspection Well testing Identify and implement appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) requirements Provide specialist training in appropriate procedures to persons with hazardous materials records or waste management responsibilities Maintain an inventory of hazardous materials and specific procedures/ controls Maintain available copies on site of Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for all hazardous substances used during the Project Provide copies of all MSDS for all hazardous substances used during the Project to MARENA as part of submission of the detailed environmental management plan(s) Waste and hazardous materials storage areas to be: Located away from existing sensitive receptors Not at risk from theft or vandalism Easily accessible in a safe manner Well ventilated Unlikely to be damaged Waterproofed floor Fire extinguisher to be available at all times Located next to any required PPE (as necessary for irritants and hazardous materials) Spill kits to be available at all times Appropriate Site Identify waste handling facilities in close proximity to the Project to accept/ treat waste CCP ECO Throughout Periodic choice of establishm Review the locally available re-use/recycling facilities to ensure they can accept the waste Contractors Component 1 waste audits final waste ent streams (at least two disposal Drilling audits during option Well testing the contracted scope) Table 12: Social management Objective Activity Action Responsibilit Timescale Monitoring / y KPI Safeguard Future land Prepare and implement a resettlement policy framework (RPF) (completed as part of CCP As needed Monitoring the well- acquisition this project) details in RPF 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 40 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Objective Activity Action Responsibilit Timescale Monitoring / y KPI being and (temporary or improve the permanent) living standards of those whose land is acquired involuntarily Prevention of Influx Hire local labour where possible, preferably 50% of personnel should be from the CCP CLO Throughout Monitoring of adverse management three municipalities (Chinandega, Chichigalpa, Posoltega) Contractors Component 1 recruitment plan impacts on Prohibit contractors from hiring staff at site and for less than five days2 local Request main contractors to present their recruiting approach as part of the tender communities process Require main contractors to hold job fairs in each of the three municipalities Prohibit worker accommodation located near the well pads and prohibit workers from sleeping at work sites whenever applicable (the anticipated exploration workforce is small and any workers from outside the local area will be easily accommodated in Chinandega, a one hour drive from site, or in Villa 15 de Julio, a neighbourhood located in Chinandega municipality that is a 20-minute drive from the Project site) Organise a one day financial management seminar/workshop for contracted employees at least two months prior to expected end of drilling Provide a one or two page or hour monthly brief to workers on stress management, lifestyle campaigns (see additional information about this below under health and safety) and wellness issues Require main contractors to organise a short campaign on HIV/AIDS, STIs, Zika virus or other important medical health issue every four months Workers to sign the code of conduct Social action Produce a social action plan that sets out in broad terms how the Project will interact CCP CLO Throughout Monitoring of plan with communities and contribute to local development in the Project wider area of Component 1 social action influence (the three municipalities) plan Provide Education Prepare a training plan to address: CCP CLO Throughout Monitoring of workforce awareness Awareness to be sensitive to general environmental impacts of the Project as well as Contractors Component 1 training plan training and and training the environmental impact of specific tasks development Knowledge to guide implementation of environmental management procedures Skills to use institutional instruments and technologies to contribute to proper environmental management in the project 2 If less than five days there will be insufficient time to ensure staff have adequate training and knowledge of EHS plans 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 41 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Objective Activity Action Responsibilit Timescale Monitoring / y KPI As appropriate, the plan will also target inhabitants of the areas near the Project area so they have more awareness of environmental problems related to the community. CCP will work with the National Technology Institute (INATEC) and consultants to develop the training programme Protect Security plan CCP in collaboration with contractors to prepare a security strategy for site prior to CCP CLO Throughout Site inspection workforce mobilisation of works. The plan will: Contractors Component 1 records and Identify the types of security issues the Project must defend against community Indicate how security personnel will be contracted and managed (whether CCP or welfare contractor employed) Identify a procedure compliant with WB PS4 for vetting and recruiting security personnel Define training requirements for security personnel3 Elaborate use of force and code of conduct policies for security personnel Describe access and control equipment and procedures (for instance signage, gates and fencing, lighting, any surveillance, patrols, alarms, visitor arrivals, etc.). Elaborate investigation and reporting Positive Coordinate Implement the SEP CCP CLO Throughout Monitoring of stakeholder and Component 1 SEP relationships stakeholder engagement Table 13: Ecological management Objective Activity Action Responsibility Timescales Monitoring/ KPI Minimise Site An ecologist will survey the site prior to the commencement of site establishment to Specialist Up to one Site inspection disturbance preparation identify biodiversity sensitive areas and to inform the implementation of targeted ecologists week before records to sensitive works and mitigation measures (to verify no change since baseline studies performed for this commissioned by site works habitats and design assessment). CCP commence species Undertake all vegetation / habitat removal with the supervision of qualified ecologist in CCP to oversee accordance with a habitat restoration and removal plan (HRRP) Clearance of trees and other vegetation will be planned to avoid the peak period for breeding birds Avoid fragmentation of secondary dry tropical forest which is an important habitat for mammals and birds of conservation importance 3 Training should address requirements related to security personnel included in the United Nation’s Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials, and the United Nation’s Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 42 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Objective Activity Action Responsibility Timescales Monitoring/ KPI Keep working corridors as narrow as practical and marked with protective fencing where construction corridors run through dense vegetation Require appropriate procedures (licensing) for felling of trees, appropriate removal of material to avoid risks of fire The work activity programme during Component 1 within the Nature Reserve will be managed to reduce the length of periods when significant levels of noise will occur Artificial lighting used on construction sites and other Project facilities at night will be shaded and directed downwards to avoid light spillage and disturbance to nocturnal birds, bats and other wildlife Exploration Monitor flora and fauna at a select number of monitoring locations (routine patrols) CCP ECO Throughout Monitoring drilling site Monitoring AIS at selected locations (as defined in the FUNDAR report) at site set up Component 1 reports activities and all constructions sites should be monitored periodically for AIS once works complete Provided a monitoring report on an annual basis documenting methodologies and results Implement noise mitigation as defined in Table 8 Topsoil Develop and implement HRRP Civil works To be defined Monitoring removal Store topsoil in dedicated sites within site boundary contractors and programme – during Site to be earmarked in advance in material extraction plan CCP to oversee demarcated success of excavation before start of reinstatement works All storage of material to be agreed in advance with landowner, land-user works programme Ensure Specify requirements in EcMP CCP ECO / civil Throughout No recorded invasive Ensure imported soils and aggregates are from known sources works contractors Component 1 introduction of species are alien and Regular checks and surveys for AIS every three months during Component 1 not invasive species introduced to the area Vegetation Develop and implement HRRP CCP ECO Immediately Successful reinstatemen Monitoring of habitats for minimum of five years following reinstatement of t completion of habitat and works return of species Workforce Workers awareness campaigns highlighting (induction): CCP ECO Throughout No disturbance presence Ban the removal of flora Contractors Component 1 of sensitive habitats Ban within contracts subject to penalties hunting of wild animals and birds Educate workers about the existing legislation and penalize workers involved in poaching Procurement Ban excavation of sand and gravel from watercourses and lakes CCP Throughout No disturbance of stone, Wherever possible use existing quarries rather than opening new ones Civil works Component 1 of sensitive gravel and New quarries and deposits will be supervised by environmentalists contractors habitats wood 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 43 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Objective Activity Action Responsibility Timescales Monitoring/ KPI Restoration / Habitat Restore or create habitats in the Nature Reserve as per detailed criteria in the BMAP CCP (in Immediately Seedling offset compensatio or separate offset plan and monitor for 10 years (twice per year in the first five years coordination with or at least success for five n and once per year in the next five years) landowners and one year after years supported by tree cutting Habitat compensation to be provided by this Project will be one of the options below local tree nursery was done in or a combination of the two options: or other) the rainy season (in 28.65ha of new dry deciduous tropical forest in the Nature Reserve (9.55ha x 1.5 x 2) accordance 57.30ha of forest restoration in the Nature Reserve (9.55ha x 1.5 x 2 x 2) with national law) Table 14: Archaeology and cultural heritage management Objective Activity Action Responsibilit Timescales Monitoring/ y KPI Reduce risk Pre- site Undertake archaeological survey including subsurface testing prior to start of any site CCP supported Prior to site Pre- site of site establishmen clearance and earthworks by approved establishment establishment clearance t Locations of site clearance, excavation activities and drilling to be surveyed most local archaeology activities intensively and systematically archaeological survey report encountering Consult with the National Archaeology Department of the Nicaraguan Institute of specialist significant Culture and other stakeholders as appropriate to determine the scope of the archaeologic archaeological survey al site Manage Site Develop and implement chance find procedure that includes the following Civil works Prior to and Chance find potential establishmen requirements: contractor during site reports and unexpected t and drilling Immediately stop work CCP CLO establishment notifications to discovery of Notify nominated person on site and drilling relevant cultural archaeologic authorities al remains/ Contact relevant cultural authorities artefacts Implement recommendations in accordance with requirements Resume works under the supervision of the relevant cultural authorities Table 15: Occupational health and safety management Objective Topic / Action Responsibilit Timescales Monitoring/ Activity y KPI Stringent All Implement a Health and Safety Plan aimed at preventing accidents, injuries and work- Contractors / Prior to OHS plan to management construction related diseases through the identification of the causes of physical, chemical, OHS commenceme be submitted of health and works biological and radiological hazards and by prioritising hazard elimination, hazard Management nt and for review safety on site control and hazard minimisation 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 44 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Objective Topic / Action Responsibilit Timescales Monitoring/ Activity y KPI throughout Establish measures to prevent risk of accidents due to site traffic including developing CCP throughout Regular audits construction procedures for safe driving on site, establishing rights of way, speed limits, vehicle Component 1 No reported and drilling to inspection requirements, etc. incidents and reduce the Provide appropriate and legally required signage related to site hazards and risks accidents risks of Implementation of temperature stress management procedures including shelters to resulting in accidents serious or fatal allow shelter from the sun and rain and illness to illness/injury personnel Ensure good housekeeping on site to prevent pooling of water and nesting of animals Specific requirements for grounding and lightning rods to be included in technical (Target Zero) specifications and in the routine monitoring of contractors’ equipment and installations Undertake control and quality assurance of drinking water Identify and implement pest and vector control activities Use community grievance mechanism (in the SEP) for addressing any concerns related to security personnel Drilling Drilling activities to be undertaken by qualified personnel and work shifts need to activities comply with national labour laws Education on Ensure all employees carry out induction health and safety training prior to Minimal loss of health and commencement of work workers’ time safety Include OHS issues in training plan and arrange for regular refresher courses every from accidents year for existing workers and illness related to Provide written materials and signage in appropriate languages occupational Hold tool box talks on hygiene and sanitation at least every six months activities The use of construction forces from outside local areas and their connection with HIV/AIDS proliferation will be assessed and mitigated Use appropriate safety and security measures to minimise risk of electrocution or other harm Address water and air vector health risks such as dengue, chikungunya and zika Organise and implement information dissemination and sensitisation campaigns on lifestyle factors (smoking, nutrition, obesity, etc.) Hold awareness workshops with photos of venomous snakes and other poisonous animals that could be encountered in the Project area, directed to workers during site clearance works as well as operation (this activity should also seek prevention of unjustified killing of snakes and other poisonous animals) Accident and Develop accident and emergency preparedness and response plan and carry out Test warning emergency procedure training and drills with workers and local health authorities on a regular systems preparednes basis annually and s and Provide first aid facility and trained personnel for construction staff on site test fire alarms response Provide induction and training on emergency evacuation procedures in the event of a monthly natural hazard emergency (lightning/thunderstorms, volcanic eruption, seismic activity, landslides, forest fires) (to be aligned with municipality emergency evacuation and response plans) 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 45 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Objective Topic / Action Responsibilit Timescales Monitoring/ Activity y KPI Keep a venom pump and doses of antivenom and rabies serum in health facilities on site and in AOI Install telecommunication systems with emergency personnel in place prior to civil works commencing and emergency communication protocol Monitor Initiate system for logging accidents/illness and check regularly Monthly EHS health and statistics safety Incident performance reporting on site Regular audits 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 46 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan 5.3 Supporting management plans The following supporting plans are relevant to this Project. A framework setting out minimum expectations for each plan is presented below for elaboration by CCP and implementation by all contractors: ● Emergency response plan / pollution incident control plan ● Traffic management plan ● Waste management plan ● Recruitment plan ● Labour commitment statement ● Labour code of conduct ● Labour grievance mechanism framework ● Site safety and security management plan ● Social action plan (investment plan) ● Biodiversity management and action plan ● Habitat removal and reinstatement plan ● Ecological management plan ● Chance finds procedure ● Maintenance plan It is intended that these framework plans will be elaborated by CCP to complement CCP’s Environmental, Health and Safety Management System specifically for the Project. Where relevant, under respective contracts, contractors will be required to implement corresponding arrangements (as directed within the ESMMP). The following separate social plans are also relevant to this project: ● Resettlement policy framework (RPF) – to be implemented by CCP ● Stakeholder engagement plan (SEP) including community grievance mechanism – to be implemented by CCP 5.3.1 Emergency response plan / pollution incident control plan (contingency plan) Emergency response procedures identify preventive actions and the methods and approaches for handling accidents/incidents, fire-fighting and safety response, spill response, natural hazards, and other potentially hazardous, Project-specific activities. These plans will follow a standard format comprising of the following: ● Title ● Details of crisis management team ● List of contacts with external organisations e.g. relevant municipality emergency response team (names, address, telephone numbers) and individual responsibilities for making these contacts ● List of individual responsibilities under the headings ● Preparation in the event of an accident, including evacuation plans, staff training, planned drills ● Emergency supplies for water, electricity ● Actions during the emergency (including well blow out, fire, severe weather, other situations) 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 47 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan ● Actions after the emergency, including restoration, clean-up and remedial measures ● Sources of necessary information and locations of the pollution control facilities A Project-specific Emergency Response Plan was prepared as part of the EIA submitted to MARENA in 2015 in application for the exploitation environmental permit, and generally includes identification of the appropriate emergency scenarios to be covered. Detailed response measures still need to be elaborated for natural hazard risks (forest fires, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, falling rocks; extreme weather events such as hurricanes, tropical waves, thunderstorms and lightning strikes), medical emergencies, disease spread, mechanical failures, unplanned gas emissions, labour strikes, community protests and road blocks, and other relevant potential events. Any environmental incidents must be dealt with rapidly and effectively. Spill kits will be readily available at all individual work-site locations where spills may occur e.g. in locations where fuels, oils and chemicals are stored and used, with additional quantities kept in the central laydown areas. Personnel will be trained to identify, report and deal with incidents, including clean-up of spills as part of the work induction programme. An incident reporting form will need to be completed whenever there is an incident that requires action. MARENA will also need to be informed, as per environmental regulations. In any major incident, the CCP health and safety coordinator will take direct responsibility, supported by the CCP ECO, contractor site manager and contractor EHS specialists where the accident has occurred. The CCP health and safety coordinator will be fully aware of their responsibilities beforehand. It must also be understood that environmental concerns will in certain circumstances take sub-ordinate priority to the protection of human life and private property. Effective protection of the environment in the event of an emergency will generally require immediate access to the following: ● Formal channels of communication with relevant external organisations ● Concise sources of technical information ● Well maintained and sufficient standby facilities for containment and treatment of pollution ● Adequate resources and well trained staff Given the high vulnerability of the aquifer as described in the ESIA, CCP should submit a report detailing the preventive measures to be applied to protect and mitigate the aquifer in the case of a contamination event i.e. hydrocarbon spill. Spill response / pollution control materials will be stored in a safe location on site in close proximity to the potentially hazardous activities or those where risks of spillages are high, such as equipment refuelling areas. This material is to be used to contain and clean up pollution / spills, and care will be taken to properly dispose of any absorbent materials. Contractors will keep stocks well maintained and replenished. For spill related incidents, spill response materials will include the following: ● Clean sand and oil absorbing material ● Sand bags ● Buckets and shovels ● Storage containers Sand stocks will be dry and buckets and shovels readily available. Mechanical loading shovels, excavators and dump trucks may also be made available for sand distribution and clean up. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 48 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Storage containers for contaminated materials and earth will be bunded, located in the waste storage area, and labelled and treated as hazardous waste. The Project emergency response plan should also align with the relevant municipal emergency response and risk identification plans, namely: ● The Chinandega Municipality Emergency Response Plan (“Plan de Respuesta Municipal con Enfoque Multiamenaza”) ● The Posoltega Municipality Risk Characterization (“Caracterización de Riesgo”) CCP should update the plan to address each potential risk referred to above and in the relevant municipality plans, and issue to all relevant CCP and contractor site managers. The emergency response plan is to be submitted to the relevant authorities. 5.3.2 Traffic management plan (TMP) This subsection presents a framework of the Traffic Management Plan to be elaborated and implemented by any contractor. CCP will review and approve the Traffic Management Plans elaborated by contractors for Component 1 of the Project. Pre-defined access routes will be used by long, wide and/or heavy load vehicles. These routes will be agreed with the relevant authorities in advance and the police will be notified. A number of abnormal loads will be generated through Project activities associated with: ● Moving the drilling rig from one exploratory well to another within the Project area ● Initial mobilisation / final demobilisation of drilling equipment along public roads outside of the Project area The following points will apply to general traffic within the Project site: ● For any road improvements comply with the measures established in the Complejo Volcánico San Cristóbal-Casitas Management Plan and in the Environmental Zoning applicable to the Project area ● General traffic within the Project site will not require the presence of an escort when travelling to and from work sites ● Drivers shall be aware of route and contingency measures as pre-defined at induction stage ● Drivers of HGV are to be briefed in good road practice and will be instructed to pull over on narrow sections of road to allow build-up of traffic to pass ● All general site traffic, will run to coincide with site working hours (with the exception of drilling rig working hours, which are 24/7) ● Normal load heavy goods vehicles will use a defined route, which will need to be agreed prior to exploratory phase works for approaching site t main access road. ● Signage will be kept to a minimum, however temporary direction signs indicating work site entrance will be required ● The detailed signing arrangement will be agreed between the appointed contractor in close liaison with the local municipality and the police service ● Wherever possible, arrangements will be made for site workers to be transported to site via shared transport to minimise unnecessary traffic movements locally ● Contractors will be required to implement induction procedures and regular updates for all drivers to establish and promote an overall culture of safety and awareness of other road users 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 49 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan ● Adoption of best transport safety practices across all aspects of Project operations with the goal of preventing traffic accidents and minimising injuries suffered by Project personnel and the public. Measures should include: – Emphasizing safety aspects among drivers – Improving driving skills and requiring licensing of drivers – Adopting limits for trip duration and arranging driver rosters to avoid overtiredness – Avoiding dangerous routes and times of day to reduce risk of accidents ● Regular maintenance of vehicles and use of manufacturer approved parts to minimise potentially serious accidents caused by equipment malfunction or premature failure ● Minimizing pedestrian interaction with construction vehicles ● Coordination with emergency responders to ensure that appropriate first aid and transportation is provided in the event of accidents and emergency evacuations ● Using locally sourced materials, whenever possible, to minimize transport distances ● Employing safe traffic control measures, including road signs and flag persons to warn of dangerous conditions 5.3.3 Drill cuttings management plan CCP prepared a drill cuttings management plan as part of the EIA submitted to MARENA in 2015 to obtain the exploitation environmental permit. CCP will request that their contractor update the plan to establish procedures for the management of drill mud and cuttings including generation, temporary storage, transportation and final disposal including: ● Containment basin and sump arrangements including compaction, impermeable layers to prevent leachates and ponds having capacity for storing up to five times the volume of the well to be constructed in line with the MARENA permit requirements ● Procedures for drilling fluids reuse or recycling by the use of fluid re-injection ● Confirmation of non-toxic drilling additives ● Definition of visual inspections of containment structures for integrity ● Definition of monitoring of pH, total concentration and water soluble heavy metals of drilling mud and cuttings, at least every six months ● Definition of permanent monitoring of cuttings and groundwater ● Measures for the prevention of spills of fluids, muds and cuttings ● Definition of the final disposal for drilling mud and cuttings once chemical analysis is done and muds and cutting characteristics are known ● Procedures for final removal of containment structures and sumps to avoid the release of contaminated materials into soil and water ● Bioremediation techniques to be applied to the drilling mud/cuttings prior to final disposal to guarantee compliance with applicable standards CCP is responsible for implementation of and compliance with this plan. 5.3.4 Waste management plan CCP prepared a waste management plan as part of the EIA submitted to MARENA in 2015 to obtain the exploitation environmental permit. CCP will update this plan to include in more detail and further information on current Project conditions: 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 50 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan ● Identify who is responsible for each key stage and inform individuals of their responsibilities. They will be required to hold sufficient authority to ensure compliance with the WMP by other site operatives ● Identify the types and quantities of waste – all waste streams that will be produced during site establishment, drilling and site closure (if applicable) require to be identified ● Confirm waste disposal options as predicted in the ESIA – where hazardous wastes are being generated, particular attention to the arrangements for identifying and managing such waste will need to be addressed and procedures put in place ● Training – all staff must be trained to ensure they understand the requirements of the WMP ● Plan – using the steps above, establish indicative percentages of the waste quantities to be produced over the exploratory drilling program of the Project ● Measure – the quantities of wastes produced should be recorded and where possible measures taken to re-use, reduce or recycle waste as appropriate ● Hazard classes – hazardous wastes should be classified and treated according to national requirements CCP will oversee compliance of all contractors with the Project WMP. 5.3.5 Hydrocarbon management plan CCP prepared a hydrocarbon management plan as part of the EIA submitted to MARENA in 2015 to obtain the exploitation environmental permit. CCP will update this hydrocarbon management plan in more detail to limit the potential impacts of hydrocarbon use (emissions to air, spills to soils and ground, surface waters) during the exploration phase. This plan is to be implemented and complied with by all contractors, and to include: ● Implement the requirements of the land contamination, materials and waste management plan, including bunding requirements for storage of hazardous chemicals/hydrocarbons ● Implement the requirements of the emergency response plan / pollution incident control plan (contingency plan) ● Use of modern (less than five years old) vehicles to minimise emissions ● Ensuring that the engines of all vehicles and equipment on site are not left running unnecessarily ● Release of generator combustion emissions from sufficient height to allow proper dispersion ● Use of low sulphur-content diesel fuel where feasible ● Locate generators away from common working areas and on-site receptors to reduce exposure to emissions where practicable ● Ensure equipment is modern and properly maintained through regular site inspections 5.3.6 Recruitment plan The local recruitment plan will include but not be limited to the following: ● Policy statement of all contractors’ commitments to meeting Nicaragua Laws and good international industry practice with regards to recruitment and labour management including non-discrimination and equal opportunities ● Description of the types of employment opportunities to be provided to local people during Component 1 of the Project including skills levels, indicative timeframes of recruitment and likely duration of contracts 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 51 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan ● Description of the local recruitment processes including timely (at least one month prior to recruitment) disclosure of information about vacancies through community meetings as well as the job application procedures for candidates ● Information about how job opportunities are advertised equitably between the different villages in the assessment area to ensure equal opportunities for all local people subject to appropriate skills availability Contractors to disclose this policy document in the three municipalities (Chinandega, Chichigalpa and Posoltega; the Project wider area of influence) to promote transparency in the recruitment process. 5.3.7 Labour commitment statement The Project needs to ensure its policy and procedural consistency with international standards related to workers’ rights. This includes requiring all contractors and subcontractors to have management systems and worker procedures in place to: ● Observe statutory requirements relating to minimum age for employment of children and meet international standards of not employing any persons under the age of 16 for general work and no persons under the age of 18 for work involving hazardous activities ● Ensure acceptable conditions of work including by observing national statutory requirements related to minimum wages and hours of work ● Meet international standards related to paying all wages, including bonuses and premium pay for overtime work, to all employees in a timely fashion and in a manner consistent with ILO Convention 95. There should be clearly benchmarked payment schedules in the contractors’ contracts ● Commit to not taking any action to prevent employees from exercising their right of association and their right to organise and bargain collectively ● Ensure no workers are charged fees to gain employment on the Project ● Ensure rigorous standards for occupational health and safety are in place ● Base employment decisions on principles of non-discrimination and equal opportunity, in particular fair and equal pay, especially for women carrying out the same work as men ● Establish a labour grievance mechanism and document its use for labour complaints without reprisal In addition to the above commitments, contractors will need to be required to: ● Adopt a human resource policy appropriate to the size and workforce which indicates the approach for management of employees (this could be partly requested in the tender process) ● Produce job descriptions and provide written contracts and other information that outline the working conditions and terms of employment, including the full range of benefits4 ● Provide health insurance for employees for the duration of their contracts ● Raise awareness prior to recruitment, clarifying the local hire policy and procedures, including identification of opportunities for women to participate in employment and training ● Report regularly on the labour force profile, including gender, and location source of workers (for instance from the three municipalities, the country and outside the country) 4 Benefits might include life insurance, health care, disability/invalidity coverage, maternity/paternity leave, retirement provision, redundancy payments over and above legal minimum, lay-off pay, extra employment injury benefit, survivors’ benefits, extra paid holiday entitlement, compassionate leave, reimbursement for flights home, payment of children’s education, employee education needs, and in kind benefits such as sports or child day care facilities, meals, transportation provision and others. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 52 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan ● Report regularly on labour and working conditions key performance indicators, for instance hours worked (regular and overtime) during period and cumulatively, hours lost, number and type of accidents, near misses, site audits and meetings, trainings, use of labour grievance mechanism, etc. ● Hold toolbox talks on workers’ rights and the labour grievance mechanism during the construction phase ● Hold regular briefings and take preventative measures about health issues ● Organise a training program and keep training registers for construction workers ● Provide all construction workers with a summary declaration of their employment service and training activities at the end of contract as a means to finding continued employment ● Establish occupational health and safety procedures in the overall environmental management system which provide workers with a safe and healthy work environment taking into account the inherent risks for this type of project Contractors and sub-contractors need to be made aware of their role in ensuring the Project meets international standards related to labour and working conditions. In particular, overtime arrangements and the timely payment of wages should be addressed. This should be done through contractual clauses and regular monitoring (internally by CCP and externally by independent monitors) of contractors’ activities and performance. 5.3.8 Labour code of conduct CCP will establish a code of conduct for the labour force. The code will cover the following and all employees will be required to sign onto this code of conduct (CCP and all contractors). ● Proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and other work equipment that has been provided ● No hunting, poaching or illicit use of local natural resources ● Careful use of local natural resources and project resources, especially water, fuel, fuelwood and electricity ● Discreet sexual behaviour that takes into consideration messages about HIV/AIDs and sexually transmitted diseases, and local laws and regulations governing this ● No involvement in human trafficking ● Restrictions related to consumption of alcohol and drugs ● Prohibition of firearms on site (with the exclusion of site security personnel) ● Safe driving practices ● Respect for the local community and its cultural norms in which labourers are working ● Professional behaviour and integrity when dealing with the public 5.3.9 Labour grievance mechanism framework All contractors are to implement a labour grievance mechanism. Contractors will be required to set up their own grievance mechanisms or adopt CCP mechanisms for their employees. The mechanism will include the following: ● A policy statement that grievances can be raised by any member of staff without fear of reprisals ● Response times for grievances categorised according to the severity of the grievance or the issue in question ● A process for logging grievances and when and how they are closed out 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 53 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan ● A process for monitoring grievances to identify repeat or unresolved grievances and reporting these issues to senior management in order to expedite remedial action ● Contact details for staff to whom grievances should be raised The grievance mechanism will be explained to any sub-contractors and CCP staff on appointment and a notice summarising the approach and providing contact details for staff to whom grievances should be raised will be posted in the site rest areas and offices. 5.3.10 Site safety and security management plan With regards to security and safeguarding of personnel and property, the contractors will need to analyse their mobile and fixed work site areas and as relevant be required to: ● Establish a registry/identification system for staff and visitors upon entrance to site ● Implement a visitor orientation programme (that includes provision of adequate PPE) ● Ensure appropriate signage around work site perimeters, especially in relation to hazardous areas, materials and to traffic speed and with regards to the boundary of the Project site CCP will be required to: ● Ensure fencing of appropriate height is in place around site perimeter ● Vet and hire security staff responsible for control of access to working areas 5.3.11 Social action plan (investment plan) CCP will commit to implementing social and environmental enhancement and development initiatives should the geothermal resource be confirmed and the Project moves into the permanent production phase (Component 2). The social baseline provides indications of entry points. CCP has experience from another project of implementing community development activities. Need, capital costs, implementation arrangements, and sustainability issues will be reviewed to promote the success of the activities. Involvement of local municipalities where community investment would take place will be essential. 5.3.12 Ecological Management Plan The contractor will develop a more detailed and site-specific specific Ecological Management Plan (EcMP) as part of their ESMMP. The EcMP will include ecological and environmental management and monitoring measures before vegetation clearance and site establishment and throughout Component 1. The EcMP will be developed in line with the measures presented in Table 13 in this ESMMP and the actions in the BMAP (Section 5.3.14 below). CCP will oversee contractor compliance implementation of the EcMP. To ensure the biodiversity of the Project area is protected, the EcMP will include the following as a minimum: ● Details of the environmental staff to be hired by the contractor ● Details of the local NGO or consultancy, and the specialists that will undertake some of the activities that require specialist and local knowledge ● Measures to prevent the introduction and spread of non-native invasive species (details provided below) ● On-site habitat restoration strategy 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 54 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan ● Details of how the other biodiversity mitigation measures will be implemented as set out I the BMAP and this ESMMP ● All workers engaged in the Project will be made aware of the environmental and ecological sensitivities (critical/natural habitats and threatened and protected species) of the region, the Project site and their own actions. Staff will be provided with relevant information through staff induction, toolbox talks, leaflets and office posters. This plan will include specific measures to address alien invasive species (AIS) management with respect to Hyparrhenia rufa and Andropogon gayanus and also the terrestrial African orchid Oeceoclades maculata. Other species known to be invasive in Nicaragua (Onthophagus gazella) will also be monitored if they are identified d within the Project AOI during works. CCP and/or contractors will monitor these species during Component 1 and will identify and report new invasive species establishing in the Project areas. Preventative, control and monitoring measures will need to be implemented by contractors with regard to the following aspects of the Project: Packaging and movement of materials: ● Minimise traffic and the distance it has travelled ● Source goods/materials locally where possible ● Contain any AIS and report their presence Vehicles and equipment: ● Train and raise awareness regarding AIS ● Record and report the presence of any AIS Soil and vegetation: ● Minimise disturbance to, or movement of, soil and vegetation ● Prevent soil damage and erosion ● Ensure imported soil/other materials are safe and free of AIS (source from a reputable supplier, request information on the soil’s origin) ● Prevent AIS establishment on exposed stored soil (do not store bare soil near known sources of AIS, consider using matting to cover exposed soil) ● Ensure infested material is disposed of safely ● Retain as much natural vegetation as possible Habitat reclamation: ● Use native plants for reinstatement and landscaping ● Assess any non-native species (to be used in landscaping) for AIS potential ● Consider that some AIS may be soil-based ● Avoid altering soil and water body properties Linear elements (access roads): ● Plan the timing of activities to avoid impacts on AIS ● Minimise spread width ● Minimise vehicle-related impacts ● Contain existing AIS ● Minimise entry and exit points 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 55 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan It has to be mentioned that not all the above measures will need to be implemented; risk screening will need to be undertaken by CCP and/or contractors for each Project site and this will inform the implementation of the most appropriate prevention and control measures. The BMAP will provide further details. 5.3.13 Habitat removal and reinstatement plan CCP does not have specific vegetation clearance and reinstatement standards. Either CCP or contractors will prepare a detailed Habitat Removal and Reinstatement Plan (HRRP) that reflects all the key requirements of this ESMMP and the new BMAP. In addition, the contractor will be required to produce site-specific method statements outlining how they will adhere to these requirements and any national obligations. The HRRP and method statements will need to be agreed and approved by CCP at least one month prior to works commencing. Key features of the HRRP are outlined in Table 16. This plan should include requirements at all locations (and in particular forest locations) where there is temporary removal of vegetation e.g. temporary access roads, borrow pits, temporary storage areas. Table 16: Contents of HRRP Component Description Documentation Contractor will produce method statements, inspection plans and record portfolios for all removal and reinstatement works for implementation by contractors. Prepare photographic / video record of condition of work area prior to work commencing and after final reinstatement. Site specific method statements and schedules for reinstatement are required at areas identified as environmentally sensitive areas, watercourse crossings and special agricultural areas where there are permanently flooded areas or irrigation schemes. Site clean up The contractor will clean up all areas affected by construction activities in preparation for the replacement of stockpiled materials e.g. topsoil. Clean up includes removal of all waste, equipment and materials. Interim reinstatement This is allowed where the site will be demobilised temporarily – but only if for a period less than three months or if there is a low risk of erosion, not in an environmentally sensitive area or within 25m of a watercourse. Land at construction These areas will be reinstated to a condition as good as, if not better than that existing prior to the support facilities establishment of the facilities. Roads and access Existing roads will be reinstated to their original condition or better. New and upgraded roads or tracks tracks and other Project work sites in environmentally sensitive areas will be removed and the land re-instated to its original condition, unless otherwise agreed following consultation with all interested parties. Table 17 sets out activities that will take place prior to and during reinstatement of the disturbed areas. Table 17: Reinstatement activity Reinstatement Description activity Topsoil stripping and Where topsoil stripping is necessary, the depth of the soil will be established and up to 300mm storage removed and stored. Storage locations will be sited so as they are not compacted by vehicles Topsoil will not be mixed with subsoil Stacks must be free draining not more than 2m high and with side slopes >45° Weed growth will be prevented Subsoil removal and Store subsoil separately from topsoil storage Incorporate drainage provisions Reuse subsoil where possible in other works or used in landscaping 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 56 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Reinstatement Description activity Management of Prioritise as follows: surplus spoil and ● Re-use as construction material rock ● Localised increase in finished surface height in right-of-way/site ● Off right-of-way re-use e.g. transfer to third party of use for road construction ● Off right-of-way disposal at prearranged sites following appropriate assessments Reinstatement of Compact to similar levels subsoil Level land Rip to a depth of 350-400mm Render to a loose and workable condition and contoured in keeping with adjacent ground Following reinstatement, areas will be inspected by contractor and CCP for slope stability, relief, topographic diversity, acceptable surface water capabilities and compaction Reinstatement of Re-spread over the surface topsoil Do not handle under wet conditions All disturbed areas will be graded and left sufficiently rough to promote new vegetation growth which will protect the stability of the topsoil Temporary erosion The following will be used as appropriate: control measures ● Erosion matting ● Sediment control especially where route crosses a watercourse, wetland, waterbody e.g. silt fences, straw bale barriers, filter berms, sediment traps ● Soil stack control Re-vegetation The objectives are to: ● Restore the characteristics (pattern and distribution of plant species) ● Achieve sufficient vegetation cover to reduce erosion to acceptable target ● In areas of natural and semi-natural habitat, the aim is to achieve long term vegetation cover of natural flora using native seed banks and vegetative material resource that remains in the topsoil when replaced ● For temporary areas outside the right-of-way the original percentage vegetation cover will be estimated from photographs and appropriate targets and timeframes established. Established means initial healthy growth that would be expected for the species. ● Scheduling will take into account the growing seasons ● Appropriate measures will be taken to prevent unauthorised access to areas that will damage reinstatement. Where necessary this will include blocking access. Monitoring Sites will be monitored for the following: ● Subsidence ● Slope wash ● Slumping and soil movements ● Loss of stored topsoil, subsoil or cuttings ● Areas of disturbed ground off the right-of-way or site ● Status and success of re-vegetation Post-construction CCP will undertake final inspection of key areas and is responsible for remedial work prior to maintenance handover. 5.3.14 Biodiversity management and action plan framework Rationale and Scope of the BMAP A Project-specific Biodiversity Management and Action Plan (BMAP) will be prepared by an independent consultant as the Project will affect areas of critical and natural habitat (refer to 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 57 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Volume III, Appendix 1 of this ESIA). The aim of the BMAP will be to demonstrate net gain in critical habitats and no net loss in natural habitats, as required under WB PS6. The WB PS6 makes a distinction between Biodiversity Action Plans and Biodiversity Management Plans. However, the issues covered by the two plans are strongly interconnected and therefore they will be integrated into a BMAP on this Project. The mitigation measures summarised in the Casita ESIA Volume II Chapter 9 and in this ESMMP will be developed in the BMAP to specify objectives, targets and indicators, responsibilities, programme, reporting and monitoring requirements, etc. The BMAP will also include a set of long-term conservation actions for the priority biodiversity features, including the critical habitat trigger species. A long-term biodiversity monitoring and evaluation programme will be included in the BMAP, as required under WB PS6. The aim of the BMAP will be to demonstrate no net loss in natural habitats and net gain in critical habitat. The BMAP will include a set of actions for the conservation and enhancement of biodiversity in the Project area and the offset areas. The BMAP will ensure the Project: ● Implements the mitigation and monitoring in the ESIA ● Complies with national legislation and policy requirements ● Complies with lender and other international requirements ● Addresses the concerns and expectations of the stakeholders ● Implements best practice and sustainable solutions The BMAP will be prepared in line with WB PS6 and IFC Guidance Note 6 and other international guidance. The BMAP actions will be devised in line with the mitigation hierarchy, ie avoid, reduce (minimise), remedy (restore) and offset. Any biodiversity offsetting measures will be identified and developed following WB PS6 requirements, and guidance published by the Business and Biodiversity Offsets Programme (BBOP). Stakeholder consultation is an integral component in the formulation of a BMAP. It is essential to engage with stakeholders to gather opinions on the biodiversity baseline, project impacts, conservation priorities and implementation of actions. Stakeholders have been consulted as part of the ESIA, but additional and more specific stakeholder consultation will be undertaken to inform the BMAP. Consultation for the BMAP will include meetings, written and verbal communication, and a workshop with the key national and local stakeholders. Legal, Regulatory, Permitting and Third Party Requirements This section will present a summary of the following relevant frameworks: ● International biodiversity and nature conservation conventions and policies that apply to the Project and which have been signed by Nicaragua ● National legislation and policy on biodiversity and nature conservation ● Planning and permitting requirements ● CCP environmental and social policy ● WB Performance Standards Biodiversity Baseline This section will present a summary of the biodiversity baseline relevant to the Project based on literature review, field surveys and consultation with experts. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 58 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Additional biodiversity surveys are required in the dry season and these will be incorporated into the BMAP. Current Biodiversity Threats and Project Impacts This section will summarise the current threats on the protected areas, sensitive habitats and species of conservation concern in the BMAP study area (which will be larger than the Project area). Based on the information in the ESIA, a brief summary of the Project impacts on protected areas, sensitive habitats and species of conservation concern will be provided in this section. Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation The BMAP will focus on habitats and species that require special management rather than considering all biodiversity in the study area. The priorities for the BMAP will be established in consultation with stakeholders and experts and will include the following amongst others: ● Casita-San Cristobal-Chonco Nature Reserve and IBA/KBA ● All forest habitats even if they are currently degraded ● Threatened species at global regional or national levels ● Endemic and restricted-range species ● Migratory species BAP Actions This section will identify and describe conservation actions for the BMAP priorities to ensure the systematic implementation of the mitigation hierarchy. In addition to the measures defined by the mitigation hierarchy, the BMAP will also include ‘Additional Conservation Actions’, for example awareness raising and education of local communities, research and monitoring, biodiversity enhancement measures etc. BMAP Implementation A clear programme and responsibilities for the BMAP implementation will be agreed and included in this section of the BMAP. The internal and external responsibilities will be presented in the form of an organogram. One stakeholder workshop will be organised for the BMAP and this should help establish responsibilities and partnerships for the BMAP implementation. The BAP will identify any training requirements for staff and managers of CCP and/or contractors, including who will be responsible for conducting the training and who must be trained in what skills. Monitoring, Evaluation and Improvement The BMAP will include provisions for the objectives, actions and targets to be periodically reviewed. The BMAP will also include provisions for the periodic inspection/monitoring of the biodiversity mitigation and monitoring during all project phases. The BMAP will describe what actions will be taken, and by whom, if inspection/monitoring results show that the biodiversity management and monitoring practices do not meet applicable requirements, including the requirements of the BMAP itself. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 59 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Reporting, Communication and Verification of BMAP Performance To verify the outcomes and progress of the BMAP implementation, internal and external reporting will be specified in the BMAP. External reporting may be requested by the lenders and/or national regulatory bodies. Stakeholders also should be kept informed about the BMAP outcomes and this can in the form of leaflets, posters, workshops, internet, newspapers etc. A communication strategy will be developed and included in this section of the BMAP. The BMAP will include a clear internal reporting mechanism for the BMAP implementation to ensure the information is available to company managers, environmental managers/officers, and other staff concerned. 5.3.15 Habitat compensation and additional conservation actions 5.3.15.1 Compensatory habitat creation and restoration The Project will provide compensatory dry deciduous tropical forest for the loss of 9.55ha of forest habitat (secondary forest, agro-forestry and open forest succession). The habitat loss will be compensated by forest creation or restoration of degraded forest within the Nature Reserve. To account for uncertainty associated with forest habitat creation, the area of forest to be created will be 1.5 times larger than the forest area lost. Additionally, a multiplier of 2 will be applied to address the time gap between the forest loss and the new forest habitat being functional. In case forest restoration is undertaken instead of forest creation, a multiplier of 2 will also be applied. Habitat compensation to be provided by this Project will be one of the options below or a combination of the two options: ● 28.65ha of new dry deciduous tropical forest in the Nature Reserve (9.55ha x 1.5 x 2) OR ● 57.30ha of forest restoration in the Nature Reserve (9.55ha x 1.5 x 2 x 2) The habitat compensation and criteria will be detailed in the BMAP or in a separate offset plan. As required by the provisions of WB PS6, stakeholder engagement is a key component of biodiversity conservation and sustainable management of living natural resources. This is particularly important to clarify the roles and responsibilities of stakeholders relevant to this project; understand the jurisdictional legal arrangements to secure the habitat compensation sites; understand the options to establish appropriate financial mechanisms; and engage with government and NGOs with experience in setting up systems for monitoring, evaluation and adaptive management. The following aspects will be discussed and agreed during the consultation: ● Potential location of dry forest habitat creation ● Legal frameworks available to secure land for the purposes of habitat compensation ● Financial arrangements that could be used by CCP to fund conservation projects ● Sourcing of trees ● Contracting of professional advice on reforestation and forest management ● Roles and responsibilities of government and NGOs in administering and managing biodiversity offset/conservation projects within the Nature Reserve ● Expectations for governing habitat compensation and monitoring 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 60 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan The site locations for habitat creation and/or restoration will be agreed with the landowners as it may affect agricultural land. These locations will also take into consideration the management plan for the Nature Reserve to ensure conservation efforts are focussed on the areas and biodiversity features that are identified as being priorities. All species used in the habitat creation/restoration will be native. No introduction of non-native plant species will be allowed. CCP will ensure agreements are in place with local tree nurseries to grow a sufficient number of trees to be used in the habitat creation/restoration within the Nature Reserve. For the globally threatened tree species, approximately 150 seedlings will be produced and planted for each adult tree lost. CCP will sponsor this programme in coordination with MARENA/INAFOR and with support from local NGOs (e.g. Jovenes Ambientalistas). Where creation or restoration of natural forest is not possible within the Nature Reserve, similar habitat will be created elsewhere. CCP will investigate options for compensation land within the same municipality. The aim should be to establish biological corridors of dry tropical forest between Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita and Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico Telica Rota. The details of the habitat creation and restoration will be provided in the BMAP. Any off-set or resettlement sites required for the Project will be subject to an independent environmental assessment in order to minimise potential adverse impacts as a result. 5.3.15.2 Maintenance and monitoring of habitats created or restored The planted forest will be subjected to monitoring and maintenance activities to ensure the forest habitat is established successfully. Phase 1 – Maintenance and monitoring (years one to five) Maintenance and monitoring will be required for five years and will involve two visits per year (in January and June) to replace any dead or affected trees, control the weeds, provide protection against pests etc. Phase 2 – Monitoring (years six to ten) The monitoring will continue for another five years and will involve an annual visit by a qualified botanist to record species composition and habitat structure in the planted forest. This will be to ensure the habitat establishes to meet the targets and indicators regarding habitat structure and composition detailed in the BMAP. 5.3.15.3 Support for Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita The Project will affect 10.43ha of natural and modified habitat within the Nature Reserve (Table 7 of chapter 8), which represents 0.06% of the total area of the Nature Reserve. These habitats are also classified as critical, as explained in Volume III, Appendix 1. In line with WB PS6 requirements, CCP will provide support to all or some of the following activities: ● Input into a new Management Plan for the Nature Reserve together with MARENA and SINAP. The existing plan from 2006 has not been implemented and is out-of-date. ● Provide financial support to MARENA to improve the protection of the Nature Reserve, including additional support to Citizen Cabinets 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 61 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan ● Ensure access is strictly controlled on the existing access road ● Implementation of a habitat compensation programme in the Nature Reserve (see Section 5.3.15.1 above) ● Control the illegal tree logging and hunting of wildlife in the Nature Reserve The exact activities to be implemented will be specified and detailed in the BMAP. 5.3.15.4 Awareness raising and education CCP will sponsor biodiversity awareness raising programmes in the local communities. Biodiversity education workshops will be carried out for the local communities to explain the importance of biodiversity in the Nature Reserve and why and how invasive species of plants and animals affect native biodiversity. The conservation importance of native species and their threats will be explained along with the services provided by the local ecosystems and biodiversity. These programmes will be coordinated by CCP. The above activities will be developed in more detail in the BMAP. 5.3.16 Chance finds procedure The ‘chance finds procedure’ described below will be implemented by the civil works contractors and in place to stop works and require investigation by an archaeologist in case of such findings. Prior to site works, CCP will consult with the relevant cultural authorities (namely the Municipal Office of Culture, the Ministry of Culture’s Office of Cultural Patrimony and the National Archaeology Department of the Nicaraguan Institute of Culture), to ensure that the procedure is acceptable to them. Updates or amendments will be made by CCP where appropriate. The ownership of any chance finds discovered on the Project will be determined by the relevant cultural authorities who aim to collect, preserve, and research natural cultural national heritage. Contractor employees such as excavation equipment operators and supervisors are to be riefed in identification of physical cultural resources during excavation. The procedure upon discovery of chance finds or PCR includes the suspension of work and following steps: ● Contractor will stop work (in some cases, all work will need to be suspended, in others just the work in the immediate vicinity of the find will need to stop) ● Contractor will immediately report the discovery to CCP’s ECO (the contractor may not be entitled to claim compensation for work suspension during this period) ● CCP’s ECO may suspend work and may request from the contractor some excavations at the contractor’s expense if the ECO thinks that a discovery was made and not reported ● Contractor will demarcate and limit access to the site ● CCP’s ECO will consult with national authorities to decide whether the item can be removed and work may continue, for example where the item is a single item of archaeological value ● The contractor will submit a chance find report to the CCP ECO within one day of the find recording key details ● CCP ECO to inform the relevant cultural authorities immediately following the submission of the chance find report and provide a copy of the report 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 62 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan As required cultural heritage authorities will undertake to send a representative to the discovery site; details will be agreed between the relevant cultural authority and CCP. The representative will determine the action to be taken which may include, but will not be limited to: ● Removal of the chance find/PCR(s) deemed to be of significance ● Execution of further excavation within a specified distance of the discovery point ● Extension or reduction of the area demarcated by the contractor CCP and the civil works contractor to agree response times and time periods in their chance find procedure for further suspension of the works until an instruction on the required action is received from the relevant cultural authorities. Following approval from the relevant cultural authority, CCP’s ECO will issue the appropriate contractor with the instruction to recommence works. 5.3.17 Hydrogeological monitoring plan A hydrogeological monitoring plan will need to be developed prior to CCP undertaking a detailed hydrogeological study; monitoring will also need to be done during drilling works, and this is detailed further in Volume III, Chapter 9. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 63 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan 6 Implementation and Funding 6.1 Environmental and social management system Polaris Energy Nicaragua S.A. (one of the partners of CCP) is currently involved in another productive geothermal project in Nicaragua, the San Jacinto Tizate Geothermal Project. As part of this San Jacinto project, Polaris developed an environmental and social management system (ESMS) with a number of environmental and social plans and procedures. CCP will adopt and apply the Polaris ESMS to the planned Casita Project works, to include the following plans and procedures, among others: ● Environmental policy ● Environmental risk identification matrix ● Air emissions and air quality monitoring plan ● Noise monitoring plan ● Framework drill cuttings management plan ● Framework principles for waste and materials handling and storage ● Solid waste management framework ● Waste transfer certificates logs ● Materials entry log ● EHS logs ● Community water quality monitoring programme ● Internal audit plan ● Environmental performance evaluation procedures to assess drilling contractor ● Employee training satisfaction and evaluation questionnaire ● Procedure for internal communication ● Procedures for external communication The above is in addition to further monitoring plans identified as required by this ESMMP. 6.1.1 CCP environmental policy and commitment The Project will be undertaken with adherence to the CCP environmental policy, the main commitments of which include: ● To comply with all applicable national environmental legislation, as well as the voluntary adoption of current best practice environmental requirements above the minimum national standards; ensuring that both suppliers and contractors comply with this policy ● Preservation and sustainable use of natural resources, promoting the protection of flora and fauna in and around the concession area ● Provide adequate training to staff, encouraging the development and implementation of good environmental practices in processes and activities ● Implement and continuously improve the Environmental Management System (EMS) aimed at the prevention of pollution and the protection of the environment ● To disclose its environmental policy, both internally and externally 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 64 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan 6.2 Funding Budgetary estimates for the required environmental and social mitigation are provided in Table 18 and Table 19. 6.2.1 Environmental Table 18: Environment mitigation estimations Project ESMMP Implementation Costs Indicative Cost (USD)) Environmental management system, monitoring, evaluation 150,000 (component 1) Training and capacity building 10,000 H2S monitoring and reporting 8,000 Biodiversity surveys in the dry season (Jan-Mar 2018) 35,000 Preparation of Biodiversity Management and Action Plan (BMAP) 55,000 Implementation of BMAP (excluding habitat 90,000 (see assumptions below) creation/restoration/monitoring) Implementation of habitat creation/restoration 70,000 (see assumptions below) Preparation of Habitat Removal and Reinstatement Plan (HRRP) 7,000 and EcMP – responsibility of CCP or contractors (to be confirmed be CCP) Implementation of HRRP and EcMP – responsibility of contractors 0 (it will be specified in ToR) Archaeological survey To be established Hydrogeological Study 50,000 Management requirements (personnel, signage, pollution Included in other budgets (civil works, HR, prevention equipment, waste receptacles, PPE, erosion protection management, etc.) measures, waste disposal costs, etc.) Annual independent audits (external) 25,000 Total 500000 Source: CCP and Mott MacDonald Assumptions regarding BMAP implementation exclude which are assumed to be covered in general environmental management system costs. ● Input into a new Management Plan for the Nature Reserve ● Biodiversity education workshops in five local villages (Local consultant) ● Improve protection of the Nature reserve (barriers and guard stations) during Component 1 works – continuous attendance, 3 guards per station (8-hour shifts) x 2 stations (two separate roads) Assumptions regarding habitat creation, restoration and monitoring fee estimation: ● All habitat creation and restoration is implemented in the Nature Reserve (30ha affected area) ● CCP will not need to purchase or rent land for habitat compensation ● Consultation and identification of compensation sites – 5-person days ● Cost of trees – USD 70,000 ● Planting of trees in habitat compensation areas (including seed collection and nursery preparation) – (total) (6 persons) ● Habitat maintenance and monitoring in years 1-5 (twice per year) 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 65 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan ● Habitat monitoring in years 6-10 (once per year) 6.2.2 Social Table 19: Social mitigation estimations Project ESMMP Implementation Detail Indicative Cost (USD) Costs Resettlement Plan (RAP or LRP) Does not include cost for 15,000 acquiring new land Recruitment plan and related initiatives In contractors’ budget Workforce training programmes This is not included in the In contractors’ budget “Training and capacity building” budget in Table 18 Annual security staff training Two days a year, organised by 12,000 CCP’s health and safety coordinator Stakeholder engagement plan As per the Stakeholder 10,000 implementation, ongoing stakeholder engagement plan (SEP) engagement activities (Volume V) Social action plan (investment plan) Social action plan (investment 10,000 initiatives plan) Communications plan 10,000 Community monitoring study Two rural development 30,000 professionals to carry out during a two-month period. Total 87,000 Source: CCP and Mott MacDonald 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 66 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan 7 Monitoring and Reporting 7.1 Overview An integral part of an ESMS is the reporting of information back to management and to all staff, to assess the adherence of the project to the KPIs set. The following sections set out minimum proposed reporting and auditing provisions. The development of these will be the ultimate responsibility of the CCP Project team. All contractors and sub-contractors will be required to provide information to support. 7.2 Performance reporting and auditing Table 20 summarises the key reports to be produced in support of the works for Component 1. Any third parties working on behalf of CCP will be required to set up systems within their own ESMS for reporting into this. All contractors will be required to gather information to input into these reporting obligations. Table 20: Minimum reporting requirements Report Type Requirements Accident / Any breaches of the accepted standards specified will be reported to the CCP Site Manager. incident and non- CCP will define accidents, incidents and environmental and health and safety near misses in compliance the contracts of all contractors. report (NCR) Site inspection CCP and all contractors are to compile a site inspection checklist or record format relevant to records their ESMMP implementation responsibilities Alongside routine daily visual inspections, periodic site inspections are to be undertaken and recorded at least every two weeks to confirm ongoing compliance with ESMMP requirements Monthly internal Relevant parties will prepare a monthly report for submitting to the CCP’s ECO and include: EHS reports ● Progress in implementing the ESMMP ● Findings of the inspection and monitoring programmes, with emphasis on any breaches of the control standards, action levels or standards of general site management; reported back to staff to improve environmental performance/behaviour ● Outstanding NCRs ● Summary of any complaints by external bodies and actions taken/to be taken ● Relevant changes or possible changes in legislation, regulations and international practices Internal audits Undertaken every six months to review the adequacy of implementation of Contractors’ ESMMP in accordance with the requirements stated in this report Bi-annual report Within the first quarter of each year, CCP are to submit to MARENA and the relevant to MARENA authorities, a report outlining compliance with the MARENA environmental permit conditions, this ESMMP and measures outlined in the ESIA Annual As a minimum, throughout the first 2.5 years of Component 1, arrangements will be made for independent an industrial environmental management specialist to carry out an independent audit of the audits (external) existing practices against the requirements of the ESMMP. The key objectives of the audit will be as follows: ● Report on the practical implementation of the ESMMP and progress since the last visit ● Establish feasible improvement objectives for completion before the next visit These audits will be used to re-examine the continued appropriateness of the ESMMP and to provide advice on any updates required. Attention will be given to lessons learnt in the light of experience. In particular, consideration will be given to the monitoring programmes in place to determine whether their purpose has been served and they can therefore be terminated or reduced in frequency. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 67 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan 7.2.1 Document handling In line with CCP document control procedures, a complete and up-to-date file of all relevant sources of information will be maintained and will include: ● Current environmental permits and consents ● All relevant regulations, international guidelines, and codes of practice ● Current calibration certificates for all the equipment that requires calibration by an external organisation ● Latest version of the ESMMP ● Records for environmental monitoring (inspection forms) and audits ● Record of the Component 1 programme ● Manufacturers’ operating manuals for all the environmental monitoring equipment ● Equipment maintenance and repair records ● Correspondence in relation to environmental matters / permits including internal and external ● Minutes of relevant meetings ● Environmental training records (e.g. attendance records for environmental awareness training) 7.2.2 Supervision, inspection, and auditing In line with CCP’s internal audit plan, the CCP EHS team will establish procedures to supervise and measure the effectiveness of the management system. This should be through a combination of inspections and audits (internal and third party). This should be done by experienced experts and relative to the nature of the risks. CCP and the contractors will be required to develop an incident register and implement corrective actions. 7.2.3 Monitoring and supervision of contractors’ management of labour and working conditions CCP will be responsible for ensuring that the required labour standards are passed on to all contractors and subcontractors. CCP will then need to ensure implementation of written commitments and procedures through monitoring and supervision activities, especially but not limited to those presented in Table 21. Table 21: Contractor labour monitoring Timing / Phase Labour Indicator of contractor compliance Methods for CCP aspect verification Within two months Labour Contractor human resource policy based on non- Contractors’ HR plans in of contractor management discrimination, equal opportunity and fair treatment project file commencing recruitment that is compliant with the national labour law works Labour force Staff members conversant on the human resource data policy One month prior Occupational Contractor health and safety plan in place that has Contractors’ H&S plans to start of contract health and provisions to provide a safe and healthy work in project file safety environment by preventing accidents, injuries and diseases; ensures workers are trained; and includes emergency prevention measures and response actions During work Working Written employment contract for each worker Periodic random activities conditions Appropriate shelter and shading interviews with five to ten and terms of employees regarding Break times adhere to national law employment Provision of timely payment of salaries 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 68 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Timing / Phase Labour Indicator of contractor compliance Methods for CCP aspect verification General information regarding terms and contract and working conditions, Project activities and occupational conditions health and safety information provided at an Visual inspection of PPE established location on site use Daily visual inspections of eating, resting, drinking and washing facilities Review of information During work Labour Workers aware of labour grievance mechanism Monthly random activities grievance Use of grievance mechanism interviews with employees Periodic discussion with contractors; HR department During work Occupational Number of training sessions and number of trainees Accidents reported on in activities health and Accident registers up to date on sites with number contractors’ monthly safety of accidents (CCP will encourage sub-contractors to reports meet zero accidents and fatalities target) Regular (minimum Regular reporting of EHS statistics to CCP for weekly) visual central collation inspections of sites and Proper use of PPE use of PPE Safe and hygienic eating, resting, drinking and washing facilities 7.2.4 Environmental monitoring Performance indicators required to be monitored during Component 1 are as outlined in Table 21. Table 22: Environmental monitoring Measure Frequency Method Responsibility Air quality – H2S Air Quality Guidelines, World ● Have a H2S detector and CO2 and CCP / contractors and CO2 Health Organization (WHO), CH4 monitor for monitoring air emissions Geneva 2000 emissions at all of the well pad ● Continuous real time H2S installation sites monitoring programme at all ● Monitoring equipment to be times calibrated in line with manufacturers requirements Air quality – dust Regular (daily -weekly) ● Visual monitoring of dust CCP / contractors emissions episodes, soiling of vegetation, dust resuspension on the roads and dust clouds Noise Once a week ● Spot check monitoring at CCP commencement of activities at each well pad using sound level meter, and at the nearest residential properties/sensitive receptors, for comparison against standards (Pad E) ● Monitoring equipment to be calibrated in line with manufacturers requirements Water quality ● Regular (quarterly) sampling ● Undertake extensive groundwater CCP of the springs at Argelia (for quality monitoring within the direct La Pelona only) and Ojo de and indirect areas of influence of Agua, with analysis of the project (as per MARENA samples for a consistent environmental permit suite of water quality 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 69 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Measure Frequency Method Responsibility parameters to determine requirements, or World Bank baseline water quality requirements if more restrictive) ● Regular (monthly) sampling and analysis of the springs, monitoring wells drilled for the Project and a minimum of three wells in the Plain during drilling of water wells ● Regular (quarterly) sampling and analysis of springs and the same three wells on the Plain during the higher rate of water abstraction ● Regular (annual) sampling and analysis of the springs and the same three wells on the Plain during the construction and commercial production phases of the scheme Waste Periodic ● All waste should be recorded for CCP / contractors off site disposal ● There should be periodic audits of internal waste management practices to ensure on-going compliance throughout the life of the Project, with any recommendations for improvements in waste management practices forming part of on-going reporting AIS During site establishment works Site walkover CCP / contractors Annual checks and surveys Site walkover thereafter Flora and fauna As per BMAP (to be defined) ● CCP ● As per BMAP (to be defined) Archaeological During site establishment works watching brief contractors 7.2.5 General awareness training To fulfil the requirements of an ISO 14001 EMS, all staff members involved on the Project will be required to attend educational training that includes general environmental awareness in relation to Component 1 works: ● A general understanding of the environmental risks associated with the civil works and drilling works ● Local, national, and international actions which are required to combat these risks ● Clarification of the CCP Environmental Policy and its practical implementation, stressing that it carries implications for the working methods and responsibilities for all employees ● Any specific receptor sensitivities ● Emergency preparedness and response ● Natural hazard risks ● Stakeholder engagement ● Labour grievance mechanism 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 70 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan 7.2.6 Sub-contractor training requirements All contractors will be required as part of the request for tender for the works to provide an overview of their training provisions and make training records of key staff available for review upon request as part of the internal auditing process for the Project for any specialist disciplines. 7.3 Communication Communication requirements for the Project are to be set out in the Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) (Volume V of this ESIA). The contractors’ plans will be required to take account of the SEP. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx CCP | Casita-San Cristobal Geothermal Project 71 Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan X 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\dav31979\Documents\00000 Casta REV C FOR ISSUE\387016 Volume IV ESMMP REV C v5_FINAL_EN.docx Casita–San Cristobal Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan 18 August 2017 Cerro Colorado Power S.A. San Jacinto Tizate, km 114 Leon Malpaisillo Road Managua Building ESCALA, 6th floor Jean Paul Genie Avenue south side building ProCredit Casita–San Cristobal 387016 1 C Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP 18 August 2017 Mott MacDonald Limited. Registered in England and Wales no. 1243967. Registered office: Mott MacDonald House, 8-10 Sydenham Road, Croydon CR0 2EE, United Kingdom CCP | Casita–San Cristobal Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan Issue and revision record Revision Date Originator Checker Approver Description A 28 July I Kim A Martins N Davies Draft for client comment 2017 M Rowan B 08 A Martins N Davies A Cuschnir Final Draft for client comment August 2017 C 18 A Martins N Davies A Cuschnir Final for disclosure August 2017 Document reference: 387016 | 1 | C Information class: Standard This document is issued for the party which commissioned it and for specific purposes connected with the above- captioned project only. It should not be relied upon by any other party or used for any other purpose. We accept no responsibility for the consequences of this document being relied upon by any other party, or being used for any other purpose, or containing any error or omission which is due to an error or omission in data supplied to us by other parties. This document contains confidential information and proprietary intellectual property. It should not be shown to other parties without consent from us and from the party which commissioned it. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan Contents Glossary of Terms 1 Acronyms 2 1 Introduction 4 1.1 Overview 4 1.2 Structure of the report 4 2 Project Description 6 2.1 Project setting 6 2.2 Project overview 6 2.2.1 Component 1: exploration phase 7 2.2.2 Component 2 8 2.3 Objectives of this stakeholder engagement plan 13 2.4 Previous stakeholder engagement and information disclosure activities 13 3 Stakeholder Engagement Requirements 14 3.1 Overview 14 3.2 National regulations 14 3.3 International standards 14 3.3.1 World Bank Operational Policy (OP) 4.03 14 3.3.2 Pelosi Amendment (1989) 15 4 Identification of Stakeholders and Communication Methods 17 4.1 Overview 17 4.2 Stakeholder identification and analysis 17 4.3 Encouraging participation of women and vulnerable groups 20 5 Stakeholder Engagement Programme 21 5.1 Overview 21 5.2 Community liaison officer 21 5.3 External communication 22 5.4 Media spokesperson 22 5.5 Use of electronic media 23 5.6 Consultation activities 23 5.7 ESIA consultation and disclosure details 24 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan 6 Community Grievance Mechanism 27 6.1 Overview 27 6.2 Confidentiality and anonymity 27 6.3 Grievance reporting and resolution 27 7 Monitoring and Reporting 30 7.1 Stakeholder engagement plan updating and reporting 30 7.2 Community liaison officer reporting 30 7.3 Annual reporting 30 7.4 Stakeholder engagement monitoring and performance evaluation 30 Appendices 32 A. Grievance registration form 33 B. Grievance log template 34 Tables Table 1: Project stakeholders and suggested communication and consultation methods 18 Table 2: Stakeholder engagement implementation timescales and responsibilities 23 Table 3: Stakeholder engagement activities held 24 Table 4: Grievance Classification Criteria 28 Table 5: Grievance log template 35 Figures Figure 1: Project setting 9 Figure 2: Project components 10 Figure 3: Project components - Topography 11 Figure 4: Project Location and Closest Human Settlements 12 Figure 5: Project organigramme for exploration phase 22 Figure 6: Local Stakeholder Consultations 26 Figure 7: Flowchart for processing grievances 29 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 1 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan Glossary of Terms Term Definition Consultation Consultation is a two-way process of dialogue between the project company and its stakeholders. Stakeholder consultation is about initiating and sustaining constructive external relationships over time. Grievance Procedure provided by a project to receive and facilitate resolution of affected communities’ Mechanism concerns and grievances about the project’s environmental and social performance. Environmental A forward-looking instrument that is able to proactively advise decision-makers on what and Social Impact might happen if a proposed activity is implemented. Impacts are changes that have Assessment environmental, political, economic, or social significance to society. Impacts may be positive (ESIA) or negative and may affect the environment, communities, human health and well-being, desired sustainability objectives, or a combination of these. Information Disclosure means making information accessible to interested and affected parties Disclosure (stakeholders). Communicating information in a manner that is understandable to stakeholders is an important first and ongoing step in the process of stakeholder engagement. Information should be disclosed in advance of all other engagement activities, from consultation and informed participation to negotiation and resolution of grievances. This will make engagement more constructive. Stakeholders Stakeholders are persons or groups who are directly or indirectly affected by a project, as well as those who may have interests in a project or the ability to influence its outcome, either positively or negatively. Source: Based on World Bank Performance Standards and International Finance Corporation Good Practice Handbook on Stakeholder Engagement (2007) 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 2 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan Acronyms Acronym Term AC Affected communities AOI Area of Influence AP Action Plan Asl Above Sea Level CAP Committees de Agua Portable y Saneamiento CCP Cerro Colorado Power S.A. CEPREDENAC Centro de Coordinación para la Prevención de los Desastres Naturales en América Central CESMP Construction Environment and Social Management Plan CHA Critical Habitat Assessment CHS Community Health and Safety CLO Community Liaison Officer DEMP Decommissioning Environmental Management Plan EA Environmental Assessment EHS Environment, Health and Safety EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan ENEL Empresa Nicaragüense de Electricidad EPRP Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan ESA Environment and Social Assessment ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMMP Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan ESMS Environmental and Social Management System FGD Focus group discussions FISE Emergency Social Investment Fund FPIC Free, prior and informed consent FUNCOD Fundación Nicaragüense para la Conservación y Desarrollo GDP Gross Domestic Product GIIP Good International Industry Practice GIS Geographical Information System GoN Government of Nicaragua HR Human resources IBA International bird area ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights IFC International Finance Corporation ILO International Labour Organisation INAFOR National Forestry Institute INATEC Instituto Nacional Tecnologico INC Instituto Nicaragüense de Cultura INETER Nicaraguan Institute of Territorial Studies INIDE National Institute of Information and Development INIFOM Instituto Nicaragüense De Fomento Municipal INSS Social Security Institute of Nicaragua INTA El Instituto Nicaragüense de Tecnología Agropecuaria 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 3 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan Acronym Term IP Indigenous peoples IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature LRF Livelihood Restoration Framework LVIA Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment MAGFOR Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry MARENA Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources MEM Nicaraguan Ministry of Energy and Mines MINED Ministerio de Educación MINSA Ministerio de Salud MITRAB Ministry of Labour MMLLC Mott MacDonald LLC MTI Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NPE National Policy on Environment NTS Non-Technical Summary OHS Occupational Health and Safety OP Operational Policy OSHA Occupational Safety and Health and Safety Guidelines PAPs Project Affected Peoples PCDP Public Consultation and Disclosure Plan PPP Public private partnership PRs Performance Requirements PS Performance Standards RAP Resettlement Action Plan RoW Rights of Way RPF Resettlement Policy Framework SAGS Steam field above ground system SEA Sistema de Evaluación Ambiental SEP Stakeholder Engagement Plan SERENA National Secretariat of Environmental Permits SIA Social Impact Assessment SIEPAC Central American Electrical Interconnection System SPV Special purpose vehicle TMP Traffic Management Plan ToR Terms of Reference UAM Universidad Americana UK United Kingdom WB OP World Bank Operational Policy WBG World Bank Group WHO World Health Organisation WWF Worldwide Fund for Nature ZVI Zone of visual impact 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 4 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan 1 Introduction 1.1 Overview The Government of Nicaragua has identified the Casita-San Cristobal geothermal area as having high potential to support its generation expansion plan and investment in renewable energy. In April 2009, the Nicaraguan Ministry of Energy and Mines (“MEM”) issued an “exploration” concession to Cerro Colorado Power Sociedad Anonima (S.A.) (“CCP”) to assess geothermal resources over a 100km 2 area along the Casita - San Cristobal Volcanic complex. Upon completion of the surface exploration works, with promising results, CCP was granted in 2013 an “exploitation” concession over a selected 100km 2 area on the south eastern flank of Casita Volcano to develop the geothermal resource. The Government of Nicaragua with the support of the World Bank1 intend to use World Bank (SREP2 and IDA) and private funding to help confirm the geothermal resource of the field and to mitigate the resource risk, and thereby promote possible future private investment to facilitate the development of the first operational geothermal power plant in the Casita-San Cristobal geothermal field. The Casita-San Cristobal geothermal project will be developed by Cerro Colorado Power S.A. (CCP, or the Project Developer), as a public private partnership (PPP) project between Cerro Colorado Corporation (CCC, a Panamanian subsidiary of Polaris Infrastructure Inc.) and Empresa Nicaragüense de Electricidad (ENEL), a state-owned company of the Republic of Nicaragua. The Project has been categorised as Category A according to World Bank criteria, which means that it has potentially significant adverse environmental or social risks and/or impacts that are diverse, irreversible, or unprecedented. In addition to national environmental impact assessment documentation, an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) is needed to meet World Bank Operational Policy 4.03 Performance Standards (PSs) for Private Sector Activities (May 2013). Mott MacDonald USA LLC (“Mott MacDonald”) has been commissioned as the environmental and social consultant (ES consultant) to undertake an ESIA in advance of exploration drilling planned to be undertaken to assess the viability of the resource for power generation. This Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) is designed to guide the Project’s approach to stakeholder engagement throughout its lifecycle. This SEP has been developed in accordance with both national and international policy requirements for information disclosure, meaningful consultation, participation and stakeholder engagement. The SEP applies to all stages of the Project, namely surface reconnaissance, exploration drilling, production drilling, and installation of the steam above-ground pipeline system (SAGS) and power plant. 1.2 Structure of the report The SEP is structured according to the following chapters: ● Chapter 2: Project description ● Chapter 3: Stakeholder engagement requirements ● Chapter 4: Identification of stakeholders and communication methods 1 World Bank means IBRD and IDA 2 SREP Scaling Up Renewable Energy Program 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 5 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan ● Chapter 5: Stakeholder engagement programme ● Chapter 6: Community grievance mechanism ● Chapter 7: Monitoring and reporting 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 6 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan 2 Project Description 2.1 Project setting Located on the south-east slope of the Casita Volcano, the Project concession covers an area of 100km2. The Project site is in the Department of Chinandega, 130km north of Nicaragua’s capital city of Managua. The boundaries of three municipalities (Chinandega, Chichigalpa and Posoltega) are located across the concession area. The concession area includes private lands and the Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita (the Nature Reserve). The ten private lands are owned by five private landowners. The Nature Reserve is a protected area of 179.64km 2 that was established by a national decree in 1983. The protected area consists of a chain of five volcanic cones, including the Casita-San Cristobal one, the country's highest volcano. The Nature Reserve has five management zones: i) core zone, ii) conservation recovery zone, iii) high fragility zone, iv) sustainable production zone and the v) buffer zone. The main geothermal facilities and Project activities are proposed to take place in the sustainable production zone and the core zone. The future access road and transmission line also affect a narrow strip within the buffer zone of the Nature Reserve. The project setting and components are illustrated in Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3 at the end of this chapter. Two households were identified within less than 500m to sections of the Project’s access road. No com munities are located within the concession area or directly affected by Project’s components. The closest settlements to the existing slimhole that has been drilled during Stage I are Santa Cruz (4.2km), San Lucas (7.2km), El Higueral (7.7km) and Las Grietas (8.1km). The settlements are part of the wider AOI. 2.2 Project overview The Casita-San Cristobal geothermal project development is split into two components with sub- components as described below: ● Component 1: Geothermal resource confirmation (hereafter referred to as the EXPLORATION PHASE) – Sub-component 1.1.- Surface studies and reconnaissance (already completed) – Sub-component 1.2 Exploration drilling (current activity, three to five full-size well drilling program) – Sub-component 1.3 - Feasibility study and production ESIA (subject to confirmation of resource) ● Component 2: Steam field and power plant development with initial capacity of 25 MW to 35 MW (hereafter referred to as the PRODUCTION PHASE) – Sub-component 2.1 - Production drilling (estimated six additional production and reinjection wells) – Sub-component 2.2 - Development of steam above ground system (SAGS) and power plant Each component is described in more detail below and further description of the components and activities connected with this work is provided in Volume II, Chapter 1. ● Component 1 (sub-component 1.1): surface reconnaissance – some of this component has already been completed by CCP. It included surface reconnaissance, geological, 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 7 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan geophysical and geochemical studies as well as the drilling of a slim/core hole which confirmed the availability of a steam resource ● Component 1 (sub-component 1.2): exploration drilling program – An exploration drilling program of 3-5 wells is proposed to ascertain the steam capacity (i.e. resource base) for producing electricity and to estimate the cost of extracting the resource. The exploration program will significantly improve the understanding of the geothermal resource and provide better estimates as to the cost of the Project, whereby, risks would be considerably reduced ● Component 1 (sub-component 1.3): feasibility study and production ESIA – A bankable feasibility study and updated ESIA to international standards will also be prepared to support subsequent works (subject to confirmation of resource) ● Component 2 (sub-component 2.1): production drilling and steam field development – based on successful confirmation of the resource estimate and of the initially proposed power plant development (including a detailed technical feasibility study and production ESIA), the well field would be further developed with additional drilling of production and injection wells; and the steam above-ground system (SAGS) that will transport the steam from the wells to the power plant that will be constructed ● Component 2 (sub-component 2.2): Construction of power plant – also based on the feasibility and ESIA studies, an initial geothermal power plant expected to be 35MW will be constructed in line with industry standards. It will demonstrate the viability of sustainably generating power from the geothermal steam resource in the Casita-San Cristobal reservoir, and open prospects for potential expansion of the field in the future 2.2.1 Component 1: exploration phase Surface studies (geological, geophysical, and geochemical) have already been completed, a well pad constructed (including its associated access road, which will require significant upgrade works), and a slim hole drilled that has led to the confirmation of the availability of a steam resource. Component 1 works for exploration drilling can be summarised as follows: ● Pad A (CSA-1): 2500m directional well (220°) to prove thickness of vapor zone and presence of underlying liquid reservoir ● Pad E (CSE-1): 2000m vertical well to test inferred resource into the La Pelona area ● Pad C (CSC-1): 2000m deviated well (220°) to target vapor or liquid zones near Casita Volcano ● Pad D, B and F (CSX-X) (to be confirmed if needed): 2000m deviated wells at locations which will be based on the results of the previous three wells (A, E and C) ● 8000 m3 water storage reservoir (pond) (for the Project) ● Water wells (as needed to provide water supply requirements for drilling rig) ● Water supply pipeline (for the Project) (temporary) ● Water booster pumping stations (per Project) ● Temporary materials storage yard and temporary warehouse (for the Project) ● Temporary waste warehouse (per Project) ● Temporary 8000 m3 dump pond (per Project) ● 5000 m3 drill cuttings and muds (sludge) management area (per Project) ● Rehabilitation and expansion of existing main access track (6.2m wide) 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 8 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan ● Upgrade / new access roads to Pad A, Pad C, Pad E, Pad B (if needed), Pad F (if needed) and access to the proposed water wells 2.2.2 Component 2 Although the impact of component 2 activities is not covered under the scope of this ESIA, we have considered the potential location of infrastructure at a high level to understand potential for key impacts that may arise. A detailed ESIA for Component 2 will be undertaken following confirmation of the resource. The following assumptions regarding component 2 have been made: ● Six (6) production wells (assumed to be located at existing well pad sites) ● Two (2) reinjection wells ● Power plant (25-35MWe) ● Steam above ground system (SAGS) ● New 138kV transmission line and interconnection substation to an existing transmission line approximately 6km from the proposed power plant site ● Substation ● Operational compound including: – Permanent workers’ accommodation – Warehouses – Chemical station – Fire protection system – Offices ● Drill cuttings and muds management area The location of Project components as currently envisaged is presented in Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3 below. The closest settlements are presented in Figure 4. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 9 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan Figure 1: Project setting Source: CCP 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 10 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan Figure 2: Project components Source: :CCP 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 11 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan Figure 3: Project components - Topography Source: CCP 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 12 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan Figure 4: Project Location and Closest Human Settlements Source: CCP 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 13 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan 2.3 Objectives of this stakeholder engagement plan This SEP is a strategic document for planning a comprehensive and culturally appropriate approach to consultation and disclosure for the lifecycle of the Project. The purpose of this SEP is to provide a consultation and participation strategy for the Project which: ● Identifies stakeholder groups that could be affected or may have an interest in the Project ● Ensures that such stakeholders are appropriately engaged through a process of information disclosure and meaningful consultation on environmental and social issues that could potentially affect them ● Maintains a constructive relationship with stakeholders on an on-going basis through meaningful engagement during project implementation ● Provides a grievance mechanism to allow communities and other stakeholders to register complaints, queries or comments that are addressed in a timely manner by the Project 2.4 Previous stakeholder engagement and information disclosure activities National environmental impact assessments (EIAs) were completed in 2009 for the early above ground exploration works and in 2015 for the exploratory drilling (including slimhole drilling) and generation production. For the 2009 EIA, interviews were conducted with 73 households to collect socio-economic baseline data. A public consultation was conducted from 26 to 30 October 2009. MARENA Chinandega and the office of the Mayor of Posoltega confirmed via written correspondence that no public comments were provided at this consultation. A public hearing was held on 17 November 2009 by MARENA for which 57 individuals and organisations were sent invitations on 13 November 2009. On 10 April 2015, a public consultation was held in Chinandega. The meeting was advertised with newspaper and radio announcements and with banners. Invitations were sent to government representatives, non-governmental organisations and others. About 30 people signed the registry, representing governmental entities (such as the environmental authority, civil defence) the local Chinandega administration, radio stations, and vocational institutes (such as the El Instituto Nicaragüense de Tecnología Agropecuaria). There are no written records regarding the topics discussed. According to CCP the main questions were: ● Are there going to be jobs for local people? – Answer: It depends on the experience and qualifications of local people. It was recommended that the community starts preparing for this demand ● Is there going to be reforestation? We have seen other projects cutting trees and not compensating. – Answer: CCP will have and follow a reforestation plan prepared by environmental specialists that will describe the reforestation works The consultations undertaken in mid-2017 for the international ESIA are summarised in the subsection 5.7. Minutes, photographs and attendance lists are provided in an appendix of the ESIA. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 14 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan 3 Stakeholder Engagement Requirements 3.1 Overview This chapter sets out the regulatory requirements relevant to the involvement of stakeholders in the Casita Geothermal Project. This SEP has been produced to meet the legislation and policy regulations of the Government of Nicaragua and to meet the information disclosure, consultation and stakeholder participation requirements of the World Bank Operational Policy (OP) 4.03 – Performance Standards for Private Sector Activities (May 2013). These requirements are summarised below. 3.2 National regulations The Decree on the Environmental Evaluation System, Decree No. 76-2006 of December 19, 2006) establishes the procedures and requirements for environmental evaluation of projects, works, activities and industries 3. It replaces the Regulation on the Permit and Evaluation of Environmental Impact (Decree No. 45-94, of October 28, 1994) that previously regulated the environmental impact assessment (EIA) processes in Nicaragua. Decree No. 76-2006 requires public consultations to be held as part of the EIA process. Chapter VIII of Decree No. 76-2006 further requires the Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources (MARENA) to establish regulations for the public consultations, to be based on the following principles of proactive inclusion and shared responsibility amongst the state and civil society. Public consultation under Nicaraguan regulations requires at least three separate consultation exercises during the preparation of the EIA, as well as a potential requirement for a public hearing following submission of the EIA. During the technical review of the EIA, the project proponent, as authorised by MARENA, is to publish a note in a national newspaper, which includes the date, time and place of availability of the document and/or non-technical summary. Any interested party may submit opinions or suggestions to the documents. MARENA also requires annual environmental audits to be prepared in the first quarter of each year. 3.3 International standards Relevant international standards related to stakeholder engagement include the World Bank OP4.03 and the Pelosi Act. 3.3.1 World Bank Operational Policy (OP) 4.03 The World Bank’s (WB) Performance Standards (PS) embodied in OP4.03 are a set of eight performance standards (PSs) that set a framework of requirements to be addressed in an international ESIA and the means to address them to international standards. They include: ● WB PS1 – Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts ● WB PS2 – Labour and Working Conditions ● WB PS3 – Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention ● WB PS4 – Community Health, Safety and Security ● WB PS5 – Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement 3 http://www.ine.gob.ni/DCA/leyes/decreto/Decreto_76-2006_SistemaEvaluacionAmbiental.pdf 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 15 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan ● WB PS6 – Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources ● WB PS7 – Indigenous Peoples ● WB PS8 – Cultural Heritage WB PS1 specifically refers to the need for and means of achieving community engagement, disclosure of relevant project information, appropriate consultation processes and grievance mechanisms throughout the project lifecycle. The extent and degree of engagement required by the consultation process should be commensurate with the project’s risks and adverse impacts and with the concerns raised by the affected communities (ACs). The requirements for stakeholder engagement in projects are: ● Start as early as possible in the project cycle ● Continue throughout the life of the project ● Conduct engagement based on timely, relevant, understandable and accessible information in a culturally appropriate format ● Focus inclusive4 engagement on those directly affected as opposed to those not directly affected ● Be free of external manipulation, interference, coercion, or intimidation ● Enable meaningful participation, where applicable ● Be documented Project are required to provide ACs with access to relevant information on: ● The purpose, nature, and scale of the project ● The duration of proposed project activities ● Any risks to and potential impacts on such communities and relevant mitigation measures ● The envisaged stakeholder engagement process ● The grievance mechanism Where applicable, the SEP should include differentiated measures to allow the effective participation of those identified as disadvantaged or vulnerable. For projects with potentially significant adverse impacts on ACs there needs to be an informed consultation and participation process with an in-depth exchange of views and information via organised and iterative consultation. The outcomes of consultation are to be incorporated into aspects of the project that directly affect ACs such as mitigation and benefits-sharing measures. The views of both men and women need to be captured and documented. 3.3.2 Pelosi Amendment (1989) The United States Congress passed legislation in 1989 (Public Law 101-240; 22 U.S.C. 262m-7) that included a provision in the International Development and Finance Act of 1989 known as the ‘Pelosi Amendment’. The Pelosi amendment requires that the United States Executive Directors at the World Bank and all the regional multilateral development banks withhold support on any project that might have significant negative environmental and social effects (Category A projects), until an appropriate environmental impact assessment (EIA) or 4Such as men, women, the elderly, youth, displaced persons, and vulnerable and disadvantaged persons or groups. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 16 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan comprehensive environmental summary has been completed and made available for review to the Directors and the public for at least 120 days before a Board vote. 5 All World Bank funded activities should be categorised, with significant risk activities requiring an ESIA that is meaningfully consulted and disclosed before appraisal. Adequate risk assessments and management plans of projects must be provided to the Board before approval of the project. 5 Sanford. J. and Fletcher. S. R. (1998). Multilateral Development Banks' Environmental Assessment and Information Policies: Impact of the Pelosi Amendment. Congress research service. Available: URL http://congressionalresearch.com/98- 180/document.php?study=MULTILATERAL+DEVELOPMENT+BANKS+ENVIRONMENTAL+ASSESSMENT+AND+INFORMATION+PO LICIES+IMPACT+OF+THE+PELOSI+AMENDMENT 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 17 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan 4 Identification of Stakeholders and Communication Methods 4.1 Overview Project stakeholders are people and groups that (i) will be affected by the Project; (ii) are likely to be interested; or, (iii) could influence the outcome of the Project. These individuals and groups have been identified, including analysis on the best ways to engage with them according to the media that they are likely to use and be most comfortable with. Stakeholders with diverse perspectives on the project can contribute to new understanding of local circumstances or project impacts, risks and benefits leading to identification of further opportunities for action. Over time it may be necessary to modify the list of stakeholders or methods of communication to meet changing circumstances. CCP will therefore undertake periodic reviews of their stakeholders. 4.2 Stakeholder identification and analysis A stakeholder mapping exercise was carried out to provide a strategically focused stakeholder list with targeted means of engaging with them. An analysis of all Project stakeholders, interests, and suggested communication and consultation methods is summarised in Table 1. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 18 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan Table 1: Project stakeholders and suggested communication and consultation methods Stakeholder group Stakeholder Identified Stakeholder relevance Activities Disclosure of Project recruitment Workers’ liaison and trade union Workers’ grievance mechanism Engagement with Community policy and job advertisement Disclosure of project related Targeted focus groups liaison officer (CLO) committee liaison Annual reporting Private Meeting Decision Maker Project website Public Meeting documents Interested Affected Nearest settlements Santa Cruz, San Lucas, El Higueral, Las Grietas x x x x x x x x x Landowners Two individuals and three companies with leases already stablished and x x x x x x x x x x landowners recently identified and eventually identified in the future Land users (direct AOI near Project Cooperativa Genaro Nova, 2 households within 500m of the access road x x x x x x x x x X facilities) and potentially the Cooperativa Agropecuaria de Produccion Principe de Paz R.L Land users (direct AOI in concession Coffee/agricultural workers who use distant parts of the concession x x x x x x x x X area) Vulnerable and marginalised groups Poor households; women headed households, children and elderly x x x x x x x x X headed households; households with disabled people; households with high rates of illiteracy Employees (CCP, contractors, Construction, operation and rehabilitation phase employees and x x x x x x x subcontractors) prospective employees National and other government Instituto Nicaragüense de Cultura (INC) x x x x x x x institutes and departments Emergency Social Investment Fund (FISE) Nicaraguan Institute of Territorial Studies (INETER) National Forestry Institute (INAFOR) Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAGFOR) MARENA or National Secretariat of Environmental Permits MARENA’s Reserve Management team Ministry of Health Ministry of Education Instituto Nicaragüense de Cultural (Dirección Nacional de Arqueología) Military Base in the Casita Volcano Municipal Government Chinandega and Chichigalpa Municipalities: x x x x x x x • City hall, Planning, Infrastructure, Education, Tourism, Health and Culture Departments Posotelga Municipality: • City hall, Health, Planning and Education Departments Emergency Service Providers Nearest fire, ambulance, military and police services x x x x Coordination Centre for Prevention of Natural Disasters in Central America Civil Society Groups and NGOs Social organisations x x x x x Fundación Chinandega 2001 Instituto Juan XXIII Plan Internacional Environmental organisations Fundación Nicaragüense para la Conservación y Desarrollo (FUNCOD) Fundación Fuente Verde Fundación LIDER Traditional cultural leaders Flora Fauna San Cristobal Group (Mr Mario Chavez) Centro Humboldt 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 19 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan Stakeholder group Stakeholder Identified Stakeholder relevance Activities Feria Nacional de la Tierr and Jovenes Ambientalistas (Mr Edwin Castro, President) Businesses Chinandega - business association x x x x x International Lenders World Bank x x x x x x Higher education institutions Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua – UNAN León x x x x Universidad Tecnológica La Salle – León Instituto Politécnico La Salle – León Instituto Nacional Tecnologico – INATEC Media National: La Prensa, El Nuevo Diario, Gazeta x x x x Source: Mott MacDonald 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 20 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan 4.3 Encouraging participation of women and vulnerable groups The World Bank requires that specific attention is paid to women and vulnerable groups to ensure that their views are heard, recorded, and considered in Project planning and implementation. All consultation activities will be planned to facilitate the active participation of women in public meetings. Public meetings will be held in venues that are accessible for women and transportation will be provided for people wanting to attend. To the extent possible meetings will be held on days and at times that do not inadvertently preclude the participation of women due to household or childcare commitments. Invitations for meetings and Project information will also be placed in locations that women frequent such as health clinics and local market places. These measures may also help increase the participation of other vulnerable or marginalised groups. Vulnerable, marginalised, and disadvantaged groups are likely to experience impacts differently from mainstream society. For instance, they may be less able to cope with change such as influx of workers into the area than a typical community household. As such, the ESIA will reflect the differential impacts of the Project on these groups where evident. For this Project, the Cooperativa Genaro Nova, a group of 10 women, and the land users living in the two households near the access road (Individual A and Individual B as described in chapter 7 of the ESIA, Volume II) are considered vulnerable because they do not possess land titles and are subsistence farmers reliant on the patronage of the land owners. Cooperativa Agropecuaria de Produccion Principe de Paz R.L potentially is also vulnerable however CCP needs to confirm its legal status as a landowner or land user. They will be directly affected and specific consultations will be organised to discuss the impacts and their rights using terminology they will understand. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 21 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan 5 Stakeholder Engagement Programme 5.1 Overview This section describes the main activities that will be undertaken throughout the ESIA process and on an on-going basis throughout the life of the Project. During the exploration drilling ESIA, the stakeholder engagement activities serve two key purposes: ● Disclosing appropriate information about the Project and the ESIA process. Disclosure of relevant Project information helps stakeholders understand the risks, impacts and opportunities of the Project. Consultation activities are more informed and constructive if stakeholders have accurate and timely information about the Project and its impacts. ● Providing relevant stakeholders with the opportunity to voice their opinions, preferences, and grievances. This enables participation and involvement in the planning and design process. The various engagement and disclosure activities to be undertaken for the Project are based on principles related to informed consultation and participation as detailed within the World Bank OP4.03. All stakeholders have the right to participate in the ESIA. The levels of involvement and communication methods to be used are outlined in Table 1. The consultation process will capture both men and women’s views and reflect their different concerns and priorit ies about impacts, mitigation mechanisms, and benefits. Affected groups will be informed about how their views and concerns have been incorporated into the Project’s plans and how adverse risks and impacts will be avoided. 5.2 Community liaison officer CCP will appoint a community liaison officer (CLO) who is responsible for liaising and managing community interests and concerns. The CLO will report to the Project Manager. To the extent possible, the CLO will remain constant throughout the exploration works. The CLO will be responsible for implementation of this SEP, receiving and channelling comments during the exploration phase, and managing information disclosure and the grievance mechanism during the various Project stages. The CLO will organise, attend and record stakeholder engagement activities and maintain lines of communication with interested and affected parties, in particular the Municipality and land users and owners of the concession properties. The CLO will manage the planning, implementation and monitoring of any community investment activities. Within the Project organisation for exploration phase (depicted in Figure 5), the CLO is ‘social responsibility’. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 22 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan Figure 5: Project organigramme for exploration phase Source: CCP 5.3 External communication Under the Project environmental and social management system (ESMS) CCP (or its parent company Polaris Infrastructure during the exploratory drilling phase) will define a procedure for external communication to implement the requirements of the SEP. Implementation of the SEP will be coordinated by the communications team. The communications team will report directly to the Corporate Relations Manager within Polaris and ENEL. Further information on the proposed ESMS can be found in Volume IV Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMMP). 5.4 Media spokesperson CCP will identify a senior staff member to be the media spokesperson. All media enquiries will be manged by the media spokesperson and all staff (direct and indirect) working on the Project will be required to forward any media enquiries through the spokesperson. A supporting communications strategy and the frequently asked questions (FAQ) prepared for the ESIA will help orient public consultation and media responses. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 23 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan 5.5 Use of electronic media The Project has an established website (www.cerrocoloradopower.com) which will be used to announce the availability of ESIA documentation, including the Non-Technical Summary (NTS)6 and a NTS Brochure, to provide links to documents and to publish relevant Project news of interest to the public. It has a contact page for stakeholders to send views and comments about the Project. Prior to exploration activities commencing, CCP will need to consider the value and resources required for creating a Facebook page, Twitter account and other social media options. 5.6 Consultation activities Table 2 below outlines the sequence and responsibilities of disclosure and consultation activities for the Project. Table 2: Stakeholder engagement implementation timescales and responsibilities Activity Timing/detail Responsibility Component 1 1) Sub-component 1.1 : Surface Reconnaissance and pre-drilling 1a) Disclosure of National EIA documentation Completed - April 2015 CCP 1b) 2017 ESIA Phase Engagement – Draft ESIA Disclosure One pager introductory brief, focus group Completed - July 2017 ESIA Consultant discussions (FGDs) and stakeholder key informant interviews (see details below) Announcement of Draft ESIA, NTS and NTS August 2017 CCP Brochure disclosure and public consultation meeting Disclose draft ESIA Report and related September 2017 CCP and ES Consultant documents at public consultation meeting Disclose of Final ESIA and related documents August to December 2017 CCP, World Bank Announcement of final decision by WB on Q1 2018 CCP project viability and likely start of site preparation activities 2) Sub-component 1.2 : Exploration Drilling Develop communication strategy with key In tandem with exploration CCP communications team messages about Project benefits and some drilling tendering standard responses to main potential scenarios (including an emergency scenario) Disclosure of construction schedules to 2018 CCP Municipality authorities (especially planning and transportation departments) and concession land owners and users Consultation and disclosure on contents of 2018 CCP Contingency Plan and annual drills Ongoing community liaison and grievance 2018 CCP logging, investigation, resolution, and reporting Regular updates of website, social media, in 2018 CCP newspapers and on radio Update SEP and stakeholder analysis Annually CCP Annual Reporting Annually CCP 3) Stage III and Stage IV: Production Drilling, Steam Field and Power Plant Development Engagement 6 A NTS was prepared to present the ESIA in a an understandable and concise manner for the the lay public 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 24 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan Activity Timing/detail Responsibility ESIA update with information disclosure, 2020 CCP and ESIA consultant meaningful stakeholder consultation and public consultation Grievance logging, investigation, resolution, Ongoing CCP and reporting Development of community investment 2020 CCP programme Revise communication strategy for current 2020 CCP status and activities Disclosure of construction schedules to Prior and during CCP Municipality authorities (especially planning, construction activities energy and transportation departments) and concession land owners and users Opening of power plant ceremony After commissioning (2023) CCP Regular updates of website, social media, in Ongoing CCP newspapers and on radio Update SEP and stakeholder analysis Annually CCP Annual reporting Annually CCP Source: Mott MacDonald 5.7 ESIA consultation and disclosure details This SEP has been prepared in parallel with the completion of the ESIA to meeting international requirement in mid-2017. For the ESIA field activities which aimed at filling gaps in Project documentation, the following stakeholder engagement activities were organised with further details available in Table 3 below: ● Meeting with MARENA and those responsible for the administration and management of the Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita (the Nature Reserve) ● A consultation meeting in each of the three municipalities with government delegations ● Focus groups in Santa Cruz, El Higueral, Las Grietas and Santa Cruz ● Meetings with the land owners with whom land agreements have been signed ● Meeting with Cooperativa Agropecuaria Gerardo Novoa (land users) ● Key informant stakeholder meetings with relevant non-governmental, community and academic organisations Table 3: Stakeholder engagement activities held Date Location Stakeholders met Type 2017-06-26 Managua ENEL, MARENA’s Reserve Management team, Centro de Meeting Coordinación para la Prevención de los Desastres Naturales en América Central (CEPREDENAC), Instituto Nicaragüense de Cultura (INC), Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales (INETER), Autoridad Nacional del Agua (ANA), Instituto Nicaragüense De Fomento Municipal (INIFOM), Ministerio Agropecuario (MAG) 2017-06-27 Chinandega Landowner (Company C) Meeting 2017-06-27 Chinandega Representatives from environment department of the Meeting municipality (Unidad Ambiental Alcaldía) , Las Grietas, El Higueral, San Lucas Committees de Agua Portable y Saneamiento (CAPS) 2017-06-28 Chichigalpa 8 representatives from Chichigalpa city hall, Education Meeting city hall Ministry (MINED), environment department of Chichigalpa, Health Ministry (MINSA), Chichigalpa tourism office 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 25 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan Date Location Stakeholders met Type 2017-06-28 Chinandega 17 representatives from Chinandega city hall and Meeting city hall municipality`s offices of culture, education, sports, planning, tourism, registry, environment, MINED and MARENA 2017-06-29 Posoltega city 13 representatives from Posotelga city hall, MINED, El Meeting hall Instituto Nicaragüense de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), MINSA, municipality`s offices of environment, registry, risks and panning 2017-06-29 Leon Landowner (Company B) Meeting 2017-06-29 Chinandega 27 members of three communities (El Higueral, Las Grietas Focus and San Lucas) groups 2017-06-30 Managua Representatives from INETER, ANA Meeting 2017-06-30 Managua Representatives from Feria Nacional de la Tierra and Meeting Jovenes Ambientalistas, Flora Fauna San Cristobal Group, Centro Humboldt 2017-06-30 Chinandega MINSA regional office Meeting 2017-07-03 Chinandega Coffee workers and farm manager in Company B Meeting (Landowner) 2017-07-03 León Landowner (Individual A) Meeting 2017-07-04 Chinandega 10 women community members from Las Grietas, El Gender Higueral, San Lucas Focus group 2017-07-04 Chinandega 10 community members from Santa Cruz Land Use Focus group 2017-07-05 Chinandega Museo de Arte Precolombino Chorotega Meeting 2017-07-05 Chinandega Six Cooperativa Gerardo Novoa members Meeting 2017-07-05 Chinandega Six El Higueral and Las Grietas community members Land Use Focus group 2017-07-06 Chichigalpa Museo Arqueológico Chichihualtepec Meeting 2017-07-06 León Landowner (Company B previous landowner) Meeting Source: Mott MacDonald Notes: For confidentiality, the names of landowners (individuals and companies) were preserved. Figure 6 presents the stakeholder engagement activities organised locally (Meetings in Managua, which are presented in the Table 3 above, were not included in the map due to scale matters). The ESIA is being prepared with due consideration to the views and concerns of the affected groups and stakeholders. The ESIA will report on stakeholder engagement results. Both the draft and final ESIA reports will be disclosed on the Project website. For the public consultation, notice will be given in local media inviting the general public to the meeting. As well, targeted invitations will be issued taking into consideration this SEP’s stakeholder analysis to encourage representation of all those affected and interested in the Project. The draft ESIA, in both a summary format (NTS) and the full document, will be disclosed prior to the public consultation meeting. The main findings of the ESIA will be presented followed by a plenary for clarifications, questions, and comments. These results will be incorporated into the final ESIA. A feedback form will be available to allow for comments (including anonymous ones) to be submitted for up to two weeks after the public consultation meeting. CCP will ensure all relevant documents are available in Spanish. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 26 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan Figure 6: Local Stakeholder Consultations Source: CCP 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 27 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan 6 Community Grievance Mechanism 6.1 Overview Having a public grievance mechanism is a World Bank requirement for CCP and a voluntary activity for the complainant. Like all good grievance mechanisms, this one permits anonymous complaints, respects the confidentiality of the role players involved, and protects both the complainant and the company from retaliation. The public grievance mechanism is based on the principles of being legitimate, accessible, predictable, equitable, transparent, rights compatible, continuous learning, and dialogue based. The grievance mechanism can present lessons learned and identify ways for continuous improvement. A grievance can be defined as an actual or perceived problem that might give grounds for complaint. As a general policy, CCP and its main contractor will work proactively towards preventing grievances through the implementation of impact mitigation measures (as identified by the ESIA and in the environmental and social management and monitoring plan) and community liaison. Anyone will be able to submit a grievance to the Project if they believe a practice is having a detrimental impact on the community, the environment, or their quality of life. They may also submit comments and suggestions. Any type of issue can be raised. The sections below consider confidentiality and anonymity and the Project’s grievance resolution process. 6.2 Confidentiality and anonymity The Project will aim to protect a person’s confidentiality and will guarantee anonymity in annual reporting. Individuals will be asked permission to disclose their identity. Investigations will be undertaken in a manner that is respectful of the complainant and the principle of confidentiality. The complainant will need to recognise that there may be situations when disclosure of identity is required and the Project will identify these situations to see whether the aggrieved party wishes to continue with the investigation and resolution activities. 6.3 Grievance reporting and resolution The main steps for handling grievances are: receive, categorise, acknowledge, investigate, respond, allow for recourse/appeal and follow-up, and close out. Grievances will be recorded in a formal logging system (and example is provided in Appendix B) for which the CLO will be responsible. The grievance log will be separate from a stakeholder log which details interactions with communities and stakeholders. People may register grievances using the form Appendix A by contacting the CLO, reporting to their village representative or online using the Project’s website (www.cerrocoloradopower.com). Contact details for the CLO will be included in appropriate project communication materials such as the non-technical summaries. The CLO will classify grievances according to Table 4. Where investigations are required Project staff and outside authorities as appropriate will assist with the process. The CLO will collaborate with the main contractor or CCP management, depending on phase, to identify an appropriate investigation team with the correct skills to review the issue raised. The investigation will also aim to identify whether the incident leading to the grievance is a singular 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 28 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan occurrence or likely to reoccur. Identifying and implementing activities, procedures, equipment and training to address and prevent reoccurrence will be part of the investigation activities. Table 4: Grievance Classification Criteria Classification Risk Level (to health, Response safety or environment) Low No or low The grievance may not be related to Project performance, it may be a comment, or a request. CLO will acknowledge complaint within 7 days and investigate if required. The CLO will document findings and provide a response within 30 days of receiving. Response is likely to have minimal cost in addition to time spent on addressing the issue. Medium Possible risk and likely a CLO will acknowledge complaint within 7 days. The CLO and one-off event an appropriate investigation team will conduct investigation. The Site Manager or Occupational Health and Safety Manager may decide to stop work during the investigation to allow the corrective preventive actions to be determined. The CLO will provide a response within 30 days of receiving complaint. The corrective action is likely to be straight forward involving changing a piece of equipment or procedure which does not take long or have substantial cost implications to implement. High Probable risk and could CLO will acknowledge the complaint within 7 days and will get reoccur the Project Manager to organise a major investigation team for prompt investigation and resolution. Work may be stopped in the affected area. The CLO will provide a response within 30 days of receiving complaint. If more time is needed to complete the investigation this will be communicated to complainant within 30 days of receiving complaint. As necessary the response will include a press release. The corrective action may be complex or sensitive involving changing equipment or a procedure which requires training of staff and has substantial cost implications. The CLO will explain to the complainant in writing (or where literacy is an issue orally), the grievance review process, the investigation results, any changes to activities that will be undertaken to address the grievance, and how the issue is being managed to meet appropriate environmental and social management systems. In some cases, it will be appropriate for the CLO to follow up later to see if the person or organisation is satisfied with the resolution or remedial actions. The grievance will be closed out in the register as: ● Resolved. The resolution has been communicated, agreed and/or implemented ● Unresolved. The complainant did not accept the proposed resolution and has appealed to other entities for resolution ● Abandoned. The complainant is no longer contactable and efforts to trace whereabouts have been unsuccessful The CLO will summarise grievances weekly or monthly during construction and bi-annually during operation removing identification information to protect the confidentiality of the complainant and guaranteeing anonymity. The procedure will be at no cost and without retribution to the complainant and stakeholders. The procedure for processing grievances is depicted in Figure 7. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 29 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan Figure 7: Flowchart for processing grievances Source: Mott MacDonald 2017 During exploration, contractor staff will be introduced to the community grievance mechanism and explained how to gather details and direct information to the CLO. During power plant construction, the main construction contractor will be responsible for nominating a CLO as a point of contact for grievances. Grievances should be sent to the contact below, where possible by using the form provided in Appendix A. Grievances may also be raised via CCP in the construction phase. When this occurs, CCP will forward grievances to the Main Contractor’s CLO for management. CCP has not yet appointed a CLO. For now, the Project contact is: ● Johnny Bendaña, Corporate and Human Resources Manager, Cerro Colorado Power – E-mail address: jbendana@polarisgeothermal.com – Telephone: (505) 2253 8340 – Website with contact page: www.cerrocoloradopower.com 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 30 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan 7 Monitoring and Reporting 7.1 Stakeholder engagement plan updating and reporting This SEP identifies various reporting activities. The SEP will be reviewed by CCP prior to exploration preparation activities commencing and throughout the course of Project lifecycle as deemed necessary or at least once a year to assess whether: ● The type of consultation and disclosure activities are appropriate for the different stakeholders ● The frequency of consultation activities is sufficient ● Grievances are being adequately dealt with ● The stakeholder list remains appropriate and whether engagement should cease or be extended to any stakeholders Additional updates influenced by the Project development may be required. 7.2 Community liaison officer reporting The CLO will be responsible for: ● Listing all disclosure activities, adverts placed in newspapers and other media ● Keeping minutes of consultation meetings with dates, venue, list of participants and photos ● Retaining all original written consultation correspondence including comments left as evidence of the process and outcomes ● Grievance logging and tracking: each grievance will be logged, given an identification number and followed through by recording details and timing for their categorisation, investigation, resolution and closing out 7.3 Annual reporting A Project specific annual report summarising environmental and social Project performance, CLO activities including grievances and updates to the SEP will be produced once exploration activities commence and every year when there are site activities, especially generation production. 7.4 Stakeholder engagement monitoring and performance evaluation Indicators and benchmarks for assessing the implementation process and outcomes of the SEP are: ● Number of consultation meetings, focus group discussions, announcements, press releases ● Number and list of participants at meetings (efforts should be made to collect sex disaggregated data on participant attendance) ● Issues discussed at meetings ● Actions taken on key issues raised at meetings ● Numbers of complaints and queries ● Types of complaints and queries ● Types of action take to correct issues and prevent recurrence 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 31 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan ● Time taken to address complaints and queries Performance of stakeholder engagement will be evaluated against the goals and objectives set out in this SEP. The evaluation will review to what extent the SEP activities have been completed and how the identified goals have been achieved. Evaluation results and any lessons learned will be incorporated in the respective SEP updates. 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 32 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan Appendices A. Grievance registration form 33 B. Grievance log template 34 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 33 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan A. Grievance registration form Full Name Contact Information By Post: Please provide mailing address Please identify how you wish to be By telephone: contacted (mail, telephone, e-mail) By e-mail: Preferred language of communication? Spanish ……. Other (please specify)………..…………………………………. Description of incident or grievance (What happened? Where did it happen? Who did it happen to? What is the result of the problem?): Date of incident/grievance One time incident/grievance (date _______________) Happened more than once (how many times? _____) On-going (currently experiencing problem) What would you like to see to resolve this problem? Internal Use Only Grievance received by: Date: Reference number: 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 34 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan B. Grievance log template 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 35 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan Table 5: Grievance log template Number Date Name/ Type of Classification Brief Person Actions Date Action received Anonymous grievance description responsible taken resolved taken to for follow- avoid up future similar grievances Source: Mott MacDonald 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 1 Volume V - Stakeholder Engagement Plan 387016 | 1 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume V SEP_REV C v1 no logo.docx Casita–San Cristobal Volume VI - Resettlement Policy Framework 18 August 2017 Cerro Colorado Power S.A. San Jacinto Tizate, km 114 Leon Malpaisillo Road Managua Building ESCALA, 6th floor Jean Paul Genie Avenue south side building ProCredit Casita–San Cristobal 387016 2 C Volume VI - Resettlement Policy Framework C:\Users\pau66424\Documents\3. Projects and Proposals\Casita Geothermal\Reports\ESIA\3. Final\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL no logo.docx CCP 18 August 2017 Mott MacDonald Limited. Registered in England and Wales no. 1243967. Registered office: Mott MacDonald House, 8-10 Sydenham Road, Croydon CR0 2EE, United Kingdom CCP | Casita–San Cristobal Volume VI - Resettlement Policy Framework Issue and revision record Revision Date Originator Checker Approver Description A 28 July I Kim N Davies N Davies Draft for client comment 2017 M Rowan B 08 M Rowan N Davies A Cuschnir Final draft for client comment August A Martins 2017 C 18 A Martins M Rowan N Davies Final version for disclosure August 2017 Document reference: 387016 | 2 | C Information class: Standard This document is issued for the party which commissioned it and for specific purposes connected with the above- captioned project only. It should not be relied upon by any other party or used for any other purpose. We accept no responsibility for the consequences of this document being relied upon by any other party, or being used for any other purpose, or containing any error or omission which is due to an error or omission in data supplied to us by other parties. This document contains confidential information and proprietary intellectual property. It should not be shown to other parties without consent from us and from the party which commissioned it. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\pau66424\Documents\3. Projects and Proposals\Casita Geothermal\Reports\ESIA\3. Final\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal Volume VI - Resettlement Policy Framework Contents Glossary of Terms 8 Acronyms 10 Executive summary 12 1 Introduction 15 1.1 Overview 15 1.2 Structure of the report 15 2 Project Description 17 2.1 Project overview 17 2.1.1 Component 1: exploration phase 18 2.2 Existing land agreements 5 3 Potential Displacement Impacts 10 3.1 Overview 10 3.2 Land use 10 3.3 Economic displacement 11 3.4 Physical displacement 11 4 Legal and Policy Framework 12 4.1 Overview 12 4.2 Nicaragua legal framework for land acquisition 12 4.3 International standards 13 4.4 Comparison between Laws of the Republic of Nicaragua relating to Land Tenure and the WB PS5 14 4.5 Objectives of this resettlement policy framework 16 4.6 Resettlement policy framework principles 16 5 Preparing Land Agreements and Resettlement Plans 17 5.1 Overview 17 5.2 Avoiding and minimising displacement 17 5.3 Determining land acquisition needs 18 5.3.1 Negotiated settlements approach 19 5.3.2 Acquiring and valuing land 19 5.3.3 Preparation of a lease 20 5.3.4 Preparation of a resettlement plan 20 5.4 Content of a resettlement plan 21 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\pau66424\Documents\3. Projects and Proposals\Casita Geothermal\Reports\ESIA\3. Final\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal Volume VI - Resettlement Policy Framework 5.5 Resettlement plan approval and disclosure 22 6 Eligibility and Entitlements 23 6.1 Overview 23 6.2 Eligibility criteria 23 6.3 Entitlements 24 7 Implementation and Funding Arrangements 26 7.1 Implementation process 26 7.2 Funding and budgets 27 8 Meaningful Engagement and Grievance Redress 28 8.1 Overview 28 8.2 Participation, consultation, and disclosure 28 8.3 Disclosure of resettlement plans 28 8.4 Grievance redress mechanism 29 8.4.1 Grievance mechanism process 29 9 Monitoring and Reporting 31 9.1 Overview 31 9.2 Monitoring and evaluation for the Project 31 10 Introduction 32 10.1 Overview 32 10.2 Structure of the report 32 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\pau66424\Documents\3. Projects and Proposals\Casita Geothermal\Reports\ESIA\3. Final\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL no logo.docx 8 Glossary of Terms Term Definition Census A complete count of the population affected by a Project activity including collation of demographic and property information. This will identify and determine the number of PAPs and the help to identify the nature and levels of impact. Community Usually defined as a group of individuals broader than the household, who identify themselves as a common unit due to recognised social, religious, economic or traditional government ties, often through a shared locality. Compensation Payment in cash or in kind for an asset or resource acquired or affected by the Project. Cut-off-date The date that the RAP will be disclosed to affected communities. Structures and crops established in the impact area after this cut-off date are not eligible for compensation and resettlement assistance. Newcomers who settle in the resettlement affected area after this date are not entitled to compensation. Displaced persons Displaced persons are those who are physically displaced (relocation, loss of residential (DPs) land, or loss of shelter) and/or economically displaced (loss of land, assets, access to assets, income sources, or means of livelihoods) because of (i) involuntary acquisition of land, or (ii) involuntary restrictions on land use or on access to legally designated parks and protected areas. Easement A right to cross or otherwise use someone else’s land for a specified purpose Economic Loss of assets or access to assets that leads to loss of income sources or other means of displacement livelihood (see ‘livelihood’ below). Entitlements Compensation due to displaced persons to mitigate losses in cash or in-kind. Entitlements may also include livelihood restoration measures such as training or provision of crop insurance. Grievance This is a process by which DPs can raise their concerns and grievances to Project Mechanism authorities. Household A group of persons living together, who share the same cooking and eating facilities, and form a basic socio-economic and decision-making unit. One or more households may occupy a house. Host community People living in or around areas to where physically displaced people will be resettled Involuntary Resettlement is considered involuntary when affected persons or communities do not have resettlement the right to refuse land acquisition or restrictions on land use that result in physical or economic displacement. This occurs in cases of (i) lawful expropriation or temporary or permanent restrictions on land use and (ii) negotiated settlements in which the buyer can resort to expropriation or impose legal restrictions on land use if negotiations with the seller fail. Land Agricultural and/or non-agricultural land which may be required for the Project. Land acquisition Includes both outright purchases of property and acquisition of access rights, such as easements or rights of way Lease A lease is a contractual arrangement whereby one party provides land (or services) to another for a specified time in return for a periodic payment. Land, property, buildings and vehicles are assets that are often leased. Livelihood The term ‘livelihood’ refers to the full range of means that indi viduals, families, and communities utilise to make a living, such as wage-based income, agriculture, fishing, foraging, other natural resource-based livelihoods, petty trade, and bartering. Livelihood The measures required to ensure that displaced people have resources to at least restore, restoration if not improve, their livelihoods Livelihood A document designed to mitigated the negative impacts of economic displacement. It restoration plan establishes the entitlements of affected persons and/or communities are provided in a (LRP) transparent, consistent and equitable manner. Replacement cost Equals market value of the asset plus transaction costs. For agricultural land, replacement cost is the market value of land of equal productive use or potential located near the affected land, plus the cost of preparation to levels similar to or better than those of the affected land, plus cost of any registration and transfer taxes. In determining replacement cost, depreciation of the asset and value of salvage materials are not considered nor is the 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL .docx 9 Term Definition value of benefits to be derived from the project deducted from the valuation of an affected asset. Resettlement Resettlement refers to both physical displacement (relocation, loss of residential land, or loss of shelter) and economic displacement (loss of land, assets, access to assets, income sources, or means of livelihoods) because of acquisition of land or restrictions on land use or on access to legally designated parks and protected areas. These losses and restrictions are covered whether they are full or partial, permanent or temporary. Resettlement A document designed to mitigate the negative impacts of physical displacement, identify Action Plan (RAP) development opportunities, develop a resettlement budget and schedule, and establish the entitlements of all categories of affected persons (including host communities). Resettlement An instrument to be used throughout Project implementation. The RPF sets out the Policy Framework resettlement objectives and principles, organisational arrangements and funding (RPF) mechanisms for any resettlement, that may be necessary during Project implementation. The RPF guides the preparation of the RAP to meet the needs of the people who may be affected by the Project. Stakeholders All individuals, groups, organisations, and institutions interested in and potentially affected by a Project or having the ability to influence a Project. Vulnerable People Distinct groups of people who might suffer disproportionately from resettlement effects. They may be households below poverty line or will become below poverty line as result of loss to assets and/or livelihoods, women headed households, the elderly or disabled. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL .docx 10 Acronyms Acronym Term AC Affected communities AoI Area of Influence AP Action Plan Sal Above Sea Level CAP Comités de Agua Potable y Saneamiento CCP Cerro Colorado Power S.A. CEPREDENAC Centro de Coordinación para la Prevención de los Desastres Naturales en América Central CESMP Construction Environment and Social Management Plan CHA Critical Habitat Assessment CHS Community Health and Safety CLO Community Liaison Officer DEMP Decommissioning Environmental Management Plan DMS Detailed measurement survey DPs Displaced persons EA Environmental Assessment EHS Environment, Health and Safety EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan ENEL Impresa Nicaraguans’ de Electrician EPRP Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan ESA Environment and Social Assessment ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMMP Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan ESMS Environmental and Social Management System FGD Focus group discussions FISE Emergency Social Investment Fund FPIC Free, prior and informed consent FUNCOD Fundación Nicaragüense para la Conservación y Desarrollo GDP Gross Domestic Product GIIP Good International Industry Practice GIS Geographical Information System GoN Government of Nicaragua HR Human resources IBA International bird area ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights IFC International Finance Corporation ILO International Labour Organisation INAFOR National Forestry Institute INATEC Instituto Nacional Tecnológico INC Instituto Nicaragüense de Cultura INE Instituto Nicaraguense de Energía INETER Nicaraguan Institute of Territorial Studies INIDE National Institute of Information and Development 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL .docx 11 Acronym Term INIFOM Instituto Nicaragüense De Fomento Municipal INSS Social Security Institute of Nicaragua INTA El Instituto Nicaragüense de Tecnología Agropecuaria IP Indigenous peoples IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature LRF Livelihood Restoration Framework LVIA Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment MAGFOR Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry MARENA Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources MEM Nicaraguan Ministry of Energy and Mines MINED Ministerio de Educación MINSA Ministerio de Salud MITRAB Ministry of Labour MMLLC Mott MacDonald LLC MTI Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NPE National Policy on Environment NTS Non-Technical Summary OHS Occupational Health and Safety OP Operational Policy OSHA Occupational Safety and Health and Safety Guidelines PAPs Project Affected Peoples PCDP Public Consultation and Disclosure Plan PPP Public private partnership PRs Performance Requirements PS Performance Standards RAP Resettlement Action Plan RoW Rights of Way RPF Resettlement Policy Framework SAGS Steam field above ground system SEA Sistema de Evaluación Ambiental SEP Stakeholder Engagement Plan SERENA National Secretariat of Environmental Permits SIA Social Impact Assessment SIEPAC Central American Electrical Interconnection System SPV Special purpose vehicle TMP Traffic Management Plan ToR Terms of Reference UAM Universidad Americana UK United Kingdom WB OP World Bank Operational Policy WBG World Bank Group WHO World Health Organisation WWF Worldwide Fund for Nature ZVI Zone of visual impact 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL .docx 12 Executive summary The Government of Nicaragua with the support of the World Bank1 intend to use World Bank and private funding to help confirm the geothermal resource of the field and to mitigate the resource risk and thereby promote possible future private investment to facilitate the development of the first operational geothermal power plant in the Casita-San Cristobal geothermal field. The Casita-San Cristobal geothermal project will be developed by Cerro Colorado Power S.A. (CCP, or the Project Developer), as a public private partnership (PPP) project between Cerro Colorado Corporation (CCC, a Panamanian subsidiary of Polaris Infrastructure Inc.) and Empresa Nicaragüense de Electricidad (ENEL), a state-owned company of the Republic of Nicaragua. Mott MacDonald USA LLC (“Mott MacDonald”) has been commissioned as the environmental and social consultant (ES consultant) to undertake an ESIA in advance of exploration drilling planned to be undertaken to assess the viability of the resource for power generation in accordance with World Bank Operational Policy 4.03 Performance Standards (PSs) for Private Sector Activities (May 2013). This document is the resettlement policy framework (RPF) for the Casita-San Cristobal geothermal project (the Project). The purpose of this RPF is to establish land acquisition and resettlement objectives and principles, organisational arrangements and funding mechanisms for any future resettlement activity that may be necessary for the Project. In producing the RPF, specific reference has been made to national laws and regulations and the requirements of the World Bank Performance Standard (PS) 5 Involuntary Resettlement of Operational Policy 4.03. When details of land needs and involuntary resettlement that may occur in the future are not fully known (as is the situation with this Project), a RPF that establishes the policy principles and guidelines for managing land acquisition and resettlement impacts in a standard manner is triggered. Resettlement is considered involuntary when affected individuals or communities do not have the right to refuse land acquisition or restrictions because the buyer can resort to lawful expropriation. This Project can resort to expropriation or impose legal restrictions on land use through the Government of Nicaragua if negotiations fail. Hence the World Bank’s safeguard policy on involuntary resettlement (PS5) is triggered. This RPF describes the Project and potential new land acquisition requirements and displacement. The Project has already leased 10 properties from five land owners for the main land requirement within the concessions area. However the existing leases do not address two supplementary well pads and one lease does not include the transmission line. CCP recently identified a further six properties belonging to three landowners in addition to the ones for which there are existing leases that require agreements. There do not appear to be land agreements for these additional properties along the access road. It is not clear whether additional land needs for road widening will be required outside the existing road right of way however one would expect that some areas may be needed for passage of vehicles in different directions and possibly for layby areas. The anticipated amounts of new land with new land owners or users to be acquired is small. No physical displacement impacts or relocation has been identified or organised because of the Project land acquisition to date. However, during the collection of additional baseline data in mid-2017, two houses were identified as being close to an access 1 World Bank means IBRD and IDA 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL .docx 13 road. One household is sufficiently close to the road that there will be potential health and safety impacts related to noise, dust and physical proximity of Project traffic. A hierarchy of mitigation measures will be considered in collaboration with the affected owner. The RPF sets out guiding principles for the standard management of land acquisition and resettlement. In the first instance, involuntary resettlement will be avoided or minimized. CCP will aim for negotiated settlements with land owners and users. Lack of formal title will not hinder eligibility to entitlements. Particular attention will be given to vulnerable people and to ensuring that all displaced persons (DPs) understand their rights under national law and the RPF. Any relocation of DPs will be undertaken in a manner that improves or at least restores standards of living to pre-project levels. Land acquisition and resettlement activities will be monitored and reported to ensure adherence with the RPF and the principles to be met by CCP. The RPF provides guidance on preparing a lease or resettlement action plan (RAP) for any future land needs where negotiated settlements for temporary acquisition fail, when the land acquisition is permanent, or when an impact is relocation. Prior to any displacement, the RAP must be prepared, compensation must be paid and any required livelihood restoration measures must be in place. Two types of resettlement plan are possible: a resettlement action plan (RAP) if there is any physical displacement with or without economic displacement; and, a livelihood restoration plan (LRP) if there is solely economic displacement. Routing principles are presented to help avoid and minimize adverse land acquisition and resettlement impacts. A checklist for establishing key issues to be addressed in the lease or RAP is identified. The use of negotiated settlements as the preferred Project approach is highlighted. WB PS5 requires that full replacement cost is used for involuntary resettlement impacts. Replacement cost means that the affected person can replace the affected asset in the same condition. Replacement cost typically reflects market value (when a property market exists) without deduction of transaction costs, transfer or retitling fees, or depreciation and salvageable materials. CCP will use full replacement cost as a basis for identifying fair and transparent negotiated settlements for permanent land acquisition. CCP will use market value as the basis for identifying fair and transparent negotiated settlements (leases) for temporary land acquisition. To produce a RAP, CCP will need to organise a household census and a detailed measurement survey (DMS) of 100% of the DPs and the assets that will be lost because of Project activities. The household census demographic and socio-economic data along with ESIA social baseline data will be used during monitoring and evaluation to assess the extent to which measures in the RAP are effective in mitigating negative land acquisition and resettlement impacts. The DMS involves: a) staking out of the affected land on the ground based on the engineering design of the Project, b) measurement of all affected land assets and c) determination of non-land affected assets. The DMS will be result in: a technical drawing, list of measurements, detailed descriptions, photographs, and recording of coordinates for lost assets. The census and survey help establish the cut-off date for eligibility of entitlements. The RPF identifies the content that needs to be included in a RAP. After evaluating the results of the census and survey, key components are identifying who is eligible for compensation and assistance and what are the entitlements for each type of loss. The Project entitlement matrix considers property, structure and livelihood resource losses, the land tenure of the DP, and whether replacing the loss or compensating it with cash will be most effective. Other types of assistance in addition to compensation is described. In-kind compensation (land for land and house for house) will be favoured over cash compensation. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL .docx 14 Each RAP will also summarise consultation with the DPs, describe responsibilities for implementing and monitoring resettlement management measures, and present a timetable and budget. CCP will be responsible for organising the production of leases and RAPs. Any RAP will need to be approved by the World Bank’s safeguard team. Once an acceptable draft has been prepared, the RAP must be publicly disclosed in Nicaragua and via the World Bank project information portal. Meaningful engagement and the participation of DPs in decisions about land acquisition and resettlement matters that directly affect them is an important principle of the RPF. Intentions to maximize information disclosure and consultations are listed. The way that the RPF and any resettlement plan needs to be disclosed is explained. A grievance mechanism to address land acquisition and resettlement related complaints is described. The grievance mechanism encompasses the concepts of proportionality, cultural appropriateness, accessibility, transparency, and accountability. A monitoring regime is presented that focuses on ascertaining whether DPs have been meaningfully consulted and compensated in full before implementation of the Project activities and whether they are now living at a higher standard than before, living at the same standard as before, or are poorer than before. The RPF identifies typical monitoring indicators which cover the resettlement process, outputs and impacts. Each RAP will identify its own key issues for monitoring. Following RAP implementation a completion audit is produced, monthly internal monitoring reports will be produced during RAP implementation. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL .docx 15 1 Introduction 1.1 Overview The Government of Nicaragua has identified the Casita-San Cristobal geothermal project as having high potential to support its generation expansion plan and investment in renewable energy. In April 2009, the Nicaraguan Ministry of Energy and Mines (“MEM”) issued an “exploration” concession to Cerro Colorado Power Sociedad Anonima (S.A.) (“CCP”) to assess geothermal resources over a 100km 2 area along the Casita - San Cristobal Volcanic complex. Upon completion of the surface exploration phase, with promising results, CCP was granted in 2013 an “exploitation” concession over a selected 20km 2 area on the south-eastern flank of Casita Volcano to develop the geothermal resource. The Government of Nicaragua with the support of the World Bank2 intend to use World Bank (SREP3 and IDA) and private funding to help confirm the geothermal resource of the field and to mitigate the resource risk, and thereby promote possible future private investment to facilitate the development of the first operational geothermal power plant in the Casita-San Cristobal geothermal field. The Casita-San Cristobal geothermal project will be developed by Cerro Colorado Power S.A. (CCP, or the Project Developer), as a public private partnership (PPP) project between Cerro Colorado Corporation (CCC, a Panamanian subsidiary of Polaris Infrastructure Inc.) and Empresa Nicaragüense de Electricidad (ENEL), a state-owned company of the Republic of Nicaragua. The Project has been categorised as Category A according to World Bank criteria, which means that it has potentially significant adverse environmental or social risks and/or impacts that are diverse, irreversible, or unprecedented. In addition to national environmental impact assessment documentation, an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) to meet World Bank requirements is being carried out for the Project. Mott MacDonald USA LLC (“Mott MacDonald”) has been commissioned as the environmental and social consultant (ES consultant) to undertake an ESIA in advance of exploration drilling planned to be undertaken to assess the viability of the resource for power generation in accordance with World Bank Operational Policy 4.03 Performance Standards (PSs) for Private Sector Activities (May 2013). This resettlement policy framework (RPF) for the Casita-San Cristobal geothermal project (the Project)4 is designed to establish land acquisition and resettlement objectives and principles, organizational arrangements and funding mechanisms for any resettlement activity that may be necessary for the Project. In producing the RPF, specific reference has been made to national laws and regulations and the requirements of the World Bank Performance Standard 5 Involuntary Resettlement of Operational Policy 4.03. 1.2 Structure of the report The RPF is structured according to the following chapters: 2 World Bank means IBRD and IDA 3 SREP - Scaling up renewable energy program (World Bank) 4 For the RPF the Project is considered to be Stage A (Exploration works) and Phase B (production) 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL .docx 16 ● Chapter 2: Project description ● Chapter 3: Potential displacement impacts ● Chapter 4: Legal and policy framework ● Chapter 5: Preparing land agreements and resettlement action plans ● Chapter 6: Eligibility and entitlements ● Chapter 7: Implementation and funding arrangements ● Chapter 8: Meaningful engagement and grievance mechanism ● Chapter 9: Monitoring and reporting 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL .docx 17 2 Project Description Located on the south-east slope of the Casita Volcano, the Project exploitation concession covers an area of 20km2. The Project site is in the Department of Chinandega, 130km north of Nicaragua’s capital city of Managua. The boundaries of three municipalities (Chinandega, Chichigalpa and Posoltega) are located across the concession area. The concession area includes private lands and the Reserva Natural Complejo Volcánico San Cristobal-Casita (the Nature Reserve). The ten private lands are owned by five private landowners. The Nature Reserve is a protected area of 179.64km 2 that was established by a national decree in 1983. The protected area consists of a chain of five volcanic cones, including the Casita-San Cristobal one, the country's highest volcano. The Nature Reserve has five management zones: i) core zone, ii) conservation recovery zone, iii) high fragility zone, iv) sustainable production zone and the v) buffer zone. The main geothermal facilities and Project activities are proposed to take place in the sustainable production zone and the core zone. The access road (component 1) and transmission line (component 2) also affect a narrow strip within the buffer zone of the Nature Reserve. The project setting and components are illustrated in Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3 at the end of this chapter. Two households were identified within less than 500m to sections of the Project’s access road. No communities are located within the concession area or directly affected by Project’s components. The closest settlements (Figure 5) to the existing slimhole that has been drilled during component 1.1 are Santa Cruz (4.2km), San Lucas (7.2km), El Higueral (7.7km) and Las Grietas (8.1km). The settlements are part of the wider AOI. 2.1 Project overview The Casita-San Cristobal geothermal project development is split into two components with sub- components as described below: ● Component 1: Geothermal resource confirmation (hereafter referred to as the EXPLORATION PHASE) – Sub-component 1.1- Surface studies and reconnaissance (already completed) – Sub-component 1.2 - Exploration drilling (current activity, three to five full-size well drilling program) – Sub-component 1.3 - Feasibility study and production ESIA (subject to confirmation of geothermal resource) ● Component 2: Steam field and power plant development with initial capacity of 25 MW to 35 MW (hereafter referred to as the PRODUCTION PHASE) – Sub-component 2.1 - Production drilling (estimated six additional production and reinjection wells) – Sub-component 2.1 - Development of steam above ground system (SAGS) and power plant Each component is described in more detail below and further description of the components and activities connected with this work is provided in Chapter 2, Volume II. ● Component 1 (sub-component 1.1): surface reconnaissance – some of this component has already been completed by CCP. It included surface reconnaissance, geological, 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL .docx 18 geophysical and geochemical studies as well as the drilling of a slim/core hole which confirmed the availability of a steam resource. ● Component 1 (sub-component 1.2): exploration drilling program– an exploration drilling program of 3-5 wells is proposed to ascertain the steam capacity (i.e. resource base) for producing electricity and to estimate the cost of extracting the resource. The exploration program will significantly improve the understanding of the geothermal resource and provide better estimates as to the cost of the Project, whereby, risks would be considerably reduced. ● Component 1 (sub-component 1.3): feasibility study and production ESIA - a bankable feasibility study and updated ESIA to international standards will also be prepared to support subsequent works (subject to confirmation of resource) ● Component 2 (sub-component 2.1): production drilling and steam field development – based on successful confirmation of the resource estimate and of the initially proposed power plant development (including a detailed technical feasibility study and production ESIA), the well field would be further developed with additional drilling of production and injection wells; and the steam above-ground system (SAGS) that will transport the steam from the wells to the power plant that will be constructed. ● Component 2 (sub-component 2.2): Construction of power plant – also based on the feasibility and ESIA studies, an initial geothermal power plant expected to be 35MW will be constructed in line with industry standards. It will demonstrate the viability of sustainably generating power from the geothermal steam resource in the Casita-San Cristobal reservoir, and open prospects for potential expansion of the field in the future. 2.1.1 Component 1: exploration phase Surface studies (geological, geophysical, and geochemical) have already been completed, a well pad constructed (including its associated access road, which will require significant upgrade works), and a slim hole drilled that has led to the confirmation of the availability of a steam resource. ● Pad A (CSA-1): 2500m directional well (220°) to prove thickness of vapor zone and presence of underlying liquid reservoir ● Pad E (CSE-1): 2000m vertical well to test inferred resource into the La Pelona area ● Pad C (CSC-1): 2000m deviated well (220°) to target vapor or liquid zones near Casita Volcano ● Pad D, B and F (CSX-X) (to be confirmed if needed): 2000m deviated wells at locations which will be based on the results of the previous three wells (A, E and C) ● 8000 m3 water storage reservoir (pond) (for the Project) ● Water wells (as needed to provide water supply requirements for drilling rig) ● Water supply pipeline (for the Project) (temporary) ● Water booster pumping stations (per Project) ● Temporary materials storage yard and temporary warehouse (for the Project) ● Temporary waste warehouse (per Project) ● Temporary 8000 m3 dump pond (per Project) ● 5000 m3 drill cuttings and muds (sludge) management area (per Project) ● Rehabilitation and expansion of existing main access track (6.2m wide) ● Upgrade / new access roads to Pad A, Pad C, Pad E, Pad B (if needed), Pad F (if needed) and access to the proposed water wells 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL .docx 19 Although the impact of component 2 activities is not covered under the scope of this ESIA, we have considered the potential location of infrastructure at a high level to understand potential for key impacts that may arise. A detailed ESIA for Component 2 will be undertaken following confirmation of the resource. The following assumptions regarding component 2 have been made: ● Six (6) production wells (assumed to be located at existing well pad sites) ● Two (2) reinjection wells ● Power plant (25-35MWe) ● Steam above ground system (SAGS) ● New 138kV transmission line and interconnection substation to an existing transmission line approximately 6km from the proposed power plant site ● Substation ● Operational compound including: – Permanent workers’ accommodation – Warehouses – Chemical station – Fire protection system – Offices ● Drill cuttings and muds management area 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL .docx 1 Figure 1: Project setting Source: CCP 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL .docx 2 Figure 2: Project components Source: CCP / Mott MacDonald 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL .docx 3 Figure 3: Project components - Topography Source: CCP / Mott MacDonald 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL .docx 4 Figure 4: Project Location and Closest Human Settlements Source: CCP 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\mar66612.HMMG\Downloads\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL .docx 5 2.2 Existing land agreements The RPF has been prepared taking into the findings of a completion audit of land already acquired by the Project as of July 2017. For the completion audit, land owners and land users were interviewed and the land leases5 reviewed. The completion audit helped identify land acquisition approaches and procedures that can be used for future land acquisition. In 2009, CCP began the process of acquiring land by means of leases. CCP contracted the company CAPISA Avaluos Profesionales, a well-known Nicaraguan surveying company used by banks and insurers, to carry out a survey of lands needed for the main facilities based on the design at that time. CAPISA provided CCP with five survey reports in August 2010, one for each land owner, identifying the land plot boundaries and the market value for purchasing land6. Negotiated settlements were established with four land owners. One land owner was not satisfied with the offer. A counter proposal was made to CPP, which was considered by the company to be too high. Therefore, the Project used an administrative procedure from the Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM) called "Trámite de solicitud de imposición de servidumbres”, translated as "Imposition of Easement" to mediate an agreed leasing rate. The negotiation took several years and involved many meetings between the landowner and CCP’s legal advisor. Eventually, an agreement was made about the compensation between the landowner and the Project. It involved addressing the landowner`s concerns about tree cutting by changing the main access road routing. One landowner will be affected for most of the key project components and civil works. The other landowner plots are used for the main access road and transmission line (component 2). 5 Theland agreements had previously been referred to by the Project team as easements, but for the purpose of this document which may have a wider readership we use lease which is the common term for this type of contract. An easement is sometimes used as a synonym for right of way or servitude (i.e. a narrow strip of land). This project is using land areas not just land strips. 6 WB requires replacement cost (market value plus transaction costs) to be used for purchasing land. The survey focused on market value only. The market value was used to identify fair rates for renting the land in the leases. CCP decided to offer more than just market rate to make the lease more amenable as a negotiated settlement. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\pau66424\Documents\3. Projects and Proposals\Casita Geothermal\Reports\ESIA\3. Final\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL no logo.docx 6 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\pau66424\Documents\3. Projects and Proposals\Casita Geothermal\Reports\ESIA\3. Final\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL no logo.docx 7 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\pau66424\Documents\3. Projects and Proposals\Casita Geothermal\Reports\ESIA\3. Final\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL no logo.docx 8 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\pau66424\Documents\3. Projects and Proposals\Casita Geothermal\Reports\ESIA\3. Final\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL no logo.docx 9 In addition to the five land leases described above, a lease agreement was formalised with a Cooperative (“the Cooperative” or Cooperative A in this document). Prior to signing the land agreement with Landowner E, CCP signed an agreement with the Cooperative. The agreement included two payments against conditions. The first payment was made. A condition for the second payment was included in the agreement, stating that the payment would be pending based on presentation of the legal registration of the Cooperative at the Public Registry as an entity and the land title. Based on due diligence performed by CCP using its local attorney, these documents were not presented by the Cooperative, therefore, the second instalment has not been paid. Articles 897 and 888 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Nicaragua establish requirements for obtaining full ownership by ordinary or extraordinary prescription. Ordinary prescription, according to the Civil Code, is when a land user complies with the following requirements: fair title (such as the Assignment Letter issued by INRA), acquisition in good faith, peacefully, continuous, and publicly known. In this case, after 10 years possessing the land, the full ownership of property by ordinary prescription can be acquired by the Cooperative. A land user that does not comply with the said requirements, but possesses the land for a term of 30 years, can also acquire domain rights by extraordinary prescription. It is possible the Cooperative has already surpassed 30 years of use or will achieve it in the next five years. Currently CCP’s legal advisor is not aware if the Cooperative has registered for ownership through ordinary or extraordinary prescription. During a site visit consultation, Cooperative members indicated they have a legal registration as a Cooperative. However, they do not have the land title but they have been discussing it with INRA and the Chinandega municipality. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\pau66424\Documents\3. Projects and Proposals\Casita Geothermal\Reports\ESIA\3. Final\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL no logo.docx 10 3 Potential Displacement Impacts 3.1 Overview This section begins with a description of the current land use context to help put future displacement in perspective. Estimates of both economic and physical displacement from future Project land acquisition is discussed. 3.2 Land use Land use did not change on the properties after the lease signings. Before the leases, the properties where the main access road was constructed was used for crops (mainly sugar cane and coffee) and cattle. Some minor land take and land use change occurred and the loss of crops and land for grazing was addressed in the leases. A slim well was drilled on non- productive land. Some trees were cut. The wood was given to the land owner. Members from the Cooperative use part of the property owned by an agriculture company. The Cooperative was established in 1992 with the same remaining 10 members. They have 100 hectares (143 manzanas) divided into 10 parcels of 10 hectares (14.3 manzanas), one for each member. During consultations in mid-2017, the members indicated they have capability and resources to work in only 5.6 hectares (8 manzanas) each. When the land lease for the property they use was formalised with CCP, the land was used for growing beans, rice and corns. The use remains the same today. A portion of land they use was lost to the construction of the main access road. Currently, no widening of the road that passes through their land use is considered necessary for future Project phases. However, the potential transmission line may cross through the same land. During the collection of additional baseline data in mid-2017 to complete the international ESIA, two houses close to the Project facilities. One house is less than 100m to the main access road (see Figure 5) and a second house (see Figure 6) is 50m from the anticipated access road to well pad E and 570m from the well pad itself. Figure 5: View to house #1 from the main Figure 6: House #2 access road Source: Mott MacDonald Source: Mott MacDonald 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\pau66424\Documents\3. Projects and Proposals\Casita Geothermal\Reports\ESIA\3. Final\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL no logo.docx 11 The first house belongs to one of the land owners and is inhabited by a family. The second house is inhabited by a couple who farm nearby land and act as its caretakers on behalf of an agricultural company. 3.3 Economic displacement The current drilling plan foresees three well pads (with the potential for drilling at a further two or three locations). In the existing leases, components in the general area are addressed but they the leases do not cover the proposed well pads D and E located within the Landowner Company D property; a portion of the transmission line that crosses the Landowner Company D property and minimal widening and upgrade of the main access road. The anticipated amount of land for the additional well pads will be up to 20,000m 2. The transmission line routing was not designed at the time of the lease signings nor is it currently confirmed. There is a possibility that the final route will require more land to be acquired temporarily or permanently. Land would be needed for the construction and operation of the transmission line, which would be the total of the towers’ footprint and the towers’ access route. The access road is likely to be used as an infrastructure corridor which will minimise land use change. The upgrade to the main access road and the new roads to Pad E, B and transmission line tower footpads are not easily reversible but they provide a service benefit. The well pad areas can be remediated and returned to existing conditions if the geothermal resource is not viable. It is possible that if the resource is confirmed and certain well pads are deemed acceptable for production phase, CCP may decide to purchase the land for them and any related facilities. To purchase land that is addressed under leases, additional evaluation of the specific area and the land value will need to be undertaken to produce a resettlement plan. 3.4 Physical displacement No physical displacement impacts or relocation have been identified or organised due to Project land needs identified to date. However, during the collection of additional baseline data in mid- 2017 to complete the international ESIA, two houses were identified as being close to an access road. One household is sufficiently close to the road that there will be potential temporary health and safety impacts related to noise, dust and physical proximity of Project traffic. Impacts related to the exploratory phase works have been assessed in the ESIA and recommended mitigation measures have been proposed. Negotiations among CCP, the land owner and the two inhabitants will finally determine the best mitigation based on these options. Options in order of most favourable to least favourable are: ● Re-designing the road alignment outside the area of direct impact (assumed to be 500m for dust, 600m, for noise) to minimise impacts during road construction works ● Temporarily re-locate inhabitants during exploration drilling, or possibly even just during road access construction works, leaving the decision about a longer-term solution until the viability of the well pad is determined ● Rebuilding the house on a more distant part of the property. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\pau66424\Documents\3. Projects and Proposals\Casita Geothermal\Reports\ESIA\3. Final\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL no logo.docx 12 4 Legal and Policy Framework 4.1 Overview An outline of the applicable Nicaragua and International land acquisition and resettlement standards for the Project is set out below. 4.2 Nicaragua legal framework for land acquisition A summary of national legislation relevant to resettlement and land acquisition is presented in Table 1. Table 1: National legislation relevant to land acquisition Law Description Constitution of If expropriation occurs, compensation to be paid is stipulated in Article 44 of the Constitution. the Republic of Article 44 describes the right of private ownership of movable and immovable property and of Nicaragua the instruments and means of production. Because of the social function of land, for reasons of public utility or social interest, the right to private ownership is subject to limits. Immovable property may be expropriated following the cash payment of fair compensation. The confiscation of property is prohibited. Article 107 of the Constitution states that land reform shall eliminate large uncultivated farmlands and shall be implemented primarily with lands of the State. Should the expropriation of large uncultivated farmlands affect private owners, it shall be implemented in conformity with the provision of Article 44 of the Constitution. The land reform shall eliminate any form of exploitati on of the peasants and the country’s indigenous communities. Land reform shall promote forms of ownership compatible with national economic and social objectives. Civil Code of the Articles 888 and 897 relate to ordinary and extraordinary possession rights. Full rights by Republic of ordinary prescription are: fair title, acquisitions in good faith, peacefully, continuous and Nicaragua publicly known. Article 897 establishes that in order to acquire full ownership of property by ordinary prescription the possessor must possess the property for 10 years complying with the aforementioned requirements; however, domain rights can also be acquired by extraordinary prescription, in said case the only requirement is having possession for a term of 30 years. Articles 926 and 927 establish how property rights may be interrupted though deprivation of possession to the possessors for one year, unless recovered judicially; by express or implied acknowledgement that the possessor makes in favour of the owners; judicial measures. Article 3937 establishes that titles to properties that are not properly registered at the Public Registry do no produce effects to third parties. Expropriation Law 229 stipulates that property subject to expropriation requires prior payment of fair Law (Law 229), compensation. For uncultivated land, the law guides the form of payment, amount, term and published in La interest to be paid. All kind of assets or rights, whatever the person or entity to whom they Gaceta, Official belong, can be expropriated. The Expropriation Law establishes the possibility of acquiring Parliamentary easement rights through expropriation, following a declaration of “Public Interest”. For Record, No. 58 expropriation of assets and rights it is necessary to issue a “declaration of public interest”, on 9 March, which must be published in the official Gazette, indicating that any person with rights over 1976. these goods will have a maximum term of 15 days to appear before the declaring authority to reach an agreement of the amount and payment method. If within eight days an agreement is not reached, the expropriation trial will proceed. Right of Way Decree No. 60, issued on 10 September 1952, establishes the minimum distances applicable Law to the construction of roads wider than 10 meters from its central axis. National Registry Establishes that the Municipal Registry Office carries out and executes the valuation of real General Law estate properties in its territory, for the collection of real estateand property ax and for the purpose of compensation and quantification of damage caused by natural disasters or other causes. It also dstablishes the procedure for obtaining a Certificate of Valuation, which defines the value of a property for the purpose of transmission, modification of the property right, mortgage, compensation, mergers and for financial purposes. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\pau66424\Documents\3. Projects and Proposals\Casita Geothermal\Reports\ESIA\3. Final\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL no logo.docx 13 Law Description Law 272: Law of Article 98 states that the concessionaire or licensee of the economic agents who need to the Electric establish one or more easements of the contemplated in this Law, shall request the Instituto Industry Nicaraguense de Energía (INE) indicating the nature of the easement or servitudes, specifying their location and detailing the area of the land, the name of the owner or owners of the estate servant, the constructions to be carried out with the corresponding plans and Descriptive memories. Article 99 indicates that the owner of the servient estate must be notified of this request, to respond in a term of eight days. When the easement affects real estate property of the State, Municipalities, Autonomous Entities or Public Corporations, a hearing will be given to the respective legal representative for the same term. According to Article 100, the owner of the property may object if the easement can be established on another place on the same property or on another or other less burdensome or dangerous for the owner, provided that the person concerned may carry out the corresponding works and installations therein. Article 101 outline that the administrative opposition has a period of 3 days for the Concessionary’s response and 10 days for the presentation of proofs. Upon completion of the probationary period, the resolution of the case will be issued within 3 days. Upon the issuance of the resolution approving the surveys and descriptive memories, the Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM) will declare the Public Interest of the affected areas. Article 105 states that if there is no direct agreement, the amount of compensation and compensation that must be paid by the beneficiary shall be fixed by experts appointed for each part. If the experts do not agree, INE will appoint a third expert to resolve the discord. The valuation given by the third expert shall be accepted without any claim on the administrative route, but may be contested judicially, without this impeding the imposition of the easement, as established in the Regulations of this Law. Source: Collated by Mott MacDonald To date, for four of the properties, the leases were determined using negotiated settlements. For a fifth property, a ‘Resolution’ legal process based on the Law of Electric Industry, complemented by the Law of Exploration and Use of Geothermal Resources was used. The Resolution is an alternative administrative procedure to the Expropriation Law that is used as a last resort for the plaintiff. The use of the Resolution initiated a negotiation process that successfully agreed the leasing terms. 4.3 International standards World Bank resettlement requirements for this Project are presented in WB Performance Standard 5 (PS5). Resettlement is considered involuntary when affected individuals or communities do not have the right to refuse land acquisition or restrictions on land use that result in displacement which can occur when the buyer can resort to lawful expropriation when negotiated settlement fails. This Project can resort to expropriation or impose legal restrictions on land use through the Government of Nicaragua if negotiations fail. Hence, this Project triggers WB PS5. WB PS5 addresses land acquisition and involuntary resettlement. It recognises that project- related land acquisition and restrictions on land use can have adverse impacts on communities and people that use the land intended for a project. The PS emphasises that efforts should be made to avoid involuntary resettlement. Where involuntary resettlement is unavoidable, PS5 recommends using negotiated settlements and measures to minimise adverse impacts. Management measures for involuntary resettlement should be carefully planned and implemented. Involuntary resettlement refers to both physical displacement (relocation or loss of shelter) and economic displacement (loss of assets or access to assets that leads to loss of income sources or means of livelihood). PS5 defines the following groups of displaced people: ● Those who have formal legal rights to the land or assets they occupy or use 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\pau66424\Documents\3. Projects and Proposals\Casita Geothermal\Reports\ESIA\3. Final\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL no logo.docx 14 ● Those who do not have formal legal rights to land or assets, but have a claim to land that is recognised or recognisable under national law ● Those who have no recognisable legal right or claim to the land or assets they occupy or use According to PS5, if people living in the Project are required to move to another area, the Project will (i) offer displaced persons choices among feasible resettlement options, including adequate replacement housing or cash compensation where appropriate and (ii) provide relocation assistance suited to the needs of each group of displaced people. New resettlement sites built for displaced people must offer improved living conditions. Existing social and cultural institutions of the displaced people will be respected. PS5 recommends that particular attention is paid to vulnerable groups during involuntary resettlement, especially pregnant women, children, the elderly, and the handicapped. In circumstance where land acquisition is the responsibility of the government, developers need to identify and describe government resettlement measures. Where these measures do not meet relevant requirements, the project must prepare a supplemental resettlement plan that together with the document prepared by the responsible government agency, will address the general requirements of PS5 and the specific requirements for physical and economic displacement. 4.4 Comparison between Laws of the Republic of Nicaragua relating to Land Tenure and the WB PS5 The Constitution of the Republic of Nicaragua addresses private land ownership. Procedures for voluntary land acquisition are not referenced in this or other national laws. Legislation does refer to compensation in cases of expropriation within the Expropriation Law (Law 229) but it does not define what constitutes fair compensation. Regarding land users, the Civil Code of the Republic of Nicaragua recognises full rights by ordinary and extraordinary prescription, but possessors must comply with requirements and go through a legal process to obtain full rights. The legislation does not anticipate any additional assistance for displaced people. The legislation makes no reference to resettlement, resettlement planning, consultation and grievance mechanisms. Therefore, there are relevant gaps between the laws of the Republic of Nicaragua relating to land tenure and the WB PS5. The principles and procedures stipulated in the WB PS5 will prevail and supplement the gaps. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\pau66424\Documents\3. Projects and Proposals\Casita Geothermal\Reports\ESIA\3. Final\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 15 Volume VI - Resettlement Policy Framework Table 2: Comparison of Nicaraguan Legislation and WB PS5 Item World Bank PS5 Nicaraguan legislation Mitigation measures to address gaps Project design Consider feasible alternative project designs to avoid or minimise The legislation does not reference this issue. Make the avoidance of physical displacement a siting principal for physical and/or economic displacement future land acquisition. Describe alternative designs in RAPs. Compensation and benefits for displaced persons In-kind compensation (land for land and house for house) recommended. The right of private ownership is stipulated in Article 44 of the Entitlement to in-kind compensation or cash compensation will be at Compensation is based on full replacement cost (current market value Constitution of the Republic of Nicaragua, as described in Table 1 full replacement cost including labour, relocation expenses, and plus any transaction fees), with no deduction for depreciation or above. The confiscation of property is prohibited. transaction costs prior to Project impact. In-kind compensation will be salvaged material. The legislation only refers to compensation in cases of expropriation. favoured over cash compensation. Replacement cost surveys undertaken by the executing agency and The Expropriation Law (Law 229) establishes the possibility of shared with assessors when determining compensation. acquiring easement rights through expropriation, following a All compensation and allowances to be paid prior to physical or declaration of “Public Interest”. The property subject to expropriation economic displacement. requires prior payment of fair compensation. The legislation does not define fair compensation. The Law of the Electric Industry (Law 272), Article 105 states that if there is no direct agreement, the compensation to be paid by the beneficiary shall be fixed by experts appointed for each part. If the experts do not agree, INE will appoint a third expert to resolve the discord. The valuation given by the third expert shall be accepted without any claim via an administrative route, but may be contested judicially without this impeding the imposition of the easement, as established in the Regulations of this Law. Community engagement Consult potentially displaced persons about likely impacts, finalisation The legislation only refers to compensation in cases of expropriation. of award and payment of compensation. No reference is made to consultation about issues other than the Proactively engage with land owners and users with Disclose RAP and its updates, as applicable. payment of compensation related to expropriation relevant information. Share regular updates on project status and project impacts. For future land needs, conduct consultations with affected landowners and users and give them the choice of technical and economic feasible resettlement options. Disclose this RPF. Public consultation feedback will be incorporated into the final RPF. Any RAP or LRP produced for the Project in the future will also be disclosed. Grievance mechanism Provide a resettlement mechanism that is accessible locally and The legislation does not reference this issue. Register all land owners and users in stakeholder database and make available throughout RAP implementation. the grievance mechanism accessible to them. Resettlement and livelihood restoration planning Prepare and disclose a RAP LRP. The legislation does not reference this issue. Prepare a resettlement plan (RAP or LRP) following this Rehabilitate livelihoods, and provide support during the relocation process. Cover transitional period costs. Pay particular attention to the RPF.The World Bank must approve a RAP or LRP before poor and vulnerable groups, including women. Displaced people to its implementation. regain the same or an improved livelihood standard. Untitled displaced people are entitled to relocation support. Combine resettlement and indigenous peoples plan if required. Displacement (Physical and Economic) Do not let lack of title be a bar to compensation, resettlement and The Civil Code of the Republic of Nicaragua recognises full rights by Whatever the legal recognition of their occupancy, land users will be rehabilitation support. Provide equal treatment for the loss of non-land ordinary and extraordinary prescription as described in Table 1 above. entitled to compensation so that they may maintain or raise their levels assets to those without clear land titles, for example, in terms of their Land users must comply with requirements and follow a legal process of well-being and income. entitlements for resettlement assistance and compensation. to obtain full rights. Compensate crops irrespective of the land registration status of the The legislation does not anticipate additional assistance for displaced affected farmer/share cropper. Tree losses are to be compensated people. according to market rates based on productive age or wood volume, depending on tree type. Prepare and disclose monitoring reports. Private sector responsibilities under government-managed Where land acquisition and resettlement are the responsibility of the National legislation is described in section 4.2 above. No further action at this point. resettlement government, collaborate to the extent permitted by the agency, to achieve outcomes that are consistent with PS5. In addition, where government capacity is limited, the project will play an active role during resettlement planning, implementation, and monitoring. Source: Mott MacDonald 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\pau66424\Documents\3. Projects and Proposals\Casita Geothermal\Reports\ESIA\3. Final\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 16 Volume VI - Resettlement Policy Framework 4.5 Objectives of this resettlement policy framework When details of land needs and involuntary resettlement that may occur in the future are not fully known (as is the situation with this Project for the Phase B production phase infrastructure), an RPF that establishes the policy principles and guidelines for managing land acquisition and resettlement impacts in a standard manner is triggered. The objective of this RPF is to ensure that by screening changes in land-use and by identifying where acquisition of land use rights for the Project is inevitable that mitigating activities may be designed and carried out in a socially sustainable manner. 4.6 Resettlement policy framework principles The Project’s guiding RPF principles are: ● Involuntary resettlement and land acquisition will be minimized or avoided where possible. Where acquisition of land use rights is unavoidable, management measures will be identified to minimise adverse impacts ● Forced evictions will be avoided ● Lack of title will not hinder eligibility for resettlement and livelihood restoration support. Resettlement affected people without clear land titles can have access to entitlements for resettlement assistance and compensation for the loss of non-land assets and land ● Displaced persons (DPs), including untitled land users, will be meaningfully consulted ● Negotiated settlements (willing buyer/willing seller or willing leaser/willing lessee) is the preferred Project approach ● Resettlement mitigation measures will be managed as sustainable development activities. programmes. Particular attention will be given to displaced persons without land titles, the poor, the illiterate and other vulnerable people ● Compensation levels will be sufficient to replace the assets at full replacement cost in local markets (using current market prices) ● All compensation and allowances will be paid prior to physical or economic dislocation; Payments in negotiated settlements such as leases will be made according to the signed schedules ● When livelihoods are affected, DPs will be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and standards of living or at least to restore them to pre-project levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher ● Monitoring of adherence to land agreements, leases and resettlement plans will be undertaken 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\pau66424\Documents\3. Projects and Proposals\Casita Geothermal\Reports\ESIA\3. Final\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 17 Volume VI - Resettlement Policy Framework 5 Preparing Land Agreements and Resettlement Plans 5.1 Overview This section describes how the Project will determine land acquisition needs, make efforts to minimise land acquisition and involuntary resettlement, estimate the value of the land and assets on it, and establish plans or agreements that detail the terms of the land acquisition. The contents that a resettlement plan must cover are described. The section concludes with details for approving and disclosing a Project resettlement plan. 5.2 Avoiding and minimising displacement While it is recognised that the final well pad locations will be selected almost solely on technical viability, there are opportunities to maximise optioneering and site selection of Project infrastructure to consider social and environmental criteria as well as technical and financial criteria. To support the avoidance and minimisation of resettlement impacts (as well as impacts on environmental receptors), environmental and social principles are identified to guide the technical design and act as criteria for evaluating and decision making on site alternatives. Table 3 focuses on the transmission lines and Table 4 on the roads. These tables provide insight for siting other Project infrastructure. Table 3: Environmental and social site selection principles for transmission lines No. Theme Description 1 Ecology/biodiversity Avoid, to the extent possible, the major areas of highest amenity value namely , cultural heritage internationally and nationally recognised conservation sites, critical natural habitats and endemic species, and known archaeological sites or sites of cultural significance 2 Resettlement Avoid, to the extent possible relocation of structures and restriction of access to natural resources and means of livelihood, through careful siting of the towers 2 Ecology/ Having avoided the major areas of highest amenity value, then minimise impacts biodiversity, cultural on areas of lesser amenity value or scientific interest including regionally and heritage locally recognised conservation sites 3 Social, safety Minimise effects of new infrastructure on communities by having regard to safety, noise and construction traffic 4 Visual Where possible choose inconspicuous locations for angle towers, terminal tower and sealing end compounds 5 Visual Choose tree and hill backgrounds in preference to sky backgrounds wherever possible. Where the line must cross a ridge, secure the opaque background if possible and cross obliquely 6 Visual Prefer moderately open valleys with woods where apparent height of towers will be reduced and views of line will be broken by trees 7 Visual, safety Minimise crossings with other high voltage transmission lines 8 Visual In countryside which is flat and sparsely planted keep the high voltage lines as far as possible independent of smaller lines, converging routes, distribution poles and other masts, wires and cables, to avoid concentration of ‘wirescape’ Source: Mott MacDonald 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\pau66424\Documents\3. Projects and Proposals\Casita Geothermal\Reports\ESIA\3. Final\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 18 Volume VI - Resettlement Policy Framework Table 4: Environmental and social site selection principles for roads No. Theme Description 1 Ecology/ biodiversity Minimise the kilometres of road passing through (fragmenting) or near areas of high conservation value or important migration routes for land-based fauna 2 Resettlement Avoid, to the extent possible, involuntary resettlement of communities and restriction of access to natural resources and means of livelihood, through careful alignment of the road 3 Ecology/ biodiversity, Avoid, to the extent possible, the major areas of highest amenity value namely cultural heritage internationally and nationally recognised conservation sites, critical natural habitats and endemic species, and known archaeological sites or sites of cultural significance 4 Ecology/ biodiversity, Having avoided major areas of highest amenity value, then minimise areas of cultural heritage smaller amenity value or scientific interest including regionally and locally recognised conservation sites 5 Ecology/ biodiversity Avoid creating access to areas of conservation value 6 Social, livelihoods Avoid fragmenting communities with roads and creating severance 7 Social, safety Minimise effects of new infrastructure on communities by having regard to safety, noise and construction traffic Source: Adapted by Mott MacDonald from ‘Good and Bad Dams’, Ledec and Quintero (2003) 5.3 Determining land acquisition needs To help understand the sensitivity of potential impacts, for all land needs, screening and scoping will be undertaken. This process of reviewing checklist questions will help identify key issues to be addressed in any negotiated settlement document (such as a lease or a land agreement) and in a resettlement plan. The checklist should be completed in conjunction with a discussion with the technical team about siting and routing principles aimed at avoiding or minimising involuntary resettlement impacts. Any checklist row for which “not known” is checked, indicates that additional data gathering, probably including a site observation and consultations, are required. Table 6 presents a checklist for reviewing involuntary resettlement effects. Table 5: Involuntary resettlement checklist Probable Involuntary Resettlement Yes No Not Remarks Effects Known Involuntary Acquisition of Land ● 1. Will there be land acquisition? 2. Is the site for land acquisition known? 3. Is the ownership status and current usage of land to be acquired known? 4. Will easement be utilized within an existing Right of Way (ROW)? 5. Will there be loss of shelter and residential land due to land acquisition? 6. Will there be loss of agricultural and other productive assets due to land acquisition? 7. Will there be losses of crops, trees, and fixed assets due to land acquisition? 8. Will there be loss of businesses or enterprises due to land acquisition? 9. Will there be loss of income sources and means of livelihoods due to land acquisition? Involuntary restrictions on land use or on access to legally designated parks and protected areas 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\pau66424\Documents\3. Projects and Proposals\Casita Geothermal\Reports\ESIA\3. Final\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 19 Volume VI - Resettlement Policy Framework Probable Involuntary Resettlement Yes No Not Remarks Effects Known 10. Will people lose access to natural resources, communal facilities and services? 11. If land use is changed, will it have an adverse impact on social and economic activities? 12. Will access to land and resources owned communally or by the state be restricted? Information on Displaced Persons: Any estimate of the likely number of persons that will be displaced by the Project? [ ] No [ ] Yes If yes, approximately how many? Are any of them poor, female-heads of households, or vulnerable to poverty risks? [ ] No [ ] Yes Are any displaced persons from indigenous or ethnic minority groups? [ ] No [ ] Yes 5.3.1 Negotiated settlements approach For this Project, all land acquisition is considered involuntary because of its public-private- partnership nature, therefore, WB PS5 is trigged. The involvement of ENEL means that the Project can invoke expropriation laws. Previously, just leases were acceptable because ENEL and the World Bank were not involved. However, the WB requires that a resettlement plan is produced when PS5 is triggered. Even though the possibility of resorting to expropriation m akes the land acquisition “involuntary”, negotiated settlements are a useful approach for this Project and are promoted under WB PS5. Negotiated settlements avoid compulsory expropriation and eliminate the need to use governmental authority to acquire land or remove people forcibly. Even if the Project has the right to expropriate land, it is better for both parties to be satisfied with the outcomes of discussions to negotiate a land agreement or lease. The Project will have a signed negotiated settlement but will still need to prepare a resettlement plan that outlines the principles (as set out in the RPF) and details under which the negotiated settlement was agreed. Negotiated settlements are typically achieved by providing fair and appropriate compensation and other incentives or benefits to affected persons or communities, and by mitigating the risks of asymmetry of information and bargaining power. Project staff will discuss with land owners and users to determine what conditions would be required to make them open to negotiated settlements. The land needs for the Project are not anticipated to be large and the Project team will use meaningful consultation to identify affected properties whose land owners are amicable to establishing a negotiated settlement. 5.3.2 Acquiring and valuing land WB PS5 requires that full replacement cost is used for involuntary resettlement impacts. Replacement cost means that the affected person can replace the affected asset to the same condition. Full replacement cost typically reflects market value (when a property market exists) without deduction of transaction costs, transfer or retitling fees, or depreciation and salvageable materials. CCP will use full replacement cost as a basis for identifying fair and transparent negotiated settlements for permanent and temporary land acquisition. Private sector or government accredited land surveyors will be hired to identify rates for land, crops and trees that can be used for land agreements. Land is normally appraised taking into consideration productive value, location (closer to roads is generally higher value), recent land transactions, and official notices related to property values by land departments. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\pau66424\Documents\3. Projects and Proposals\Casita Geothermal\Reports\ESIA\3. Final\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 20 Volume VI - Resettlement Policy Framework For trees and crops, the land surveyors will consult the Ministry of Agriculture (MAG) municipal staff, market traders, government and academic specialists regarding full replacement cost. MAG has data on the prices of crops at the industrial and household production level which could be indicative of value. Where trees will be lost, replacement cost will need to consider value of productivity and number of fruit bearing years for fruit trees, and the age and value of the timber/fuel for wood trees. All land leases and resettlement plans should aim to allow harvesting of existing crops on the land and include notice to not plant new crops or trees. To the extent possible, trees on plots should be kept in situ and not removed. 5.3.3 Preparation of a lease ● If the land acquisition is temporary and a negotiated settlement can be established, a legally binding lease that is fully compliant with national laws will be used. This is the approach that has been used to date by CCP. ● CCP has a legal company who can produce such a lease. Previously acceptable leases have been produced however any new land lease should be updated to reflect changes in laws and national best practice for such leases. As well, CCP will require any lawyer writing its leases to read this RPF to ensure its requirements are reflected as relevant. 5.3.4 Preparation of a resettlement plan A resettlement plan will be prepared for any future land needs, be they temporary or permanent, acquired through negotiated settlement or legal means. Prior to any displacement, the resettlement plan must be prepared, compensation must be paid and any required livelihood restoration measures must be in place. Two types of resettlement plan are possible: a resettlement action plan (RAP) if there is any physical displacement with or without economic displacement; and, a livelihood restoration plan (LRP) if there is solely economic displacement. To produce both types of resettlement plan, a household census and detailed measurement survey (DMS) will be carried out. These surveys will be undertaken with 100% of the displaced persons (DPs) (individuals or households, land owners and land users). Typical demographic data in the household census includes a list of household members by age and relationship to the household head, ethnicity, religion, educational attainment. In addition to the household demographic data, during the household survey the Project will collect data on livelihood and income sources, educational attainment and literacy, health determinants, and access to infrastructure and services. Information will be disaggregated by gender. This household socio-economic data along with the ESIA social baseline data will be used during monitoring and evaluation to assess the extent to which measures in the resettlement plan are effective in mitigating negative land acquisition and resettlement impacts. A DMS involves: a) staking out the affected land on the ground based on the engineering design of the Project, b) measurement of all affected land assets and c) determination of non- land affected assets. The DMS will be result in: ● A technical drawing of plot and structures ● Exact measurements of affected land and other fixed assets ● Detailed descriptions and specifications of building materials ● Photographs of the property and each structure ● Recording of location with coordinates The DMS will be used to produce the final list of affected households and inventory of impacts based on detailed engineering design. All fixed assets (i.e.lands used for residence, commerce, 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\pau66424\Documents\3. Projects and Proposals\Casita Geothermal\Reports\ESIA\3. Final\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 21 Volume VI - Resettlement Policy Framework agriculture (including ponds), dwelling units, stalls and shops and secondary structures such as fences, tombs, wells, trees with commercial value, etc.) that will be affected by Project activities will be identified, tagged, measured, their owners and users identified, with a record of the exact location with coordinates. The DMS will be the basis for calculating replacement cost of affected assets and determine severity of impact on affected assets and severity of impact to the livelihood and productive capacity of persons affected by such losses. CCP will be responsible for organizing the DMS, census and replacement cost analysis. A municipal representative will be asked to be present for the DMS, census and replacement cost analysis. The Project will recruit accredited land surveyors who will determine compensation rates that reflect prevailing market prices for all types of affected assets. The rates will be reflected in a section of the resettlement plan that analyses replacement cost. If the land acquisition will result in negative changes to or loss of productive assets used for subsistence living or income generation, livelihood restoration measures will need to be identified. These measures will need to be elaborated with the meaningful and active participation of DPs. Livelihood restoration typically involves the provision of training and marketing support. The resettlement plan will identify displaced persons eligible for compensation and the entitlement package using the guidance in this RPF. Based on WB PS5, those affected by involuntary resettlement are entitled to compensation at replacement cost7 for lost assets. The next chapter presents eligibility criteria and an entitlement matrix that will guide the treatment of DPs who experience involuntary resettlement impacts. 5.4 Content of a resettlement plan The scope and level of detail of a resettlement plan varies with the magnitude and complexity of the resettlement involved. It is anticipated that any resettlement plan for this Project will reflect minimal additional land take since many of the land needs have already been identified and the Project footprint is small. The minimum information a resettlement plan for this Project will present is: ● An introduction to the Project and regulatory framework ● A description of the Project activity that create resettlement impacts and actions to minimise resettlement ● An officially certified survey of displaced persons (census), asset inventory (DMS) and valuation and the social baseline, including, if the scale of impacts merits it, results of a socio-economic survey ● A detailed description of compensation and other resettlement assistance including entitlement to participation in alternative livelihoods development activities to be provided ● Results of consultations with displaced people (land owners and land users) about acceptable alternatives ● A description of institutional responsibility for implementation and procedures for grievance redress ● Arrangements for implementation and monitoring ● A timetable and budget detailing all costs, including relocation, compensation, administrative costs and monitoring fees 7 Thecalculation of full replacement cost will be based on the following elements: (i) fair market value; (ii) transaction costs; (iii) interest accrued, (iv) transitional and restoration costs; and (v) other applicable payments, if any. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\pau66424\Documents\3. Projects and Proposals\Casita Geothermal\Reports\ESIA\3. Final\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 22 Volume VI - Resettlement Policy Framework A RAP will provide information related to physical displacement including host community baseline, relocation site physical attributes (should be similar or better than existing site), preferred design for housing and infrastructure services, relocation assistance, and security of tenure and implementation details. Compensation via in kind replacement should be considered preferable to cash. WB PS5 identifies that payment of cash compensation may be appropriate if the livelihoods are not land based; if livelihoods are land-based but the land taken for the project is a small fraction of the asset and the residual land is economically viable; or if active markets for land, housing and labour exist and the DPs can use the markets because there is sufficient supply of land and housing. An LRP, like a RAP, is based on compensation for losses at full replacement cost. An LRP is used to provide information when all impacts are for economic displacement. For DPs with legal rights or claims to land which are recognised or recognisable under national law, replacement property of equal or greater value will be provided or, where appropriate, cash compensation equal to full replacement cost. In addition, DPs whose livelihoods or income levels are adversely affected will be provided opportunities to improve or at least restore their means of income- earning capacity, production levels, and standard of living. 5.5 Resettlement plan approval and disclosure CCP will be responsible for organising the production of leases, land agreements and resettlement plans. Any RAP or LRP will need to be approved by the World Bank’s safeguard team. Once an acceptable draft has been prepared, the RAP or LRP must be publicly disclosed in Nicaragua and via the World Bank project information portal. During the public disclosure period, the RAP or LRP will be presented (for instance to relevant municipality government stakeholders and MARENA) and made available in a summarised or full form as appropriate for the public consultation audience. Feedback from public disclosure will be incorporated in the final document and then it will be re-disclosed. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\pau66424\Documents\3. Projects and Proposals\Casita Geothermal\Reports\ESIA\3. Final\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 23 Volume VI - Resettlement Policy Framework 6 Eligibility and Entitlements 6.1 Overview This section sets out criteria to determine who will be eligible for resettlement and benefits, and to discourage inflow of ineligible people. The eligibility criteria and entitlements are established with reference to both Nicaraguan law and WB PS5. 6.2 Eligibility criteria For all land needs, the Project needs to identify who owns and uses the land. Each resettlement plan will need to identify who is eligible to be considered for compensation or Project assistance due to land acquisition. For each activity, eligibility will be based on a cut-off date, which will typically be the completion date of the household census and detailed measures of land and other assets affected by the Project. DPs who are identified in a Project area prior to the cut-off-date will be entitled to compensation for their affected assets and to restoration measures sufficient to assist them to improve or at least maintain their pre-project living standards, income-earning capacity, and production levels. Those who encroach into any Project area after the cut-off date will not be entitled to compensation or any other assistance. Encroachment is not anticipated as the Project location is not very inhabited and exploration activities will allow staff to keep aware of land use in surrounding areas. The DPs and community leaders will be informed of the cut-off date at the time of the census and DMS. Notification will aim to ensure DPs do not make improvements to their property and to advise any people who illegally settle in the Project area after the cut-off date that they will not be entitled to compensation or assistance under the Project. For the Project, DPs eligible for compensation and Project assistance include: ● Land owners or users with a land title for the land to be acquired ● Persons who do not currently possess legal rights but have a claim that is recognisable under customary or national law ● Persons who do not have any title or recognisable claim to the land lost DPs included under i) and ii) will be compensated for the affected land and assets on the land. DPs included under iii) will not be entitled to any compensation for the affected land, but will be entitled to compensation for their non-land assets and other assistance. If any businesses are affected, they will also be entitled to compensation. Although it is not anticipated, sufficient notice will be given to any entity using land who is not eligible8 requesting them to vacate premises and dismantle any structures prior to the Project’s mobilisation and implementation. As necessary, for instance if the affected persons are identified as being vulnerable, shifting assistance can be provided. At this stage of advanced design for exploration phase drilling, there is no indication that any Project land acquisition will impact existing community facilities, such as water pipelines, energy distribution towers, schools, health units, or market places. The Project will make all efforts to avoid such impacts in the future. Should such a situation occur, lost community resources will 8 For instance, if someone moves into the area after the cut-off date. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\pau66424\Documents\3. Projects and Proposals\Casita Geothermal\Reports\ESIA\3. Final\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 24 Volume VI - Resettlement Policy Framework be eligible for compensation and CCP will take necessary steps guided by this RPF and WB PS5 to prepare mitigation. 6.3 Entitlements The household census and DMS will provide the basis of the identification of DPs and assets. Losses will include those listed in the entitlement matrix, for example land, structure, common property, trees, crops, and public infrastructure. Entitlement packages are classified in terms of category of loss rather than category of person affected as each category of person may suffer more than one loss. In-kind compensation (land for land and house for house) will be favoured over cash compensation. Table 6 presents the entitlements DPs will have rights for this Project. Each RAP will have a table in an appendix indicating the specific entitlements for each DP. Table 6: Entitlement matrix Type of Loss Category of Project Affected Compensation Entitlements People Permanent loss of Land owner (Individuals or Replacement in-kind or cash compensation at land (agricultural or companies or groups) who have a replacement cost residential) formal title or recognizable claim to Relocation allowance the land Tenant or other user without Replacement in-kind or cash compensation at recognizable ownership claim replacement cost for standing crops (see loss of crops below) Relocation allowance Temporary loss of Land owner (Individuals or Cash compensation for rent or plot rehabilitation land (agricultural or companies or groups) who have a for size of loss at replacement cost residential) formal title or recognizable claim to the land Tenant or other user without Cash compensation for plot rehabilitation for recognizable ownership claim size of loss at replacement cost shared between land users as per existing proportions Residential building Owner (individuals or companies) Replacement in-kind or cash compensation at loss who have a formal title or replacement cost recognizable claim to the building Relocation allowance Tenant or other user without Relocation and severe impacts allowance recognizable ownership claim Commercial or non- Owner (individuals or companies) Replacement in-kind or cash compensation at residential building who have a formal title or replacement cost loss recognizable claim to the building Relocation allowance Partial impacts will entail compensation of the affected portion of the building and repairs Tenant or other user without Relocation and severe impacts allowance recognizable ownership claim Crop losses Owner of crop Notice to harvest crop Cash compensation to replace cost of standing crops plus cost of replacement seed Tree losses Owner of tree Notice to harvest tree products Salvage tree material free of cost Cash compensation to replace cost of tree plus cost of replacement seed Income losses Any person affected by business or For permanent impacts, cash compensation of employment loss one-year net business income or salary For temporary impacts, cash compensation of net income or salary for the number of months of business or employment stoppage for a period up to one year Assessment based on paper evidence, oral testimonies or similar situation. At least 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\pau66424\Documents\3. Projects and Proposals\Casita Geothermal\Reports\ESIA\3. Final\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 25 Volume VI - Resettlement Policy Framework Type of Loss Category of Project Affected Compensation Entitlements People government decreed minimum wage will be provided. Allowance for Any relocated DP, including those Cash allowance to cover transport costs and relocation without ownership rights livelihood expenses for one month of average annual salary Allowance for Households headed by a single Assistance with clearance of new land plot, vulnerable people parent, woman or widow; seeds and tools for replanting similar area affected by economic households with a pregnant displacement woman or newly born child; households with more than four dependent children; households with a family member with a disability or long-term illness or who has mobility challenges Allowance for Households headed by a single Cash allowance equal to six months of average vulnerable people parent, woman or widow; annual salary affected by physical households with a pregnant displacement woman or newly born child; households with more than four dependent children; households with a family member with a disability or long-term illness or who has mobility challenges Allowance for severe Rehabilitation assistance for An additional allowance equal to replacement impacts displaced person (regardless of cost of the land for one year ownership status) with more than 10% of land holding affected Damage to physical Owner of damaged asset Compensation paid by the Contractor according assets and to (regardless of ownership title to replacement cost for damage to property, livelihood sources status) living adjacent to areas crops, trees (agricultural where construction will take place resources) Socio-cultural loss Family or community losing access Cash compensation and land for transfer of site including sacred to or loss of actual cultural heritage and in the case of burial sites, exhumation and sites, burial sites, site re-burial with appropriate ceremonies. unexpected heritage finds Unforeseen impacts Will be documented and mitigated or compensated based on the principles of this RPF 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\pau66424\Documents\3. Projects and Proposals\Casita Geothermal\Reports\ESIA\3. Final\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 26 Volume VI - Resettlement Policy Framework 7 Implementation and Funding Arrangements 7.1 Implementation process CCP will be responsible for implementing the negotiated settlements and resettlement plans. It is anticipated that negotiated settlement will be monetary payments. CCP will be responsible for ensuring timely payment according to schedule. CCP will create a spreadsheet schedule for lease payments and mark off when payments have been made. For resettlement plans, CCP will be responsible for ensuring the provision of compensation and assistance. See Table 7 for a list of the main possible implementation tasks and the allocation of responsibility. Whenever the scale and extent of involuntary resettlement dictates and especially when physical relocation of several households must occur, CCP will establish a Resettlement Committee to address the various aspects of the resettlement plans. The Committee should include at least one professional with international experience on World Bank Group resettlement activities. Table 7: Land acquisition implementation responsibilities Resettlement Task Implementation detail Site preparation If new land or relocation site needs to be identified, CCP will organise technical support from a relevant party such as the land owner, the local municipal planning or agricultural department, the local cadastral services or a qualified accredited professional to demarcate and complete the design layout for the new site House relocation CCP will contract a service provider to produce a house design, to construct the new house and to oversee its construction process. CCP will allocate a staff member to be a focal point for relocation activities such that if service providers or the DP have clarifications they can receive a timely resolution. CCP will have all new buildings inspected by a qualified and accredited professional prior to use or residency. Livelihood support Livelihood restoration measures will be detailed in the RAP. CCP will contract a service provider, for instance a non-governmental organisation, to implement the measures. Grievance mechanism CCP will be responsible for ensuring a Project contact to act as a focal for DPs’ issues. The DP focal point will be responsible for ensuring that DPs are completely familiar regarding their rights, the contents of this RPF, and the grievance mechanism. Cash compensation payments CCP will provide logistical support to DPs so that all cash compensation is deposited into a bank account in the name of both spouses. Monitoring and evaluation CCP will be responsible for monitoring any relocation or livelihood restoration at least once a month. See the monitoring chapter for more details Source: Mott MacDonald All resettlement plans will need to include scheduling details for providing entitlements and for monitoring completion. Because the future land needs are not currently known, it is not possible to present how resettlement implementation integrates with civil work. That said, no civil works can proceed in areas unless compensation has been paid and livelihood restoration measures have commenced. For land areas where a resettlement plan is required, CCP will need to seek World Bank permission to proceed with civil works. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\pau66424\Documents\3. Projects and Proposals\Casita Geothermal\Reports\ESIA\3. Final\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 27 Volume VI - Resettlement Policy Framework 7.2 Funding and budgets The existing leases already identify payment amounts for the exploration and production phases. Any new leases would include this same information and is expected to be in a similar range of values. All resettlement plans will need to include a budget. Typical costs are: ● Resettlement plan preparation consultancy ● Cash compensation for land ● Cash compensation for crops, trees ● Budget to compensate structures ● Livelihood restoration measure costs ● Conflict resolution solutions ● Contingency (usually at least 10%) World Bank funds may be used for resettlement plan elaboration, management and supervision, monitoring and all compensation and mitigation measures except for the payment of cash compensation. Cash compensation must be sourced from other Project funds. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\pau66424\Documents\3. Projects and Proposals\Casita Geothermal\Reports\ESIA\3. Final\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 28 Volume VI - Resettlement Policy Framework 8 Meaningful Engagement and Grievance Redress 8.1 Overview This section outlines the necessary consultation, disclosure and grievance redress mechanism that CCP will implement. 8.2 Participation, consultation, and disclosure The views of DPs on land acquisition and resettlement matters that affect them directly will be considered when planning resettlement. The resettlement plan preparation process will be managed in a participatory manner. Potential conflicts and communication channels for grievances will be addressed via meaningful consultation and the grievance mechanism. Consultations and negotiations will be carried out with all DPs who are open to negotiated settlements or who loose assets involuntarily because of the Project. CCP will undertake the following activities: ● Dissemination of information about the Project and its land acquisition needs ● Meetings with DPs to inform them of their rights, entitlements, and the grievance mechanism and to solicit feedback on the planned resettlement activities ● Incorporation of feedback from DPs into resettlement planning and Project infrastructure planning and design ● A meeting to inform DPs about the intended household census, the DMS and how the census and survey are part of the establishment of the cut-off date ● For design elements outside the land areas covered in existing leases, disclose post decision to acquire land in the public interest in an open place locally and make announcements on local radio, through national newspapers and via any other means as deemed necessary ● Sign off by DPs of household census and DMS results ● Engage with DPs individually about their preferred compensation (land or cash) and relocation options ● Inform DPs when payments will and have been made into their bank accounts ● Include DP perceptions about effectiveness and logistical efficiencies in monitoring livelihood restoration All consultation and disclosure efforts will be documented. If appropriate, the views of men and women will be recorded separately. Vulnerable groups such as pregnant women, women headed households, the elderly, children, and the disabled, will be identified and special measures put in place to enable their contributions to resettlement planning. As appropriate, CCP will actively engage with other key stakeholders in resettlement planning and monitoring. 8.3 Disclosure of resettlement plans After its drafting, this RPF is required to be disclosed by the World Bank. It is planned that the RPF will be disclosed alongside the international ESIA produced in 2017 for at least 120 days 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\pau66424\Documents\3. Projects and Proposals\Casita Geothermal\Reports\ESIA\3. Final\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 29 Volume VI - Resettlement Policy Framework commencing on the 21st August 2017 in accordance with the Pelosi Act disclosure requirements. The RPF will be addressed during the disclosure of the ESIA and at future public consultation events. The draft RPF will be made available at relevant accessible locations in the Project area together with the ESIA documentation. Public consultation feedback will be incorporated into the final RPF. Any RAP or LRP produced for the Project in the future will also need to be disclosed in alignment with World Bank requirements. The World Bank must approve a RAP or LRP before its implementation. 8.4 Grievance redress mechanism CCP, via this RPF, commits to engaging with DPs stakeholders on land acquisition and resettlement in a manner that is conciliatory, fair, and transparent. Care will always be taken to prevent grievances rather than going through a redress process. Through careful land acquisition design and implementation, by ensuring full participation and consultation with the DPs, and by establishing communication and coordination among the various implementation entities, the Project aims to try to prevent grievances. Nonetheless, DPs may disagree with a decision, practice or activity related to land acquisition and resettlement. Hence the Project will need to establish a resettlement grievance redress mechanism. The sections below describe grievance redress mechanism recommendations in more detail. 8.4.1 Grievance mechanism process A resettlement grievance mechanism, consistent with the requirements of WB PS5, will be established to prevent and address concerns and grievances related to land acquisition and resettlement impacts. The mechanism is integral part of effective social performance. It aims to be accessible to all stakeholders, including the poor and the vulnerable, so that the issues raised are resolved effectively and expeditiously. The Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) includes a community grievance mechanism. The resettlement grievance mechanism uses similar resolution principles, namely proportionality, cultural appropriateness, accessibility, transparency and accountability. It also uses the same processes as the community grievance mechanism: ● Receive and register comments ● Review and investigate complaints and grievances ● Develop resolution options ● Respond to grievance and agree on resolution ● Monitor implementation of resolution ● Finish tracking as closed out ● Evaluate lessons learned The most common grievances related to land acquisition and resettlement are: valuation amounts, boundary disputes, ownership objections, requests to subdivide a property. DPs will have the right to appeal the valuation provided it is within a 30-day calendar period from receipt of notification of the valuation. Face-to-face meetings, telephone conversations, or e-mail will be made available to DPs for raising issues, concerns and grievances. The processes identified will be tracked from acknowledgement, investigation and verification, to remedial action. Grievances will be sorted, categorised by risk level (related to delay of Project activities or increased budget needs), and logged. Based on the grievance topic and its risk categorisation, CCP will identify an appropriate 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\pau66424\Documents\3. Projects and Proposals\Casita Geothermal\Reports\ESIA\3. Final\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 30 Volume VI - Resettlement Policy Framework team of one to three people to undertake an investigation. As appropriate, one of the three will be external to CCP. After investigation and agreement on the action plan, remedial activities will be monitored and evaluated. Feedback on the investigation results, action plan, and results of remedial activities will be provided to the complainant. A CPP staff member will be responsible, and trained appropriately, for managing the grievance process. All costs involved in resolving the complaints (meetings, consultations, communication and reporting/information dissemination) will be borne by the Project. If no solution identified by the Project is acceptable to the complainant, within two weeks the Project will organise a resettlement committee under the auspices of the municipal government with about five members who are considered familiar with the topic but not familiar with the case. The committee should result in a solution acceptable to all, and identify responsibilities and an action plan. The Project should begin implementation of the agreed redress solution and convey the outcome to the WB within seven working days. If the complainant is still dissatisfied, the Project will invoke a legal resolution process based on the Law of Electric Industry, complemented by the Law of Exploration and Use of Geothermal Resources Act. The use of the resolution initiates a negotiation process. The Project has already used this process successfully to agree leasing terms with one land owner. The resolution is an alternative administrative procedure to the Expropriation Law that is used as a last resort. The Project will identify and describe any land acquisition or resettlement grievance, investigation, and remedial actions and results to the WB in periodic progress reporting. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\pau66424\Documents\3. Projects and Proposals\Casita Geothermal\Reports\ESIA\3. Final\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 31 Volume VI - Resettlement Policy Framework 9 Monitoring and Reporting 9.1 Overview The World Bank requires that standards of living and livelihoods are at least restored if not improved and therefore monitoring and evaluation of the effectiveness of compensation payments, any relocation to new land and the success of livelihood restoration measures are essential components of resettlement planning. 9.2 Monitoring and evaluation for the Project The overall objective for monitoring resettlement and compensation is to make an evaluation of the process to determine: ● If DPs have been meaningfully consulted and compensated in full and before implementation of the Project activities ● If DPs are now living at a higher standard than before, living at the same standard as before, or are poorer than before ● Indicators for monitoring will cover process, outputs and impacts. Typical resettlement monitoring indicators are presented in Table 8. Each resettlement plan will identify its own key issues for monitoring. Table 8: Indicators for monitoring Monitoring Indicators Basis for Indicators Budget and timeframe Have resettlement implementation activities been achieved according to the agreed plan? Are funds for resettlement being allocated as agreed and on time? Has all land required been acquired in time for project implementation? Delivery of DP entitlements Have all DPs received complete entitlements according to the amount and categories of loss? Has compensation been disbursed to the DPs according to the plan? Consultation, grievance and Has consultation taken place as scheduled? special Issues Has any DP used the grievance redress procedures? What were the outcomes? Have conflicts been resolved? Are there any special issues related to land acquisition or resettlement that affect other Project activities or create new Project risks? CCP will identify a land acquisition and resettlement focal point for DPs and other stakeholders. The focal point will be responsible for undertaking internal monitoring and reporting on resettlement plan implementation. During implementation, each month an internal monitoring report will be produced. Key monitoring findings will be included in progress reports to the World Bank. When the resettlement plan implementation is complete, CCP will produce a completion audit report. The completion audit report should address the requirements presented in the guidance note on PS5, namely an: executive summary; background with information about the monitoring process, impacted communities, displacement impacts and magnitude, legal framework, summary of eligibility criteria and entitlements, timing of displacement, restoration and compensation, any outstanding issues; review objectives; key findings and conclusion and key recommendations or corrective actions. 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\pau66424\Documents\3. Projects and Proposals\Casita Geothermal\Reports\ESIA\3. Final\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 32 Volume VI - Resettlement Policy Framework 10 Introduction 10.1 Overview The Government of Nicaragua has identified the Casita-San Cristobal geothermal project as having high potential to support its generation expansion plan and investment in renewable energy. In April 2009, the Nicaraguan Ministry of Energy and Mines (“MEM”) issued an “exploration” concession to Cerro Colorado Power Sociedad Anonima (S.A.) (“CCP”) to assess geothermal resources over a 100km 2 area along the Casita - San Cristobal Volcanic complex. Upon completion of the surface exploration phase, with promising results, CCP was granted in 2013 an “exploitation” concession over a selected 20km 2 area on the south-eastern flank of Casita Volcano to develop the geothermal resource. The Government of Nicaragua with the support of the World Bank9 intend to use World Bank (SREP10 and IDA) and private funding to help confirm the geothermal resource of the field and to mitigate the resource risk, and thereby promote possible future private investment to facilitate the development of the first operational geothermal power plant in the Casita-San Cristobal geothermal field. The Casita-San Cristobal geothermal project will be developed by Cerro Colorado Power S.A. (CCP, or the Project Developer), as a public private partnership (PPP) project between Cerro Colorado Corporation (CCC, a Panamanian subsidiary of Polaris Infrastructure Inc.) and Empresa Nicaragüense de Electricidad (ENEL), a state-owned company of the Republic of Nicaragua. The Project has been categorised as Category A according to World Bank criteria, which means that it has potentially significant adverse environmental or social risks and/or impacts that are diverse, irreversible, or unprecedented. In addition to national environmental impact assessment documentation, an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) to meet World Bank requirements is being carried out for the Project. Mott MacDonald USA LLC (“Mott MacDonald”) has been commissioned as the environmental and social consultant (ES consultant) to undertake an ESIA in advance of exploration drilling planned to be undertaken to assess the viability of the resource for power generation in accordance with World Bank Operational Policy 4.03 Performance Standards (PSs) for Private Sector Activities (May 2013). This resettlement policy framework (RPF) for the Casita-San Cristobal geothermal project (the Project)11 is designed to establish land acquisition and resettlement objectives and principles, organizational arrangements and funding mechanisms for any resettlement activity that may be necessary for the Project. In producing the RPF, specific reference has been made to national laws and regulations and the requirements of the World Bank Performance Standard 5 Involuntary Resettlement of Operational Policy 4.03. 10.2 Structure of the report The RPF is structured according to the following chapters: 9 World Bank means IBRD and IDA 10 SREP - Scaling up renewable energy program (World Bank) 11 For the RPF the Project is considered to be Stage A (Exploration works) and Phase B (production) 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\pau66424\Documents\3. Projects and Proposals\Casita Geothermal\Reports\ESIA\3. Final\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 33 Volume VI - Resettlement Policy Framework ● Chapter 2: Project description ● Chapter 3: Potential displacement impacts ● Chapter 4: Legal and policy framework ● Chapter 5: Preparing land agreements and resettlement action plans ● Chapter 6: Eligibility and entitlements ● Chapter 7: Implementation and funding arrangements ● Chapter 8: Meaningful engagement and grievance mechanism ● Chapter 9: Monitoring and reporting 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\pau66424\Documents\3. Projects and Proposals\Casita Geothermal\Reports\ESIA\3. Final\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL no logo.docx CCP | Casita–San Cristobal 34 Volume VI - Resettlement Policy Framework 387016 | 2 | C | 18 August 2017 C:\Users\pau66424\Documents\3. Projects and Proposals\Casita Geothermal\Reports\ESIA\3. Final\387016 Volume VI RPF_REV C v1 MR 17Aug2017_cleanFINAL no logo.docx