, , : 2- , 11-12 591 -101 31 info@framtidsstudier.se ISS 1650-8955 ISBN 91-89655-48-6 Scanpix Oform Intellecta Stralins 2004 #1 Manniskan i framtiden. Forskningsprogram 2000-2004 #2Uppvaxt, familjeformer och barns basts Om familjeliv som offentlig angelagenhet och var daglig pratik Ingrid Soderlind ( ) #3 Shaping the Future Demography and Democracy in the 21st Century 200-2004 . #4 Befolkning och valfard. Perspektiv pa framtidens valfardpolitik Do Malmberg & Lena Sommerstad ( ) #5 Konkurrensvisionens framvaxt Konkurrenspolitik, intressen och politisk kultur Torbjorn Lundqvist ( ) #6 Historia ­ en vag till framtiden? Perspektiv pa det forflutnas roll i framtidsstudier Christina Florin & Torbjorn Lundqvist ( ) #7 Samhallsforandring och halsa/ Olika forskarperspektiv Jan Sundin & Sam Willner ( ) #8 Kommunen som naverksaktor/ En kommunreform fur 2000-talet? Markus Gossas ( ) #9 Framtiden i samtiden. Konsrelationer i forandring i Sverige och omvarlden Christina Florin & Christina Bergqvist ( ) #10 Fran eger smahus till allmannyttan Bo Malmberg, Marianne Abrahamsson, Lena Magnusson & Therese Berg ( , , ) #11Mapping Study on International Migration Kristof Tamas ( ) #12 Challenges and Opportunities of International Migration for the EU, Its Member States, Neighboring Countries and Regions: A Policy Note Robert Holzmann & Rainer Munz ( ) 3 , , . ( , ). , ( , ), . , , , , . , , . , , , . 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(-13%) 2050 . 5. 1 2 . 628 - , . 7 -20 . 7. 8 -20, , , , . 14 , - ( , [- 20])9 ­ , , - , . -20 316 . 2000 . 492 . 2025 . (+55,7 %) 638 . 2050 . (+102,0 %). 15 64 187 . 2000 . 323 . 2025 . (+72,7 %), 2050 . 417 . (+123,0 %). . 65 13 . 2000 . 31 . 2025 . (+148,0 %) 82 . 2050 . (+556,0 %)10. 1.2 , , , 15 64 , 60-80 (. 6). 2010 . (25 ) . 2025 . 16 . (. 3). (2000-2025 .) 7 . 20 93 . 20 .11 20 ; , , ,12 . 21 () (- 46 . 2050 .; . 4). - (+157 . 2050 . 20 ), ( 20 , , -28 . 2050 .; : +17 . ; : -45 . ). , , , , 20 2010 . 45 . 100 . 2025 . , , 9 , -20, . 7. 10 . 11 , () (2003 .). 12 . 15 , . , 20 , , . , . 1.3 : , . -20 82:1; 7:1.13 2000 . (25 , ) 465 . , () 19.000 . , 42.000 . () 11.000 . () 9.400 () 3.200 . () - . 20 402 . 1.600 . , 4.600 . () 2.100-2.200 . ( , ) 170 . (). 2000 . 313 . 2.600 . . (11.000 . ), , , (1.200 . ), (1.100 . ) (500 . ; . 7).14 1.4 , , . , , , , , 15 400.000-450.000 13 . 14 . 15 14 260.100 ( 1996 .), - 698.600 ( 1992 ., . 11). 16 , . 16 , . 17 , , . , , - . 25 - . , , , ( ) . , , . , , , , , . 1.5 , , , , , . 2001 . 1,47 . 15 - .18 , 15 1 . ( 2,2 . 1000 ) (. 3 4). 16 2000-2003 . , , ( , ), / , . . (2004 .). 17 0 1. . Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2003). 18. (2004 .). 17 - , , , . , ( , ) , (, , ), , , , . , . , , . , . , , , . , , ,­ - .19 19 , , . Tamas (2003). 18 2. ­ , , , , - . , . 2.1 , , , , . , , () , . , , - , - , , . , , , , . , , , , . 20 , , ().21 , , , , . 2.2 " ", " " " "? (), 20-30 , - 20. Faini et al. (1999 .) 21. Papademetriou (2004 .) 19 . , "" 50 -, 10 , . 22 , , , 2000 . 60 , , . 23 , . , , , . , , , , .24 , - , - " ", - . , , , , " ". , , " ", , , , . , , , , . , , , 2001 . 0,6 , 2,1 . 25 2.3 , , , , , . , 22. (2002 .) 23. Lucas (2001 .) 24. Stark et al. (1998 .) 25. Desai, Kapur, and McHale (2001 .) 20 1990- . (. 8 10), , . , .26 - (, , , ), - (. 9). - , , , , . , , , , . - , , . , , , . 2.4 , - , , , . . - , , , , , . . , , -, (, ) . , . 26. Adams (2003 .) 21 2.5 , , , , , , . (. 10). ( , , , ). , , , "", - . 2.6 , (, , ) . . - . , , . - - , , - . - / , , . - , , - , " " , . . , 22 , , , , .. , . 2.7 , , , - , . ( , ), .27 . , , ( ), ( ), . 2.8 2004 ., , - /. : - ( ) , , . , , .28 750.000 - , , (/, ) - . - , - , 2-7 . , , 27. (2002 .) 28 2004 2006 . - , , , 23 . , , , , , . , ""29 ,30 , - . , 1980- , , , , , .31 , , , 8 , 4 10 . , .32 , , 2004 2007., , , , . , . . 29. Krieger (2004 .) 30. Alvarez-Plata et al. (2004 .), Fassmann and Munz (2002 .) 31., 200.000 . 1970 . 120.000 . 1970- 1990- . 32. Krieger (2004 .) 24 3. , , , , , - , . , . 3.1 status quo 25 , , " ": , . 90 - , - , , .33 15 - , .34 (, ). , , : , , , . , , , 35, , , . , ( ) , , . (), " " . 33. (2004 .). 34 1990- . Hatton (2004 .). 35. / (2003 .). 25 3.2 , , , , / , , . , , , . , , 1990- 21 . 36 ( , ),37 , 2000 .38 , , , . , , , . ( , ) , . , - . -. , , , , . 3.3 , , , . . 36. "INS: Is Gatekeeper Working" (2000). 37. Cornelius (2001). 38 , , (8-9 . ) , , 1990- , , , IRCA (1986-91.). 26 . , - , . - , , , - . 27 4. , , .39 2001-2002 . 46,4 . . (35,0 . .), (5,8 . .), (4,7 . .) (0,9 . .). (24,3 %), (22,2%) (18,6 %) 12,4 (. 12), . 40 2001 . 1,45 . (. 12). (12,7 . 1000 ), (7,3 . 1000 ) (5,3 . 1000 ). (3,7 . 1000 ). , . , , , , , , . , , . , (. 13), , . , - - , . . . , , (, , 39 (, , , ) . 40, , , , . 28 ).41 , , , 42 , ,43 . , , (63% ) (54 %), (37 %) (21 %, . 13). 44 , . , , - , , , 45 , , . , (. 14). 2003 . 75 , 63 - 59 - (. 14). , . , ( 50.000 . ) . , . 41 - , , . . 42 , , - - , , , . 43 . 44 . 45 ( ) ( ). 29 II. 5. ­ ? , , , 46. 25 - ( , ) , . , , . . XXI , , , . - , , , . : , , 47 , 48. « » . , . , , , 46. (2004 .) 47 , XIX . 48 , , , , , - . 30 . -, , . -, , , . , , . - , , , , . , ­ . , , , ­ 49. 49 (2003 .). Holzmann (2004 .) 31 6. , 50. - ­ , . , , . , ­ , , ­ . , . , 18 , - ( ), , , , , , ( 11 12)51. 30 2014 , , .52 . 90- XX , , , , , , , . - « », . , , , 50 , , . , , . , . 51. « , » (2003 .) 52. «» (2004 .) 32 , , , , . , . ­ ­ - . . -, , . , () , , . , . ­ , , 53. , , ( , , , ), ( ). -, , , , , . , , , . , - , . , , , , . , , . , , , . , , 53 . 33 , . , 54, . , , , , , , . , ( ), , , . , . , , . , , . . - . , - , . , , ( ), . . , , , , , , , , . , . , . , 54., , Alesina & Glaeser (2004 .) 34 , , . , ­ .55 ­ , , . , , , . , . 55. Ray (2004 .) 35 7. , , , . , , , . , . , , , , . , , . , , , , , , , , , , . , , , - , , . , , , . , . « », «» . , , . , - . : 2002 80 . (. 10 8), , , , . , 100 . . , . , 36 .56 . , . 74 , , , , 1 . 57 , , , . , . . « ». - « ». , , , . , , . , , . , , , ( , ). , , , , , . , , , . , , « », , , . 24 , 56 2001 , 52 . 57 (2003.). 37 , , , , , « ». 20 , 33,3% 43,5% . ( 15).58 , , « », . , , , - , , - . , . 58(2003.). 38 III. , 8. , - , . . , : () , , , / , . (b) , , . , , . (c), , - , . (d) ( , ). . , . , , , , .59 - 59 (1999 .): « - . , - ( ), , - , , , -». 39 ,60 « »61 ,62 , . , « » (ius sanguinus), , . , , .63 , , , . . , . , , , .64 - , , , .65 , , . , , . , . . , , , 60 (2003.)« .,».Süssmuth Weidenfeld (2004 .). 61 222000 ,3 2003 , . 62 , : , , 632000 (2000/43/EC 2000/78/EC). , , , , . Bauböck(2004.). 64 Holzmann ( ). 65 / (2003 .), 6 40 , , . 41 9. - - . , . - , , , , . , . , . - , , , ( , ), , . , - , , . - . , ; , ; - . . 42 10. - 10.1 . , , , . - - . , , , . - . ( ), , . , , , . , - -. , . - , , , ( ) . - , , , , , , . , , , « » (, , , , ). , 43 . , , , . , - , ; , ; , . 10.2 ; - . -, , -. -, , , . , , . 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Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 61 : 1 2000 2025 , 2 2000 2050 , 3 2000 2025 , 4 2000 2050 , 5 , , 6 , , 7 200 () 8 200 9 10 , 1988 ­ 2001 . 11 18 , 12 18 , 62 1 , ( 15), 2000 ­ 2002 ., 2 2000 . 3 , 1960 ­ 2000 . 4 , 2003 . 5 , 1965 ­ 2000 . 6 , 2000 ­ 2050 ., 15-64 7 , , 2000 ­ 2001 . 8 1988 ­ 2000 . 9 2002 10 11 , 12 , , 2001 . 13 , , 2001 . 14 : 2003 . 15 63 1 2000 2025 , 2 2000 2050 , 64 3 2000 2025 , : () 2025 () 2010 . : , . 4 2000 2050 , : on 2050 . 2010 . : , . 65 5 , , 66 6 , , 67 7 200 () 68 8 200 9 69 10 , 1988 ­ 2001 . 11 18 , : (LSIA): LSIA1 , 1993 1995 , LSIA2 , 1999 . 2000 . : , (DIMIA) (2003). 70 12 18 , : LSIA1 , 1993 1995, LSIA2 , 1999 2000 . : DIMIA (2003). 71 1 , ( 15), 2000 ­ 2002 ., 15 / - , , , , - , - (1) , , 2000 . , , 2000. 2001. , (3) (4) (5) 2001 . 2000 .(2) 8,067 754 764 695 756 893 899 798 10,356 853 847 784 879 n.a. 974 1,034 5,384 256 267 166 304 322 225 227 5,206 88 99 50 134 145 81 86 82,537 7,344 7319 5,444 7,349 9,700 n.a. 8,915 11,018 161 762 362 534 n.a. 489 480 (6) 59,629 3,263 3263 2,724 6,277 5,868 4,605 1,327 3,964 127 151 118 310 n.a. 232 263 57,321 1,271 1363 n.a. 1,634 2,500 n.a. 511 448 148 167 161 162 145 127 119 16,193 652 690 555 1,576 1,675 1,179 1,593 10,408 191 224 106 233 n.a. 1,119 1,313 40,683 801 1109 450 1,259 2,664 858 664 8,941 487 476 295 993 1,028 681 933 59,329 2,298 2587 2,026 4,029 n.a. 3,307 4,467 (N) 379,484 18,692 20,088 13,936 26,429 24,940 14,776 22,730 (1) , 2002 . (2) 2002 (LFS) . (3) , 2000 , . (4) , , , (1999 .) (2001 .) ; (2003 .) ; , 1950 . (5) 2002 ., . (6) , 1999 . : Munz Fassmann (2004 .), «» , /, , .. 72 2 2000 . , (% ) 10.5 398,622 (1) 8.9 378,243 2.0 115,431 3.4 100,076 (1) 1.5 39,109 6.0 1,603,185 8.8 3,599,877 0.9 43,645 3.7 59,619 3.6 926,271 57.3 107,091 (2) 3.4 248,452 4.9 114,431 2.0 101,681 (1) 0.2 5,864 (1) 1.2 211,736 5.0 239,951 18.3 707,294 4.4 1,293,649 (1) 1999 (2) 1998 : , 73 3 , 1960 ­ 2000 . 1990-2000 1960-2000 1990-2000 1960-2000 1000 1000 1000 % 1000 % 3.6 1.9 294 3.6 602 7.5 1.5 1.0 153 1.5 400 3.9 2.5 1.1 129 2.4 226 4.2 1.3 -0.5 64 1.2 -76 -1.5 1.0 1.8 585 1.0 3,855 6.5 4.4 2.6 3,638 4.4 8,495 10.4 4.2 1.0 442 4.2 469 4.4 -0.4 -1.1 -1 -0.4 -10 -3.5 2.4 -1.6 91 2.4 -194 -5.1 2.0 0.0 1,177 2.0 273 0.5 10.0 6.5 42 9.7 100 22.8 2.3 1.7 360 2.3 1,004 6.3 2.0 1.1 88 2.0 186 4.2 0.3 -3.4 35 0.4 -1,162 -11.6 0.9 0.0 358 0.9 72 0.2 2.2 2.0 194 2.2 670 7.6 3.3 3.1 235 3.3 804 11.2 1.5 0.4 827 1.4 941 1.6 : U.N. (2003), Brucker (2002), Laczco and Munz (2003). 74 4 , 2003 . 2003 / 1,000 2004 1,000 1,000 -25 453,685 10.4 9.9 0.5 2.2 2.7 454,905 82,537 8.6 10.4 -1.8 1.9 0.1 82,545 59,629 12.7 9.2 3.5 1.0 4.5 59,896 59,329 11.6 10.2 1.4 1.7 3.2 59,518 57,321 9.4 10.3 -0.8 3.6 2.8 57,482 40,683 10.7 9.0 1.7 5.5 7.2 40,978 38,219 9.2 9.4 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 38,194 16,193 12.6 8.8 3.8 0.2 4.0 16,258 11,018 9.3 9.4 -0.1 2.7 2.6 11,047 10,408 10.8 9.9 0.9 6.1 6.9 10,480 10,356 10.7 10.2 0.6 3.4 3.9 10,397 10,203 8.9 10.5 -1.6 2.4 0.8 10,211 10,142 9.5 13.4 -3.9 1.2 -2.7 10,115 8,941 11.0 10.4 0.6 3.2 3.8 8,975 8,067 9.5 9.6 0.0 3.1 3.1 8,092 5,384 12.0 10.7 1.3 1.3 2.6 5,398 5,379 9.6 9.6 0.0 0.3 0.3 5,381 5,206 10.8 9.2 1.6 1.1 2.7 5,220 3,964 15.5 7.3 8.3 7.0 15.3 4,025 3,463 8.8 11.8 -3.0 -1.4 -4.5 3,447 2,332 8.8 14.1 -5.2 -0.3 -5.6 2,319 1,995 8.6 9.6 -1.0 1.8 0.8 1,997 1,356 9.6 13.3 -3.7 -0.1 -3.8 1,351 715 11.1 7.8 3.3 14.1 17.4 728 448 11.5 8.5 3.0 2.5 5.6 451 397 10.0 8.2 1.8 3.9 5.7 400 289 14.1 6.3 7.8 -0.9 6.9 291 34 11.7 5.9 5.9 5.9 11.7 34 4,552 12.0 9.4 2.6 2.5 5.1 4,576 458,560 10.4 9.9 0.5 2.2 2.7 459,806 EEA 7,324 9.7 8.5 1.2 6.0 7.2 7,377 29,619 9.3 12.8 -3.5 - -3.5 29,515 - 7,846 8.4 14.3 -5.9 - -5.9 7,799 21,773 9.6 12.2 -2.6 - -2.6 21,716 : Eurostat (2004). 75 5 , 1965 ­ 2000 . - , . , . (1) . % 1965 75 3.3 2.3% 1.0 1975 85 4.1 2.1% 2.0 1985 105 4.8 2.2% 1.5 1990(2) 120 5.3 2.3% 8.8 1995(2) 164 5.7 2.9% 2.2 2000 175 6.0 2.9% 2004 (3) 185 6.3 2.9% (1) , 12 . . , , (. 1), , . (2) 1985-95 . , , - (, , , ). (3) 2004 . , 2000-2004 . , 1995 ­ 2000 . . Munz (2004 .). : (2002 .), Martin (2003 .), Munz (2004 .). 76 6 , 2000 ­ 2050 ., 15- 64 2000, 15-64 ( 15-64 15-64 ) >75% 66-75% <66% (70.3:11.1) (60.3; 14.8) >10% (74.2; 10.8) (81.8; 15.7) (65.3; 10.4) (72.2; 10.7) (60.2; 15.6) (71. 6; 12.1) 15-64 , 2000-2025 . ( ) (80.0; 5.2) (71.1; 5.1) (65.2; 5.6) 5-10% (78.9; 8.7) (63.0; 9.7) (65.8; 8.6) (76.6; 0.6) (68.0; 0.5) <5% (74.6; 2.1) (67.4; -19. 2) (70.1; 3.6) : U.N. (2003), OECD Online Database, Laczco and Munz (2003). 77 7 , , 2000 ­ 2001 . (. $ ) (. $ ) 188,545,515,520 8,132,000 23,186 229,609,570,304 10,286,000 22,323 9,131,123,712 760,650 12,004 56,784,211,968 10,224,000 5,554 161,542,389,760 5,359,000 30,144 5,524,955,648 1,364,000 4,051 120,855,298,048 5,188,000 23,295 1,309,806,559,232 59,190,600 22,129 1,846,068,510,720 82,333,000 22,422 117,168,726,016 10,590,870 11,063 51,926,491,136 10,187,000 5,097 103,298,408,448 3,839,000 26,908 1,088,754,286,592 57,948,000 18,788 7,549,044,736 2,359,000 3,200 11,992,000,512 3,482,000 3,444 18,539,986,944 441,000 42,041 3,622,939,904 395,000 9,172 380,137,111,552 16,039,000 23,701 166,145,196,032 4,513,000 36,815 176,256,204,800 38,641,000 4,561 109,802,496,000 10,024,000 10,954 20,459,104,256 5,404,000 3,786 18,810,353,664 1,992,000 9,443 581,822,971,904 41,117,000 14,150 209,813,782,528 8,894,000 23,590 247,090,724,864 7,231,000 34,171 1,424,094,003,200 58,800,000 24,219 : -25+, NOR, CH 8,665,151,968,000 464,734,120 18,645 (2001) 78 (. $ ) (. $ ) 4,113,723,392 3,164,400 1,300 2,117,765,888 3,088,000 686 5,585,046,528 8,116,110 688 12,218,720,256 9,970,260 1,226 4,769,110,016 4,060,000 1,175 13,552,988,160 7,913,000 1,713 20,260,491,264 4,380,780 4,625 3,138,404,096 5,224,000 601 22,389,143,552 14,895,310 1,503 1,525,245,056 4,955,000 308 3,425,929,984 2,035,000 1,684 1,479,386,752 4,270,000 346 38,717,915,136 22,408,000 1,728 309,951,201,280 144,752,000 2,141 10,861,249,536 10,651,000 1,020 1,055,504,192 6,244,730 169 147,682,721,792 68,529,000 2,155 5,961,538,560 5,435,000 1,097 37,587,689,472 49,093,000 766 11,269,735,424 25,068,000 450 657,663,510,336 404,252,590 1,627 -20 (2001) 79 (. $ ) (. $ ) 53,454,692,352 30,835,000 1,734 7,970,690,560 651,000 12,244 552,928,512 644,330 858 99,427,565,568 65,176,940 1,526 101,561,729,024 64,528,160 1,574 23,750,180 110,385,553,408 6,362,950 17,348 8,451,339,776 5,030,800 1,680 35,830,480,896 2,044,270 17,527 16,488,225,792 4,384,680 3,760 34,136,625,152 5,410,780 6,309 33,345,392,640 29,170,000 1,143 19,825,747,968 2,478,000 8,001 16,454,120,448 597,550 27,536 188,720,955,392 21,408,470 8,815 17,896,208,384 16,593,210 1,079 19,462,098,944 9,673,600 2,012 46480601088 2,976,290 15,617 , 4,359,139,840 3,089,540 1,411 () 9,177,179,136 18,045,750 509 823,981,274,880 312,851,500 2,634 -20 (2000) 7,970,690,560 651,000 12,244 35,830,480,896 2,044,270 17,527 16,454,120,448 597,550 27,536 188,720,955,392 21,408,470 8,815 46480601088 2,976,290 15,617 -5 (2000) 295,456,848,384 27,677,580 10,675 : , 80 8 1988 ­ 2000 . (.-$ (%) C) 1988 28 1989 32 13% 1990 39 22% 1991 33 -15% 1992 37 13% 1993 39 5% 1994 44 14% 1995 51 15% 1996 55 8% 1997 65 19% 1998 61 -6% 1999 65 7% 2000 65 -1% 2001 72 12% 2002 80 11% : IMF (2002). 81 9 2002 -373 643 -268 163 -2,524 519 -3,277 666 -2,414 761 -286 46 -618 1,181 -175 39 -541 8,317 -296 57 -2,249 947 -2,018 107 -22,994 35 92 2,877 3,224 123 3,958 1,071 1,936 :IMF(2002). 133 10 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 36.7 25.2 25.6 29.6 35.4 40.3 50.0 55.6 62.6 71.5 76.6 11.1 11.2 10.4 10.9 54.2 13.6 11.3 10.3 9.4 8.8 8.2 7.5 7.6 7.9 10.8 212.4 181.0 155.2 192.8 220.9 226.0 207.9 230.3 263.8 277.9 1.7 2.8 5.8 7.6 8.9 8.4 16.5 20.4 30.9 30.3 4.3 4.7 4.6 4.5 5.0 5.4 6.1 7.5 8.6 9.9 11.9 147.5 126.1 93.5 83.9 72.3 62.7 46.7 39.6 45.3 49.3 54.9 3.6 4.2 4.4 4.7 5.5 9.3 9.4 9.8 10.1 15.2 16.4 16.3 13.2 11.4 9.6 27.3 32.4 33.3 27.7 : OECD (2003). 82 11 , 1993 1994 1995 1996 4.9 8.1 7.8 8.1 4.7 5.1 5.9 7.0 26.4 14.6 11.6 12.4 - - 0.5 0.3 21.1 20.7 25.0 25.0 2.2 1.2 1.4 2.2 14.3 6.7 5.1 5.9 2.0 0.8 0.8 0.7 27.6 26.0 20.4 17.4 322.6 127.2 127.9 116.4 0.8 1.3 1.4 1.6 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.1 0.4 0.4 1.2 1.3 1.8 1.7 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 35.4 52.6 29.3 22.9 0.4 0.4 0.7 1.3 12.9 3.4 1.5 1.8 0.8 0.6 0.8 3.2 1.7 0.6 0.3 0.2 - - - 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.4 12.6 12.0 5.7 4.7 37.6 18.6 9.0 5.8 24.7 16.1 17.0 18.0 28.0 42.2 55.0 37.0 (2) 200.4 202.4 208.2 150.0 -15 515.4 310.0 274.9 234.1 (3) 553.0 329.5 293.3 253.9 , 3.8 2.4 3.7 7.4 (4) 221.4 223.1 233.2 175.0 OECD(5) 783.6 563.6 538.8 445.8 (1) , , . (2) , . (3) -15, . (4) "" 2004 , (, ). (5) . : (2003 .), (2003 .). 83 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 11.1 8.1 8.4 11.9 12.4 6.0 6.7 13.8 20.1 18.3 30.1 37.1 11.8 22.1 35.8 42.7 24.5 18.8 0.4 0.8 1.3 1.8 2.4 2.9 23.9 24.6 29.9 35.7 42.7 33.4 2.1 4.1 7.2 8.8 18.0 8.5 5.1 5.7 6.5 10.3 12.4 5.9 1.0 1.3 3.1 3.2 1.7 3.4 21.4 22.4 30.9 38.7 47.3 50.8 104.4 98.6 95.1 78.6 88.4 71.1 4.4 2.6 1.5 3.1 5.5 5.7 1.1 7.4 11.5 7.8 9.6 6.4 3.9 4.6 7.7 10.9 10.3 11.6 1.9 11.1 33.4 24.5 9.8 7.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.4 1.6 2.9 0.6 0.7 1.0 34.4 45.2 42.7 43.9 32.6 18.7 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.0 2.3 8.5 10.2 10.8 14.8 17.5 3.5 3.4 3.0 4.4 4.5 5.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.4 1.2 1.7 1.4 2.4 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.9 1.5 8.2 9.7 5.0 6.8 8.4 7.9 9.2 6.2 9.6 12.5 11.2 16.3 23.5 33.0 24.0 41.3 46.1 17.6 20.8 26.2 41.5 58.0 91.2 98.9 92.0 110.7 73.1 50.3 45.8 57.0 86.4 81.1 251.8 306.7 390.9 398.1 388.1 381.6 278.0 356.5 447.1 426.6 423.7 425.3 9.3 17.5 25.6 25.6 45.1 33.8 97.0 74.8 75.7 92.7 129.1 114.5 397.2 459.1 558.5 558.4 612.3 580.8 84 12 , , 2001 . , (1) 2001 2001-02 2001-02 2001 (2) 1000 2001-02 283,230,000 34,988,000 12.4 1,534,800 1,064,318 3.7 31,300,000 5,826,000 18.6 220,000 227,313 7.3 19,358,000 4,705,000 24.3 224,000 102,049 5.3 3,814,000 850,000 22.2 55,700 47,401 12.7 (1) , , : (2) , , : (2002): (IOM; 2003 .): Papademetriou (2003 .): (2003 .): (CIC: 2001): DIMIA (2000, 2001 .): (2000, 2001 ). 13 , , 2001 . . 1.064.318 250.346 119.525 47.314 2001 (1) ..: 675.178 66.644 33.470 12.671 179.195 152.939 44.730 25.768 42.015 - - - (2) - - 25.165 3.602 124.507 27.894 13.740 4.026 97.305 12.263 4.000 777 11.201 11.891 5.580 714 16.001 3.740 4.160 2.535 43.423 2.869 2.420 874 (1) , , . (2) . : IOM (2003): Papademetriou (2003): CIC (2001 .); DIMIA (2000, 2001, 2002); , (INS; 2002); (2003 .). 85 14 : 2003 . % % % / 25 34 24 21 6 20 10 17 20 5 9 6 , / (2) 24 14 0 (3) 10 4 16 , 0 9 0 5 11 8 5 6 8 % 75 63 59 (4) (1) 100%, (, ). (2) . (3) . (4) 2003 . : (2001 .); DIMIA (2000, 2001, 2002 .); 2003 ., Papademetriou (2003 .). 86 15 (1) 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.9 0.1 0.1 0.2 2.0 1.1 0.2 0.7 3.6 5.7 1.0 11.5 39.1 0.2 0.1 0.6 1.3 8.7 1.2 10.6 95.8 4.0 0.3 6.9 43.5 3.1 0.3 5.2 33.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.2 1.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.3 0.1 0.1 0.3 3.3 - 0.7 0.1 0.4 16.5 (1) : , , 43,5% , . : Adams (2003). 87