SR51 v1 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Intermediate Status Report V2 March 2013 Bihar State Water and Sanitation Mission (BSWSM) Confidential Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, 317983 MCB including ISA Capacity 00 0 Building CommunicationStatus andReport\Revised\Intermediate Strategy P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report V2.docx 18 February 2013 Intermediate Status Report V2 March 2013 Bihar State Water and Sanitation Mission (BSWSM) Confidential Chief Engineer (Urban) – cum – Member Secretary, Bihar State Water and Sanitation Mission (BSWSM), Public Health Engineering Department, Vishveshwariya Bhawan, Bailey Road, Patna 800 001 Mott MacDonald, A20, Sector 2, Noida 201 301, India t +91 (0)120 254 3582 f +91 (0)120 254 3562 w www.mottmac.in, W www.mottmac.com Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Issue and revision record Revision Date Originator Checker Approver Description 01 16.2.2013 RB, TK, AA NR SM Intermediate Status Report 02 6.3.2013 RB NR SM Intermediate Status Report V1 -revised 03 18.3.2013 NR NR SM Intermediate Status Report V2 -revised incorporating comments received from the World bank This document is issued for the party which commissioned it We accept no responsibility for the consequences of this and for specific purposes connected with the above-captioned document being relied upon by any other party, or being used project only. It should not be relied upon by any other party or for any other purpose, or containing any error or omission which used for any other purpose. is due to an error or omission in data supplied to us by other parties This document contains confidential information and proprietary intellectual property. It should not be shown to other parties without consent from us and from the party which commissioned it. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential ABBREVIATIONS APL Above Poverty Line AWC Anganwadi Centre BPL Below Poverty Line BRLP Bihar Rural Livelihood Project BSWSM Bihar State Water Sanitation Mission BWSC Block Water and Sanitation Committee CBO Community Based Organization CCD Community Driven Development CCDU Communication and Capacity Development Unit DANIDA Danish International Development Agency DDWS Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation DFID Department for International Development DoHFW Department of Health and Family Welfare DWSC District Water and Sanitation Committee DWSM District Water and Sanitation Mission EBC Extremely Backward Caste FGD Focus Group Discussion GOI Government of India GP Gram Panchyat HRD Human Resource Development IEC Information, Education and Communication IHHL Individual Household Latrine IPDP Indigenous Peoples Plan M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MIS Management Information System MNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act NBA Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan NGO Non Government Organization NRDWP National Rural Drinking Water Programme O&M Operation and Maintenance OBC Other Backward Caste PHED Public Health & Engineering Department PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal PRI Panchyati Raj Institutions PWS Piped Water Schemes RWSS Rural Water Supply and Sanitation SA Social Assessment SC Scheduled Caste SHG Self Help Group SPMU State Project Management Unit ST Schedule Tribe SWASTH Sector Wide Approach to Strengthen Health SWOT Strength Weakness Opportunity & Threat TSC Total Sanitation Campaign UNDP United Nation Development Programme UNICEF United Nation International Children’s Education Fund VWSC Village Water and Sanitation Committee VHNSC Village Health Nutrition & Sanitation Committee 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential ABBREVIATIONS WSS Water Supply and Sanitation WSSO Water and Sanitation Support Organization 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Content Chapter Title Page Executive Summary i 1. Introduction 1 1.1 State Profile _______________________________________________________________________ 1 1.2 Project Background (RWSS)___________________________________________________________ 2 1.3 The Assignment ____________________________________________________________________ 4 1.4 Need for Social Assessment ___________________________________________________________ 5 1.5 Scope of Work _____________________________________________________________________ 5 1.6 Approach and Methodology ___________________________________________________________ 9 1.7 Methodology ______________________________________________________________________ 11 1.8 Report Structure ___________________________________________________________________ 20 2. Beneficiary Assessment 21 2.1 Analysis of Community Level Findings __________________________________________________ 21 2.2 Analysis of Qualitative Findings at Community Level _______________________________________ 52 2.3 Conclusions based on Beneficiary Assessment ___________________________________________ 59 3. Institutional Analysis 62 3.1 Institutions related to Policy, Planning and M&E on Water & Sanitation _________________________ 62 3.2 Development Partners ______________________________________________________________ 68 3.3 Conclusions ______________________________________________________________________ 69 4. Stakeholder Analysis 70 4.1 Role of different Stakeholders in Service delivery __________________________________________ 70 4.2 Key Strengths and Weaknesses of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Bihar __________________ 79 5. Diversity in Bihar 81 5.1 Socio Cultural & Economic ___________________________________________________________ 81 5.2 Rural Governance __________________________________________________________________ 83 5.3 Available water Resources ___________________________________________________________ 84 5.4 Rural Drinking Water Status __________________________________________________________ 85 5.5 Gender related issues in Bihar ________________________________________________________ 89 6. Anticipated Impact of the Project 91 7. Key Risks & Possible Mitigation 94 7.1 Key Risks ________________________________________________________________________ 94 7.2 Possible Mitigation of Identified Risks ___________________________________________________ 94 8. Issues & Recommendations 97 8.1 Issues ___________________________________________________________________________ 97 8.2 Recommendations _________________________________________________________________ 99 9. Social Safeguard issues 104 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential 9.1 Land Acquisition __________________________________________________________________ 104 9.2 Indigenous People ________________________________________________________________ 104 10. Monitoring & Evaluation of social development indicators 105 10.1 Monitoring _______________________________________________________________________ 105 10.2 Evaluation _______________________________________________________________________ 106 Appendices 109 Appendix A. Sampling Plan and Data ____________________________________________________________ 110 Appendix B. Study Tools – Qualitative ___________________________________________________________ 111 Appendix C. Study Tools – Quantitative __________________________________________________________ 112 Appendix D. Contact List ______________________________________________________________________ 113 Tables Table 1.1: Habitations Covered with Piped Water Scheme in Bihar,Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh and Assam _______ 3 Table 1.2: Data on Habitations Covered with Piped Water Scheme in Selected Districts under The Project of Bihar 4 Table 2.1: Type of roofing material used in Respondent’s House ______________________________________ 26 Table 2.2: Distance of stand post from house _____________________________________________________ 33 Table 2.3: Who collecting water from stand post (Multple response) ____________________________________ 33 Table 2.4: Distance of public hand pump from house (Hand pump) ____________________________________ 34 Table 2.5: Initial setup cost for hand pump/bore well ________________________________________________ 35 Table 2.6: In which year did you set up the facility? _________________________________________________ 35 Table 2.7: Is the water from hand pump/ bore well potable ___________________________________________ 36 Table 2.8: Most important source of drinking water for family _________________________________________ 37 Table 2.9: How to you treat water to make it potable? _______________________________________________ 37 Table 2.10: Requirement of water per day for various household purpose on per person basis (in litres) _________ 38 Table 2.11: Nature of complaint _________________________________________________________________ 40 Table 2.12: How many hours you expect to get water per day and willingness to pay _______________________ 41 Table 2.13: When do you wash hands ____________________________________________________________ 42 Table 2.14: Awareness of water borne diseases ____________________________________________________ 42 Table 2.15: Family members have fallen sick due to water borne disease in last three months ________________ 43 Table 2.16: How is the Household Soild Waste like plastic waste, glass waste or metal waste getting disposed (%) 44 Table 2.17: Desposal of liquid waste _____________________________________________________________ 44 Table 2.18: News papers generally being read _____________________________________________________ 48 Table 2.19: Preferred media language____________________________________________________________ 49 .Table 2.20: Preferred media channel _____________________________________________________________ 49 Table 2.21: Time of watching TV ________________________________________________________________ 50 Table 2.22: Time for listen to radio ______________________________________________________________ 50 Table 2.23: Preferred point of contact in case of grievances ___________________________________________ 51 Table 4.1: Stakeholders involved in Rural Water Supply Scheme ______________________________________ 70 Table 5.1: Bihar: Demographic Indicators ________________________________________________________ 82 Table 5.2: Income Details in per capita __________________________________________________________ 83 Table 5.3: Water Availability in Details ___________________________________________________________ 85 Table 5.4: Status of Rural Habitation with Respect to Drinking Water Supply _____________________________ 86 Table 5.5: Status of Rural Habitation with Respect to Drinking Water Supply (BY Caste) ____________________ 88 Table 5.6: Proportion of Rural Habitations Covered with Type of Water Supply Schemes in Bihar _____________ 88 Table 5.7: Distribution of population by literacy and rural urban in Bihar _________________________________ 89 Table 5.8: Health Indicators for Women in Bihar ___________________________________________________ 90 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Table 5.9: Health Indicators for Women in Bihar & India _____________________________________________ 90 Table 6.1: Anticipated Impact of the Project ______________________________________________________ 91 Table 10.1: Indicators to be Monitored___________________________________________________________ 105 Table 10.2: Indicators to be Evaluated___________________________________________________________ 106 Figures Figure 2.1: Gender of the respondents (%) ________________________________________________________ 21 Figure 2.2: Age group of the respondents (%) _____________________________________________________ 22 Figure 2.3: Religion of the head of the household (%) _______________________________________________ 22 Figure 2.4: Social group of the respondents (%) ____________________________________________________ 22 Figure 2.5: Government cards of the contacted households (%) _______________________________________ 23 Figure 2.6: Education of household head (%) ______________________________________________________ 23 Figure 2.7: Type of Family (%) _________________________________________________________________ 24 Figure 2.8: Ownership of the house (%) __________________________________________________________ 24 Figure 2.9: Type of house (%)__________________________________________________________________ 24 Figure 2.10: Main source of income for household (%) ________________________________________________ 25 Figure 2.11: Households having seperate kitchen (%) ________________________________________________ 25 Figure 2.12: Number of Rooms of the households (excluding bathroom and kitchen) % ______________________ 25 Figure 2.13: Type of roofing used in respondent's house (%) ___________________________________________ 26 Figure 2.14: Ownership of cultivable land (%) _______________________________________________________ 26 Figure 2.15: Availability of livestock in the house (%) _________________________________________________ 26 Figure 2.16: Various assests owned by the households (%)____________________________________________ 27 Figure 2.17: Household having cable TV connection (%) ______________________________________________ 27 Figure 2.18: Main source of lighting for the household (%) _____________________________________________ 28 Figure 2.19: Type of fuel used at household for cooking (%) ___________________________________________ 28 Figure 2.20: What is used to cook food (%) ________________________________________________________ 28 Figure 2.21: Monthly expenditure details of the household (%) _________________________________________ 29 Figure 2.22: Household monthly income (%) _______________________________________________________ 29 Figure 2.23: Source of water for the household (%) __________________________________________________ 30 Figure 2.24: Frequency of water at household connections (%) _________________________________________ 30 Figure 2.25: Time of water supply (%) ____________________________________________________________ 30 Figure 2.26: Availability of pit dug to collect water (%) ________________________________________________ 31 Figure 2.27: Usage of pump to get water from connection (%) __________________________________________ 31 Figure 2.28: Type of tariff paid (%) _______________________________________________________________ 32 Figure 2.29: Periodicity of billing (%) ______________________________________________________________ 32 Figure 2.30: Frequency of water in the stand post (%) ________________________________________________ 32 Figure 2.31: Timing of water supplied from stand post (%) _____________________________________________ 32 Figure 2.32: Average time taken for collection of water every time( stand post) % ___________________________ 33 Figure 2.33: Number of people involved in collecting water (%) ________________________________________ 33 Figure 2.34: Average time taken for collection of water every time (from Hand pump) % ______________________ 34 Figure 2.35: Number of people involved in collecting water (%) ________________________________________ 34 Figure 2.36: Depth of Hand pump/bore well (Feet) % _________________________________________________ 36 Figure 2.37: Problem in getting water from hand pump/bore well (%) ____________________________________ 36 Figure 2.38: Reaspon for not having municipal HH water connection (%) _________________________________ 37 Figure 2.39: Would you prefer to have HH water connection (%) ________________________________________ 37 Figure 2.40: Consumption of water per day for various household purpose on daily basis (%) _________________ 38 Figure 2.41: Level of satisfaction (%) _____________________________________________________________ 39 Figure 2.42: Complaint regarding water supply (%) __________________________________________________ 40 Figure 2.43: Lodged complaint with (%) ___________________________________________________________ 40 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Figure 2.44: Average time taken for resolution of the problem (%) _______________________________________ 41 Figure 2.45: Would you expect a better water supply (%) ______________________________________________ 41 Figure 2.46: Material used for handwashing (%) _____________________________________________________ 42 Figure 2.47: How is the Household Soild Waste from Kitchen Getting Disposed (%) _________________________ 43 Figure 2.48: How is the Household Soild Waste like paper being disposed (%) _____________________________ 43 Figure 2.49: Availability of toilets in the households (%) _______________________________________________ 45 Figure 2.50: Type of toilets available in the households (%) ____________________________________________ 45 Figure 2.51: Household having own septic tank (%) __________________________________________________ 45 Figure 2.52: Total expenditure on toilet construction by the household (%) ________________________________ 45 Figure 2.53: Total monthly expenditure on toilet maintenance (%) _______________________________________ 46 Figure 2.54: If do not have toilet, where do your family member go for defecation? (%) ______________________ 46 Figure 2.55: Responsibility of cleaning the toilet (%) _________________________________________________ 47 Figure 2.56: Frequency of cleaning toilet (%) _______________________________________________________ 47 Figure 2.57: Material used for cleaning toilet (%) ____________________________________________________ 47 Figure 2.58: Do you read news paper (%) _________________________________________________________ 48 Figure 2.59: Do you do any of the following? (Multiple Responses) % ____________________________________ 49 Figure 2.60: What programme do you watch/ Listen (Multiple Responses) % ______________________________ 49 Figure 2.61: Availability of pollution related messages in media (%) _____________________________________ 50 Figure 2.62: Awareness regarding water and sanitation sector reform programme in your city (%) ______________ 50 Figure 2.63: Main source of information about government programmes (%) ______________________________ 51 Figure 2.64: Media which influences most (%) ______________________________________________________ 51 Figure 3.1: Existing Institutional Structure for Delivery of Water and Sanitation Services in Bihar ______________ 64 Figure 5.1: Distribution of Habitations by Water Availability ___________________________________________ 86 Figure 5.2: Distribution of Population by Water Availability ____________________________________________ 86 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Executive Summary Study Background Bihar is 12th largest state of India in terms of geographical size (94,163 sq. km) and 3rd largest in terms of its population (10.38 crores as per Census 2011). The state is well known for its abundant natural resources, perennial rivers, fertile lands and a long glorious history. In spite of abundant natural resources the state remained one of the poorest in the country since independence. The condition further deteriorated after the state’s division and separation of Jharkhand as Bihar retained almost 75 percent of the population but was left with 54 percent of the land bereft of almost all mineral resources, thus inducing a lot of strain on the available resources. The state is densely populated with 880 persons per square kilometres as against the national average of 324. Of 104 million, 92 million live in rural areas (88.7 percent census 2011). The state has about 15.7 percent of Scheduled Caste (SC) population and 0.9 percent Schedule Tribe (ST) population (as per 2001 census).The sex ratio of the state at 916 females per 1000 males is lower than the national average of 940 females per 1000 males (census 2011). The social life in Bihar heavily gravitates around the villages as only 11.2 percent of total population resides in urban areas. Vast majority of them is still illiterate (63.82 percent are literate as per census 2011). Comparing the per capita income of the state, a substantial difference could be noted from India (INR 25661) and Bihar (INR 9586) for the year 2008-09. The above mentioned income is as a result of increase i.e 17.37 percent from 2006-07 to 2008-09, which is 13.64 percent increase for India. Providing safe drinking water to its people is the responsibility of the State Government. Till last decade, coverage of habitations was the priority of the Government. However, currently safe drinking water and other related issues like sanitation and hygiene have become the priority. Of the total habitations (107642) in Bihar, 20248 habitations are in the status of Partial Population Coverage and remaining 87394 habitations are in 100 percent population coverage. In about 14580 habitations the water quality is affected, of which 10877 are affected with Iron, followed by 2698 with Fluoride, 1004 with Arsenic and 1 with Nitrate (Source: DDWS website). Ground water table is quite high and hence water availability is not an issue in major parts of the State. In terms of quantity, the average population served per source is 110 which is quite good when compared to the Government of India norm of 250 persons per source. The rural population of the state is served by public as well as private hand pumps (India Mark III and shallow well hand pumps).About 79.73 percent of habitations are covered by Hand pumps / Bore well schemes followed by 3.88 percentage piped water scheme and 15.62 percentage by other schemes (Source: DDWS website). The National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) guidelines that came into effect from April 2009 puts more emphasis on decentralization and devolve the power to PRIs so that they can take up construction, operation and management of water & sanitation related infrastructure. As part of NRDWP, the DDWS has prepared its long term strategic plan (2011-2022) for ensuring drinking water security to all rural households. The strategic plan aims to cover 90 percent of households with piped water and at least 80 percent of households with tap connections during this period. While analyzing the physical progress of availability of piped water supply (PWS) schemes to different states it was observed that Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh are lagging states of India. In view of the above mentioned backdrop, the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MoDWS), Government of India has requested the World Bank to support the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project for the lagging states including Bihar. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx i Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential The Bihar Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Project which is funded by the World Bank (The Project) has selected 10 districts, viz, West Champaran, Saran, Muzaffarpur, Begusarai, Purnia, Nalanda, Patna, Nawada, Munger and Banka for implementation of multi and single village/habitation piped water scheme in different phases. The socio-economic conditions in the selected districts of the Project and the beneficiary profile may not be homogeneous, rather, quite diverse comprising a number of sub-groups identifiable on the basis of their differential endowment, gender, ethnicity, different economic groups and other regional features. Therefore, the challenge lies in addressing the requirements of all the sub-groups with special attention on the rural and tribal poor and other normally socially excluded sub-groups. Besides, there are a large number of stakeholders, some internal and others external to the project, who would have varying degrees of influence and impact on project activities and outcomes. This makes it necessary for the project to provide a framework for participation of all key stakeholder groups and solicit their contributions towards project design and delivery mechanisms. To this effect, as a part of the project preparation, it is intended to conduct this consulting assignment on Social Assessment (SA). The broad elements of the study shall include:  beneficiary assessment,  stakeholder analysis,  social impacts,  Institutional assessments and risks analysis. Study Objective As per requirement, the social assessment (current study) was carried out with an aim to identify social diversities in the State, the identified diversities which has potential to impact the project was further discussed and mitigation plan was suggested. The social assessment was carried out consistent with GOI and the World Bank safeguard requirements, policies, regulations and guidelines. The scope of the study also covers aspects related to capacity building and communication. The study was conducted using participatory approaches adopting participatory tools like Participatory Rural Appraisal, interactions with women group, SWOT analysis etc. The study intended to identify stakeholders at all levels i.e. from the policy level to field operations to beneficiary level. In this line, first the stakeholders were identified and then they were contacted during each stage of the assignment so that comprehensive coverage is ensured. Study Findings Beneficiary Assessment The study findings depicts that the villages in Bihar are heterogeneous in nature so far content/ establishment/ social setting is concerned, it was seen on an average a panchayat has 11 to 12 habitations, 115 habitations were found in 10 selected panchayats. Further interestingly it was observed that the economically empowered caste generally resides in the main village of the panchayat and the SC and Mahadalits reside in distant villages from the main panchayat village. Further the villages which are at a distance from the panchayat main village had relatively less infrastructure like hand pumps and toilets. Further the average family size of the contacted households was found to be 6.5 (however it ranges from 7 to 15). As per census 2011, in villages of Bihar a household has an average of 6 members. The literacy 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx ii Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential rate of the households contacted was found to be low, about 38 percent of respondents were illiterate. It was observed that villages were not aware (84%) about government programmes related to water & sanitation. During qualitative interactions it was sensed that women are not adequately empowered, the main reason is their low literacy and awareness levels. Many women participants reported that they generally attend panchayat meetings but their concerns are not heard by the PRIs and thus, they do not find any use attending these meetings. Poverty is acute in these villages, as high as 83.2 percent of the respondents were found living in non pucca houses (of which 51.1 percent were having semi pucca houses), about 78.3 percent are earning their livelihood by working as agricultural laborer. Further about 85 percent of the contacted households do not have separate kitchen, about 67 percent of the households covered have monthly income below INR 5000/-. The situation is further bad in case of marginalized community and mahadalits. The monthly expenditure of most of the respondents (79%) is within INR 5000/- During Participatory Rural Appraisal, it was observed that habitation/villages are clustered according to the caste, and poor families. Mahadalits are very poor and also unorganized. Supply of water depends on the availability and quality of electricity in the villages, though more than 90 percent of the households were found having electric connection in their household (mostly illegal connections) but the electric supply was found very erratic in covered villages. Due to irregular electric supply, the operation of water pumps and supply remains erratic. It could be seen that water comes to many of the PWS villages once in a week. Further, latrine coverage is inadequate- only 17.5 percent of contacted households have individual household latrine in sampled GPs. During Focus Group Discussion it was reported that about 48 LPCD of drinking water is required for daily needs. The major issues that were highlighted by the respondents are as mentioned below:  Respondents are not satisfied with the quality of water. Problems of water contamination with Arsenic, Fluoride and Iron and water being muddy were mentioned.  Due to quality problems in drinking water, villagers reported isolated cases of Typhoid and Diarrhea and other stomach related problems  Community is not satisfied so far supply duration and pressure of water is concerned, even timing of water supply was also not acceptable to the respondents. The media habit of villagers mostly leads to radio (84 percent listen to radio, 18 percent watch television and only 20 percent read newspaper). Hindi is the preferred language as respondents prefer to watch/listen programmes in Hindi. Radio is the most popular media of communication. The preferred time for watching television was either morning or evening. Institutional Assessment Bihar State Water & Sanitation Mission (BSWSM) is the nodal agency for implementation of total Sanitation Campaign & Swajaldhara in the state of Bihar. BSWSM has been constituted as a registered society as per Para 2.2 IA Restructured Central Sponsored Rural Sanitation Programme (RCRSP) guidelines and under Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission, GOI, New Delhi. The approval on the constitution and registration of BSWSM was given by Apex committee of the State Government body in its meeting on 7th nd October 2004 and by executive of the BSWSM in its meeting on 22 September 2004(a resolution was taken to register BSWSM). Principal Secretary, PHED is the Member Secretary of BSWSM and PHED is the main Government body for delivering water and sanitation services in Bihar.PHED has its own structured organizational setup for service delivery which is placed from State to Sub-Divisional Offices. But there is no structured organization at Block and Gram Panchayat level. Block Resource Coordinators are appointed on contractual basis and they report to the Assistant Engineer, PHED. They are appointed for 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx iii Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential reinforcing service delivery at village level. At panchayat level, in some of the panchayats, Village Health & Sanitation Committees (VHNSCs) (which are formed under NRHM project and is chaired by the Sarpanch, the elected head of the Gram Panchayat) are functional. Thus, it was observed that there is no structured organization / office at Block / GP level. Thus, establishment of bottom up approach of project delivery as desired in NRDWP and NBA guideline is not being undertaken. Further this is also delaying the process of decentralisation. Key Risks Community Support & participation:- The activities of the project may not get community support and participation due to following reasons  Lack of education and awareness among the community  Socially backward groups are also not well-off economically and thus, they may not be able to pay for the capital cost  Local level casteism and politics, which may not support community mobilization  Lack of women participation, their lack of economic empowerment, illiteracy, no say in decision making of the family etc Equity and inclusion:- The issues related to equity need to be addressed. Currently the villages that are dominated by socially backward groups have comparatively lesser functional infrastructure (water & sanitation).They are also economically backward thus cannot afford construction and maintenance of the infrastructure. Regular water Supply: The community having piped water supply were not satisfied with the water supply timings and pressure at which water is supplied. Thus, the community may not like to take the connections till these issues are resolved. Irregular Power Supply: Availability of power is a major issue in Bihar which will be a potential risk for piped water schemes dependant on power supply. Due to erratic power supply, the operation of water pumps and thereby the supply may get stalled and money invested in the construction will be futile. If the water supply is not made to the community, they will be forced to use their old water sources; thereby the health issues will persist mainly in case of villages with water contamination (fluoride and arsenic) Weak PRIs and non availability of VWSCs: The operation and maintenance of the schemes may be an issue if the dedicated structure at grassroot level is not established. Political influence:- Looking into the importance of VWSCs, it is possible that political and economically dominating groups would try to control the VWSCs. This can also initiate a conflict between VWSCs and Gram Panchayat, mainly in the constituencies reserved for socially backward groups. Delay in project delivery:- There is lack of coordination and capability gaps in the different wings of PHED , which may lead to the project unable to deliver its objective within its stipulated time. Contamination of Ground Water:- Leech pit toilets with deep pits (as reported by the households having toilet) could lead to groundwater contamination, if proper measures are not taken on urgent basis. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx iv Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Possible Mitigation of Identified Risks Lack of Community participation  Multiple rounds of stakeholder consultations should be held prior to conceptualizing and during preparation of the project. Each sub project should have a local level communication office with a grievance redressal officer. The activity of each sub project should be further overseen by a high level coordination committee (at state level.)  Establishing Village Level Structure i.e VWSCs  It is important that each VWSC is represented by all the sections of the society of the village and their members are trained to assist the W&S service delivery.  Capacity building of VWSC members  Ensuring women participation  One-third of the VWSCs members should be women and they should be provided mandatory training  The social mobilization agency should deploy women members to get women’s participation  Women should also be contacted by the Anganwadis and schools through their wards and motivated  Women education and empowerment programmes should be reinforced  Women groups organised by Mahila Samakhya could be involved for active participation in W&S related issues  In the model of Mahila Samakhya, groups could be developed at village level for active participation in W&S related issues  Women could be trained for providing services related to W&S, may be through rural sanitary marts  Establishment of bottom up approach and involvement of PRIs and community in O&M of W&S programmes  Capacity building of PRIs in O&M Equity and inclusion: Pro poor policy is to be taken up which could;  Provide concessions to rural poor in the matter of water supply.  Identify the rural poor through wealth ranking as those residing in houses measuring up to 200 square feet, built-up area regardless of whether they live in or outside the village.  Waive the normal one time connection deposit for such rural poor and to collect only the cost of providing meters (to be fixed by the PRIs themselves), to inculcate the sense of ownership;  Fix a lifeline supply of 7,200 litres per household (considering 40 lpcd for 6 member household) per month for rural poor, at a concessional rate (to be fixed by the PRIs themselves).  Simplify procedures of taking connection and any proof of residence such as ration cards and ID cards would be considered sufficient to provide a connection.  Provide water free of charge through public kiosks / cisterns / taps to vulnerable sections such as nomads, destitute, homeless poor, beggars etc. who cannot afford to pay anything.  Promote structured participation of NGOs and CBOs in organizing the vulnerable sections for managing free water supply through public kiosks. Regular water Supply  Work out the most feasible way of water supply, appropriate with duration, time, quality, and quantity.  Alternative power supply arrangements are required for restoring regular water supply which could be solar based systems. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx v Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Irregular Power Supply  Policy dialogues to be initiated with the power supply department for ensuring regular power supply.\  The tariff for unit rates for community PWS system should be lower than the minimum domestic tariff/unit. Weak PRIs and non availability of VWSCs  PRIs should be empowered and mandatorily be members of VWSCs and other respective committees at different levels. The whole idea will be initiating planning from village level through involvement of community especially PRIs and VWSCs which will be scrutinized by the DWSM and will be sent for approval to SWSM. Further they should be involved in following activities;  In motivating community for taking part in water and sanitation management for sustainability of service delivery so that financial viability of the schemes is not affected.  Should be trained in participatory development models  They should play an active role in the planning, implementation and management of W&S services including domestic waste disposal.  They also need to be involved in dialogue with the community for ensuring piped water connections, timely payment of tariff and management support.  It is important that each village VWSCs and PRIs have their adequate participation and they are also trained for supporting service delivery. Appropriate and regular IEC will also be equally important. Strong Political influence  Community mobilisation and empowerment so that they are able to identify the requirements related to water, sanitation, health and hygiene and not come under any such influence. Delay in project delivery  Project Management Unit is to establish good rapport with the Government of India and State PHED for timely release of funds and sanctioning of contracts respectively.  Project delivery in Mission mode so that Project management Unit has a complete structure up to the level of panchayat and able to monitor the project closely. Contamination of Ground Water  Capacity building of PHED officials on soft skills so that communication on technical aspects could be delivered to the community.  Hiring of professional agencies for developing and implementing communication strategy for sanitation, hygiene, and conjunctive use of water Issues Organizational Structure for Service Delivery During interactions with different level it was observed that the institutional structure of BSWSM is up to district level only, below district there is no available structure. The activities of Block and GP level are governed by the DWSC. Due to absence of four-tier system of governance, establishment of bottom up approach for project delivery is not being undertaken. Further, this is also delaying the process of decentralisation. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx vi Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Top Down Approach Currently, top-down approach is followed in planning, implementing and operation and maintenance of the schemes. Thus, PHED is totally responsible for service delivery. Though, there is initiation of devolution of power to ZP and GP but it has not happened due to issues in capacity of PRIs and also lack of supervision from PHED. Staff Strength and internal Communication Acute shortage of manpower was observed at the level of Assistant Engineers, Junior Engineers, Pipe Inspectors, Khalasi, Plumber, Mistry and Operators affecting project formulation, implementation, monitoring and repair of schemes. While interactions with the junior level staff, their capability gap was also observed. It is to be noted that junior level staff are regularly interacting with the community for project delivery and currently the emerging project needs are dynamic in nature. Thus, augmentation of soft skills for better service delivery could be adopted. Mechanical and civil are the major wings providing technical service. Construction is being taken up by the civil wing while Mechanical wing looks after operations like getting electricity connection and operation of machines. Both wings are headed by technically expert groups however, lack of coordination was observed among them at district and sub-divisional level which generally leads to delay in project delivery. Absence of village level structure i.e. VWSCs During field visits it was observed that VWSCs are not formed at village level, during interaction with PHED officials it was confirmed that no Government Order was issued by the Department for constitution of VWSCs as a subcommittee of gram panchayat. Due to absence of VWSCs, involvement of panchayats remains limited in planning, implementation, operation & maintenance of the schemes. Very few schemes have been transferred to panchayats that too only hand pump schemes. It was also observed that gram panchayats are not adequately equipped with requisite resources to handle Operation & Maintenance of the schemes. Thus, devolution of power including fund for O&M of water supply schemes has not happened in the State. Technical/Water Quality About 12% habitation has water quality issues and the Department is not being able to complete all its water testing as planned for year 2011-12 (only 52147 sample tested against target of 120000 sources in lab and further only 540 FTK tests were done as against target of 204692). As per NRDWP guideline all drinking water sources should be tested at least twice a year for bacteriological contamination and once a year for chemical contamination. (Source: DDWS data of 2011-12). However, since sub divisional labs are not set up as planned (target 228 as per PHED website but none of them are functional however, approval on 76 of such labs are under process) thus, district labs are putting additional effort to meet targets for water quality testing. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx vii Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Inclusion Since the panchayat is spread and has 11 to 12 habitations in it and they are clustered according to the caste. Many a times the core village (i.e the panchayat village) is dominated by economically sound section of the society and the distance village which is majorly dominated by poor families and mahadalits lacks infrastructure facility related to water and sanitation. Moreover if the facility is provided they are so poor that they will not be able to pay the connection charges. Limited participation of Community Limited participation of the community was observed, in planning, implementation and O&M of RWSS facilities, is a key issue to be tackled in the RWSS sector. The limited community involvement is partly because of the supply driven approach and partly due to lack of awareness and illiteracy among users about the benefits that could accrue from active involvement. Significant IEC efforts need to be effectively channelled to improve community participation. Limited or non participation of women-Gender Women comprise about half of the population and they are not empowered enough to participate in community meetings and provide their inputs in service delivery related to water & sanitation. Weak PRIs less participation of women Though the PRIs have been given mandate of operation of water supply (hand pumps) and sanitation but no funds were transferred for this purpose as they are technically weak and are not in a position to dispense their responsibility. Too much politics and casteism involved as Mukhiya or a member of the dominant caste (powerful) decides who will get what benefit. They are not actively involved in a dialogue with the community on tariff for maintenance of water supply systems and public welfare. Moreover women member of the panchayats were also not found vocal thus, a holistic approach for the benefit of each section of the society in a sustainable manner was found missing. Poor Supply of Power Supply of water depends on the availability and quality of electricity in the villages, though more than 90 percent of the households were found having electric connection in their household (mostly illegal connections) however, electric supply was found very erratic in covered villages. Due to irregular electric connection operation of water pumps and supply remains stalled. It could be seen that water comes to many of the PWS villages once in a week. Low Coverage of safe Drinking Water & Latrine About 12 percent of habitations have quality affected water sources (Source secondary data from PHED). A significant number of households (82.6%) using hand pump spend 1 to 2 hrs daily for collecting water for various household purposes such as drinking, cooking, cleaning, washing & bathing purposes (survey data). During discussions it was reported that about 48 liters of water is required for one person. Further, 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx viii Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential latrine coverage is very inadequate- only 17.5 percent of contacted households had individual household latrine in sampled GPs. Usage of latrine During Participatory Rural Appraisal, it was reported that despite having toilets in some of the houses, the males are still practicing open defecation. They think that productivity of land will reduce if they do not use their own agricultural land for open defecation. Recommendations Organization Structure for Service Delivery: In case of absence of four-tier system i.e. State-District-Block-VWSC, the process of decentralisation is delayed and bottom up approach has not been established. Thus, it is suggested that institutional structure is established and strengthened at block and village level. Further, PRIs should be involved in the process so that community driven approach could be setup. Establishing Bottom up Approach The project should address the issue of decentralized governance for proper implementation and sustainable operation and maintenance of the schemes. Thus, establishment of bottom up approach by forming and strengthening VWSCs and other respective committees at different levels is suggested. The whole idea will be initiating planning from village level through involvement of community especially VWSCs which will be scrutinized by the DWSM and will be sent for approval to SWSM. Improving Water Quality testing Setting up Sub division Labs as planned (target 228 as per PHED website) to enhance of lab testing of water at grass root level. The services of private labs or labs under other governmental bodies like State Universities, Institutes under Council of Scientific Industrial Research can also be an option to be explores. Establishing Village Level Structure i.e VWSCs In order to establish bottom up approach it is important that Village Water Supply and Sanitation Committee (VWSC) are constituted and strengthened adequately to take up different activities related to water & sanitation. Thus, it is recommended that;  VWSC should be formed within Gram Panchayat as Standing Committee.  VWSC should have 6 to 12 member, the committee should have adequate participation of ST, SC, Women, elected members of panchayat, ANM, ASHA etc.  All the water & sanitation related work should be carried out by the VWSCs which will be a subcommittee of Gram Panchayat including;  Identification of water sources  operation of Piped Water Schemes  supply of water to households  bulk water transfer  inter-village distribution for multi village schemes 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx ix Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential  maintenance of water grid  th collection of water user charges for Operation & maintenance as per 12 etc.  assistance for quality testing of each of the water sources  IEC and awareness generation  At least five members of VWSCs are trained by CCDU for a minimum of three days on issues like  Water quality issues including health related diseases  Water quality monitoring  Sanitation and hygiene  Social mobilization & IEC Staff Strength and internal Communication Staff should be placed at each level as per guideline and state requirement of NBA or NRDWP. BWSWSM can also conduct a separate study on staff’s requirement for smooth implementation, operation and maintenance of the services. While interactions with the junior level staff, a capability gap was observed. It is to be noted that junior level staff is regularly interacting with the community for project delivery and currently the emerging project needs are dynamic in nature. Thus, augmentation of soft skills for better service delivery could be adopted. It is important that the capacity the staff is built-up so that they are capable of coming up with innovations and community friendly methods like pro-poor policy for providing services. Also, there is acute need for building soft skills among the staff so that they could see users as customers and give them the desired respect. Ensuring inclusion Water is a basic necessity for all more importantly for the socially economically weaker section of the society who generally is not able to afford the services and is facing serious problems due to unhygienic and unhealthy condition. They expect good quality water for domestic purposes and also for livestock as well. In order to have inclusion following measures could be taken;  Pro poor policy is to be taken up which could  Provide concessions to rural poor in the matter of water supply.  Identify the rural poor through wealth ranking as those residing in houses measuring up to 200 square feet, built-up area regardless of whether they live in or outside the village.  Waive the normal one time connection deposit for such rural poor and to collect only the cost of providing meters (to be fixed by the PRIs themselves), to inculcate the sense of ownership;  Fix a life line supply of 7,200 litres per household (considering 40 lpcd for 6 member household) per month for rural poor, at a concessional rate (to be fixed by the PRIs themselves).  Simplify procedures of taking connection and any proof of residence such as ration cards and ID cards would be considered sufficient to provide a connection.  Provide water free of charge through public kiosks / cisterns / taps to vulnerable sections such as nomads, destitute, homeless poor, beggars etc. who cannot afford to pay anything.  Promote structured participation of NGOs and CBOs in organizing the vulnerable sections for managing free water supply through public kiosks. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx x Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential For enhanced participation of Community Social mobilization and capacity building of community should be done through formation of VWSCs and following community mobilization techniques like resource mapping (water & sanitation), problem tree analysis, sustainability analysis involving technically competent agency.  It is important that each village VWSC is participated by all the respective sections of the society of the village and their members are trained for supporting W&S service delivery.  Proper and regular IEC is also suggested.  Livelihood groups formed under Bihar Rural Livelihood Project (Jeevika) could be involved for active participation in W&S related issues  In the model of Jeevika, similar groups of socially backward and marginalized could be developed (this also has a mandate in State Rural Livelihood Mission) at village level for active participation in W&S related issues  They can also be involved for O&M of W&S programmes For enhanced participation of women Water is a basic necessity for all, more importantly women as they are primary users, providers, and managers of water in their households and are the guardians of household hygiene and health related issues. However, women are the most deprived section of the society so far rural Bihar is concerned as they do have much say in their families leave alone their participation in the public meetings. In order to activate their participation following measures could be taken:  One-third of the VWSCs members should be women and they should be provided training mandatorily  The social mobilization agency should deploy women members to get women’s participation  Women should also be contacted by the Anganwadis and schools through their wards and motivated  Women education and empowerment programmes should be reinforced  Women groups organised by Mahila Samakhya could be involved for active participation in W&S related issues  In the model of Mahila Samakhya, similar groups could be developed at village level for active participation in W&S related issues  Women could be trained for providing services related to W&S, may be through rural sanitary marts For strengthening PRIs The project should address the issue of decentralized governance for proper implementation and sustainable operation and maintenance of the schemes. Thus, PRIs should be empowered and mandatorily be members of VWSCs and other respective committees at different levels. The whole idea will be initiating planning from village level through involvement of community especially PRIs and VWSCs which will be scrutinized by the DWSM and will be sent for approval to SWSM. Further they should be involved in following activities;  In motivating community for taking part in water and sanitation management for sustainability of service delivery so that financial viability of the schemes is not affected.  Should be trained in participatory development models  They should play an active role in the planning, implementation and management of W&S services including domestic waste disposal.  They also need to be involved in dialogue with the community for ensuring piped water connections, timely payment of tariff and support in management. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx xi Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential  Thus, it is important that each village VWSCs and PRIs have their adequate participation and they are also trained for supporting service delivery. Proper and regular IEC is also suggested. Alternative arrangement for Power Supply Alternative arrangements for power supply are required for restoring regular water supply which could be solar based systems. However, solar based systems will not work in foggy and cloudy weather conditions thus, a complete separate study is recommended to overcome this situation. Alternatively, policy dialogues could be initiated with the Power Supply Department for ensuring regular power supply. For enhancing coverage of water & sanitation infrastructure Awareness on government programmes was found very low thus, implementation of awareness generation program is recommended. Communication regarding water & sanitation is not only technical but also a sensitive issue. Thus, we recommend hiring of professional agencies for developing and implementing communication strategy for sanitation, hygiene, and conjunctive use of water. The key recommendations are;  Intensification of awareness generation programmes on water and sanitation  Implementation of scientifically designed customized & effective communication strategy for behaviour change  Awareness generation involving community  Involvement of community for planning, implementing and maintaining water & sanitation programmes to inculcate sense of ownership For Ensuring usage of Toilets During visit to GPs it was also observed that toilet provided under government programmes are not tailor made thus, tall members of the family are not using the units and prefer to go outside. Thus, tailor made scientifically designed toilets needs to be incorporated in Government Programmes as well. Further, due to absence of local level sanitation supply chain i.e. Rural Sanitary marts and production centers, APL households living in interior areas were facing problems in constructing toilets in their houses. Thus, it is recommended that;  Customized designed toilet models are made available for the community  Rural Sanitation Marts are established and production centers at panchayat level  Facilitation and training is provided to village youth for construction, operation and maintenance of rural toilets (training of masons) Social Safeguard The applicability of social safeguard issues related to Indigenous People (OP 4.10) and Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) to the demonstration zones and priority investments were examined under this section. Field visits to the demonstration areas and pipeline routes were conducted to examine if the proposed project (demonstration zones and priority investments) would attract the provisions of OP 4.10 and OP 4.12. During these field visits, a number of persons were met including government officials, community, PRIs, Development Partners and NGOs. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx xii Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Land Acquisition Water supply schemes in Bihar are planned under four broad categories -- Single Habitation Scheme (SHS), Multi Habitation Scheme (MHS), Small Multi Village Scheme (covering 2-3 GPs) and Large Multi Village Scheme (covering 4 or more GPs). Land is required for building infrastructure for different purposes like;  Water sources (Bore well, Open wells and pump houses)  Water treatment plants (Generally, groundwater is treated with chlorination for bacteriological contamination. land may or may not be required for this purpose if the chlorinator is fitted into the pump house)  Water transmission (for laying of transmission lines and this could also be laid along the public roads)  Storage (Land is required for storage, though, generally, the storage is built in public places in the villages)  Distribution (required, but pipes are laid along roads and public places are used for stand posts. Hence no lands will be acquired) During study, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were conducted in each panchayat and during these FGDs the study team tried to find out on availability of land. It was reported by the villagers as well as the panchayat head that ample land is available under possession of panchayat and this could be transferred to project for construction of public infrastructure. During discussion with PHED officials it was found that most of the schemes will be ground water based schemes and land requirement for single habitation scheme would vary between 0.01 to 0.03 hectares and for multi village schemes 1 to 1.5 hectare land may be required. Indigenous People The present study indicates that the households belonging to the Scheduled Tribes category range from as low as 0.72% in Saran district to 7.19% in Pashchim Champaran district. During field visits, interactions with ST community was undertaken and it was observed that though they are living in exclusive clusters/ habitations but have ownership of land and other assets in few cases. This study records no distinct livelihood pattern – nor in cultural identities – between the Scheduled Tribes and non-Scheduled Tribes. On the basis of these factors, this study concludes that the OP 4.10 on Indigenous Peoples need not be triggered. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx xiii Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential 1. Introduction 1.1 State Profile Bihar is 12th largest state of India in terms of geographical size (94,163 sq. km) and 3rd largest in terms of its population (10.38 crores as per Census 2011). The state is well known for its abundant natural resources, perennial rivers, fertile lands and a long glorious history. In spite of abundant natural resources the state remained one of the poorest in the country since independence. The condition further deteriorated after the state’s division and separation of Jharkhand as Bihar retained almost 75 percent of the population but was left with 54 percent of the land bereft of almost all mineral resources, thus inducing a lot of strain on the available resources. Bihar is located between 24°20'10" and 27°31'15"N latitude and 82°19'50" and 88°17'40"E longitude in the eastern part of the country and situated at about 52.73 m height above mean sea level. It is a completely land-locked state, although sea port at Kolkata is not far away. Bihar lies mid-way between the humid West Bengal in the east and the sub humid Uttar Pradesh in the west which provides it with a transitional position with respect to climate, economy and culture. It is bounded by Nepal in the north and by newly formed Jharkhand State in the south. The river Ganga traverses the state from west to east rendering the region extreme fertile for agriculture. The Bihar plain is divided into two unequal halves by the River Ganga which flows through the middle from West to East. Bihar lies in the tropical to sub tropical region. Rainfall is the most significant factor in determining the nature of vegetation in Bihar. The state has predominant monsoon season with an average annual rainfall of 1200 mm. The sub Himalayan foothills of Someshwar and Dun ranges in Champaran constitute the belt of moist deciduous forests. The state is densely populated with 880 persons per square kilometres as against the national average of 324. Of 104 million, 92 million live in rural areas (88.7 percent census 2011). The state has about 15.7 percent of Scheduled Caste (SC) population and 0.9 percent Schedule Tribe (ST) population (as per 2001 census).The sex ratio of the state at 916 females per 1000 males is lower than the national average of 940 females per 1000 males (census 2011) In the specific context of rural poverty indicators, the latest estimates of 1999- 2000 indicate that Bihar has 44.3 percent as compared to national average of 27.1 percent. This level of rural poverty of Bihar is second highest in the country. Bihar, being a part of the Gangetic plains, its soil fertility and water resources are high for substantial part of the state while some portions of the state also fall in the relatively infertile Deccan plateau. In absolute terms, about 54.35 million people live below the poverty line in Bihar (Source: UNDP Economic and Human Development Indicators). The state has 38 districts, 532 blocks, 8741 Panchayats and 107642 habitations. Bihar is blessed with abundant surface and ground water resources for substantial part of the state that is sufficient to cater to the demand for various end uses. The state receives average rainfall of 1250-1350 mm but 87 percent of this precipitation is limited to three monsoon months. The water table of the state varies from as low as 5m in the North Eastern region to 20m in the Southern districts (Source: DDWS website). Providing safe drinking water to its people is the responsibility of the State Government. Till last decade coverage of habitations was the priority of the government. However, currently safe drinking water and 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 1 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential other related issues like sanitation and hygiene have become the priority. Of the total habitations (107642) in Bihar, 20248 habitations are in the status of Partial Population Coverage and remaining 87394 habitations are in 100 percent population coverage. In about 14580 habitations the water quality is affected, of which 10877 are affected with Iron, followed by 2698 with fluoride, 1004 with arsenic and 1 with nitrate (Source: DDWS website). Ground water table is quite high and hence water availability is not an issue in major parts of the State. In terms of quantity, the average population served per source is 110 which is quite good when compared to the Government of India norm of 250 persons per source. The rural population of the state is served by public as well as private hand pumps (India Mark III and shallow well hand pumps).About 79.73 percent of habitations are covered by Hand pumps / Bore well schemes followed by 3.88 percentage piped water scheme and 15.62 percentage by other schemes (Source: DDWS website). 1.2 Project Background (RWSS) The National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) guidelines that came into effect from April 2009, seeks to correct the water supply situation by emphasizing the involvement of Panchayati Raj Institutions and communities in planning, implementing and managing drinking water supply schemes. The states are incentivized to hand over management of their schemes to PRIs. The funds for sustainability of schemes are provided on 100 percent central sharing basis. A separate component of support activities to fund IEC, HRD, MIS, Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance and other support activities has been introduced. Recently, as part of the NRDWP, the DDWS has prepared its long term strategic plan (2011-2022) for ensuring drinking water security to all rural households. The strategic plan aims to cover 90 percent of households with piped water and at least 80 percent of households with tap connections during this period.  The strategy emphasizes achieving water security through decentralized governance with oversight and regulation, participatory planning and implementation of sources and schemes. The following paradigm shift has been made in the National Rural Drinking Water Programme guidelines for ensuring sustainable and environmentally friendly drinking water supply projects:  Move forward from achieving habitation level coverage towards household level drinking water coverage.  Move away from over dependence on single source to multiple sources through conjunctive use of surface water, groundwater and rainwater harvesting.  Focus on ensuring sustainability in drinking water schemes and prevent slipping back.  Encourage water conservation including revival of traditional water bodies  Achieve household level drinking water security through formulation of proper water demand and budgeting at the village level.  Convergence of all water conservation programmes at the village level.  Move consciously away from high cost treatment technologies for tackling arsenic & fluoride contamination to development of alternative sources with respect to arsenic and alternate sources/dilution of aquifers through rainwater harvesting in respect of tackling fluoride contamination.  Treatment of catchment area of drinking water sources through simple measures such as fencing and effective implementation of TSC programme, prevention of sewage/animal waste leaching into surface/ underground water sources, promoting ecological sanitation to reduce use of inorganic fertilizers so as to prevent nitrate pollution in drinking water sources.  Promotion of simple to use technologies such as terracotta based filtration systems, solar distillation and dilution through rainwater harvesting for tackling iron, salinity and suspended particulate matters. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 2 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential  Linkage of water quality monitoring and surveillance with the Jalmani scheme for implementation of standalone drinking water purification systems in rural schools.  The five grass root level workers trained for testing water quality to be the ambassadors for achieving household level drinking water security in rural India.  Move away from offline unconsolidated figures to online data entry and linkage with Census village codes. The data on physical progress of availability of piped water supply (PWS) schemes to different states indicates that the states of Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh are lagging behind the rest of India (details of all states is attached as Appendix A and these 4 states in following table). Further, the states are also facing issues of water quality that require supply of water from distant safe sources. Table 1.1: Habitations Covered with Piped Water Scheme in Bihar,Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh and Assam Habitations Covered With PWS Coverage of PWS S.No. State Ongoing Completed New Total Total (in Habitations percent) 1 Bihar 1470 2363 0 3670 107642 3.4 2 Jharkhand 2919 7005 0 9135 119191 7.7 3 Uttar Pradesh 805 5036 10 5768 260110 2.2 4 Assam 11576 13508 75 23633 86976 27.2 5 All India 171646 410363 8944 510607 1666075 30.6 Source: DDWS.nic.in In view of the above mentioned backdrop, the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MoDWS), Government of India has requested the World Bank to support the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project for the lagging states including Bihar. The World Bank supported program will be a separate component of NRDWP focusing on lagging states with different allocation criteria and funding components, but implemented within the framework of NRDWP, supporting the following key elements of the reform program:  Placing GPs and communities in the central role, supported by higher levels of PRIs, the State government and the local non�governmental and private sector, for facilitating, planning, implementing, monitoring and providing a range of O&M back �up services.  Using sustainable, community or local government managed models for intra�GP RWSS schemes and using State�PRI partnership models for multi�GP schemes.  Putting water resources security as a core theme of the new model, including increased community management of scarce resources.  Moving the RWSS sector to recover at least 50 percent O&M and replacement costs and initiating contribution to capital costs keeping affordability and inclusiveness in mind. .  Moving towards metered household connections, with 24/7 water supply where feasible, as a basic level of service.  Promoting professionalized service provision management models, and/or back �up support functions, for the different market segments (simple/small single village/GP schemes; large single village/GP schemes; multi village/GP schemes).  Integrating water supply and sanitation, with effective sanitation promotion programs for achieving “clean villages�.  Establishing M&E systems with independent reviews and social audits. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 3 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential For achieving the above mentioned objective Capacity building programs will be required for communities to monitor and prudently use their water resources. 1.2.1 RWSS Project Coverage in Bihar The Bihar Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Project ( The Project) has selected 10 districts, viz, West Champaran, Saran, Muzaffarpur, Begusarai, Purnia, Nalanda, Patna, Nawada, Munger and Banka for implementation of multi and single village piped water scheme in different phases. As per the State Government, the districts have been selected based on the following:  Agro climatic zones  Availability of piped water schemes (PWS)  Transfer of PWS schemes to panchayats  Habitations having water quality problems (different type of water quality issues including Arsenic, Iron, Fluoride etc.) The data on these issues of these selected districts has been provided in Table 1.2 and that for all the districts in Bihar is included as Appendix A. Table 1.2: Data on Habitations Covered with Piped Water Scheme in Selected Districts under The Project of Bihar Agro District Habitations Covered With PWS Total Coverage of Schemes Habitations Clim Habitatio PWS handed having atic ns (in percent) over to quality issues Zone Ongoing Completed New Total GP (in percent) (in percent) I Begusarai 26 167 0 193 3091 6.2 0 48.0 I Muzaffarpur 0 75 0 75 2868 2.6 0 0.0 Pashchim I Champaran 22 73 0 94 4428 2.1 14.29 0.0 I Saran 14 20 0 31 4765 0.7 0 0.4 II Purnia 31 57 0 77 4768 1.6 6.67 25.9 IIIA Banka 487 147 0 615 3069 20.0 0.44 65.4 IIIA Munger 9 49 0 55 1601 3.4 14.29 37.0 IIIB Patna 37 121 0 146 2554 5.7 0 2.1 IIIB Nalanda 24 103 0 126 2519 5.0 6.67 5.9 IIIB Nawada 13 59 0 71 2242 3.2 0 0.0 Total 1470 2363 0 3670 107642 3.4 8.71 13.5 Source: DDWS.nic.in 1.3 The Assignment As part of the Project preparation, the Bihar State Water Sanitation Mission (nodal agency) intends to carry out a Social Assessment (SA) study to understand and address social development issues and accomplish the outcomes of inclusion, cohesion, equity, security and accountability. This would also enable assessing the social impacts of the proposed project interventions; develop measures to mitigate negative impacts 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 4 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential and enhance positive impacts; examine the legal, policy and institutional aspects to enable accomplish the principles underlying the approach. Thus, the key objective of this study is to understand and address social development issues in terms of inclusion, cohesion, equity, security and accountability. The specific objectives of the study are to  Identify and conduct a detailed stakeholder analysis  Assess the social impacts of the proposed project interventions  Develop measures to mitigate negative impacts and enhance positive impacts  Review and suggest, as appropriate, the legal, policy and institutional aspects to enable accomplish the principles underpinning the approach 1.4 Need for Social Assessment We understand that under the current socio-economic conditions in the selected districts of the Project, the beneficiary profile may not be homogeneous, rather, quite diverse comprising a number of sub-groups identifiable on the basis of their differential endowment, gender, ethnicity, different economic groups, and other regional features. Therefore, the challenge lies in addressing the requirements of the all the sub- groups with special attention towards the rural and tribal poor and other normally socially excluded sub- groups. Besides, there are a large number of stakeholders, some internal and others external to the project, who would have varying degrees of influence and impact on project activities and outcomes. This makes it necessary for the project to provide a framework for participation of all key stakeholder groups and solicit their contributions towards project design and delivery mechanisms. To this effect, as a part of the project preparation, it is intended to conduct this consulting assignment on Social Assessment (SA). The broad elements of the study shall include:  beneficiary assessment,  stakeholder analysis,  social impacts,  Institutional assessments and risks analysis. The assessment was carried out consistent with GOI and the World Bank safeguard requirements, policies, regulations and guidelines. The scope of the study also covers aspects related to capacity building and communication. 1.5 Scope of Work The scopes of services as per the ToR are divided in three parts:  Part A Social Assessment  Part B Capacity Building  Part C Information, Education and Communication (IEC) 1.5.1 Part A: Social Assessment  Beneficiary Assessment – comprising socioeconomic profiles at state, district and village level; the project beneficiaries' assessment on the current status of RWSS management and services; and the linkages thereof with governance mechanisms and PRI functioning.  Stakeholder Analyses – Identifying stakeholders at different levels. Mapping Key Expectations, Impacts, Issues and Concerns as related to each stakeholder and the subgroups thereof. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 5 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential  Impact Assessments – identifying positive and negative social impacts likely to occur for different sub� groups or beneficiaries as a result of project interventions; assessing and prioritizing impacts based on their significance; and suggesting measures to minimize negative impacts and derive the maximum from positive impacts;  Institutional Analysis – documenting the existing institutional and implementation arrangements, covering all key actors – government departments, sector institutions (such as PHED), and Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs).  Preparing Work flow chart along with fund flow arrangements so as to lead to a SWOT exercise. The analyses ultimately would lead to recommendations on institutional and implementation arrangements for each of the investment streams.  Ascertaining and analyzing key social risks, internal and external, to the project and measures to address them;  Building the elements of a Community Driven Development (CDD) approach � � Listing issues and the suggestive measures towards building CDD approach.  Reviewing rules for securing lands and drawing up plans for rehabilitation/construction activities by:  documenting the practices commonly adopted in the state;  conducting a SWOT exercise of the current practice; and  identify issues that need to be taken into account,  Development of Indigenous Peoples Plan (IPDP) by addressing the issues related to tribals, mainly to enhance their participation in the project and to ensure that the project benefits are focused on them. Defining principles and developing a framework in accordance with the Bank’s OP 4.10, to address tribal issues up�front and provide culturally compatible benefits and promote transparent consultations for informed decision making. 1.5.1.1 Generation of a baseline data Undertaking primary survey for:  Identifying and assessing the settlement pattern in Bihar.  Mapping the existing water supply and sanitation systems and the pattern of usage and the related knowledge, attitude and practices. This would lead to a status note on of the current water supply / usage, environmental sanitation and health & hygiene status which will include the following: �  Socio-economic data: sub�groups identifications, habitation, housing and household amenities (space for bathing, defecation, cattle etc) family structure / size, occupation, income, literacy, gender spread, land ownership and use, water supply, hygiene and sanitation, common ailment and medical expenses, relationship between tribal habitations and main villages and gram Panchayats, political representation, special attention to women, reactions to project rules and regulations.  Optimal Water use: Number and characteristics; sources and availability (quantity, quality); reasons for preferences, if any; reliability (continuum of supply); distance to source; time taken in fetching water, general aspects of water use; water requirement by purposes such as cooking, drinking, bathing, vessels and washing clothes, cattle etc, time allocation (share of household members), focused on women, management aspects such as source protection, method of distribution, ownership of water sources, accessibility tariffs and general maintenance.  Water use (hygienic): Personal habits in relationship to using water. Water quality at home (drawing, caring, storage and drinking). Water collection, transport and storage practices (condition of containers and ladles, presence of covers and degree of exposure, place of storage including child /animal access, contact with hands and other objects); and practices, if any, to improve water quality. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 6 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential  Personal hygienic practices: Hand cleansing practices. Disposal of household refuse. Disposals of animal and farm residues. Defecation and ablution. Status of latrine, if any including the type / technology, construction details etc.  Water sanitation�health relationship: Knowledge about the causes of some water �borne / washed / based / related diseases, extent of disease prevalence, spatial / temporal spread and remedies practiced. Concepts regarding good health and illness. Building a cause and effect relationship matrix. Special focus will be on ascertaining the knowledge about hygiene status of the existing household latrine i.e., the extent to which this could be polluting water in the nearby wells and drawing inputs from the water quality study. 1.5.2 Part B Capacity Building To design the capacity building strategy and implementation action plan for the RWSS sector institutions and the Panchayati Raj Institutions, in accordance with the requirements of the Sector Development Program. The tasks to be accomplished are: Phase 1  General Assessment of the existing capacity of sector institutions to face the new functions, in terms of personnel, knowledge instruments, information systems, procedures etc. This would include financial management systems, planning systems and operational and administrative functions. the type and levels of risks / gaps, and recommendations for enhancements, along with the pre �requisites for/ limitations in carrying out such enhancement, and recommendations on institutional capacity building to improve financial management practices for Sector Institutions and the PRIs.  Conducting a Training Needs Assessment to assess the training / learning requirements of the personnel of the RWSS sector institutions and Panchayati Raj Institutions at various levels (based on an identification and analysis of the gaps), for enabling them to perform their functions effectively, efficiently and economically.  Formulating Capacity building strategy and plan. Preparing an inventory of existing institutions in the State (public or private) including WSSO/CCDU and assess their resource capacity to undertake capacity building for the project and prepare a short list of institutions for sector institutions and Panchayati Raj Institutions personnel along with their strengthening requirements (if need be) thereof.  Based on the above assessments, proposing a strategy and a general plan for building capacity in sector institutions and PRIs.  Capacity building programs. The initial (2�3 years) effort for capacity building will be designed in detail as indicated below. Individual plans must be considered for each institution and each level of the PRIs. This will include building of knowledge, skills, attitude, management practices for financial and institutional development & management. Broad categories of interventions could be in the spheres of technical, managerial and financial aspects. Specific programs will be developed, based upon need analysis of different stakeholders. Program content should be apt and adequate and appropriate methods for imparting capacity building are essential. It should be ensured that the initiatives are participatory in nature and field oriented, and less of classroom type i.e. lecture mode. All these need to be supplemented by qualified personnel who have an aptitude for the job. Also, specific institutions need to be identified for carrying out the capacity building. No single institute will be able to cater to all categories of interventions. Different institutions will have to be identified, with the possibility of an institutional linkage mechanism, including some institutions outside the state / country. Conducting workshop for dissemination of the same. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 7 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Action plan formulated should included budgeted costs for the proposed activities and a time line. Phase 2 Preparation of detailed action plans - for each type of institution (sector institutions) and each one of the three levels of the PRI. These plans will be detailed to identify activities, costs and calendar. Activities to be financed under the RWSS should be specifically identified, including a recommendation of corresponding procurement plan. Activities should be grouped separately into training, information system and communication requirements, development of methodologies, procedures, technical and economic studies, and equipment. This phase will include conducting workshops for dissemination of results. 1.5.3 Part C: Information, Education and Communication (IEC) The objectives of this task is to develop a communications strategy and action plan to support GoI, the project States and sector institutions in the project states (nodal line departments, PRIs and other related institutions) and local communities in planning, implementation and subsequent operations of the project. Hence the communication plan should include strategic elements (getting the buy-in of key decision makers) and operational elements. The communication strategy should take into account the concerns of the key decision makers and stakeholders and the socio-economic characteristics of the target population. This is to ensure that the project is successfully implemented and delivers sustainable and satisfactory water and sanitation1 services to communities at large and poor and vulnerable groups [such as women, Scheduled castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs)] in particular. Key tasks would include:  Conduct structured Stakeholder analysis - Identify of key stakeholders (Central, State, District, Block, Gram Panchayat, Village levels). Gain an understanding of views, perceptions and assumptions held by different stakeholders towards the proposed reform approach (expectations of water and sanitation services, perceptions on tariff, roles and beliefs) through consultations with different stakeholder groups. Carry out a detailed stakeholder analysis (decision makers, implementers, beneficiaries, winners/losers, influencers/opinion makers - proponents and opponents), identifying interests/expectations of each group, their characteristics, implications/potential for the project (positive and adverse) and prioritise them in order of criticality for the proposed project. The stakeholder analysis should analyse the critical stakeholders, their importance and power relationships of each stakeholder in the whole process.  Carry out communication needs assessment – For different stakeholder groups prepare a communications need assessment identifying clearly their assumptions/perceptions and develop key messages that need to be delivered and the method/mode/media and frequency/timing.  Develop overall communications strategy and action plan - in the form of message and means of delivery for different stakeholders (street corner meetings, ward level consultations, workshops/seminars, individual/collective meetings, presentations to institutions, mass media – print and electronic, other publicity materials – display hoardings, pamphlets, fliers etc) and sequence of events. Develop strategies to promote participation of all the primary stakeholders in the project, promote sustainability and development of local institutions. The draft communication strategy must be discussed in a workshop with key stakeholders and feedback received suitably incorporated in the final version. This strategy and action plan should group the interventions, identifying clearly, items that would be included in the capacity building plan activities that would be undertaken by facilitating agencies at the village level activities that would be undertaken using mass media development and production of IEC materials. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 8 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential  Institutional analysis and inventory - Identify existing local level institutions (formal/Informal) including nongovernment organisations, their strengths and their present potential role in carrying out communication activities.  The consultant will also prepare the draft terms of reference for the actual implementation of the communication strategy, to be carried out subsequently with the help of local NGOs or other institutions. Action plan formulated should included budgeted costs for the proposed activities, tools and outline of communication materials.  While preparing the communication strategy, the consultant will consider the following elements:  Initial communication will be targeted to key decision makers in the state governments to build a supportive environment for sector reforms  Communication needs will vary depending on the stage of project (Initial, pre-planning, planning, implementation, and post implementation phases).  Much of the operational communication to village communities will be in the form of capacity building (likely to be delivered by support agencies, NGOs, CBOs) and IEC campaigns. There are excellent communication practices developed in Bank assisted projects (Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Uttarakhand, Andhra Pradesh and Punjab) and other states. Similarly good IEC materials have been prepared by these projects, UNICEF and GOI. The consultant is expected to collect these best practices, readily available IEC materials and synthesize them for easy adaptation by the project states. The consultant should consider Gender and vulnerability analysis to develop a detailed understanding of the issues involved. The main issue is to ensure access for these groups to services and decision making process. The study should develop strategies to enhance the participation of these groups in the implementation of the water and sanitation sector services. 1.5.4 Disclosure workshops The consultant will hold consultations with stakeholders as a means to elicit explicitly the views of the community, beneficiary groups and women on their participation at all stages of the project. The findings of the draft report will be discussed with the primary stakeholders in the field to get their feedback. The findings of the final draft report will be discussed in a stakeholder workshop. All consultations should be properly documented and submitted to the client with the final report. 1.6 Approach and Methodology The study was conducted using participatory approaches adopting participatory tools like Participatory Rural Appraisal, interactions with women group and SWOT analysis, etc. The study intended to identify stakeholders at all levels i.e. from the policy level to field operations to beneficiary level. In this line, first the stakeholders were identified and then they were contacted during each stages of the assignment so that comprehensive coverage is ensured. The process of consultation will be continued till the end of study and our previous experience of the working for similar sectors and settings in the state has enabled us to plan and choose proper data collection methods for each stakeholders. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 9 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential 1.6.1 Study Approach The scope of work in the TOR document outlines the various requirements of the proposed consultancy. The detailed methodology adopted for each component addressed is outlined in the subsequent sections. In nutshell our approach was linked with the output is detailed in the table below: Steps involved in Actions to be taken up Outputs to be generated Assignment Preparatory Phase (Project Inception  Detailed discussions with project  The submitted Inception report and Secondary Research) staff at state level & collection of included;: project documents like project wise and district wise activities already  Tools for data collection from undertaken and proposed to be households for baseline taken up  Secondary review of project  Sampling Framework documents  Report Formats  Identifying monitoring indicators  Finalising levels to be covered for  Data collection formats for impact monitoring assessment  Designing and finalizing sampling framework  Sampling plan  Planning and finalizing resources at regional and district level To undertake a social assessment  Training of survey team for data  Generation of Social Assessment collection report including Baseline data  Planning the actual sample and sites to be visited and commencing field visits  Data collection, collation and analysis  Report preparation on Beneficiary assessment, identification of key stakeholders at various levels, identification of positive and negative social impact, documentation of the existing institutional and implementation arrangements, such as work flow chart, fund flow arrangement, etc.  Identification of key social risks to the project (internal and external), development of indigenous people’s plan for inclusive growth of vulnerable population  Mapping the existing water supply and sanitation systems and the pattern of usage and the related knowledge, attitude and practices To design Capacity Building strategy  Undertaking assessment of the  Capacity Building action plan report and implementation action plan for existing capacity of sector RWSS sector institutions institutions in terms of personnel,  Detailed Action plans for each type knowledge requirements, of Institutions information systems and procedures  Submission of Action plan including budgeted cost for the activities  Conducting a training needs proposed and timeline assessment to assess the  Dissemination workshop training/learning requirements of the personnel at various levels  Preparation of inventory of existing institutions and assessment of their 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 10 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Steps involved in Actions to be taken up Outputs to be generated Assignment resource capacity to undertake capacity building To develop a communication strategy  Conduct structured stakeholder  Communication strategy and action and action plan to support sector analysis by identifying the key plan institutions and local communities stakeholders and gaining  Dissemination workshop understanding of views, perceptions and assumptions at different levels  Conducting communication need assessment for different stakeholders and identifying their assumptions/perceptions and the method/mode/media and frequency/timing of the messages that need to be delivered  Carrying out institutional analysis and inventory by identifying existing local level institutions and their strengths/potential in carrying out communication activities  Collection of secondary data – IEC material prepared by UNICEF and GOI in Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Uttarakhand, Andhra Pradesh and Punjab As per requirement of the ToR the study team has conducted the study by addressing the process and outcome underlying the objectives of the study. For this, both primary and secondary data was collected using different type of schedules at different levels of sample units. 1.7 Methodology The methodology adopted for achieving the objectives of the project has been elaborated below. The three key tasks identified are as listed below. Each of these has been further sub-divided in various tasks/activities and elaborated further bellow.  Social Assessment  Capacity building  Communication Strategy 1.7.1 Part A: Social Assessment This part of the research had following activities: 1.7.1.1 Activity 1: Inception Phase Our core team was mobilised in one week after signing of the contract (20.12.0212). During inception phase, the study team had a day consultative meeting with the key representatives of the client and other relevant stakeholders associated on the assignment and had gained an understanding of the Project and the objectives behind the current assessment. In this meeting, the Mott MacDonald team had presented their understanding and requirements for the proposed assignment and also collect the relevant documents required for sampling of districts and panchayats. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 11 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential After inception meeting the study team has explored the following secondary data in:  Census data 2011 district level population (rural)  Data of NRDWP (up to habitation level) This has formed a part of the Inception report, which will also detail out sampling. This document was inception report which included;  Sampling Framework  Detailed methodology to be adopted  Data collection formats for Social assessment including tools for data collection from households  Report Formats (social assessment, IEC strategy, community mobilization)  Field work plan 1.7.1.2 Primary Research for baseline assessment In line with what was proposed by us in our technical proposal, the study has used both qualitative and quantitative techniques for primary data collection, but as it is basically a baseline study we have collected more in-depth information from respective water and other natural resource management organisations working in the study area. The respondents for this study were basically the District level authorities, policy level officials, and households/water users association. During the course of study, the study team has contacted stakeholders using following research techniques; Qualitative Research Technique: As part of qualitative research technique we had in-depth interviews; In-depth interviews (such interviews are free flowing discussions which are weaved around the domain i.e. water is carried out as per predefined guideline) with the concerned persons of implementing Department for each of the activities (In depth guide is attached as Appendix B):  Multi lateral Donor World Bank  State Level Project Management Unit  Bihar Rajya Jal Parishad  Officials of State Water & Sanitation Mission  Officials of Panchayati Raj at state level  Officials of Public Health Department  Officials of Department of PHED  Panchayati Raj/Village Councillors  Non Government Organisations/Civil Society The output from the above enabled us to list various institutions who are working in drinking water and sanitation in the state .This part of study will help us to:  Familiarise with the nature, scope and phasing of the proposed investments with concerned officials in the Government of Bihar. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 12 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential  Identify all key stakeholders (individuals, groups and institutions) and their roles and relationships with the project;  Identify their interests, concerns and expectations;  Understand the level of inclusion, transparency and accountability during subsequent implementation and operation phase. Participatory rural appraisal (PRA - PRA is an approach frequently used in development sector, the approach aims to incorporate the knowledge and opinions of rural people in the planning and management of development projects and programmes): Separate PRAs were conducted with community groups- men and women of the Panchayat. The discussion was carried out using a guide and the issues captured were around the attributes and perceptions of water sources and how are they used, water scarcity, use of water, Solid waste management practices that are currently being followed, Sanitation habits, sanitation and waste management requirements/needs, type of pollution and contaminants in water, attributes of “good� and “bad� water, willingness to participate and pay for sanitation services, seasonality of water and ways to meet water needs including distance from clean water source etc. PRA approaches and methods also included diagramming, mapping, ranking, interviewing, seasonal calendars, matrices, card sorts, group work, timelines, trend and change analysis, oral testimonies, participant observation, on-the-spot analysis and more. Further to this we had also conducted free-listing, pile sorting and ranking of the water and health related practices, diseases due to water, gaining community’s consensus for active participation in the project and willingness to pay for safe drinking water etc. STEP 1: the selected Panchayats were visited a day before actual PRA to get a basic understanding of the social and physical characteristics of the village, collect demographic data like detailed household specific information, talk about the study objectives and establish a comfortable forum for discussion. Then the date for PRAs was fixed with the Panchayat in consultation with the PRIs and villagers. STEP 2: on the day of PRA, the community was assembled in a convenient place and then after initial welcome, our study team had introduced the topic to the community and then initiated the discussion after establishing a comfort level among the group. Once the comfort level was established we slowly moved towards Focus Group Discussion (FGDs). STEP 3: FGDs were conducted with the community as per definite guideline ( PLA Framework & FGD guide is attached as Appendix B). During FGD our team tried to collect information on following;  Communities access of water and sanitation infrastructure  Seasonality of water and ways to meet water needs including distance from clean water source  Communities perceptions of water sources and how are they used,  Water Use Practice that are currently being followed,  Water scarcity,  Discrimination in use of water like caste  Sanitation habits and practices  Sanitation and waste management requirements/needs,  Awareness on water contaminants, type and its effects to health  Livelihoods  Personal Hygiene Practices  Health Related Issues 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 13 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential  Water Distribution practices and issues  Perception on Social Issues related to WSS  Willingness and Capacity to Pay  Self Perceptions and Suggestions on Social Impacts and Service levels, etc.  Willingness to participate and pay for sanitation services  Willingness to operate and manage Drinking water infrastructure for its sustainability  Good and bad practices related to water and sanitation STEP 4: having mapped the problems (problem tree analysis) during the FGD, the team helped the community to rate the problems as per their severity (by using card method). Then community was clustered into small groups to brainstorm on possible solutions for the identified problems and the role they can play in solving the issues. During this process, the study team tried to find out community’s inclination towards media and belief and role model who could be further used for communication strategy. STEP 5: During the course of problem tree analysis in the above mentioned sessions, the team also probed the willingness of the residents to operate, maintain, and pay for safe drinking water services. STEP 6: Finally the team completed a transect-walk and validated the information collected. The FGDs were hand written and then content analysed by the study team. Similarly in-depth interviews were also content analysed by our senior researchers who have understanding of the sector (water & sanitation) as well as qualitative research. Analysis of PRA had enabled us to compile the following information;  Socio-economic factors that influence sustainable delivery of drinking water facilities to the households including willingness for taking up piped water connections and to pay for the facility  Key stakeholders (individuals, groups and institutions) and their interest, roles and relationships  Community’s interests, concerns and expectations  Diversity of the state, gender and caste analysis for project implementation  Probable measures for inclusion, transparency and accountability as desired by community during operational and maintenance phase  Issues of conflicts that may arise during planning, implementation and regular operations and probable remedies as suggested by community  Key social risks and religious beliefs  Probable communication method that would deliver clear message to the community Quantitative Research: Semi Structured Interview Guide for households : We had contacted 40 households in each panchayat with semi-structured interview guide (Quantitative questionnaires attached as Appendix C ) mostly pre- coded but few free flowing questions in order to collect information on following issues:  Socio economic profile of the household  Baseline data collection in terms of present level of services, assess users demand and expectation for service levels and present cost of services.  Community’s access to water and sanitation infrastructure 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 14 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential  Community’s interests, concerns and behaviour on disposal of waste.  Community’s awareness on processes and institutional arrangements of the project and their interest for inclusion.  Seasonality of water and ways to meet water needs including distance from clean water source  Communities perceptions of water sources and how are they used,  Water scarcity,  Use of water,  Solid waste management practices that are currently being followed,  Sanitation habits,  Sanitation and waste management requirements/needs,  Type of pollution and contaminants in water,  Good and bad practices related to water and sanitation  Willingness to participate and pay for sanitation services  Willingness to operate and manage Drinking water infrastructure for its sustainability  Likely conflicts that may arise during planning, implementation and regular operations - which may be sensitive issues for the poor and vulnerable;  Key social risks including caste, gender differences and marginalized section of community.  Community practices for restoring and utilizing water.  Probable communication method that would deliver clear message to the community The quantitative data was collected from structured interviews and then transferred using CSPRO and then analysed in SPSS-19. 1.7.2 Study Coverage The study had covered 4 districts of Bihar representing the agro-climatic zones and socio-economic situation of the state. In each district, 2-3 Gram Panchayats were covered, thus a total of 10 GPs were covered under the primary survey. Number of coverage Districts Number of GPs 4 10 1.7.3 Sampling 1.7.3.1 Selection of Districts As mentioned above, four districts out of 10 project districts (West Champaran, Saran, Muzaffarpur, Begusarai, Purnia, Nalanda, Patna, Nawada, Munger, Banka) were sampled depending upon the different agro climatic regions, water quality issues, and SC/ST habitations. The data for sampling was from DDWS website (Format E6 for water quality, 2011-12) and B5 for ST/SC habitations. One district in each agro climatic region was selected; the selected districts are Begusarai, Purnia, Patna and Banka. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 15 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential 1.7.3.2 Selection of Blocks Format E5 of DDWS was referred for collecting block wise data on number of sources in blocks with chemical contaminants above permissible limit and thus, one block having highest level of contamination was selected. 1.7.3.3 Selection of Habitations In each selected blocks, panchayats were selected depending upon the water quality contamination and availability of piped water scheme. Thus, one panchayat was selected looking at availability of multi or single village piped water scheme in it and the panchayats were selected looking at different (Arsenic, Fluoride, Iron) water quality issues adhering to format B 13 of DDWS data. The selected sample is provided below: Agro Name of Project Selected Selected Selected GP with Selected GP with climatic Districts District Block Piped water Scheme water quality issues Zones Zone 1 West Begusarai Balia Balialakhminiya-I Baribalia North, Champaran, Balialakhminiya-II Saran, (Iron) Muzaffarpur, Begusarai Zone II Purnia, Purnia, Banmankhi Banmankhi Dharhara (Iron) Zone III A Nalanda, Patna, Patna Maner Bank Kuitachaunator West, Nawada Balua (Arsenic) Zone III B Munger, Banka Banka Banka Domohun, Dara (Fluoride) Being social assessment study, we have covered optimum sample for qualitative research. We have conducted PRAs in each of the 10 Gram Panchayats. Thus, in total 10 PRAs were conducted. The study being rapid assessment, hence huge sample coverage was not required. In such a case, by covering 40 households in each panchayat with semi-structured interviews we could attain 5 % error margin, no design effect (100% coverage) and at 95% confidence level, keeping the unit of analysis as Gram Panchayat. Households were selected within the GPs generating random number in four geographical locations considering representative sample for each social group. 1.7.3.4 Target Respondents  Multi lateral Donor- The World Bank  State Level Project Management Unit  Bihar Rajya Jal Parishad  Officials of State Water & Sanitation Mission  Officials of Panchayati Raj at state level  Officials of Public Health Department  Officials of Department of PHED  Panchayati Raj/Village Councillors  Non Government Organisations/Civil Society  Community  Households 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 16 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential 1.7.3.5 Data Collection The team of core team members and field researchers visited the study sites and collected relevant information from the stakeholders. The researchers were trained by the core team members for conducting research including PRAs. A day orientation programme was organised for the team members and researchers. The Team leader was responsible for orientation and had imparted training on the study, its objectives, interviewing techniques, filling questionnaire, coding, skip pattern, field procedures etc. 1.7.3.6 Data Analysis All the filled in questionnaires from the field visit were used for qualitative as well as quantitative analysis (after scrutinising of the entered data by our office editors). Our in-house expert teams handled the data processing and data analysis. Based on the analysis from both qualitative and quantitative inputs, the report has been prepared. The quantitative data has been analysed using CSPRO software which converts the data into SPSS minimising the time and errors. Qualitative data was content analysed by the expert team. 1.7.4 Part B: Capacity building Community participation is a major issue in delivery of Government scheme and it could only be addressed by involving Panchayati Raj Institutions. Moreover, Gram Panchayat is the most critical unit as it is the point of delivery and data source (which could be used for monitoring outcomes and influencing policy and can only impact sustainability). At the same time, their capacity is an issue which needs to be looked into while implementing the programmes. Considering this, we have conducted the training needs assessment (TNA) during the visit to various districts and Gram Panchayat. Capacity building plan would be drafted based on results of TNA. But, in line with our previous experience we have tried to identify capacity issues for various set of stakeholders including implementers, RWSS sector institutions and Panchayati Raj Institutions etc. Based on this, we will come up with a plan for capacity building of different set of stakeholders (implementers- both government & non government, Community, PRIs). In the subsequent stage of the study we will design the strategy with an aim to achieve following outcomes;  A reasonable degree of consensus among key decision makers and opinion leaders on the need for proposed investments/reforms  A good understanding and commitment among sector institutions and PRIs  Equity in service provision (particularly for vulnerable groups)  Institutional forums set up for interaction and consultation with stakeholders and for conflict resolution  Agreement on service levels, tariff, mutual responsibilities and obligations through a transparently negotiated process with stakeholders (connected - directly or indirectly - with the area)  Transparent monitoring and dissemination of outcomes Thus, the capacity building strategy and plan will be designed for an inventory of existing institutions in the State (public or private) including WSSO/CCDU and assess their resource capacity to undertake capacity 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 17 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential building for the project and prepare a short list of institutions for sector institutions and Panchayati Raj Institutions personnel along with their strengthening requirements (if need be) thereof. There is a need to adopt village-level planning, monitoring and progress reporting mechanisms. Panchayat, village committees, community based groups, volunteers etc can play an active and significant role in this context. Further, a system of common social audit for various flagship schemes can also be considered. As part of Capacity building Strategy we propose to focus on following aspects;  Strategy for community mobilisation and promote participation of primary stakeholders including rural poor  Strategy for capacity building for different stakeholders for Operation & maintenance  Strategy for conflict management  Strategy for raising community demand for better sanitary services and willingness to pay for the same 1.7.4.1 Capacity building Institutional Strategy As part of institutional strategy we will focus on following;  Strategy for internal strengthening of community based institutions  Strategy for restructuring implementation authority (if required)  Strategy for inclusion of civil society for delivery, operation, maintenance and monitoring of water and sanitation related services  Strategy for inclusion of community including different marginalised group for planning, designing and monitoring of water and sanitation related services to attain ownership 1.7.5 Part C: Communication Strategy 1.7.5.1 Strategy for outreach As part of outreach strategy we propose to form the message and means of delivery for direct stakeholders. The communication methods could include:  Interpersonal communication  Panchayat level consultations for agreement on service level and tariffs mutual responsibilities and obligations  Workshops/seminars  Presentations to institutions  Display hoardings, pamphlets, fliers etc. An action plan for implementation of communication strategy will be developed during the later stage of the assignment, which will deal with the answers like what need to be implemented, who will implement how it will be implemented including process in logical framework model, when it will be implemented and tenure of implementation, monitoring indicators as per baseline carried out. 1.7.5.2 IEC Action Plan Preparation The first stage of IEC is stakeholder’s analysis; this will include stakeholders and their interest in the project. During this phase only we will try to figure out the influence level of each stakeholder so that a comprehensive IEC strategy could be drafted and then implemented. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 18 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Apart from this, IEC action plan will have following stages: Objective Broad Parameters Study Output IEC Action Plan Stakeholder Analysis  Identification of different stakeholders (individuals, groups preparation and institutions) involved in water & sanitation and agriculture their roles and relationships with government Institutional aspect  Institution involved for water and related issues.  Nature, scope and phasing of the proposed investments with concerned officials in the Government of UP. Community Aspects  Communities interests, concerns and expectations on water and related to agriculture IEC Needs Socio economic  Data on cast/gender/educational qualification/economic Assessment profile condition Community Behaviour  Religious believes on water and sanitation aspects Analysis  Socio-economic factors that influence water use and personal hygiene  Community practices that seriously contribute to water and sanitation related issues Gender analysis  Role of female, marginalised and vulnerable in water and sanitation and their say in community  Involvement of females, marginalised and vulnerable groups of society in decision making regarding water and sanitation Risk  Analysis of issues of conflicts that may arise during planning, implementation and regular operations and probable remedies as suggest by community As part of IEC strategy we propose to focus on following aspects;  Strategy for community mobilisation and promote participation of primary stakeholders/ water users associations/farmers including poor  Strategy for capacity building for different stakeholders for Operation & maintenance  Strategy for conflict management  Strategy for raising community demand for better services and willingness to pay for the same  Strategy for community behaviour change for taking up less water intensive crops and methods. An action plan for implementation of communication strategy will be developed during the stage of the assignment, which will deal with the answers like what need to be implemented, who will implement how it will be implemented including process in logical framework model, when it will be implemented and tenure of implementation, monitoring indicators as per baseline carried out. Having devised the IEC strategy we will further devise measures so that broad group of stakeholders in the villages (water users associations) are kept informed for project interventions, progress and results achieved. The modes of communication would be as follows;  Nukad Nataks  Print media campaign  Broadcast media campaign 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 19 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential  Campaigns through members of water users groups and civil society organisation. 1.7.5.3 Action Plan for Conjunctive Use of Water The action plan for conjunctive use of water would be prepared. However, we feel that conjunctive use of water could be achieved by implementing following;  Awareness generation by intensive IEC activities  Identification of behavior and practices which relate to over exploitation  augmentation of preservation focused attention to over-exploited areas  Increasing water use efficiency at least by introduction of recent less water intensive crops and cultivation techniques  Developing models of incentivizing for recycling of water including wastewater  Eliminating water intensive crops and convincing community for its alternative  Mandatory water audits by the community 1.8 Report Structure This is the intermediate report submission for the assignment. The intermediate status report has following structure  Chapter-1: Introduction  Chapter-2: Beneficiary assessment  Chapter-3: Institutional analysis  Chapter-4 Stakeholders Analysis  Chapter-5 Diversity in the State  Chapter-6: Impact Assessment  Chapter-7: Issues that needs attention  Chapter-8: Mitigation plan  Chapter-9: Social Safeguard issues  Chapter-10: Monitoring & Evaluation of social development indicators 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 20 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential 2. Beneficiary Assessment 2.1 Analysis of Community Level Findings 2.1.1 Socio-economic profile of the respondents Socio-economic profile of the respondents is based on the sample survey for the social assessment undertaken by MM, the collected data has been analysed and is presented below. The study has been undertaken to understand and address social development issues and accomplish the outcomes of inclusion, cohesion, equity, security, and accountability. This would also enable assessing the social impacts of the proposed project interventions; develop measures to mitigate negative impacts and enhance positive impacts; examine the legal, policy and institutional aspects to enable accomplish the principles underlying the approach. During the process of social assessment our main focus was to interact with the community to understand major problems faced by them related to the water supply – those who have access to water through the hand pumps and those who have household piped water supply connections and also issues related to solid and liquid waste management. The graph below presents the gender wise respondents covered under the primary survey. During the survey, it was found that men are the active members in the community; hence 87 percent of the respondents were male candidates whereas the remaining 13 percent were female. The data completely defines that the females of the community are conservative/ reserved and are hesitant to give details regarding their household. They assure that while interacting male members of the family are present. Figure 2.1: Gender of the respondents (%) 13.5 Male Female 86.5 Source: MM Study A total of 400 households were contacted during the study in different GPs of the sampled districts of Banka, Begusarai, Patna and Purina. Majority of the respondents were of middle age group of 41 – 50 (about 44% of the respondents), followed by the age group of 51- 60 years (about 26% of the respondents) (table below). The data indicates the involvement of the senior people on discussions pertaining to village welfare issues. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 21 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Figure 2.2: Age group of the respondents (%) 2.5 2 25.8 25.3 21-30 31 – 40 41 – 50 51 – 60 Over 60 44.5 Source: MM Study During the study it was found that majority of the respondents are Hindus (80 percent) whereas the remaining belonged to the Muslim community. It was also found that only 0.3 percent of the respondents belonged to Sikh community. The table below represents the social groups of the respondents contacted during the study. It was found that majority of the respondents belong to the Other Backward Castes (OBC) (almost 52 percent), followed by General Category (corresponding to almost 17 percent of the respondents), about 16 percent were from the Extremely Backward Classes and about 13 percent to Schedule Caste group. Figure 2.3: Religion of the head of the household (%) Figure 2.4: Social group of the respondents (%) 0.3 20 General 16 17.3 Hindu 13.5 SC Muslim 79.8 1 ST 52.3 Sikh OBC Others (EBC) Source: MM Study Source: MM Study 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 22 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential The survey data indicates that majority of the contacted individuals, i.e. 75 percent, were from the BPL category and had the BPL card while 24 percent had APL card. All the respondents contacted either had BPL or APL card. Figure 2.5: Government cards of the contacted households (%) 0.3 24.5 Antyodaya BPL 75.3 APL Source: MM Study Literacy level of the sampled Gram Panchayats was found to be low. The following table presents the educational status of the head of the household contacted. It was found that majority of the respondents were illiterate (almost 38 percent), around 40 percent of the respondents were educated till primary level while few respondents were educated up to secondary and higher secondary level (corresponding to 14 percent and 4 percent respectively). Figure 2.6: Education of household head (%) 1 4.3 14.8 38.3 Illiterate Primary Secondary 41.8 Higher Secondary Graduate Source: MM Study The table below describes the type of family that the contacted individual belongs to. It can be seen from the table that majority of the contacted individuals live in joint family (almost 70 percent of the households). Only about 30 percent of the contacted individuals live in nuclear family. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 23 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Figure 2.7: Type of Family (%) 30.3 Particulars 69.8 Joint Family Source: MM Study Data on the ownership of the house indicates that all the respondents have their own houses. It may also be noted that in rural Bihar people mostly have their own houses. Figure 2.8: Ownership of the house (%) Figure 2.9: Type of house (%) 16.8 32.1 Kutcha Owned Semi-Pucca 51.1 100 Pucca Source: MM Study Source: MM Study The graph above presents the type of house owned by the households being contacted. It was found during the study that majority of the respondents belong to BPL family and hence the type of house owned by them mainly vary from Kutcha house to semi Kutcha house (majority have semi Kutcha house). Only about 17 percent of the contacted individuals have Pucca house. The graph below indicates the main source of income of the respondents. The major source of income is varied- 78 percent are agricultural labourers and 13 percent are involved in farming or cultivation of their own land/ leased land. Very few respondents are artisans or involved in petty trade. About 14 percent of the respondents were found to be associated with farming or cultivation of their own land or leased in land. None of the respondents contacted were involved in mining/quarrying/manufacturing 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 24 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Figure 2.10: Main source of income for household (%) 0.3 0.8 0.3 0.8 Farming/Cultivation 3 3 13.8 Agricultural labour Livestock/allied activities Construction Petty Trader 78.3 Artisan Business Service Source: MM Study Majority of the respondents said that they do not have separate kitchen facility in their house (about 85 percent) graph below). It is important to note that there no concept of separate kitchen in rural areas, the cooking is mostly done on a chullah which is either outside the house or in the living room. Figure 2.11: Households having seperate kitchen (%) Figure 2.12: Number of Rooms of the households (excluding bathroom and kitchen) % 0.8 15 16.3 30.3 1 Yes 2 85 No 52.8 3 4 Source: MM Study Source: MM Study On the issue of number of rooms that the respondents have in their house (excluding kitchen and bathroom) (table below), about 52 percent responded that they have 2 rooms, followed by 30 percent responding having 1 room. Some of the households had larger sized houses- 16 percent having 3 roomed house and a few respondents indicated having 4 rooms in their house. The graph below details the type of roofing of each contacted household. In line with the fact that most houses are semi pucca type, the roofing of majority of houses was either of Straw/thatch or sod (60 percent of the roofing material), about 25 percent of the roofing was of tiles and only 10 percent is of concrete. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 25 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Table 2.1: Type of roofing material used in Respondent’s House Particulars Number Percentage Concrete 42 10.5 Metal 17 4.3 Straw/thatch/sod 240 60.0 Tile 101 25.3 Total households (N) 400 100 Source: MM study Figure 2.13: Type of roofing used in respondent's house (%) 4.3 10.5 25.3 Concrete Metal Straw/thatch/sod 60 Tile Source: MM Study The graph below indicates the ownership of land by individuals in sampled gram panchayats. It was found that majority of the respondents (about 85 percent) have no land of their own whereas the remaining 15 percent of the respondents have their own land. Average land holding of the respondents who have cultivable land varies between 1 bigha to 3 bigha. Figure 2.14: Ownership of cultivable land (%) Figure 2.15: Availability of livestock in the house (%) 15.3 23.5 Yes Yes 84.8 No 76.5 No Source: MM Study Source: MM Study 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 26 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential The availability of livestock in the households surveyed is presented in the graph above, it was found that about 77 percent of the households did not have livestock whereas remaining 23 percent said that have livestock. The livestock kept by the respondents is cows and buffalos, few also keep goats. The graph below indicates the assets of the surveyed households. Majority of the households have the basic commodities - about 87 percent have telephone or mobile, 77 percent have radio and about 53 percent have bicycles. 65 percent of the households have electric fan. The data analysis indicates that none of the households have computer, refrigerator, LMV/ LCV, power tiller or combined thresher or harvester. Figure 2.16: Various assests owned by the households (%) 7.5 0.3 Electric fan 52.8 65 Pressure cooker 0.3 8.3 Radio 1.5 Telephone/ mobile Colour TV 70.3 86 Electric kitchen appliances Bicycle Mechanized 2 wheeler/ 3 wheeler Tractor Source: MM Study The table below indicates the cable TV connectivity of each household. Since mostly sampled households did not have TV, thus the percentage of households with cable TV connection is quite less. Also, there is major issue of availability of the electricity and frequent power cuts in rural Bihar, thereby discouraging households to have these electrical appliances. Figure 2.17: Household having cable TV connection Households paying for cable TV connection (%) (%) 6.3 44 Yes 50 - 100 56 93.8 No 100 - 150 Source: MM Study Source: MM Study 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 27 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Of 25 respondents who have cable TV connection, around 56 percent pay in the range of INR 50 –100 whereas 44 percent pay in the range of INR 100-150 on monthly basis ( graph above). The graph below presents the main source of lighting available in the households. It was found that almost all households contacted have electricity connection (it may be noted that most of the connections are illegal, the households do not have electric meter installed) in their houses (almost 98 percent). Almost 2 percent of the contacted households do not have electricity and use kerosene (kerosene lamps) as their major lighting source. Figure 2.18: Main source of lighting for the Figure 2.19: Type of fuel used at household for household (%) cooking (%) Wood 2.5 0.3 1.3 17.5 Dung cakes Electricity 45 Kerosene Coal/coke/li 97.5 36 gnite Kerosene LPG/gas Source: MM Study Source: MM Study The graph above indicates the type of fuel used for cooking by the households. Wood is predominantly used as the major fuel (45 percent) and dung cakes are used by almost 36 percent of the households. Coal, coke or lignite is used as secondary fuel sources for cooking and this is used by almost 18 percent of the contacted households. None of the respondents use crop residue, charcoal, electricity, NTF products and biogas as cooking fuel in their household. During the study it was found that 65 percent of the households use chullah for cooking where as 34 percent cook on open fire. Figure 2.20: What is used to cook food (%) 0 0.3 34.3 Stove Chullah 65.5 Open fire Others Source: MM Study 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 28 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Around 42.5 percent of the households have average monthly expenditure in the range of INR 1001 – 2500 followed by 36 percent having monthly expenditure of INR 5000 while 21 percent have expenditure between INR 5001 – 10,000. Figure 2.21: Monthly expenditure details of the Figure 2.22: Household monthly income (%) household (%) 0.5 INR 1001 – 2500 1.5 1 21 42.5 Less than INR 1000 14.3 INR 2501 – 5000 INR 1001 – 2500 17.8 36 INR 2501 – 5000 65.5 INR 5001 – 10000 INR 5001 – 10000 INR 10001 – 30000 INR 30001 – 50000 Source: MM Study Source: MM Study On the average monthly income, 66% of the respondents informed that their average monthly income varies between INR 2500 – 5000, about 18 percent had income of range INR 5000 – 10,000 and about 14 percent had income varying between INR 10001 – 30000. During interactions with the respondents, many of them reported that they are not able to meet their daily needs (basic necessity such as food & medical expenses) as their income is low, therefore whatever they earn they spend almost all of it. None of the respondents whom we met had average monthly family income lower than Rs. 1000 or higher than Rs. 50001. 2.1.2 Water Supply Data The graph below deals with the major source of water for the household. It was found that majority of the households (63 percent) use public hand pump as the major source of drinking water. This figure corresponds to the respondents from villages where there is no piped water supply. Even where there is piped water supply facility due to irregularity of water supply people usually use public hand pump. The piped water supply in the sample gram panchayats is electricity based, therefore as the electric supply is erratic so is the water supply. In such a case though the households have piped water connection but are dependant primarily on the hand pumps. It was also found that about 35 percent of the respondents use own hand pump or bore well with power pump. Piped stand post connection is approximately used by 5 percent of the respondents. Only about 7 percent of the respondents have piped household connection. None of the household have own/ locality pipeline supply, use water tankers/ vendors, share with neighbours or use dug wells. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 29 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Figure 2.23: Source of water for the household (%) 4.8 6.8 34.8 Piped Household Connection Piped Stand post Public Hand pump 63.3 Own Hand pump/ Bore well Source: MM Study 2.1.2.1 Respondents having piped household connection It must be noted that out of 400 sampled households, only 27 have households have water connection, wherein the piped water scheme is operational, hence this section pertains to these households only. The piped water supply scheme is operational in Begusarai, Purnia and Patna district in the gram panchayats of Balialakhminiya-I, Banmankhi and Bank. According to 63 percent of the respondents, the availability of water depends upon the electricity supply, the respondents stated that though they receive water every day but there is no definite time. In order to fill the overhead tank with water, power supply for at least 10 hours is required which is not received. Therefore the overhead tank is not filled and hence the water supply is directly pumped from the tube well to the households. The respondents also opined that the pressure is low therefore it takes a lot of time to fill a bucket. 37 percent respondents opined that the water is made available to the community once in 7 days for 2 hours (the water supply is made on Friday every week or otherwise the supply is done depending upon the availability of water, electricity and staff). Figure 2.24: Frequency of water at household Figure 2.25: Time of water supply (%) connections (%) 37 Particulars 63 No specific time Once in 7 days for 2 hours/ Day 100 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 30 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Source: MM Study Source: MM Study There is no specific time when the water supply is done. The graph below states the mode of collecting water. About 19 percent of the respondents have dug pit for collecting water whereas almost 81 percent of the respondents do not have any pit dug to collect water, though they have other vessels for collecting and storing water. Figure 2.26: Availability of pit dug to collect water (%) Figure 2.27: Usage of pump to get water from connection (%) 18.5 Yes No 81.5 No 100 Source: MM Study Source: MM Study The graph above indicates that none of the respondents having piped water connection use pump to obtain water. 63 percent of the respondents said that they do not pay any tariff for water usage as no one comes to collect any water charges. However about 37 percent of the respondents said that they pay a fixed monthly tariff of INR10 for water supply. None of the respondents stated that they pay as per the meter. Also, during interactions, it was observed that the community is not aware that they need to pay for water connection & supply. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 31 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Figure 2.28: Type of tariff paid (%) Figure 2.29: Periodicity of billing (%) 37 Fixed 63 Irregular Do not pay as no 100 one comes to collect Source: MM Study Source: MM Study The table above depicts the periodicity of billing. It was found that almost all the respondents did not have any knowledge or awareness that they have to give a charge for using water and all those who were aware opined that there is no particular time when water bills are collected. 2.1.2.2 Respondents using piped public stand post It must be noted that out of 400 households surveyed only 19 respondents collect water from the stand post connection. The following graphs are valid for those 19 respondents. During interactions with the community it was observed that as timing of supply is irregular most of the households depend on the water from hand pump. Whenever there is water supply, a lot of people gather to collect it and have to wait for their turn as the pressure is low. Figure 2.30: Frequency of water in the stand post (%) Figure 2.31: Timing of water supplied from stand post (%) Once in 7 days for No specific time 2 hours 100 100 Source: MM Study Source: MM Study 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 32 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential All the respondents said that the frequency of water supply in the stand post is not at any specific time. The average distance of stand post from house was found to be less than 100 metres for all respondents using piped stand post. Table 2.2: Distance of stand post from house Particulars Frequency Percentage Less than 100 mts 19 100 Total (respondents using piped stand post) 19 100 Source: MM Study It takes about 30 minutes for collecting water, but the respondents opined that they are not able to collect adequate water for all household chores. It was also observed that on average 3 – 4 individuals of each household are involved in the process of collecting water. The table below depicts that about 69 percent of the respondents stated that 3 people of their household are involved in collecting water and the remaining 32 percent stated that 4 people of their household are involved in collecting water. Figure 2.32: Average time taken for collection of water Figure 2.33: Number of people involved in collecting every time( stand post) % water (%) 31.5 3 Up to 1/2hr 68.5 4 100 Source: MM Study Source: MM Study The table below details the members collecting water in the family. It was mainly found that the female member is involved in this activity of which 79 percent are wives and about 63 percent are daughters/ daughters-in-law. Males are usually not associated with the activity of collecting water. None of the respondents stated that head of the household or granddaughter or servant is involved in fetching water. Table 2.3: Who collecting water from stand post (Multple response) Particulars Frequency Percentage Wife 15 78.9 Son 8 42.1 Daughter 12 63.1 Daughter in law 12 63.1 Grand son 4 21 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 33 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Particulars Frequency Percentage Multiple response Source: MM Study 2.1.2.3 Respondents using public hand pump It must be noted that out of 400 household surveyed 253 respondents collect water from public hand pump. The following tables are valid for these 253 respondents. As per the data, hand pump is the major source of drinking water in the sampled gram panchayats. It was found that 96 percent of the respondents have indicated that the distance of the hand pump from house hold is less than 100 mtrs whereas 4 percent of the respondents said that the distance of the hand pump from the household ranges between 100 – 300 mtrs. Table 2.4: Distance of public hand pump from house (Hand pump) Particulars Frequency Percentage Less than 100 meters 243 96 100-300 meters 10 4 Total (respondents using public hand pump) 253 100 Source: MM Study From the table it can be seen that the average time taken for the collection of water is 1- 2 hrs ( 83 percent). Remaining 17 percent said that it takes about 30 to 60 mins on an average to collect water .It was also found that mainly two people are involved in the process of collection of water (table below). It was seen that about 69 percent of the respondents said that minimum of 2 persons are involved in the collection of water. Figure 2.34: Average time taken for collection of water Figure 2.35: Number of people involved in collecting every time (from Hand pump) % water (%) 17.4 6.3 15.8 2 1/2 - 1 hr 9.4 3 68.3 82.6 1 – 2 hr 4 5 Source: MM Study Source: MM Study 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 34 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential 2.1.2.4 Respondents having own hand pump/bore well It must be noted that out of 400 household surveyed, 139 respondents collect water from public hand pump. The following tables are valid for these 139 respondents During the study the set up cost for own hand pump was also enquired. It was observed that the costing depends upon the depth to which pipe was laid. It was found that about 62 percent of the respondents said the set up cost ranged between Rs 1000 to 4000, followed by 26 percent within the range of Rs.4000 - 7000. About 6 percent said that the costing ranged between Rs 13000 – 15000 (table below). Table 2.5: Initial setup cost for hand pump/bore well Particulars Frequency Percentage 1000 - 4000 87 62.59 4000 - 7000 37 26.62 7000 - 10000 2 1.44 10000 - 13000 1 0.72 13000 - 15000 8 5.76 15000 - 20000 3 2.16 20000 & above 1 0.72 Total (respondents having own hand pumps/bore well 139 100 Source: MM Study The table below depicts the year of setting up the hand pump of the household. It was found that the year varied from respondent to respondent, however 22.2 percent of the respondent said that they had installed their own hand pump in the year of 2007. During the study it was reported by the respondents that approximately INR 144/ annum is being spent on the maintenance of the hand pump/bore well facilities. Table 2.6: In which year did you set up the facility? Years Frequency Percentage 1997 3 2.2 1998 1 0.8 1999 7 5 2000 14 10 2001 1 0.7 2002 4 2.9 2003 9 6.5 2004 13 9.4 2005 15 10.7 2006 8 5.7 2007 31 22.4 2008 14 10 2009 7 5 2010 4 2.9 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 35 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Years Frequency Percentage 2011 8 5.8 Total (respondents having own hand 139 100 pumps/bore well Source: MM Study On enquiring on the potability of water of the hand pump, 100 percent of the respondents said that water is potable from the hand pump Table 2.7: Is the water from hand pump/ bore well potable Particulars Frequency Percentage Yes 139 100 No 0 0 Total (respondents having own hand 139 100 pumps/bore well Source: MM Study The table below indicates the depth of the hand pump (in feet). Majority of the hand pumps have a depth of 35 feet and this corresponds to about 47 percent. However about 29 percent said that their hand pump has a depth of about 30 feet. Figure 2.36: Depth of Hand pump/bore well (Feet) % Figure 2.37: Problem in getting water from hand pump/bore well (%) 0.7 20 0.7 2.8 25 0.7 8 14.4 5 30 28.7 35 Yes 46.8 50 92 No 100 150 Not responded Source: MM Study Source: MM Study On asking about the problem faced by the respondents in getting water from the hand pumps, out of 139 respondents 128 respondents said that they do not mostly face problems in getting water from hand pump(92 percent). On the other hand about 89 percent of the respondents said that they face problem in getting water from hand pump. The graph below depicts the reason for not having HH connection of water. It was found that about 80 percent of the individuals said that there is no piped water scheme in their area, however about 10 percent of the respondents said that they can’t afford water connection. In this regard the PHED should expand 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 36 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential their coverage for piped water supply and at the same time make it affordable for poorest strata of the community. Community members of Bank gram panchayats were of the view that the main trunk pipe line only goes through the main road whereas areas interior in the village are not covered. Therefore to take connection, the households have to invest their own money for laying the pipe from the main trunk line to their household. Figure 2.38: Reaspon for not having municipal HH Figure 2.39: Would you prefer to have HH water water connection (%) connection (%) Can’t afford 1 0.6 No distribution in 8 10.2 the area No Pressure/ technically not Yes 80.2 possible 100 Lengthy process getting one Others Source: MM Study Source: MM Study Those who do not have access to piped water supply, when asked regarding their willingness to obtain piped water connection almost 100 percent of the respondents said that they are willing to obtain water connection at their households provided that they have good supply of water. The total respondents for this category are 373. Hand pump is the major source of drinking water for the family and this corresponded to 100 percent of the respondents. Rural Bihar is primarily dependent on the hand pumps for water. Table 2.8: Most important source of drinking water for family Particulars Frequency Percentage Water from hand pump 400 100 Total households (N) 400 100 Source: MM Study Water contamination is a major problem in certain districts of Bihar. About 99 percent of the respondents said that they follow no treatment process before drinking the water however less than 1 percent use candle filters before drinking water. None of the respondents said that they boil, filter by cloth, use aqua guard or mix herbs etc for treating water. Table 2.9: How to you treat water to make it potable? Particulars Frequency Percentage No further treatment 397 99.2 Use candle filters 3 0.8 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 37 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Particulars Frequency Percentage Total 400 100 Source: MM Study The graph below presents the consumption of water for various purposes for daily use. It was found that 100 percent of the respondents use less than one bucket of water for drinking and cooking purposes. About 23 percent of the respondents said that they require 5 – 10 buckets (1 bucket = 15 litres) of water for bathing purposes. However it was also seen that about 12.3 percent of the respondents said that they require 15 – 20 buckets of water for washing clothes. Figure 2.40: Consumption of water per day for various household purpose on daily basis (%) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 15-20 Bucket 40% 30% 10-15 Bucket 20% 5-10 bucket 10% 1-5 Bucket 0% Less than 1 bucket Drinking (Litres) Cooking Cleaning Utensils Bathing (Personal Hygiene) Cleaning floor space Washing Clothes Watering gardens Cleaning Vehicles Cleaning Toilets Cattle/Animals Source: MM Study During Focus group discussions respondents were asked about their requirement of water on per person basis and it could be seen from table below that about 48 litres of water is required per person. Table 2.10: Requirement of water per day for various household purpose on per person basis (in litres) Particulars Begusarai Patna Purnea Banks All Drinking 5.0 6.0 5.5 6.0 5.6 Cooking 4.0 3.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 Cleaning Utensils 10.0 8.0 10.0 6.0 8.5 Bathing (Personal 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Hygiene) Cleaning floor space 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Washing Clothes 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Cleaning Toilets 7.0 8.0 8.0 7.0 7.5 Total water required for 48.0 47.0 50.5 45.0 47.6 one person 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 38 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Source: MM Study 2.1.2.5 Satisfaction level of households having household piped water connection The table below details the level of satisfaction of respondents on drinking water taking into account certain parameters such as hours of supply, pressure of supply, timings of supply, quality of water, access etc. Almost all the respondents said that they are not satisfied for all categories of questions as asked and tabulated below. In all 63 percent of the respondents were satisfied with the access to water supply. The total number of respondents who have household piped water connection was 27. With regard to overall satisfaction level, one can clearly see that the community having piped water connection is not satisfied due to various reasons such as number of hours of supply, pressure and timing of water supply etc. PHED officials (Assistant & Junior engineers and block coordinators) should on a regular basis (monthly/ quarterly) interact with the community members having issues with water supply and resolve them at the earliest. Assistant/ Junior engineers and block coordinators should regularly monitor the piped water supply schemes as well as take care for it proper operation and maintenance. Regarding the time and pressure of water supply, if any technical issues are there they should resolve it and instruct the operator on the same. As can be from (figure 2.43) around 40 percent of the community members lodge their complaints regarding the water supply with the operator (incharge of operating the scheme). Therefore PHED should ensure that the operator gets adequate and timely support from its officials in resolving issues. Figure 2.41: Level of satisfaction (%) 100 80 60 40 Can’t say 20 Not satisfied 0 No. of hours of Pressure of water Timing of water Quality of water Access to water redressal & Fault Bill payment Overall level of Satisfied water supply municipality satisfaction supply from Facility Grievance supply supply Highly satisfied repair supply Source: MM Study During the study the respondents were asked as to whether they have lodged any complaint regarding water supply or not. It was found that 63 percent of the respondents had lodged compliant - about 30 percent of the respondents had lodged to assistant engineer, about 41 to the operator and about 29 percent to the Panchayat member ( graph below). 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 39 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Figure 2.42: Complaint regarding water supply (%) Figure 2.43: Lodged complaint with (%) Assistant engineer 37 29.5 29.4 Yes Operator 63 No 41.1 Panchayat member Source: MM Study Source: MM Study The graph below depicts the reasons for which the complaints were lodged. It was found that the major complaints include inadequate water supply, timing of water supply and insufficient pressure. It was observed that all people having water connection have lodged complaint on the issues discussed earlier. None of the respondents had complained about inappropriate billing, bursting of water pipeline etc. Table 2.11: Nature of complaint Particulars Frequency Percentage Inadequate water supply 17 100 Timing of water supply 17 100 No sufficient pressure 17 100 Multiple Response Source: MM Study The table below depicts the average time taken to solve or resolve the problem. 53 percent of the respondent opined that the problem was never resolved while 47 percent respondents said that it took about a week to solve the problem. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 40 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Figure 2.44: Average time taken for resolution of the Figure 2.45: Would you expect a better water supply problem (%) (%) 47 53 Within a week Yes Never 100 Source: MM Study Source: MM Study The graph above presents the willingness of having better water supply. This was asked to all the respondents having a household connection. The number of individuals having household connection was 17. All the respondents said that they are expecting a better household connection. The number of households having water connection among the total was 17. It was seen that almost all the respondents said that they expect water supply for 10 hours a day. When asked regarding the charge they are ready to pay for having a better water connection, 100 percent of the respondents said that they are ready to pay a maximum of INR 20 per month. Table 2.12: How many hours you expect to get water per day and willingness to pay Particulars Frequency Percentage 10 Hours per day 17 100 Total (Respondents having HH connection) 17 100 Willingness to pay per month 20 Rupees 17 100 Total (Respondents having HH connection) 17 100 Source: MM Study 2.1.3 Hand washing habits The graph below depicts the materials which were used for washing hand in the study villages. About 71 percent of the respondents said that they wash their hand only with water. About 37 percent of the respondents said that they wash their hand with ash and about 29 percent of the respondents said that they use nothing for washing their hand. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 41 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Figure 2.46: Material used for handwashing (%) 19.8 29 37 Nothing Water Ash 71 Soap Source: MM Study The table below summarises the time when the contacted individuals usually wash their hand. It was observed that 78 percent of the individuals wash their hand after defecating and about 52 percent of the respondents said that they wash their hand before eating. Table 2.13: When do you wash hands Particulars Frequency Percentage Before eating 208 52 After defecating 312 78 Before cooking 0 0 Before feeding child 0 0 Others 0 0 Multiple Responses Source: MM Study 2.1.4 Medical expenditure The table below presents the awareness of water borne disease among the individuals in the study villages. It was observed that majority respondents corresponding (61 percent) stated that they have knowledge of the water borne disease. Respondents indicated that approximately INR 10 per month is being spent on the medications. Table 2.14: Awareness of water borne diseases Particulars Frequency Percentage Yes 245 61.2 No 155 38.8 Total 400 100 Source: MM Study 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 42 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential From the following table it can be seen that majority of the respondents have fallen sick due to typhoid in the last three months (almost 32 percent). In the ailments approximately INR 75 per head was spent on medication. Table 2.15: Family members have fallen sick due to water borne disease in last three months Particulars Typhoid Diarrhoea Gastroenteritis Cholera No. of persons fallen sick 130 27 0 0 Percentage 32.5 6.7 0 0 Total (N) 400 400 400 400 Source: MM Study 2.1.5 Solid Waste handling Solid waste management is a vital component in order to lead a hygienic life. In order to assess the waste management practise followed in the study villages several questions were asked. It was observed that waste from kitchen is usually thrown in the nearby agricultural land. The same is followed in cases of waste paper and newspaper. It was also seen that waste from kitchen and waste papers are also thrown directly in the open area outside the house. Plastic waste material, metal waste and other small waste material are usually thrown away in the open outside the house by almost all the people contacted during the study (tables below regarding the sold waste management) Figure 2.47: How is the Household Soild Waste from Figure 2.48: How is the Household Soild Waste like Kitchen Getting Disposed (%) paper being disposed (%) 35 Thrown in Agriculture field Thrown into the 53.3 open Thrown into the 100 open Source: MM Study Source: MM Study 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 43 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Solid waste like paper is being disposed in the agricultural field or into the open which is not hygienic practice. Similarly the waste like plastic glass are also thrown into the open, this clearly indicates that there is no existing management of the solid waste in the sampler gram panchayats in Bihar. Table 2.16: How is the Household Soild Waste like plastic waste, glass waste or metal waste getting disposed (%) Particulars Percentage Thrown into the open 100 Total Households (N) multiple response 400 .During the study contacted individuals were asked about the place where they dispose liquid waste. 93 percent of the respondents said that water from kitchen flows out into the open area whereas 7 percent said that the water gets collected in a soak pit. Similarly when asked about the water which flows out of their bathroom, maximum respondents said that the water flows into open area (80%), only 20% mentioned that the water flows into a soak pit. Table 2.17: Desposal of liquid waste Particulars Into the Thrown Kitchen Directly to a soak pit Other drain in open garden/a water body (specify) gricultur near the al land house Where does the waste 0 93 0 0 07 0 water from your kitchen go? Where does the waste 0 80 0 0 22.8 0 water from your bath area/ clothes washing area go? Multiple responses Source: MM Study 2.1.6 Availability of Toilets The graph below presents the availability of toilets in the sampled gram panchayats. It was observed that only about 18 percent of the respondents have toilet facility and others do not have this facility. Also it was seen that about 70 percent of the respondents have dry pit toilet and the remaining have pour flush toilet. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 44 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Figure 2.49: Availability of toilets in the households Figure 2.50: Type of toilets available in the (%) households (%) 17.8 29.6 Dry pit Yes 70.4 82.3 Pour flush No Source: MM Study Source: MM Study It was found that only 21 households have flush toilet. All the 21 respondents having pour flush latrine responded that they have their own septic tank. No sewer network is available in the sample gram panchayats. Figure 2.51: Household having own septic tank (%) Figure 2.52: Total expenditure on toilet construction by the household (%) 1.4 25.4 5000-7000 Own septic tank 7001-1000 73.2 100 10001 & above Source: MM Study Source: MM Study The 21 households which have pour flush type of toilet were asked the reason of not having sewer connection; it was reported that since there is no facility of sewer connection they are unable to link their toilet with sewer connection. From among the household having toilet facility, it was found that almost 73 percent said that the cost of toilet varies between Rs 7000 – 10,000 and about 25 percent said that the cost varies from Rs 5000 – 7000. Only very few respondents said that the costs of the toilet is INR 10,000 and above. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 45 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Figure 2.53: Total monthly expenditure on toilet Figure 2.54: If do not have toilet, where do your family maintenance (%) member go for defecation? (%) 2.8 1.4 10 49.2 46.5 20 Fields 50 100 No response Source: MM Study Source: MM Study The graph above depicts the expenditure for maintenance of the toilet. It was observed that about 47 percent of the respondents said that they spend an amount of INR 50 on an average monthly for the maintenance of toilet. It was found that majority of HH do not have toilets in their own household. In that case the respondent and the family members go to the field and practise open defecation. Regular awareness campaigns should be conducted in the villages for creating awareness about health, hygiene and water & sanitation related practices. This should be done in the form of storytelling, natak/ nautanki which creates interest amongst the community members and is an effective communication tool in rural areas where majority of the population is illiterate. For this the CCDU should train certain trainers (could be members of VWSC) who in turn would dessiminate the awareness/ information regarding health, hygiene and water & sanitation related practices. As per the data collected 78.9 percent male members of the household are responsible for cleaning the toilets, rest 21.1 percent is being cleaned by the female members. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 46 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Figure 2.55: Responsibility of cleaning the toilet (%) Figure 2.56: Frequency of cleaning toilet (%) 21.1 8.4 Male of the Daily household 52.2 39.4 Once in 15 Days 78.9 Female of the household Monthly Source: MM Study Source: MM Study Frequency of cleaning toilet is presented in graph above. It suggests that above 52 percent clean toilets on monthly basis. However, 39.4 percent clean it once in every 15 days. Data collected reflects that nearly 70 percent household clean their toilet with water while the rest clean with acid. Figure 2.57: Material used for cleaning toilet (%) 29.6 Water 70.4 Acid Source: MM Study 2.1.7 Communication medium and behaviour During the visit to the selected GPs it was observed that literacy rate is quite low. And most of the areas have no access to newspapers. Nearly 20 percent respondents read news papers. Same is given in the graph below. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 47 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Figure 2.58: Do you read news paper (%) 19.8 Yes 80.2 No Source: MM Study As was reported by the respondents, Prabhat Khabar, and some other news papers such as Hindustan, Dainik Jagaran, Aaj, Rashtriya Sahara etc are most common newspapers read by respondents. Table 2.18: News papers generally being read Particulars Frequency Percentage Prabhat Khabar 15 3.7 Others 64 16 Do not read news paper 321 80.3 Total household (N) 400 100 Source: MM Study Findings of the study suggests that approximatly 18 percent of the households watch television, around 20 percent read newspapers and a large number of respondents which is more than 83 percent listen to radio. Same is depicted in the graph given below. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 48 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Figure 2.59: Do you do any of the following? (Multiple Figure 2.60: What programme do you watch/ Listen Responses) % (Multiple Responses) % Watch TV 8.8 17.8 19.8 31.5 Listen Radio News 48.5 Films 83.5 Read News paper All Go to religious 3.5 place Source: MM Study Source: MM Study Majority of the respondents watch/listen all kinds of programmes. However, 31.5 percent respondents prefer news and 3.5 percent respondents like to watch/listen films. All the respondents prefer to watch Hindi television programmes. Respondents mostly watch Hindi television programmes such as serials, religious programmes, news etc. All community members do not have access to television therefore they watch it at a public place such as any shop etc. Table 2.19: Preferred media language Particulars Frequency Percentage Hindi 336 100 Total (Respondents using media as medium 336 100 of information) Source: MM Study Media channel which preferred by the respondents is radio as nearly 60 percent prefer radio as a medium of information and entertainment followed by TV which is being watched by approximately 32 percent of respondents. Tabulated response presented below .Table 2.20: Preferred media channel Particulars Frequency Percentage News paper 36 9 Radio 237 59.3 TV 127 31.8 Total (Respondents using media as medium 336 100 of information) Source: MM Study 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 49 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential As a medium of information and entertainment, most of respondents watch TV both in the morning and evening (M&E), depending on the availability of electricity . Table 2.21: Time of watching TV Particulars Frequency Percentage Both M&E 71 100 Total (Respondents having TV) 71 100 Source: MM Study Most of respondents listen to the radio both in morning and evening. Table 2.22: Time for listen to radio Particulars Frequency Percentage Evening 21 6.3 Both M&E 313 93.7 Total (Respondents having Radio) 334 100 Source: MM Study 38% of respondents opined that availability of pollution related messages on the media was quite easily available and also easy to understand (detailed response in following graphs). Figure 2.61: Availability of pollution related messages Figure 2.62: Awareness regarding water and in media (%) sanitation sector reform programme in your city (%) Fairly easy 20.8 16 38.5 Neither easy nor difficult Yes 25.5 15.3 Fairly difficult 84 No Very difficult Source: MM Study Source: MM Study Level of awareness regarding water and sanitation reform was found to be very low as 84 percent respondents have no idea about the water and sanitation reform in their city. Around 58 percent respondents opined that local ward worker/ official is the main source of information about government programmes. About 35 percent opined that they get information from their family and friends while 7 percent seem to be getting information from governmental officials. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 50 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Figure 2.63: Main source of information about Figure 2.64: Media which influences most (%) government programmes (%) Print media Visual 7 Friends and family 7 6 35 23 Audio Local ward 58 workers/officials Hoardings 57.3 Administration 3.8 Pamphelets officials 1 2 Nukkar natak Public consultation Source: MM Study Source: MM Study It was found that the most influential media was the visual (television) mode (57 percent believe that TV influences most), print media was picked up by 6 percent, and about 7 percent believe that public consultation to be more influential. 2.1.8 Problems faced by the respondents regarding water supply, solid and liquid waste management During the interactions with the respondents, it was found that in summer season the water table goes down which causes scarcity of water in some areas. Some GPs which have the piped water supply scheme face irregular supply of water. As far as the waste management is concerned, there is no drainage in most of the areas. Hence, water was seen flowing on the roads. There is no provision for solid waste management either. Therefore, the respondents keep dumping household waste in nearby lands. It was reported by the respondents that 96.7 percent would prefer local ward worker/official as a point of contact in case of any problem or grievances. However, 3.3 percent prefer administration officials for the same. Details in following table. Table 2.23: Preferred point of contact in case of grievances Particulars Frequency Percentage Friends and family 0 0 Media (print, visual or audio) 0 0 Local ward workers/officials 387 96.7 Administration officials 13 3.3 Religious leaders 0 0 MLA 0 0 Local NGO 0 0 Others 0 0 Total 400 100 Source: MM Study 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 51 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential 2.2 Analysis of Qualitative Findings at Community Level 2.2.1 Gram Panchayat Profile (Banmankhi, Purnia) Participatory rural appraisal was conducted in the Banmankhi Panchayat of Purnia district. Banmankhi is located 35 kilometres from the district head quarters on National Highway 107. The data collected from the PRA exercise suggests that the population of the panchayat is approximately 25,000 with 5000 houses, mainly comprising OBCs (nearly 60 percent). There are other social groups - 20 percent Muslims, 10 percent SC and rest are extremely backward classes. The percentage of APL families is 70 and rest are BPL. Agricultural labour is the main occupation. Almost 60 per cent of the population is engaged in agriculture & related activities while the balance earn their livelihood from other sources. The agricultural land is owned by 30-40 percent population. Small business, petty trade etc are the other sources of income. 2.2.2 Participatory rural appraisal (Banmankhi, Purnia) According to the participants, sanitation in the area is not good. The area does not have drainage system. Therefore, waste water flows on the road and is strewn everywhere. Few participants reported that they have soak pits in their houses for the disposal of waste water. Public dust bins are kept at selected places but they are hardly being used. Heap of the waste could be seen near the newly constructed Panchayat Bhawan in ward no. 10. Lack of toilet facilities at homes and improper management of solid waste make the sanitary condition worst. It was reported during the PRA that about 30 percent households have toilet facilities, rest are doing open defecation. In the rainy season when fields are swampy nearby National Highway No. 107 and Katihar- Saharsa railway track is being used for defecation. Participants are well aware of the ill effects of these malpractices. In the Banmankhi Gram Panchayat, Piped water scheme work was initiated in year 2006-07 with a capital cost of INR 1.098 crore. In 2010-11, the services were started and subsequently handed over to the panchayat in November, 2012. Since inception of the project, only one house and that of Ramesh Aggarwal has the connection. However, there are approximately 20-25 stand posts in the area. As reported by the participants of PRA, the area has abundant water and there is no problem with the quality of water. The responsibility of giving connection to households was given to the contractor who is charging either INR 1000 or INR 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 52 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential 2000 depending on from which side of the road one is getting the connection to. User charge/fee has not been decided so far. At present, no water is being supplied through the pipes. The Panchayat is taking steps to provide connections to the household. As soon as there will be enough household connections, water supply will be resumed. In Banmankhi Panchayat, most of the households own hand pumps. Also, there are public hand pumps for the water. Collection of water is generally done by the female members of the household who generally spends nearly 1 hour daily on this chore. In rainy season diarrhoea, cholera and typhoid etc are prevalent. No caste related exclusion issues for water suplly was reported during the PRA. In the PRA most of the participants displayed the desire and willingness to get piped water scheme and manage the same with a condition that they would get sufficient water- at least twice on daily basis. Participants are ready to pay monthly user charge up to INR 20-25, however the connection charges of either INR 1000 or 2000 as was to be paid to the contractor was considered to be a hefty amount by some participants. It was found that there are no existing water related associations or groups in the panchayat. The PRA exercise reflects that there are wall paintings and graffiti messages available specifically on the topic of sanitation. However, there is no significant change reported due to these messages. Availability of sanitation related messages are quite insufficient on the other media. Radio, TV and newspaper were reported to be the most common medium of information in the area. However, the accessibility of radio is common in the area. A number of festivals are being celebrated in the area such as Dashera, Diwali, Holi, Eid, Moharram etc. It was also observed that men and women were given equal opportunity to express their views in any social and local gatherings. The area had witnessed severe disaster caused by flooding of Kosi River in year 1945, 1977 and 2008. Drought had never caused any serious harm to the GP earlier but in 2010 the area faced a drought like situation. 2.2.3 Gram Panchayat Profile (Dharhara, Purnia) Participatory rural appraisal was planned by visiting this Gram Panchayat in advance. In Purnia district there were two Gram Panchayats which were selected for the primary survey  Banmankhi  Dharahara The PRA was however conducted in the village in village called “Makhnaha� in Dharhara GP. During the PRA it was observed that most of the participants do not own any land. Hence, most of the villagers are agricultural labourers. The agricultural land is owned by approximately 20 percent population of the village. It was also observed that migration to Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata for the livelihood is also alternative option for villagers. According to the participants, sanitation practices in the village is not good and absence of drainage, lack of toilet facilities at homes and improper 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 53 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential management of solid waste make the condition worst. It was reported during the PRA that hardly 10 percent household have toilet facilities, while the remaining do open defecation. In the rainy season, when fields are swampy, the nearby National Highway (Katihar- Saharsa) is being used. Participants to some extent understand the ill effects of the malpractices but in the absence of toilet facilities and provision of waste management they do not have any other alternative. Lack of awareness and economic conditions of the participants can be attributed for the same. As reported by the participants, the village has abundant water. However, the quality of water is not good as the water contains iron contamination. At the depth of 30-35 feet potable water is available. Hence, almost all households own hand pump. Installation of hand pump in the area is cheap, at approximately INR 5000. Collection of water is generally done by the female members of the households who spend nearly 1 hour daily. As far as solid and liquid waste management is concerned, there is no provision for drainage or dust bin. Hence, residents dump waste in the open or throw water from their kitchen or bath area in the nearby land. During rainy season diarrhoea, cholera and typhoid etc are prevalent. Children are considered to be more vulnerable as they are easy target of the ailments. Iron contaminated water is also causing severe health problems of the residents. 2.2.4 Participatory Rural Appraisal (Dharhara, Purnia) During the PRA, no caste exclusion dynamics was reported. However, the participants opined that few political figures such as Sarpanch, Mukhiya etc have more influence than a commoner. In the PRA most of the participants displayed the desire and willingness to get piped water scheme and manage the same. Participants are ready to pay monthly user charge upto INR 20-25 but the connection charges of INR 500- 1000 in the district is considered to be a high amount by some participants. It was reported that in every village there are Self Help Groups formed by the “Jeevika� (A programme started by Government o f Bihar) and these are effectively working on the income generation programmes. There were no water related associations found in the village. Dependency of the community on these SHGs is minimal as the group is involved in the income generation programme only. During the PRA exercise it was reported that there are few graffiti messages on display specifically on the topic of sanitation. However, no significant change is reported in the life of individuals due to these messages. Availability of sanitation related messages are quite insufficient in the media. Radio is the most accessible and influential medium of information and entertainment in the area. A number of festivals are being celebrated in the area such as Dashera, Diwali, Holi, Eid, Moharram etc. It was also observed that men and women have equal opportunity to express their views in any social and local gatherings. The area had witnessed severe disaster caused by flooding of Kosi River in year 1945, 1977 and 2008. In 2010, the region had faced drought like situation 2.2.5 Gram Panchayat Profile (Balua, Maner) Participatory rural appraisal was planned by visiting this Gram Panchayat in advance. In Maner block, there are 19 gram panchayats out of which three gram panchayats were selected for the study namely Balua, Kuitachauhator West and Bank. The PRA discussion was held in the Balua GP. There were about 15 village members who joined and actively participated in the discussion, the participation of female members of the community was low and they had to be persuaded to attend and participate in the discussion. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 54 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential The Balua Gram Panchayat (GP) comprises 10 villages – Balua, Ramnagar, Kathotiya Khurd, Kathotiya Kala, Rewa, Mahngu tola, Gulabi bagh, Raghuvar tola, Lela tola and a newly formed tola with 15/20 families residing called as Naya tola. The GP has 12 Anganwadis, 6 Government Primary schools, 2 Government Middle schools and 4 Primary Landless Schools (also called as Jhugi Jhopdi schools). Total households in the GP are 2029 spread across the 10 villages, around 50 percent population belong to Other Backward Castes (Yadav & Kurmis), followed by 30 percent Extremely Backward Castes (Ravidas & Kuhar) and 18 percent Scheduled Castes. The Gram Panchayat is well connected with road and all modes of transportation are available including public transport. Main source of livelihood for the community is based on agriculture and allied activities. Around 75 percent population is landless and they work as agricultural labourers. Those having land are doing cultivation on their own or have leased out their land for cultivation to others. Major crops of the area are Wheat, Maize and Masoor while Paddy, potato and onions are also cultivated. Around 25 percent of the households have individual household latrines; of this only 5 percent use latrines, but the common practice is open defecation. Main source of water is hand pumps, there are around 20 wells available in the gram panchayat but the community does not use it. The community members stated that physical labour is required to get water from the wells therefore they have stopped using it. They stated that hand pumps are easily accessible and water is easily available. However, in summers mainly in the months of May, June & July, the community faces issues regarding water availability as the ground water level goes down. Level of awareness about the quality of water and water borne diseases in the community is low, because during the discussion when asked about the water borne diseases that the community had in last three months, they responded by saying that the community members had cough & cold, fever and measles which clearly indicates the lack of awareness among the community members. River Ganga flows at a distance of 5 kms from the gram panchayat and a drain named Daniya Nala also flows outside the gram panchayat from south towards north direction (currently it is dry and is filled with water only during the rainy season). The community faced severe drought in 1966 and floods in the years 1970, 1972, 1975 1977 & 1978. 2.2.6 Participatory Rural Appraisal (Balua, Maner) The community members were enthusiastic about the information on the proposed piped water supply scheme getting operational in their gram panchayat. It was only then that the female members were encouraged to discuss the issues related to water supply. The female members stated that a considerable time, effort and physical labour is required to collect water. Earlier their dependency was on wells for collecting water and now they rely on the hand pumps. The responsibility for the upkeep of the households is the sole responsibility of the female members as they have to do the cooking, washing, cleaning etc. for which water important. Female members shared that if they get piped water supply in their households their life would be simpler and would be saved of the hardship of fetching water. The female members also raised certain critical issues which are directly linked to water supply – they stated that during the 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 55 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential pregnancy period (initial as well as advanced) they have to carry buckets of water due to which they have serious health issues and also that some females are weak (as they are anaemic) and sometimes faint. On being asked about the availability of land within the gram panchayat for proposed construction of water works including the overhead tank, the community members said that ample of land is available with the panchayat which can be used for the proposed scheme. The Village Water and Sanitation Committee is available in the gram panchayat but it is mostly inactive. The issues related to water and sanitation are being discussed with the local ward members and the panchayat members. The community members were apprehensive if the proposed scheme would cover all the villages in the GP or only some villages will be covered within the proposed scheme and some would be excluded. MM team felt this is a critical issue which would require careful thought of the Department. After the PRA, MM team also visited three other villages excluding Balua viz. Kathotiya Khurd, Kathotiya Kala and Rewa, it was observed that where the concentration of Scheduled Castes and Extremely Backward Castes was high the level of service delivery related to water and sanitation was low. Therefore the department would need to adopt inclusive and pro-poor policy for its proposed schemes Literacy level is low in the GP, however the younger generation is aware about the importance of education and do attend school on regular basis. While discussing about the solid and liquid waste management facility available in the GP, it was observed that the community had no awareness; therefore the study team had to probe more for getting a clear picture of solid and liquid waste management. The community members stated that all solid waste such as vegetable peels, wastepaper, or plastic/ glass bottles are either thrown into the open or in the agriculture field or the vegetable peels are put on the manure heap to be used as manure in the field. Similarly there is no facility for liquid waste management as the used water from the household is thrown in the open drain or soak pit. However the drains (kutcha & pucca) are also not maintained properly as most of them are blocked. Similarly the soak pits are not made technically, hence water does not get absorbed and gets collected wherein mosquitoes breed, raising health concerns. There is no provision of appointing sweepers for cleaning the lanes or drains in the village. The community members say that the waste from their household is not properly disposed and in turn comes back to their houses. They also added that the situation could be managed if the community members take initiative and employ sweepers for cleaning and collecting waste from the households. During the PRA discussions, the study team also asked about the most effective way of communicating or generating awareness about Water and Sanitation related activities/ facilities. The community members stated that they do not get newspapers in the village on daily basis and most of the community is illiterate. Therefore using print media or hoarding will not be effective. The most effective way according to the community is to conduct Nukkad Nataks or public consultations on regular basis (once in two months). 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 56 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Moreover they suggested that these activities should be held on the occasions/ festivals, fairs (mela) wherein the community is gathers at a place in large numbers. The villagers celebrate all the festivals; Makar Sankranti, Dashera, Diwali, and Chhat being the major festivals in the village. 2.2.7 Gram Panchayat Profile (Bank, Maner) Participatory rural appraisal was held in Bhatehri village of Bank gram panchayat, which has operational piped water scheme in one of its village i. e Gopalpur. There were about 20/25 village members who joined and actively participated in the discussion, the participation of female members of the community was low. The Bank Gram Panchayat (GP) comprises 7 villages – Bank, Lodhipur, Bhatehri, Narhana, Gopalpur, Chitrauli and Ganauria and is located on National Highway. The GP has 15 Anganwadis, 4 Government Primary schools, 4 Government Middle schools, 3 Primary Landless Schools (also called as Jhugi Jhopdi schools) and 1 Urdu Primary school. Total households in the GP are 4092, spread across 7 villages, around 45 percent population belong to Other Backward Castes (Yadav & Kurmis), followed by 40 percent Extremely Backward Castes (Ravidas & Kuhar) and 10 percent Scheduled Castes. The Gram Panchayat is well connected with road and all modes of transportation are available including public transport. Main source of livelihood for the community is based on agriculture and allied activities. Around 50 percent population have their own land and the rest are landless and work as agricultural labourers. Those having land are doing cultivation on their own or have leased out their land for cultivation to others. Major crops of the area are Wheat, Maize, Masoor while Paddy, potato and onions are also cultivated. Around 75 percent of the households have individual household latrines, of which only 50 percent use the latrines while others practice open defecation. Main source of water are hand pumps, there are around 200 hand pumps in the gram panchayat. Earlier wells were used but as hand pumps came in they find it easier to use hence now wells are not used. They also stated that hand pumps are accessible and water is easily available. However, in summers mainly in the months of May, June & July the community faces issues on water availability as the ground water level goes down. Level of awareness about the quality of water and water borne diseases in the community is low, because during discussions when asked about the water borne diseases that the community had in last three months, the response was that the community members have cough & cold and fever (which clearly indicates the lack of awareness amongst the community members). The community faced severe drought in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and floods in 1975, 1988 and 2007. 2.2.8 Participatory Rural Appraisal (Bank, Maner) The piped water supply scheme is operational only in one village of the GP since last year, viz, Gopalpur village. The village has around 300 households, out of which only 105 households have taken household 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 57 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential piped water supply connections. The village also has piped stand post connection. On asked about the satisfaction level of the water supply with regard to timing, duration, quantity, pressure of supply etc. the community members who have connections responded that the scheme doesn’t work properly. They had several issues such as there is no definite time for water supply as it depends on the availability of electricity. They usually get the water 2/3 times in a day for about half an hour. They also stated that the water is directly pumped from the tube well to the households; the overhead tank meant for storage of water is not used for storage due to some technical reasons due to which the pressure of water supply to households is low. The community members raised their concerns about their total dependency on the piped water as the water through this in not adequate for a household and they have to get most of the water from the hand pumps. Therefore they were not confident that this piped supply will be sustainable in the long run, if it works in the present manner. On enquiring about how much the households pay for using the piped connection, the members responded that nobody comes to collect the charges and they are also not aware whether they have to pay for it or not. The community members who use the piped stand post water supply were also not satisfied with the scheme and had similar issues of pressure, duration and timing of water supply. The other communities who do not have household piped connection in the village were asked the reason for not having one, they stated that as per their observation the scheme is not working properly, there is no definite time of water supply and the pressure is also very low, therefore they are not interested in taking connection. Moreover they have to pay for getting water connection which they can’t afford. The ot her nearby villages within the gram panchayat was not as enthusiastic about the scheme as they felt neglected. The community members were of the view that the scheme is unequally distributed and should have covered all the villages in the gram panchayat. On discussing about the solid and liquid waste management facility available in the gram panchayat, it was observed that the community has no awareness regarding this; therefore the MM team had to probe more for getting a clearer picture of solid and liquid waste management. The community members stated that all solid waste such as vegetable peels, wastepaper or plastic/ glass bottles are either thrown into the open or in the agriculture field or the vegetable peels are put on the manure heap to be used as manure in the field. Similarly there is no facility for liquid waste management as the used water from the household is thrown in the open or drain or soak pit. Moreover, the drains (kutcha & pucca) are also not maintained properly as most of them are blocked. Similarly the soak pit is not made technically, hence the water is not absorbed and gets collected on which mosquitoes breed, raising health issues. There is no provision of appointing sweepers for cleaning the lanes or drains in the village. 2.2.9 Gram Panchayat Profile (Kitachauhator West, Maner) Participatory rural appraisal was held in Kitachauhator West GP. There were about 20 village members who joined and actively participated in the discussion, the participation of female members of the community was low. The Kitachauhator West gram panchayat (GP) consists of 6 villages – Haldi Chhapra Saat Ana, Purana tola, Nayka tola, Harijan tola, Badal tola and Ramnagar. The villages are divided into 14 wards. The GP has 9 Anganwadis and 5 Government Primary schools. Total households in the GP are 2946 spread across 7 villages, around 67 percent population belongs to Other Backward Castes (Yadav & Kurmis), followed by 15 percent Extremely Backward Castes (Ravidas & Kuhar) and 15 percent Scheduled Castes. The Gram Panchayat is well connected with road and all modes of transportation are available including 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 58 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential public transport. Main source of livelihood for the community is based on agriculture and allied activities. Around 75 percent population is landless and work as agricultural labourers. Those having land are doing cultivation on their own or have leased out their land for cultivation to others. The GP is surrounded by two rivers, Soan and Ganga, from northern, western and southern side. th Around 21 percent of the households have individual household latrines; 3/4 of them use these, but the common practice is open defecation. Main source of water is hand pumps and the water is contaminated with arsenic. The community members stated that it required physical labour to fetch water from the wells therefore they have stopped using it. They also stated that hand pumps are accessible and water is easily available. However, in summers, mainly in the months of May and June, the community faces issues regarding water availability as the ground water level goes down. During the discussion when asked about the water borne diseases that the community had in last three months, they responded by saying that the community members generally suffer from diahorrea, jaundice and liver cancer (some cases have been reported). Though Village Water and Sanitation Committee have been formed but presently it is inactive and works on need basis. On the solid and liquid waste management facility available in the gram panchayat, it was observed that the community has no awareness on this; therefore the MM team had to probe more for getting a clear picture of solid and liquid waste management. The community members stated that all solid waste such as vegetable peels, wastepaper or plastic/ glass bottles are either thrown into the open or in the agriculture field or the vegetable peels are put on the manure heap to be used as manure in the field. Similarly there is no facility for liquid waste management as the used water from the households is thrown in the open or drain or soak pit. However the drains (kutcha & pucca) are also not maintained properly as most of them are blocked. Similarly the soak pit is also not made technically as the water is not absorbed and gets collected on which mosquitoes breed, raising health issues. There is no provision of appointing sweepers for cleaning the lanes or drains in the village. However the gram panchayat functionaries have proposed an initiative which is still under consideration - they have proposed to engage sweepers in all the villages of the gram panchayat to clean the drains, collect waste like vegetable peels, plastic/ glass bottles and clean toilets. The households who are keen for clean surroundings and utilizing the service of the sweepers can pay according to their will. During the PRA discussion the study team asked about the most effective way of communicating or generating awareness about Water and Sanitation related activities/ facilities. The community members stated that they do not get newspapers in the village on daily basis and most of the community is illiterate. Therefore using print media or hoarding will not be effective. The most effective way according to the community is to conduct Nukkad Nataks or public consultations on regular basis (once in two months). Even radio is a popular mode but they do not pay attention to the advertisements regarding water & sanitation and health and hygiene. 2.3 Conclusions based on Beneficiary Assessment  Geographical Structure of Panchayat: Villages are heterogeneous in nature so far content/ establishment/ social setting is concerned, it was seen on an average a panchayat has 11 to 12 habitations, 115 habitations were found in 10 selected panchayats. Further interestingly it was observed that the economically empowered caste generally resides in the main village of the panchayat and the SC and Mahadalits generally reside in distant villages from the main panchayat village. Further the villages which are distant from the panchayat main village were found with relatively less number of infrastructure like hand pumps and toilets. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 59 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential  Family Size: The average family size of the contacted households was found to be 6.5 (however it ranges from 7 to 15). As per census 2011, in villages of Bihar a household has an average of 6 members. Thus, the toilet facility created for one household is not adequate for the family size mentioned above  Literacy: The literacy rate of the households contacted was found to be low, about 38 percent of respondents were illiterate. Further most of the females contacted during participatory rural appraisal and focus group discussions were found to be illiterate.  Awareness about Government Programmes: The contacted respondents in the villages were not aware (84%) about government programmes related to water & sanitation. They reported that such messages are not frequently heard/seen (46%). Local ward officials (as reported by 97% of respondents) are the major source of information about government programmes.  Gender issue: In most of the contacted households, women were found responsible for fetching water (78.9% households) and also for cleaning toilets in the households (having toilet). During interactions (FGDs) with women groups, it was found that they were not aware of most of the issues related to development of their village. During discussions, it was reported that women do not have say in the household decisions. Though due to current education system, girls are availing education at least upto primary level.  Women Empowerment and participation: During qualitative interactions it was sensed that women are not adequately empowered, the main reason is their low literacy and awareness levels. Many women participants reported that they generally attend panchayat meetings but their concerns are not heard by the PRIs and thus, they do not find any use attending these meetings.  Poverty: Poverty is acute in these villages, as high as 83.2 percent of the respondents were found living in non pucca houses (of which 51.1 percent were having semi pucca houses), about 78.3 percent are earning their livelihood by working as agricultural labourer. Further about 85 percent of the contacted households do not have separate kitchen, about 67 percent of the households covered have monthly income below INR 5000/-. The situation is further bad in case of marginalized community and mahadalits. The monthly expenditure of most of the respondents (79%) is within INR 5000/-.  Inclusion: During Participatory Rural Appraisal, it was observed that habitation/villages are clustered according to the caste, and poor families and mahadalits are very poor and also unorganized.  Supply of Electricity: Supply of water depends on the availability and quality of electricity in the villages, though more than 90 percent of the households were found having electric connection in their household (mostly illegal connections) but the electric supply was found very erratic in covered villages. Due to irregular electric supply, the operation of water pumps and supply remains erratic. It could be seen that water comes to many of the PWS villages once in a week.  Coverage of safe Drinking Water & Latrine: About 12 percent of habitations have quality affected water sources (Source secondary data from PHED). A significant number of households (82.6%) using hand pump spend 1 to 2 hrs daily for collecting water for various household purposes such as drinking, cooking, cleaning, washing & bathing purposes (survey data). During discussions it was reported that about 48 liters of water is required for one person. Further, latrine coverage is very inadequate- only 17.5 percent of contacted households had individual household latrine in sampled GPs.  Usages of latrine: During Participatory Rural Appraisal, it was reported that despite having toilets in some of the houses, the males are still practicing open defecation. They think that productivity of land will reduce if they do not use their own agricultural land for open defecation.  Media Coverage: The respondents mainly listen to audio media (84 percent listen to radio, 18 percent watch Television and only 20 percent read newspaper). Hindi is the preferred language as respondents prefer to watch/listen programmes in Hindi. Radio is the most popular media of communication and preferred time for watching television was either morning or evening 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 60 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential  Grievance Redressal: Most of the people file their complaints with PHED’s local offic e and also to the Gram Panchayat office. There is no proper grievance redressal system in the villages with regard to water and sanitation issues as reported by the respondents. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 61 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential 3. Institutional Analysis 3.1 Institutions related to Policy, Planning and M&E on Water & Sanitation Bihar State Water & Sanitation Mission (BSWSM) is the nodal agency for implementation of total Sanitation Campaign & Swajaldhara in the state of Bihar. BSWSM has been constituted as a registered society as per Para 2.2 IA Restructured Central Sponsored Rural Sanitation Programme (RCRSP) guidelines and under Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission, GOI, New Delhi. The approval on the constitution and registration of BSWSM was given by Apex committee of the State th Government body in its meeting on 7 October 2004 and by executive of the BSWSM in its meeting on nd 22 September 2004(a resolution was taken to register BSWSM). Principal Secretary, PHED is the Member Secretary of BSWSM and PHED is the main Government body for delivering water and sanitation services in Bihar. PHED has its own structured organizational BSWSM Headed by Principal setup for service delivery which is placed from Secretary, PHED State to Sub-Divisional Offices. But there is no structured organization at Block and Gram Panchayat level. CCDU (Capacity Building) PMU (M&E) However, Block Resource Coordinators are appointed on contractual basis and they report to the Assistant Engineer, PHED. They are appointed for reinforcing service delivery at DWSM/DWSC village level. At panchayat level, in some of the Executive Engineer panchayats, Village Health & Sanitation Committees (VHNSCs) (which are formed under NRHM project and is chaired by the Sarpanch, the elected head of the Gram Panchayat) are functional. The organization structure of Bihar State Water and Sanitation Mission, its different wings and their roles are detailed in subsequent sections. 3.1.1 Bihar State Water and Sanitation Mission The Bihar State Water and Sanitation Mission (BSWSM) is the main body for implementation of Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Programme in the State. This is a registered society under Society Act 1958. The Committee has been constituted under the Chairmanship of Development Commissioner, Government of Bihar. There are State level committees namely Apex Committee & Executive Committee which governs BSWSM.  The Apex Committee constitutes of Development Commissioner, Government of Bihar as the Chairman, Principal Secretary/Secretary, PHED, Government of Bihar as Member Secretary and Principal Secretary/Secretary of the other department as either Member of the Committee.  Similarly, Executive Committee has Principal Secretary/Secretary, PHED, Government of Bihar as Chairman, and Engineer in Chief cum Special Secretary/Chief Engineer, PHED, Government of Bihar 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 62 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential as Member Secretary and Joint Secretary/Deputy Secretary level officer of the other department as Member of the Committee. The Chairman presides over all meetings of Governing Body (GB) and has the overall powers of supervision, direction, and control over all affairs of the Mission and the functioning of the office bearers; he may invite experts other than the members of the Governing Body to the meetings of the GB as for specialized inputs and expertise. All executive and financial power of the mission is vested on the Member Secretary who is responsible for planning, implementation and monitoring of activities as per the mission policies. He/she is the overall charge of the funds of the Mission and operates the Mission’s accounts in the Banks. The Governing Body is responsible for overall policy guidance & co-ordination of programmes implemented by the District WATSAN missions / Zila Parishads;  ensures co-ordination with various departments, agencies and convergence of different activities related to water supply & sanitation in rural areas;  approves and sanctions the Annual Plan, Budget and Audited Accounts; makes, alters and amends the objectives, rules and regulations by laws of the Mission,  constitutes committees from time to time as and when considered necessary for effective execution of the programmes and schemes and  delegates powers and function to the employee’s com mittees and the consultants of the missions. The Executive Body implements the policies/decision of the Government Body, interacts with GOI/RGNDWM and supports the implementation of various Rural Water Supply and Sanitation schemes and other related activities as well as programmes funded by external donors like DFID, UNICEF, DANIDA etc. Other activities of Executive Body are mentioned below;  liaise & co-ordinate with various line departments, State Govt. & other sector partners and ensuring participation of the SHGs and the communities in different projects,  Identify; mobilize NGO’s to undertake work as per schemes notified by the Department of Rural Development.  Also includes providing technical assistance, guidance, and training, ensuring establishment and constitution of Missions in the District Level and Panchayat Level, ensuing opening of separate Bank account at District Level and Panchayat Level etc.  organise meeting/ Workshop/ Study tours/ Seminars with involvement of all concerned prepare IEC/ Publicity materials for Sanitation and Sector reforms projects  other related activities by adoption of demand driven & participatory approach, service delivery maximizing empowerment of villagers in decision making on the choice of service levels.  It also monitors and evaluates the implementation of the schemes by the various agencies including NGO’s.  It is the state nodal agency responsible for providing drinking water and sanitation facilities in the rural areas of the state and implements the drinking water supply and sanitation projects under the National Rural Drinking Water Plan (NRDWP), Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA), State Plan and other external assistance programs. It has two missions – Project Management Unit (PMU) and Communication and Capacity Development (CCDU). 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 63 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Figure 3.1: Existing Institutional Structure for Delivery of Water and Sanitation Services in Bihar STATE PHED OFFICE Principal Secretary STATE LEVEL Adm a Technical Additional Secretary Engineer in Chief 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 64 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential CE Design C Ur DIVISIONAL & SUB DIVISIONAL LEVEL CE Mecha nical SE (2) EE AE, JE and other support staff 3.1.2 District Water & Sanitation Mission (DWSM) & District Water & Sanitation Committee (DWSC) District Water & Sanitation Mission (DWSM)/District Water & Sanitation Committee (DWSC) is set up at district level to oversee and coordinate the implementation of NBA and NRDWP. The DWSC is headed by the Chairman Zila Parishad who is District Development Commissioner and the Superintending Engineer (SE), BSWSM is the member secretary of the committee. DWSM/DWSC is the executing agency for successfully implementing & providing safe drinking water to rural population through different water supply programme i.e. hand pumps, tube wells and executing rural 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 65 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential piped water supply scheme with the help of district administration. At the district level, the activities related to water supply are looked after by the Executive Engineer and at sub divisional level by the Assistant Engineer & Junior Engineer. Similarly sanitation activities come under the NBA, whereas at district level it is looked after by the District Coordinator. District Magistrate is the acting head of this institution. The institution convenes meetings in each quarter for planning, implementing and monitoring programmes related to water & sanitation. The meetings are attended by Project Director DRDA, District Education Officer, District Health Officer, District Panchayati Raj Officer, District Social Welfare Officer, and District Information & Public Relations Officer. The functions of the District Water & Sanitation Committee (DWSC) are as follows:  Formulation, management and monitoring of NRDWP and NBA projects  Scrutiny and approval of the schemes submitted by the Gram Panchayat  Selection of agencies and/ NGOs and enter into agreements for social mobilization, capacity development, communication, project management and supervision  Sensitizing public representatives, officials and the general public about the NRDWP principles  Engaging institutions for imparting training for capacity development of all stakeholders, and undertaking communication campaign; and  Interactions with SWSM, State Government and the Government of India During interactions at district level it was observed that constituted DWS Mission & DWS Committee are continuously reinforcing implementation of the schemes. However, very few schemes have been transferred to panchayats. Due to non availability of VWSCs, involvement of panchayats is also limited so far planning, implementation, operation & maintenance of the schemes is concerned. It was also reported by the DWSC officials that the panchayats that have taken charge of operation and maintenance are not adequately equipped and they also do not have requisite resources and capabilities to handle O & M of the schemes. Non availability of VWSCs was found to be a serious gap in project delivery and it was also mentioned by development partners (UNICEF, BTAST etc). 3.1.3 Block Resource Coordinators (BRC) As such there is no setup at block level however, Block Resource Coordinators are placed at the block level on contractual basis called the block coordinator (but he reports to the Assistant Engineer, PHED) and he ensures the expansion of the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan and timely completion of projects/ schemes. However, Block Coordinators are placed only in 413 blocks out of 534 total Blocks. They are responsible for community mobilization for formation/activation of Village Water and Sanitation Committees (VWSC) and enhanced IEC activities for awareness generation, technical support, and capacity building for Gram Panchayats (GP) to enable them to fulfil their role in sustainable water supply and sanitation; water quality monitoring and managerial aspects of operation and maintenance of the water supply systems. Block Coordinator is responsible for all day to day of the programme. She/He is responsible for process implementation, provide guidance for preparation of GP plans, collection, & collation of information, monitor progress of implementation, and verify the construction of IHLs, Schools, and Anganwadis. He provides all the information collected to the Junior Engineer and Assistant Engineer. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 66 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential 3.1.4 Panchayati Raj Institutions After the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, Government of Bihar enacted the Panchayati Raj Act 1993 (Replaced by BPR Act, 2006) and three tier system of Panchayat Raj Act 1993 (replaced by BPR ACT 2006) and three-tier structure of local governance with Zila Parishad, Panchayat Samiti and Gram Panchayat of which Zilla Parishad at the district level and gram panchayat at panchayat level. In Bihar there are 9 Divisions, 38 Districts, 101 Sub divisions, 534 Blocks and 8,463 Panchayats.The responsibilities of GP include:  Rendering assistance in the implementation of developmental schemes pertaining to the village;  Identification of beneficiaries for the implementation of developmental schemes pertaining to the village. Provided that in case the Gram Sabha fails to identify the beneficiaries within a reasonable time, the Gram Panchayat shall identify the beneficiaries;  Procuring voluntary labour and contributions, in kind or in cash or both, for community welfare programmes  Providing all assistance in the programmes of mass education and family welfare within the village  Providing all assistance in the programmes of mass education and family welfare within the village;  Promotion of unity and harmony among all sections of society in the village;  Seeking clarifications from the Mukhiya, Up-Mukhiya and members of the Gram Panchayat about any particular activity, scheme, income and expenditure; and  Discussing and recommending appropriate action with regard to reports of the Vigilance Committee such other matters as may be prescribed. As per Bihar Panchayati Raj Act 2006 every gram panchayat will be constituted as a standing committee and will be lead by a Mukhiya and one member from each territorial constituency. All the members of gram panchayat are to be selected through direct elections and 50 percent of the posts should be kept reserved for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes. Further 50 percent of the seats in each category- general and special caste should be reserved for women. Each gram panchayat has tenure of 5 years during which the mukhiya convenes gram sabhas and presides over its meetings. As per Bihar Panchayati Raj Act 2006 gram panchayats are responsible for Construction, repair and maintenance of drinking water wells, tanks, ponds, hand pumps, prevention and control of water pollution, and maintenance of rural water supply schemes. Similarly panchayat has given responsibility of rural sanitation like; Cleaning of public roads, drains, tanks, wells and other public places, maintenance and regulation of burning and burial grounds, construction and maintenance of public latrines, disposal of unclaimed corpses and carcasses, management and control of washing and bathing ghats and upgradation of environment and prevention of its degradation. However, as per information collection from PHED, Bihar (Government Order), panchayat has been given responsibility of construction and maintenance of public infrastructure like hand pumps but they can only assist PHED for construction and maintenance of piped water supply schemes (PWS). Thus, devolution of power for operation and maintenance of PWS is not being handed over to panchayats. Further each block will have a PANCHAYAT SAMITI having jurisdiction over the entire Block excluding such portions of the Block as are included in or are under the authority of a Municipality or a Cantonment Board constituted under any law for the time being in force. The Panchayat Samiti shall have directly elected members from the Panchayat Samiti’s territorial constituenci es, members of Lok Sabha/members of the Legislative Assembly of the State falling in the Panchayat Samiti area, members of Rajya Sabha and 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 67 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential members of the State Legislative Council, who are registered as electors within the Panchayat Samiti Area and all the Mukhiyas of the Gram Panchayats falling within the Panchayat Samiti area. At district level Zila Parishads will function with jurisdiction of the entire district excluding such portion of the district as are included in or under the authority of a Municipality or Cantonment Board constituted under any law for the time being in force. Zila Parishad shall consist of the members directly elected from territorial constituencies in the district, the Pramukhs of all Panchayat Samitis in the District, members of the Lok Sabha and the members of the State Legislative Assembly who represent any part which falls wholly or partly within the district and whose constituency falls within the district, the members of the Rajya Sabha and the members of the State Legislative Council who are registered as electors within the district 3.1.5 Village Heath, Nutrition & Sanitation Committees (VHNSCs) No dedicated structure like Village Water & Sanitation Committees (VWSCs) was found in selected panchayats of Bihar, however, the structure of VHNSCs was found in some of the contacted Panchayats. VHNSCs were actually created under NRHM mandated to look into health issues moreover, these empowered committees were found inactive during filed visits. VWSC are chaired by the Sarpanch (the elected head of the Gram Panchayat). 3.2 Development Partners These development partners are working in the rural Bihar in areas of livelihood, health issues, capacity building/skill development, and also providing policy level as well as technical support to PHED. 3.2.1 UNICEF UNICEF is providing technical support to PHED for providing water and sanitation related services. UNICEF has placed 3 consultants within the PHED department; one consultant with the water quality cell and other two with the CCDU cell  UNICEF has prepared manuals to enhance understanding of Arsenic, its impact, and mitigation.  UNICEF has also organised rigorous training for chemists and analysts UNICEF is assisting Bihar with a range of other issues, including its high rates of child labour, school dropouts, and low learning levels and illiteracy, particularly among girls, Muslims and scheduled caste children, who face discrimination in the education system and society in general 3.2.2 DFID-SWASTH-WATSAN-Bihar SWASTH programme has been designed for convergent actions primarily from three service delivery departments of the Government of Bihar, viz, the Department for Health and Family Welfare (DoHFW), Social Welfare Department (SWD) and Public Health Engineering Department (PHED). DFID-SWASTH is working closely with the PHED on the issue of water quality in an integrated manner addressing the critical gaps in the rural water quality management of Bihar. Large scale interventions are ongoing under SWASTH, to support this Reform Support Unit (RSU) set up within Bihar State Water & Sanitation Mission. The RSU effectively manages, oversees, supports, and monitors the ongoing interventions including activities undertaken under DFID-SWASTH in water, water quality and sanitation including systems 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 68 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential strengthening. RSU is currently involved in strengthening the O&M of water treatment facility; operation and maintenance policy of water supply schemes; piloting water quality interventions with effective delivery mechanisms and development of evidence based research & IEC for fluoride management. 3.2.3 Mahila Samakhaya Mahila Samakya is a central Government project aimed at empowering women through education, and was initiated in 1992. Originally the programme was focused on social development with women’s groups mobilised around social issues, but it has now also embraced savings and credit. In Bihar, Mahila Samakya started federating SHGs in 2000, and is currently working in 13 districts through 8039 SHGs and 166075 members. 3.2.4 Bihar Rural Livelihood Project (Jeevika) Jeevika, the Bihar Rural Livelihoods Programme (BRLP), started in 2006 as a Government of Bihar and World Bank programme. BRLP aims to improve rural livelihoods and the social and economic empowerment of women and the rural poor by organising them into groups, and increasing access to credit and services. Jeevika supports SHGs taking up social mobilisation activities and addresses health, nutrition, and water and sanitation issues. The programme is currently ongoing in 8 districts and will be scaled up across the state under the National Rural Livelihoods Mission. Jeevika has 59105 SHGs and 192000 members. 3.3 Conclusions  During interactions at different levels, it was observed that there is no structured organization / office at Block / GP level. Thus, establishment of bottom up approach of project delivery as desired in NRDWP and NBA guideline is not being undertaken. Further this is also delaying the process of decentralisation. On these lines, we would recommend the establishing and strengthening of institutional structure at block and village level so that process of decentralisation could be achieved and community driven approach could be setup.  Further to this it was also seen that DWSM consultants are not placed at DWSC/DWSM level which is hindering the IEC activities under the project (NRDWP & NBA) thus, it is recommended that DWSMs are placed for project sustainability.  Mechanical and civil are the major wings providing technical service. Construction is being taken up by the civil wing while Mechanical wing looks after operations like getting electricity connection and operation of machines. Both wings are headed by technically expert groups however, lack of coordination was observed among them at district and sub-divisional level which generally leads to delay in project delivery.  Further, acute shortage of manpower was observed at the level of Assistant Engineers, Junior Engineers, Pipe Inspectors, Khalasi, Plumber, Mistry and Operators affecting project formulation, implementation, monitoring and repair of schemes. While interaction with the junior level staff, the capability gap was also observed. It is to be noted that junior level staff are regularly interacting with the community for project delivery and currently the emerging project needs are dynamic in nature. Thus, augmentation of soft skills for better service delivery could be adopted.  Due to absence of VWSCs, involvement of panchayats remains limited in planning, implementation, operation & maintenance of the schemes. Very few schemes have been transferred to panchayats as they are not adequately equipped and do not have requisite resources, they are not been able to handle O & M of the schemes. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 69 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential 4. Stakeholder Analysis 4.1 Role of different Stakeholders in Service delivery The proposed social assessment study has a mandate of identifying the stakeholders in water supply in the rural areas who could impact implementation of water supply project so that Fully Covered (FC) status could be achieved. This section presents the stakeholder analysis – identifying stakeholders at different levels, mapping key expectations and issues and concerns thereof. This section has been prepared after detailed consultations with various stakeholders, diverse inputs received from them and observations of the study team. The table below presents the key stakeholders with their direct/ indirect roles and the activities performed by them. Table 4.1: Stakeholders involved in Rural Water Supply Scheme Key Role – Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats Stakehold Direct/ ers Indirect State level Public Direct  It is the state nodal  Less staffed  Ensuring  It may happen that Health agency responsible expansion of the community  Lacks soft skills participation is not Engineerin for providing drinking organization and g water and sanitation  Struggling with timely completion achieved as Department facilities in the rural water related of projects desired areas of the state issues  It may happen that  Should consider due to casteism at and implements the  Depletion of users as local level no drinking water supply ground water customers and sanitation support on level due to  Have to come out projects under the community low of the thought mobilisation National Rural rainfall/flood Drinking Water Plan process of being  Political pressure zone remains providers (NRDWP), Total under water  Non Convergence Sanitation Campaign  Building of soft of programmes (TSC), State Plan  Deterioration skills so that they and other external of water could implement assistance programs quality due to participatory  Technically water development competent group depletion, models which can do bacterial  Requires effectively if they contamination orientation on work through due to Public Health community population issues participation by pressure and putting a mechanism open of getting community defecation response on all their activities. State Water Direct  Bihar State Water &  Struggling with  Requires  It may happen that and Sanitation Mission following issues customised community Sanitation (BSWSM) is nodal communication participation is not Mission agency for  Communities’ strategy for achieved as implementation of lack of sense behaviour change desired total Sanitation of hygiene as most of the  It may happen that Campaign & due to population is due to casteism at Swajaldhara in the illiteracy, lack local level, there is 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 70 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Key Role – Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats Stakehold Direct/ ers Indirect state of Bihar. It has of awareness, illiterate no support for two missions – inadequate  Establishment of community Project Management capacity coordination with mobilisation Unit (PMU) and building at the related  Political pressure Communication and grass root departments like  Non Convergence Capacity level and lack health, education of programmes Development of social welfare.  They may have to (CCDU). convergence  Appointment of pay more for  Technically  Lack of co- VWSCs and providing services competent group for ordination with training of its to poor project delivery related members on  Implementation of departments different aspects M&E system like health,  Undertakes IEC and education capacity building to social welfare. ensure that people  Absence of will take care of the front line maintenance workers at village level UNICEF Direct  Technically  No issues  Is involved at the  May face problem competent body- has policy level, of poor huge potential of therefore assists coordination providing technical the PHED which in support turn works with the grass root level organizations. DFID- Direct  Works on convergent  Though a lot of  Work closely and  May face problem SWASTH- actions primarily from effort has been provide continuous of poor WATSAN- three service delivery put on support for coordination Bihar departments of the convergence at strengthening the Government of Bihar, State & District O&M of water the Department for level but the treatment facility, Health and Family same process water quality Welfare (DoHFW), does not trickle management, IEC Social Welfare down at block & etc. Department (SWD), village level- for  Should help in and Public Health example establishing Engineering resource coordination with Department (PHED). persons such as related Therefore having Anganwadi departments like close working workers, ANM health, education relationship with and Asha didi social welfare. three main does not work in departments working a converged on issues of health, manner hygiene and social welfare  Technically competent body thus helping PHED on the issue of water quality in an integrated manner addressing 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 71 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Key Role – Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats Stakehold Direct/ ers Indirect the critical gaps in the rural water quality management of Bihar Developme Indirect  Working in rural  The organization  They can be  May face problem nt Partners Bihar in the areas of has a limited utilized to reach of poor – Mahila livelihood, health coverage for communities, coordination Samakhaya issues, capacity their thereby motivating building/ skill interventions. and generating development awareness  They have huge amongst the rural potential as they are community already working at regarding the rural the grass root level water supply and have community schemes support with 8039  They can also be SHGs and 166075 involved in members who could mobilizing women be involved for better groups within the governance at villages by community level spreading their geographical coverage  Can be involved for any kind of campaign for awareness generation Developme Indirect  They have huge  The  They can be  May face problem nt Partners potential as they are organizations utilized to reach of poor – Bihar already working at have a limited communities, coordination Rural the grass root in 8 role in current thereby motivating Livelihood districts level and context and generating Project have community awareness (Jeevika) support with 59105 amongst the rural SHGs and 192000 community members who could regarding the rural be involved for better water supply governance at schemes community level  They can also be  Their community involved in mobilisation models mobilizing women and activity tracking groups within the systems are holistic villages by spreading their geographical coverage  Can be involved for any kind of campaign for awareness generation 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 72 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Key Role – Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats Stakehold Direct/ ers Indirect District level District Direct  District level agency  Less staffed  Ensuring  It may happen that Water & for implementation of expansion of the community  Lacks soft skills participation is not Sanitation total Sanitation organization and Mission & Campaign &  Lack of technical timely completion achieved as Public Swajaldhara resource of projects desired Health persons with  It may happen that  Technically expertise in  Should consider due to casteism, Engineerin competent group users as g social local level does not can be effective if mobilization, customers support community Department they work in IEC/ HRD  Have to come out mobilisation community activities as well of the aura of  Political pressure participation by as sanitation, providers putting a mechanism  Non Convergence health and  Building of soft of getting community of programmes hygiene experts skills so that they response on their to strengthen activities. could implement rural water participatory supply scheme development  Lack of efforts models to motivate  Requires community orientation on participation, Public Health primarily all the issues planning of implementation of activities is done by the Junior Engineer and Block Coordination, therefore there is no strong mechanism of getting community response on their activities Contractors Direct  Helping the  Less  They need to be  They may lose Department in experienced monitored closely business scheme contractors for so that they deliver  Low Profit margins implementation specialized work better quality due to close  Securing steady of the drinking output- regulatory monitoring by the business revenues water supply control with department and at least costs sector feedback loop of community, hence  Potential to beneficiaries to be no interest at low inflate the put in place margins projects costs.  Potential to keep community annoyed by providing poor quality services NGOs Indire  Non government  They have huge  NGOs could be  No negative 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 73 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Key Role – Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats Stakehold Direct/ ers Indirect ct bodies are engaged potential as they appointed for impact in water and are close to the communication sanitation related community. and outreach activities  They can be activities of sector  Know the utilized to reach program participatory communities,  They can also be development models thereby involved in but currently not supporting W&S mobilizing women using them in rural program groups within the services delivery.  Can be used for ward any kind of  They should be campaign for used for social connecting monitoring of households to sector program like the main sewers. city sanitation committee  They can also be involved for providing water supply and sanitation services like Rural Sanitary Marts and Production centers Block level Block Direct  They have huge  These are grass  Ensuring  It may happen that Resource potential if they are root level expansion of the community Centre properly staffed and institution organization and participation is not (BRC) oriented towards involved in timely completion achieved as service delivery effective of projects desired implementation  It may happen that  Have to come out due to casteism, of all activities of the notion of related to Water local level does not providers support community and Sanitation and are directly  Building of soft mobilisation connected with skills so that they  Political pressure could implement the Gram  Non Convergence Panchayats, participatory of programmes Village Water development and Sanitation models Committees.  Requires However these orientation on are non Public Health functional due to issues inadequate availability of manpower Gram Panchayat level Panchayati Direct  They are elected  Too much  They should be  Non capability to Raj members of politics and involved in handle finance and Institutions community and they casteism motivating may land up in are mostly believed involved as community for trouble by the community. Mukhiya or a taking part in water  Contributions may 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 74 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Key Role – Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats Stakehold Direct/ ers Indirect  It is also observed member of the and sanitation not be deposited that they enjoy dominant caste management for by the villagers respect of their (powerful) sustainability of  VWSCs may community in most of decides who will service delivery so become more the contacted get what benefit that financial empowered than panchayats  They are not viability of the PRI, hence PRIs schemes is not may not co-  Very close to the actively involved affected. in a dialogue operate community with the  Should be trained  May lose  They are basically community on in participatory community land first point of contact tariff for development  of community thus, maintenance of models have potential in water supply community  They should play systems an active role in mobilisation for operation and  There is a the planning, maintenance of W&S dearth of funds, implementation services including functionaries and management delivery of piped and of W&S services water supply and infrastructure including domestic solid waste facilities for PRI waste disposal. management. as a result of  They also need to which the actual  Expect good quality designated be involved in water dialogue with the duties and community for  Expect regular water functions as per ensuring piped supply the Bihar water connections,  Timely delivery of Panchayati Raj timely payment of funds Act are not tariff and support being performed in management. by the local bodies. Presently, they are not actually engaged in implementation of development programs and schemes but their role in governance is at a nascent stage Women Direct  Water is a basic  They are not  Women education  Heath hazards due necessity for all more aware of issues and empowerment to stagnant water importantly women related to unsafe programmes and sewerage as they are primary water and should be  Higher tariffs users, providers and improper reinforced  May come across managers of water in sanitation They  Women groups social issues due their households and are mostly organised by to in migrant labors are the guardians of illiterates and Mahila Samakhya household hygiene also not could be involved and health related empowered for active issues  Women are not participation in  Interested in safe the empowered W&S related drinking water and section of the issues 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 75 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Key Role – Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats Stakehold Direct/ ers Indirect proper sanitation society in rural  In the model of however, not aware area Mahila Samakhya of issues related to  Women do not similar groups unsafe water and have much say developed at improper sanitation in their families village level for  Expects Good quality leave alone their active participation water for domestic participation in in W&S related purposes and also the public issues for cattle purposes meetings.  They can also be as well.  For taking any involved for O&M  Expects regular decision they of W&S water supply with are dependent programmes appropriate timings on the male and reasonable members of the durations. family.  Adequate number of  Women are stand posts as per mostly illiterate the requirement of and are not villagers aware about any development programs or initiatives  Women collect the water for all domestic use from the hand pumps either installed at their houses or from the public hand pumps. Community Direct  Water is a basic  They are not  Pro poor policy is  Heath hazards due including necessity for all, aware of issues to be taken up to stagnant water SC/OBC/E more importantly for related to unsafe and sewerage  Livelihood groups  Higher tariffs BC the socially water and formed under economically weaker improper  May come across Bihar Rural section of the society sanitation social issues due Livelihood Project who are generally to in migrant labors  Are not the (Jeevika) could be not able to afford the empowered involved for active  May lose services and are section of the participation in community land facing serious society in rural W&S related problems due to area issues unhygienic and unhealthy condition  They do not  In the model of have much say Jeevika, similar  Interested in safe in community socially backward drinking water and meetings. and marginalised proper sanitation groups could be however, not aware  They are mostly illiterate and are developed (this of issues related to also has a unsafe water and not aware about any mandate in State improper sanitation Rural Livelihood development  Expects good quality programs or Mission) at village water for domestic initiatives level for active 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 76 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Key Role – Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats Stakehold Direct/ ers Indirect purposes and also participation in for livestock as well. W&S related  Expects regular issues water supply with  They can also be appropriate timings involved for O&M and reasonable of W&S durations. programmes  Adequate number of stand posts in villages  They expect special consideration for their requirements and needs while program planning Anganwadi Direct  Are the basis  There are  They should be  Heath hazards due Centres institutes of health various issues in involved in to stagnant water (AWCs) care system and functioning of motivating and sewerage work under the AWCs, primarily community  Integrated Child these do not towards safe water Development have their own and sanitation Services program to buildings – are services through combat child hunger run in rented students and malnutrition. It buildings or at a  Should be involved provides basic health public place with in VWSCs as care in villages no water and members and then include counselling sanitation facility trained in to pregnant &  As these are the participatory lactating mothers, basic centres of development adolescent girls and health care and models supply, nutrition hygiene, no education and  They should play proper an active role in supplementation, as resources are well as pre-school the planning, provided to them implementation activities. The centres are also  The children and management used as depots for attending the of W&S services oral rehydration Anganwadi including domestic salts, basic either has to go waste disposal. medicines and home for contraceptives. urination/ defecation or  They are also point have to sit in the of contact of open as very community thus, less have potential in Anganwadis community have toilet mobilisation for facility within operation and their premises. maintenance of W&S Similar is the services including case with water delivery of piped facility, the water water supply and for drinking & solid waste hand washing is management. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 77 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Key Role – Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats Stakehold Direct/ ers Indirect stored for the children in the bucket – which is collected from the nearby hand pump. Therefore the children though taught about hygiene are not so keen in practising it. Schools Direct  Schools and  Due to the non  They should be  Heath hazards due teachers are availability of involved in to stagnant water respected among the running water motivating and sewerage community. This is a supply in the community  place where children school toilets, towards safe water spend most of their the students and sanitation time and learn leave them dirty services through various important which cannot be students things under the used by other  Should be involved supervision and students. In in VWSCs as direction of teachers. addition to it members and then  They are also point there is no full trained in of contact of time sweeper participatory community thus, available in the development have potential in school for models community cleaning toilets regularly  They should play mobilisation for an active role in operation and therefore the school the planning, maintenance of W&S implementation services including administration has to avail and management delivery of piped of W&S services water supply and services on contractual/ day including domestic solid waste waste disposal. management. to day basis of either sweeper,  They also need to helper etc for be involved in getting the dialogue with the toilets cleaned. community for Same is the ensuring piped case with water connections, teachers, it is timely payment of not always tariff and support possible for in management. them to take a bucket of water while going for toilet therefore they prefer to use either the nearby panchayat ghar or go home. Also in most of the schools 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 78 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Key Role – Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats Stakehold Direct/ ers Indirect there is no separate toilet for teachers and they have to use the toilets meant for the students which is mostly very filthy Village Indirect  Is not an empowered  In most of the  Primarily inactive  As they do not Health committee for places it is not institution and have mandate to Nutrition ensuring delivery of formed or if requires regular look after water and services related to formed is non- capacity building facilities thus, they Sanitation water functional or and awareness may not turned up Committees inactive generation. as envisaged (VHNSC)  However, if they are  Conflicts may arise organised they can  The members  The intended on distribution and as well be entrusted have been benefit from these use of water the responsibility of provided with capacity building  VHNSCs can be looking at water & several trainings and awareness hijacked by sanitation issues on sanitation generation politically related issues programme does influenced groups but these are not reach the  VHNSCs may limited to community become another themselves, therefore more bureaucratic setup proper focused approach for the villagers dissemination of required information from  VHNSCs may their end to the overlook PRI and community may land in trouble members not there Source: MM Study 4.2 Key Strengths and Weaknesses of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Bihar 4.2.1 Key strengths  High design standards and reasonable construction quality.  Have support of organizations like UNICEF, JEEVIKA and Mahila Samakhya  Formation of Water & Sanitation Missions being carried up – at state and district levels – to adopt demand driven approach in the sector 4.2.2 Key weaknesses  The current institutional structure of the BSWSM does not fully subscribe to the principles of the demand driven approach that the state is contemplating to scale up.  Top down approach of service delivery as there is no structured organization / office at Block / GP level. Further this is also delaying the process of decentralisation. Devolution of powers to Zilla Parishad and Panchayat has not happened as desired. Common facilities are under control of PHED only. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 79 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential  Further to this, it was also seen that DWSM consultants are not placed at DWSC/DWSM level which is hindering the soft component / IEC activities under the project (NRDWP & NBA)  Lack of coordination between the mechanical and civil wings at district and sub-divisional level; this generally end up resulting delay in project delivery.  VWSCs are not formed thus, involvement of panchayats remains limited in planning, implementation, operation & maintenance of the schemes.  Presently the state is mostly covered by hand pumps (96.43%) and very less number of completed schemes is available (2.35%)  Currently under the World Bank program, the state is planning an extensive network of rural water supply infrastructure mostly piped water scheme. However, availability of electricity remains a concern.  The Village Health Nutrition and Sanitation Committees formed under NRHM do not have the mandate of looking at issues related to water thus, are not in a position to take up the responsibility of O&M 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 80 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential 5. Diversity in Bihar 5.1 Socio Cultural & Economic The social life in Bihar heavily gravitates around the villages as only 11.2 percent of total population resides in urban areas. Vast majority of them is still illiterate (63.82 percent are literate as per census 2011). The study on social assessment was conducted with an objective to examine and analyze the dynamics and mechanism of community with diverse socio-economic indicators. MM team interacted with community members, representatives of Gram Panchayat and Panchayat Samiti to carve out the diversity and caste dynamics in the state Even as people of Bihar are excessively dependent on agriculture as compared to other states, agriculture is not in a good shape. Over the years there has been stagnation in the agricultural sector. Agricultural productivity in Bihar is one of the lowest in the country, as is the income generated from agriculture. In a rural income dominated economy, sufficient agricultural growth can reduce poverty. However, in the case of Bihar, low agricultural growth has come in the way of poverty reduction. Despite huge potential, the agricultural growth rate has remained sluggish due to low productivity, lack of infrastructure, poor linkages between farms and markets as well as institutional constraints. Environmental factors like floods and drought also cause fluctuations in agricultural outputs in Bihar. Consequently, allied sectors are also afflicted with wide gaps in productivity and low realization of potential. Land still remains the measure of family’s prestige and social standing in rural areas. However, distribution of operational landholdings is extremely skewed as majority of the population of rural households has less than 0.001 hectare to cultivate followed by marginal holdings, the reason being that the land has been divided amongst the sons of the households. According to the 2011 census, the population of the state of Bihar 103,804,637 persons, consisting of 52.2 percentage males and 47.8 percentage females. The average population of a district of the state is 2,731,701. The state has recorded 25.07 percent decadal population growth with a range from 18.83 to 30.65 for Gopalganj and Madhepura respectively. The population of Hindus in Bihar is about 83 percent, whereas the Muslim population is to 17 percent. The rest comprise 0.06 percent Christians, 0.02 percent Sikhs, 0.02 percent Buddhists, 0.02 percent Jains, while 0.05 percent belong to other religions about 0.06 percent did not state their religion (Source: Bihar at Glance 2009). The state has about 15.7 percent of Scheduled Caste (SC) population and 0.9 percent Schedule Tribe (ST) population (as per 2001 census). The 29 notified Scheduled Castes in Bihar are Bantar, Bauri, Bhangi, Bhogta, Bhuiya,Bhumji, Chamar, Mochi, Chaupal, Dabgar, Dasadh, Dhangad, Dharhi, Dhobi, Dom, Ghasi, Halalkhor, Hari, Kanjar, Kurariar, Lalbegi, Mehtar, Musahar, Nat, Pan, Pasi, Rajwar, Sawasi and Turi. Vast majority of them are landless and poor. Their living conditions are pathetic. However, in recent years, there has been growing consciousness among them of their rights and entitlements. The Government of Bihar has formed the State Mahadalit Mission for the development of the most deprived amongst the Scheduled castes. The Commission observed that out of the 22 scheduled castes in Bihar, 20 are acutely deprived in terms of educational, economic, socio-cultural and political status. The Commission identified these 20 castes (Bantar, Bauri, Bhogta, Bhuiya, Chaupal, Dabgar, Dasadh, Dhangad, Hari/Dom/Mehtar, Dhobi, Ghasi, Halalkhor Kanjar, Kurariar, Lalbegi, Musahar, Nat, Pan, Pasi, 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 81 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Rajwar, Sawasi and Turi) primarily on the basis of their literacy rate. The literacy rate of Mahadalits is 16.7 percent against 28.5 percent of scheduled castes in Bihar (Source: Mahadalit Mission Document). The dominant group of Other Backward Classes (OBCs) is the Yadavs, Koeris, and Kurmis. There has been an improvement in their socioeconomic indicators because of affirmative action and political ascendancy, and the political power is also in their hands in most cases. At the same time, many OBC communities remain both economically and socially deprived. Although the OBCs do not suffer social disabilities as the Dalits do, they seem to have been enjoying lower socio-economic status compared to the upper castes. Though upper or forward-caste Hindus Brahmins, Bhumihars, Rajputs, and Kayasthas are also present but in limited numbers. As per 2011 Census, the literacy rate of the state is 63.82 percent. Out of which male literates are 73.4 percent and female literates are 53.3 percent. Further the urban literacy rate stands at 78.75 percent (Male 84.42 percent and Female 72.36 percent) as compared to compared to rural literacy rate of 61.83 percent (Male 71.9 percent and Female 50.82 percent). Table 5.1: Bihar: Demographic Indicators Particulars Bihar India Total population (Census 2011) (in 103.8 1210.19 millions) Decadal growth rate (Census 2011) (%) 25.1 17.64 Crude Birth Rate (AHS 2010-11*) 28.9 22.17 Crude Death Rate (AHS 2010-11) 7.3 8.04 Natural Growth Rate (AHS 2010-11) 19.5 17.64 ( 2011 census data) Infant Mortality Rate (AHS 2010-11) 52 44 Female Sex Ratio (Census 2011) (per 916 940 1000 males) Schedule Caste population (‘000) (2001 13049 Census) Literacy rate (Census 2011) (%) 63.82 74.04 Source: * Annual Health Survey 2010-11 and Census of India 2001 and 2011. Bihar has around 49.6 million women and 54.2 million men. While the sex ratio of the state declined from 919 (Census of India, 2001) to 916 (Census of India, 2011), child sex ratio in the same period declined steeply from 942 to 933. The age of marriage is increasing and the fertility rate is declining – both of which are positive developments. However, high level of illiteracy coupled with a high maternal mortality rate – both indicators of low human development of women – is a cause of alarming concern. In brief, the society in Bihar reflects a great deal of diversity. Seen through the lens of social and economic development, the society is divided along several axes. There exist huge socio-economic disparities among different segments of the population, especially among different social groups. Women participation is negligible in Gram Sabha, even if they are persuaded to participative they do not voice their issues and demands. Social structure of the blocks is fractured along caste lines. Relative positions in the caste hierarchy determine social relationships, behavioral patterns, and cultural norms. Socio-economic structure revolves around land ownership. Land reforms in Bihar have had limited impact and land distribution is skewed in favour of few. Owners of large holdings belong to upper castes with some OBCs. The lower castes are 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 82 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential small land owners or landless labourers. Although the lower castes form numerical majority in any village, they reside outside the main village in tolas i.e. settlement clusters or hamlets. Economic and social inequalities are interlinked. The power structure is concentrated in the hands of the dominant castes, with people in politics or power. They dominate the activities of the village as well as their own community. These people control the flow of resources and technology coming from outside, and take all the benefits meant for the weaker sections. The phenomenon of the dominant caste and dominant personalities among all castes is a common feature to all villages in this region. About 80 per cent of workers are engaged in agriculture and allied activities. About two-fifths of workers are cultivators and another two-fifths agricultural labourers (Census 2001). About 90 per cent of rural labourers are agricultural labourers (Census 2001). However, the primary survey data is 92 percent for labourers. Comparing the per capita income of the state, a substantial difference could be noted from India (INR 25661) and Bihar (INR 9586) for the year 2008-09. The above mentioned income is as a result of increase i.e 17.37 percent from 2006-07 to 2008-09, which is 13.64 percent increase for India. Table 5.2: Income Details in per capita At Constant Price in INR At Current Price in INR Per Capita Income (Base Year 1999-2000) 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 (Provisional) (quick) (Provisional) (quick) Per Capita Income, 8167 8703 9586 9817 11135 12643 Bihar Per Capita Income, 22580 24295 25661 29524 33283 38084 India Source: Bihar at Glance 2009 Poverty is acute in the sampled panchayats, as high as 83.2 percent of the respondents were found living in non pucca houses (of which 51.1 percent were having semi pucca houses), about 78.3 percent earn their livelihood by working as agricultural labourer. Further about 85 percent of the contacted households do not have separate kitchen, about 67 percent of the households covered have monthly income below INR 5000/-. The situation further bad in case of marginalized community like mahadalits. Similarly the monthly expenditure of most of the respondents (79%) is within INR 5000/-. 5.2 Rural Governance In Bihar, strong footholds of caste and patriarchy are everyday realities in women’s lives. These two institutions define and govern a woman’s status, her work, and agency. Yet, there are slow and steady changes in the policy. Women’s reservation in the Pa nchayat is an important milestone in this regard but it will take decades to get fruitful outcome. The ground reality is that though the women is elected as a Mukhiya but all the operation and management is in the hands of her husband also called as “ Mukhiya Pati� which clearly demonstrates that women are still not empowered and do not have a say in decision making. The role of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI) in governance, planning and monitoring of development programs/schemes is crucial. But, ironically, there is a dearth of funds, functionaries and infrastructure facilities for PRIs as a result of which the actual designated duties and functions as per the Bihar 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 83 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Panchayati Raj Act are not being performed by the local bodies. Presently, they are largely engaged in implementation of development programs and schemes but their role in governance is at a nascent stage, therefore they require capacity building support in this regard. For taking all important decisions relating to any panchayats, a Gram Sabha is held. Gram Sabha is a body consisting of persons registered in the electoral rolls relating to a village comprised within the area of Panchayat at the village level. As the Gram Sabha prepares plans and budgets and audits reports, one may argue that it has effective control over the Gram Panchayat, but not necessarily in reality. The legal position is different. The Gram Sabha makes recommendations and suggestions, and the Gram Panchayat gives due consideration to its recommendations and suggestions. There is no legal obligation on the Gram Panchayat to accept the recommendations and suggestions of Gram Sabha. This has created the problem of Mukhiya Raj instead of Gram Swaraj. This has made the Gram Sabha meaningless. In the surveyed villages, a number of people had not even heard the name of Gram Sabha, so participation is a distant goal. They usually call it Aam Sabha. Panchayat members and Block officials state that Gram th st th nd Sabhas are held regularly (26 January, 1 May, 15 August, 2 October – these are the dates wherein Gram Sabha is held, apart from these it held on need basis) in these villages but villagers do not participate. Villagers claim non-participation because their plans and demands are not considered, and everything is decided by the Mukhiya, officials and dominant personality of major castes and communities. 5.3 Available water Resources Earlier the rural community in Bihar was majorly dependant on the wells of their water needs. Currently it has shifted and people largely depend on the hand pumps also called as “Chapakal� in rural Bihar. In spite of ample water resources because of high dependence on groundwater for drinking as well as irrigation purpose (85 percent) the per capita water availability is declining day by day. Reports of water portal suggest that the gross per capita water availability in Bihar may decline from 1,950 m3/yr in 2001 to 1,170 m3/yr in 2050; reason being decline in surface water coverage of rivers, shifting of rivers, huge sedimentation in river beds thus, reducing porosity of water and ground recharge (Source: Water portal: Paper of Mr Ghosh, A.N.Collage). Due to over extraction of ground water, absence of water harvesting, awareness & technology, poor sewage and drainage facilities there is alarming rise of water pollution. Thus, water is no longer potable. There are also high levels of Arsenic, Fluoride and Iron in groundwater in some districts which is an area of concern. Similar to other natural resources, water (both ground water and surface water) is also in abundant in Bihar. The state received considerable rainfall i.e. 1271.9 mm and the average number of rainy days/year i.e. 52.5. The Zone-II North East Alluvial Plains receives the highest rainfall ranging between 1200-1700 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 84 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential mm, the Zone-I North West Alluvial Plains receives rainfall between 1040-1450 mm, and the Zone-III, South Bihar Alluvial Plains receives the lowest rainfall ranging between 990-1240 mm. Further the state receives considerable water supply from the rivers which flow within the state territory, of which Ganga is the main river joined by tributaries with their sources in the Himalayas. The tributaries are Saryu (Ghaghra), Gandak, Burhi Gandak, Bagmati, Kamla-Balan and Mahananda. Apart from above, there are few other rivers namely Sone, Uttari Koyal, Punpun, Panchane and Karmnasha which start from the adjoining plateaus and meet in Ganges or its associate rivers after flowing towards north. The above mentioned network of rivers makes the water available for irrigation purposes and may help in generating the hydro-thermal energy for the state (Source: Statistics of water published by Central Water Commission in 2010). Table 5.3: Water Availability in Details Type of water Details Surface water The surface water resource in the state includes 69000 ha of ponds and tanks, 9000 ha of oxbow lakes, 7200 ha of reservoirs, 3200 km of rivers and 1 lakh ha of riverine and other flood plains. Groundwater The annual replenishable ground water resource in the state is estimated to be 29.19 BCM. The net annual ground water availability is 27.42 BCM. The annual ground water draft is estimated to be 10.77 BCM making the stage of ground water development 39%. None of the administrative divisions (called blocks) in the state are classified as Over Exploited, Critical or Semi critical with respect to the groundwater status. The stage of groundwater development exceeds 50% in Nalanda, Jehanabad, Begusarai, Siwan, Saran and Patna. Water quality Groundwater quality in parts of the state is affected by high Fluoride (4157 habitations), Iron (18673 habitations) and Arsenic (1590 habitations). Contaminant Affected Districts Fluoride (>1.5 Aurangabad, Banka, Buxar, Bhabua(Kaimur), Jamui, mg/l) Munger, Nawada, Rohtas, Supaul Iron (>1.0 mg/l) Aurangabad, Begusarai, Bhojpur, Buxar, Bhabua (Kaimur), East Champaran, Gopalganj, Katihar, Khagaria, Kishanganj, Lakhiserai, Madhepura, Muzafferpur, Nawada, Rohtas, Saharsa, Samastipur, Siwan, Supaul, West Champaran Nitrate (>45 mg/l) Aurangabad, Banka, Bhagalpur, Bhojpur, Bhabua, Patna, Rohtas, Saran, Siwan Arsenic (>0.05 Begusarai, Bhagalpur, Bhojpur, Buxar, Darbhanga, Katihar, mg/l) Khagaria, Kishanganj, Lakhiserai, Munger, Patna, Purnea, Samastipur, Saran, Vaishali Source: Statistics of water published by Central Water Commission in 2010 5.4 Rural Drinking Water Status As per NRDWP norms, the habitations are categorized into three different categories basically as per lpcd;  Fully Covered (FC)- Habitations getting 40 lpcd water supply for all its population is termed as FC 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 85 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential  Partially Covered (PC)- Habitations which are getting a supply of 1 to 39 lpcd  Quality Affected (QA)- Habitations with no safe source, ex. Fluoride and A Arsenic affected. Assessment of the data collected from DDWS website, it could be inferred that about 82 percent of the habitations in Bihar and 85 percent of the rural population is fully covered so far water availability is concerned. Further about 7 percent of the habitations are partially covered. Another 12 percent of the habitations which has only 7 percent of the total rural population has water quality affected (Fig. 5.1 & 5.2). Figure 5.1: Distribution of Habitations by Water Figure 5.2: Distribution of Population by Water Availability Availability 11.7 7.0 6.7 8.3 Quality Quality Affected Affected Partially Covered Partially Fully Covered 81.6 Covered 84.6 Fully Covered Source: Data collected from DDWS, Feb. 2013 Table 5.4: Status of Rural Habitation with Respect to Drinking Water Supply Total Fully Covered Partially Covered Quality Affected Popul Populati Populati Populati S. Habitatio ation Habitati Habitati Habitati District on in on in on in No. n in on on on lakhs lakhs lakhs lakhs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 Araria 2350 25.62 1227 17.34 0 0 1123 8.28 2 Arwal 569 7.11 516 6.29 53 0.82 0 0 3 Aurangabad 3077 22.63 2947 21.7 126 0.9 4 0.03 4 Banka 3069 18.62 1253 10 0 0 1816 8.62 5 Begusarai 3091 30.85 1758 24.26 0 0 1333 6.58 6 Bhagalpur 2807 23.56 2491 20.62 22 0.28 294 2.65 Bhojpur(Aar 7 a) 1282 22.27 1242 21.93 40 0.34 0 0 8 Buxar 2542 15.42 2351 14.23 52 0.49 139 0.7 9 Darbhanga 3120 37.84 2606 32.91 511 4.92 3 0.01 10 Gaya 5715 40.07 5197 35.85 465 3.67 53 0.55 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 86 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Total Fully Covered Partially Covered Quality Affected Popul Populati Populati Populati S. Habitatio ation Habitati Habitati Habitati District on in on in on in No. n in on on on lakhs lakhs lakhs lakhs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 11 Gopalganj 6025 21.49 5648 18.88 377 2.61 0 0 12 Jamui 3373 15.51 3207 14.73 1 0 165 0.77 13 Jehanabad 1198 9.81 1148 9.18 50 0.63 0 0 Kaimur 14 (Bhabua) 3087 15.1 3033 14.46 48 0.61 6 0.03 15 Katihar 1838 25.66 1727 24.35 2 0.06 109 1.25 16 Khagaria 1031 13.46 978 12.74 0 0 53 0.72 17 Kishanganj 3084 12.92 2463 11.37 0 0 621 1.55 18 Lakhisarai 1532 7.68 894 5.28 499 1.95 139 0.45 19 Madhepura 2494 21.07 1710 17.75 0 0 784 3.32 20 Madhubani 2644 42.03 2248 36.91 396 5.12 0 0 21 Munger 1601 9.58 1032 5.43 0 0 569 4.16 22 Muzaffarpur 2868 35.79 2804 35.08 64 0.71 0 0 23 Nalanda 2519 23.74 2051 19.7 338 3.11 130 0.93 24 Nawada 2242 19.97 2083 18.38 158 1.6 1 0 Pashchim 25 Champaran 4428 34.01 4219 31.78 209 2.24 0 0 26 Patna 2554 33.76 1869 27.6 641 5.73 44 0.43 Purba Champaran 27 (Motihari) 4285 45.59 2950 28.92 1335 16.67 0 0 28 Purnia 4768 30.03 3741 25.36 0 0 1027 4.67 29 Rohtas 1568 24.21 1384 21.74 122 1.42 62 1.04 30 Saharsa 2895 17.1 1251 10.49 0 0 1644 6.61 31 Samastipur 3971 39.92 3840 39.3 1 0.01 130 0.61 32 Saran 4765 35.76 4447 32.3 310 3.36 8 0.09 33 Sheikhpura 316 5.31 214 4.13 0 0 102 1.18 34 Sheohar 438 6.42 332 4.11 106 2.31 0 0 35 Sitamarhi 1926 33.8 1729 29.75 197 4.05 0 0 36 Siwan 5558 30.33 5055 25.13 503 5.2 0 0 37 Supaul 3940 19.46 1762 11.68 0 0 2178 7.78 38 Vaishali 3072 30.68 2454 23.71 581 6.54 37 0.43 Total 107642 904.18 87861 765.37 7207 75.35 12574 63.44 Source DDWS It is reported that out of total 107,642 habitations in Bihar 21.9 percent are dominated by SC followed by 20 percent minority and about 2 percent ST. Further about 27 percent are left wing extremist effected habitation. As per policy of Government of Bihar most of the fully covered habitations are more in above mentioned marginalized habitations. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 87 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Table 5.5: Status of Rural Habitation with Respect to Drinking Water Supply (BY Caste) Type of Total Fully Partially Percentage of Percentage of Habitations Covered Covered due to fully covered partially Slipped Back (%) covered (%) Total 107,642 87,394 20, 248 81.19 18.81 SC 23,520 21,987 1,533 93.48 6.52 ST 1,952 1,885 67 96.57 3.43 Minority 21,514 20,318 1196 94.44 5.56 LWE 28,784 27,604 1,180 95.9 4.1 Source PHED Bihar Table below reveals that only 3.57 percent of the habitations are covered by piped water supply schemes of which 2.35 percent of the schemes are completed and remaining 1.22 percent is ongoing. Further 96.43 percent of the habitations are covered by hand pumps. Table 5.6: Proportion of Rural Habitations Covered with Type of Water Supply Schemes in Bihar S. District Total Percent habitations covered Percent No. Number of with Piped Water Scheme habitations Habitations Completed On going covered with Hand pumps 1 Araria 2350 1.66 1.45 96.89 2 Arwal 569 4.39 1.23 94.38 3 Aurangabad 3077 0.06 0.06 99.87 4 Banka 3069 6.19 14.47 79.34 5 Begusarai 3091 5.31 0.97 93.72 6 Bhagalpur 2807 1.46 8.8 89.74 7 Bhojpur(aara) 1282 7.1 1.87 91.03 8 Buxar 2542 2.87 0.2 96.93 9 Darbhanga 3120 0.9 0.83 98.27 10 Gaya 5715 3.5 0.12 96.38 11 Gopalganj 6025 0.15 0 99.85 12 Jamui 3373 4.71 0.09 95.20 13 Jehanabad 1198 12.85 0.92 86.23 14 Kaimur (Bhabua) 3087 0.68 0.13 99.19 15 Katihar 1838 1.9 0.22 97.88 16 Khagaria 1031 2.81 1.26 95.93 17 Kishanganj 3084 3.27 0.52 96.21 18 Lakhisarai 1532 0.52 1.37 98.11 19 Madhepura 2494 2.09 1.56 96.35 20 Madhubani 2644 2.61 2.12 95.27 21 Munger 1601 3.06 0.56 96.38 22 Muzaffarpur 2868 2.58 0.03 97.38 23 Nalanda 2519 4.17 0.87 94.96 24 Nawada 2242 3.17 0.0 96.83 25 Pashchim Champaran 4428 1.65 0.5 97.85 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 88 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential S. District Total Percent habitations covered Percent No. Number of with Piped Water Scheme habitations Habitations Completed On going covered with Hand pumps 26 Patna 2554 4.74 1.41 93.85 27 Purba Champaran (Motihari) 4285 2.26 1.31 96.43 28 Purnia 4768 1.47 0.38 98.15 29 Rohtas 1568 0.96 0.32 98.72 30 Saharsa 2895 1.83 0.86 97.31 31 Samastipur 3971 1.31 1.06 97.63 32 Saran 4765 0.42 0.29 99.29 33 Sheikhpura 316 2.22 0.32 97.47 34 Sheohar 438 0.91 0.23 98.86 35 Sitamarhi 1926 2.02 0.73 97.25 36 Siwan 5558 0.49 0.07 99.44 37 Supaul 3940 2.28 1.24 96.47 38 Vaishali 3072 2.31 0 97.69 Total (N) and (%) 107642 2.35 1.22 96.43 Source DDWS During Focus Group Discussion it was reported that about 48 LPCD of drinking water is required for daily needs. The major issues that were highlighted by the respondents are as mentioned below;  Respondents are not satisfied with the quality of water. Problems of water contamination with Arsenic, Fluoride and Iron and water being muddy were mentioned.  Due to quality problems in drinking water, villagers reported isolated cases of Typhoid and Diarrhea and other stomach related problems  Community is not satisfied so far supply duration and pressure of water is concerned, even timing of water supply was also not acceptable for the respondents. 5.5 Gender related issues in Bihar Women constitute nearly 48 percent of the population in the state (Table 5.7) of which about 89 percent reside in rural areas. On the literacy rate, Bihar has the lowest in the country. The literacy rate of women in the state is further poor at 53.33 per cent as compared to 73.39 per cent literacy among men (provisional Census 2011 data) ( Table 5.7) . Table 5.7: Distribution of population by literacy and rural urban in Bihar Population Total Rural Urban % Total % Rural % Urban Persons 103,804,637 92,075,028 11,729,609 88.70 11.30 Males 54,185,347 47,983,851 6,201,496 88.56 11.44 Female 49,619,290 44,091,177 5,528,113 88.86 11.14 Literacy Persons 54,390,254 46,478,818 7,911,436 63.82 61.83 78.75 Males 32,711,975 28,221,885 4,490,090 73.39 71.9 84.42 Female 21,678,279 18,256,933 3,421,346 53.33 50.82 72.36 Source: Census 2011 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 89 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Further, Bihar has a human development index of 0.367 which is much lower than the national figure of 0.472. Table 5.8 provides the health indicators from the National Family Health Survey-3 (NFHS-3) that support the fact that the status of women in the state is bad. Table 5.8: Health Indicators for Women in Bihar Particulars % of women with Low BMI % of Anemic Women India 35.6 55.3 Highest 45.1 69.5 Lowest 11.2 32.8 Bihar 39.3 68.3 Source: Census 2011 The state has a sex ratio of 916 females for every 1,000 men (Census 2011). The state has high maternal mortality rates. Though these have reduced over the years, but the figures are worrisome. Table 5.9 gives the data on health indicators for the same. Table 5.9: Health Indicators for Women in Bihar & India Heath Indicators India Bihar Crude Birth Rate 22.5 26.7 Crude Death Rate 7.3 7.2 Infant Mortality Rate 50 52 Still Birth rate 9 1 Neo Natal Mortality Rate 34 35 Child Mortality rate 14.1 14.7 Total Fertility Rate 2.6 3.9 Polio Rate 89% 69.1% Maternal Maternity Ratio (MMR) 2007-09 212 261 Source: Annual Health Scurvy 2010-11 and SRS 2009 During focus group discussions, it was reported that in general village women do not own any property in their names and do not get a share of parental property. It was also reported by the BPL women that though their family had received Indra Awas dwellings but the land is not registered in name of female of the households. Due to weak enforcement of laws protecting them, women continue to have little access to land and property. During interactions with women, many cases of physical violence (murder, beating, burning of not just the panchayat candidates but their families as well), threats, and intimidation of women candidates in the 2006 Panchayat elections were narrated. In some cases Women candidates and their families had to face violence for standing against male candidates who wanted to remain in power and get elected unopposed. This above mentioned discussion clearly indicates that gender issues need to be addressed in order to bring the females at par with their male counterparts in the State. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 90 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential 6. Anticipated Impact of the Project During the participatory appraisal and focus group discussions at panchayat level our study team could interact with the population and while discussing with them on different issues related to water and sanitation the team could assess that the planned project will have mostly positive. However, a few social impacts (negative) have also been discussed and as detailed in the following table. Table 6.1: Anticipated Impact of the Project Key Stakeholders Positive Impact Negative Impact Public Health  They will be more equipped and staffed to  It may happen that community Engineering overcome issues like participation is not achieved as desired Department  Depletion of ground water level  It may happen that due to casteism at local level no support on community  Deterioration of water quality mobilisation  Convergence of programmes  Political pressure  Non Convergence of programmes State Water and  Attain sustainability in water and sanitation  It may happen that community Sanitation Mission related service delivery participation is not achieved as desired  Can develop community beneficial model  It may happen that due to casteism at like pro-poor initiatives of providing safe local level, there is no support for drinking water to the poor and then community mobilisation collecting charges in instalments  Political pressure  Non Convergence of programmes  They may have to pay more for providing services to poor CCDU  They will be more equipped and staffed to  It may happen that community overcome issues like participation is not achieved as desired  Awareness on communities’ sense of  Behaviour change communication may hygiene not work  It may happen that due to casteism at  Co-ordination with related Departments local level does not support community like health, education social welfare. mobilisation  Availability of front line workers at village  Political pressure level UNICEF  Their role and support to the department  May face problem of poor coordination may enhance DFID_SWASTH-  Their role and support to the department  May face problem of poor coordination WATSAN-Bihar may enhance Development  Their role and support to the department  May face problem of poor coordination Partners – Mahila may enhance Samakhaya Development  Their role and support to the department  May face problem of poor coordination Partners – Bihar may enhance Rural Livelihood Project (Jeevika) District level District Water &  They will be more equipped and staffed to  It may happen that community Sanitation Mission & overcome issues like participation is not achieved as desired Public Health  Depletion of ground water level  It may happen that due to casteism, local Engineering level does not support community Department  Deterioration of water quality mobilisation  Convergence of programmes  Political pressure  Non Convergence of programmes Contractors  They may get to equipped with better  They may lose business technical competencies  Low Profit margins due to close 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 91 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Key Stakeholders Positive Impact Negative Impact  Timely initiation of project, less time monitoring by the department and required for land acquisition thus, profit community, hence no interest at low margins will go high margins  Timely completion of project, as community will cooperate in the villages NGOs  Involvement in public outreach and  No negative impact campaign  Can also be involved in mobilizing women groups within the ward  They can also be involved for providing water supply services like sanitation services of Rural Sanitary Marts and Production centers Block Resource  They will be more equipped and staffed to  It may happen that community Centre (BRC) overcome issues like participation is not achieved as desired  Depletion of ground water level  It may happen that due to casteism, local level does not support community  Deterioration of water quality mobilisation  Convergence of programmes  Political pressure  Non Convergence of programmes Panchayati Raj  Opportunity to get safe drinking water and  Non capability to handle finance and may Institutions sanitation services for the community land up in trouble  Involvement in mobilizing fund for  Contributions may not be deposited by implementation, operation and the villagers maintenance of services (W&S) related  VWSCs may become more empowered  Opportunity to get Nirmal Gram Puruskar than PRI, hence PRIs may not co- in long run operate  Scope of capacity building  May lose community land  Better rural governance  Can win support of community Women  They will get quality water for required  Heath hazards due to stagnant water duration and at a time as required and sewerage  Reduce drudgery of carrying water from  Higher tariffs long distances (which they do even if at  May come across social issues due to in the stage of pregnancy) migrant labors  Less disease burden to household kitty and reduction of water borne disease  Saving due to reduced health expenditure  Increase in household income due to productive use of time  Safe sanitation will help them to ensure dignity of their girl child and themselves  Capacity building and better infrastructure  Opportunities for interaction as part of social mobilization and women empowerment  They will have say in family decision due to improved empowerment Community including  They will get quality water for required  Heath hazards due to stagnant water SC/OBC/EBC duration and at a time as required and sewerage  Reduce drudgery of carrying water from  Higher tariffs long distances  May come across social issues due to in  Less disease burden to household kitty migrant labors and reduction of water borne disease  May lose community land  Saving due to reduced health expenditure  Increase in household income due to 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 92 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Key Stakeholders Positive Impact Negative Impact productive use of time  Safe sanitation will help them to ensure dignity of their girl child  Capacity building and better infrastructure  Opportunities for interaction as part of social mobilization and capacity building and empowerment  Less migration Anganwadi Centres  They will get quality water for required  Heath hazards due to stagnant water (AWCs) duration required and at a time as required and sewerage  Reduce drudgery of carrying water from long distances  Capacity building and better infrastructure  Opportunities for interaction as part of social mobilization and capacity building and empowerment  Respect in the community Schools  They will get quality water for required  Heath hazards due to stagnant water duration required and at a time as required and sewerage  Reduces drudgery of carrying water from long distances  Capacity building and better infrastructure  Opportunities for interaction as part of social mobilization and capacity building and empowerment  Respect in the community Village Health Nutrition  Participation from different social groups of  As they do not have mandate to look and Sanitation the community, number may increase after water facilities thus, they may not Committee (VHNSC)  Regular meetings turned up as envisaged  Capacity building in different procedures  Conflicts may arise on distribution and including book keeping, accounts use of water management, record maintenance etc  VHNSCs can be hijacked by politically  Timely and regular meetings influenced groups  Involvement of community in financial, non  VHNSCs may become another financial issues related to operation and bureaucratic setup for the villagers maintenance of water and sanitation  VHNSCs may overlook PRI and may services land in trouble  Vibrant involvement of members in community mobilization for operation & maintenance of sanitation systems  Reduction of difference between groups- poor to rich and general to SC/EBC etc Source: MM Study 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 93 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential 7. Key Risks & Possible Mitigation 7.1 Key Risks Community Support & participation:- The activities of the project may not get community support and participation due to following reasons  Lack of education and awareness among the community  Socially backward groups are also not well-off economically and thus, they may not be able to pay for the capital cost  Local level casteism and politics, which may not support community mobilization  Lack of women participation, their lack of economic empowerment, illiteracy, no say in decision making of the family etc Equity and inclusion:- The issues related to equity need to be addressed. Currently the villages that are dominated by socially backward groups have comparatively lesser functional infrastructure (water & sanitation).They are also economically backward thus cannot afford construction and maintenance of the infrastructure. Regular water Supply: The community having piped water supply were not satisfied with the water supply timings and pressure at which water is supplied. Thus, the community may not like to take the connections till these issues are resolved. Irregular Power Supply: Availability of power is a major issue in Bihar which will be a potential risk for piped water schemes dependant on power supply. Due to erratic power supply, the operation of water pumps and thereby the supply may get stalled and money invested in the construction will be futile. If the water supply is not made to the community, they will be forced to use their old water sources; thereby the health issues will persist mainly in case of villages with water contamination (fluoride and arsenic) Weak PRIs and non availability of VWSCs: The operation and maintenance of the schemes may be an issue if the dedicated structure at grassroot level is not established. Political influence:- Looking into the importance of VWSCs, it is possible that political and economically dominating groups would try to control the VWSCs. This can also initiate a conflict between VWSCs and Gram Panchayat, mainly in the constituencies reserved for socially backward groups. Delay in project delivery:- There is lack of coordination and capability gaps in the different wings of PHED , which may lead to the project unable to deliver its objective within its stipulated time. Contamination of Ground Water:- Leech pit toilets with deep pits (as reported by the households having toilet) could lead to groundwater contamination, if proper measures are not taken on urgent basis. 7.2 Possible Mitigation of Identified Risks The identified risks can be minimised by the following proposed mitigation measures; Risks Proposed Mitigation measures Lack of Community  Multiple rounds of stakeholder consultations is to be organised for 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 94 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential participation conceptualizing the sub projects. Each sub project can have a local level communication office with a grievance redressal officer. The activity of each sub project could be further overseen by a high level coordination committee (at state level.)  Establishing Village Level Structure i.e VWSCs  It is important that each VWSC is represented by all the sections of the society of the village and their members are trained to assist the W&S service delivery.  Capacity building of VWSC members  Ensuring women participation  One-third of the VWSCs members should be women and they should be provided mandatory training  The social mobilization agency should deploy women members to get women’s participation  Women should also be contacted by the Anganwadis and schools through their wards and motivated  Women education and empowerment programmes should be reinforced  Women groups organised by Mahila Samakhya could be involved for active participation in W&S related issues  In the model of Mahila Samakhya, groups could be developed at village level for active participation in W&S related issues  Women could be trained for providing services related to W&S, may be through rural sanitary marts  Establishment of bottom up approach and involvement of PRIs and community in O&M of W&S programmes  Capacity building of PRIs in O&M Equity and inclusion Pro poor policy is to be taken  Provide concessions to rural poor in the matter of water supply.  Identify the rural poor through wealth ranking as those residing in houses measuring up to 200 square feet, built-up area regardless of whether they live in or outside the village.  Waive the normal one time connection deposit for such rural poor and to collect only the cost of providing meters (to be fixed by the PRIs themselves), to inculcate the sense of ownership;  Fix a lifeline supply of 7,200 litres per household (considering 40 lpcd for 6 member household) per month for rural poor, at a concessional rate (to be fixed by the PRIs themselves).  Simplify procedures of taking connection and any proof of residence such as ration cards and ID cards would be considered sufficient to provide a connection.  Provide water free of charge through public kiosks / cisterns / taps to vulnerable sections such as nomads, destitute, homeless poor, beggars etc. who cannot afford to pay anything.  Promote structured participation of NGOs and CBOs in organizing the vulnerable sections for managing free water supply through public kiosks. Regular water Supply  Work out the most feasible way of water supply, appropriate with duration, time, quality, and quantity.  Alternative power supply arrangements are required for restoring regular 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 95 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential water supply which could be solar based systems. Irregular Power Supply  Policy dialogues to be initiated with the power supply department for ensuring regular power supply.  The tariff for unit rates for community PWS system should be lower than the minimum domestic tariff/unit. Weak PRIs and non  PRIs should be empowered and mandatorily be members of VWSCs and availability of VWSCs other respective committees at different levels. The whole idea will be initiating planning from village level through involvement of community especially PRIs and VWSCs which will be scrutinized by the DWSM and will be sent for approval to SWSM. Further they should be involved in following activities;  In motivating community for taking part in water and sanitation management for sustainability of service delivery so that financial viability of the schemes is not affected.  Should be trained in participatory development models  They should play an active role in the planning, implementation and management of W&S services including domestic waste disposal.  They also need to be involved in dialogue with the community for ensuring piped water connections, timely payment of tariff and management support.  It is important that each village VWSCs and PRIs have their adequate participation and they are also trained for supporting service delivery. Appropriate and regular IEC will also be equally important. Strong Political influence  Community mobilisation and empowerment so that they are able to identify the requirements related to water, sanitation, health and hygiene and not come under any such influence. Delay in project delivery  Project Management Unit is to establish good rapport with the Government of India and State PHED for timely release of funds and sanctioning of contracts respectively.  Project delivery in Mission mode so that Project management Unit has a complete structure up to the level of panchayat and able to monitor the project closely. Contamination of Ground  Capacity building of PHED officials on soft skills so that communication on Water technical aspects could be delivered to the community.  Hiring of professional agencies for developing and implementing communication strategy for sanitation, hygiene, and conjunctive use of water. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 96 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential 8. Issues & Recommendations 8.1 Issues 8.1.1 Organizational Structure for Service Delivery During interactions with different level it was observed that the institutional structure of BSWSM is up to district level only, below district there is no available structure. The activities of Block and GP level are governed by the DWSC. Due to absence of four-tier system of governance, establishment of bottom up approach for project delivery is not being undertaken. Further, this is also delaying the process of decentralisation. 8.1.2 Top Down Approach Currently, top-down approach is followed in planning, implementing and operation and maintenance of the schemes. Thus, PHED is totally responsible for service delivery. Though, there is initiation of devolution of power to ZP and GP but it has not happened due to issues in capacity of PRIs and also lack of supervision from PHED. 8.1.3 Staff Strength and internal Communication Acute shortage of manpower was observed at the level of Assistant Engineers, Junior Engineers, Pipe Inspectors, Khalasi, Plumber, Mistry and Operators affecting project formulation, implementation, monitoring and repair of schemes. While interactions with the junior level staff, their capability gap was also observed. It is to be noted that junior level staff are regularly interacting with the community for project delivery and currently the emerging project needs are dynamic in nature. Thus, augmentation of soft skills for better service delivery could be adopted. Mechanical and civil are the major wings providing technical service. Construction is being taken up by the civil wing while Mechanical wing looks after operations like getting electricity connection and operation of machines. Both wings are headed by technically expert groups however, lack of coordination was observed among them at district and sub-divisional level which generally leads to delay in project delivery. 8.1.4 Absence of village level structure i.e. VWSCs During field visits it was observed that VWSCs are not formed at village level, during interaction with PHED officials it was confirmed that no Government Order was issued by the Department for constitution of VWSCs as a subcommittee of gram panchayat. Due to absence of VWSCs, involvement of panchayats remains limited in planning, implementation, operation & maintenance of the schemes. Very few schemes have been transferred to panchayats that too only hand pump schemes. It was also observed that gram panchayats are not adequately equipped with requisite resources to handle Operation & Maintenance of the schemes. Thus, devolution of power including fund for O&M of water supply schemes has not happened in the State. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 97 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential 8.1.5 Technical/Water Quality About 12% habitation has water quality issues and the Department is not being able to complete all its water testing as planned for year 2011-12 (only 52147 sample tested against target of 120000 sources in lab and further only 540 FTK tests were done as against target of 204692). As per NRDWP guideline all drinking water sources should be tested at least twice a year for bacteriological contamination and once a year for chemical contamination. (Source: DDWS data of 2011-12). However, since sub divisional labs are not set up as planned (target 228 as per PHED website but none of them are functional however, approval on 76 of such labs are under process) thus, district labs are putting additional effort to meet targets for water quality testing. 8.1.6 Inclusion Since the panchayat is spread and has 11 to 12 habitations in it and they are clustered according to the caste. Many a times the core village (i.e the panchayat village) is dominated by economically sound section of the society and the distance village which is majorly dominated by poor families and mahadalits lacks infrastructure facility related to water and sanitation. Moreover if the facility is provided they are so poor that they will not be able to pay the connection charges. 8.1.7 Limited participation of Community Limited participation of the community was observed, in planning, implementation and O&M of RWSS facilities, is a key issue to be tackled in the RWSS sector. The limited community involvement is partly because of the supply driven approach and partly due to lack of awareness and illiteracy among users about the benefits that could accrue from active involvement. Significant IEC efforts need to be effectively channelled to improve community participation. 8.1.8 Limited or non participation of women-Gender Women comprise about half of the population and they are not empowered enough to participate in community meetings and provide their inputs in service delivery related to water & sanitation. 8.1.9 Weak PRIs less participation of women Though the PRIs have been given mandate of operation of water supply (hand pumps) and sanitation but no funds were transferred for this purpose as they are technically weak and are not in a position to dispense their responsibility. Too much politics and casteism involved as Mukhiya or a member of the dominant caste (powerful) decides who will get what benefit. They are not actively involved in a dialogue with the community on tariff for maintenance of water supply systems and public welfare. Moreover women member of the panchayats were also not found vocal thus, a holistic approach for the benefit of each section of the society in a sustainable manner was found missing. 8.1.10 Poor Supply of Power Supply of water depends on the availability and quality of electricity in the villages, though more than 90 percent of the households were found having electric connection in their household (mostly illegal 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 98 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential connections) however, electric supply was found very erratic in covered villages. Due to irregular electric connection operation of water pumps and supply remains stalled. It could be seen that water comes to many of the PWS villages once in a week. 8.1.11 Low Coverage of safe Drinking Water & Latrine About 12 percent of habitations have quality affected water sources (Source secondary data from PHED). A significant number of households (82.6%) using hand pump spend 1 to 2 hrs daily for collecting water for various household purposes such as drinking, cooking, cleaning, washing & bathing purposes (survey data). During discussions it was reported that about 48 liters of water is required for one person. Further, latrine coverage is very inadequate- only 17.5 percent of contacted households had individual household latrine in sampled GPs. 8.1.12 Usage of latrine During Participatory Rural Appraisal, it was reported that despite having toilets in some of the houses, the males are still practicing open defecation. They think that productivity of land will reduce if they do not use their own agricultural land for open defecation. 8.2 Recommendations 8.2.1 Organisation Structure for Service Delivery In case of absence of four-tier system i.e. State-District-Block-VWSC, the process of decentralisation is delayed and bottom up approach has not been established. Thus, it is suggested that institutional structure is established and strengthened at block and village level. Further, PRIs should be involved in the process so that community driven approach could be setup. 8.2.2 Establishing Bottom up Approach The project should address the issue of decentralized governance for proper implementation and sustainable operation and maintenance of the schemes. Thus, establishment of bottom up approach by forming and strengthening VWSCs and other respective committees at different levels is suggested. The whole idea will be initiating planning from village level through involvement of community especially VWSCs which will be scrutinized by the DWSM and will be sent for approval to SWSM. 8.2.3 Improving Water Quality testing Setting up Sub division Labs as planned (target 228 as per PHED website) to enhance of lab testing of water at grass root level. The services of private labs or labs under other governmental bodies like State Universities, Institutes under Council of Scientific Industrial Research can also be an option to be explores. 8.2.4 Establishing Village Level Structure i.e VWSCs In order to establish bottom up approach it is important that Village Water Supply and Sanitation Committee (VWSC) are constituted and strengthened adequately to take up different activities related to water & sanitation. Thus, it is recommended that; 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 99 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential  VWSC should be formed within Gram Panchayat as Standing Committee.  VWSC should have 6 to 12 member, the committee should have adequate participation of ST, SC, Women, elected members of panchayat, ANM, ASHA etc.  All the water & sanitation related work should be carried out by the VWSCs which will be a subcommittee of Gram Panchayat including;  Identification of water sources  operation of Piped Water Schemes  supply of water to households  bulk water transfer  inter-village distribution for multi village schemes  maintenance of water grid  collection of water user charges for Operation & maintenance as per 12th etc.  assistance for quality testing of each of the water sources  IEC and awareness generation  At least five members of VWSCs are trained by CCDU for a minimum of three days on issues like  Water quality issues including health related diseases  Water quality monitoring  Sanitation and hygiene  Social mobilization & IEC 8.2.5 Staff Strength and internal Communication Staff should be placed at each level as per guideline and state requirement of NBA or NRDWP. BWSWSM can also conduct a separate study on staff’s requirement for smooth implementation, operation a nd maintenance of the services. While interactions with the junior level staff, a capability gap was observed. It is to be noted that junior level staff is regularly interacting with the community for project delivery and currently the emerging project needs are dynamic in nature. Thus, augmentation of soft skills for better service delivery could be adopted. It is important that the capacity the staff is built-up so that they are capable of coming up with innovations and community friendly methods like pro-poor policy for providing services. Also, there is acute need for building soft skills among the staff so that they could see users as customers and give them the desired respect. 8.2.6 Ensuring inclusion Water is a basic necessity for all more importantly for the socially economically weaker section of the society who generally is not able to afford the services and is facing serious problems due to unhygienic and unhealthy condition. They expect good quality water for domestic purposes and also for livestock as well. In order to have inclusion following measures could be taken;  Pro poor policy is to be taken up which could  Provide concessions to rural poor in the matter of water supply.  Identify the rural poor through wealth ranking as those residing in houses measuring up to 200 square feet, built-up area regardless of whether they live in or outside the village.  Waive the normal one time connection deposit for such rural poor and to collect only the cost of providing meters (to be fixed by the PRIs themselves), to inculcate the sense of ownership; 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 100 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential  Fix a life line supply of 7,200 litres per household (considering 40 lpcd for 6 member household) per month for rural poor, at a concessional rate (to be fixed by the PRIs themselves).  Simplify procedures of taking connection and any proof of residence such as ration cards and ID cards would be considered sufficient to provide a connection.  Provide water free of charge through public kiosks / cisterns / taps to vulnerable sections such as nomads, destitute, homeless poor, beggars etc. who cannot afford to pay anything.  Promote structured participation of NGOs and CBOs in organizing the vulnerable sections for managing free water supply through public kiosks. 8.2.7 For enhanced participation of Community Social mobilization and capacity building of community should be done through formation of VWSCs and following community mobilization techniques like resource mapping (water & sanitation), problem tree analysis, sustainability analysis involving technically competent agency.  It is important that each village VWSC is participated by all the respective sections of the society of the village and their members are trained for supporting W&S service delivery.  Proper and regular IEC is also suggested.  Livelihood groups formed under Bihar Rural Livelihood Project (Jeevika) could be involved for active participation in W&S related issues  In the model of Jeevika, similar groups of socially backward and marginalized could be developed (this also has a mandate in State Rural Livelihood Mission) at village level for active participation in W&S related issues  They can also be involved for O&M of W&S programmes 8.2.8 For enhanced participation of women Water is a basic necessity for all, more importantly women as they are primary users, providers, and managers of water in their households and are the guardians of household hygiene and health related issues. However, women are the most deprived section of the society so far rural Bihar is concerned as they do have much say in their families leave alone their participation in the public meetings. In order to activate their participation following measures could be taken:  One-third of the VWSCs members should be women and they should be provided training mandatorily  The social mobilization agency should deploy women members to get women’s participation  Women should also be contacted by the Anganwadis and schools through their wards and motivated  Women education and empowerment programmes should be reinforced  Women groups organised by Mahila Samakhya could be involved for active participation in W&S related issues  In the model of Mahila Samakhya, similar groups could be developed at village level for active participation in W&S related issues  Women could be trained for providing services related to W&S, may be through rural sanitary marts 8.2.9 For strengthening PRIs The project should address the issue of decentralized governance for proper implementation and sustainable operation and maintenance of the schemes. Thus, PRIs should be empowered and mandatorily be members of VWSCs and other respective committees at different levels. The whole idea will be initiating planning from village level through involvement of community especially PRIs and VWSCs 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 101 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential which will be scrutinized by the DWSM and will be sent for approval to SWSM. Further they should be involved in following activities;  In motivating community for taking part in water and sanitation management for sustainability of service delivery so that financial viability of the schemes is not affected.  Should be trained in participatory development models  They should play an active role in the planning, implementation and management of W&S services including domestic waste disposal.  They also need to be involved in dialogue with the community for ensuring piped water connections, timely payment of tariff and support in management.  Thus, it is important that each village VWSCs and PRIs have their adequate participation and they are also trained for supporting service delivery. Proper and regular IEC is also suggested. 8.2.10 Alternative arrangement for Power Supply Alternative arrangements for power supply are required for restoring regular water supply which could be solar based systems. However, solar based systems will not work in foggy and cloudy weather conditions thus, a complete separate study is recommended to overcome this situation. Alternatively, policy dialogues could be initiated with the Power Supply Department for ensuring regular power supply. 8.2.11 For enhancing coverage of water & sanitation infrastructure Awareness on government programmes was found very low thus, implementation of awareness generation program is recommended. Communication regarding water & sanitation is not only technical but also a sensitive issue. Thus, we recommend hiring of professional agencies for developing and implementing communication strategy for sanitation, hygiene, and conjunctive use of water. The key recommendations are;  Intensification of awareness generation programmes on water and sanitation  Implementation of scientifically designed customized & effective communication strategy for behaviour change  Awareness generation involving community  Involvement of community for planning, implementing and maintaining water & sanitation programmes to inculcate sense of ownership 8.2.12 For Ensuring usages of Toilets During visit to GPs it was also observed that toilet provided under government programmes are not tailor made thus, tall members of the family are not using the units and prefer to go outside. Thus, tailor made scientifically designed toilets needs to be incorporated in Government Programmes as well. Further, due to absence of local level sanitation supply chain i.e. Rural Sanitary marts and production centers, APL households living in interior areas were facing problems in constructing toilets in their houses. Thus, it is recommended that; 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 102 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential  Customized designed toilet models are made available for the community  Rural Sanitation Marts are established and production centers at panchayat level  Facilitation and training is provided to village youth for construction, operation and maintenance of rural toilets (training of masons) 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 103 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential 9. Social Safeguard issues The applicability of social safeguard issues related to Indigenous People (OP 4.10) and Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) to the demonstration zones and priority investments were examined under this section. Field visits to the demonstration areas and pipeline routes were conducted to examine if the proposed project (demonstration zones and priority investments) would attract the provisions of OP 4.10 and OP 4.12. During these field visits, a number of persons were met including government officials, community, PRIs, Development Partners and NGOs. 9.1 Land Acquisition Water supply schemes in Bihar are planned under four broad categories -- Single Habitation Scheme (SHS), Multi Habitation Scheme (MHS), Small Multi Village Scheme (covering 2-3 GPs) and Large Multi Village Scheme (covering 4 or more GPs). Land is required for building infrastructure for different purposes like;  Water sources (Bore well, Open wells and pump houses)  Water treatment plants (Generally, groundwater is treated with chlorination for bacteriological contamination. land may or may not be required for this purpose if the chlorinator is fitted into the pump house)  Water transmission (for laying of transmission lines and this could also be laid along the public roads)  Storage (Land is required for storage, though, generally, the storage is built in public places in the villages)  Distribution (required, but pipes are laid along roads and public places are used for stand posts. Hence no lands will be acquired) During study, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were conducted in each panchayat and during these FGDs the study team tried to find out on availability of land. It was reported by the villagers as well as the panchayat head that ample land is available under possession of panchayat and this could be transferred to project for construction of public infrastructure. During discussion with PHED officials it was found that most of the schemes will be ground water based schemes and land requirement for single habitation scheme would vary between 0.01 to 0.03 hectares and for multi village schemes 1 to 1.5 hectare land may be required. 9.2 Indigenous People The present study indicates that the households belonging to the Scheduled Tribes category range from as low as 0.72% in Saran district to 7.19% in Pashchim Champaran district. During field visits, interactions with ST community was undertaken and it was observed that though they are living in exclusive clusters/ habitations but have ownership of land and other assets in few cases. This study records no distinct livelihood pattern – nor in cultural identities – between the Scheduled Tribes and non-Scheduled Tribes. On the basis of these factors, this study concludes that the OP 4.10 on Indigenous Peoples need not be triggered. 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 104 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential 10. Monitoring & Evaluation of social development indicators 10.1 Monitoring 10.1.1 Objective The project monitoring will aims in improving the following;  Status Reporting  Programme implementation  Data sharing with partners  Accountability  Intermediate correction in programme implementation  Services (water & sanitation)  Use of toilet and sustainability of the structures 10.1.2 Type of Monitoring Internal and external both the monitoring is proposed to ensure accountability. 10.1.2.1 Internal Monitoring This could be undertaken at each of the levels like VWSC, DWSM and SWSM. At each levels, participatory monitoring could be adopted under which representatives of VWSCs, NGOs and other stakeholders could be involved and they can submit report to the upper level i.e. DWSM which will further review the progress and then submit its report to SWMS. 10.1.2.2 External Monitoring Consultants could be appointed by SPMU who will monitor the project implementation and then report back to the SPMU. Indicators on which monitoring could take place is presented below; Table 10.1: Indicators to be Monitored Indicators to be Monitored Monitoring Outputs Responsibility User of Information  Creation of posts ad per norms of  Policies made in  Principal  State Level NBA and NRDWP this regard by Secretary,  Principal  At least 1 graduate engineer is Government of BSWSM Secretary, RWS available for 1,00,000/- population Bihar  SWSM  SWSM  At least 5 DWSM consultants in  Government orders  PD PMU issued  Engineer-in-  CCDU each district  Guidelines issued in Chief, PHED  SPMU  At least 2 BRCs at block level this regard by  Engineer-in-  Establishment of habitations as self Government of Chief, RWS sustainable management unit  Prioritization of Habitations based on Bihar  World  Circulation of these Bank/UNICEF Region and caste Policies,  Devolution of power to ZP and GPs  Experts of Government Orders for; different fields and Guidelines to (Social,  Creation of infrastructure Districts and blocks 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 105 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Indicators to be Monitored Monitoring Outputs Responsibility User of Information  Maintenance of infrastructure Technical and Financial)  Collection of user charges  Water quality mapping  Other  Participation and formation of VWSCs Development  One third members of VWSCs should partners be women  District Level  Involvement of Schools and  District Collector Anganwadis in VWSC  Superintending  Separation of Governance and Engineer Operations functions  DWSM/ DWSC  Appointment of social mobilization Social mobilization  CCDU  Executive agency agency is appointed  PD PMU Engineer  The agency has women members for social mobilization  DWSM/DWSC  Experts of  Training of at least 5 VWSC members and training  ZP different fields  Training of all women members of  GP (Social, VWSC Technical and  Women groups considered for tariff Empowered women  CCDU Financial) collection, maintenance, etc groups  PD PMU  NGOs  DWSM/DWSC  Mandal & Village  ZP Level  GP  PRIs  VWSC  AE/AEE, PHED  Experts of different fields (Social, Technical and Financial)  NGOs Source : MM study 10.2 Evaluation Evaluation of project is suggested by appointing external consultants by SWSM at the end of completion of each batch of sub-projects. The purpose is to evaluate whether the project has achieved the expected outputs and outcomes planned for. An External agency will carry out the evaluation. There will be two evaluations, mid-term and end-term. The evaluation framework is given in the following table: Table 10.2: Indicators to be Evaluated Indicators to be Evaluated in each Evaluation Outputs Research Responsibility term Techniques  Ratio of posts created and staffs  Policies made in this  Rapid External agency appointed as per norms of NBA and regard by assessment by NRDWP Government of Bihar selecting 20  At least 1 graduate engineer is  Government orders household’s, available for 1,00,000/- population issued two schools and  At least 5 DWSM consultants in each  Guidelines issued in two panchayats 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 106 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Indicators to be Evaluated in each Evaluation Outputs Research Responsibility term Techniques district this regard by in 20  At least 2 BRCs at block level  Government of Bihar Panchayats of  Proportion of habitations established as  Circulation of these 1/3 of the self sustainable management unit Policies, selected districts  Proportion of habitations prioritized Government Orders of Bihar. based on Region and caste and Guidelines to  Devolution of power to ZP and GPs for; Districts and blocks  Creation of infrastructure  Maintenance of infrastructure  Collection of user charges  Proportion of VWSCs are actively participating  Proportion of VWSCs having One third women members  Proportion of VWSCs has involvement of Schools and Anganwadis in VWSC  Separation of Governance and Operations functions  Appointment of social mobilization Social mobilization agency agency is appointed  The agency has women members for social mobilization  Training of at least 5 VWSC members and training  Training of all women members of VWSC  Women groups considered for tariff Empowered women collection, maintenance, etc groups  Checking indicators at household level Status improvement  Proportion of household’s having toilet  % of rural households having water supply systems functional at the time of spot checks  % of rural piped water supply systems privately managed  % of rural population within 500 m of an improved water source  Number and nature of protected water Sources  Average frequency of water from domestic/ stand post connection  Average amount paid for water supply per month  Type of storage for water (specify)?  contamination observed in drinking water  proportion of Households using deflurode units/filters 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 107 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Indicators to be Evaluated in each Evaluation Outputs Research Responsibility term Techniques  proportion of Households have water quality testing facility  distance of nearest drinking water source that takes water from ground water (e.g. a hand pump or a well  Access to sanitation services Status improvement In schools and hygienic standards  % of schools with latrines as per standards  Proportion of schools having toilet  Proportion of schools having functional toilet  Proportion of schools having child friendly toilet  Availability of running water in the toilet  Proportion of schools having hand washing facility  Proportion of schools having drinking water facility  Proportion of schools having Information & Education material (visuals/painting) on water, sanitation & hygiene is displayed  Status of water & sanitation in Status improvement Anganwadis  Proportion of Anganwadi located in government building  Proportion of Anganwadi having toilet  Proportion of Anganwadi having functional toilet  Proportion of anganwadi having hand washing facility  Proportion of anganwadi having drinking water facility  Proportion of anganwadis having Information & Education material (visuals/painting) on water, sanitation & hygiene is displayed 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 108 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Appendices Appendix A. Sampling Plan and Data ____________________________________________________________ 110 Appendix B. Study Tools – Qualitative ___________________________________________________________ 111 Appendix C. Study Tools – Quantitative __________________________________________________________ 112 Appendix D. Contact List ______________________________________________________________________ 113 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 109 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Appendix A. Sampling Plan and Data 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 110 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Appendix B. Study Tools – Qualitative 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 111 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Appendix C. Study Tools – Quantitative 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 112 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential Appendix D. Contact List Purnia Sl. No. Name Designation Contact No. 1 Mr. Ranjeet Kumar Executive engineer 09939400797 2 Mr. Vipul Kumar Nandan Assistant engineer 09852981863 3 Mr. Abodh Kumar Junior engineer 09905476154 5 Mr. Mukesh Kumar Block coordinator 09431685846 6 Mr. Bechan Sharma Sarpanch 09631091674 7 Mr. Tanveer Ahmad Mukhiya 09431666837 Ansari 8 Mr. Mohd. Ali Ward commissioner 09431276396 9 Mr. Neelam Devi Corporator 08809679878 10 Mr. Shahbaz Alam Community Mobiliser (Jeevika) 09572609723 11 Mr. Jitendra Kumar C.C (Jeevika) 09771479241 Begusarai 1 Mr. Pranveer Singh Executive engineer 09431883769 2 Mr. Verma Assistant engineer 8092836700 3 Mr. Vijay Kumar Verma Junior engineer 09801796051 4 Mr. Mahmood Alam Block coordinator 09708831010 5 Mohd. Rashid Former Mukhiya 09934235021 6 Mohd. Javed Akhtar Voice chairman 09199838695 Banka 1 Mr. Sanjay Kumar Singh District Coordinator(TSC) 9430830658 2 Mr. Kapil Dev Thakur Mukhiya(Dara) 07739130496 3 Mr. Dilip Sharma Mukhiya(Domohon) 8292015982 4 Mr. Prit Bihar Jha Jan Sewa sangsthan(Secretary – Dara) 8051515393 Patna 1 Mr. D P Singh Superintendent Engineer 8292713266 2 Mr. M S Jawaid Director PMU 9835848933 3 Mr. Sanjay Singh Director CCDU 9430677320 4 Mr. Chiranjeev Kumar State Coordinator TSC 9304562306 5 Mr. S. N Mishra Director, NRDWP 9431645422 6 Ms. Lata Chaudhary State Consultant Water Quality 7 Mr. B. P. Ojha Director-water quality 8 Ms.Gloria Unicef Consultant, CCDU 9 Mr. Ajay Singh Executive Engineer, PHED 10 Mr. Dinesh Kumar Block coordinator, PHED 11 Dr. Sulekha Kumar BDO Maner Societies 1 Mr. Arvind Chaudhary CEO BRLPAS 9934014191 2 Mr. Apolernarius Purty Project Manager (Social Dev) BRLPS 9771478326 3 Mr. Prakash Kumar DFID Dy Team Leader -WATSAN 7250673142 4 Mr. Nanak T. Santdasani WASH Officer, UNICEF 5 Mr. Mamta Chauhan Consultant, UNICEF 6 Ms. Shubraja State Program Officer, Mahila Samakhya 7 Ms Urmila Mahila Samakhya 8 Ms. Sangita Dutta Mahila Samakhya GP level 9 Mr. Satru Paswan Mukhiya Pati (Bank) 983545614 10 Mrs. Ranju Devi Mukhiya (Bank) 11 Mr. Braj Bhusan Kumar 12 Md. Rafi Ward member (Bank) 9304431504 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 113 Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential 13 Mr. Ram Singh Community member (Bank) 14 Mr. Narendra Kumar Community member (Bank) 15 Mr. Munsi Paswan Community member (Bank) 16 Mr. Satish Singh Community member (Bank) 17 Mrs. Pratima Devi Mukhiya (Kitachauhator West) 18 Mr. Dilip Rai Social Worker (Kitachauhator West) 9304589339 19 Mr. Amodh Kumar Singh Ward member (Kitachauhator West) 20 Sri Upendra Singh Ward member (Kitachauhator West) 21 Sri Sunil Kumar Singh Ward member (Kitachauhator West) 22 Mr Naomi Paswan Member Panchayat Samiti Balua 7488446221 23 Mr Anilji Community member, Balua 7677062503 317983/MCB/ISA/00/0 18 February 2013 P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx 114