Volume II Indonesia: Telecenter Evaluation Report REPORT NO. 33503-ID Information and Communication Technologies for Rural Development Volume II: An Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia October 2005 The World Bank East Asia and Pacific Region Rural Development and Natural Resources Sector TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS.................................................................................................1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..........................................................................................3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.........................................................................................4 BACKGROUND, APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY...............................................................187 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY...................................................................................................187 METHODOLOGY.....................................................................................................................................20 Overall Approach.............................................................................................................................20 Desk Study......................................................................................................................................211 Data Collection..............................................................................................................................222 Key Informant Interviews..........................................................................................................................222 Primary Sample Data...................................................................................................................................22 Evaluation of Primary Sample Data............................................................................................................23 Secondary Sample .......................................................................................................................................30 Field Visits...................................................................................................................................................32 Data Management and Analysis......................................................................................................32 REPORTING ............................................................................................................................................33 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS..........................................................................................34 FOUR PROMISING INDONESIAN TELECENTER PROGRAMS: ...................................................................34 Findings and Recommendations Related to User Characteristics and Information Needs...........42 Findings and Recommendations Related to Operational Models and Scalability.........................53 Findings and Recommendations Related to Business Models and Sustainability .........................56 OTHER ICT INITIATIVES IN INDONESIA.................................................................................................61 Infrastructure and Access Initiatives...............................................................................................63 Content and Applications.................................................................................................................68 ANNEXES.................................................................................................................................................70 ANNEX 1 - DESK STUDY DOCUMENTS ..................................................................................................71 ANNEX 2 - KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEWS.............................................................................................74 ANNEX 3 - COPIES OF QUESTIONNAIRES...............................................................................................76 ANNEX 4 - SCHEDULE OF FIELD VISITS.................................................................................................86 ANNEX 5 - SUMMARIES OF SECONDARY SAMPLE PROGRAM DATA......................................................87 ANNEX 6 ­ SUMMARY OF USER SURVEY DATA..................................................................................130 BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................................................135 An Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Acronyms and Abbreviations ACACIA Communities and Information Society in Africa (IDRC) APWIKOMITEL Internet Kiosk Association BAPPENAS National Development Planning Agency CAP Community Access Points CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CRDI International Development Research Centre CTC Community Teleservice Center DIKMENJUR Directorate of Vocational Secondary Education DEPTAN Ministry of Agriculture FAO UN Food and Agriculture Organisation GDL Ganesha Digital Library Software GOI Government of Indonesia ICT Information and Communication Technology ICT4D ICT for Development ICT4PR ICT for Poverty Reduction IDLN / iDL Indonesian Digital Library Network IDRC International Development Research Centre IGOS Indonesia Go Open Source IICD International Institute for Communication and Development IP Internet Protocol ISP Internet Service Provider ITB Bandung Institute of Technology ITDG Intermediate Technology Development Group ITU International Telecommunications Union JRKI Indonesia Community Radio Network KDP The World Bank's Kecamatan Development Project MCIT Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (formerly Kominfo) KPI Indonesian Women's Coalition LAN Local Area Network LIPI The Indonesian Academy of Sciences MCT Multipurpose Community Telecenter NGO Nongovernmental Organization OSOL One School One Lab PAN Pan Asia Networking Program (IDRC) POP Internet Point of Presence PPP Public Sector-Private Sector Partnership PT Indonesian Limited Liability Corporation R&D Research and Development RP Rupiah, The Indonesian Currency SME Small and Medium Enterprises SMK Vocational Secondary School UNDP UN Development Program UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply October 2005 1 An Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia USAID US Agency for International Development USD VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol WAN Wide Area Network WSIS World Summit for the Information Society Vice-President: Jamil-ud-din-Kassum Country Director: Andrew D. Steer Sector Director: Mark D. Wilson Task Team Leader: Shobha Shetty October 2005 2 An Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report is the work of the World Bank's Rural Development and Natural Resources Sector Unit of the East Asia and Pacific Region. The core team responsible for the preparation of this report was led by Shobha Shetty (Sr. Economist, EASRD). The primary author of this report is Martin Crow (consultant). During the concept review of the main report (Volume I), one of the key recommendations was to conduct a more detailed assessment of telecenters in Indonesia to assess what types of business models and public-private partnerships would work in the Indonesian context. The World Bank gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Pan Asia Networking Program (PAN) of the Canadian International Development Research Centre (IDRC) in carrying out this assessment. Support of Ms. Maria Ng Lee Hoon of IDRC, Singapore is particularly acknowledged. This report will support the World Bank's rural ICT study as well as provide background information for future initiatives that IDRC may undertake in Indonesia. October 2005 3 An Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia EXECUTIVE SUMMARY MAIN FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Four Promising Indonesian Telecenter Programs: Based on results of the field visits, four programs with promising characteristics were identified. Of the five programs investigated, one - Balai Informasi Masyrakat or BIM, the pilot project sponsored by the Telecomms Industry Association MASTEL ­ was determined to be lacking in administrative and operational capacity and is not considered a viable option for scaling up. A brief description of the four programs follows. Telecenter Program Name: ICT CENTRE National Sponsor(s) Directorate of Vocational Secondary Education (Dikmenjur), Directorate General of Primary and Secondary Education, Ministry of National Education. Definition ICT Centre is one operational unit of Dikmenjur's technology program, which establishes computer training labs / public access facilities within vocational high schools (SMK). Objectives · To facilitate the educational community's understanding of ICT; · To empower educational institutions to effectively utilize information and communication technology for education and training purposes; · To serve as serve as a resource and information center for schools, the government bureaucracy, industry and the public. Targeted community Primary focus is on vocational high schools Number of Centers in 44 (end of 2004) Operation Other Information In addition to the ICT Centre program, the JIS (Jaringan Informasi Sekolah, or School Information Network) and WAN Kota (Urban Wide Area Network) programs are components of Dikmenjur's Technical Vocational Education & Training (TVET) program. The programs are intended to provide complimentary support for each other in implementation and development. JIS will act as a content vehicle providing education and training programs for access at the ICT Centres and WAN Kota will serve as infrastructure for connecting the ICT Center with its clients and to the Internet. Funding Method Dikmenjur provides block grants directly to schools to develop the ICT Centers. The ICT Center grant aid is provided as part of an SMK Quality Improvement Project in each province. Telecenter Program Name: WARINTEK Plus National Sponsor(s) The Ministry of Research and Technology (Ristek) Definition A program providing funding and content to regional institutions including libraries, universities, NGOs and local government units to establish Internet access and information centers. Objectives · To establish pilot projects in selected strategic areas to provide residents of those areas access to electronic and other forms of information on Science and Technology · To equip these pilot projects with the necessary equipment and telecommunication facilities and access to internet and intranet · To set up necessary arrangements with cooperating institutions and partners so that the projects will have required resources for effective, continued operations October 2005 4 An Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia · To prepare a business plan for the project, with the aim of gradually recovering the cost of the project and sustaining its operation Targeted community · Regional/public/university libraries · University students, students, lecturers, researchers · Professional associations · Information/documentation/administration units of local government · Information/documentation/administration units of national government, and non-departmental agencies · Special purpose Public/private institutions such as National Parks, Botanical Gardens, Zoos Number of Centers in 84 (eighty four) Warintek Plus Centers Operation Other Information The Warintek program develops and provides in CD format content for the general public on government, health and environment including water and sanitation, appropriate technology for latrines and waste management, appropriate energy technology including biogas and solar driers, Medicinal plants, traditional medicine and biodiversity, and nutrition, recipes and new ways of cooking. Warintek also provides content for a range of subjects varying from creating and maintaining computerized databases to organizing special purpose communities and organizations and creating a supportive group dynamic. A special educational component of the program focuses on adult literacy, skill upgrading and certification, and general self or group learning and improvement. PDII/LIPI is the government agency responsible for providing content and information services, and for promoting resource sharing and cooperation to improve the quality and relevance of information products and services Funding Method (s) National Budget Telecenter Program Name: CTLC (Community Training and Learning Center) National Sponsor(s) Microsoft Indonesia and various national NGOs Definition CTLC is an activity of "Unlimited Potential (UP)" - Microsoft's global philanthropic initiative focused on providing lifelong learning opportunity for disadvantaged youths and adults by helping them develop basic technology skills. Objectives · To help people expand their access to information, improve productivity, enhance quality of life, and enrich culture and tradition by enhancing communication and interaction. · To provide both access to technology as well as the skills needed to transform technology into tools for change. Targeted community The CTLC program is targeted for youths and adults in general, farmers, SMEs, women, and the visually impaired Number of Centers in 24 (twenty-four) Operation Other Information In 2003, In cooperation with KPI (Women's Coalition for Justice and Democracy), 5 CTLCs were built in Bengkulu, Jambi, Padang Pariaman, Sukabumi, and Mataram At the same time, 3 SME-oriented CTLCs in cooperation with FORDA and The Asia Foundation were established in Medan, Pontianak, and Surabaya In 2004, 5 CTLCs for the visually impaired were built in Jakarta, Bandung, Medan, and Makassar CTLCs related to agriculture are located in Bojonegoro, Bali, Parapat, Aceh Utara, Matangkuli, Tanah Luas, and Syamtalira Aron Type of community Farmer communities, youth and adults, women's association, SME, visually impaired Funding Method (s) A Microsoft grant is the program's primary source. Funding and other kinds of assistance are also provided by local/national NGO October 2005 5 An Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia partner(s). Telecenter Program Name: Partnership for e-Prosperity for the Poor (Pe-PP) National Sponsor(s) United Nations Development Program (UNDP) & the National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) Definition Poverty reduction program focusing on use of information and communication technology Objectives · To empower and mobilize poor communities for economic activities and accessing social services through better access to information and communication · To forge strategic partnerships and bring individual efforts together for the benefit of the poor communities · To establish multi-purpose community development telecenters to provide shared access to information and communication to poor communities, and serve as a channel through which partners can provide services and opportunities · To draw on and disseminate best practices and lessons learned from the pilot projects in order to raise awareness of the applicability and potential of ICT for poverty reduction, thus contributing to the formulation of national/regional policy and replication of successful implementation of ICT for poverty/reduction activities Targeted community Rural Poor Number of Centers in 1 + 2 in preparation. Operation Other Information The first operational telecenter is located in Desa Pabelan, Kecamatan Mungkid, Kabupaten Magelang, Central Java. The other four will be located in East Java and Sulawesi. Two telecenters in East Java will be established by April 2005 in Desa Kertosari, Kecamatan Pasrujambe, Kabupaten Lumajang and Desa Muneng, Kecamatan Pilang Kenceng, Kabupaten Madiun. Funding Method (s) A UNDP grant is the program's primary funding source. Pe-PP sponsors are also seeking collaboration with partners who could conduct training/activities in the telecenters and/or provide content as well as funding assistance. Findings and Recommendations Related to User Characteristics and Information Needs Current Availability of Content in the Secondary Sample Programs Although all of the programs' national sponsors claimed that content provision was a focus of their program, the fact on the ground is that none of the telecenter programs except Warintek are content focused ­ they are primarily about training, secondarily about access ­ though both CTLC and PePP have plans in place to focus on content in future. Warintek is the best existing content for telecenters program, and staffs at Ristek are committed and knowledgeable in approaching issues such as gender. They are probably the best GOI partner to act as an implementing agency in coordinating content development for telecenters. A Potential Content Network for Telecenters October 2005 6 An Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Indonesia's one truly shining example of a community driven, "bottom-up" ICT initiative1 ­ the Indonesian Digital Library Network, or IDLN ­ was established by a committed group of volunteers at the Institute of Technology Bandung (ITB) led by Ismael Fahmi. 2 The iDL as it is now known has emerged as Indonesia's most important facility for the exchange of research results and scholarly work. The history of the iDL points to the existence of a devoted community of researchers and developers who have the experience and the tools to aggregate and deliver digital content nationwide. To date their work has focused on content needed by researchers and Indonesia's higher education community, rather than the types of content needed by individuals in rural areas with a low level of education. That situation, however, is changing. The team led by Ismail Fahmi is currently working on developing a number of additional digital libraries which will become members of iDL. The libraries under development will serve a host of non-academic institutions such as non-governmental organizations specializing in human rights and heritage issues, farmers' cooperatives, and small and medium size industries. These specialized libraries will also have access to the other libraries participating in the network. This means that a user of an environmental library will be able to search and obtain information from the human rights digital library, and vice versa. With support in the form of linkages to info-mobilizers working in rural communities who can both provide locally developed content and identify local information needs and priorities to guide researchers, the iDL has the potential to grow into a content resource which could effectively serve not only the academic community, but the wider ICT4D community as well. The iDL network is technically sound and could be scaled up simply by procuring greater bandwidth, and additional servers/memory as necessary. The GDL software engine supports audio and video files, so content tailored for illiterate or semi-literate populations could be packaged and delivered via the network. The current user interface however would need a significant reworking, as it has a low usability factor and is generally inappropriate as an interface for non-academic users. The Potential of the Library System - Local Content Generation The iDL project team has also begun working with librarians, primarily those attached to higher education but also including public librarians, to evolve a business model for sustaining participating members. This is an important development, because if given sufficient support it provides an opportunity to transform Indonesia's vast system of woefully under-funded public libraries, through the subscription and information packaging "infopreneurship" of local librarians. 1"When East Meets West in ICT4D." Onno W Purbo, IDRC, 2004 2 "The Indonesian Digital Library Network Is Born to Struggle with the Digital Divide." Fahmi, Ismail, in the Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science and Technology Vol. 28, No. 4, April / May 2002. October 2005 7 An Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia One of the goals of this study was to investigate the potential of the national library system to take part in any future telecenter programs. During the course of its work the research team gathered information on the public library system and visited public libraries in Kotaraja, Papua and Tasikmalaya, West Java, and the Badan Pengelola Perpustakaan Daerah, or Regional Library Management Board in Bandung, West Java. Our general findings confirm that public libraries are under funded and underutilized. Their suitability as potential locations of telecenters varies widely by location, condition of the buildings and other factors. Although the staffs responsible for running the National Library in Jakarta are ICT knowledgeable, the library administrative system from the national to the local level is weak, and the ICT knowledge of librarians in rural areas is low. These factors, along with the institutional culture differences that would need to be overcome in order to successfully establish community telecenters in local libraries,3 renders the potential choice of a library as the site of a telecenter a purely case-by- case exercise which can only be effectively undertaken at the local level. The human resources of the library system, however, are grossly underutilized and could provide a very valuable function in rural ICT4D initiatives in the role of infomediaries and info-mobilizers, if technology and training were made available to them. Support from the donor community to encourage the collaboration mentioned by Ismail Fahmi above could be used to link librarians at the local level to the iDL network, train them in infomediation and technical skills, develop linkages between librarians and farmers associations or women SME owners, for example, and perhaps eventually provide them with the means to at least partially self-fund the local library system. Recommendations 1. In future telecenter projects, localized content development programs should be undertaken with support from information mobilization specialists, as the ability to determine content needs (as opposed to skills training) is limited at the local level. This area needs further study by area experts as many of the researcher team's findings were counterintuitive. For example, when farm groups were queried as to the usefulness of up-to-date market price information, most indicated that this would be of little use, and preferred access to an "introduction" service to buyers whom they could trust, because without the personal relationship with the buyer, crop prices based on statistical averages were perceived to be of little use. 2. Due to the high cost, low speed nature of Internet availability at the village level, content development programs should focus primarily on aggregating content which can be provided either on CDROM or, for more temporal data, via a scheduled download and then shared over a LAN, to minimize Internet access costs. 3"A Library Is NOT a Telecenter!" Rich Fuchs, IDRC, presentation delivered at IFLA AGM-Buenos Aires August 24, 2004 October 2005 8 An Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia 3. The infrastructure necessary to aggregate and share locally developed content already exists in the form of the Indonesian Digital Library Network. This initiative provides a strong starting point for developing a nationwide information system which could serve the needs of rural development. 4. Local librarians should be trained as info-mediaries, and to provide a support function to info-mobilizers in the field. Investigating and testing business models that would allow infopreneurship on the part of local librarians should be undertaken. 5. Information channels should be developed between local libraries, target user groups and civil society organizations such as farmers associations. This process could most effectively be undertaken through linkage with the World Bank's Kecamatan Development Project, which has hundreds of field facilitators in place in rural communities throughout Indonesia. Already knowledgeable about local conditions, with a minimum of training KDP field facilitators could survey and conduct a preliminary community information needs assessment as an initial step in prioritizing and planning a rural content program, and provide a liaison function between local groups and libraries. Findings and Recommendations Related to Operational Models and Scalability All of the programs studied suffer from varying degrees of weak coordination between the national and the local levels. In general, the research revealed a wide gap between the vision and mission of programs as articulated by national sponsors and the reality of program delivery at the local level. Scheduling of field visits was difficult, as in more than one case centres which national sponsors recommended visiting were in fact nonfunctioning. The most glaring example was Mastel's much promoted BIM program, which has received a great deal of media coverage and government attention (in Jakarta). The field visit revealed that the centre has in fact been non-operational for over 6 months. Although the most widely recognized of the programs studied, BIM was also the weakest in practice at the local level, with no operational structure in place to permit scaling up. . Programs which feature management by local NGOs (PePP and CTLC) are relatively more inclusive and gender balanced than government programs. They appear to encourage greater volunteer participation and an atmosphere of community ownership. However, because of their single purpose nature and remoteness from their sole source of grant funding in Jakarta, they are also more prone to operational breakdown due to lack of funding, spare parts, and human resources. As an example, when the study team visited the Microsoft CTLC centre in Lombok operated by the local branch of the Indonesian Women's Coalition (KPI), the centre had not offered Internet access (previously a money earner) for the past two months because the modem had broken down and the monthly (utilities) subsidy provided by Microsoft was insufficient to allow them to procure a replacement. The Dikmenjur program benefits greatly from close association with a credible and active institution (vocational high schools) at the local level. Support by school administration and the local government in the form of supplemental budgets, and October 2005 9 An Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia human resources support from teachers and the parent community makes these programs more resilient and less prone to disruption due to isolation. Both the Microsoft CTLC and UNDP/Bappenas PePP programs offer potential models, with some modification (including a focus on entrepreneurship and meeting community needs for services beyond computer skills training) for providing access and training at the village level. Both rightly put significant effort into identifying viable local NGO partners during the program preparation phase, and their focus on computer skills based training provides a clear mission for the centres. The Ministry of Research and Technology's Warintek program is much stronger as a content provision program than as a support system for rural access centers. Warintek deserves support to further develop its content aggregation and distribution processes. Dikmenjur's ICT Centre and WAN-Kota programs offer, with PPP enhancement, a potential model for providing infrastructure, access, and training at the district capital level. Communication of goals between the national and local levels was most effective in the Dikmenjur program, and coordination and support mechanisms were understood at the local level, if not always utilized. Recommendations 1. Telecenters in Indonesia are almost exclusively funded by government or international aid agencies and are managed by local NGOs or government agencies. The private sector is usually only asked to sponsor equipment (e.g. Microsoft's CTLC); it is not offered any other possibility for attractive involvement. There is a distinct need for exploring new, private sector driven models of telecenter management and financing. 2. Centrally administered grant programs based in Jakarta are cumbersome, require a great deal of administrative overhead, are potentially prone to corruption and abuse, and are inflexible in responding to local needs. Locally driven programs (with appropriate safeguards including contracted private sector management vetted by the World Bank or other program sponsor, and a transparent local ownership structure) would more accurately respond to needs and demand at the local level, and program design should take this into account. 3. Because Village level initiatives are prone to failure without support from a regional, i.e. district level, facility (as noted, waiting for a replacement modem or a technician to arrive from Jakarta may well cause local programs to grind to a halt) provision for local or regional support should be a key focus in any future telecenter program development. 4. The effort to build viable rural information systems in Indonesia should begin with the establishment of MTCs/support centres at the Ibu Kota Kabupaten level, and then extend to the village level via a "hub and spoke" structure. This could effectively be accomplished by marrying access centre development to the deployment of community owned wireless networks. Dikmenjur's existing program incorporates both of these functions (as well as community radio) and October 2005 10 An Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia with private sector management could provide an effective vehicle for delivering both community-wide infrastructure and access services. 5. The Government of Indonesia should create a favorable policy and regulation environment to encourage the private sector to reach beyond urban areas, through a mix of obligations and incentives that offer private sector players an attractive investment opportunity. 6. Financing mechanisms for rural community telecenters in Indonesia should include: · USO Funds: As is common practice in other developing nations, GOI should ensure access and services for rural areas by setting aside a percentage of its USO tax proceeds to provide "smart subsidies" to help offset the large start-up costs for commercial telecenters in rural areas, and to subsidize telecenters on an ongoing basis in areas that are too small for commercial viability. · Seed Finance: To encourage local organizations to take initiative, the World Bank, ADB and other international development banks should prime the pump with a mixed system of: a. Micro-loans for local franchisees, entrepreneurs or Wartel operators wishing to purchase computer equipment and other advanced ICT equipment to establish small privately owned and operated telecenters. b. Seed finance for qualifying national or regional private sector players wishing to establish or extend a larger-scale telecenter operation into rural areas. · Services Support: International development agencies such as IDRC, large NGOs or Corporate philanthropy programs aligning themselves with a national telecenter operation could sponsor services and applications that are not self-supporting (such as content programs for marginalized groups and the poor), while the profitable services are commercially run and managed. · Facilities Contracting: Local governments should improve the viability of telecenters by involving them in educational outreach, rural development, public governance and health programs. Contracting the telecenter to provide certain public services brings these agencies cost-efficiency gains while at the same time providing the centre with additional revenue. 7. Because the success and scalability of telecenters is partly dependent on whether they are made up of large networks and represent economies of scale, and a franchise style management carries the advantage of providing quality standards and support such as a startup package, an operating manual, recruitment and training guidelines, this operational model should be prioritized for support. 8. Because there is both a long history and legal basis in Indonesia for public sector involvement in business, the current regional autonomy environment has presented opportunities for innovative local businesses and schools and regional government entities to partner in providing rural infrastructure and October 2005 11 An Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia ICT services development, while creating sustainable sources of local funding. This ownership structure should be prioritized for support. 9. Because Indonesia does not have a strong record to date in executing large scale public-private partnerships (particularly if they involve state owned companies and foreign multinational partners - the failed, extensively litigated joint operation, or "KSO" scheme pairing the state telecommunications company PT Telkom with foreign partners is but one example),4 priority should be given to PPP initiatives featuring smaller companies with a proven record of working in rural communities. A variety of models should be tested, and extreme care should be taken before embarking on any large scale, output based aid (OBA) type initiatives, particularly if they pair state companies with multinational partners. Findings and Recommendations Related to Business Models and Sustainability While the telecenters studied vary in many aspects, one common characteristic is that they are all initiated by government or donor agencies (or in the case of Microsoft's CTLC, corporate philanthropy) and run by local NGOs or government offices. This mode of ownership is naturally reflected in the business model -- and accounts for some of the problems accruing from it. The objectives of the stakeholders responsible for operating the telecenters are to foster and facilitate specific development activities, not to make a profit. As a result, the local NGO owners or managers are not particularly driven to make a commercial success of their centres, nor are they often entrepreneurial or skilled in generating business and revenue. As a consequence there are common problems with: · Market analysis and business planning -- Demand studies and business plans carried out before the establishment of telecenters are weak or nonexistent. · Pricing and Competition -- Pricing strategies and guidelines are lacking, and where fees are charged, the prices do not reflect the cost of providing the services. Where there is existing infrastructure, local Warnet owners provide Internet access and other services and compete with the telecenters. The telecenters, by providing subsidized services, distort the market for emerging local entrepreneurs. · Human resources -- most telecenter managers and staff are not appropriately compensated for their work. As well, the centres typically rely heavily on volunteers. Both factors lead to difficulties in retaining skilled staff. · Training -- Managers and staff are mostly untrained in advanced operations, financial management and customer service. Both the CTLC and Pe-PP projects are fully grant funded, and neither have firm plans in place for financial sustainability beyond the end of the grant period (perhaps the most common characteristic of all past and present telecenter projects in Indonesia). Sustainability planning observed by the study team ranged from a national/local sponsor strategy session (UNDP/Bappenas and the Pabelan Pondok Pesantren), to centre operators contributing a percentage of their monthly transport subsidy to a fund intended to keep the centre open a few more months beyond the end of grant funding 4"Threats, Jokes and a $1-billion Dispute." Simon Montlake, Asiaweek, 31 January 2001 October 2005 12 An Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia (the KPI run CTLC in Lombok). Aside from Warintek, which has a built-in University student market, the others who charge for their services do so at less than full cost. All of the telecenters except e- Pabelan are located in rural markets of sufficient size and purchasing power to be commercially viable in the medium - to long-term. The e-Pabelan telecenter was the only true village level project observed, and as would be expected, the market in this location presents significant challenges. It is likely that the e-Pabelan center (and by extension other village level projects based on the Pe-PP model) could partially offset costs and perhaps eventually break even. It seems certain that they would require significant public/donor financial support for a period of 3-5 years, at minimum. This is not meant to imply that village level telecenters funded by government or aid agencies and managed by NGOs are not deserving of support. Although struggling with issues of self-sustainability, the Pe-PP telecenter in Pabelan is creating awareness, incubating ideas, and generating valuable lessons on how to approach ICT4PR activities in rural communities. Moreover, if financial sustainability becomes a requirement for these centres it may well cause operators to focus on attracting only those who can afford commercial services, perpetuating existing economic disparities, undermining the ICT4PR mission of the programs, and calling into doubt the social sustainability of the centres. But a top priority for planners of future telecenters in rural population centres should be entrepreneurial involvement from day one as opposed to belated concern over how to pay the bills when the grant is about to run out, or they will not provide the model for large-scale replication that is needed for widespread socio-economic development in Indonesia, where government funds are limited. Only economically successful models are likely to replicate themselves in larger numbers and spread the benefits beyond single locations. In short, the telecenters studied, except for Warintek, are uniformly supply-driven rather than demand-driven because of their ownership structure and operating model. Currently, only Warintek features significant entrepreneurial or private sector involvement (although in practice this usually amounts to little more than a government subsidy to institutionally-based Warnets to purchase extra computers). The national sponsors of the ICT Centre (Dikmenjur) program are supportive of commercial service delivery to the local community, but this would require direct private sector involvement as school faculties have full time jobs which leave little or no time for running a telecenter. There are also issues of security of facilities and rapid depreciation of school-owned equipment which must be accounted for were the ICT Centres to be commercialized. The ICT Centre in Kalimalang, Jakarta was the only one observed which was currently providing commercial services, and it is located in an urban area, with a cadre of highly skilled volunteers. In the other ICT Centre locations, without private sector involvement the availability of local human resources presents a severe challenge to successful operations of what is a very ambitious and technically challenging undertaking (wireless ISP services, data center, and MCT, not to mention radio broadcasting). October 2005 13 An Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Of the programs which charge fees for services, training in computer skills (primarily use of Microsoft Office) is most in demand. This was true for all centres except the Warintek, located at a university where a sizable student body created demand for Internet access. The high cost relative to income and poor quality of dial up Internet service via Telkomnet Instan in rural areas severely limits Internet access demand. Lack of local language content and lack of awareness of and facilitation in the use of Internet content and services (such as VoIP) are also factors in low Internet access demand. Users generally indicated a desire for aggregated and localized content, but in the absence of compelling examples were noncommittal as to whether they would be willing to pay for it. At the Warintek centre located at Siliwangi University in Tasikmalaya (the other Warintek centre visited was nonfunctioning) demand for Warintek content was negligible, and the centre functioned primarily as a Warnet. None of the centres surveyed took advantage of potential income from other high demand services, such as editing and printing cell phone photos. GSM network coverage was available in even the most rural centres visited, and cell phones were ubiquitous. The operator of the Garis Tepi farmers' association CTLC ran a side business selling pulsa refill vouchers and cell phone accessories from the centre building, but had never considered printing cell phone photos or selling ringtone downloads to create income for the centre, and expressed doubt as to whether this would be "allowed" by Microsoft. In fact, Microsoft and Yayasan Mitra Mandiri have no objection to these types of activities as long as they don't detract from the CTLC training mission, but local operator understanding of options for revenue generation was very limited in all of the remote, rural centres visited, and local operators generally displayed a hesitant and inordinately deferential reserve in undertaking any initiatives not expressly sanctioned by the national grant giver. Recommendations 1. Private sector management of publicly owned facilities should be a cornerstone of any future telecenter program, to provide the greatest chance of financial sustainability and to encourage a wider user base - beyond members of just one local NGO/organization. At both the district and village level, entrepreneurship should be encouraged, and the aim should be to create "Integrated Technology Service Centres" with multiple low overhead revenue streams, including: · Non-Internet Revenue Drivers: Training LAN Gaming Computer Rental, Scanning, Printing Cell phone Digital Photo editing and printing, and ringtone downloads · Low Bandwidth Internet Revenue Drivers: VoIP (Skype or other service Micropackaging) October 2005 14 An Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Information and eMail `dump" (scheduled download) services Internet Access (surfing and chatting) 2. Simple Internet (Warnet) services can be delivered commercially without major outside investments, if the basic telecommunications access infrastructure exists. Telecenters should not compete with, or be planned in such a way as to reduce the viability of existing Warnets run by local entrepreneurs. Subsidized, below market prices should be made available only to targeted groups who do not have the ability to pay for services. 3. To promote development of a wide user base and thereby a greater likelihood of financial sustainability, a mechanism for providing support for local public and civil sector organizations to associate and pool resources should be established. Existing programs tend to rely on just one local partner organization/operator, limiting the user base and overall impact of the program. There is no reason why a farmer's association and a women's microcredit organization and a local government Health service office (Dinas Kesehatan), for example, could not all jointly sponsor a telecenter. 4. Similarly, to create synergies, pool human resources and spread financial burdens, national level sponsors should be encouraged to join forces wherever practical. To an outside observer, there is no apparent reason why Microsoft's CTLC program and the Pe-PP program could not join together for mutual benefit. If Microsoft were to fund the training aspect of the Pe-PP program, it would still achieve benefits in terms of market fertilization, branding and public image, while freeing UNDP/Bappenas to focus on specific ICT4PR measures. The biggest hurdle to this kind of cooperation is likely the institutional cultures of the sponsors. A mechanism for overcoming reluctance and shepherding this cooperation should be established. 5. Village level telecenters, i.e. at the Kecamatan level, should be designed to expand and grow only if and when demand and affordability allow. Local entrepreneurs should be enlisted to sense where good opportunities exist and help maximize both the scale and viability of a village telecenters. 6. Telecenters in larger rural population centers, i.e. at the Ibu Kota Kabupaten level, should be planned and run on a commercial basis, and preference should be given to telecenter solutions that have a franchise element and can establish a network of telecenters. 7. Commercial telecenters should be set up to deliver wireless ISP services (the Cabinas System in Peru provides an excellent model) to schools, government offices, and Warnets. The average Ibu Kota (District Capital) has between 20- 30 Dinas offices, 10-15 secondary/tertiary schools, and other public institutions including at least one hospital ­ in other words a viable client base. This would break the high cost / poor quality service stranglehold of Telkomnet Instan in rural areas and greatly speed the diffusion of ICTs. The Dikmenjur program is well positioned to serve as a public sector stakeholder under this model. October 2005 15 An Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Other ICT Initiatives in Indonesia As is common in other developing nations, the Indonesian Government is concerned by the opportunity cost of investments in ICTs, since there are limited financial resources, time and attention available. Investing these in ICT would deny such investments in other development areas such as provision of clean water, sanitation, health and shelter. Accordingly, all publicly funded ICT projects in Indonesia will be evaluated for appropriateness based on a set of guidelines set out in Indonesia's WSIS e-Strategy, which stipulate that innovative, vertical projects or those involving the extension of ICT infrastructure to rural areas will prioritize private-sector partnership, while GOI will focus its own investment (either internally through APBN and APBD funds, or through debt incurring external financing) on ICT projects which involve strategic national information, improved government functioning, or which develop national information infrastructure for delivering mission critical services.5 Given the Indonesian Government's stated priority in reserving government revenues to fund e-Government projects, leadership in developing innovative rural ICT4D initiatives over the coming decade will generally lie with the private sector and civil society. National Government input is most likely to come in the form of coordination and facilitation amongst stakeholders, as is indicated in two of the initiatives outlined: Community Access Points (CAP) and One School One Lab (OSOL). If the Government does indeed facilitate linkages between initiatives operating at the local level and is proactive in creating an environment which encourages rural ICT development, it may well serve to encourage the kind of "bottom-up" development that many in the Indonesian ICT community believe is possible but has to this point shown little evidence of success. Over the past decade in Indonesia, a great many innovative, locally driven ICT initiatives have appeared, withered, and finally died a quiet death. There are a host of reasons for this ­ lack of adequate financing and little or no planning for financial sustainability, regulatory impediments, etc. ­ but two causes in particular stand out: · Initiatives tend to operate in isolation from each other, even when there are obvious complementary aspects to the programs, and there is no party at the national or regional level providing facilitation and support for establishing mutually beneficial linkages. · Both National Government and to a slightly lesser extent the Donor Community have perpetuated a "top-down," project-oriented environment which devalues or ignores local initiative, and prioritizes hierarchical, "expert" driven interventions. Encouraging local initiatives and facilitating linkages and synergy among them is a top priority. Hopefully, the Government (primarily through the Ministry of 5"Indonesia's e-Strategy." The Government of Indonesia, 2005 October 2005 16 An Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Communications and Information Technology) and the donor community will indeed play supportive roles in this process. The programs described in the final section of the report are primarily Private Sector or Community driven. In choosing which of the many ongoing ICT initiatives to report on, priority was given to those which, in the opinion of the consultant, have the greatest potential for synergy with locally driven ICT4D initiatives, including telecenters. October 2005 17 An Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia BACKGROUND, APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY Introduction The challenges facing the development of rural ICT in Indonesia ­ private sector neglect of rural areas, weak or non-existent rural connectivity infrastructure and low human resource capacity ­ are currently being documented and analyzed as part of a World Bank sponsored study intended to provide solid contextual information upon which base interventions utilizing ICT to enhance socio-economic development. Results from the World Bank study will directly inform the design of projects under preparation. During the Concept Review period prior to the commencement of the study mission, one of the key recommendations was to conduct a more detailed assessment of telecenters in Indonesia to assess what types of business models and public-private partnerships would work in the Indonesian context. The Pan Asia Networking Program (PAN) of the Canadian International Development Research Centre (IDRC) subsequently offered to provide support for the Telecenters Scoping and Evaluation Study in Indonesia, to provide background information for future initiatives that IDRC may undertake in Indonesia. The core audience for this study is the IDRC, the World Bank and the Ministry of Communication and Informatics. Other important stakeholders include the National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas), Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Women's Empowerment, Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry of Transportation, and other interested donors, research institutes, the private sector and NGOs. Purpose and Scope of the Study Despite Indonesia's size and problems of geography and rural poverty, very few scaleable CTC/MTC programs exist of the type that have burgeoned over the past decade in rural areas of other South and Southeast Asian countries facing similar hurdles.6 The roles of rural Internet kiosks which function as a communications hub, a virtual academy/training center, and offer content and support services, etc., have proven crucial to the success of these initiatives. Why has this not been the case in Indonesia? This study aims to answer this question by documenting past and present telecenter projects in Indonesia and assessing key success and failure factors, in order to develop recommendations to support effective design of programs aimed at providing community access ICT facilities and services in rural areas. Specifically, the study was designed to: (1) investigate and inform about the current status of significant ICT initiatives/ programs/projects (including telecenters) of the Government, non- 6"Little Engines that Did: Case Histories from the Global Telecenter Movement." Fuchs, Richard P. IDRC 2003. October 2005 18 An Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia government, and civil society and donor agencies in Indonesia, particularly those that are targeted at rural beneficiaries. (2) research, analyze and document the extent and causes of effectiveness or non- effectiveness of these initiatives/programs/projects focusing on operational models, business models, and sustainability and scaling up issues. The definition of so-called telecenters varies considerably. In its simplest form the Telecenter is limited to providing public telephone, fax and/or Internet services. In Indonesia, these micro enterprises are called Wartel (Warung Telepon) and Warnet (Warung Internet), and are run for example on a family telephone connection in a spare room of a house, or in a pair of portable booths by the roadside. There are over 200,000 Wartels and Recent data on cyber cafes, or Warnets: 2500 Warnets7 in Indonesia and their · Survey of Internet Kiosks in 5 Principal Cities, user demographics, usage patterns USAID/PEG and the Ministry of Communications and Information, 2003. and business models have been well · Information Dissemination In A Developing documented (see insert). The Society: Internet Café Users In Indonesia, geographic distribution of Wartels Furuholt, Kristiansen, and Wahid, The Electronic and Warnets closely reflects the Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, January 11, 2005 distribution of fixed line telephone · The industry association APWIKOMITEL provides infrastructure, with the vast majority a Warnet Direktori on their website at of Warnets, in particular, located in www.apwikomitel.or.id. Established in December 2003 with support from the ASEAN Foundation, the urban areas while rural areas, website also has start-up tools and information on particularly in Eastern Indonesia, related regulatory and technology issues. remain un-served or under-served. At the other end of the complexity scale, Community Teleservice Centres and Multipurpose Teleservice Centres (CTC and MCT, respectively), provide not only telephone and/or Internet access, but may, equipped with printers, photocopier, etc., provide: services for local small business and "tele-workers"; access via the Internet (or to Web content regularly downloaded to a LAN to lessen Internet costs) to electronic libraries and government or community information databases, market and price information, etc.; access to closed user group data and voice networks; facilities and equipment for tele-education and telemedicine; (shared) office space for local small business; and equipment and training for local production and reception of radio and TV broadcasting programs. In Indonesia, facilities of this kind currently exist only to serve the corporate market in Jakarta and a handful of other major cities, are high-priced by global standards, and assume a level of technological sophistication on the part of users. Models of learning and innovation assume a pivotal role for information transmission and exchange, and stress that information without context is so much useless noise - with the implication that public access centres are unlikely to succeed in promoting learning and innovation in pursuit of development in rural communities - where most needed - unless implementers give due attention to the types, sources, and quality of information and the relevant applications, such as health care and education, which 7Kretek Internet: Indonesia Case Study, ITU, 2004 October 2005 19 An Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia users need. Experience suggests that if public access centers are seen simply as technology providers, rather than as social and cultural community centres, they will have limited impact on development.8 As the study's "scope" or dimensions of the evaluation are based on the objective of identifying requirements for effectively reaching out to rural and remote areas; and as the researchers hypothesize that the "Multipurpose" and "Community" aspects of telecenters are an important component of sustainability in a shared information and communication facility in rural and isolated areas; the sample was structured to exclude the already well documented Wartels and Warnets - and focused on programs both national and local that provide more in terms of content and user support than simply commercial telephone and Internet access. The study was carried out under a consultancy financed by the Canadian International Development Research Centre (IDRC). Methodology Overall Approach The Terms of Reference required this study to report on the current status of significant rural ICT initiatives (including telecenters) of the Government, non- government, and civil society and donor agencies in Indonesia, and analyse and document the extent and causes of effectiveness or non-effectiveness of these initiatives focusing on operational models, business models, and sustainability and scaling up issues. The research was developed through: i. a review of documents including national sponsor project descriptions and promotional materials, design documents, monitoring documents, technical reports, and media articles ii. interviews with CTC project leaders at the national level iii. interviews with CTC operators, staff and users at the local level iv. interviews with project leaders and others involved with non-CTC related rural ICT initiatives in Indonesia, and v. interviews with government officials involved in policy formulation that impacts rural ICT development. The consultant adapted for this study instruments developed by IDRC for use in the ACACIA project,9 and research findings were crosschecked with stakeholders to validate the research results. As the first stage in creating a stratified sample the consultant identified and determined the status of all past and present CTC programs in Indonesia via desk review and key-informant interviews; then a judgment sample was employed in 8"Assessing Community Telecenters, Guidelines for Researchers." Anne Whyte, IDRC, 2000 9 "Telecenter Research Frameworks for Acacia." Whyte, Anne. IDRC, 2003. October 2005 20 An Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia selecting programs for more in-depth study, which included selected field visits and interviews with administration, staff and community user groups who utilize the center, naturalistic or realistic observations, document analysis, and photo documentation. The data obtained was compared against international best practice criteria garnered from successful CTC projects, including IDRC's ACACIA program and the Pondicherry telecenters of IDRC's PAN program.10 Special aspects of the Indonesian context were noted and possible success and failure factors identified. Key issues related to local language content knowledge generation were highlighted, particularly where they relate to the information needs of women and agricultural communities. Following the assessment model developed for ACACIA, the study addressed four major issues and corresponding specific questions namely: · Access · Relevance (utility and usefulness) of services and the suitability of content and applications to target community needs · Ownership, management, and sustainability · Technological, social, economic, and political environments. The following research questions formed the basis of the investigations: · What is the nature of access to ICTs within the telecenters? · How relevant (i.e., useful and appropriate) are the services, content and applications offered or available at the telecenters to target community members and how well do they (services, content and applications) meet user needs? · What are the ownership and management models and how have they contributed to the sustainability of the telecenters? · What is the nature of the social, economic, political, and technological context within which the telecenters operate? Based upon results of the investigation, the consultant has made recommendations to guide the World Bank in identifying policies, technology and investments needed to improve aid interventions for socio-economic development in rural Indonesia, and to assist IDRC in assessing future telecenter program support decisions in Indonesia. Desk Study In the study's first stage a series of relevant documents was reviewed, including program descriptions and promotional materials, progress reports, and general literature related to CTC programs and other ICT for development projects in Indonesia. Documents were collected from various stakeholders and in particular from the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (MCIT, formerly Kominfo). The desk study provided background information to help delineate the 10 "Work in Progress -- Rural Pondicherry's Wireless Internet." Keane J. Shore, IDRC, 2003 October 2005 21 An Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia project context and the scope of activities. It focused the interviews and assisted with the triangulation of information from other sources. A complete list of the desk study documents is attached as Annex 1. Data Collection Key Informant Interviews The main data collection instrument used for the study was semi-structured, in-depth individual interviews conducted with stakeholders from CTC programs as well as from the wider ICT community in Indonesia. The team interviewed national program sponsors, individuals in government, the donor community, and industry associations with direct knowledge of past and present CTC programs. Key informants from CTC programs were identified from project documentation and verified through direct contact with program offices. The team solicited the advice of the relevant officials at the Ministry of Communications and Informatics, the World Bank, and UNDP. Snowball sampling was used to identify other notable ICT initiatives for description in the study. A total of 19 key informants were interviewed in Jakarta and other locations. The interviews usually lasted between 60-90 minutes. A list of the key informants interviewed is attached as Annex 2. Several questionnaires (adapted from tools developed by IDRC as mentioned above), guided the semi-structured interviews with different stakeholder groups. English language copies of the questionnaires are appended as Annex 3 (questionnaires were translated and administered in Bahasa Indonesia). These were used as guidelines only, and in most cases the conversation was allowed to flow freely depending on the person's involvement in the project. Additional and follow-up interviews were conducted by telephone and email in some cases where information obtained during field visits was at variance with that obtained from national sponsor informants. Primary Sample Data Information gained from the desk study phase and the first round of key informant interviews led to the identification of 15 past and present telecenter programs, which constituted the study's primary sample (outlined in the text box on below). October 2005 22 An Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia 1. Balai Informasi Masyarakat (BIM) Indonesian Infocom Society (MASTEL) 2. Business Information Centre (BIC) - Chamber of Commerce (KADIN) 3. Community Access Point (CAP) ­ Ministry of Communication and Informatics 4. Community Learning Centres (CLC) - Ministry of Education 5. Community Technology Learning Centres (CTLC) ­ Microsoft Corporation 6. Electronic Information Infrastructure Network (JIMIE) National Information Agency (LIN) 7. ICT Centre - Technical Vocational Education Training (TVET) ­ Directorate of Technical and Vocational Education (Dikmenjur), Ministry of Education Vocational Training 8. Trade Information Kiosk (WARSI) - Ministry of Industry and Trade and the Indonesian Postal Service 9. Kabupaten Sinjai South Sulawesi ­ Local Government / Private Sector 10. Millenia Net Café ­ Private Sector 11. Partnership for e-Prosperity for the Poor (PePP) ­ National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) and UNDP 12. Peoples Economy Telecenter (PERNetworks) ­ Ministry of Cooperatives 13. Qaryah Tayibah ­ Farmers Federation of Salatiga, Central Java 14. Technology Information Kiosks (WARINTEK) - Ministry of Research and Technology 15. WarPosNet ­ The Indonesian Postal Service Current status and characteristics of the primary sample programs were documented and, in the case of defunct programs, failure factors that could be identified were noted. The characteristics of active programs were compared against criteria developed from best practice and study priorities to select a secondary sample for further study. Evaluation of Primary Sample Data The criteria used for selecting the secondary (telecenter) sample prioritized: their location (rural and/or located in Eastern Indonesia), target population (priority to farmers and women's groups) and range of services offered. To guide analysis of the programs under study, a review of literature on international best practices was undertaken. Primary sources included: · "Connecting the First Mile: A Framework for Best Practice in ICT Projects for Knowledge Sharing In Development." Surmaya Talyarkhan, ITDG 2004 · "Information and Communication Technologies for Development in Africa: Volume 2 - The Experience with Community Telecenters." Florence Etta and Shiela Parvyn-Wamahiu, IDRC 2003 · "Little Engines that Did: Case Histories from the Global Telecenter Movement." Fuchs, Richard P. IDRC 2003. · "Do Women Managers Make a Difference? Lessons Learned From the Thailand Canada Telecenter Project." Warren Wong, Hickling-Loxley-TDG, Presentation delivered at WSIS Asia Regional Conference, 12 January 2003 · "Telecenters: Case Studies and Key Issues - Management | Operations | Applications | Evaluation." Colin Latchem and David Walker, The Commonwealth of Learning, Vancouver, 2001 October 2005 23 An Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia · "Initial Lessons Learned About Private Sector Participation in Telecenter Development, A Guide for Policy Makers in Developing Appropriate Regulatory Frameworks." Norton, Tetelman, Brosnan, Kendro, Bacon, Lohmeyer, Fuchs and McBride, NTCA (no date) · "Best Practice Review of Telecenter Operations." Adedeji, A. (ed.), World Bank, 2000 Summary points of telecenter and ICT for development best practices which guided the primary sample evaluation were compiled and are summarized below. Stakeholders and Operational Models Create Multi-Sector Partnerships A common thread running through much of the documentation is the importance of collaborations between project proponents and donors, private sector representatives, government, NGOs and community groups to enable the successful implementation of projects. The importance of partnerships involving both the public and private sectors of society for rural ICT initiatives is presented in a number of documents. Experience with liberalization of the telecom sector has repeatedly shown that, with the introduction of market competition, telephone access and services have increased and tariffs have been reduced. These benefits have been made available for poor and rural populations by utilizing policy and regulatory instruments to encourage the development of small scale entrepreneurial businesses (Wartels, in the case of Indonesia). A similar approach to telecenter development should be taken: one where the private sector and local entrepreneurs are supported and encouraged by favorable policy and regulation to provide to rural areas a range of ICT-based services and applications on a for-profit basis. The involvement of the private sector in sustainable ICT projects can often reduce costs and improve service quality and efficiency. Whereas public initiatives can be slow to recognize services that fail to meet demand, the private sector is likely to bring a superior level of accountability for performance, which could benefit end users. For telecenters returns are increased through economies of scope and scale, network standardization, vertical integration and agglomeration. This highlights the importance of partnerships to overcome high initial investment costs, as the high initial costs in equipment and infrastructure make it difficult to base expansion plans on local owner-operators' means. In-kind investment partnerships may be solutions to these problems. Such an approach needs the support of international development banks and institutions to kick-start larger-scale deployment with smart subsidy and seed finance. It also needs the involvement of the local community and NGOs who can enrich telecenter services by adding their development assistance. Through the formation of private and public sector collaborations, projects can be better equipped with the October 2005 24 An Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia human, technical and financial resources needed to produce sustainable results. A true public-private partnership is required. Work to Improve the Policy and Regulatory Environment National governments should create enabling environments through policies and policy instruments for the growth of telecenters. Laws should be supportive not prohibitive of development of appropriate technologies. Governments should encourage private sector participation in telecenter development. Providing effective incentives for private sector participation requires an enabling policy and regulatory environment: · Market oriented and transparent regulations and policies should be in place. · The national provider should be encouraged, and if necessary required, to interconnect to telecenters. · Meaningful penalties should be imposed for refusal to interconnect within a specified time. · Ensure fair compensation levels/methods for participating parties · Eliminate or reduce tariffs/duties on imported equipment and materials · Consider feasibility of discounted rates, free hookup, lower Internet costs and other preferential treatments for telecenters · Offer preferential tax treatment for telecenters · Offer contract preferences to local private sector firms, particularly hardware, software, or value added service provision Governments should subsidize telecenters, where feasible and appropriate, through: · Utilizing universal service funds · Using profits from spectrum and PCS auctions · Tapping proceeds from license sales The studies suggest that best practice on the part of program sponsors is to research the policy environment, recognize the existing power relationships, and develop strong relationships where possible with policymakers and devise a project that works within the existing policies. Involve Local Government Achieving the support of local politicians and government administration that support and understand the potential of the technology is vital to the spread and success of ICTs. Without local political support, barriers to achieving community buy-in will more than likely remain in place. Use Appropriate Management Models Simple management models and clearly articulated and supportive roles for each group of actors should be instituted. The nature of significant relationships and responsibilities in a partnership model are often unclear and in need of refinement and definition. Identify Local Champions In order to facilitate the introduction of ICTs as smoothly and as quickly as possible, local champions who believe in the project objectives and methodology need to be October 2005 25 An Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia incorporated in the process from the start. This includes the use of intermediary organizations which are capable of acting as the link between the technologies and rural people. Use Intermediaries and Infomediaries A number of authors argue that ICT project proponents must engage themselves with intermediary agencies and organizations which provide services to rural communities in order to devise effective project strategies and action plans. Rural community organizations can be used as contact points to facilitate the introduction and utilization of such ICTs as radio, computers, video and Internet in communities. By incorporating intermediaries into the projects, and by gaining their support as champions of specific ICT initiatives, the positive impacts of proposed technologies are more likely to occur than if individuals in communities are expected to direct and manage the technology themselves. In the literature there is an emphasis on building on existing systems instead of introducing new ones and undermining the ways people currently receive information. This requires that projects conduct research into existing information systems and design initiatives that build on these. It also involves connecting to traditional knowledge and requires that projects promote local participation throughout the project. Research also shows that successful examples of strengthening the knowledge and information systems of the poor are rarely based on a single method of communication and that incorporating traditional media, notably radio and oral traditions, can promote two-way knowledge sharing. Best practice in working with infomediaries involves identifying grassroots-based infomediaries with a track record of working with poor people, providing appropriate incentives for partnership and finding entrepreneurial infomediaries who can make a living. Infomediaries and target groups need training in efficient information seeking and dissemination and need useable materials to share. Infomediaries also need to acquire "adaptation skills" for example translating information materials to suit local conditions. Business Models, Financial and Social Sustainability Emphasize Demand-Driven Initiatives and Services The importance of developing projects to fulfill the needs and demands of rural users is emphasized throughout much of the literature. Simply put, initiatives that do not meet the needs or demands of the communities they purport to serve, nor involve their target communities in the project planning process, will not survive and will not contribute to sustainable development. Best practice in developing a sustainable business model includes identifying which services are being provided as a public good and where the project could adopt a October 2005 26 An Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia commercial model and increase returns through partnerships, in particular involving the private sector. Small Community Telecenters Village level telecenters should be designed to expand and grow only if and when demand and affordability allow. Large visions should not be imposed from outside, but astute local entrepreneurs should be enlisted to sense where good opportunities exist and help maximize both the scale and viability of a telecenter. Large Community Telecenters Such telecenters should be planned and run on a commercial basis, and preference should be given to telecenter solutions that have a franchise element and can establish a network of telecenters. The financial sustainability of telecenters is partly dependent on whether they are made up of large networks and represent economies of scale for users and providers alike. A network of telecenters under a single management carries the advantage of providing quality standards and support -- such as a startup package, an operating manual, recruitment and training guidelines, name branding, and standard payment vehicles (e.g., pre-pay cards) -- that increase the centres' recognition nationally and their presence in urban and rural localities. Such support tends to raise the quality of the centres and increase the chances that urban dwellers will purchase pre-pay cards or otherwise finance the participation of their rural friends and relatives. Take Infrastructure into Account in Planning In telecenter projects, the lack of local telecommunications infrastructure can be one of the biggest challenges, especially in developing countries. Best practice in overcoming this challenge includes analyzing telecommunications and ICT infrastructure deficiencies to plan for realistic measures. Support Local Telecomm Entrepreneurs (Wartels and Warnets) Basic telephony services can be delivered commercially without major outside investments, if the basic telecommunications access infrastructure exists. Telecenters should not compete with (or be planned in such a way as to reduce the viability of) an existing basic telecommunications retail business that involves local agents and entrepreneurs. Choose the Right Location Care should be given to the choice of location, taking into consideration a number of factors that affect usability, including accessibility, safety, etc. Provide Adequate Physical facilities Attention to public needs e.g. booths for privacy, in addition to sensitivity to human functions and functioning e.g. availability of toilets, fans, etc. Pay Attention to the Cost of Services Efforts should be made to develop subsidized services, such as group rates. For women, students, or members; or differential pricing where cheaper rates can be given for off peak periods. October 2005 27 An Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Allow for Local Repair and Maintenance To provide the greatest chance of sustainability, many authors highlight the need for local repair and operational skills to maintain the technology. Plan on the Need for Funding Beyond Technology The sustainability and effectiveness of particular ICTs depends largely on the training of both the people who provide and maintain the services, and the people who use them. Project planners must look beyond the technical components of their projects and consider aspects such as human resource development, capacity-building and adapting ICTs to local cultural contexts and local information and communication needs. Funding for ICT initiatives should include sufficient funds for training local people, for creating an "ICT culture" and for dealing with other aspects of the "soft" side of ICTs. If attention is directed towards ensuring that the communities living alongside ICTs are aware of their existence, purposes and potential, the project initiatives will stand a greater chance of survival. Advertise and Raise User Awareness Awareness and sensitization should be increased through the use of handbills, radio broadcasts of services and other forms of publicity. Promote Inclusion to Achieve Social Sustainability Best practice also requires that the projects be socially sustainable. Achieving social sustainability requires minimizing social exclusion in project planning, and involves developing an understanding of the power dynamics at the local level and focusing on marginalized groups such as women or the disabled. Often, agencies solely communicate with the more active members in a community, leaving others behind who may remain poorly informed, thus increasing their exclusion. Building community social capital supports improved information sharing through social networks, which is how people living in poverty tend to get information. Best practice includes deliberately stimulating people to undertake a joint activity or action related to particular local needs and providing a space for the community to get together and meet. Promote Gender Equity in the Use of ICTs A number of sources identify how ICTs can enhance the lives of women through enabling greater participation in civil society and democratic processes; however there is a crucial need for programs which target women for improved ICT access, training and use of Internet applications. Training opportunities should be specifically designed for and targeted to rural women. It is clear that women must be included in ICT training programs if rural access is to have any impact on gender equity. October 2005 28 An Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Some authors conclude that what is most important for women's use of ICTs is to find ways for women to have autonomous and affordable access. Numerous authors identify areas where women's needs must be addressed in relation to ICTs, including: reliance on the English language for text-oriented ICT tools which causes problems because the majority of rural women speak only local languages in their villages; the high costs of obtaining information through radio and local newspapers; a lack of funding for women-focused ICT projects; and the lack of a cooperative infrastructure. Encourage Women Entrepreneurs Women entrepreneurs who provide rural ICT services can not only advance their own social and economic well-being, but also provide access to ICT services to other rural women. Women who provide ICT services not only increase their ability to generate income, but also help empower rural women who use the services they provide. Studies have also documented that telecenters managed by women are more likely to be financially sustainable than those managed by men. Design for Increased Usage Project developers and project managers need to design telecenters projects with current non-users in mind. This requires taking practical and strategic needs as well as realities into consideration. For example women, older and or handicapped persons may have inhibitions about using telecenters on account of their locations, schedules or physical layout which are insensitive or perceived inappropriate. It is therefore important to keep these people and the reasons for their non-use in mind because if the projects are so designed, use will improve and non-use decrease. Scalability Development and expansion of telecenters across a society is much more likely where national, scalable and reproducible systems are generated (e.g., Peru's Cabinas Publicas). Telecenters solutions that have a franchise element and can establish a network of telecenters under a single management enjoy advantages in terms of scalability and relative ease of rollout. Partnership and collaboration with the existing telecommunications carrier(s) can be critical to telecenter success. Frequently, existing carriers resist what they see as competition from telecenters that are financed without their direct investment, involvement and control, and fail to support or accept telecenter projects. Policy makers have an important role to play in promoting carrier acceptance of the role of ICT in national economic development, and in finding ways to foster partnerships among all segments of the economy and society that are involved with telecenter- related innovations. October 2005 29 An Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Content and Applications Utilize Appropriate Information Formats The information collected and disseminated through ICTs should be made available to local users in a language and format that is meaningful to them. Collecting information for ICT applications and organizing and presenting it in such a way that it can easily be understood by rural users will help ensure that ICTs continue to adapt to the needs and demands of rural users, thus avoiding the dangerous and all too familiar tendency of providing "one size fits all" templates for people of different languages, cultures and ethnicities. Form Content Partnerships In order to deliver information services to the poor, information providers need to form strong partnerships with other information providers, organizations that promote services and raise awareness as well as organizations offering the technological infrastructure and finance to keep the project afloat. Best practice includes selecting partners with complementary strengths. Support Local Content Generation Development organizations are moving away from one-way knowledge transfer models towards the ideal of two-way knowledge sharing. This approach should replace the traditional process of a `one-way' flow of information from a scientific, information rich core to a remote information poor community, with dynamic information sharing partnerships with a two-way flow of information at every level. This suggests that best practice in facilitating local content creation includes valuing and motivating local content (through rights and incentives) and building the capacity of the target group in content creation. Employ Participatory Approaches to Developing ICT Applications In order for any project that deals with the introduction of new technologies to succeed, the participation of the community in the design, implementation and evaluation of the project is crucial, to make sure that information can be understood and internalized by local people. Knowledge management theory recognizes the centrality of context to meaning. There is a vast amount of literature recommending approaches to designing appropriate information for the local context. Therefore best practice requires that practitioners research the information systems of their target group and understand their information needs, address local language issues and then develop materials in the right format for use. Secondary Sample Based on analysis of the Primary Sample program data compared to international best practice, a Secondary Sample of five programs were selected for further study. Characteristics of the programs as described by the National Sponsors and in program literature are outlined in the table below. The sample prioritized programs with locations in rural communities (classified Ibu Kota Kabupaten or smaller) to the maximum extent possible. October 2005 30 An Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Program Name Sponsor Funding Target Programs and Services Community Internet Training Content Biz Svc Educ ICT Centre Directorate of Block Grant academic Vocational (DIKMENJUR) community and Secondary Ed. + public (DIKMENJUR) Local budget + Local Schools Technology Ministry of Incentive ­ academic Information Research and Matching - community, Kiosks Technology Grants (APBD) professional (Warintek) (MENRISTEK) + associations, and + Local Institutions Local budget public Indonesia Balai Informasi Telecommunication Grant (Mastel) Farmer groups, Masyarakat Industry Association + professional (BIM) (MASTEL) Local in kind associations, + Local NGOs SME, and public Partnership for UNDP & Grant (UNDP) Poor e-Prosperity for BAPPENAS + communities the Poor + Local in kind (PePP) Local NGOs Farmer groups, Community Microsoft Grant women's Training and + (Microsoft) associations, Learning Centre Local NGOs + Local in kind SME, visually (CTLC) impaired, youth groups October 2005 31 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Field Visits Working with national sponsor key informants, the study team identified field visit locations. Priorities in selecting field visit sites included: their location (rural and/or in Eastern Indonesia), target population (priority to farmers and women's groups) and range of services offered. During March, April and early May 2005 the study team performed site visits at a total of 9 centres organized under the five programs outlined above, including: · 3 ICT Centre locations (2 in Irian Jaya and 1 in Jakarta) · 2 Warintek locations (in Tasikmalaya, W. Java) · 1 BIM location (in Cihideung, W. Java) · 1 PePP location (in Pabelan, C. Java) · 2 CTLC locations (in Mataram, Lombok and Bojonegoro, E.Java) The objective of the field visits was to: · Perform stakeholder interviews, gathering first hand, up-to-date data on legal and organizational status, staffing, funding basis, degree of technology use, etc., and · Perform user interviews, gathering data on user demographics, usage patterns, content preferences and needs, etc. The study team's schedule of field visits is attached as Annex 4. Summaries of program data obtained during field visits are contained in Annex 5. During field visits the research team also examined the district level library, where possible, to assess whether there is potential to upgrade these libraries as telecenters, or train local librarians as information packaging specialists for telecenters. Data Management and Analysis The research team designed and followed a common set of procedures for processing the survey data from the point at which the data was obtained on the questionnaire to the point at which analysis began. The steps included checking that the questionnaires had been properly completed, assigning identifier numbers, coding responses, cross- checking the coding, data entry, and checking for errors and consistency. In all cases permission was obtained from interviewees, and interviews were either digitally recorded or interview notes taken by hand. User interviews were conducted by gender, age, and language matched researchers. Inductive analysis using information from the various sources helped the team to identify patterns, interdependencies and themes relevant to the study, and allowed for the emergence of dimensions and concepts that informed the key issues. Separate questionnaires were used for national sponsors, local operators, and users. Common data was collected across all sample surveys to measure how the groups' perception of program success differed on key dimensions. October 2005 32 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Deductive analysis using the patterns identified was subsequently used to examine information that did not fit the patterns. Information from different sources was tested for consistency via triangulation. The perspectives and experiences of different key informants were checked and interview information tested against relevant documents and other written evidence. While the team's experience was used to interpret findings and make recommendations based on these findings, the methodology used ensured evidence- based findings derived from sound data collection, content analysis, and the interpretation of significant patterns and emerging themes across the data sources. Reporting The information collected was analyzed, integrated and synthesized into a draft summary report which was read and commented on at a national workshop "Increasing Access to Rural Information and Communication Technologies in Indonesia: Issues and Options" organized by the World Bank and held in Jakarta on 6 June 2005. Clarifications based on these comments well as new information obtained from major stakeholders including key GOI Ministries, private sector, donors, NGOs, academics et al., were included in the final report. Excerpts from this report are included as a chapter in the main rural ICT report of the World Bank (forthcoming). The report will also be published in full as an accompanying volume. It is expected that main findings from this study will be used by GOI at the World Summit on Information Society (WSIS) to be held at Tunis in November 2005. In addition, the informal multi-stakeholder group ICT for Poverty Reduction (ICT4PR), organized by UNDP and the World Bank, will utilize the report to build consensus across the multiple stakeholders. October 2005 33 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Findings and Recommendations Four Promising Indonesian Telecenter Programs: Based on results of the field visits, four programs with promising characteristics were identified. Of the five programs investigated, one - Balai Informasi Masyrakat or BIM, the pilot project sponsored by the Telecomms Industry Association MASTEL ­ was determined to be lacking in administrative and operational capacity and is not considered a viable option for scaling up. A brief description of the four programs that the consultant recommends for support appears on the following pages. No 1. Telecenter Program Name: ICT CENTRE National Sponsor(s) Directorate of Vocational Secondary Education (Dikmenjur), Directorate General of Primary and Secondary Education, Ministry of National Education. Definition ICT Centre is one operational unit of Dikmenjur's technology program, which establishes computer training labs / public access facilities within vocational high schools (SMK). Other units of the program establish wireless networks (WAN-Kota) and community radio / television. Objectives · To facilitate the educational community's understanding of ICT; · To empower educational institutions to effectively utilize information and communication technology for education and training purposes; · To serve as serve as a resource and information center for schools, the government bureaucracy, industry and the public. Goals The goal of the ICT Centre program is to help accelerate the preparation of ICT human resources. The ICT center is expected to function as learning resource, educational data and information center, and HR development center. Targeted community Primary focus is on vocational high schools PROGRAM SCOPE Number of Centers in 44 (end of 2004) Operation Number of Centers No firm plans are in place for 2005 because the change of Planned by end 2005 administrations has resulted in a review of the budget and subsequent delay. By the end of the program (2009 the goal is to establish one ICT center at an SMK in each Kabupaten and Kotamadya (urban administrative district), a total of approximately 450 locations. Other Information In addition to the ICT Centre program, the JIS (Jaringan Informasi Sekolah, or School Information Network) and WAN Kota (Urban Wide Area Network) programs are components of Dikmenjur's Technical Vocational Education & Training (TVET) program. The programs are intended to provide complimentary support for each other in implementation and development. JIS will act as a content vehicle providing education and training programs for access at the ICT Centres, and WAN Kota will serve as infrastructure for connecting the ICT Center with its clients and to the Internet. GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION AND ACCESS Type of community Students of SMK, community in general Host institution Vocational High Schools (SMK) Hours of operation Varies ORIGIN, MANAGEMENT, GENERAL INFORMATION October 2005 34 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Initiating Party The Vocational Secondary Education Directorate, Ministry of National Education. Funding Method (s) Dikmenjur provides block grants directly to schools to develop the ICT Centers. The ICT Center grant aid is provided as part of an SMK Quality Improvement Project in each province. Management Varies Duration 1999 ­ 2009 FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT Stand-alone or housed Parent Agency in parent agency? Equipment Minimum 20 CPU, CD duplicator, LCD projector, server, Handycam, 24-Port switch, digital camera, UTP cable, printer, RJ 45, scanner, training materials and software modules Other information The ICT Center: "Should have a minimum of 3 rooms i.e. 2 computer lab rooms and 1 room for a digital library Should have reliable HR holding national/international certification, with experience in managing a network and active in various ICT- related activities" PROGRAM ACTIVITIES Activities Training · Education and training (diklat) for teachers of computer and information management skills (KKPI) · Education and training in preparing multimedia study materials · Education and training in cheap computer assembly · Education and training in basic computer and other ICT-related skills to students and the general public Business-support Varies services Content reference The ICT Center is equipped with interactive modules related to the existing competency subjects in the SMK curriculum, and other information on a range of subjects intended to broaden the perspective of high school students. Education In addition to providing instruction in basic computer skills to students and the public, centers are also capable of providing training in Multimedia content development Others As the focal point of a local education information system, the ICT Center serves a data center for: · Sisfodik (Education Information System) · School Mapping · Education Portal and online school final examination · Video/Curriculum Module on Demand CONTENT COMPONENTS Description Technology related vocational education curriculum CONTACT INFORMATION Directorate General of Primary and Kompleks Depdiknas Secondary Schools, Directorate Building E, 13th Floor General of Vocational Schools, Jl. Jenderal Sudirman ­ Senayan, Jakarta Ministry of National Education 1. Suhadi Director, ICT Team of Dikmenjur Phone: 62-21-5725466 2. Junedi Armada Sidabutar Program & Informatics Division Phone: 62-21-5725477 Mobile: 62-816-1183884 Email: j_armada@dikmenjur.net 3. Mustaghfirin Head of Program & KAL Division Phone: 62-21-5725467 Mobile: 62-812-3306567 Email: mustaghfirin@yahoo.com 4. Bona Simanjuntak CEO ICT Center Mobile: 62-856-1003159 Email: bona@wan-dki.net October 2005 35 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia No 2. Telecenter Program Name: WARINTEK Plus National Sponsor(s) The Ministry of Research and Technology (Ristek) Definition A program providing funding and content to regional institutions including libraries, universities, NGOs and local government units to establish Internet access and information centers. Objectives · To establish pilot projects in selected strategic areas to provide residents of those areas access to electronic and other forms of information on Science and Technology · To equip these pilot projects with the necessary equipment and telecommunication facilities and access to internet and intranet · To set up necessary arrangements with cooperating institutions and partners so that the projects will have required resources for effective, continued operations · To prepare a business plan for the project, with the aim of gradually recovering the cost of the project and sustaining its operation Goals · Create an information society aware of science and technology · Cooperate in developing integrated science and technology information services · Aid dissemination of science and technology information in both rural and urban communities · Support the development of existing SMEs and establish new SMEs based on information exchange Targeted community · Regional/public/university libraries · University students, students, lecturers, researchers · Professional associations · Information/documentation/administration units of local government · Information/documentation/administration units of national government, and non-departmental agencies · Special purpose Public/private institutions such as National Parks, Botanical Gardens, Zoos PROGRAM SCOPE Number of Centers in 84 (eighty four) Warintek Plus Centers Operation Number of Centers 10 (ten) additional Planned by end 2005 GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION AND ACCESS Type of community Regional population centers and urban areas Host institution Library, professional associations, public institutions Hours available to Varies public ORIGIN, MANAGEMENT, GENERAL INFORMATION Initiating Party The program was initiated by the national sponsor, the Ministry of Research and Technology (Public Sector) Funding Method (s) National Budget Management PDII/LIPI is the government agency responsible for providing content and information services, and for promoting resource sharing and cooperation to improve the quality and relevance of information products and services Duration The program has been in operation since 2000. As currently structured "Warintek Plus" provides "one-year incentive" funding to local host organizations FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT Stand-alone building or Varies located at parent agency? Equipment Varies PROGRAM ACTIVITIES October 2005 36 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Training sessions Available Business-support Generally available services Content reference Available Education Available Others Internet access CONTENT COMPONENTS Description The Warintek program develops and provides in CD format content for the general public on government, health and environment including water and sanitation, appropriate technology for latrines and waste management, appropriate energy technology including biogas and solar driers, Medicinal plants, traditional medicine and biodiversity, and nutrition, recipes and new ways of cooking. Warintek also provides content for a range of subjects varying from creating and maintaining computerized databases to organizing special purpose communities and organizations and creating a supportive group dynamic. A special educational component of the program focuses on adult literacy, skill upgrading and certification, and general self or group learning and improvement. CONTACT INFORMATION Ministry of Research and 6th Floor, BPP Technology II Building, Technology Jl MH Thamrin No 8, Jakarta 10340 1. Agus Sediadi Head of Cooperation & Information Networking Services Phone: 62-21-3169-166 Mobile: 62-812-9411-066 Email: agus@ristek.go.id 2. Kemal Prihatman Head of Information Network Resources Division Phone: 62-21-3169-166 Mobile: 62-811-142001 Email: kemal@ristek.go.id 3. Yoni Hermawan Head of Warintek Tasikmalaya Jl Siliwangi 24 Tasikmalaya Phone: 62-265-320939 Mobile: 62-812-248-3217 Email: yoni14id@yahoo.com October 2005 37 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia No 3. Telecenter Program Name: CTLC (Community Training and Learning Center) National Sponsor(s) Microsoft Indonesia and various national NGOs Definition CTLC is an activity of "Unlimited Potential (UP)" - Microsoft's global philanthropic initiative focused on providing lifelong learning opportunity for disadvantaged youths and adults by helping them develop basic technology skills. Objectives To help people expand their access to information, improve productivity, enhance quality of life, and enrich culture and tradition by enhancing communication and interaction. Goals To provide both access to technology as well as the skills needed to transform technology into tools for change. Targeted community The CTLC program is targeted for youths and adults in general, farmers, SMEs, women, and the visually impaired PROGRAM SCOPE Number of Centers in 24 (twenty-four) Operation Number of Centers Information Not Available Planned by end 2005 Other Information In 2003, In cooperation with KPI (Women's Coalition for Justice and Democracy), 5 CTLCs were built in Bengkulu, Jambi, Padang Pariaman, Sukabumi, and Mataram At the same time, 3 SME-oriented CTLCs in cooperation with FORDA and The Asia Foundation were established in Medan, Pontianak, and Surabaya In 2004, 5 CTLCs for the visually impaired were built in Jakarta, Bandung, Medan, and Makassar CTLCs related to agriculture are located in Bojonegoro, Bali, Parapat, Aceh Utara, Matangkuli, Tanah Luas, and Syamtalira Aron GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION AND ACCESS Type of community Farmer communities, youth and adults, women's association, SME, visually impaired Host institution Local NGO and regional government offices Hours available to 24 hours public ORIGIN, MANAGEMENT, GENERAL INFORMATION Initiating Party Microsoft Indonesia (Private Sector) Funding Method (s) A Microsoft grant is the program's primary source. Funding and other kinds of assistance are also provided by local/national NGO partner(s). Management Microsoft works through a National NGO Coordinating Body which in turn works directly with local NGOs in building and managing the CTLCs. Duration 2003 ­ 2008 FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT Stand-alone or located Usually located at local NGO or local office of parent NGO at parent agency? Equipment At minimum, Microsoft provides 5 computers, software, hardware, furniture, printer, scanner, and other supporting equipment. Other information PROGRAM ACTIVITIES Activities Training Training of telecenter manager for sustainable business operations Training for computer skills instructors Training for community group Business-support Available services Content references None currently provided, but Microsoft is the process of developing a pilot e-library system for agriculture called PUSTAKA TANI Education A-three times a week English Courses is provided by RELO ­ Regional English Language Office of the American Embassy October 2005 38 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Others N/A CONTENT COMPONENTS Description N/A CONTACT INFORMATION 1. Cynthia Iskandar Public Relation Manager of PT Microsoft Indonesia PT Microsoft Indonesia 18th Floor, Tower 2, Jakarta Stock Exchange Building Jl Jenderal Sudirman Kav 52-53, Jakarta Phone: 62-21-2551-8100 ext. 8214 Mobile: 62-818-861503 Email: cynthi@microsoft.com 2. Bayu Sustiwi Head of CTLC Mataram Mobile: 62-813-395-89876 3. Erthin Trainer of CTLC Mataram Mobile: 62-818-0366-4697 4. Imam Suhadak Head of CTLC Bojonegoro, PKBM Garis Tepi Mobile: 62-815-5477-9991 October 2005 39 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia No 4. Telecenter Program Name: Partnership for e-Prosperity for the Poor (Pe-PP) National Sponsor(s) United Nations Development Program (UNDP) & the National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) Definition Poverty reduction program focusing on use of information and communication technology Objectives · To empower and mobilize poor communities for economic activities and accessing social services through better access to information and communication · To forge strategic partnerships and bring individual efforts together for the benefit of the poor communities · To establish multi-purpose community development telecenters to provide shared access to information and communication to poor communities, and serve as a channel through which partners can provide services and opportunities · To draw on and disseminate best practices and lessons learned from the pilot projects in order to raise awareness of the applicability and potential of ICT for poverty reduction, thus contributing to the formulation of national/regional policy and replication of successful implementation of ICT for poverty/reduction activities Goals Pe-PP is designed to bring existing resources and knowledge together to assist and empower poor communities to utilize ICT to access basic social services and economic activities, thus contributing to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals Targeted community Poor Communities PROGRAM SCOPE Number of Centers in 1 (one) Operation Number of Centers 4 (four) Planned by end 2005 Other Information The first operational telecenter is located in Desa Pabelan, Kecamatan Mungkid, Kabupaten Magelang, Central Java. The other four will be located in East Java and Sulawesi. Two telecenters in East Java will be established by April 2005 in Desa Kertosari, Kecamatan Pasrujambe, Kabupaten Lumajang and Desa Muneng, Kecamatan Pilang Kenceng, Kabupaten Madiun. Site locations for the other two telecenters in Sulawesi will be identified by the end of March 2005. GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION AND ACCESS Type of community Farming communities Host institution Pesantren (Islamic boarding schools), Local farming associations Hours available to 24 hours public ORIGIN, MANAGEMENT, GENERAL INFORMATION Initiating Party The program was initiated by the national sponsors, UNDP (donor) and Bappenas (Public Sector) Funding Method (s) A UNDP grant is the program's primary funding source. Pe-PP sponsors are also seeking collaboration with partners who could conduct training/activities in the telecenters and/or provide content as well as funding assistance. Management Management is provided by the host institution Duration 2004 - 2007 FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT Stand-alone or housed Stand-alone building in parent agency? Equipment At minimum, each telecenter will be provided with five computers, LCD projector, DVD/VCD player, TV, printer, scanner, plus other supporting equipment as required by the target communities October 2005 40 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia PROGRAM ACTIVITIES Activities Training · Training of telecenter manager for sustainable business operation telecenter · Training for computer skills trainers · Training for community group Business-support Available services Content reference Some content references are provided in the form of CD, hand book, papers, VCD/DVD. Education English Course is provided by RELO ­ Regional English Language Office of the American Embassy Others N/A CONTENT COMPONENTS Description Not available CONTACT INFORMATION National Development Jl Taman Suropati No 2 Planning Agency (Bappenas_ Jakarta 10310 - Indonesia 1. Zulfikar M Rahman UNDP ­ National Program Officer Mobile: 62-812-8000199 Email: zulfikar@bappenas.go.id 2. Dinar Pandan Sari UNDP ­ Knowledge Management and Communication Officer Mobile: 62-812-182-0520 Email: dinar@bappenas.go.id 3. Agung Head of Pusdatin Bappenas Mobile: 62-812-8020508 October 2005 41 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Findings and Recommendations Related to User Characteristics and Information Needs Readiness Indicators and Access Characteristics An analysis of secondary data provides insights on user characteristics as outlined on the following pages, and in tandem with data collected during field visits and presented at the end of this section, contains a variety of information that informs recommendations regarding technology, content and business model requirements for future program support. Our analysis of user characteristics and information needs begins with secondary data gathered from e-readiness assessments performed in Indonesia over the past five years. There is a wealth of readiness data available, as Indonesia is one of the most studied countries in the world.11 National e-Readiness12 · Indicators in the areas of connectivity, e-Leadership, and human capacity point to a low level of overall readiness on the part of Indonesia's workforce. · Indicators point to a very low level of overall readiness in Indonesia for performing business functions via the Internet. · Telephone rates are prohibitively expensive for most Indonesians. · The majority of Indonesian Internet users are young and urban. · Most users are likely to have had little job-related, professional ICT training. · The charge for 1 hour of Internet access at a warnet averages approximately 30% of the daily minimum wage. · Women make up a minority of less than 25% of users. · Literacy and press freedom are strengths. · It is estimated that fewer than 10% of government employees have awareness of ICT. 11E-Readiness Assessment: Who is Doing What and Where An Open Content Report, Version 3.6, 23 March 2002, bridges.org 12Data was obtained from: a) Kretek Internet: Indonesia Case Study, Michael Minges, ITU, 2002, International Telecommunications Union's Internet Country Case Studies b) Readiness for the Networked World, A Guide for Developing Countries, Harvard - Information Technologies Group (ITG), 2002. c) World Bank Knowledge Assessment Matrix, 2003 d) Indonesia Country Gateway e-Readiness and Needs Assessment Report, Ipteknet-BPPT (Infodev), May 2002 e) Technical Report: Indonesia--Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) Assessment, USAID/ECG, January 16­February 5, 2001. Darrell E. Owen, Idris F. Sulaiman, Sonia Baldia, Fellow, Steven P. Mintz October 2005 42 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia National Internet Usage Patterns13 · E-mail, Internet telephony, online chatting, and accessing news are the biggest uses of the Internet in the country. · Search engine & web mail are the most frequently used Internet services. · News & online media are the next most frequent. · Contrary to popular opinion, pornographic sites are not the main focus for most beginners. · The majority of Indonesian content on the web in the Indonesian language is in the subject areas of technology, news and current affairs, education, culture and literature. Prominent categories include: technology related 27.1%; health/nutrition 23.7%; news/current affairs 22%. · Little online content exists related to agriculture. · At the beginning of 2002 there were nearly 1300 Indonesian language mailing lists with more than 100 members. Prominent topics include: social 28.2%; knowledge sharing (20.1%); business activities (17.6%). · The majority of Indonesian Internet users are beginners and unlikely to know how to interact through or join mailing lists. · Multimedia applications are impractical in rural areas due to lengthy, expensive downloads over slow dial up connections. Access Methods and Technologies14 · There is on average 1 PC per 100 people in Indonesia, and 1 of every 100 of those computers is connected to the Internet. · A large percentage (of home/office users) use Telkom.net Instan (national dial- up ISP that collects no registration/membership info). · A large percentage or majority of users access the Internet at Warnets. · The majority of Warnets are not legally registered businesses. · A high percentage of Warnets use a 2.4 GHz wi-fi connection. · A high percentage of Warnets are open 24 hours/day. · Many Warnets provide additional services such as scanning, printing, and telephone (Wartel) services. · A significant percentage of Warnets use Linux as a server operating system. · Almost all Warnets use Microsoft Windows (98 or XP) as a client operating system. · The most frequently installed applications on Warnet client PCs are: Microsoft Office, ACDSee, mIRC, Yahoo Messenger, Opera, Acrobat Reader, ICQ, and Winzip. 13An Indonesian Digital Review - Internet Infrastructure and Initiatives, Onno W. Purbo, 2003 14Kondisi Industri Warnet Indonesia, Peneliti: Donny B.U., S.T., M.Si., Center for ICT Studies ­ ICT Watch and PEG ­ USAID, September 2003. October 2005 43 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia The Geography of Access15 · 50% of all warnets are located in Jakarta. · 87% of all warnets are located in Java. · Over 60% of access points are in the 9 biggest cities in the country. · 60% of the Indonesian population lives in rural areas. · Outside major cities, there are very few ISPs other than Telkom.net Instan (expensive) and Wasantara.net (poor, slow service). · Telephone line penetration (thus Telkom.net Instan access) is very low outside urban areas. · Internet access in eastern Indonesia is extremely limited, and prohibitively expensive in most cases due to long distance charges necessary to connect to dial up ISPs. · Eastern Indonesia, excluding Bali and Sulawesi, has very few warnets. The Characteristics of Urban Internet Café Users Further insight on user characteristics and information needs is obtained from research recently completed in Yogyakarta, which examined the characteristics and preferences of Internet café (Warnet) users.16 Published in The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries in January 2005, the research builds on studies completed in 2003 and 2004 which examined the characteristics of entrepreneurship in establishing Internet cafes in Indonesia. Based on a survey comprising 270 users, the study aims to find out what constitutes the main market segments for Internet café businesses and what can be done to enhance business opportunities for Internet café entrepreneurs in more geographically remote parts of the country. Relevant excerpts of the research are reprinted below. Empirical Findings · Users are mostly young, average 22 years. · 68% of users are males. · 73% of users are students. · 88% of the users have completed a minimum of senior high school. · There is no significant difference in formal education between male and female users. However, Internet knowledge, computer skills and English proficiency are significantly higher for men than for women. · Self-learning and informal competence sharing are the dominant ways of obtaining necessary skills for utilizing the medium. · The average total monthly spending among respondents is 534 000 rupiah (USD 63), compared to a typical non-professional wage level in Yogyakarta around 300 000 rupiah per month · Internet café users spend 56 000 rupiah (USD 6.59) at an average per month for Internet access in these venues. 15 An Indonesian Digital Review - Internet Infrastructure and Initiatives, Onno W. Purbo, 2003 16 Information Dissemination In A Developing Society: Internet Café Users In Indonesia, The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, Furuholt, Kristiansen, and Wahid, January 2005 October 2005 44 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia · Prices paid per hour are relatively low, around 2 500 ­ 3 000 rupiah (USD 0.29 - 0.35). The average café customer in Yogyakarta spends 2.5 hours connected per visit and only an additional five minutes for waiting or socializing. · Nine days per month is the average frequency of Internet café visits. · Internet cafés represent the primary access points for the great majority of the respondents. · Internet café users in Yogyakarta also use much time on various other media, an average 5.9 hours per day for electronic media and 4.3 hours per day for paper-based media and literature. · In addition to infrastructure development, government institutions should play a more prominent role in awareness creation among main potential user groups. · Young people and students could easily be targeted through schools and institutions of higher learning. High numbers of youngsters and students in towns and even villages all over Indonesia could constitute a critical mass for profitable Internet café establishments. In some areas, tourists may also be an important additional market segment. · A threshold level of users could be established whereby private entrepreneurs could see the profit opportunities and move into more remote areas with their capital and proved skills to serve an increasing demand for information also from professionals and small-scale business people. The Characteristics of Village Level Users17 In addition to the secondary data noted above, additional valuable information is gained from recent research performed at one of the field visit locations - the e- Pabelan Telecenter, sponsored by UNDP and Bappenas. Mr. Alex Robinson, a Doctoral candidate in Development Studies at the University of Huddersfield (UK), has been resident at the Pesantren which hosts the telecenter since September 2004, documenting the impact of the project on the local farming community for Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI - the Indonesian Academy of Sciences). Interim findings from his detailed research that directly relate to the topic of this study are provided below. Community Perspectives on Poverty · Poverty is viewed in relative terms, largely in terms of income/consumption. · Focus on fulfilling daily basic needs; primarily securing income on a daily basis for buying food. · Limited employment opportunities; especially for young. · Importance of education (particularly for young) is regarded highly. · Cost of education is viewed as very high and represents the major household expenditure for many. 17 ICTs and Development in Indonesia: Information, Markets and Livelihood Options, Alex J Robinson, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI), Jakarta, Indonesia. June 2005. October 2005 45 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia · Cost of accessing medical treatment and medicines seen as very high; often resort to cheaper and more traditional remedies in times of sickness with tragic consequences reported. · Exclusion from institutions and initiatives. · Usually work individually; suspicion, based on past experiences, of pooling resources cooperatively. · Lack of capital (as opposed to information) is the predominant concern. · Relationship between information and poverty unclear to community. · Note: The above are not gender neutral. For example, the daily responsibility for meeting household needs and the costs of education falls to the woman in the household (an oft-cited income figure that women must have access to for meeting household costs, in addition to clothing and utility payments etc, is 10.000Rp per day- a little over $1US). Networks · Market networks relevant to the poor community for products and inputs are locally focused. There is very little direct sale of agricultural produce. Some direct sales of handicraft products. · Farmers will deal with a range of traders over time rather than only establishing long-term relations with a single trader. · Networks relating to seeking employment are more extensive geographically; stretching to Jakarta and surrounding areas and abroad in some instances. · Personal networks (friends and family) are generally geographically wider than economic networks. However, these personal networks are seldom exploited for economic purposes. · Infrequent communication along networks with friends/family outside of Pabelan despite existing communication technologies. · Personal networks are often not regarded as accurate in terms of providing information. · Limited support networks. For example, infrequent agricultural extension which tends to focus up to the point of harvest. Farmers feel this has been helpful in the past, but most of the problems they currently face relate to post- harvesting issues i.e. markets and marketing. Also there is no mechanism for distributing information from the kecamatan level farmer group meetings to individual farmers in Pabelan. Only one of the three Pabelan representatives regularly attends the monthly kecamatan meetings. One of these non-active (in this sense) representatives actually works at the telecenter. Many of the poor community in Pabelan are caught in a `poverty trap' with limited opportunities and capacities to address and alter their situation. The majority of their efforts and time are spent on sustaining their current position while at the same time trying to establish the foundations of a securer future (through education) for their children. Information is acknowledged as important, but for the poor in Pabelan there are more pressing daily concerns. The implications for ICT4PR are that projects must be tied to specific development activities and be targeted in their approach and implementation. Projects must also be networked with other projects and local stakeholders and expertise rather than October 2005 46 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia stand-alone initiatives. Also, if such projects do not include an element of income generation their utility to the poor community will likely be perceived as limited at best. This is a significant point regarding participation and the future sustainability of such projects. Issues An important issue that is yet to be addressed by the e-Pabelan project relates to information. Currently, the project stops at the point of accessing information from the Internet. However, this is only part of the story. If information from ICTs is to be disseminated to the community it needs to be processed, filtered for irrelevant content, reworded or translated as needed and presented in an appropriate, concise and easily understandable manner. The information also needs to be catalogued and stored in an accessible manner. Obviously, ICTs provide the tools to do just this. To date, this has not happened and in a large part this can be explained by the promotion of the telecenter to the telecenter team as an Internet based project rather than as an information based project. The following is illustrative: A notice board was recently erected outside of the telecenter in order to widen access to information from the centre. For a short period, members of the telecenter team (alongside some members of the English course) were active in posting information on the board. The information posted was printed directly from the Internet. This included academic articles on health issues (i.e. inappropriate format and language). Also scholarship opportunities were posted that included a scholarship opportunity for any members of the Pabelan community who might happen to be fluent in Russian while another was for Black American students. While the majority of the information was in Bahasa Indonesia some was in English. While intentions may have been well placed, such an approach is to the detriment of the project and further reinforces feelings of exclusion and perpetuates the view that the project is not relevant to the community's needs. Efforts must not stop at the point of access, and consideration should be given to incorporating information handling and management in any future trainings. Another area of concern includes the limited English language skills of the management team and infomobilizer. This limits their ability to access relevant material on the Internet. Consequently, they are unable to access information and experiences from other projects world wide that would help them to better carry out their responsibilities and build support linkages. Much of the information provided by BAPPENAS/UNDP was also in English. As all have no previous experience of ICT4PR this is an issue of concern. Additionally, and obviously, the infomobilizer is limited in the information that he can access, translate, process and disseminate. While all the individuals recruited have a range of important and relevant experience they are, regrettably, disadvantaged by the lack of relevant information needed for dissemination and support available in Bahasa Indonesia on the Internet. The need for local content and the establishing of networks is again reiterated. October 2005 47 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Field Visit User Surveys Wherever possible, during the course of the field visits the study team administered questionnaires to users in each telecenter and performed naturalistic observations of user behavior. Two of the telecenters were in fact defunct (Mastel's BIM in Cihideung West Java, and the Warintek telecenter at Yayasan Pendidikan Sukasirna in Tasikmalaya, West Java), so no user surveys were administered at these locations. At the two Dikmenjur ICT Centre locations in Papua, high school classes and a community class (nuns from a local catholic school) were observed receiving instruction, but no general use (non-training) users were present, as the centres were not open to the public; the third ICT Centre was located in an urban area (Jakarta) and functioned as a commercial warnet. The survey instrument was not structured to obtain meaningful responses from these groups, so user surveys were likewise not administered at the ICT Centre locations. The sample selected for analysis is based on responses from users at four rural telecenter locations: 1. At a village telecenter hosted by a women's NGO, under Microsoft's CTLC program, in Mataram, Lombok 2. At a village telecenter hosted by a farmer's association, under Microsoft's CTLC program, in Bojonegoro, East Java 3. At a village telecenter hosted by an Islamic boarding school, under the UNDP/Bappenas program, in Pabelan, Central Java 4. At a district capital telecenter hosted in a university library, under the Ministry of Research and Technology's Warintek program, in Tasikmalaya, West Java A total of 29 users were surveyed at the 4 locations. Cumulative data from the User surveys is appended as Annex 6. Secondary Sample User Demographics While the sample size is not large enough to be statistically significant, findings from the user survey generally conform to previous findings regarding the characteristics and usage patterns observed by other researchers, including Furuholt, Kristiansen, and Wahid in Yogyakarta, and Robinson in Pabelan. Demographic profiles of the users in our study closely parallel those of other Indonesian Warnet users in the categories of Age, Gender, Marital Status, Literacy, and Education. Where variations exist they can usually be accounted for due to the rural nature of the centres under observation, or due to the characteristics of the host institution. For example, users in all locations were overwhelmingly young, as are most Warnet customers. The Warintek telecenter hosted in a university library in Tasikmalaya, October 2005 48 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia however, showed a high level of participation by older individuals (see graphic below). AGE of Survey Respondents CTLC Mataram CTLC Garis Tepi Bojonegoro 3 9 8 2.5 7 2 6 5 1.5 4 1 3 2 0.5 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Age Age E-Pabelan Warintek Tasikmalaya 5 3 4.5 4 2.5 3.5 2 3 2.5 1.5 2 1.5 1 1 0.5 0.5 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Age Age KEY 1: Less than 10 yrs 5: 41 - 50 yrs 2: 10 - 20 yrs 6: 51 - 60 yrs 3: 21 - 30 yrs 7: over 60 yrs 4: 31 - 40 yrs The variation observed can be accounted for due to use of the Warintek telecenter facilities by university faculty members as well as students. Demographic characteristics of "early adopter" users in rural areas can therefore be assumed to be in line with those in more urban areas, i.e., they are overwhelmingly young, single, have at least a high school education, and are more likely to be male (by a ratio of approximately 2:1) than female. Current Availability of Content in the Secondary Sample Programs Although all of the programs' national sponsors claimed that content provision was a focus of their program, the fact on the ground is that none of the telecenter programs except Warintek are content focused ­ they are primarily about training, secondarily about access ­ though both CTLC and PePP have plans in place to focus on content in future. Warintek is the best existing content for telecenters program, and staffs at Ristek are committed and knowledgeable in approaching issues such as gender. They October 2005 49 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia are probably the best GOI partner to act as an implementing agency in coordinating content development for telecenters. A Potential Content Network for Telecenters Indonesia's one truly shining example of a community driven, "bottom-up" ICT initiative18 ­ the Indonesian Digital Library Network, or IDLN ­ was established by a committed group of volunteers at the Institute of Technology Bandung (ITB) led by Ismael Fahmi. 19 The iDL as it is now known has emerged as Indonesia's most important facility for the exchange of research results and scholarly work. Prior to the establishment of IDLN in August 2000, Indonesia did not have a reliable inter-library loan mechanism to cover the numerous academic libraries spread across the nation. IDRC was involved in supporting this project from its early stages, and CIDA collaborated with IDLN to establish the Eastern Indonesian Universities Digital Library Network (EIUDLN). iDL is a vastly underutilized national resource which is, in one way or another, connected to nearly every other innovative content or application initiative throughout the country. For example, the origins of the Warintek telecenter program lie with the Center for Scientific Documentation and Information of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (PDII-LIPI), which developed the first WARINTEK as part of its regional outreach (IPTEKDA) program in Palembang (south Sumatra) in 1999. It was set up on the premises of the National Library branch, and its content program begun through provision in CD-ROM format of databases and information on topics such as appropriate technologies for use by small and medium enterprises available in the library of PDII-LIPI and cooperating institutions. Optimizing utilization of those important databases was in turn one of the reasons for the establishment of the IDLN. Furthermore, those who worked on IDLN, inspired by Mr. Fahmi, Onno Purbo and others, went on to develop the Social Networks that underpin initiatives such as ilmukomputer.com and Opensource-Indonesia. PDII-LIPI for its part, still maintains its databases as well as R&D reports on appropriate technology, by local authors in the Indonesian language, and information desk services in PDII LIPI respond to any query concerning Science and Technology Information. Literature searches provide users with retrospective and current information using local and foreign sources either manually or on-line. Consultation and training for librarians and information workers is another PDII LIPI activity. The history outlined above points to the existence of a devoted community of researchers and developers who have the experience and the tools to aggregate and deliver digital content nationwide. To date their work has focused on content needed by researchers and Indonesia's higher education community, rather than the types of 18"When East Meets West in ICT4D." Onno W Purbo, IDRC, 2004 19"The Indonesian Digital Library Network Is Born to Struggle with the Digital Divide." Fahmi, Ismail, in the Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science and Technology Vol. 28, No. 4, April / May 2002. October 2005 50 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia content needed by individuals in rural areas with a low level of education. That situation, however, is changing. The team led by Ismail Fahmi is currently working on developing a number of additional digital libraries which will become members of iDL. The libraries under development will serve a host of non-academic institutions such as non-governmental organizations specializing in human rights and heritage issues, farmers' cooperatives, and small and medium size industries. These specialized libraries will also have access to the other libraries participating in the network. This means that a user of an environmental library will be able to search and obtain information from the human rights digital library, and vice versa. With support in the form of linkages to info-mobilizers working in rural communities who can both provide locally developed content and identify local information needs and priorities to guide researchers, the iDL has the potential to grow into a content resource which could effectively serve not only the academic community, but the wider ICT4D community as well. Coupled with online reference and research services of the kind provided by PDII-LIPI, it could retrieve requested information and even provide helpdesk services for rural telecenters. The iDL network is technically sound and could be scaled up simply by procuring greater bandwidth, and additional servers/memory as necessary. The GDL software engine supports audio and video files, so content tailored for illiterate or semi-literate populations could be packaged and delivered via the network. The current user interface however would need a significant reworking, as it has a low usability factor and is generally inappropriate as an interface for non-academic users. The Potential of the Library System - Local Content Generation The iDL project team has also begun working with librarians, primarily those attached to higher education but also including public librarians, to evolve a business model for sustaining participating members. This is an important development, because if given sufficient support it provides an opportunity to transform Indonesia's vast system of woefully under-funded public libraries, through the subscription and information packaging "infopreneurship" of local librarians. "One impact that we can see is the awareness among librarians in Indonesia that encourage them to consider the ICT for library. The presence of digital library (IndonesiaDLN) has opened their minds that we need to increase collaboration among information professional and IT engineers; among people that work on contents and people that work on the technology. Before the project, both of them usually work on their own side of competency."20 One of the goals of this study was to investigate the potential of the national library system to take part in any future telecenter programs. During the course of its work 20"What is the iDL?" Fahmi, Ismail, 24 December, 2004. October 2005 51 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia the research team gathered information on the public library system and visited public libraries in Kotaraja, Papua and Tasikmalaya, West Java, and the Badan Pengelola Perpustakaan Daerah, or Regional Library Management Board in Bandung, West Java. Our general findings confirm that public libraries are under funded and underutilized. Their suitability as potential locations of telecenters varies widely by location, condition of the buildings and other factors. Although the staffs responsible for running the National Library in Jakarta are ICT knowledgeable, the library administrative system from the national to the local level is weak, and the ICT knowledge of librarians in rural areas is low. These factors, along with the institutional culture differences that would need to be overcome in order to successfully establish community telecenters in local libraries,21 renders the potential choice of a library as the site of a telecenter a purely case-by- case exercise which can only be effectively undertaken at the local level. The human resources of the library system, however, are grossly underutilized and could provide a very valuable function in rural ICT4D initiatives in the role of infomediaries and info-mobilizers, if technology and training were made available to them. Support from the donor community to encourage the collaboration mentioned by Ismail Fahmi above could be used to link librarians at the local level to the iDL network, train them in infomediation and technical skills, develop linkages between librarians and farmers associations or women SME owners, for example, and perhaps eventually provide them with the means to at least partially self-fund the local library system. Recommendations 6. In future telecenter projects, localized content development programs should be undertaken with support from information mobilization specialists, as the ability to determine content needs (as opposed to skills training) is limited at the local level. This area needs further study by area experts as many of the researcher team's findings were counterintuitive. For example, when farm groups were queried as to the usefulness of up-to-date market price information, most indicated that this would be of little use, and preferred access to an "introduction" service to buyers whom they could trust, because without the personal relationship with the buyer, crop prices based on statistical averages were perceived to be of little use. 7. Due to the high cost, low speed nature of Internet availability at the village level, content development programs should focus primarily on aggregating content which can be provided either on CDROM or, for more temporal data, via a scheduled download and then shared over a LAN, to minimize Internet access costs. 21"A Library Is NOT a Telecenter!" Rich Fuchs, IDRC, presentation delivered at IFLA AGM-Buenos Aires August 24, 2004 October 2005 52 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia 8. The infrastructure necessary to aggregate and share locally developed content already exists in the form of the Indonesian Digital Library Network. This initiative provides a strong starting point for developing a nationwide information system which could serve the needs of rural development. 9. Local librarians should be trained as info-mediaries, and to provide a support function to info-mobilizers in the field. Investigating and testing business models that would allow infopreneurship on the part of local librarians should be undertaken. 10. Information channels should be developed between local libraries, target user groups and civil society organizations such as farmers associations. This process could most effectively be undertaken through linkage with the World Bank's Kecamatan Development Project, which has hundreds of field facilitators in place in rural communities throughout Indonesia. Already knowledgeable about local conditions, with a minimum of training KDP field facilitators could survey and conduct a preliminary community information needs assessment as an initial step in prioritizing and planning a rural content program, and provide a liaison function between local groups and libraries. Findings and Recommendations Related to Operational Models and Scalability All of the programs studied suffer from varying degrees of weak coordination between the national and the local levels. In general, the research revealed a wide gap between the vision and mission of programs as articulated by national sponsors and the reality of program delivery at the local level. Scheduling of field visits was difficult, as in more than one case centres which national sponsors recommended visiting were in fact nonfunctioning. The most glaring example was Mastel's much promoted BIM program, which has received a great deal of media coverage and government attention (in Jakarta). The field visit revealed that the centre has in fact been non-operational for over 6 months. Although the most widely recognized of the programs studied, BIM was also the weakest in practice at the local level, with no operational structure in place to permit scaling up. . Programs which feature management by local NGOs (PePP and CTLC) are relatively more inclusive and gender balanced than government programs. They appear to encourage greater volunteer participation and an atmosphere of community ownership. However, because of their single purpose nature and remoteness from their sole source of grant funding in Jakarta, they are also more prone to operational breakdown due to lack of funding, spare parts, and human resources. As an example, when the study team visited the Microsoft CTLC centre in Lombok operated by the local branch of the Indonesian Women's Coalition (KPI), the centre had not offered Internet access (previously a money earner) for the past two months because the modem had broken down and the monthly (utilities) subsidy provided by Microsoft was insufficient to allow them to procure a replacement. The Dikmenjur program benefits greatly from close association with a credible and October 2005 53 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia active institution (vocational high schools) at the local level. Support by school administration and the local government in the form of supplemental budgets, and human resources support from teachers and the parent community makes these programs more resilient and less prone to disruption due to isolation. Both the Microsoft CTLC and UNDP/Bappenas PePP programs offer potential models, with some modification (including a focus on entrepreneurship and meeting community needs for services beyond computer skills training) for providing access and training at the village level. Both rightly put significant effort into identifying viable local NGO partners during the program preparation phase, and their focus on computer skills based training provides a clear mission for the centres. The Ministry of Research and Technology's Warintek program is much stronger as a content provision program than as a support system for rural access centers. Warintek deserves support to further develop its content aggregation and distribution processes. Dikmenjur's ICT Centre and WAN-Kota programs offer, with PPP enhancement, a potential model for providing infrastructure, access, and training at the district capital level. Communication of goals between the national and local levels was most effective in the Dikmenjur program, and coordination and support mechanisms were understood at the local level, if not always utilized. Recommendations 10. Telecenters in Indonesia are almost exclusively funded by government or international aid agencies and are managed by local NGOs or government agencies. The private sector is usually only asked to sponsor equipment (e.g. Microsoft's CTLC); it is not offered any other possibility for attractive involvement. There is a distinct need for exploring new, private sector driven models of telecenter management and financing. 11. Centrally administered grant programs based in Jakarta are cumbersome, require a great deal of administrative overhead, are potentially prone to corruption and abuse, and are inflexible in responding to local needs. Locally driven programs (with appropriate safeguards including contracted private sector management vetted by the World Bank or other program sponsor, and a transparent local ownership structure) would more accurately respond to needs and demand at the local level, and program design should take this into account. 12. Because Village level initiatives are prone to failure without support from a regional, i.e. district level, facility (as noted, waiting for a replacement modem or a technician to arrive from Jakarta may well cause local programs to grind to a halt) provision for local or regional support should be a key focus in any future telecenter program development. 13. The effort to build viable rural information systems in Indonesia should begin with the establishment of MTCs/support centres at the Ibu Kota Kabupaten level, and then extend to the village level via a "hub and spoke" structure. This could effectively be accomplished by marrying access centre development to October 2005 54 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia the deployment of community owned wireless networks. Dikmenjur's existing program incorporates both of these functions (as well as community radio) and with private sector management could provide an effective vehicle for delivering both community-wide infrastructure and access services. 14. The Government of Indonesia should create a favorable policy and regulation environment to encourage the private sector to reach beyond urban areas, through a mix of obligations and incentives that offer private sector players an attractive investment opportunity. 15. Financing mechanisms for rural community telecenters in Indonesia should include: · USO Funds: As is common practice in other developing nations, GOI should ensure access and services for rural areas by setting aside a percentage of its USO tax proceeds to provide "smart subsidies" to help offset the large start-up costs for commercial telecenters in rural areas, and to subsidize telecenters on an ongoing basis in areas that are too small for commercial viability. · Seed Finance: To encourage local organizations to take initiative, the World Bank, ADB and other international development banks should prime the pump with a mixed system of: a. Micro-loans for local franchisees, entrepreneurs or Wartel operators wishing to purchase computer equipment and other advanced ICT equipment to establish small privately owned and operated telecenters. b. Seed finance for qualifying national or regional private sector players wishing to establish or extend a larger-scale telecenter operation into rural areas. · Services Support: International development agencies such as IDRC, large NGOs or Corporate philanthropy programs aligning themselves with a national telecenter operation could sponsor services and applications that are not self-supporting (such as content programs for marginalized groups and the poor), while the profitable services are commercially run and managed. · Facilities Contracting: Local governments should improve the viability of telecenters by involving them in educational outreach, rural development, public governance and health programs. Contracting the telecenter to provide certain public services brings these agencies cost-efficiency gains while at the same time providing the centre with additional revenue. 16. Because the success and scalability of telecenters is partly dependent on whether they are made up of large networks and represent economies of scale, and a franchise style management carries the advantage of providing quality standards and support such as a startup package, an operating manual, recruitment and training guidelines, this operational model should be prioritized for support. 17. Because there is both a long history and legal basis in Indonesia for public sector involvement in business, the current regional autonomy environment has presented opportunities for innovative local businesses and schools and October 2005 55 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia regional government entities to partner in providing rural infrastructure and ICT services development, while creating sustainable sources of local funding. This ownership structure should be prioritized for support. 18. Because Indonesia does not have a strong record to date in executing large scale public-private partnerships (particularly if they involve state owned companies and foreign multinational partners - the failed, extensively litigated joint operation, or "KSO" scheme pairing the state telecommunications company PT Telkom with foreign partners is but one example),22 priority should be given to PPP initiatives featuring smaller companies with a proven record of working in rural communities. A variety of models should be tested, and extreme care should be taken before embarking on any large scale, output based aid (OBA) type initiatives, particularly if they pair state companies with multinational partners. Findings and Recommendations Related to Business Models and Sustainability While the telecenters studied vary in many aspects, one common characteristic is that they are all initiated by government or donor agencies (or in the case of Microsoft's CTLC, corporate philanthropy) and run by local NGOs or government offices. This mode of ownership is naturally reflected in the business model -- and accounts for some of the problems accruing from it. The objectives of the stakeholders responsible for operating the telecenters are to foster and facilitate specific development activities, not to make a profit. As a result, the local NGO owners or managers are not particularly driven to make a commercial success of their centres, nor are they often entrepreneurial or skilled in generating business and revenue. As a consequence there are common problems with: · Market analysis and business planning -- Demand studies and business plans carried out before the establishment of telecenters are weak or nonexistent. · Pricing and Competition -- Pricing strategies and guidelines are lacking, and where fees are charged, the prices do not reflect the cost of providing the services. Where there is existing infrastructure, local Warnet owners provide Internet access and other services and compete with the telecenters. The telecenters, by providing subsidized services, distort the market for emerging local entrepreneurs. · Human resources -- Most telecenter managers and staff are not appropriately compensated for their work. As well, the centres typically rely heavily on volunteers. Both factors lead to difficulties in retaining skilled staff. · Training -- Managers and staff are mostly untrained in advanced operations, financial management and customer service. Both the CTLC and Pe-PP projects are fully grant funded, and neither have firm plans in place for financial sustainability beyond the end of the grant period (perhaps the most common characteristic of all past and present telecenter projects in Indonesia). 22"Threats, Jokes and a $1-billion Dispute." Simon Montlake, Asiaweek, 31 January 2001 October 2005 56 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Sustainability planning observed by the study team ranged from a national/local sponsor strategy session (UNDP/Bappenas and the Pabelan Pondok Pesantren), to centre operators contributing a percentage of their monthly transport subsidy to a fund intended to keep the centre open a few more months beyond the end of grant funding (the KPI run CTLC in Lombok). Aside from Warintek, which has a built-in University student market, the others who charge for their services do so at less than full cost. All of the telecenters except e- Pabelan are located in rural markets of sufficient size and purchasing power to be commercially viable in the medium - to long-term. The e-Pabelan telecenter was the only true village level project observed, and as would be expected, the market in this location presents significant challenges. It is likely that the e-Pabelan center (and by extension other village level projects based on the Pe-PP model) could partially offset costs and perhaps eventually break even. It seems certain that they would require significant public/donor financial support for a period of 3-5 years, at minimum. This is not meant to imply that village level telecenters funded by government or aid agencies and managed by NGOs are not deserving of support. Although struggling with issues of self-sustainability, the Pe-PP telecenter in Pabelan is creating awareness, incubating ideas, and generating valuable lessons on how to approach ICT4PR activities in rural communities. Moreover, if financial sustainability becomes a requirement for these centres it may well cause operators to focus on attracting only those who can afford commercial services, perpetuating existing economic disparities, undermining the ICT4PR mission of the programs, and calling into doubt the social sustainability of the centres. But a top priority for planners of future telecenters in rural population centres should be entrepreneurial involvement from day one as opposed to belated concern over how to pay the bills when the grant is about to run out, or they will not provide the model for large-scale replication that is needed for widespread socio-economic development in Indonesia, where government funds are limited. Only economically successful models are likely to replicate themselves in larger numbers and spread the benefits beyond single locations. In short, the telecenters studied, except for Warintek, are uniformly supply-driven rather than demand-driven because of their ownership structure and operating model. Currently, only Warintek features significant entrepreneurial or private sector involvement (although in practice this usually amounts to little more than a government subsidy to institutionally-based Warnets to purchase extra computers). The national sponsors of the ICT Centre (Dikmenjur) program are supportive of commercial service delivery to the local community, but this would require direct private sector involvement as school faculties have full time jobs which leave little or no time for running a telecenter. There are also issues of security of facilities and rapid depreciation of school-owned equipment which must be accounted for were the ICT Centres to be commercialized. The ICT Centre in Kalimalang, Jakarta was the only one observed which was currently providing commercial services, and it is located in an urban area, with a cadre of highly skilled volunteers. In the other ICT Centre locations, without private October 2005 57 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia sector involvement the availability of local human resources presents a severe challenge to successful operations of what is a very ambitious and technically challenging undertaking (wireless ISP services, data center, and MCT, not to mention radio broadcasting). Of the programs which charge fees for services, training in computer skills (primarily use of Microsoft Office) is most in demand. This was true for all centres except the Warintek, located at a university where a sizable student body created demand for Internet access. The high cost relative to income and poor quality of dial up Internet service via Telkomnet Instan in rural areas severely limits Internet access demand. Lack of local language content and lack of awareness of and facilitation in the use of Internet content and services (such as VoIP) are also factors in low Internet access demand. Users generally indicated a desire for aggregated and localized content, but in the absence of compelling examples were noncommittal as to whether they would be willing to pay for it. At the Warintek centre located at Siliwangi University in Tasikmalaya (the other Warintek centre visited was nonfunctioning) demand for Warintek content was negligible, and the centre functioned primarily as a Warnet. None of the centres surveyed took advantage of potential income from other high demand services, such as editing and printing cell phone photos. GSM network coverage was available in even the most rural centres visited, and cell phones were ubiquitous. The operator of the Garis Tepi farmers' association CTLC ran a side business selling pulsa refill vouchers and cell phone accessories from the centre building, but had never considered printing cell phone photos or selling ringtone downloads to create income for the centre, and expressed doubt as to whether this would be "allowed" by Microsoft. In fact, Microsoft and Yayasan Mitra Mandiri have no objection to these types of activities as long as they don't detract from the CTLC training mission, but local operator understanding of options for revenue generation was very limited in all of the remote, rural centres visited, and local operators generally displayed a hesitant and inordinately deferential reserve in undertaking any initiatives not expressly sanctioned by the national grant giver. Recommendations 8. Private sector management of publicly owned facilities should be a cornerstone of any future telecenter program, to provide the greatest chance of financial sustainability and to encourage a wider user base - beyond members of just one local NGO/organization. At both the district and village level, entrepreneurship should be encouraged, and the aim should be to create "Integrated Technology Service Centres" with multiple low overhead revenue streams, including: · Non-Internet Revenue Drivers: Training LAN Gaming Computer Rental, Scanning, Printing October 2005 58 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Cell phone Digital Photo editing and printing, and ringtone downloads · Low Bandwidth Internet Revenue Drivers: VoIP (Skype or other service Micropackaging) Information and eMail `dump" (scheduled download) services Internet Access (surfing and chatting) 9. Simple Internet (Warnet) services can be delivered commercially without major outside investments, if the basic telecommunications access infrastructure exists. Telecenters should not compete with, or be planned in such a way as to reduce the viability of existing Warnets run by local entrepreneurs. Subsidized, below market prices should be made available only to targeted groups who do not have the ability to pay for services. 10. To promote development of a wide user base and thereby a greater likelihood of financial sustainability, a mechanism for providing support for local public and civil sector organizations to associate and pool resources should be established. Existing programs tend to rely on just one local partner organization/operator, limiting the user base and overall impact of the program. There is no reason why a farmer's association and a women's microcredit organization and a local government Health service office (Dinas Kesehatan), for example, could not all jointly sponsor a telecenter. 11. Similarly, to create synergies, pool human resources and spread financial burdens, national level sponsors should be encouraged to join forces wherever practical. To an outside observer, there is no apparent reason why Microsoft's CTLC program and the Pe-PP program could not join together for mutual benefit. If Microsoft were to fund the training aspect of the Pe-PP program, it would still achieve benefits in terms of market fertilization, branding and public image, while freeing UNDP/Bappenas to focus on specific ICT4PR measures. The biggest hurdle to this kind of cooperation is likely the institutional cultures of the sponsors. A mechanism for overcoming reluctance and shepherding this cooperation should be established. 12. Village level telecenters, i.e. at the Kecamatan level, should be designed to expand and grow only if and when demand and affordability allow. Local entrepreneurs should be enlisted to sense where good opportunities exist and help maximize both the scale and viability of a village telecenters. 13. Telecenters in larger rural population centers, i.e. at the Ibu Kota Kabupaten level, should be planned and run on a commercial basis, and preference should be given to telecenter solutions that have a franchise element and can establish a network of telecenters. 14. Commercial telecenters should be set up to deliver wireless ISP services (the Cabinas System in Peru provides an excellent model) to schools, government offices, and Warnets. The average Ibu Kota (District Capital) has between 20- 30 Dinas offices, 10-15 secondary/tertiary schools, and other public institutions including at least one hospital ­ in other words a viable client base. October 2005 59 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia This would break the high cost / poor quality service stranglehold of Telkomnet Instan in rural areas and greatly speed the diffusion of ICTs. The Dikmenjur program is well positioned to serve as a public sector stakeholder under this model. October 2005 60 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Other ICT Initiatives in Indonesia Background As a member of the Assembly Bureau for Phase II of WSIS, the Government of Indonesia will take a lead role in preparing the Tunisia round in late 2005, and has declared its commitment to implementation of the WSIS Declaration of Principles and Plan of Action. The Government has prepared a national e-Strategy framework that describes policy guidelines and national strategies focusing on attainment of the Millennium Development Goals and enhanced national development through the utilization of ICT. As articulated in the e-Strategy, the government intends to play a facilitating role by providing a framework that couples supportive public sector intervention with private sector initiatives and civil society input. The adoption of a multi-stakeholder consultative and co-operative approach is intended to assist in: · Aligning the goals, incentives, roles and responsibilities of the diverse stakeholders and providing the space to negotiate tradeoffs and propose win- win opportunities. · Facilitating close co-ordination between stakeholders to prevent duplication of efforts and achieve positive synergies through clustering of activities, and the spreading of risks through the implementation of public-private partnerships. As is common in other developing nations, the Indonesian Government is concerned by the opportunity cost of investments in ICTs, since there are limited financial resources, time and attention available. Investing these in ICT would deny such investments in other development areas such as provision of clean water, sanitation, health and shelter. Accordingly, all publicly funded ICT projects in Indonesia will be evaluated for appropriateness based on a set of guidelines set out in the e-Strategy, which stipulate that innovative, vertical projects or those involving the extension of ICT infrastructure to rural areas will prioritize private-sector partnership, while GOI will focus its own investment (either internally through APBN and APBD funds, or through debt incurring external financing) on ICT projects which involve strategic national information, improved government functioning, or which develop national information infrastructure for delivering mission critical services.23 Given the Indonesian Government's stated priority in reserving government revenues to fund e-Government projects, leadership in developing innovative rural ICT4D initiatives over the coming decade will generally lie with the private sector and civil society. National Government input is most likely to come in the form of coordination and facilitation amongst stakeholders, as is indicated in two of the initiatives outlined on 23"Indonesia's e-Strategy." The Government of Indonesia, 2005 October 2005 61 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia the following pages: Community Access Points (CAP) and One School One Lab (OSOL). If the Government does indeed facilitate linkages between initiatives operating at the local level and is proactive in creating an environment which encourages rural ICT development, as opposed to, say, simply issuing position papers and directives, it may well serve to encourage the kind of "bottom-up" development that many in the Indonesian ICT community believe is possible but has to this point shown little evidence of success. Over the past nine years in Indonesia, the author of this report has seen a great many innovative, locally driven ICT initiatives appear, wither, and finally die a quiet death. There are a host of reasons for this ­ lack of adequate financing and little or no planning for financial sustainability, regulatory impediments, etc. ­ but two causes in particular stand out: · Initiatives tend to operate in isolation from each other, even when there are obvious complementary aspects to the programs, and there is no party at the national or regional level providing facilitation and support for establishing mutually beneficial linkages. · Both National Government and to a slightly lesser extent the Donor Community have perpetuated a "top-down," project-oriented environment which devalues or ignores local initiative, and prioritizes hierarchical, "expert" driven interventions. Encouraging local initiatives and facilitating linkages and synergy among them is a top priority. Hopefully, the Government (primarily through the Ministry of Communications and Informatics) and the Donor Community will indeed play supportive roles in this process. The programs described on the following pages are primarily Private Sector or Community driven. In choosing which of the many ongoing ICT projects to report on, priority has been given to those which, in the opinion of the consultant, have the greatest potential for synergy with locally driven ICT4D initiatives, including telecenters. October 2005 62 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Infrastructure and Access Initiatives Community Access Points (CAP) Type of Project: Sponsor: Location: Facilitation and Ministry of Communications Nationwide Sponsorship (Telecenter) and Informatics CAP is a Zero-Budget program initiated by the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology which seeks to provide coordination and support for the development of Telecenters. Through CAP, MCIT hopes to provide an umbrella facility similar to an industry association to promote sustainable business models and promote best practice in developing community information centers, while facilitating linkages amongst the various agents such as content and application providers. Formulated in 2002, CAP is coordinated by two working groups in MCIT which focus on 1. finding financial sustainability solutions, and 2. promulgating guidelines and facilitating linkages for those who intend to implement telecenters. One of CAP's functions is as a tool for dissemination of official government information, content and educational materials. Future plans include developing methods for delivering e-Government services through CAP telecenters. The CAP format embraces telecenters which are commercial or non-profit, private sector or public sector driven, or a combination. Both Microsoft's CTLC program and the Pe-PP program of UNDP/Bappenas are under the CAP umbrella. Contact: Ir. Lolly Amalia, M.Sc. Direktur Sistem Informasi, Perangkat Keras dan Lunak DEPMCIT Tel: + 62-21-3855870 Mobile: +62-81-1824332 E-mail: lolly@depMCIT.go.id Website: http://www.depMCIT.go.id October 2005 63 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia One School One (Computer) Laboratory (OSOL) Type of Project: Sponsors: Location: Facilitation and Ministry of Communications Nationwide Sponsorship (School and Informatics Computer Labs) Ministry of National Education Ministry of Religious Affairs OSOL is another Zero-Budget program initiated by the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology which, in this case, encourages schools to establish computer laboratories, and musters financial and in kind support, primarily from the private sector, to support schools that participate in the program. Assistance in developing the program was provided by partners including: · Microsoft Indonesia - which provided used computers, free Windows Operating System, low-cost Microsoft Office Application, and financial support for the coordination of empirical research on program impact. · PT Telkom ­ which provided LAN equipment and discounted Internet access for some of the schools. · Pustekkom (Ministry of Education) ­ which provided basic multimedia content. To date, the program's most notable success has been in securing donations from large corporations involved in natural resources extraction industries (oil, mining, etc.) to finance implementation of computer labs in schools in the areas they operate. OSOL has been implemented in the following communities as of June 2005: · 6 schools in Batam ­ Riau (Pilot Project) · 3 schools in Tanah Datar, Padang ­ West Sumatra · 2 schools in Samarinda ­ East Kalimantan · 6 schools in Tenggarong ­ East Kalimantan · 3 schools in Penajam Paser Utara ­ East Kalimantan · 1 schools in Semper ­ North Jakarta · 3 schools in Garut - West Java · 4 schools in North Aceh · 1 pesantren (islamic boarding school) in Peurlak ­ East Aceh · 1 madrasah (islamic school) in Langsa ­ Aceh Contacts: Dr. Moedjiono, M.Sc. Dr. Mohammad Rudy Salahuddin, Staf Ahli Bidang Hubungan Head of Sub-Directorate for Posts, Internasional dan Kesenjangan Digital Telecommunication and ICT, MCIT BAPPENAS Tel: + 62-21-3855870 Mobile: +62 81 110-6112 Mobile: +62- 8129203158 Phone: +62 21 390-5650 ext. 600 E-mail: moedjiono@depMCIT.go.id Fax: +62 21 391-2422 Website: http://www.depMCIT.go.id E-mail: rudy@bappenas.go.id October 2005 64 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Rural Community Wireless IP Networks24 Type of Project: Sponsors: Location: Public Private Partnership Sumedang District Sumedang, West Java Government PT Kampungcyber.com Cited as a best practice example by the 2005 Indonesian Government e-Strategy, a promising PPP is currently underway in Sumedang, West Java. Utilizing VSAT and Wi-Fi infrastructure procured by the District Government, a local ICT company, PT KampungCyber, contributes the professional management, operational capital and business relationships necessary to deliver low-cost wireless data and voice services to schools, SME, Internet cafes and other clients throughout the community. The local government's investment was less than $50,000, and the government is not required to commit any additional resources to the project. Commercial services were launched in January 2005, and the business is showing a profit after only six months of operation. Outsourcing network management frees the local government, schools and other community groups from the twin burdens which have caused the failure of previous attempts to develop public-sector-only infrastructure - staffing specialized human resources and funding ongoing operating costs - enabling scarce budget resources to be directed toward capacity building and program development, while eliminating the risk of getting bogged down in the technical issues of day-to-day network management and maintenance. Savings from use of local network VoIP and digital data sharing alone will allow the Sumedang District government to achieve ROI on its investment within the first two years. Profit-sharing from commercial ISP and WLAN network services will be rolled back into developing local e-Government services and technology related human resources development. Contacts: Kusnaedi, Head of District Martin Crow, CEO Development Planning Board PT KampungCyber.com PEMDA Sumedang Tel: +62-22-251-3894 Tel: +62-261-202001 Mobile: +62-818-637-529 Fax: +62-261-201022 Email: info@kampungcyber.com E-mail: Website: http://www.kampungcyber.com edi_kusna@smd.kampungcyber.net 24Disclaimer: The author of this report is closely associated with the Sumedang initiative, and encourages interested parties to obtain independent verification of the claims made herein. October 2005 65 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Rural Community Radio Network Type of Project: Sponsors: Location: Donor and NGO The World Bank Aceh Combine Resource Institute Jaringan Radio Komunitas Indonesia Jaringan Radio Komunitas Indonesia (JRKI) or the Indonesia Community Radio Network was established in 2002, and is composed of about 200 community radio stations from 16 provinces of Indonesia. Community radio stations have been operating in Indonesia since the early 1970s, however the country only formally acknowledged the existence of community radio in December 2002, with the passage of legislation 32/2002 or the broadcasting law. Article 13, section 2 of said legislation enumerates four types of broadcasting institutions: private, public, community and subscription broadcasting institution. The World Bank's Kecamatan Development Program (KDP), working with JRKI and the Combine Resource Institute (operator of the Kapal Muara community radio in Jakarta), is developing a network of rural community radio stations in Aceh to facilitate the two-way exchange of information between tsunami affected communities and aid coordination teams. The first stage of the activity established the interim Aceh Emergency Radio Network (AERnet), which consists of 10 information relay points. Five of these points are equipped with basic low power radio signal broadcasting equipment and radio receivers able to relay radio from a central facility in Banda Aceh. The second stage will see the creation of a much larger network, supporting and supported by the KDP structure, which will become an important tool for coordinating aid activities, as well as allow communities to give feedback on, and monitor, the recovery process. The Aceh community radio project is being carefully documented and should generate valuable lessons learned to inform potential future rural community radio programs in other parts of Indonesia. Data on technical issues with import for similar projects will include: · Equipment failure, due to power surges, lightning strikes and blackouts · Practicality of Node-to-node communication technologies such as CB radio and Satellite phones · Mobilization and Logistics · Power options including solar, generators, UPS (uninterruptible power source) Contacts: Jaringan Radio Komunitas Indonesia Scott E. Guggenheim, Team Leader Jl.Sukanagara no.19 Kecamatan Development Project Antapani, Bandung 40291 Tel: +62 213911908 Indonesia E-mail: sguggenheim@worldbank.org Tel: +62-22 720-3758 October 2005 66 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Vocational Secondary Education ICT Program Type of Project: Sponsor: Location: Public Sector (Education) Directorate Of Vocational Nationwide Secondary Education Ministry Of National Education In addition to the ICT Centres described in detail earlier in this report, Dikmenjur manages a number of other block-grant financed programs geared to developing instructional capacity across a range of ICTs. The Dikmenjur ICT program is intended to introduce ICT to schools (particularly SMK) and communities by providing subsidies for ICT-related activities. It includes developing ICT classes in SMK by preparing ICT curriculum, human resources through training of ICT instructors/teachers, ICT facilities and inter-school and inter- government communication network infrastructure, and ICT certification and standardization. The characteristics and status of key programs are outlined in the table below. Program Function Status (end 2004) Internet Development Provides LAN equipment and training to SMK 784 Kabupatens/Cities (Jarnet) School Information Develops an Educational Information System 137 Kabupatens/Cities Network (JIS) application for all schools in a community with an SMK host/coordinator City/Kabupaten Wide Provides an SMK-based NOC (Network 30 Kabupatens/Cities Area Network Operation Centers) and BTS (Base Terminal (WANKota) Servers) of a wireless community network School Mapping Collects data on schools of all types in a 300 Kabupatens/Cities community, via a web-enabled open source database application with textual and spatial data (GIS) capabilities Community Radio Provides radio and TV production and 17 Kabupatens/Cities (Broadcasting) broadcasting facilities To strengthen various aspects of the program, Dikmenjur has established cooperation with private sector ICT and Telecommunications groups including: · Indonesian Association of Internet Service Providers (APJII) · Indonesian Association of Internet Cafés (AWARI) · PT Indosat (IP VPN pilot project) · PT Telkom (bandwidth at lower cost) · Intel (learning modules) · Fren/Mobile-8 (CDMA portal) · Cisco Indonesia (Cisco Networking Academy Program - CNAP) · Microsoft Indonesia (legal software and Microsoft Partner in Learning program) Contact: Dr. Ir. Gatot Hari Priowirjanto, Director of Vocational Secondary Education Tel. 62-21-5725466 Fax. 62-21-5725049 Homepage: http://www.dikmenjur.net Mailing List: dikmenjur@yahoogroups.com October 2005 67 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Content and Applications Indonesia Go Open Source (IGOS) Type of Project: Sponsors: Location: Research and Ministry of Research and Jakarta Development Technology Ministry of Communications and Informatics The Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) In June 2004, the government of Indonesia launched "Indonesia Go Open Source" (IGOS), an initiative intended to support local development of FOSS (Free and Open Software Systems), to be promoted in tandem with a future National Program to encourage development of software SME in regional population centers. The long term objectives of IGOS are to push government ICT utilization and reduce software licensing costs relative to state budget expenditures, while stimulating developers' creativity and R&D in local industries so as to increase global competitiveness and generate job opportunities. The program is intended to be neutral in approach, i.e. there will be no discrimination against proprietary software, while the government will gradually adopt open source systems and lead by example. IGOS is promoted through workshops and exhibitions, talk shows, and software development and essay contests. The bulk of the R&D is performed by LIPI and local universities. Primary accomplishments to date include development of three versions of an open source, Indonesian language desktop operating system (Garuda1, Standar, and Pipit) and three versions of integrated, open source Warnet service packages: · Berdikari ­ a server application designed to work with smart clients · Kwartet ­ an application designed to allow 4 users with monitors, keyboards and mice to work from one CPU · Laba-Laba ­ a server application designed to run up to 12 thin client workstations Contacts: Kemal Prihatman Drs. Didi Mulyadi, Head MENRISTEK Computer and Information Resources Tel.: + 62-21-3169167-68-69 Facility, LIPI (Informatika) Fax : +62-21-3101952 Tel: +62-22-2504711 ext 1333 E-mail : igos@ristek.go.id E-mail: info@informatika.lipi.go.id http://www.igos.web.id http://www.informatika.lipi.go.id October 2005 68 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia KIOSS Project Type of Project: Sponsor: Location: Web Portal Komunitas Outsourcing Nationwide (Online) (Software Developers' Indonesia Social Network) Originally the "Komunitas Outsourcing Semarang" from the city of the same name in Central Java, KIOSS (http://kioss.com/kioss/index.php) has outgrown its initial moniker and has become a nationwide community of freeware developers. KIOSS developed applications includes SMS gateway software, an Indonesian text to speech application, Internet café billing software, Delphi and other development tools, etc. KIOSS also provides hosting and maintenance support services. Since June 2003, KIOSS has sponsored a web portal, Opensource-Indonesia (http://opensource-indonesia.com/kioss.php/index.php), designed to support freeware and open source developers nationwide through provision of development tools, methodology and project management tips, and a channel of distribution for their products. The Opensource-Indonesia website offers a vast number of downloadable applications ranging from a digital Al Quran to a credit card generator, as well as news and event listings of interest to the software development community. Contact: Luri Darmawan E-mail: luridarmawan@kioss.com IlmuKomputer.com Type of Project: Sponsor: Location: Web Portal (e-Learning Mr. Romi Satria Wahono Nationwide (Online) Social Network) The "Free e-Learning Community for Computer Science in Indonesia," IlmuKomputer.com (http://ilmukomputer.com/index.php) is a web portal dedicated to providing a wide range of free Indonesian language content including tutorials, training materials, theses and dissertations. Launched in April 2003, IlmuKomputer.com received a World Summit Award (WSIS) for best practice in the e-Learning category. One of its stated aims is to make information available to those who cannot afford the high cost of tuition and seminars. Founded by Romi Satria Wahono, IlmuKomputer.com was built through social networking in the academic community, and extensive use of mailing lists. The portal serves as a collaborative space for sharing of ideas and discussion, and contributors include many prominent members of Indonesia's IT community, such as Onno W. Purbo, Budi Rahardjo, I Made Wiryana, Choirul Amri, Michael Sunggiardi, Bona Simantjuk and Luri Darmawan. Online content is provided in HTML and PDF format, and a CD for those without an Internet connection is produced, regularly updated, and distributed nationally. IlmuKomputer.com provides free online consultation services via Yahoo Messenger, and an active mailing list at ilmukomputer@yahoogroups.com. The portal receives over 100,000 hits daily, and maintains mirror sites to ensure fast access. Contact: Romi Satria Wahono, Coordinator E-mail: romi@romisatriawahono.net October 2005 69 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Annexes October 2005 70 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Annex 1 - Desk Study Documents "Agritani Indonesia." 11 March, 2005. "Balai Informasi Masyarakat (BIM)." Power Point Presentation for Department of Transportation, MASTEL. July 2001 Belawanti, Tian. "ICT Use in Education." UNESCO. 19 May 2005. "Bersatu di Pasar yang Mulai Jenuh." APW Komitel. 9 March 2005. "Community Teleservice Center ­ CTC To Develop The Rural Community In Indonesia." MASTEL (no date) Direktori Perpustakaan Nasional. www.pnri.go.id Djatin, Jusni and Sri Hartinah. "Pengemasan dan Pemasaran Informasi: Pengalaman PDII-LIPI." Partnerships for e-Prosperity for the Poor (Pe-PP). Government of the Republic of Indonesia; United Nations Development Program. 2004-2007 (August 2004) Donny B.U. "Kondisi Industri Warnet Indonesia: Medan, Makassar, Bandung, Jogja, Jakarta." ICT Watch Indonesia. September 2003. ICT Watch, PEG, USAID. 21 April 2005. "E-Society Bisa Jadi Kerangka ICT" Bisnis Indonesia, 14 September 2004 Fahmi, Ismail. "The Indonesian Digital Library Network Is Born to Struggle with the Digital Divide." in the Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science and Technology Vol. 28, No. 4, April / May 2002. Downloadable at http://idrinfo.idrc.ca/archive/corpdocs/117273/fahmi.html Fahmi, Ismail, "What is the iDL?" 24 December, 2004. Available online at: http://gdl.itb.ac.id/ "Female Internet Users as a % of Total Internet Users, 2002." International Telecommunications Union. 19 February 2005. ICTs and Development in Indonesia: Information, Markets and Livelihood Options, Alex J Robinson, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI), Jakarta, Indonesia. June 2005. Can be downloaded from http://www.networknowledge.net/research.htm "Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Program (1999-2009)." Dikmenjur ICT Development Team, Directorate of Vocational Secondary Education, Directorate General of Primary and Secondary Education, Ministry of National Education, 2004 Information Dissemination In A Developing Society: Internet Café Users In Indonesia, The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, Furuholt, Kristiansen, and Wahid, January 2005 "Indonesia's e-Strategy." The Government of Indonesia, 2005 "IptekNet info Perpustakaan." www.iptek.net.id (10 March 2005) "Komunitas e-Learning Gratis Ilmu Komputer Indonesia." www.ilmukomputer.com "Koperasi Menantang Superwarnet." APW Komitel. 9 March 2005. "Koperasi Menantang Superwarnet II." APW Komitel. 9 March 2005. "Lomba Nasional Penulisan Artikel Tentang Perpustakaan Nasional RI." Jaringan Perpustakaan Aptik. 10 March 2005. October 2005 71 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia "Milenia Net Cafe." 22 March 2005. Moerwanto, F. B. "Balai Informasi Masyarakat (BIM) untuk Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Desa di Indonesia." MASTEL, 2002 "National Movement on People's Economy Telecenter." PERNetworks "Pelayanan Kesehatan Jarak Jauh Via Satelit." Space Tech Corner. Number 11, Vol. II, June 2001. 21 February 2005. "Pemerintah akan Keluarkan Juklak CAP." Bisnis Indonesia. (13 October 2004) "Pemerintah Cari Model Pengembangan CAP." Bisnis Indonesia. (16 September 2004) "Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia." 10 March 2005. "Peta Distribusi Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan." 4 June 2005. Purbo, Onno W. "An Indonesian Digital Review - Internet Infrastructure and Initiatives." UNPAN: Asia & Pacific. UNPAN. 19 February 2005. < unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/ public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN007779.pdf> Purbo, Onno W. "Community Broadcasting - The Rural Information Network." UNPAN: Asia & Pacific. UNPAN. 19 February 2005. Purwanto, S. A. "Mobilisasi Informasi dan Implementasi Telecenter e-Pabelan, Desa Pabelan, Mungkid, Jawa Tengah." Prepared for Partnership towards ICT for Human Development, No. 017/PA-ICT4HRD/NPD/CTR/05/04 (2004) Pustekom ­ Center for Information and Communication Technology for Education. The National Ministry of Education. CDROM "Report Survey and Statistical Data Analyses on the Baseline Survey for E-Pabelan for National Development Planning Agency of the Republic of Indonesia (BAPPENAS)." No. 017/PA-ICT4HRD/NPD/CTR/05/04 - PT Risadata Utama Rusdiah, R. "Indikator Indonesia Sekitar ICT dan Pengembangan CAP." Investor Daily. 21 December 2004. Rusdiah, Rudi. "Sustainable Models for Telecenters and the Role of the Indonesian Private Sector: Learning Best Practices and Cautionary Lessons." Presentation for Video Conference between Jakarta and Washington Jointly Sponsored by the World Bank and USAID/PEG Project. 2002 Sambutan Kepala Bakosurtanal." 10 May 2001. BAKOSURTANAL. 18 March 2005. "Serving the Nation and Setting a Good Example." Milenia Net Cafe. Microsoft Indonesia. 22 March 2005. Sirat, Djam Hari. "Internet Development in Indonesia." Postel. 15 February 2005. "SISFONAS 2010: Sisfonas Sebagai Tulang Punggung Aplikasi E-Government." SISFONAS. 2002. Departemen Komunikasi Dan Informasi Republik Indonesia. 1 June 2005. "Sistem Informasi Baseline Economic Survey (SIB)." Bank of Indonesia. 19 May 2005. < http://www.bi.go.id/Sipuk/id/sib/index2.html "Sistem Informasi Manajemen Satu Atap." 11 March 2005. October 2005 72 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Soeharto, Lintang. "Community-Based Rural ICT Models in Indonesia" Power Point Presentation on the Workshop on Increasing Access to Rural Information and Communication in Indonesia; National Information Agency (LIN). 6-7 June 2005 Suseno, Giri. "Siaran Pers Mastel." MASTEL (7 Juli 2003) TVE ­ Televisi Edukasi. The National Ministry of Education. CDROM October 2005 73 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Annex 2 - Key Informant Interviews NO. DATE TIME PARTY VENUE TOPIC ATTENDANCE 01. 23 Februari 2005 09:00 ­ 10:30 AM Ministry of Communications Jl. Medan Merdeka Community Access Lolly Amaliah, Nunuk and Informatics (MCIT) Barat No. 9, Jakarta Point (CAP) Scholastik, Martin Pusat Program, One Crow, Indri Tristianti School One Lab (OSOL), General Info 02. 24 Februari 2005 04:00 ­ 06:00 PM Directorate of Technical and 13th Floor, Building E, ICT Centre Program, Mustaghfirin, Suhadi, Vocational Education Dikmenjur Office, WAN Kota Program Bona Simanjuntak, (DIKMENJUR), Ministry of DEPDIKNAS, Jl. Junedi Armada National Education Jendral Sudirman, Sidabutar, Martin (DEPDIKNAS) Jakarta Crow, Indri Tristianti 03. 25 Februari 2005 09:00 ­ 11:30 AM Universitas Terbuka Japan International Distance Learning, Dr. Naswil Idris, Rudi (Indonesia Open University) Development Agency Urban MTC Rusdiah, Martin / Millenia Net Cafe (JICA) 27th Floor, BII Program Crow, Indri Tristianti Building, Jakarta 04. 01 March 2005 04:00 ­ 05:30 PM Idris Suleiman Setiabudi Building ICT Idris Sulaeman, Martin Crow, Indri Tristianti 05. 02 March 2005 11:00 AM ­ 1:00 Deputy Minister on 8th Floor, Parking Technology Kemal Prihatman, PM Utilization & Socialization of Building, Ministry of Information Kiosks Martin Crow, Indri Science & Technology, Research & Technology Tristianti Ministry of Research and Office, Jalan Thamrin, Technology Jakarta 06. 07 March 2005 11:00 AM ­ 01:00 Deputy Minister on 6th Floor, Ministry of Technology Kemal Prihatman, PM Utilization & Socialization of Research & Technology Information Kiosks Agus Sediadi, Martin Science & Technology, Building, Jalan Crow, Indri Tristianti Ministry of Research and Thamrin, Jakarta Technology 07. 07 March 2005 02:00 ­ 04:30 PM Ministry of National 2nd Floor, Pusdatin ICT For Poverty Zulfikar M. Rachman, Planning Agency and UNDP Office, Jalan Taman Reduction (ICT4PR) Dinar Pandan Sari, October 2005 74 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Suropati No. 2, Martin Crow, Indri BAPENAS, Jakarta Tristianti 10310 08. 08 March 2005 02:00 ­ 04:30 PM ICT Center DKI Jakarta SMK Jaya Wisata, Jl ICT Center Bona Simanjuntak, Pangkalan Jati II No. A.Bukhaeri, Martin 19, Kalimalang, Jakarta Crow, Indri Tristianti Timur 13620 09. 14 March 2005 02:00 ­ 03.00 PM Deputy Minister for 6th Floor, RISTEK The Development of Agus Sediadi, Martin Utilization & Socialization Building, Jl. Thamrin, the Technology of Crow, Indri Tristianti, Science and Technology, Jakarta Pusat Information Kiosks Jack Febrian Ministry of Research and Technology 10. 14 March 2005 05:00 ­ 06:30 PM BPDE of East Java Happy Day Restaurant, The Development of Asianti, Martin Crow, Jakarta Telecenter in East Jack Febrian, Indri Java Tristianti 11. 15 March 2005 01:00 ­ 02:00 PM Qaryah Thayyibah, A local Borobudur Hotel, Qaryah Thayyibah Mujab, Martin Crow, Union of Farmers in Central Jakarta (Farmer Indri Tristianti, Jack Java Association) Febrian 12. 21 March, 2005 03:00 ­ 04:30 PM Community Training and Microsoft Office, 18th Community Training Cynthia Iskandar, Learning Center, CTLC ­ PT Floor, Jakarta Stock and Learning Center Martin Crow, Jack Microsoft Indonesia Exchange, Jakarta ­ CTLC Febrian, Indri Tristianti 13. 22 March 2005 01:00 ­ 02:30 PM Agritani Izzi Pizza - Kemang AGRITANI Henk Mahendra, Ardi Sutedja, Martin Crow, Jack Febrian, Indri Tristianti 14. 22 March 2005 03:00 ­ 04:30 PM PT Micronics ­ Private Jl. RS Fatmawati, MILENIA NET Rudi Rusdiah, Martin Sector Golden Plaza No. A37 ­ CAFE Crow, Jack Febrian, 39, Jakarta Indri Tristianti 15. 6 April 2005 02:00 ­ 03:00 PM Internal 1st Floor, BPPT Field Visit Planning Martin Crow, Indri Building, Jl. MH Tristianti, Jack Thamrin, Jakarta Febrian October 2005 75 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Annex 3 - Copies Of Questionnaires October 2005 76 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Telecenter Program Description ­ National Sponsor Program Name: ___________________________ National Sponsor(s) Definition Objectives Goals Targeted community PROGRAM SCOPE Number of Centers in Operation Number of Centers Planned by end 2005 Other Information GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION AND ACCESS Type of community Host institution Hours available to public ORIGIN, MANAGEMENT, GENERAL INFORMATION Initiated by (donor, public sector, community organization, private enterprise) Funding Method (s) Management Duration FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT Stand-alone building or located at parent agency? Equipment PROGRAM ACTIVITIES Activities Training Business-support services Content reference Education Others CONTENT COMPONENTS Description October 2005 77 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Telecenter Field Visit Program Description Telecenter Name: GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION AND ACCESS Type of community Location within community Host institution Hours available to public ORIGIN, OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT, GENERAL Initiated by outside donor, public program, community organization, private enterprise Ownership Management Project budget, duration, FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT Stand-alone building or located at parent agency? Which parent agency? Area provided, rooms, spaces Utilities, telecomms What is the technology used for connectivity/ bandwidth ­ eg VSAT? Leased line? etc Security, other facilities (waiting area, meeting rooms, toilets, cafeteria, etc.) Equipment Software OSS or MS operating systems? STAFF Numbers of staff Full-time Part-time Volunteers By gender By age By community Qualifications Formal education Technical / ICT expertise Special Expertise (financial, administrative, marketing, fund-raising, local-language, etc.): Employment and reporting relationship Employed by, reporting to? October 2005 78 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia What is the range of salary paid to telecenter staff? Paid by the hour, flat rate? Commission? FINANCE (Self Supporting or Sponsored) Fee based services? What are users most willing to pay for? (content vs. services) Rates Financial performance Annual running cost vs income received ACTIVITY AND SERVICE COMPONENTS Services Yes/No Description: Telephone and fax Internet access VoIP Computer Rental Training sessions Business-support services Office services Content Reference Job search Education Culture, recreation Retail ICT Sales Other: CONTENT COMPONENTS Topic Provided? Yes No Government Government regulations, legislation, procedures, "how to do it guides" Up-to-date information on taxes, incentives, subsidies, quotas, tax changes General public information on government Access to one-stop government electronic service Description: secondary source content in the form of CDs, paper documents, books, etc. Agriculture Up-to-date information on markets, prices Data on pests, infestations, animal diseases, how to control them Improved (appropriate) technology for traditional crop cultivation, animal husbandry, "How-to" information on new, more profitable agricultural crops Better information on improved animal breeds, veterinary information Access to veterinarians and artificial insemination services Communications to organize load sharing for truck transportation Listings of where seeds of specific qualities, quantities are available Listings of available spare parts for agricultural equipment Post harvest technology (cold storage, etc.) Description: secondary source content in the form of CDs, paper documents, books, etc. October 2005 79 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Small business Information on prices, demand, competition in various markets Computerized small-business accounting systems (bookkeeping, profit, loss information) Inventories, stock management Best practices, business management, start-up Information on credit, small loans, revolving funds (how, where to apply) Opportunities for export, import procedures Electronic commerce Description: secondary source content in the form of CDs, paper documents, books, etc. Health And Environment AIDS, HIV information Information on family planning Health education, child care Information on water, sanitation, including water-related diseases Appropriate technology for latrines, waste management (including night soil) Appropriate energy technology, including biogas, solar driers, etc. Medicinal plants, traditional medicine, biodiversity Nutrition, recipes, new ways of cooking Access to doctors, midwives, medical services Weather forecasts, crop infestations Description: secondary source content in the form of CDs, paper documents, books, etc. Formal organizations (hospitals, schools, local government, NGOs) Creating, maintaining computerized databases (patients' / students' records) Reporting to headquarters (notifiable diseases, monitoring, routine requests for supplies, etc.) Local communications network (linking schools, NGOs, etc.) How to organize communities, establish organizations, develop group dynamics Emergency-response communications Access to drug registries, medical expert systems Access to general reference libraries, online information Description: secondary source content in the form of CDs, paper documents, books, etc. Education Distance learning (especially for teachers, students, unemployed youth) Adult literacy Skills upgrading, certification Learning new, income-generating crafts (especially for girls) General self-learning, self-improvement Special Group / Purpose education sessions Description: secondary source content in the form of CDs, paper documents, books, etc. STAKEHOLDERS Community · Civic Institutions (police, hospital, schools, etc.): ______________________________ · Business associations, cooperatives: ________________________________________ · Community action groups and NGOs: _______________________________________ · Sectoral interests (students, women teachers, etc.): ___________________________ · Individuals: ___________________________________________________________ Telecenter · Owner, franchisee, management: __________________________________________ · Community-liaison group: ________________________________________________ · Operator, staff, volunteers: _______________________________________________ · Funders, supporters: ____________________________________________________ · Users: _______________________________________________________________ National · Ministry of Communications and Information? No October 2005 80 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia · Other ministry(ies): BAPPENAS____________________________________________ · Other National Organizations: _____________________________________________ Regional · Regional organizations or government: ______________________________________ International · International donors, NGOs, academia: _____________________________________ · United Nations, World Bank or other international organizations: UNDP · Private sector: _________________________________________________________ BUDGET Start-up Site and building (purchase cost, conversion) Installing power supply, telecommunications Installing security equipment Equipment and furniture costs (purchase, down payment) Software, supplies, reference, training manuals Training costs Total Startup Costs Operations Site and building (rent, maintenance, utilities) Insurance, security operating costs Equipment, furniture (lease, amortization, maintenance costs) Upgrades to equipment and software Communication costs (fees fixed, per use) +water, phone, electricity Staff costs (salaries, benefits) Training costs Outreach, promotion Monthly Operating Costs Revenues Connectivity (phone, fax, Internet, web pages) Direct computer access to users Office services (photocopying, scanning, audiovisual aids) Business services (word-processing, spreadsheets, budget preparation, printing, reception services) Educational services (distant education, training courses) Community services (meeting rooms, social events, local information, remittances from migrant workers) Telework and consulting Specialized activities (telemedicine) Sales (stationery, stamps, refreshments, etc.) Monthly Revenues from core business & ancillary activities: Other Revenues Grants (indicate period _______________) Public subsidies (indicate period _______________) Private donations, fund-raising events (indicate period ______________) In-kind support (e.g., equipment, volunteers) (indicate period ________) Community support (e.g., rent-free building) (indicate period _________) Membership fees (indicate period _______________) October 2005 81 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia USER PROFILE Site: _____ 1. NAME (optional): 2. RESIDENCE: town __ rural village__ other __ Name of village/town:_____________________________ 3. AGE: less than 10 years__ 10-20__ 21-30__ 31- 40__ 41-50__ 51-60__ over 60 _ 4. SEX: Male__ Female__ 5. FAMILY STATUS, are you: single__ married__ divorced__ other__ 6. FUNCTIONALLY LITERATE, (can you read and write): Yes__ No__ a little__ 7.EDUCATION: None__ some primary __ completed primary __ some secondary__ completed secondary__ college/university__ degree: ____________ 8. LANGUAGE(S): Indonesian__ English__ Other__ Indicate mother tongue: _________________________ 9. EMPLOYMENT STATUS: unemployed__ employed__ student__ retired__ · If employed, by: government__ NGO__ cooperative__ private company__ self- employed__ · Indicate sector: (agriculture, husbandry, commerce, tourism, handicraft, fishing, food preparation, services, etc.) ____________________________________ · Name of organization where you are employed (if applicable)____________________ · State your Profession (if any): _________________________ 10. INCOME LEVEL (rupiah/month): None__ less than minimum wage__ minimum wage but less than 1 m.__ 1-3 m.__ 3-5 m.__ More than 5 m.__ 11. AVAILABILITY OF, AND EXPOSURE TO ICT: Tick the box for each of the following items that you have used in your home, in your job or in some other place (in a friends house, a public phone, a Telecenter, etc.). October 2005 82 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia 12. WHAT KIND OF INFORMATION DO YOU NEED? Information about: Where, and how I can get education or learn new skills __ health care__ Welfare programs__ How to improve my/our business__ Who wants my/our products and where__ Current prices of my/our products__ Things I need to buy__ Available jobs__ Social/cultural events__ books and research studies__ Weather__ How to improve my crops__ Taxes__ Other matters?_____________________________________________ · What kind of information do you need most? ________________________________ · If you can't read or write, would you like to learn to do this? · Yes__ No__ Don't know__ · Would you like to learn another language? Yes__ No__ Don't know__. If yes, which language? _________________________ · What else would you like to learn?_________________________________________ 13. WHAT KIND OF INFORMATION WOULD YOU LIKE TO GIVE TO PEOPLE OUTSIDE YOUR COMMUNITY? Information about: what I am doing__ what I am selling__ what I can do (looking for a job)__ our culture__ our social/community events__ Other?_______________________ · Do you do business (sell or by products or services): Yes__ No__ If Yes, where? your community__ neighboring villages town(s)__ the capital__ other countries__ · Do you have friends or relatives with whom you would like to share information:Yes_ No_ If Yes, where? your community__ neighboring villages town(s)__ the capital__ other countries__ 14. NEEDS FOR INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TOOLS In the table below indicate tools you need by marking the appropriate boxes (for what purpose and how often) · Would you be interested in renting an office with all the above facilities on an hourly basis if the price was right? Yes__ No__ Don't know__ If yes, How often?____________ · If you had access to a computer what would you use it for? Word processing__ spreadsheet__ graphics__ Don't know__ Other: _____________ 15. WHAT MEDIA DO YOU USE? · Do you listen to radio? frequently sometimes never If you do, What do you like most to listen to? ___________________________ If you don't, why? I am not interested__ no time__ can't afford to buy radio__ don't know anybody with radio__ no radio broadcast where I live__ no electricity (battery)__ October 2005 83 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia · Do you watch TV? Frequently__ sometimes__ never__ If you do, what do you like most to watch? ____________________________ If you don't, why? I am not interested__ no time__ can't afford TV__ There is no other place to watch TV__ no TV broadcast where I live__ no electricity__ · Do you go to the movies or other shows? Frequently__ sometimes__ No__ If you do, what type of films/shows do you like most?________________________ If you don't, why? I am not interested__ no time__ there are no films/shows where I live__ · Do you watch videos? Yes, frequently__ Yes, sometimes__ No If you do, what types of video do you like most?____________________________ If you don't, why? I am not interested__ no time__ can't afford the equipment__ There is no place I have access to video player or videos__ no electricity__ · What other sources of information do you use (books, newspapers, etc)? Indicate: __________________________________________________________ 16. PERCEPTION OF PUBLIC SERVICES Indicate your level of satisfaction/dissatisfaction with the following public services in your community (if available) or wherever else they are available: USAGE CHARACTERISICS Indicate which facilities/services you have used during your visit to the MCT and for what purpose (by crossing the appropriate box) as well as for how long time and at what cost. 2. The time spent in the MCT was: wasted__ of some value to me__ of great value to me__ · How did you (will you) benefit from using the MCT (if you did benefit)_____________ ____________________________________________________ October 2005 84 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia 3. What would you have done if the MCT didn't exist? Nothing/Don't know__ Used the facility of somebody else in my community__ gone to the nearest place with the facility/ service I needed__ 4. If you would have used the facility of somebody else in your community, how much would it cost (in local currency)? _________________________- 5. I you had gone somewhere else (outside your village), where would you go? · Name of village/town/city: Distance (km): __________________________________ · Means of transport: Time required one way: Cost of transport (round trip): ________ · Average time spent away from home on these trips:(hours/days/months) _________ 7. How much is your time worth to you in terms of money? ___________________________ 8. How much did you save by using the MCT? ______________________________________ 9. In what way will the fact that you have access to an MCT change your life (if at all): ______ ________________________________________________________________ 10. Were the services provided: poor__ adequate__ good__ very good__ 11. What have you valued most in the MCT? _______________________________________ 12. What do you miss most in the MCT? __________________________________________ 13. Proposals for improvement of the MCT services: October 2005 85 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Annex 4 - Schedule of Field Visits No. Date Party Venue Topic Attendance 01. 25 April 2005 SMKN I Sentani ­ SMKN I, Jalan Raya Telecenter Field Marandof, Ahmad, Kabupaten Jayapura Sentani Km 31, Sentani, Survey Wahyu, Marlin, Martin Kabupaten Jayapura Crow, Indri Tristianti 02. 25 April 2005 SMKN 3 Jayapura SMKN 3, Jl Raya Abepura, Telecenter Field Malikidin Soltis, Elvis, Kotaraja Selatan, Jayapura Survey Marandof, Martin Crow, Selatan 166 Indri Tristianti 03. 26 April 2005 SMKN 3 Jayapura SMKN 3, Jl Raya Abepura, Telecenter Field Representatives from Kotaraja Selatan, Jayapura Survey Provincial Level of the Selatan 166 Dept of National Education (Sub.din. Pendidikan), Malikidin Soltis, Elvis, Sasongko, Martin Crow, Indri Tristianti 04. 26 April 2005 SMKN I Sentani ­ SMKN I, Jalan Raya Telecenter Field Malikidin Soltis, Wahyu, Kabupaten Jayapura Sentani Km 31, Sentani, Survey Ahmad, Erwin, Martin Kabupaten Jayapura Crow, Indri Tristianti 05. 28 April 2005 Indonesian Women Jl. Trunojoyo, Depan SDN Telecenter Field Bayu Sustiwi, Ertin, Coalision, KPI 2 Midang Gunung Sari, Survey Winarsih, Dwi Hartati, Mataram ­ CTLC Lombok Martin Crow, Indri Tristianti 06. 29 April 2005 Indonesian Women Jl. Trunojoyo, Depan SDN Telecenter Field Bayu Sustiwi, Ertin, Coalision, KPI 2 Midang Gunung Sari, Survey Winarsih, Dwi Hartati, Mataram ­ CTLC Lombok Martin Crow, Indri Tristiant 07. 2 May 200 PKBM Garis Tepi ­ Jl. Raya Kalitidu No 343, Telecenter Field Imam Suhadak, Muat, CTLC Desa Panjunan, Kec. Survey Lamiran, Suher, Martin Kalitidu, Kab. Bojonegoro, Crow, Indri Tristianti East Java 08. 6 May 2005 E-Pabelan, Telecenter Pesantren Pabelan, Desa Telecenter Field Nuki, Ahmad Mustofa, in Pabelan, Magelang, Pebelan, Kecamatan Survey Alex J. Robinson, Martin Central Java Mungkid, Magelang Crow, Indri Tristianti 09. 16 May 2005 Technology UPT Perpustakaan, Telecenter Field Yoni Hermawan, Indri Information Kiosk of University of Siliwangi, Jl. Survey Tristianti, Jack Febrian Tasikmalaya Siliwangi No. 24, Tasikmalaya, West Java October 2005 86 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Annex 5 - Summaries of Secondary Sample Program Data October 2005 87 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia National Stakeholder Interview Record ­ ICT Centre Day/Date : Thursday, 24 February 2005 Time : 04:00 P.M. ­ 06.00 P.M Venue : Dikmenjur Office ­ Building E, 13th Floor Ministry of National Education Jl. Sudirman ­ Senayan, Jakarta Pusat Attendance : Mustaghfirin (Kasubdit Program & KAL), Suhadi (Dikmenjur Team), Junedi Armada Sidabutar (Division of Program and Informatics), Bona Simanjuntak (CEO of the ICT Center), Martin Crow, Indri Tristianti Summary of Comments · One of the responsibilities of the Vocational Secondary Education (Dikmenjur) is to accelerate the process of releasing young generation from the shackles of information illiteracy by improving the competency of the teachers, facilities, infrastructure, human resources, and the quality of curriculum especially that of ICT. · The total number of vocational school is currently 22 million students and our target is that within 5 (five years), the total students will be 55 million. · As explained in the Dikmenjur ICT Program, the ICT Center program was developed in order to improve the quality of human resources to be technology as well as information literate. There are currently 44 ICT Centers. · Dikmenjur will try to use ICT in terms of leveraging the education program and quality in vocational schools particularly those in rural areas · The development of ICT program of Dikmenjur aims at introducing ICT to the academic society especially that of Vocational Schools by providing subsidy for various ICT activities. · Presently, Dikmenjur has a special program called "SMK Terpadu" (Integrated Vocational School). This program is integrated to the regular High School program (SMA) in which the first year students can choose to continue the second and third program to either SMA or SMK. · In the near future, Dikmenjur plan to build approximately 1000 more SMK Terpadu · In the school curriculum, we have IT subject called "Technology Information and Communication" which covers programming, networking, multimedia and broadcasting. In carrying out this program, we develop the program and curriculum by ourselves assisted by several computer courses and other associations. The students will also get networking curriculum networking from CISCO by the end the students can get a change to get CCNA certificate. Question: "Do you develop the curriculum in Bahasa Indonesia?" Response: "Yes." Question: "How many schools offer this kind of program? (SMK Terpadu)" October 2005 88 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Response: "Right now, there are more than 100 schools and most of them are in Java." Question: "What about the ICT Center program, can you tell us more about it?" Response: "The ICT center is established not only for students but also for the public in general. In the ICT center, we provide internet access, WLAN, and training center for both students and public community." Question: "How many ICT centers will have been developed by the end of this year?" Response: "There are now about 44 ICT center scattered all over Indonesia. For the year 2005, we plan to build about 50 ICT centers" Question: "Do you have any partners in building the ICT Centers?" Response 1: "No, we don't have any partner to build the ICT centers, mostly the assistance comes from the community itself" Response 2: "Our focus to build the ICT center is on education. Our step by step program is: building JARNET ­ JIS ­ WAN Kota ­ ICT Center October 2005 89 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia FIELD VISIT OBSERVATION RECORD Day/Date : Tuesday, 08 March 2005 Time : 02:25 P.M. ­ 05.00 P.M Venue : ICT Center ­ Vocational School (SMK) of Jayawisata Jl. Pangkalan Jati II/19, Kalimalang ­ Jakarta Timur Attendance : Bona Simanjuntak (CEO Of the ICT Center), Bukhaeri (The Principal of Jayawisata Tourism School), Martin Crow, Indri Tristianti Summary of Comments · The ICT center is located inside the building of SMK Jayawisata, a vocational tourism high school, and houses 2 computer labs with 30 computers each · The WAN was built about a year ago and currently connects 52 clients i.e. 5 schools and approximately 47 internet kiosks (warnets) · The NOC is managed by the teachers of the schools itself. Right now, there are about 10 staffs in charge of the NOC · The WAN uses both 2.4ghz and 5.8ghz frequency · They have two BTS, the other one is located on Kelapa Gading (about 10 km distant, in a higher income area) Question: "Can you describe the funding process, and your current human resources costs, and your plan to meet ongoing costs?" Response: · "The government gave us block grant to develop the school by using ICT. The initial block grant was actually Rp 250 million, however the government supported us in establishing the ICT Center of which the total amount became Rp 450 million." · "Apart from the 10 teachers responsible for the NOC, we now hire 4 people to assist the operation." · "Presently, the ICT Center has 60 computers to serve the students as well as the community.The ICT center is not only used by the students but is also widely used by public community who pay a low fee for access. We also provide a wi-fi hotspot which is currently free." Question: "Do you have any partnerships with private sector or industry groups?" Response: "Yes, some of our partners are LBI, Microsoft, and some Indonesian Tourism associations. However, up to now the partners do not provide any contents especially those related with tourism and travel" October 2005 90 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia FIELD VISIT OBSERVATION RECORD Day/Date : Monday, 25 April 2005 & Tuesday, 26 April 2005 Time : 09:00 AM ­ 01:00 P.M. & 3:00 PM ­ 05:00 PM Venue : SMKN I Sentani, Jl Raya Sentani Km 31, Sentani, Kab. Jayapura Attendance : Marandof (Principal of SMKN 1 Sentani), Ahmad (Teacher), Wahyu (Teacher), Marlin, Martin Crow, Indri Tristianti Summary of Comments SMKN 1 Sentani Kabupaten Jayapura: · This vocational school is for engineering/technical students and consists of 4 (four) faculties: construction, machine, electronics, and ICT · Total number of students of SMKN I is 500 · The ICT program has been conducted for two years (grade 1 and grade 2) · The curriculum for the ICT program is obtained directly from the Department of National Education · In ICT program, total student of Grade 1 is 15 (male=11; female=4) and that of Grade 2 is 10 (male=6; female=4) · There are only 3 teachers who are in charged of the ICT program · Total existing computers provided in the lab is 22 computers, recently there are additional 20 computers obtained from Dikmenjur block grant provided for the ICT Center · It is stated that they actually also got another fund for WAN (Wide Area Network), however, up to now, they have not implemented due to the geographic location and also the distance of the ISP · They have difficulty in having access to the internet of which usually disconnected every 1 hour. Currently they use Telkomnet Instant for the internet access (20 kbps avg) October 2005 91 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Telecenter Field Visit Program Description Telecenter Name: Telecenter Training SMK Negeri 1 Sentani, Kabupaten Jayapura (Vocational School) GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION AND ACCESS Type of community Farmers Location within community Jl. Raya Sentani km 31, Sentani, Kabupaten Jayapura, Papua Host institution Vocational School Hours available to public 07.30 AM ­ 01.00 PM (school); training 02.00 PM ­ 06:00 PM ORIGIN, OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT, GENERAL Initiated by outside donor, Dikmenjur ­ Directorate of Secondary Education, Ministry of public program, National Education community organization, private enterprise Ownership SMKN3 Jayapura Management SMKN3 Jayapura and LPK Project budget, duration, N/A FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT Stand-alone building or Stand-alone building (school building) located at parent agency? Which parent agency? Area provided, rooms, Two (2) computer laboratories, 1 library spaces Utilities, telecomms Telephone line What is the technology Telkomnet Instant, used for connectivity/ bandwidth ­ eg VSAT? Leased line? etc Security, other facilities Waiting area, meeting room, toilet, cafetaria (waiting area, meeting rooms, toilets, cafeteria, etc.) Equipment 42 PCs, 1 scanner, 1 LCD Projector, 10 active speakers, 3 printers, 1 digital camera, 1 external modem Software Win XP Prof, Bootable Win 98 SE & Win ME, Wireless LAN USB Adapter, Softking Installer for Microsoft, Linux Knoppix, Mandrake Linux, Printer Software for EPSON LQ 2180, Driver Motherboard P4s533, Driver Motherboard P4VP-MX P4V533, Win Collection, Win 2003 Sever Bootable, Canon BJC 1000XP BJ Printer Setup CD ROm, Redhat Linux Installer, Microsoft Visio Prof, Redhat Linux 9, EPSON Sytlus C43, Driver CANON Scan D646U, Sysmantec anti virus, WAN tech, NAMO web editor, engineering collection, adobe acrobat approval 5, creative animation 3, school mapping OSS or MS operating Windows XP systems? STAFF Numbers of staff Full-time 1 person Part-time 2 people Volunteers N/A By gender Male _1__ Female _2__ By age The range is between 30 ­ 38 years old October 2005 92 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia By community N/A Qualifications Formal education S1 Technical / ICT expertise Cisco Academy Certification Special Expertise Administration (financial, administrative, marketing, fund-raising, local-language, etc.): Employment and reporting relationship Employed by, reporting The teachers are employed by the government (as the civil to? servants) and they should give report to the Principal of the school What is the range of Civil servant salary; for the training cooperated with the LPK, the salary paid to telecenter staff's salary Rp 500,000 ­ 600,000 per package staff? Paid by the hour, flat rate? The teacher: Per month; the trainng: per 2 months (per package) Commission? N/A FINANCE (Self Supporting or Sponsored) Fee based services? Yes What are users most N/A willing to pay for? (content vs. services) Rates N/A Financial performance N/A Annual running cost vs N/A income received ACTIVITY AND SERVICE COMPONENTS Services Yes/No Description: Telephone and fax Yes For the Teacher and Management of the School Internet access Yes For the Teachers and Students VoIP Computer Rental Training sessions Yes For the Students of the School and Community Business-support services Office services Content Reference Job search Yes For the Students of the School and Community Education Yes For the Students Culture, recreation Retail ICT Sales Other: CONTENT COMPONENTS Topic Provided? Yes No Government Government regulations, legislation, procedures, "how to do it guides" Up-to-date information on taxes, incentives, subsidies, quotas, tax changes General public information on government Access to one-stop government electronic service Description: Agriculture Up-to-date information on markets, prices Data on pests, infestations, animal diseases, how to control them October 2005 93 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Improved (appropriate) technology for traditional crop cultivation, animal husbandry, "How-to" information on new, more profitable agricultural crops Better information on improved animal breeds, veterinary information Access to veterinarians and artificial insemination services Communications to organize load sharing for truck transportation Listings of where seeds of specific qualities, quantities are available Listings of available spare parts for agricultural equipment Post harvest technology (cold storage, etc.) Description: Small business Information on prices, demand, competition in various markets Computerized small-business accounting systems (bookkeeping, profit, loss information) Inventories, stock management Best practices, business management, start-up Information on credit, small loans, revolving funds (how, where to apply) Opportunities for export, import procedures Electronic commerce Description: Health And Environment AIDS, HIV information Information on family planning Health education, child care Information on water, sanitation, including water-related diseases Appropriate technology for latrines, waste management (including night soil) Appropriate energy technology, including biogas, solar driers, etc. Medicinal plants, traditional medicine, biodiversity Nutrition, recipes, new ways of cooking Access to doctors, midwives, medical services Weather forecasts, crop infestations Description: Formal organizations (hospitals, schools, local government, NGOs) Creating, maintaining computerized databases (patients' / students' records) Reporting to headquarters (notifiable diseases, monitoring, routine requests for supplies, etc.) Local communications network (linking schools, NGOs, etc.) How to organize communities, establish organizations, develop group dynamics Emergency-response communications Access to drug registries, medical expert systems Access to general reference libraries, online information Description: Education Distance learning (especially for teachers, students, unemployed youth) Adult literacy Skills upgrading, certification Learning new, income-generating crafts (especially for girls) General self-learning, self-improvement Special Group / Purpose education sessions Description: STAKEHOLDERS October 2005 94 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Community · Civic Institutions (police, hospital, schools, etc.): SMKN 1 Sentani, Kab Jayapura · Business associations, cooperatives: ________________________________________ · Community action groups and NGOs: LPK Jasa Mandiri · Sectoral interests (students, women teachers, etc.): ___________________________ · Individuals: ___________________________________________________________ Telecenter · Owner, franchisee, management: __________________________________________ · Community-liaison group: ________________________________________________ · Operator, staff, volunteers: _______________________________________________ · Funders, supporters: ____________________________________________________ · Users: _______________________________________________________________ National · Ministry of Communications and Information? No · Other ministry(ies): Dikmenjur ICT Development Team, Directorate of Vocational Secondary Education, Directorate General of Primary and Secondary Education, Ministry of National Education · Other National Organizations: _____________________________________________ Regional · Regional organizations or government: Dinas Pendidikan Kota & Propinsi International · International donors, NGOs, academia: _____________________________________ · United Nations, World Bank or other international organizations: _________________ · Private sector: _________________________________________________________ October 2005 95 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia FIELD VISIT OBSERVATION RECORD Day/Date : Monday, 25 April 2005 & Tuesday, 26 April 2005 Time : 02:00 PM ­ 04:00 P.M. & 12:00 AM ­ 02:30 PM Venue : SMKN 3, Jl Raya Abepura, Kotaraja Selatan, Jayapura Selatan 166 Attendance : Malikidin Soltis (the Principal of SMKN 3), Elvis (Teacher for ICT), Martin Crow, Indri Tristianti Summary of Comments SMKN 3 Jayapura: · Total students of SMKN 3 is approximately 2500 with total teachers for all faculties is 216 people · Total number of ICT program students = 60 · The ICT program has been developed for two years, therefore, no graduated student has yet been produced. Currently they only have students of Grade 1 and Grade 2. There are 26 students of Grade 1 (male= 17 ; female= 9) and 34 students of Grade 2 (male=33 ; female=1) · Total teachers for the ICT program = 5 people (male=4 ; female=1) ­ 2 people are full time and the other 3 are part time teachers · Recently they are using Telkomnet instant for their provider. They use 2 phone lines with monthly cost approximately Rp 300,000 ­ 400,000/line. Additionally, Telkom provided them 5 more lines, however, the school use those lines only for training occasionally provided by Telkom, due to high cost. · As the biggest school in Jayapura, SMKN 3 has very limited facilities for its students · They have 2 computer laboratories with 20 computers each, scanners, projector, and other standard LAN equipment, and 1 radio station/production facility. October 2005 96 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Telecenter Field Visit Program Description Telecenter Name: SMK Negeri 3 Jayapura (Vocational School) GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION AND ACCESS Type of community Civil Servants, workers at factories, farmers, fishermen Location within community Jl. Raya Abepura, Kotaraja Selatan, Jayapura Selatan 166 Host institution Education Institution ­ Vocational School Hours available to public 07.30 AM ­ 06.00 PM ORIGIN, OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT, GENERAL Initiated by outside donor, Dikmenjur ­ Directorate of Secondary Education, Ministry of public program, National Education community organization, private enterprise Ownership SMKN3 Jayapura Management SMKN3 Jayapura Project budget, duration, Rp 250,000,000 FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT Stand-alone building or Stand-alone building (school building) located at parent agency? Which parent agency? Area provided, rooms, Two (2) computer laboratories spaces Utilities, telecomms 1 radio station, telephone line What is the technology Telkomnet Instant used for connectivity/ bandwidth ­ eg VSAT? Leased line? etc Security, other facilities Waiting area, meeting room, toilet, cafetaria (waiting area, meeting rooms, toilets, cafeteria, etc.) Equipment 40 PCs, printer, scanner, projector Software Windows, linux OSS or MS operating Windows XP systems? STAFF Numbers of staff Full-time 2 people Part-time 3 people Volunteers N/A By gender Male _4__ Female _1__ By age The range is between 20 ­ 40 years old By community N/A Qualifications Formal education D3 and S1 Technical / ICT expertise Electronics, networking, and telecommunication Special Expertise N/A (financial, administrative, marketing, fund-raising, local-language, etc.): Employment and reporting relationship Employed by, reporting The teachers are employed by the government (as the civil October 2005 97 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia to? servants) and they should give report to the Principal of the school What is the range of Civil servant salary salary paid to telecenter staff? Paid by the hour, flat rate? Per month Commission? N/A FINANCE (Self Supporting or Sponsored) Fee based services? Yes What are users most N/A willing to pay for? (content vs. services) Rates N/A Financial performance N/A Annual running cost vs N/A income received ACTIVITY AND SERVICE COMPONENTS Services Yes/N Description: o Telephone and fax Yes For the teachers and management of the school Internet access Yes For the teachers and students of the school VoIP Computer Rental Yes For the students and community training Training sessions Yes For the students and community training Business-support services Office services Yes For the teachers Content Reference Job search Yes For the students Education Yes For the students Culture, recreation Retail ICT Sales Other: CONTENT COMPONENTS Topic Provided? Yes No Government Government regulations, legislation, procedures, "how to do it guides" Up-to-date information on taxes, incentives, subsidies, quotas, tax changes General public information on government Access to one-stop government electronic service Description: Agriculture Up-to-date information on markets, prices Data on pests, infestations, animal diseases, how to control them Improved (appropriate) technology for traditional crop cultivation, animal husbandry, "How-to" information on new, more profitable agricultural crops Better information on improved animal breeds, veterinary information Access to veterinarians and artificial insemination services Communications to organize load sharing for truck transportation Listings of where seeds of specific qualities, quantities are available Listings of available spare parts for agricultural equipment Post harvest technology (cold storage, etc.) Description: Small business October 2005 98 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Information on prices, demand, competition in various markets Computerized small-business accounting systems (bookkeeping, profit, loss information) Inventories, stock management Best practices, business management, start-up Information on credit, small loans, revolving funds (how, where to apply) Opportunities for export, import procedures Electronic commerce Description: Health And Environment AIDS, HIV information Information on family planning Health education, child care Information on water, sanitation, including water-related diseases Appropriate technology for latrines, waste management (including night soil) Appropriate energy technology, including biogas, solar driers, etc. Medicinal plants, traditional medicine, biodiversity Nutrition, recipes, new ways of cooking Access to doctors, midwives, medical services Weather forecasts, crop infestations Description: Formal organizations (hospitals, schools, local government, NGOs) Creating, maintaining computerized databases (patients' / students' records) Reporting to headquarters (notifiable diseases, monitoring, routine requests for supplies, etc.) Local communications network (linking schools, NGOs, etc.) How to organize communities, establish organizations, develop group dynamics Emergency-response communications Access to drug registries, medical expert systems Access to general reference libraries, online information Description: Education Distance learning (especially for teachers, students, unemployed youth) Adult literacy Skills upgrading, certification Learning new, income-generating crafts (especially for girls) General self-learning, self-improvement Special Group / Purpose education sessions Description: STAKEHOLDERS October 2005 99 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Community · Civic Institutions (police, hospital, schools, etc.): SMKN 3 Jayapura · Business associations, cooperatives: ________________________________________ · Community action groups and NGOs: KPI NTB, LBH APIK NTB, TRAPK, SANTAI NTB · Sectoral interests (students, women teachers, etc.): ___________________________ · Individuals: ___________________________________________________________ Telecenter · Owner, franchisee, management: __________________________________________ · Community-liaison group: ________________________________________________ · Operator, staff, volunteers: _______________________________________________ · Funders, supporters: ____________________________________________________ · Users: _______________________________________________________________ National · Ministry of Communications and Information? No · Other ministry(ies): The Ministry of National Education · Other National Organizations: _____________________________________________ Regional · Regional organizations or government: Dinas Pendidikan Kota & Propinsi International · International donors, NGOs, academia: ______________________________________ · United Nations, World Bank or other international organizations: _________________ · Private sector: _________________________________________________________ October 2005 100 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia National Stakeholder Interview Record Day/Date : Monday, 21 March 2005 Time : 03:00 ­ 04:30 P.M. Venue : Microsoft Office, 18th Floor, Jakarta Stock Exchange, Jakarta Attendance : Cynthia Iskandar (Public Relation Manager of Microsoft), Martin Crow, Jack Febrian, Indri Tristianti Summary of Comments · In 2003 Microsoft kicked off a new global philanthropic initiative called Unlimited Potential (UP). This global initiative focuses on providing the opportunity for lifelong learning for the disadvantaged youths and adults by letting them develop their critical technology skills at a number of Community Training and Learning Centers (CTLCs). · The goal of this program is to go beyond merely providing access to technology and help develop the skills that the youths and adults need to transform technology into powerful tools of change. · As the global program was launched, Microsoft Indonesia joined hands with local NGOs to set up CTLCs in a number of rural areas. Their cooperation with the Indonesian Women's Coalition for Justice and Democracy (KPI) resulted in 5 CTLCs aimed at empowering the disadvantaged women in Bengkulu, Jambi, Padang Pariaman, Sukabumi and Mataram. The programs at these CTLCs are specifically designed to develop the IT skills that would enable them to reach new heights in their lives. The centers are managed by women, but they cater to the need of the local communities. The centers have also become meeting places for the members and the local communities, where they can share information and discuss various issues ­ including KPI's activities. · Microsoft's plan for these CTLCs is to provide the training for 11,000 technologically disadvantaged women and their family members in the next two years. · In the same year, Microsoft also set up three SME-oriented CTLCs in cooperation with the Regionl Forums (FORDA ­ Forum Daerah) and The Asia Foundation. These three CTLCs were intended to enable small business owners in Medan, Pontianak and Surabaya to market their products abroad and equip the organization with the IT facilities. During the first phase, Microsoft chose three FORDA locations i.e. Medan, Pontianak and Surabaya in which the forum could provide IT training to its members. The Forum Daerah members, who are small-scale business owners are given the opportunity to improve their IT skills. In addition, they can also use the facilities to expand their market. · In 2004, 5 (five) CTLCs for visually impaired were built in Jakarta, Bandung, Medan and Makasar. Microsoft cooperated with Mitra Netra Foundation to set up computer training centers for the visually impaired people so that they can also use technology to access information. Those five centers have been set up ­ two in Jakarta and one each in Bandung, Medan and Makasar. In these locations, computer sets have been installed complete with the braille screen readers and printers. October 2005 101 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia · There have many several more CTLCs just built such as in Bali, and currently the total number of CTLCs is 24. · Through these centers, the participants will be able to play a more significant role in raising the quality and improve the growth of the country's economy. · In building a CTLC, Microsoft will support for 1 year period and hopefully in the second year onward, the community will be able to sustain and maintain the existence of that CTLC. Within 1 year, there will be 4 times training for trainers provided while in the CTLC itself, the computer training is held 4 classes a day twice a week. The computer training uses "Computer Fundamentals" ­ a Microsoft curriculum directly taken from US. · Microsoft, in cooperation with IPB and IPTEKNET, is now developing a pilot project of an e-library system called PUSTAKA TANI ­ an e-library with agriculture contents. The information will be available online and offline. For offline information, Microsoft will make it into CDs to be distributed to the CTLCs and the info will be updated on weekly basis. Question: "What process do u have to identify the local NGO partners?" Response: Initially, Microsoft will work with a Coordinating Body (a chosen national NGO) such as Mitra Mandiri Foundation and subsequently the coordinating body will directly cooperate with local NGOs to build and manage CTLC program (Microsoft does not directly work together with the local NGOs) For the CTLC, Microsoft will provide the Software, Hardware, furniture, computers, scanner, printer, and other supporting equipment. For a period of one year, Microsoft will also pay for the electricity and phone bills. 5 computers will be provided for each CTLC and 4 times training for trainers will also be given from the Asia Foundation. October 2005 102 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia FIELD VISIT OBSERVATION RECORD Day/Date : Thursday, 28 April 2005 & Friday, 29 April 2005 Time : 9:00 AM ­ 03:00 P.M.; 08:00 ­ 10:00PM & 11:00 AM ­ 06:00 PM Venue : KPI Mataram, Jl Trunojoyo, Depan SDN Midang Gunung Sari, Lombok Attendance : Bayu Sustiwi, Winarsih, Ertin, Dwi Hartati, Martin Crow, Indri Tristianti Summary of Comments · The CTLC was launched by Microsoft in September 2003 but the operation started running around February 2004 · The number of trainer in CTLC Mataram = 4 people · The CTLC has 5 PCs of which 4 computers are used for computer training course and 1 other computer is used for computer rental. · Registration fee for computer course is Rp 10,000 with course fee Rp 160,000 (4 times installment) · Computer rental fee is Rp 1000/hr. They used to provide Internet connection but the modem broke two months ago so they cant sell that service. · The period of the course is approximately 1½ months. Currently they have 4 classes/day, 5 days in a week. The class schedule is from 9:00 ­ 11:00, 11:00 ­ 1:00, 4:00 ­ 6:00, and 7:00 ­ 9:00 · The range of the age of the students is between 16 ­ 30 · Type of community: farmers and craftsmen · The curriculum for the course is developed by the CTLC itself. They have been told that this year, Microsoft plans to apply the same new curriculum for all CTLCs in Indonesia directly taken from Microsoft International material · The training course and learning center is advertised through social events in the community and also through distribution of brochures at schools October 2005 103 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Telecenter Field Visit Program Description Telecenter Name: PTIM MATARAM ­ CTLC of KPI Mataram GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION AND ACCESS Type of community Farmers, Bamboo craftsmen Location within community Midang Gunung Sari, West Lombok, Mataram Host institution KPI Hours available to public 09:00 AM ­ 10:00 PM ORIGIN, OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT, GENERAL Initiated by outside donor, Microsoft public program, community organization, private enterprise Ownership KPI Management KPI Project budget, duration, Rp 27,475,000 for one year FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT Stand-alone building or Stand-alone building (rented building) located at parent agency? Which parent agency? Area provided, rooms, Living room, meeting room, class room spaces Utilities, telecomms Telephone What is the technology Telkomnet Instant used for connectivity/ bandwidth ­ eg VSAT? Leased line? etc Security, other facilities toilet (waiting area, meeting rooms, toilets, cafeteria, etc.) Equipment 5 PCs, 1 printer, scanner, 5 computer desks, 1 filing cabinet Software Ms Word, Excel, Access, Front Page, Publisher, Encarta OSS or MS operating Windows XP systems? STAFF Numbers of staff Full-time 2 people Part-time 2 people Volunteers 1 person By gender Male _1__ Female _4__ By age The range is between 20 ­ 28 years old By community N/A Qualifications Formal education High School ­ Diploma (D3) Technical / ICT expertise N/A Special Expertise Tax, financial, marketing (financial, administrative, marketing, fund-raising, local-language, etc.): October 2005 104 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Employment and reporting relationship Employed by, reporting Employed by Sekwil NTB, the KPI Sekwil NTB submits the report to to? KPI Seknas and KPI Seknas gives report to Microsoft What is the range of Rp 160,000/month salary paid to telecenter staff? Paid by the hour, flat rate? Transportation Commission? 10 % of the income FINANCE (Self Supporting or Sponsored) Fee based services? Yes What are users most N/A willing to pay for? (content vs. services) Rates N/A Financial performance N/A Annual running cost vs N/A income received ACTIVITY AND SERVICE COMPONENTS Services Yes/No Description: Telephone and fax Internet access VoIP Computer Rental Yes For the community Training sessions Yes For the community Business-support services Yes For the community Office services Yes For the community Content Reference Job search Education Yes For the community Culture, recreation Retail ICT Sales Other: CONTENT COMPONENTS Topic Provided? Yes No Government Government regulations, legislation, procedures, "how to do it guides" Up-to-date information on taxes, incentives, subsidies, quotas, tax changes General public information on government Access to one-stop government electronic service Description: Agriculture Up-to-date information on markets, prices Data on pests, infestations, animal diseases, how to control them Improved (appropriate) technology for traditional crop cultivation, animal husbandry, "How-to" information on new, more profitable agricultural crops Better information on improved animal breeds, veterinary information Access to veterinarians and artificial insemination services Communications to organize load sharing for truck transportation Listings of where seeds of specific qualities, quantities are available Listings of available spare parts for agricultural equipment Post harvest technology (cold storage, etc.) October 2005 105 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Description: Small business Information on prices, demand, competition in various markets Computerized small-business accounting systems (bookkeeping, profit, loss information) Inventories, stock management Best practices, business management, start-up Information on credit, small loans, revolving funds (how, where to apply) Opportunities for export, import procedures Electronic commerce Description: Health And Environment AIDS, HIV information Information on family planning Health education, child care Information on water, sanitation, including water-related diseases Appropriate technology for latrines, waste management (including night soil) Appropriate energy technology, including biogas, solar driers, etc. Medicinal plants, traditional medicine, biodiversity Nutrition, recipes, new ways of cooking Access to doctors, midwives, medical services Weather forecasts, crop infestations Description: Formal organizations (hospitals, schools, local government, NGOs) Creating, maintaining computerized databases (patients' / students' records) Reporting to headquarters (notifiable diseases, monitoring, routine requests for supplies, etc.) Local communications network (linking schools, NGOs, etc.) How to organize communities, establish organizations, develop group dynamics Emergency-response communications Access to drug registries, medical expert systems Access to general reference libraries, online information Description: Education Distance learning (especially for teachers, students, unemployed youth) Adult literacy Skills upgrading, certification Learning new, income-generating crafts (especially for girls) General self-learning, self-improvement Special Group / Purpose education sessions Description: STAKEHOLDERS October 2005 106 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Community · Civic Institutions (police, hospital, schools, etc.): ______________________________ · Business associations, cooperatives: ________________________________________ · Community action groups and NGOs: KPI NTB, LBH APIK NTB, TRAPK, SANTAI NTB · Sectoral interests (students, women teachers, etc.): ___________________________ · Individuals: ___________________________________________________________ Telecenter · Owner, franchisee, management: __________________________________________ · Community-liaison group: ________________________________________________ · Operator, staff, volunteers: _______________________________________________ · Funders, supporters: ____________________________________________________ · Users: _______________________________________________________________ National · Ministry of Communications and Information? No · Other ministry(ies): _____________________________________________________ · Other National Organizations: Seknas KPI (National Secretariat of KPI) Regional · Regional organizations or government: LBH APIK NTB, KPI KD NTB International · International donors, NGOs, academia: Microsoft · United Nations, World Bank or other international organizations: _________________ · Private sector: _________________________________________________________ October 2005 107 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia BUDGET Start-up Site and building (purchase cost, conversion) Rp 10,000,000/2yrs Installing power supply, telecommunications Rp 1,800,000 Installing security equipment Rp 1,825,000 Equipment and furniture costs (purchase, down payment) Rp 2,250,000 Software, supplies, reference, training manuals Training costs Total Startup Costs Operations Site and building (rent, maintenance, utilities) Insurance, security operating costs Rp 10,000 Equipment, furniture (lease, amortization, maintenance costs) Rp 80,000 Upgrades to equipment and software Communication costs (fees fixed, per use) +water, phone, electricity Rp 300,000 Staff costs (salaries, benefits) Rp 800,000 Training costs Outreach, promotion Monthly Operating Costs Rp 1,190,000 Revenues Connectivity (phone, fax, Internet, web pages) Direct computer access to users Rp 14,000 Office services (photocopying, scanning, audiovisual aids) RP 16,000 Business services (word-processing, spreadsheets, budget preparation, RP 20,000 printing, reception services) Educational services (distant education, training courses) Rp 350,000 Community services (meeting rooms, social events, local information, remittances from migrant workers) Telework and consulting Specialized activities (telemedicine) Sales (stationery, stamps, refreshments, etc.) Monthly Revenues from core business & ancillary activities: Rp 400,000 Other Revenues Grants (indicate period _______________) Public subsidies (indicate period _______________) Private donations, fund-raising events (indicate period ______________) In-kind support (e.g., equipment, volunteers) (indicate period ________) Community support (e.g., rent-free building) (indicate period _________) Membership fees (indicate period _______________) Notes - The start up budget for building rent is provided by the support of APIK NTB - Microsoft provides Rp 300,000 for water, electricity and telephone October 2005 108 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia FIELD VISIT OBSERVATION RECORD Day/Date : Monday, 2 May and Tuesday, 3 May 2005 Time : 08:30 AM ­ 05:00 P.M. & 8:00-10:00 A.M. Venue : PKBM Garis Tepi, Jl Raya Kalitidu No 343, Desa Panjunan Bojonegoro Attendance : Imam Suhadak (Head of CTLC), Muat, Martin Crow, Indri Tristianti Summary of Comments · CTLC Bojonegoro was launched in September 2004 · Duration of the program: 2 years · Currently they have 7 PCs and 1 server · The number of trainers = 4 people (male =2 ; female = 2) · For computer and internet training, they perform 4 classes everyday for 2 hours (each class). Each class usually have 5 ­ 7 students · This training is free-charge, however, they do get income by giving small commercial services such as printing service, typing service, facsimile, etc. · The CTLC program is so far advertised and socialized through social events, official information given by the Village office as well as news on local radio · It is stated that actually there are many people already have computer either at their house or office, however, in Bojonegoro, most of those people still don't know how to use it and/or how to use it optimally · Garis Tepi provides information on agriculture as well as other related information for the people especially the farmers of which the information is obtained among others from BPPT, Warintek, NGOs, etc · The farmers in Kalitidu also watch TV, hear the radio (most of the people) and some even read newspaper to get basic information about agriculture, farming, and animal husbandry · The coverage area of the CTLC: Kec. Kalitidu, Kec. Purwosari, Kec. Ngasem, and Kec. Malo · Type of Community: Farmers · So far, Microsoft has only given 1 time training. Next training will be undertaken on 16 May 2005 in Jakarta October 2005 109 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Telecenter Field Visit Program Description Telecenter Name: Garis Tepi ­ CTLC of Bojonegoro, East Java GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION AND ACCESS Type of community Farmers, craftsmen Location within community Jl. Raya Kalitidu 343, Bojonegoro, East Java Host institution NGO Hours available to public 9 hours ORIGIN, OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT, GENERAL Initiated by outside donor, Microsoft public program, community organization, private enterprise Ownership NGO Management NGO Project budget, duration, 2 years FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT Stand-alone building or Stand-alone building (rented building) located at parent agency? Which parent agency? Area provided, rooms, class room spaces Utilities, telecomms Telephone, facsimile, internet access What is the technology Telkomnet Instant used for connectivity/ bandwidth ­ eg VSAT? Leased line? etc Security, other facilities Meeting room, toilet (waiting area, meeting rooms, toilets, cafeteria, etc.) Equipment 7 PCs, printer, scanner, 1 server Software Windows OSS or MS operating Windows systems? STAFF Numbers of staff Full-time 2 people Part-time 2 people Volunteers 7 people By gender Male _7__ Female _4__ By age The range is between 25 ­ 35 years old By community Farmers Qualifications Formal education S1 Technical / ICT expertise N/A Special Expertise Human relation, administration (financial, administrative, marketing, fund-raising, local-language, etc.): Employment and reporting relationship Employed by, reporting Yayasan Mitra Mandiri October 2005 110 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia to? What is the range of Rp 250,000/month salary paid to telecenter staff? Paid by the hour, flat rate? Per month Commission? N/A FINANCE (Self Supporting or Sponsored) Fee based services? Free services (no charge) What are users most Services willing to pay for? (content vs. services) Rates N/A Financial performance N/A Annual running cost vs N/A income received ACTIVITY AND SERVICE COMPONENTS Services Yes/No Description: Telephone and fax Yes 0353 511046 Internet access Yes Provided for the member of the course and community VoIP Computer Rental Training sessions Yes For the farmer community Business-support services Yes For the farmer community Office services Content Reference Job search Education Yes For the farmers' children Culture, recreation Retail ICT Sales Other: CONTENT COMPONENTS Topic Provided? Yes No Government Government regulations, legislation, procedures, "how to do it guides" Up-to-date information on taxes, incentives, subsidies, quotas, tax changes General public information on government Yes Access to one-stop government electronic service Description: secondary source content in the form of CDs, paper documents, books, etc. Agriculture Up-to-date information on markets, prices Yes Data on pests, infestations, animal diseases, how to control them Yes Improved (appropriate) technology for traditional crop cultivation, animal Yes husbandry, "How-to" information on new, more profitable agricultural crops Better information on improved animal breeds, veterinary information Yes Access to veterinarians and artificial insemination services Communications to organize load sharing for truck transportation Listings of where seeds of specific qualities, quantities are available Listings of available spare parts for agricultural equipment Post harvest technology (cold storage, etc.) Description: secondary source content in the form of CDs, paper documents, books, etc. Small business October 2005 111 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Information on prices, demand, competition in various markets Computerized small-business accounting systems (bookkeeping, profit, loss information) Inventories, stock management Best practices, business management, start-up Information on credit, small loans, revolving funds (how, where to apply) Opportunities for export, import procedures Electronic commerce Yes Description: Health And Environment AIDS, HIV information Information on family planning Health education, child care Information on water, sanitation, including water-related diseases Appropriate technology for latrines, waste management (including night soil) Yes Appropriate energy technology, including biogas, solar driers, etc. Medicinal plants, traditional medicine, biodiversity Nutrition, recipes, new ways of cooking Access to doctors, midwives, medical services Weather forecasts, crop infestations Description: Formal organizations (hospitals, schools, local government, NGOs) Creating, maintaining computerized databases (patients' / students' records) Yes Reporting to headquarters (notifiable diseases, monitoring, routine requests for supplies, etc.) Local communications network (linking schools, NGOs, etc.) How to organize communities, establish organizations, develop group dynamics Yes Emergency-response communications Access to drug registries, medical expert systems Access to general reference libraries, online information Yes Description: secondary source content in the form of CDs, paper documents, books, etc. Education Distance learning (especially for teachers, students, unemployed youth) Adult literacy Yes Skills upgrading, certification Learning new, income-generating crafts (especially for girls) Yes General self-learning, self-improvement Yes Special Group / Purpose education sessions Yes Description: secondary source content in the form of CDs, paper documents, books, etc. STAKEHOLDERS October 2005 112 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Community · Civic Institutions (police, hospital, schools, etc.): Police, School, Bank Jatim · Business associations, cooperatives: ________________________________________ · Community action groups and NGOs: NGO Garis Tepi, YMM · Sectoral interests (students, women teachers, etc.): ___________________________ · Individuals: ___________________________________________________________ Telecenter · Owner, franchisee, management: __________________________________________ · Community-liaison group: ________________________________________________ · Operator, staff, volunteers: _______________________________________________ · Funders, supporters: ____________________________________________________ · Users: _______________________________________________________________ National · Ministry of Communications and Information? No · Other ministry(ies): _____________________________________________________ · Other National Organizations: FKPKBM Regional · Regional organizations or government: Dinas Pendidikan International · International donors, NGOs, academia: ______________________________________ · United Nations, World Bank or other international organizations: _________________ · Private sector: _________________________________________________________ October 2005 113 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia BUDGET Start-up Site and building (purchase cost, conversion) Rp 10,000,000 Installing power supply, telecommunications Rp 1,000,000 Installing security equipment Rp 1,500,000 Equipment and furniture costs (purchase, down payment) Rp 1,000,000 Software, supplies, reference, training manuals Training costs Total Startup Costs Rp 13,500,000 Operations Site and building (rent, maintenance, utilities) Insurance, security operating costs Equipment, furniture (lease, amortization, maintenance costs) Upgrades to equipment and software Communication costs (fees fixed, per use) Rp 400,000 Staff costs (salaries, benefits) Rp 1,000,000 Training costs Outreach, promotion Monthly Operating Costs Rp 1,400,000 Revenues Connectivity (phone, fax, Internet, web pages) Direct computer access to users Office services (photocopying, scanning, audiovisual aids) Business services (word-processing, spreadsheets, budget preparation, printing, reception services) Educational services (distant education, training courses) Community services (meeting rooms, social events, local information, remittances from migrant workers) Telework and consulting Specialized activities (telemedicine) Sales (stationery, stamps, refreshments, etc.) Monthly Revenues from core business & ancillary activities: Other Revenues Grants (indicate period _______________) Public subsidies (indicate period _______________) Private donations, fund-raising events (indicate period __2004 - 2005_) Rp 1,750,000 In-kind support (e.g., equipment, volunteers) (indicate period ________) Community support (e.g., rent-free building) (indicate period _________) Membership fees (indicate period _______________) October 2005 114 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia National Stakeholder Interview Record Day/Date : Monday, 07 March 2005 Time : 02:00 P.M. ­ 04.30 P.M Venue : 2nd Floor of Pusdatin Office ­ BAPPENAS Jl. Taman Suropati No. 2, Jakarta Pusat Attendance : Zulfikar M. Rachman (UNDP ­ National Program Officer), Dinar Pandan Sari (UNDP ­ Knowledge Management and Communication Officer), Martin Crow, Indri Tristianti Summary of Comments · The government's intention is in line with that of the UNDP, i.e. by using ICT as a tool to reduce the poverty, they cooperate to empower poor communities especially in rural areas in Indonesia · In the ICT4PR program (PePP), Bappenas takes the role as the implementing agency · PePP is a program initiated by UNDP and BAPPENAS to reduce poverty in Indonesia with the assistance of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). The program focuses on poor communities and it is designed to bring existing resources and knowledge together to assist and empower poor communities to use ICT for their access to basic social services and economic activities, thus contributing to the achievement of the MDG · The objectives of PePP are as follows: · Empowering poor communities ­ To empower and mobilize poor communities for economic activities and accessing social services through better access to information and communication; · Building partnership ­ To forge strategic partnerships in bringing individual efforts together for the benefit of the poor communities; · Establishing telecenters ­ To establish multi purpose community development telecenters to provide shared access to information and communication to poor communities and to be a channel through which partners can provide services and opportunities · Best practices for replication & policy formulation ­ To draw on and disseminate best practices and lessons learned from the pilot projects in order to raise awareness of the applicability and potential of ICT for poverty reduction, thus contributing to the formulation of national/regional policy and replication of successful implementation of ICT for poverty reduction activities About ICT4PR: · ICT4PR is an effort towards the provision of demand-driven information, services, and communication means for the poor through shared access of ICT facilities in the form of multi purpose community development telecenters, collectively used by communities at an affordable price; · ICT4PR considers ICTs as effective tools towards achieving community development goals. It envisions poor communities empowered with access to relevant information and services, actively communicating their needs and October 2005 115 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia concerns, and helping themselves improve their livelihoods and prosperity through higher income and lower expenses; · ICT4PR is pro-poor in that the information and services delivered are contextualized to the needs of the poor, presented in understandable language and appropriate form, and coupled with ICTs to reach the poor effectively through conventional or other traditional communication media. It is also pro poor because of its simple and mediated mechanism to overcome lack of skills and education in using ICT facilities. Gradually the capacity of the poor in getting benefit from ICT facilities will be developed and a critical mass of telecenter users will be built from children, youths, and women in the communities; · ICT4PR is implemented with a holistic strategy and coherent approach towards awareness raising, info and social mobilization, information access, capacity building, cultivating leaderships, forging partnerships, and localization · The first pilot project was started in Kabupaten Magelang, named Telecenter e-Pabelan last year and PePP is planning 5 more pilot projects in East Java, Sulawesi and Papua · E-Pabelan is an ICT center for a farming community, and the host organization is an Islamic boarding school established in 1800 (a pesantren in Pabelan) · As previously mentioned, ICT4PR or PePP is still at the pilot stage, with intended outcomes including a model for sustainable telecenters, guidelines for the model implementation/replication, and inputs for policy formulation for ICT4PR. The government is expected to implement nationwide replication after PePP · PePP subsequently will implement pilot projects in Sulawesi, Papua and East Java. It will focus on poor provinces in Sulawesi (Central Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi and Gorontalo) and Papua based on consideration of potential synergies with other UNDP projects, Human Development Index (HDI) and Human Poverty Index (HPI), and poverty ratio · The pilot project in East Java will be implemented to accommodate the on- going pilot project by extending it through the network of pesantrens in East Java where poverty ratio is still very high and the absolute number of the poor is overwhelming. While East Java is the site of many poverty reduction efforts by the donor community, ICT have never been meaningfully adopted for poverty reduction efforts, and therefore PePP provides some leverage in this area. Experiences and lessons learned from e-Pabelan would be fully utilized for replications in East Java due to the similarity in context and institutional set-up Question: "Please describe the process for choosing Pe-PP pilot project communities." Response: "We have a selection process conducted through regional consultation. Building upon the initial discussion with potential implementing partners during a national seminar, regional consultations in the focus provinces will be carried out as the first step of Pe- PP implementation. These consultations include provincial government and district/city government, civil society (universities, civil society organizations, press), and private sector, and aim at socializing the project concepts, identifying potential October 2005 116 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia locations and host organizations, encouraging commitment of each party, and building the sense of ownership of the regions from the very beginning of implementation. Provincial government will be involved in the regional consultations and in steering committee to ensure better policy up-streaming at national level and replications in districts other than pilot districts." The outputs from the regional consultation are as follows: · pilot location and host organization are identified · local implementing agencies are identified consisting of a representative of local government authority (appointed by bupati or walikota) and the host organization · focal persons at the implementing agencies are identified · establishment of a steering committee led by the representative of local government and participated by stakeholders including relevant provincial government official · identification of potential local champions for the PePP initiatives · introduction of partners to the regions · mapping of potential activities and local partners · a rough time frame and implementation arrangement agreed by the implementing agencies and the national PePP team Pesantren Pabelan (e-Pabelan) was chosen as the first ICT4PR pilot project site because it fulfills the requirements of pilot project selection: · Pesantren Pabelan actively conducts development initiatives that directly help its community in general and the poor to become more productive, healthier and more knowledgeable. The Pesantren has various non government organizations actively using the Pesantren as their meeting place and to deliver their programs and activities. In addition, the Village Head is the wife of the Pesantren owner and therefore many government initiatives are organized by and held in the Pesantren; · Since Pesantren Pabelan is a center of information flow from the government and civil society (top-down), the community is used to seek various information from the Pesantren (demand). Pabelan is a farming community that currently is in a vicious circle of middlemen domination. The farmers are not in a position to directly access their market and do not participate in determining the price of their crops. They are now seeking information of alternative crops which have better yields, more stable prices and more profit, and which are not controlled by the middlemen; · About half of the Pabelan population is currently living under the poverty level and many of the students in Pesantren Pabelan come from poor families. These people are being invited to use the facilities in the telecenter or being facilitated by the telecenter staffs to fulfill their information needs. The students and the youths from the poor families in particular are being invited to be directly involved with the running of the telecenter. In addition, the poor communities in Pabelan are being mobilized to help themselves in reducing poverty with ICT; · In rural areas where traditional ways of life are still prevalent, the role of formal as well as informal leaders in accepting new changes and encouraging people to seize the opportunities from chances is crucial in building community ownership of the project. In the case of pesantren Pabelan, strong October 2005 117 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia and capable leadership of its head will ensure the success and sustainability of the project. · In addition to the host commitment to the project, the Pabelan village head is also very much committed to this project and she sits on the Executive Board of the Telecenter. Local government commitments from Bupati (mayor) of Magelang Regency have also assisted with telecenter sustainability; The key to sustainability of the telecenter after the assistance from the project has finished is the appropriate selection of the host organization as well as on-going demand-driven information and services provided by the telecenter. E-Pabelan has a good chance to be sustainable because of the host's long presence in the community and their perceived trustworthiness, cooperative relationship with local government and other stakeholders, accessibility by the poor, good record of pro-poor activities, potential synergies with partners, and full commitments from its leaders to sustain the telecenter. A thorough study including telecenter cash flow and potential income generating services will be executed in order to arrive at business models for financially viable telecenters; Establishing connectivity in remote areas can be prohibitively costly. To ensure that more resources are allocated to community empowerment and capacity building than equipment and connection, ICT4PR project locations should have at least telephone service and electricity. This will increase the chance for sustained operation of the established facilities as well as that for replication in other areas without project support. Pesantren Pabelan meets this requirement and in addition it provides a building (7 by 12 meters) dedicated for the telecenter; Many stakeholders have been interacting with Pesantren Pabelan to help the poor, namely, the community, the local and central government, local NGOs, and Alumnus of the Pesantren. Other institutions have expressed their interest to participate in the project either through contribution in funding, content, services, or activities. Institutions that are currently joining e-Pabelan partnerships include the Open Learning University, Warintek, PUSTEKOM, Regional English Language Office of the American Embassy, Intel Corp., and PT TELKOM Question: "What was the biggest barrier to successful pilot project implementation?" Response: "The lack of competent human resources to organize as well as maintain the telecenter (the human resources on the organization side, not on the user side). To address this issue, we sent both sociologists and anthropologists to work together with the community to ensure the success of the project." "Our expected outcome of the 3 year pilot project phase is a learning model for communities which addresses these problem issues and can be replicated in other areas. We expect to be able to create guidelines and at that point will cooperate with MCIT and other ministries in terms of policy and regulations issues." Question: "What is the timeline for the next two pilot projects in East Java?" Response: October 2005 118 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia "The projects are fully funded by the East Java Government and they will hopefully be started early April 2005." Question: "In Pabelan, does the telecenter currently have other functions beyond access? Is there any specific content provided?" Response: "There is no specific content provided for the community. We just compile secondary source content in the form of CDs, paper documents, books, etc., for the users, and we are just trying to compile content that we think the community will need (not based on research or demand)." October 2005 119 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia FIELD SURVEY OBSERVATION RECORD Day/Date : Friday, 6 May 2005 Time : 10:00 AM ­ 06:00 P.M. Venue : E-Pabelan, Pesantren Pabelan, Desa Pabelan Kec. Mungkid, Magelang Attendance : Nuki (Village Head), Ahmad Mustofa (Telecenter Coordinator), Alex J Robinson (Visiting Researcher, Univ of Huddlesfield, UK), Martin Crow, Indri Tristianti Summary of Comments · The e-Pabelan was founded in July 2003 and it focuses on the poverty reduction using the ICT (ICT4PR = ICT for Poverty Reduction) · The e-Pabelan was built in the complex of Pesantren Pabelan · Type of community in Pabelan: Farmers · After the e-Pabelan was launched, the training for trainers was held. Bappenas contracted 3 people to train the people in Pabelan to be trainers · Currently, e-Pabelan holds an English Course and Computer & Internet training for elementary school teachers · The English Course has 60 students ranged between 16 ­ 21 years old while the computer & internet training consists of 15 teachers coming from 5 elementary schools around Pabelan · For the students of Pesantren, the computer training is attached to the curriculum so that all Pesantren students will automatically get the training at school · Funding duration: UNDP & Bappenas will fund telecenter operations for a 1 year period with the possibility of extension · The concept for this telecenter came directly from Bappenas. It was Bappenas that initially contacted the Pesantren and conducted initial research and survey before the establishment of the telecenter · During the funding support period, Bappenas requires that the telecenter not provide commercial services, so the local management has not undertaken any income producing activities besides attempting to source additional grants · The introduction and socialization of the telecenter was conducted through various kinds of social events as well as religious events. Since the owner and manager of the telecenter are also the head of the village and her husband, they tend to have easy access to socialize the telecenter and its programs to the village · The head of the village has also invited women SME owners to come and encourage them to use computers for business improvement (e.g. in the business of orchid cultivation) · The major concern: the aspect of sustainability · Internet Service Provider: Telkom.net Instan · operational cost is handled directly by Bappenas every month including telephone, internet, water use, etc · stationery e.g. paper, ink cartridge, etc was procured, provided and sent by Bapenas to Pabelan in the beginning of the program October 2005 120 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia · e-Pabelan has one person in charge of maintenance of the computer and the network Comments of Alex J Robinson, doctoral candidate from Univ Huddlesfield, UK and resident in Pabelan doing research for LIPI: · Currently, most of the people who use the telecenter are educated people such as students and santri (Pesantren students), there is almost no farmer or community involvement in the telecenter · For that reason, Alex thinks that this project should be just focused on education since to his opinion, the program does not address the goal i.e. to reduce poverty · Based on his research, poor people do not see any relation (yet) between poverty reduction and ICT · The improvement of capacity building is one of the major issues October 2005 121 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Telecenter Field Visit Program Description Telecenter Name: E-Pabelan GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION AND ACCESS Type of community Farmers Location within community Pondok Pesantren Pabelan, Desa Pabelan, Kec. Mungkid, Magelang Host institution Pondok Pesantren Hours available to public 08:00 AM ­ 16:00 PM ORIGIN, OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT, GENERAL Initiated by outside donor, UNDP & Bappenas public program, community organization, private enterprise Ownership Bappenas Management Pesantren Pabelan Project budget, duration, one year period FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT Stand-alone building or Located at Pesantren Pabelan located at parent agency? Which parent agency? Area provided, rooms, Meeting room, class rooms spaces Utilities, telecomms Telephone, internet connection What is the technology Telkomnet Instant (dial-up) used for connectivity/ bandwidth ­ eg VSAT? Leased line? etc Security, other facilities toilet (waiting area, meeting rooms, toilets, cafeteria, etc.) Equipment Computers, printer, scanner, computer desks, filing cabinet , LCD, Projector, television, whiteboard Software N/A OSS or MS operating MS systems? STAFF Numbers of staff Full-time 3 people Part-time 3 people Volunteers N/A By gender Male _4__ Female _2__ By age The range is between 25 ­ 45 years old By community N/A Qualifications Formal education High School ­ S2 Technical / ICT expertise No Special Expertise No (financial, administrative, marketing, fund-raising, local-language, etc.): October 2005 122 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Employment and reporting relationship Employed by, reporting Employed by and report to the leader of Pesantren and Bappenas to? What is the range of Rp 750,000 ­ Rp 1,000,000/month salary paid to telecenter staff? Paid by the hour, flat rate? Per month Commission? No FINANCE (Self Supporting or Sponsored) Fee based services? No What are users most N/A willing to pay for? (content vs. services) Rates N/A Financial performance N/A Annual running cost vs N/A income received ACTIVITY AND SERVICE COMPONENTS Services Yes/No Description: Telephone and fax No Internet access Yes For students and teachers VoIP No Computer Rental No Training sessions Yes Computer Skills and English Language Business-support services Yes Unclear ­ no evidence Office services Yes Printing Content Reference Yes CDROM and printed materials Job search Yes Unclear ­ no evidence Education Yes Pesantren curriculum Culture, recreation No Retail ICT Sales No Other: CONTENT COMPONENTS Topic Provided? Yes No Government Government regulations, legislation, procedures, "how to do it guides" Yes Up-to-date information on taxes, incentives, subsidies, quotas, tax changes No General public information on government No Access to one-stop government electronic service No Description: secondary source content in the form of CDs, paper documents, books, etc. Agriculture Up-to-date information on markets, prices Yes Data on pests, infestations, animal diseases, how to control them No Improved (appropriate) technology for traditional crop cultivation, animal Yes husbandry, "How-to" information on new, more profitable agricultural crops Better information on improved animal breeds, veterinary information No Access to veterinarians and artificial insemination services No Communications to organize load sharing for truck transportation No Listings of where seeds of specific qualities, quantities are available NO Listings of available spare parts for agricultural equipment No October 2005 123 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Post harvest technology (cold storage, etc.) NO Description: secondary source content in the form of CDs, paper documents, books, etc. Small business Information on prices, demand, competition in various markets Yes Computerized small-business accounting systems (bookkeeping, profit, loss Yes information) Inventories, stock management No Best practices, business management, start-up Yes Information on credit, small loans, revolving funds (how, where to apply) Yes Opportunities for export, import procedures Yes Electronic commerce No Description: secondary source content in the form of CDs, paper documents, books, etc. Health And Environment AIDS, HIV information No Information on family planning Yes Health education, child care Yes Information on water, sanitation, including water-related diseases Yes Appropriate technology for latrines, waste management (including night soil) No Appropriate energy technology, including biogas, solar driers, etc. No Medicinal plants, traditional medicine, biodiversity No Nutrition, recipes, new ways of cooking Yes Access to doctors, midwives, medical services Yes Weather forecasts, crop infestations No Description: secondary source content in the form of CDs, paper documents, books, etc. Formal organizations (hospitals, schools, local government, NGOs) Creating, maintaining computerized databases (patients' / students' records) Yes Reporting to headquarters (notifiable diseases, monitoring, routine requests for Yes supplies, etc.) Local communications network (linking schools, NGOs, etc.) Yes How to organize communities, establish organizations, develop group dynamics Yes Emergency-response communications No Access to drug registries, medical expert systems Yes Access to general reference libraries, online information Yes Description: secondary source content in the form of CDs, paper documents, books, etc. Education Distance learning (especially for teachers, students, unemployed youth) No Adult literacy No Skills upgrading, certification Yes Learning new, income-generating crafts (especially for girls) Yes General self-learning, self-improvement No Special Group / Purpose education sessions Yes Description: secondary source content in the form of CDs, paper documents, books, etc. STAKEHOLDERS Community · Civic Institutions (police, hospital, schools, etc.): Pondok Pesantren Pabelan · Business associations, cooperatives: ________________________________________ · Community action groups and NGOs: _______________________________________ · Sectoral interests (students, women teachers, etc.): ___________________________ · Individuals: ___________________________________________________________ Telecenter · Owner, franchisee, management: __________________________________________ · Community-liaison group: ________________________________________________ · Operator, staff, volunteers: _______________________________________________ · Funders, supporters: ____________________________________________________ · Users: _______________________________________________________________ October 2005 124 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia National · Ministry of Communications and Information? No · Other ministry(ies): BAPPENAS____________________________________________ · Other National Organizations: _____________________________________________ Regional · Regional organizations or government: ______________________________________ International · International donors, NGOs, academia: _____________________________________ · United Nations, World Bank or other international organizations: UNDP · Private sector: _________________________________________________________ October 2005 125 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia National Stakeholder Interview Record Day/Date : Monday, 07 March 2005 Time : 11:00 A.M. ­ 01.00 P.M Venue : 6nd Floor of RISTEK Building Jl. Thamrin, Jakarta Pusat Attendance : Kemal Prihatman (Head of Information Network Resources Division), Agus Sediadi (Head of cooperation & Information Networking Services), Martin Crow, Indri Tristianti Summary of Comments · WARINTEK is a Multipurpose Community Telecenter models for Indonesia that is used as an access community center and media for distance education · The Objectives of WARINTEK: o To establish pilot projects in selected strategic areas aimed at providing residents of those areas access to electronic and other forms of information on Science and Technology; o To equip these pilot projects with the necessary equipment and telecommunication facilities and access to Internet and Intranet o To set up necessary arrangements with cooperating institutions and partners so that the project will have required resources for its effective and sustainable operation o To prepare a sustainable business plan for the project · WARINTEK is developed as an alternative technology approach for multisectoral activities for urban/rural development including SMEs as well as education. Its activities primarily directed towards the development and strengthening the collaboration between Universities/Open University, Private Sectors, SME operations, schools, R&D institutions and local government · The funding of WARINTEK is in the form of incentive program. Based on the data sheet, the total WARINTEK in Indonesia is as follows: Year 2001 17 Year 2002 20 Year 2003 20 Year 2004 27 Total WARINTEK is 84 · Many WARINTEKs are running well but many others have failed due to various problems including financial sustainability and lack of human resources · Right now, WARINTEK in Klaten is being developed · WARINTEK of Brawijaya University in Malang consists of several farmer organizations and the ICT center is managed and coordinated by one NGO. The NGO now is developing an agriculture methodology taken from the CD ROM provided by WARINTEK (RISTEK) · In 2001, RISTEK conducted a Mobile Warintek, by using mobile VSAT, a van tour to Java and Bali. October 2005 126 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia FIELD VISIT OBSERVATION RECORD Day/Date : Monday, 16 May 2005 Time : 8:00 AM ­ 04:00 P.M. Venue : Warintek UPT Universitas Siliwangi, Jl. Siliwangi, Tasikmalaya Attendance : Yoni Hermawan, Jack Febrian, Indri Tristianti Summary of Comments Warintek UPT Universitas Siliwangi: · The fund from Ristek to build the Warintek at the UPT of Siliwangi University was Rp 20,000,000 · The Fund was divided into two phases. The first phase, Siliwangi University received 40% of the total amount and the other 60% on the second phase after 6 (six) months · During the first phase, Warintek of Siliwangi University led by Yoni Hermawan held the first national seminar of Warintek in Tasikmalaya, during that period Mr Yoni Hermawan with the team also provided training for the lecturers of Siliwangi University as well as gave training of the application of proper technology especially that in relation with agriculture sector · The warintek was built as part of the UPT (campus library) of Siliwangi University, and the UPT registered as one of the members of IPI ­ Ikatan Perpustakaan Indonesia (Indonesian Library Association) · Internet Provider used by Warintek UNSIL : Indonet · The UPT of Siliwangi University should pay Rp 4,500,000 for the bandwidth every month · The management charge the students Rp 5,000/hour for using the internet at the warintek while for public (or internet training course for the community), the management charges Rp 10,000/hour · The UPT of Siliwangi University provides 16 computers for the warintek (4 PCs obtained from Ristek on Warintek fund, the other 12 provided by the university itself) · Warintek opens from 7:00 AM ­ 3:00 PM from Monday to Thursday, 7:00 AM ­ 5:00 PM on Friday and Saturday, and it opens from 7:00 AM ­ 1:00 PM on Sunday · The total staffs in UPT of Siliwangi University is 6 but only one person who is in charge of the warintek · Maintenance and technical problem of the PCs and network will are handled by the indonet (ISP) · One of the major problems faced by the warintek management is the lack of sufficient number of computers to serve the users. Siliwangi University has about 5000 students and many of them are active users, moreover, there are high school students as well as public in general who also come and use the service of warintek. Everyday, the total people coming to warintek can reach 80 ­ 100 people October 2005 127 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia FIELD SURVEY OBSERVATION RECORD Day/Date : 26 ­ 27 May 2005 Time : 11:00 AM ­ 01:00 P.M. Venue : Cihideung Village, Kecamatan Parongpong, Kabupaten Bandung, West Java Attendance : Didit (Head of BIM), Adil (a member of Giri Mekar Farmer Group), Ida (Treasury of BIM), Neneng (training participant), Asep Sumarna (Mekarwangi Village Officer), Jack Febrian Summary of Comments ABOUT GIRI MEKAR FARMER GROUP · Giri Mekar Farmer Group is a community group of farmers in Cihideung, Kec. Parongpong, Kab. Bandung. The members of this group are farmers of Cihideung who work together to try to improve their business including to promote their products both inside and outside the village. ABOUT BIM · On 22 August 2002, MASTEL launched a pilot project of BIM in Cihideung Village, Kec. Parongpong, Kabupaten Bandung. · The launching was opened by the Head of Pusdatin Kab. Bandung, on behalf of Bupati of Bandung. The event was also attended by Head of Dinas of Agriculture of West Java, representatives of Industry Dept. Office, Tourism Office, Assistant to the Deputy Minister of Infrastructure of the Ministry of Communication and Information, and the people of Cihideung. · BIM was initiated by Giri Mekar Farmer Group and MASTEL. · For the initial plan, MASTEL would fully assist and support BIM in running the activity, and, after 6 months of operation, MASTEL would gradually let BIM stand alone and only give assistance when its necessary until BIM becomes an independent organization. CONDITION OF BIM · At the Initial establishment of BIM, MASTEL provided : o 1 (one) unit of PC to be used by the farmers, o 1 (one) unit of PC of which on temporary loan, · 1 (one) advisor/Project Manager from Mastel who was assigned to periodically monitor and supervise the development and condition of BIM. · The costs related to the operation including electricity, place, human resources, stationery, transportation, etc. were covered by the people of Cihideung themselves. · Training: o MASTEL conducted 2 times trainings through Risti Telkom i.e. in October 2002 and June 2003. For the training, BIM sent 6 (six) people consisted of BIM members and also children who were interested in learning the computer trainins. o The material given on the first training was the introduction of computer in general, while the material on the second training was October 2005 128 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia more focused on graphic design. Some other materials that had also been given were Adobe Photoshop, Microsoft Paint,and web design. o Bulletin: From that training, BIM Cihideung released a monthly bulletin called "BIM Bulletin" and BIM successfully produced 10 editions. This eight pages bulletin provided various information regarding health, agriculture, profiles, and others. The materials and information for this bulletin were searched and taken from various sources as well as browsed from internet. The Advantage of BIM for the Community o When the community of Cihideung were still full of motivation, BIM was quite useful for the people especially for those who were interested in knowing and using the computer. So, at that time, people used the computer for playing game, typing, and listening to the music. The people also used the computer to make their monthly bulletin. Current Condition o BIM in Cihideung has collapsed due to operational problems. BIM has been closed for 6 months since they cannot cover the operational costs including the cost for electricity, and also the phone. o Basically, Didit is the person who is in charged of the BIM, however, as he admitted, he has difficulty to manage the time between working on the farm and managing the operation of BIM. He said he concened about BIM but he could not afford to manage the BIM because if he wants to keep the BIM it means that he has to cut off his working hours (presently he is a full time farming worker) and consequently, his income will then automatically be reduced. o Right now, there is only one PC, left unused in the warehouse. That PC is kept in Ida's house (the treasury of BIM). Level of Education o The people in Cihideung, especially the members of Giri Mekar Farmer Group are mostly high school graduated. Occupation o Mostly, the members of Giri Mekar Farmer Group are the farming workers i.e. the farmers of which the land belongs to other people (most of the lands are owned by people from big cities like Jakarta) including Didit (Head of BIM), who is also the farming worker. His monthly income is around Rp. 600.000.- Rp. 800.000. October 2005 129 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Annex 6 ­ Summary of User Survey Data USER PROFILE DATA Data CTLC Mataram CTLC Garis Tepi Bojonegoro E-Pabelan Warintek Tasikmalaya AGE Less than 10 yr 10-20 yr 3 of 7 (1 no response) 2 of 7 21-30 yr 2 of 7 9 of 10 5 of 7 3 of 5 31-40 yr 1 of 10 41-50 yr 1 of 7 2 of 5 51-60 yr over 60 yr SEX Male 5 of 7 7 of 10 3 of 7 1 of 5 Female 2 of 7 3 of 10 4 of 7 4 of 5 FAMILY STATUS Single 6 of 7 10 of 10 6 of 7 3 of 5 Married 1 of 7 2 of 5 Divorced 1 of 7 Other FUNCTIONALLY LITERATE Yes 7 of 7 10 of 10 7 of 7 5 of 5 No A little EDUCATION None Some Primary Completed Primary 1 of 10 Some Secondary Completed Secondary 6 of 7 8 of 10 1 of 7 (1 no response) College/University 1 of 7 1 of 10 5 of 7 5 of 5 AVAILABILITY OF AND EXPOSURE TO ICT October 2005 130 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia At Home Telephone 1of 7 4 of 10 4 of 7 2 of 5 (3 no response) Fax Computer 3 of 7 2 of 5 Modem Printer 2 of 7 2 of 5 Email 1 of 7 Internet 1 of 7 Typewriter 1 of 7 2 of 7 Radio 3 of 7 4 of 10 5 of 7 2 of 5 TV 3 of 7 3 of 10 5 of 7 2 of 5 At your job Telephone 1 of 7 1 of 5 Fax Computer 1 of 5 Modem Printer Email Internet Typewriter 1 of 7 Radio TV Elsewhere 1 of 5 Telephone 10 of 10 (At the telecenter) 2 of 7 (3 no response) Fax 10 of 10 Computer 10 of 10 1 of 7 Modem 10 of 10 Printer 10 of 10 1 of 7 Email 10 of 10 1 of 7 Internet 10 of 10 1 of 7 Typewriter 1 of 7 Photocopier 3 of 7 1 of 7 TV 3 of 7 1 of 7 KIND OF INFORMATION NEEDED Where to get education and learn 6 of 7 4 of 10 4 of 7 4 of 5 October 2005 131 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia skills Health Care 3 of 7 2 of 10 1 of 7 3 of 5 Welfare Program 1 of 7 2 of 10 1 of 7 2 of 5 How to improve the business 3 of 7 3 of 10 2 of 7 3 of 5 Who wants our products and what is the current prices of the products 1 of 10 1 of 7 Things I need to buy 2 of 10 Available jobs 3 of 7 9 of 10 4 of 7 2 of 5 Social & Cultural Events 1 of 7 2 of 5 Books and Research Studies 2 of 10 1 of 7 Weather How to improve my crops 3 of 10 1 of 7 Taxes INFORMATION TO GIVE TO PEOPLE OUTSIDE THE COMMUNITY Information about: What I'm doing 2 of 7 4 of 7 (1 no response) What I'm selling 1 of 7 1 of 10 (3 no response) 1 of 5 (3 no response) What can I do (looking for job) 5 of 7 6 of 10 4 of 7 Our culture 1 of 7 1 of 5 Our Social/Cultural events 3 of 7 2 of 7 Do You do business (sell or by products or services): Yes 1 of 7 1 of 10 (5 no response) 1 of 7 1 of 5 No 6 of 7 4 of 10 4 of 7 1 of 5 MEDIA USE Radio: Frequently 4 of 7 5 of 10 (1 no response) 4 of 7 5 of 5 Sometimes 3 of 7 4 of 10 3 of 7 Never Television: Frequently 3 of 7 8 of 10 4 of 7 3 of 5 Sometimes 4 of 7 2 of 10 3 of 7 2 of 5 Never October 2005 132 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Movies or Other Shows Frequently 1 of 7 Sometimes 1 of 7 1 of 10 (2 no response) 3 of 7 2 of 5 Never 6 of 7 7 of 10 3 of 7 3 of 5 Videos: Frequently 2 of 7 1 of 7 Sometimes 4 of 7 9 of 10 4 of 7 4 of 5 Never 1 of 7 1 of 10 2 of 7 1 of 5 Other source of Information: Books 1 of 7 3 of 10 (5 no response) 5 of 7 Newspaper 2 of 7 5 of 10 6 of 7 Others PERCEPTION OF PUBLIC SERVICE Education: very dissatisfied 1 of 5 (4 no response) rather dissatisfied 2 of 7 (2 no response) rather satisfied 2 of 7 (5 no response) 3 of 7 very satisfied 6 of 10 (4 no response) Health: very dissatisfied 1 of 7 rather dissatisfied 1 of 7 (5 no response) 1 of 10 (4 no response) 2 of 7 rather satisfied 1 of 7 5 of 10 2 of 7 very satisfied Security: very dissatisfied rather dissatisfied 2 of 7 rather satisfied 1 of 7 (6 no response) 2 of 10 (4 no response) 2 of 7 very satisfied 4 of 10 1 of 7 Library: (no response) very dissatisfied 2 of 7 rather dissatisfied 1 of 7 rather satisfied 1 of 7 (6 no response) 2 of 7 very satisfied Government Information: (no response) October 2005 133 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia very dissatisfied 1 of 5 rather dissatisfied 4 of 7 (3 no response) rather satisfied 1 of 7 (6 no response) very satisfied Community Information: very dissatisfied 1 of 7 (3 no response) 1 of 5 rather dissatisfied 3 of 7 rather satisfied 1 of 7 (6 no response) 5 of 10 (4 no response) very satisfied 1 of 10 USAGE CHARACTERISTICS The time spent in the MCT was: (no response) wasted of some value to me 4 of 7 6 of 10 1 of 7 of great value to me 3 of 7 4 of 10 6 of 7 What would you have done if the MCT did not exist (no response) Nothing/don't know 2 of 7 2 of 7 (1 no response) Used the facility of somebody else in the community 2 of 7 Gone to the nearest place with the facility/service I need 3 of 7 3 of 10 (7 no response) 4 of 7 October 2005 134 Evaluation of Telecenters in Indonesia Bibliography Adedeji, A. 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