PESTICIDE USAGE IN THE LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN REGION VOLUME ~x Environment Division Technial Department LAC Region The World Bank 6-'J y T ANNEX 8.2. REFERENCES ANNEX 8.2. REFERNCES 1. World Bank GB. 4.03: Agricultural Pest Management- Part I: Issues in Pesticide Use Part II: Principles of Integrated Pest Management Part fI: Guidelines for the Selection and Use of Pesticides. 2. Watkinson, I.A., 1989. Pyrethroids and the Economics of Pest Management. Pesticide Science 27:465-469. 3. Guidelines for the Packaging and Storage of Pesticides. FAO, Rome. 1985. 4. Guidelines on Good Labeling Practice for Pesticides. FAO, Rome. 1985. 5. Guidelines for Writers of Pesticide Labels and Literature. GIFAP, Brussels. 6. Guidelines for the Safe Warehousing of Pesticides. GIFAP, Brussels. 7. International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides. FAO, Rome. 1986. 8. Guidelines on Retail Distribution of Pesticides with Particular Reference to Storage and Handling at the Point of Supply to Users in Developing Countries. FAO, Rome. 1988. 9. Guidelines for the Safe Handling of Pesticides During Their Formulation, Packing, Storage and Transport. GIFAP, Brussels. 10. Guidelines for the Safe and Effective Use of Pesticides. GIFAP, Brussels. 11. Guidelines for Emergency Measures in Cases of Pesticide Poisoning. GIFAP, Brussels. 12. Guidelines for Quality Control of Pesticides. GIFAP, Brussels. 13. Guidelines for Avoidance, Limitation and Disposal of Pesticide Waste on the Farm. GIFAP, Brussels. 14. Guidelines for the Safe Transport of Pesticides. GIFAP, Brussels. 15. Guidelines for Personal Protection When Using Pesticides in Hot Climates. GIFAP, Brussels. 16. Guidelines for the Disposal of Waste Pesticides and Pesticide Containers co the Farm. FAO, Rome. 1985. 17. GIFAP Trainers Manual. A Course for Agrochemical Retailers. GIFAP, Brussels. 18. GIFAP Trainers Manual. A Course for Farmer Trainers. GIFAP, Brussels. 19 GIFAP Training Courses for Retailers and Farmers in the Safe Handling and Effective Use of Agrochernicals. GIFAP, Brussels. 20. Pictograms for Pesticide Labels. An Aid to the Safe Handling of Pesticides. GIFAP, Brussels. 21. A Guide to Understanding Agrochemical Pictograms. GIFAP, Brussels. 22. The Manufacture and Formulation of Pesticides in Developing Countries. Technical Monograph No. 9, Ref. MTO9E. GIFAP, Brussels. 23. Guidelines for the Registration and Control of Pesticides. FAO, Rome. 1985. 24. Addenda to Guidelines for the Registration and Control of Pesticides. FAO, Rome. 1988. 25. Guidelines on Post-Registration Surveillance and Other Activities in the Field of Pesticides. FAO, Rome. 1988. 26. Specifications for Plant Protection Producers. FAO, Rome. March 1989. 27. Guidelines on the Operation of Prior Informed Consent. FAO, Rome. In Report of the Conference of FAO, 25th. Session, Rome, 11-29 November 1989. 28. 'Sentinelo Water Effluent Treatment Plant. E. Allman & Co. 29. The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 1992-1993. WHO/PCS/92.14. World Health Organisation, Geneva. 30. The Handling and Use of Paraquat by Smallholder Rice, Coffee, Maize and Potato Farmers in Colombia. Clavijo, J. & Whitaker, MJ. In Press. 31. Disposal of Unwanted Pesticide Stocks. Guidance on the selection of practical options. GIFAP, Brussels, 1991. 32. Guidelines for Personal Protection when Working with Pesticides in Tropical Climates. FAO, Rome, March 1990. 33. Duaffsticas de Intaxicaiones por Plaguicidas. Colombia. 1989-1990. Silvia Bechara MD, Medico Asesor Salud Ocupacional, BASF-ICI Colombia S.A. January 1992. 34. DeGeorges, Paul Andre. Pesticides and Environment Monitoring in the Eastern Caribbean: Current Setting and Needs. USAID, Bridgetown. 1989. F. REFERENCE DOCUMENTS F. REFERENCE DOCOMIENTS Note: All of the documents listed here, and referred to in the text, are included in Volume 2, which is a companion book to this compendium. 1. World Bank Operational Directive 4.03: Agricultural Pest Management. Annex A: Guidelines for Implementation of Integrated Pest Management- Annex B: Guidelines for the Selection and Use of Pesticides. In press, World Bank. 2. Watkinson, I.A., 1989. Pyrethroids and the Economics of Pest Management. Pesticide Science 27:465-469. 3. Guidelines for the Packaging and Storage of Pesticides. FAO, Rome. 1985. 4. Guidelines on Good Labc-ing Practice for Pesticides. FAO, Rome. 1985. 5. Guidelines for Writers of Pesticide Labels and Literature. GIFAP, Brussels. 6. Guidelines for the Safe Warehousing of Pesticides. GIFAP, Brussels. 7. International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides. FAO, Rome. 1986. 8. Guidelines on Retail Distribution of Pesticides with Particular Reference to Storage and Handling at the Point of Supply to Users in Developing Countries. FAO, Rome. 1988. 9. Guidelines for the Safe Handling of Pesticides During Their Formulation, Packing, Storage and Transport. GIFAP, Brussels. 10 Guidelines for the Safe and Effective Use of Pesticides. GIFAP, Brussels. 11. Guidelines for Emergency Measures in Cases of Pesticide Poisoning. GIFAP, Brussels. 12. Guidelines for Quality Control of Pesticides. GIFAP, Brussels. . 13. Guidelines for Avoidance, Limitation and Disposal of Pesticide Waste on the Farm. GIFAP, Brussels. 14. Guidelines for the Safe Transport of Pesticides. GIFAP, Brussels. 15. Guidelines for Personal Protection When Using Pesticides in Hot Climates. GIFAP, Brussels. 16. Guidelines for the Disposal of Waste Pesticides and Pesticide Containers on the Farm. FAO, Rome 1985. 17. GIFAP Trainers Manual. A Course for Agrochenical Retailers. GIFAP, Brussels. 18. GIFAP Trainers Manual. A Course for Farmer Trainers. GIFAP, Brussels. 19 GIFAP Training Courses for Retailers and Farmers in the Safe Handling and Effective Use of Agrochemicals. GIFAP, Brussels. 20. Pictograms for Pesticide Labels. An Aid to the Safe Handling of Pesticides. GIFAP, Brussels. 21. A Guide to Understanding Agrochemical Pictograms. GIFAP, Brussels. 22. The Manufacture and Formulation of Pesticides in Developing Countries. Technical Monograph No. 9, Ref. MTO9E. GIFAP, Brussels. 23. Guidelines for the Registration and Control of Pesticides. FAO, Rome. 1985. 24. Addenda to Guidelines for the Registration and Control of Pesticides. FAO, Rome. 1988. 25. Guidelines on Post-Registration Survillance and Other Activities in the Field of Pesticides. FAO, Rome. 1988. 26. Specifications for Plant Protection Producers. FAO, Rome. March 1989. 27. Guidelines on the Operation of Prior Informed Consent. FAO, Rome. In Report of the Conference of FAO, 25th. Session, Rome, 11-29 November 1989. 28. "Sentinel" Water Effluent Treatment Plant E. Allman & Co. 29. The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 1992-1993. WHO[PCS/92.14. World Health Organisation, Geneva. 30. The Handling and Use of Paraquat by Smallholder Rice, Coffee, Maize and Potato Farmers in Colombia. Clavijo, J. & Whitaker, MJ. In Press. 31. Disposal of Unwanted Pesticide Stocks. Guidance on the selection of practical options. GIFAP, Brussels, 1991. 32. Guidelines for Personal Protection when Working with Pesticides in Tropical Climates. FAO, Rome, March 1990. 33. Estadisticas de Intoxicaciones por Plaguicidas. Colombia. 1989-1990. Silvia Bechara MD, Medico Asesor Salud Ocupacional, BASF-ICI Colombia S.A. January 1992. 34. DeGeorges, Paul Andre. Pesticides and Environment Monitoring in the Eastern Caribbean: Current Setting and Needs. USAID, Bridgetown. 1989. THE WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUAL GB 4.03-ft I April 1993 Guidelines and Best Practice P rI Agricultural Pest Management I. Issues in Pesticide Use 1. Because pesticides are handled by large num- 4. The Worid Healh Organization (WHO) per- bers of people with different levels of skill, stored odically revises and reissues The WHO Recom- for varying lengths of time, and purposely mended Classiftcation of Pesticides by Hazard and released into the environment, and because they Gidelines to Classification. The 1992-93 edition have potential to create substantial mnvironmental lists active ingredients of pesticides k-k,S Syn- and health problems, they are a significant issue onyrns), classified as follows: for society. Misused pesticides can cause severe illness or death, contamination of soil and water, (a) Class A, Evreneh Hazardous (oral harm to livestock and wildlife, and reduction or LD50=5 mg/kg or below for solids, elimination of pests' natural enemies in the field. 20 mg/kg or below for liquids; dermal Furthermore, use of the wrong pesticides, or the LDSO= 10 mg/kg or below for solids. 40 wrong dosage, can lead to potentially dangerous mg/kg or below for liquids); residues in foods. Given the rapidly changing nature of practice and legislation in this field, it (b) Class lB, Highly Hazardous (oral is strongly recommended that expert advice be LD50=5-50 for solids, 20-200 for sought if any uncertainty exists. liquids: dernal LD50= 10-100for solids, 40-400 for liquids)-. Toxicity (c) Class Hi, Moderately Hazardous (oral Acute Mammalian Toxicity 1350=50-500 for solids, 200-2,000 for liquids; dermal LD50= 100-1000 for 2. Many chemical pesticides are toxic to humans solids, 400-4,000 for liquids); and animals when absorbed by ingestion, through the skin, or by inhalation. Some are corrosive, (d) Class II, Slightly Hazardous (oral LD50 explosive, or irritating to the skin; others contain over 500 for solids, over 2,000 for hazardous inert ingredients or contaminants. liquids; demal LD50 over 1,000 for solids, over 4,000 for liquids); and 3. Acute toxicity of pesticides is measured in terms of LD5O (a statistical estimate of the dose, (e) Class IV, Unlikely to Present Acute in milligrams of the material per kilogram of body Hazard in Normal Use. weight, that will kill 50 percent of a group of test animals). Both orai and dermal LD50s are used, 5. The appearance of a given pesticide in WMO since many pesticides are absorbed almost as read- Class IA or IB should trigger closer evaluation. ily through the skin as by ingestion. (Toxicity However, the WHO classification is for tecWcal through inhalation is also sometimes a hazard, but products (i.e., active ingredients, or a.i.), whereas the measurement and evaluation of this property m pesticides reach the user as formulated prod- are more complex.) ucts, in which the active ingredient is diluted with Vu3se guidelines were preparedEfor the guidance tr Weme Bank syaff They are rra necelardva complere treant of*e sub,ew cowred. Addhional copies ofdks dotument are avalaNle on a self-servL basis in the bnsznal Informaon Servces Center frSQ. in E 32d. THE WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUAL GB 4.03-Pfa I Aprfl 1993 Guidelines and Best Practice 2 of 5 carriers, emulsifiers, and so forth. It is the animals is well known; however, herbicide drift is classification of the formulated product that is the of equal concern because it can damage or destroy relevant factor. If the acute toxicity of a given susceptible crops or natural vegetation in non- formulation has not been reported, it can be esti- target areas. In addition, pesticides vary in rela- mated using the following formula: ton to their impact :,n beneficial insects, spiders. and other organisms; and pesticides with a LD50 of formulated product broader range of toxicity are more likely to lead to pest resurgence and the developmnent of second- (LD50 of a.i.) x 100 ary pest species. The potential hazards are grea- % of a.i. in formulated product est where pesticide use is lely to impinge Lpon important nontarget species (e.g., where irfigation Chronic Health Effects drainage enters important water bodies, or in areas adjacent to nature reserves). 6. For some products, routine occupational exposure causes adverse chronic health effects, or Hazards Related to Pesticide Use these products may accumulate in body fats fol- lowing incidental exposure to pesticides in air, 9. In addition to the toxic characteristics of the water, soil, and food. Chronic and incidental materials themselves, the hazards associated with exposures raise the possibility of carcinogenic, pesticide use depend on how the pesticides are teratogenic, mutagenic, and reproductive effects. applied. Proper application involves selecting ti. right application methods (based on the cropping Environmental Persistence system, target pests, the environmentA se:ting, and prospective users) and using well-designed 7. Some products (mainly organochlorine pesti- equipment in good working order. The most cides such as DDT) have long-term effects on common application methods ar: spraying with wildlife and aquatic organisms because of their liquid formulations and dusting with powders. persistence, mobility, solubility in lipids, or Common spray equipment is -ither carried by concentration in food chains. Experiments and hand or backpack or mounted on a tractor or air- field experience have shown that even very low craft. Various low-volume and ultra-tow-volume levels of exposure to such products can have (LV and ULV) methods have been developed that serious toxic effects on fish and birds. Through greatly reduce the total amount of spray liquid erosion and runoff from soil applications, drift applied per hectare. Other pesicide delery from spray and dust formulations, and volatil- system include seed dressings, baits, granules or ization, such products find their way into rivers, liquid drenches applied to the soil, vaporization lakes, marshes, and other habitats for wildlife and (outdoor fogging or nydoor fumigation), and con- aquatic organisms. trolled-release formulations. To;tcity to Nontargea Organisms 10. Liquid pesticides are commoAy sold as con- centrates to be diluted before or while loading the 8. Toxicity to nontargea organisms is an product into the sprayer. Mixing and loading are important concer, particularly where important usually the most hazardous steps in pesticide economic or biological resources (e.g., commer- hanTing. Furthermore, inacmirate dilution can cial or subsistence fisheries, honeybees, endan- reduce pesticide effectiveness or can increase gered species, natural forests, or orchards) may be residues and accelerate the development of pesti- at risk. The possible impact of insecticides on cide respstance. To mimize the risk of handling These guidelines were preparedfor the guidance of World Bank staff. They ire not P.ecessariy a complete nteontanr of the sreiris cored. Addiamomal copies of tis docunten are available -7r a seraserve basis a c the en=on brtwion Serces Cemer (S). in E 3200. THE WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUAL CI 4.03--Part I Guidelines and Best Practice ae 13f particularly hazardous pesticides, it may be advis- produce a wide range of droplet sizes and are able to purchase products at working strength relatively inefficient. LV and ULV methods have (requiring no dilution) and use closed loading gained popularity because they reduce labor costs systems or integrated container/nozzle systems, by eliminating the need to carry large volumes of which completely bypass the loading step. water, and they allow large areas to be sprayed rapidly. However. LV and ULV methods are 11. Fumigation of stored products, using toxic more sensitive to errors in losage calibration, and materials at high vapor pressures, is hazardous they often use more conceitrated pesticides, which because of the difficulty of handling and con- can increase hazards to the operator (although the taining toxic gases and the danger of toxic elimination of the mixing step is a benefit). residues on food. Fumigation has become com- mon even at the farm level because of the avail- 14. Spraying or dusting from aircraft is con- ability of aluminum phosphide and magnesium venient for covering large areas quic'y, but the phosphide tablets, which are relatively easy to blanket coverage and extensive spray drift can use-exposure to moisture in the air triggers lead to environmental contamination, impact on release of toxic hydrogen phosphide gas- To nontarget organisms, and human e-posurc. A fur- carry out the procedure safely, however, requires ther source of hazard is the fact that aerial appli- special equipment and training, an air-tight storage cation is often carried out by contractors who are container, and a post-treatment period during paid by the volume sprayed, a pra-ztice that can which people have to be protected from exposure prov de an incentive for carelessness and haste. to the vapors. Therefore, this option can present For these reasons, aerial spraying is used only a serious hazard if users are untrained and poorly when absolutely necessary. equipped. 15. One of the most common causes of pesticide 12. Low-concentration granular, seed dressing, intoxication is poorly functioning or leaking and bait formulations generally present the lowest equipment. Farmers often continue to use old level of hazard to the users and thus are partic- equipment because * y cannot afford to replace ularly appropriate for small-scale farmers unfamil- it. Also, spare parts and knowledgeable techni- iar with pesticide use. They also cause minimal cians are often hard to find. environmental contamination and, for the most part, minimal adverse effects on nontarget organ- 16. Many pesticides are readily absorbed through isms. However, they may be harmful to domestic the skin and can be used safely only if the oper- animals and wildlife, particularly granivorous ator wears protective clothing. HoweN,;r, using birds, and to humans who may eat the treated protective clothing improperly can be more haz- material. ardous than using none at all. For ex.Liple, clothing that is not washed and becomes satwrted 13. In spray applications, the size of spray drop- with pesticides through repeated use, or riboer lets produced is critical. Droplets that are too gloves or boots that are contaminated or the small drift away, and those that are too large run inside, can greatly increase pesticide absorption off the plant onto the ground. In either case, through the skin. Proper Lygiene-regular waste and environmental contamination result. waahing of both the skin and protective clothing Conventional hydraulic backpack sprayers, though (separately from household lxundry)-is a critical widely available and easy to use and maintain, element of safe pesticide handling. These guidelines were prepared for the guidance of World Bank staff They are not necessarily a complete trear.-w of te subjects covered Addiinal copies of is doaonent are available on a selfserve basis in de Instiamronal Inormaion Sersices Cnter (lTSC. in E 37o' THE WORLD BANK OPERA'ITONAL MANUAL GB 4. - wt I Guidelines and Best Practice Pa.4of Registration residue requiremens. These guidefires, which are usually based on consumer pressure, may be 17. Many countries have legislation regulating the more restrictive than the national legislation. importation, production, and sale of pesticides and the ways in which they can be used. Under such 19. In 1985, the Food and Agriculture Organt- legislation, individual pesticides (usually specific zation (FAO) adopted an "International Code of conmercial products) may be refused registration, Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesti- banned (have existing registration withdrawn), or ckles- (updated in 1991), which represents a restricted to use by certified or licensed operators global consensus on minimum acceptable stan- or with safety equipment. Individual pesticides dards. In 1989. an amendment on "Prior are normally registered for specified uses (specific Informed Consent (PIC) was adopted. The crops, soil treatment, protection of structures, amendment specifies that certain hazrdous pest- etc.) and specified practices (such as application ckks may nm be exported unless the government methods, dosage levels, and preharvest intervals). of the importing country agrees to the import after Pesticides that may be used only for limited pur- receiving from the exporting country full infor- poses or under exceptional circumstances are mation concerning the regulatory stus of that sometimes called 'severely restricted," altx,gh pesticide in the country of export. A similar PlC there is no clear consensus about the meaniEi resolution (relating to toxic chemicals in general) this term. Governments also set limits caed was adopted by the Governing Council of the tolerances--usually expressed as parts per million United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) or milligrams per kilogram) on the levels of pest- in May 1989. Both resolutions are intended to cide residues permitted on, or in, agricultural apply to pesticides (or chemicals) that have been commodities (domestic or imported) after harvest -banned or severely restricted" for environment or processing. Registered use practices are estab- or health resons in five or more countries. The lished in part on the basis of the residue levels. list of products to which the PIC will apply is cur- rently being developed, and issues such as the pre- 18. Restricting the use of a given pesticide to cise definition of these terms and whether certain specified crops is important, because different other hazardous, but less regulated, pesticides crops abscrb and metabolize pesticides differently should be included in the PIC scheme have not and have different residue levels. Furthermore, been resolved. When the internationally accepted residue tolerances vary depending on the way PlC list has been developed, it will be used as an crops are used or processed. The tolerances set indicator that there is significant concern over the by prospective importing countries are an impor- hazards presented by the materials included in it. tant concern in the case of export crops. Where The PIC concept ought to be incorporated or no tolerance has been set for a given pesticide/ reflected in the domestic law of the importing commodity combination, it is generally assumed countries. to be zero. Information on tolerances set by different countries is available from the countries' Nonchemical Pest Control Metwds agricultural or trade agencies, various published compendia, and pesticide manufacturers. The 20. Several kinds of pest control pose IiWle or no Bank's Sectoral Library has a representative hazard to humans and nontarbet plan and an- listing on microfiche (AIDPEST DATABASE). nxds- Biological control agen inchide arthropod Private industries that purchase and process predators and parasites; microbial pathogens such agricultural commodities may have their own as Br illy tringiensis (B.t); and vertebrates- Yhese guuel vre prepared for dweguuweof Wordnk staff Arey are rneceumsilya cotae eamo &e subea covered AddWional coptes ofdfis docuto are avaaNe on c se*seroe bj;is in te hiatin W F4rOn adotSene Cnter nionSQ. Cn E o THE WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUAL GB 4.03-Part I Guidelines and Best Practice Pag.s.fs for example, sheep and goats in orchards and (CO2. This environment can be created passively ducks in paddies to control weeds, and frogs or through hermetic sealing (the inert atrosphey birds to control insects. Pheromones may be used develops in a few days) or actively by pumping in to attract and trap insects or to confuse them and CO,. It can be created in a warehouse or, on a interrupt their reproductive cycles. An effective smaller scale, in air-tight plastic silos and cubes, way to reduce populations of insects of which the which are available commercially. Heat and radi- females mate only once is to release large num- ation Uratments ore also effective methods for bers of sterile males: few of the females will large-scale operations, but they are not practical at produce offspring, the farm level. On a more basic level, an extra from the leaves or seeds of the neem tree 21. One effective instrument for controlling insect (Aza&rachta indica), which has long been used in damage in stored products is an inert atmosphere India to protect stored grains, is a low-cost, low- that is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide toxicity option for on-farm storage. these guidelines were preparedfar the g-dce of Worid Bank staff w They are not ecessaily a complete treatment of the subjeas covered. Additoal copies of ths document are avadable on a se#serve basis in the Instituional Informaeon Seces Goiter (USQ, in E 3200. THE WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUAL GB 4.03-Part H April 1993 Gudelines and Best Practice Page I of 7 II. Principles of Integrated Pest Management 1. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) has been measures. Use of thresholds and defined as "the farmer's best mix of control tac- scouting minimizes the frequency of tics," taking into account yields, profits, and pesticide application. safety.' IPM is based on these fundamental principles: (c) Selecting and applying pesticides (when they have to be used) in a way that mini- (a) Relying as much as possible on non- mizes adverse effects on beneficial organ- chemical measures to keep pest popu- isns, human, and the environment. lations low. The focus is on plant breeding and on cultural practices aimed 2. 1PM does not necessarily involve sophisticated at keeping the crop healthy and resistant information gathering and decision making. The or tolerant to attack. These practices 1PM approach can be introduced at any level of alst aim at making the field and the crop agricultural devt-lopment For example, improve- inhospitable to the pest species and hos- ment of basic crop management practices, such as pitable to their natural enemies. Non- planting times and crop spacing, can often be indigenous pathogens, predators, or effective in reducing pest attack' 1PM is a parasites may also be introduced, pro- dynamic process. A useful begining can be vided appropriate environmental made with relatively limited specialized infor- screening is carried out in advance. nation or management input. Later, additional information, technologies, and mechanisms can be (b) Managing pests, rather than trying to developed to enhance the effectiveness of the eradicate them. Ideally, control action is system. taken only when field monitoring (scouting) shows that a pest population Pest Management Plan has reached a level that is likely to cause significant economic damage.' This level 3. The essence of the [PM approach is a ps (often called the economic threshold management plan that anticipates the development level, or ETL) is determined through of pest populations and provides agronomic prac- crop-loss assessment research that takes tices and control measures to reduce their density into account a variety of factors, and impact. An IPM plan aims for efficiency and including the value of the cop, the long-term sustainability by (a) relying on the amount of damage it can tolerate at each manipulation of ecological factors and (b) keeping growth stage without significant effect on expenditures on pest control measures in line with yield, and the cost of crop protection the benefits such measures produce in terms of 1.See P. E. Kenrnore, K. L Heong, and C. A. J. haeer, "Polibial, Social anid Pcreeputal Aspects of Integrated Pest Manage- ment Program" in B S. Lee, W. H. Loke, and K. L Heong (eds.)s Proceedings mf the Sfminar on Ifegrated Pem Manage- niew in Ma&Dwia Wab LwWz. Malaysia- Mabaystan Pla ( Protection Society. 1984), pp. 47- pe6. 2. In som cases, the decision to inimate control action may be based on ow facty , sich as weate conditions favorable to the explosive growth of a perenneially daecging pest or disease. 3. For a review of relatively basic approaches to PM, see A. Kiss a pd F. Meernans. Integrated Peo fanagerena and Affican Agricultrea World Bank Technical Paper No. 142 (Wasde D.C.: World Bank, 1991). These guidelines were preparedfor the guidance oflVorld Bank stf. They are "noecessaty a compee airenge , ofrhesubjects covered. Additional copies of tis doxwnew are avaUable on a sef-sedve basis in th bissitiaonal hocwtion S es euer beS, in E 3200. THE WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUAL GB 4.03-Pt I AprH 1993 Guidelines and Best Practice Pe2 7 increased profit (related to crop yield, quality, and (g) provisions to ensure availability of value). The plan is based on an understanding of materials and equipment to implement the interactions among the elements of the local recommended pest management agro-ecosystem-in particular, the relative impacts measures; of diffirent pests on crop yields and the effects of different beneficial organisms and the abiotic envi- (h) provisions to continue development and ronment on pest populations. Such information implementation of IPM measures beyond leads to the development of ETLs and other deci- the end of the project; and sion criteria for control actions. An 1PM plan addresses practical as well as technical elements. (i) the required elements of a pesticide !t must be technically and financially feasible from management plan (if pesticide use is the farmer's viewpoint, and it must take into included in the pest management account the total farming system rather than only program). the crops targeted for pest control. 5. It may be most effective and practical to 4. Specifically, the pest management plan develop the pest management plan in two phases: addresses the following: (a) an initial reconnaissance to identify the main pest problems and the ecological, agricultural, (a) the context of the crops and farming economic, and institutional context and to define system and significant pest problems that broad parameters; and (b) the development of spe- are likely; cific operational plans to address the pest prob- lems identified. The first phase is carried out as (b) the proposed approach for managing each part of project preparation and is evaluated at of the key pests, emphasizing nonchem- appraisal. The second phase requires considerably ical methods; more time; it may best be carried out as a compo- nent of the project itself. (c) measures (e.g., applied research) for developing IPM alternatives for control 6. The comprehensive pest management plan, of pests, where such measures are not which is based on on-site evaluations of local currently available; conditions, is developed by crop protection specialists with experience in 1PM. In many (d) measures (e.g.. pest scouting systems) to cases, external consultants are needed to assist ensure that pesticides are used only when local experts in this process. they are necessary and cost-effective; Research (e) proposed institutional strengthening (e.g., establishment of diagnostic services staff 7. Implementation of the IPM approach is often and farmer training); constrained by a lack of information or a shortage of tested alternative pest control methods. Crop (f) institutional, economic, and policy mea- protection research has often focused more on sures to facilitate and encourage adoption testing the efficacy of pesticides than on finding of [PM methods; alternatives. Therefore, supporting IPM-related 4. Many crops and weeds serve as alternative hosts for pest species, as well as refuges for nantual enemies. Furhermore, the presence of livestock in the farming system may influence the appropriateness of pest nmnagement measures. These guidelines were prepared for the guidance of World Bank staf They are not necessarily a complete treasent of the subjects covered. Additional copies of this document are available on a se4fserve bcsis in the Instinaional Information Services Center (SC), in E 3200. THE WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUAL GB 4 0 Guidelines and Best Practice e3 of 7 research to develop appropriate technologies is a relative importance of highly visible pests fundamental first step in improving pest manage- or may no longer be effective because of ment practices in the field. A pest management changed conditions). research program should include the following: 8. Research carried out with the participation of (a) basic studies of the agro-ecosystem, the intended beneficiaries is more likely to yield including identification, biology, and life technologies that are (a) practical under local field cycles of crops, pests, and beneficial and socioeconomic conditions, and (b) adopted by organisms, and interactions among them; the intended users. Integrating farmers in plan- ning, implementation, and testing is, therefore, (b) development and improvement of pest- essential. The agricultural extension service may resistant crop varieties; provide a useful link between farmers and researchers for these field trials. (c) development of cultural practices aimed at reducing the populations or impact of pests (e.g., crop rotations, intercropping, 9. Pest control research must generally be timing of planting and irrigation, crop carried out on a large scale to avoid the effects of hygiene, land preparation, crop establish- pesticide drift or movement of pests from nearby ment, plant spacing); fields. To gain the cooperation of farmers who have come to rely on chemical control, it may be (d) development of biological control recessary to provide financial guarantees against methods, such as the release of indi- yield losses due to pests (although steps must then genous or introduced natural enemies and be taken to ensure that crop husbandry is not the use of microbial pesticides, phero- neglected, or yields underreported, to exploit this mones, and repellents; guarantee). (e) determination of the actual impacts of 10. Research on pesticides is part of IPM different pests at various population research; however, it must not only investigate the levels on crop yield and quality (leading short-term effectiveness of different products in to the development of ETLs) and asso- reducing pest populations but also include ciated pest scouting methods that should (a) impacts of pesticides on natural enemies and be practical for individual farmers or other nontarget organisms: (b) the persistence of scouting teams; pesticides in the environment and on the crop; and (c) pesticide exposure and toxic effects (acute and (f) identification of pesticides and techniques chronic) on people, wildlife, and ground and sur- of pesticide use that have minimal impact face water. on beneficial organisms, human health, and the environment; and 11. Project support for IPM research can include (a) technical assistance to help develop and eval- (g) investigation of traditional pest manage- uate pest management plans or research programs ment practices of local farmers, because in specific areas, (b) training fellowships for such practices often have a sound biolo- researchers and technicians, (c) improvement of gical basis (although they are sometimes research facilities, (d) grants for specific research based on misperceptions about the projects, and (e) institutional strengthening. These guidehnes were prepared for the guidance of World Bank stff. They are not necessarily a coorlete treannent of de subjecs covered. Addiional copies of this document are available on a se-serve basis in the Insatuional Iformation Services Center (ISC). in E 3200. THE WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUAL GB 4.e--Par II Apri 1993 Guidelines and Best Practice W4 Training and Extension 15. In rany cases, farmers primary sources of information and advice on pest managernent and 12. 1PM does not lead itself to the "technology pesticide use are pesticide distributors and sales package" approach to extension, that is, the devel- staff who, while often quite knowledgeable, repre- opment of highly specific inputs and inwtructions sent a special interest. In the worst case, farmers to be applied by farmers with little need for indi- may purchase pesticides from commercial middle- vidual decision making. IPM is not an input or a men who have little or no real knowledge of the technology per se; rather, it is an approach and a technical aspects of safety or use. In addition, set of skills that must be applied to the situation at farmers who have limited experience with pesti- hand. Thus the task of both researchers and cides often do not distinguish among them extension workers is not to dispense instructions (believing that any product is good for any pest in but rather to motivate and educate farmers to any crop) or fail to recognize the importance of adopt IPM. Motivation comes from understanding using the correct application method and dose. the importance of careful pesticide use, both from Extension workers should be prepared to advise the immediate financial standpoint of maintaining farmers on the proper handling and use of pesti- a positive benefit-cost ratio and from the broader cides (including maintenance and calibration of standpoint of ecological sustainability, health, and spraying equipment) and on the hazards of pesti- environmental protection. Education means cide misuse to crops and to the health of people gaining the skills necessary to monitor the inter- and livestock (from direct exposure during use actions among crops. pests, and natural enemies and from contamination of drinking water and and to select and implement the control measures crops). However, to avoid conflicts of interest, developed by researchers. extension services should not receive income from selling pesticides. 13. The IPM approach should be the central focus of education and training in crop proterdon at all 16. Training at all levels should therefore include levels, including agricultural schools and colleges, a thorough understanding of pesticides: effects the training of extension workers, and the mes- and [imitations, associated health and environ- sages relayed to farmers. Because this approach mental hazards, and requirements for safe and is rarely covered adequately in general agricultural effective use and handling. Regular refresher curricula, special workshops, short courses, and workshops, short courses, and field days are training materials should be developed and pro- important to maintain the awareness and skill vided by [PM specialists familiar with local levels of extension workers and farmers and to conditions. keep them in step with new technology. In addi- tion to conventional extension channels, infor- 14. Identification and scouting of pests are mation about the hazards of pesticides should be especially critical to successful IPM and usually disseminated through a variety of methods and require specific training for crop protection agents media-for example, radio, television, cinema, and farmers. The role of natural enemies in con- illustrated pamphlets, comic books-to circumvent trolling pest populations must be emphasized. illiteracy. Training in identification of beneficial species is important because farmers often do not recognize 17. Appropriately tailored training, information, them and, as a result, are not willing to reduce or and educational materials relating to 1PM and modify pesticide use to preserve beneficial pesticides should also be given to the following species. groups: These guidehnes were jreparedfor the guldance of Word Bank szoff. ihey are nort necessardy a conTle oant of he sbjea covered. Ad&irimsal copies of this document are available on a seff-serve basis in the ft awnal baforan Srices Center (a) in E 3200. THE WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUAL GB 403 1i AWri 1993 Guidelines and Best Practice P.s5o (a) shopkeepers, vendors, and fanner groups (b) Separation of decision making and finan- or cooperatives involved in the sale or cial responsibility. For example, if pest distribution of pesticides, to ensure that control is directed or implemented by a they (i) understand the toxic nature of the government agency or an agricultural pesticides they are dispensing (ideally, company on behalf of the farmers, who pesticide retailers should be licensed, are charged for the service, the pest with appropriate training as a prerequi- control service may regard its task as site), and (ii) can advise their customers reducing oi !radicating pest populations about the toxicity of pesticides and about with little cuncern for the cost. Mean- proper hygiene practices and safe dis- while the farmers, who would be posal of pesticide residues, containers, concerned about cost, may lack the infor- and material used during application; mation or means to influence the process. (b) doctors, community health clinics, and (c) Legislation, regulations, or credit condi- women's groups (particularly education tions that require prophylactic pesticide about the symptoms and treatment of pes- treatments or eradication of specific ticide poisoning)- pests. (c) staff of credit institutions, so that they 19. It may be useful to carry out sectoral studies understand the economic advantages of to assess existing costs and returns from pest con- IPM and do not set inappropriate require- trol (including the cost of any subsidies) to ments for pesticide use as a prerequisite encourage the adoption of policies that support for lending to farmers; and IPM An initial phase of fieldwork is often required for collecting the necessary data. (d) schoolchildren in rural areas. 20. Driven largely by public health, environ- Policy, Legal, and Instituional Framework mental, and economic concerns, most countries have (or are developing) some form of legislation 18. While research, extension, education, and for control of pesticide import and use. input supply channels can provide the tools neces- Removing certain pesticides from the market sary for rational and cost-effective pest manage- becaue of their effects on human health and the ment, farmers must also have an incentive to environment may stimulate the development and apply such measures. A few countries have offi- adoption of [PM alternatives. The promulgation cially adopted 1PM as national policy and have put of appropriate legislation is not a panacea for in place regulatory and economic measures to sup- dealing with a country's concerns, however, and port it. More commonly, however, existing poli- may often take a long time; in addition, some cies and incentive structures are deleterious to current legislation has proved to be too cumber- IPM. The following are examples: some to implement, necessitating law reform. To be effective, specific legislation on pesticides must (a) Subsidies (artificially low pesticide take into account the capabilities for handlig and prices, free or subsidized application) managing pesticides in the country concerned. provided by governments or donor agen- Legislation on pesticides requires technical knowl- cies. Often the low prices are incentives edge, consultation with the various interests, and for the excessive use of pesticides. resolution of conflicting positions. To encourage These guidefines were preparedfor e guidance ofiVorid Bank su;f. They are not necesaiy a caqWete treament ofec e s ects covered. Addtonal copies of duis documn are available on a seif-serve bmp o the InstimW Irnxion Servces Center tIS), in E 3200. THE WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUAL GB 4.0--Part I Guidelines and Best Practice Pef7 the introduction of new and less harmful pesti- infrastructure, safety of pesticide use, and human cides, legislation should establish a pesticide exposure and environmental contamination. When registration process that is streamlined and an IPM program is introduced in an area where accessible and that does not impose heavy costs. pesticide use has been high, a reduction in pesti- The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) cide application within a few years is generally a and the international pesticide industry trade good indicator of successful implementation. association (GIFAP) provide technical assistance and organize meetings and seminars to help 23. A system of pest population monitoring governments develop or refine pesticide legislation should be established at the outset of the program, that is consistent across regions and countries. either using scouting teams or training farmers to scout their own fields. The link between scouting 21. Even where appropriate pesticide registration reports and the decision to take control measures schemes and legislation exist, countries often need should be clear, as should the mechanisms for support for strengthening the institutions respon- evaluating the economic costs and benefits of pest sible for evaluating registration applications, control operations. developing and enforcing regulations, controlling pesticide quality, monitoring environmental expo- 24. Information on pest management practices and sure, identifying and treating pesticide poisonings their impacts should be gathered regularly and (particularly in rural clinics) or diagnosing pest used to improve research, extension, and training problems, and improving pesticide application programs. This work may require the develop- technology. External support may provide ment or strengthening of technical or institutional training and technical assistance, establish or capacity. A number of international, and often rehabilitate laboratories or other facilities, and national, nongovernmental organizations have a help structure an effective multisectoral body for strong interest in pest management and pesticide reviewing and registering pesticides. issues and can serve as valuable collaborators for collecting field information on the availability and Monitoring, Evaluation, and Supervision use of different pesticides and for monitoring farmers' adoption of IPM recommendations. 22. Monitoring and evaluating progress on the development and implementation of 1PM programs Specific Applications is difficult because (a) the scientific base may take a long time to develop, and (b) farmers may not 25. Within the basic principles of IPM, immediately adopt the technology offered. There- approaches may vary depending on the crops or fore, progress must often be measured not so pests involved. For example, while routine, much in specific results as in the process. For preventive application of pesticides is rarely example, the appropriate types of research should appropriate for controlling insect pests, it may be be ongoing, with adequate staffing and support; an important element in controlling some diseases training programs should have the proper orienta- and weeds. Similarly, appropriate biological con- tion; and an effective program should exist for trol agents may be selected from a wide variety of testing research recommendations at the field level organisms. The level of control necessary may and disseminating promising results to farmers. vary considerably, particularly for fruit and It is also important to track developments in poli- vegetable crops, for which cosmetic damage may cies (e.g., the removal of pesticide subsidies), significantly decrease the market value. 5. Groupenent Internonal des ssocaons Nanonales de Fabricams de Produits Agrochimiques. These guidelines were prepared for dte guidance of World Bank staf They are not necessarily a complete treavnent of dte sbeas covered. Additional copies of this doaunent are available on a sel-serve basis in te Insdiraional nforwarion Serces Center (ISQ, in E 3200. THE WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUAL GB 4.3-Part H April 1993 Guidelines and Best Practice P...f 26. Forest Pest Management. In plantations and (d) prudent pesticide selection: that is, forests, pests are not usually controlled artificially choosing pestiCIS (when they have to except when outbreaks threaten significant eco- be used to control outbreaks) and appli- nomic damage. Thus, use of ETLs is standard cation methods that present minimum risk practice. In some cases, pest population moni- to the environment or human health. Of toring systems that use attractant pheromones or particular interest are insect growth regu- other methods are effective for spotting incipient lators and microbial agents (e.g-, Bacillus outbreaks. duaingiensis, or B.t.) that are now widely used as alternatives to conven- 27. Other [PM practices that should be applied in tional chemical pesticides. forest pest management are 28. Stored Product Pest Control. Stored product (a) genetic resistance: that is, using pest- pests (including molds) cause considerable losses resistant cultivars, where available, and in the quality and quantity of agricultural products avoiding large monocultures of a single worldwide. In developing countries, the problem species or genetic variety that is inher- is often exacerbated by climate and lack of appro- ently susceptible to epidemics; priate storage facilities at both national and on- farm levels. In an IPM approach, the first line of (b) cultural control: that is, the removal of action is to prevent buildup of pest populations by diseased and dead trees that serve as careful preparation of products (e.g., thorough breeding sites for pests; drying) before storing and by use of good storage facilities. When pest control is necessary, several (c) biological control as the first line of approaches are available: conventional chemical defense (biological control is particularly products, including careful treatment with diluted effective in more stable ecosystems, such pesticides and fumigation with toxic materials, or as forests); and treatments such as neem or inert atmosphere. These guuteknes were preparedfor dw guidance of Worid Bank szaff 7hey are nof necessard y a compseie treae ( the subjes coed Add=or 'at copies ofdus domnent are avadabhe on a s4serve basis in the simuzoal hiiormixt Services Cower (ZTSC. in E 3200 THE WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUAL GB 4-03-Pat I Apna 1993 Guidelines and Best Practice 99e II. Guidelines for the Selection and Use of Pesticides 1. Use of pesticides may be one component of is operationally impractical. Instead, it is advis- an agricultural pest management strategy. able to develop for each situation an approved list Responsible treatment of pesticides requires of pesticides, mutually agreed by the Bank and the continuing attention during project preparation, borrower and consistent with these guidelines. appraisal, and supervision to ensure safe and appropriate pesticide use and handling. 5. The decision on whether to approve financing for a given pesticide takes into account both the 2. This section outlines the basic principles of type and degree of hazard (under local conditions) pesticide selection, handling, use, and monitoring and the availability of alternatives. For example, to minimize environmental and health hazards. It carbon tetrachloridc, most products containing also outlines the treatment of pesticides in arsenic, and products containing methyl or phenyl environmental assessment. However, these guide- mercury, lead, thallium, or cadmium are not lines give only the general framework and basic financed under any circumstances. These sub- principles to be followed; specialized knowledge stances have largely been replaced by safer substi- is always required to select appropriate pesticides tutes. However, certain other pesticides with and to identify requirements for safeguarding undesirable toxic or environmental properties human health and the environment under specific (e.g., most organochlorine products and seed conditions. Staff should call upon the Regional dressings containing methoxy mercury) are still . environment division (RED), the Agriculture widely used and may be hard to replace in a given Department (AGR), and the Environment Depart- case. As a general rule, they should not be ment (ENV) for advice and assistance. Staff financed; however, they may be considered for a should also use pest management specialists to limited time when there is a clear plan for assist in appraisal and supervision as needed. replacing them with suitable alternatives in accor- dance with national legislation. The large rumber Pesticide Selection of pesticide products on the market makes it impossible to provide specific guidance on indi- General Principles vidual products here. For information and advice on pesticide selection for specific projects, staff 3. Pesticides vary greatly in their degree of dan- should contact the RED or ENV. ger to humans and the environment, and control of pesticide use and handling in the field can be 6. The main criteria for judging the types of pes- difficult. Therefore, the critical first step is ticides that should be restricted or disallowed selection of appropriate pesticides. Pesticides for under Bank loans are which special precautions are necessary should not be used if the requirements are unlikely to be met. (a) toxicity: acute mammalian toxicity, chronic health effects, environmental 4. Many factors must be considered in pesticide persistence, and toxicity to nontarget selection: toxicity, persistence, user experience, organisms (Part I describes the problems local regulatory capabilities, type of formulation, associated with each of these areas); and proposed use, and available alternatives. Further- more, new information continually becomes avail- (b) registration status in the borrowing coun- able, and it may be necessary to reassess the try and in countries with the technical O hazards of particular products. Thus the develop- capability to evaluate the long-term health ment of any general list of disapproved pesticides and environmental impacts of pesticides. These guidelines were prepared for the guidance of World Bank staf. They are not necessarily a complere treatmu of dte subjects covered. Additional copies of duis document are amilable on a sty-serve basis in die Intitaional Information Servces Ceaer (IISC). in E 3200. THE WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUAL GB 4.-Pail I April 1993 Guidelines and Best Practice Pfte 2 or 9 Toxicity formulations. Some pesticides (e.g., 2,4,5-T. malathion, carbaryl) are also likely to contain 7. Acute Mammalian Toxicity. As a general hazardous contaminants if not properly manu- indicator, formulated products that fall into WHO factured. This problem should be addressed Classes [A and LB and the more toxic range of through procurement specifications and quality Class II (described in Part 1) should be avoided control. (a) if they are likely to be used by, or are acces- sible to, small-scale farmers or others who may 10. Chronic Health Effects. Many of the products lack the training, equipment, and facilities to that are known to cause chronic health effects are handle and store them properly; and (b) in coun- no longer registered for use in any country in the tries where there are no restrictions on their Organization for Economic Cooperation and distribution or use. In Bank projects they are Development (OECD); others are still registered generally accepted only for use by large-scale in only a few countries, or only for restricted operations in which they will be handled and used uses. While registration in one or more OECD by trained crews under direct supervision and countries is not, by itself, a criterion for a stored securely to prevent diversion to private use. product's acceptability in Bank projects, lack of la-depth project appraisal and supervision are such registration is a good indicator that further required to ensure that training, facilities, and inquiry is needed to determine whether a problem supervision are adequate. Handlers should be exists. However, information in this area is regularly monitored (blood and/or urine tests) for always growing, and some widely used pesticides signs of overexposure to pesticides. If the local currently under investigation may be found to capability for making reliable assessments of have unacceptable chronic health effects. human exposure is inadequate, provision should be made in the project to strengthen it or to col- 11. Environmental Persistence and Toxicity to lect and send samples outside for analysis. Nontarget Organisms. Some products are inap- propriate for general agricultural use because of 8. For general use, the concentration of the their long-term impacts on wildlife and aquatic active ingredient should be low enough to put the organisms. The most familiar example is DDT, formulated product at least into WHO Class II. which should not be used in agriculture, although However, while the WHO classification is a good it may be permitted for nonbroadcast application initial indicator, some pesticide products present in disease vector control (see OPN 11.01 (b), a greater hazard than might be supposed from Guidelines for Use, Selection, and Specifications their ranking. For example, materials that are of Pesticides in Public Health Programs). Other corrosive, explosive, or irritating to the skin products may be toxic to nontarget organisms such require special handling precautions. In some as endangered species, fish, honeybees, beneficial cases, such materials should be regarded as insects, susceptible crops, or natural vegetation. Extremely Hazardous, even if they are not in Class IA or IB. Registration Status 9. Hazardous "inert" ingredients (solvents, 12. If a pesticide regulatory authority and a reg- emulsifiers, stabilizers, etc.) present another, less istration scheme exist, products must be registered well documented problem. The U.S. Environ- before they actually enter a country (see Part I, mental Protection Agency's Office of Pesticide paras. 17-19). Pesticides that are registered in the Programs has lists of inert ingredients according country of proposed use are eligible for procure- to their acceptability for use in pesticide ment under Bank financing. However, national These guidelines were prepared for the guidance of World Bank staff They are not necessarily a complete treament of the subjets covered. Additional copies of this document are available on a self-seyw basis in the Instinaiwal Informaton Services Center (ITSQ. in E 3200. April 1993 I liTHE WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUALceGB 4.3-Pr III Guidelines and Best Practice 3 of 9 registration should not be a mandatory criterion needed at all stages, from manufacture, packaging for a product to be eligible for inclusion in a bid and labeling, aransportation, and storage to actual for procurement, and registration should remain use and final disposal of unused pestcides and open to all intending bidders. Products must nor- contaminated continers- The key elenents are mally pass tests demonstrating their suitability for the use of suitable packaging materials, physical the specific use envisaged before they are regi- isolation of pesticides from consumable products stered. Completion of these tests Lkes time and from children and animals, appropriate and (typically one or twa cropping seasons). It is well-maintained application equipment, disposal therefore important that, to allow for necessary methods and facilities that prevent leakage into the testing, the need for specific active ingredients be environment, and, above all, provision of ade- assessed as early as possible during project quate information to people who are properly preparationl educated to use it. 13. Pmcblems may arise if active ingredients or 15. The FAO publication Inzemnaiional Code of formulations are required for specific purposes for Condua on the Distribution and Use of Peicides which no products have been registered in the (Ronme, 1991) provide internationally accepted country. Such situations rmist be tretated on a general standards on labeling, packaging, storage case-by-case basis. Generally, for such cases, and disposal, and pesticide management. pesticides should be considered only if their use for the intended (or similar) purpose has been Packaging and Labeling reviewed by the FAQ/WbHO Joint Meeting on Pes- ticide Residues (JMPR) and an acceptable daily 16. Specifications for pesticide procurement intake and maximum residue ievels have been should give packaging requirements. The FAO's subsequently recommended to the Codex Cor - Guederines for the Packaging and Sorage of hicttee on Pesticide Residues. However, many Pest( cides (Rome, 1985) provides stanxards for products have not yet undergone JMPR evalu ition packaging types and materials for different types because they do o meet the criteria: wide use in of pesticide formulations. Key elements include sufficient volume, toxicological concern, and using only (a) new or soundly reconditioned pack- potential for significant residues in food crops ages with designs and materials that can withstand important in world trade. Such products may be anripa ed levels of handling (repeated loading considered acceptable if they areCregxstered for and unloading) and climatic conditions (humity, similar use in a country where conditions are tenperature, etc.), and (b) linings and closures similar ah where there are adequate facilities to that resist corrosion and do not reacn with the evaluate their effectiveness, toxicity, and long- contents. The FAO guielines on packaging and term effects In all such cases procurement storage should be used as minimum standards; should not be initiated without specific prior additional specifications may be required for approval from the RED. certain types of pesticides or local conditions (e.g., light-colored drumns to reduce deterioration Pesticide Handling and Use due to heat from the sun). Domestic laws that set more stringent standards than the FA guidelines 14. In addition to the toxic characteristics of the must be adhered to. materials themselves, the hazards associLted with pesticide use depend on how the pesticides are 17. Procurement document must also specify handled. Precautions to minimize environmental labeling that follows the principles provided in contamination and excess human exposure are Guidelines on Good Iabeling Practice for These guideines were prepared for the guidance of World Bank saf. They are not ncessaily a complete treamunt cfdte subjects covered. Additional copies of dris document are available on a say-serve basis in the Intitaional Information Servces Center (IS), in E 3200. THE WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUAL GB 4.03-Part H Apri 1993 Guidelines and Best Practice Page 4 of 9 Pesticides (Rome: FAO, 1985). Tnese guidelines nonnal use. hut adequate care sh2%ld be taken indicate the types of information that should be on when large quantities are being repackaged. The a label (e.g., identification and concentrations of FAG guidelines on labeling and packaging still all active ingredients: manufacturer- hatch nuwber apply In this case. and date of expiration, description of intended uses, application methods. and dosage rates: other Transportation, Sorage, and Disposal of Pesti- directions for use; hazards. and safety precautions, cides and Pesticide Cortainers including internationally and locally recognized warning symbols). The label should be written in 19. Packaging and labeling are relatively easy to the local language. Use of pictograms to assist regulate (except for informally repackaged pro- illiterate users can be helpful. but it is impossible ducts) ccmpared with traisportation, storage, use, to identify universally understandable pictograms- and disposal. which are generally dispersed acti- pictograms must be developed locally, with exten- vities involving large numbers of people all tht sive field testing. The FAO guidelines on labeling wav down to the end users. Guidelines for good also address the physical characteristics of labels practice are available, but implementation and to ensure that they stay attached to the package enforcement depeid on local conditions and insti- and remain readable after extended handling and ttional capabilities. The important first step is to storage. have legislation that specifies requirements. responsibilities, and noncompliance penalties for 18. While pesticides may be appropriately pack- pesticide distributors, retailers, and users aged and labeled when they enter the country, (including employers of agricultural laborers). intermediaries in developing countries often This step must be accompanied by a regulatory purchase the products in bulk and ihen repackage and enforcement mechanism, which may include them. Often the repackaged pesticides go into licensing or certification procedures for pesticide inadequate containers with little or no labeling. trading and spot inspections at all levt's of pesti- To discourage this dangerous practice, pesticides cide handling. Relevant FAO guidelines include intended for use by small-scale farmers should be Guidelinesfor the Packaging and Storage of Pesti- procured and distributed in single-dose packages cides (Rome, 1985) and 0fidelines for the Dis- or small containers whenever possible. Repack- posal of Waste Pesticide and Pesticde Containers aging of active ingredients or products that fall on the Farn (Rome. 1985). into WHO Class IA, IB, or 11 should be permitted only in properly licensed and inspected facilities 20. Many countries have problems with stocks of that meet acceptable safety standards. Preferably obsolete pesticides. which are often very hazard- these products are handled under the control of ous materials stored under conditions that present the bulk supplier, who is fully responsible for the a serious public hazard. Requests for technical suitability of the new package. including label and and financial assistance to dispose of these stocks use instructions, the quality of the repackaged are becoming ore and more common. Appro- product, and the safety of the repackaging priate disposal depends on the type and condition process. Repackaging of WHO Class Ill or IV of the material on hand. Options include products may be carried out by cooperatives or (a) reformulation and use. (b) repackaging. farmer groups if they are given training and (c) movement to a less hazardous site, (b) burial appropriate repackaging equipment and materials in an appropriately designed and monitoied land- and are approved by the authorities. Class IV fill. (e) breakdown using microorganisms (biore- products are unlikely to present an acute hazard in mediation). ( ) return to the country of origin for These guidelines were preparedfor the guidance of World Bank staff They are ng nelesmrih- a comple e treatment of the subjecl n covered. Additional copit s of this document are awilable a self-sen-e hasis iF2 file Instifucide al a nfordmPaetionta Seices Cenper ISQ. in E 3200 THE WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL. NANUAL GB 4.03--Part M April 1993 Guidelines and Best Practice Pe5 of 9 disposal or destruction (usually through high- (c) procedures and facilities at pesticide stor- temperature incineration), or (g) destruction on age site, and at points of individual use, site. for disposal of excess pesticides and empty or damaged containers; and 21. Any program for the disposal of pesticide stocks must begin with an on-site assessment by (d) safeguards and exposure monitoring for qualified professionals who can identify t%e toxic workers involved in formulation, repack- materials present, evaluate the level of hazard and aging, and disposal of pesticides. urgency, and propose ail: native plans to reduce or eliminate the problem. The "no action" option 23. Where substantial quantities of highly toxic must be carefully evaluated along with proposed pesticide materials are stored, their presence may action alternatives, since in some cases a proposed require a "major hazard assessment." The solution that presents some environmental risks Environment Department should be consulted for may still be preferable to the existing situation. details on this procedure. Technical assistance for such assessments is avail- able from specialist organizations, such as the World Environment Center in New York (which Pesticide Application draws upon experts from the public and private sectors); the pesticide industry (manufacturers of 24. Effective and safe pest no-agement requires the proctucts in question, or GIFAP, the inter- that pesticides be applied properly. This process nationl -esticide industry trade association); involves selectir6 the right application methods natio. environmental agencies such as the U.S. (based on the cropping system, targe. Dests, the Environmental Protection Agency; and private environmental setting, and prospective users) and consultants and firms. using well-designed equipment in good working order. 22. Key points for reducing hazards in the pesticide handling chain include 25. Aerial Application. Pesticides to be applied derially should be selected with the knowledge that (a) transportation and storage of pesticides surrounding areas are likely to receive drift. separate from (i) food/feedstuffs; Spraying operations should be closely supervised (ii) items, such as clothing, that come to ensure good performance and minimize into close contact with people; (iii) sub- hazards. For example, spraying should t- done stances that are flammable, explosive, only when weather conditions are suitable. Local chemically reactive, or otherwise likely populations should be notified ahead of time to to increase the risk of accidents;' stay out of the fields duribg spraying and for an appropriate period thereafter. Flagmen shoald not (b) adequate pesticide storage areas that are be used in the fields to guide the planes because locked, sheltered, ventilated, supervied, they are vulnerable to excessive pesticide and free of spills or leaking containers; exposure. are not subject to flooding; and are equipped with drainage outfalls with 26. Granular Formulations. Low-concentration evaporation ponds to eliminate contami- granular formulations generally present the lowest nation of water supplies; level of hazard to the users but may be harmful t- 1. This category my include some fertilizers. These guideines were prepared for de gudance of World Bank stf. They are nor necessarily a complete arearnet of die subjects covered. Additional copies of this document are availabl on a sWserve basis mi de Inftional Ahbmandon Services Center 175Q. in E 3200. TIE WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUAL GB 403--Part IN Aprt- 19% Guidelines and Best Practice .' domestic animals, wildlife, and humans if they are working in very hot climates to wear extensive accidessally ingesed. Exposure can be minimnized protection for any length of time. Pesticide by including brightly colored dyes in the formu- selection should take this fact into account. lations and using closed baiting stations (e.g., for rodeficides). Training and Pulic Education 27. Spray Appliandims. Low-volume (LV) and 30. Educato is the key to improved pesticide use ultra-low-volume (ULV) methods of spray appli- and safeay. It is a highly desirable component of cation can be very efficient, but they are sensitive any program that increases the accessibility or use to errors in dosage calibration and can be hazard- of pesticides, particularly if relatively high-hazard ous to inexperienced operators because they use pesticides are being justified on the basis that they concentrated pesticides. Thus, when LV and will be used only by skilled o-erators rather than ULV methods are introduced, training programs being generally available to farmers. Training must be provided to ensure that the methods are programs must cover safety aspects thoroughly, used safely and effectively. Electrostatic ULV including the danger of pesticide absorption sprayers can reduce the problems of spray drift through the skin and lungs, short- and long-term and runoff, and those that use integrated container effects of intoxication, and hazards of environ- or nozzle systems also reduce problems of cali- mental contamination. Demonstating the ele- bration and user exposure, however, few pesticide ments of safe pesticide handling is not sufficient. products are available for such sprayers, and they The dangers of misuse must be presented in a give poor coverage in dense crops. forceful and personal fashion to make an impres- sion and have a lasting impact on individual 28. Equipment. Any procurement or distribution behavior. Training should also include the impor- of pesticide equipment should include a good sup- tance of optimizin pesticide use through ply of spare parts, and retailers should receive integrated pest management (see Part H)_ Many training to provide equipment maintenance and organizations worldwide, icluding university repair services. Tenders for procurement of pesti- groups and nongovernmeatal organizations cide equipment should set high quality standards (NGOs), have developed good, comprehensive (recommended specifications and evaluations of training programs and materials adapted to local commercially available equipment may be languages and illiterate populations, in particular obtained from specialized independent research in relation to public health programs. As an after- facilities). sales service, the supplier should provide training, particularly in the use of pesticides or equipment 29. Protective Cothing. Many pesticide:, --e with special handling requirements- TI require- readily absorbed through the skin and can be used ment may be included in the tender specifications. safely only if operators wear protective clothing. Requirements for protective clothing are ordinarily 31. In addition to training for acual users and indicated on the pesticide label. Depending on the operators, it is helpful to provide (a) short courses level of hazard, protective clothing may range for extensionists and pesticide retailers, (b) mass from long-sleeved shirts, long pants, and enclosed media or other public education campaigns on pes- shoes to rubber gloves and goggles or fully ticide safety, (c) special programs of instution enclosed gas masks. Although several companies for women and schoolchildren on pesticide safety are producing lines of lightweight protective in the home, (d) taining for clinicians and health clothing, it is unrealistic to expect operators technicians i e diagnosing and treating pesticide These gsadelines were preparedfor dte guidance of World Bank sta o They are nt necessarily a corplee feavw of d e set jel s ceazred. AddWnaa copies of his documewz are availale on a sel-seve basis in die bsingnal oyarzon Sevices Ceao fUas. in E 32T. THE WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUAL GB 4.e3-Part M April 1993 Guidelnes and Best Practice Page7f poisonings, and (e) seminars or technical assis- exists for collecting and analyzing samples system- tance for government officials in pesticide legis- atically and reiably. Samples collected in the lation or regulation. field must be treted properly to retain their inte- grity (e.g., some samples must be kept frozen or Monitoring and Evaluation out of the sunlight). Sample analysis can be simple or comnplex, depending on the physical and 32. Monitoring and evaluating pesticide impacts chemical nature of the sample and of the pesti- on human health and the environment is difficult cides involved and whether the sample is sus- but important, particularly if (a) pesticides with pected to contain only a few or many different long environmental persistence or significant acute types of residues. The laboratory equipmen or chronic health risks are involved, or (b) envi- needed for analysis of some types of pesticides is ronmental resources of special concern (e.g., expensive, sophisticated, and difficult to operate important aquifers or fish nurseries) are believed and maintain. In many cases, sending samples to to be threatened with contamination. It is impor- commercial laboratories for analysis is more effi- tant to begin by establishing baseline data for cient and accurate than mainLaning the full range comparison. If this is not possible, an alternative of analytical capabilities locally. For products for is to identify a comparable site or group as similar which analysis kits are available commercially, the as possible in all other respects to the exposed enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay- (ELISA) area or population. Monitoring activities may method is an accurate, low-cost, and easily imple- include mented method for screening large numbers of samples. (a) monitoring the occupational exposure of field workers or those involved in formu- lation or packaging; 34. A monitoring program must also be clearly linked to operational decision making. This link (b) sampling for specific pesticide residues in should include groundwater under, or in surface water downstream from, irrigation schemes; (a) clearly specified reporting responsi- (c) sampling and determination of pesticide biities- residues on food or feed crops or in livestock; (b) established standards against which the data generated will be evaluated; (d) assessing public exposure to pesticides through residues in foods or water; and (c) a plan for corrective action to be taken if the monitoring results indicate a problem; (e) assessing the impact on such nontarget and organisms as beneficial insects, fish and other aquatic life, wildlife, and crop and (d) a specified budget and source of funds to noncrop plants (through herbicide drift). meet the recurrent costs of conducting field sampling, maintaining analytical 33. Design of a monitoring and evaluation pro- eqipment, purchasing consumable sup- gram must ensure that the necessary capability plies, and maintaining staff skills. These guid&knes wvere preparedfor te gwance of WmM Bank =ff Thmy aoe not necsar y a cqlt re ampe of*e anbis cowed Adaw copuem of this documonu are aviibk on a sef-ser basis in the bL onad brmadm Serices Cdepe ndi. in E 3200. THE WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUAL GB 4.ea-Part M April 1993 Guidelines and Best Practice Pae 8f Environmental Assessment (b) the project will not introduce pesticide use into an area for the first time or 35. OD 4.01, Environmental Assessment, idenri- greatly increase the level of use; fies the use of pesticides as one of the potential issues to be addressed in an environmental assessment (EA). Even if no Bank financing for (c) no specific pesticide-related environ- pesticides is involved, lending for agricultural mental or health concerns were identified development might stimulate pesticide use. Agri- at the Initial Executive Project Summary cultural development programs may also be used stage; and to improve existing practices of pesticide use. As the EA directive describes, the initial screening of (d) products that are particularly hazardous an agricultural project at the identification stage will not be financed. determines whether an examination of pest management aspects is needed. Where substantial quantities of highly toxic pesticide materials are 38. For pesticide screening, an authorized list of stored, their prezence may require a "major pesticide products approved for financing is devel- hazard assessment." oped, along with a description of mechanisms to ensure that only these products will be procured 36. An EA looks at the potential environmental using Bank funds. To develop this list, it is impacts of a project and proposes measures (a necessary to identify the proposed end users of the mitigation plan) to avoid, reduce, or compensate pesticides, the crops and target pests involved, and for negative consequences. Environmental the application methods proposed. Products may impacts associated with agricultural pest manage- be rejected for financing on the basis of environ- ment generally relate to the use of pesticides. mental or health hazards that are unacceptable, Thus, an EA evaluates (a) the conditions of pesti- given the likely conditions of use. Then the Bank cide use and regulation with respect to protection makes every effort to help identify suitable alter- of human health and the environment, and (b) the native control methods or pesticides. The positive proposed practices of pest management. Depend- list should be open to modification by agreement ing on the types of issues identified, the EA between the Bank and the borrower so as to take provides a mitigation plan, which ordinarily falls into account new information or requirements that into one of three broad categories: pesticide may emerge during the life of the loan- screening, a pesticide management plan, or a pest management plan. 39. The borrower should also give assurances that Pesticide Screening the guidelines for pesticide packaging and label- ing, transport, and disposal, outlined above, will 37. Pesticide screening represents the minimum be followed. Additional Bank attention to such type of mitigation plan and is appropriate when aspects as opportunies to promote IPM alter- natives or to improve pesticide handling condi- (a) the financing proposed for pesticide tions should be encouraged, but the investment of procurement (directly or through a credit significant staff time or resources to examine these scheme) represents only a minor project issues thorough'; may not be justifiable for a component; small component with limited impact. These guidelines were prepared for the Suidanc of World Bank staff They are not necessarily a complete treatment of de srbjecis covered. Additional copies of dais document are available on a self-serve basis in die Instinoianal Information Services Center (WISQ. in E 3200. THE WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUAL GB 4.63-Part II April 193 Guidelines and Best Practice feo Pesticide Management Plan provision of protective clothing and application equipment); 40. More detailed attention to pest management practices and pesticide handling is needed for (f) potential end users' knowledge of and projects in which competence in safe handling of pesti- cides, and proposed training to improve (a) the pesticide financing proposed repre- them as needed; sents a large component; (g) mechanisms for monitoring and reporting (b) the procurement of relatively hazardous environmental and health impacts of pes- pesticides is proposed; or ticide use (including designation of responsible authorities and management (c) there are specific environmental or health systems to use data generated); and concerns (e.g., proximity of the project area to protected areas or important (h) mechanisms for developing and pro- aquatic resources). moting the use of nonchemical alter- natives and an IPM approach. 41. In such cases, the EA proposes a pesticide management plan that addresses 42. The plan should explain how these aspects are, or will be made, consistent with Bank policy (a) who would use the pesticides (e.g., as described in OD 4.03, Agricultural Pest Man- requirements are different for projects agement. In some cases the borrowing country involving smallholders and those may have adequate legislation and effective regu- involving supervised plantation lation of importation, distribution, and use of operations); pesticides (determined by an evaluation by the Bank's RED and Legal Department). In other (b) proposed pesticides to be procured (or cases, it may be necessary to include project com- commercially available in the area, in the ponents for training, extension, provision of case of projects providing credit for equipment or facilities, and so forth, to correct purchasing agricultural inputs); shortcomings. Particularly in the case of large- scale financing of pesticides (i.e., financing that (c) mechanisms for limiting access to hazard- represents a significant portion of the country's ous pesticides to authorized users, when pesticide imports), measures for strengthening the use of such products is proposed; pesticide legislation and regulation at the national level are also considerea. (d) proposed application methods; (e) provisions for appropriate transport, stor- age, handling, and disposal (including These guidelines were preparedfbr dse gddance of Worfd Bank staff 7They are no necessarily a complete treanent of dre subjects covered Addtional copies of dis docunmen are available on a self-serve basis in the bstnaional bforimatim Services Center (IISC), in E 3200. THE WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUAL GR 4-43-Pat IV April 1993 Guidelines and Best Practice PeIf 5 IV. Selected Pubications and Reference Sources Bank Materials Asia Technical Department. Agrochemical Usage in Asia Region. Prepared by G.J. Jackson, June 1992. A looseleaf set of notes prepared to give Bank staff a ready source of information about pesticides and their use in the Asia region. It is particularly intended to help staff identify potential problems on which they might seek further advice. Latin America Technical Department. Agrochemical Usage in Latin America. Prepared by G.J. Jackson (forthcoming). Kiss, A., and F. Meerman. Integrated Pest Management and African Agriculture, World Bank Technical Paper No. 142. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1991. Asia Technical Department. Agriodtural Technology and Environmental Safety: Integrated Pest Management and Pesticide Regulation in Developing Asia. Prepared by U.-C. Wiebers (forthcoming). Other Publications Association de coordination technique agricole. Inder Phytosanitaire: Produits Insecticides, Fongicides, Herbicides. ACTA: Paris, updated periodically. Davies, J.D., and V.H. Freed. An Agrochemical Approach to Pesticide Management: Some Health and Environmental Considerations. Miami: Department of Epidemiology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1981. Food and Agriculture Organization. Guidelines for the Disposal of Waste Pesticide and Pesticide Containers on the Farm. Rome: FAO, 1985. Food and Agriculture Organization. Guidelines for the Packaging and Storage of Pesticides. Rome: FAO, 1985. Food and Agriculture Organization. Guidelines on the Good Labelling Practice for Pesticides. Rome: FAO, 1985. Food and Agriculture Organization. International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides. Rome: FAO, 1991. These guideines were prepared for de guidance of Word Bank rf They are nor necessariy a compiete ireaera of se nbjeas coveredl. Additional copies of dis docment are availabe on a sef-serve basis in Oie nuinmal fbrmadwa Serces Center (WSC). in E 3200. THE WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUAL GB 4.03-Put IV Guidelines and Best Practice 2 o5 Kenmore, P.E., K.L. Heong, and C.A.J. Putter. Political, Social and Percep&ual Aspects of Integrated Pest Management Programs in Integrated Pest Management in Malaysia, edited by B.S. Lee, W.H. Loke, and K.L. Heong. Kuala Lumpur: MAPPS, 1984. Mayer, F.L., and M.R. Ellersieck. Manual of Acute Toxidaty: nterpretation and Data Base for 410 Oiemicals and 66 Species of Freshwater Animals. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1986. Meister Publishing Co. Farm Oemicals Handbook. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister, updated annually. Pimentel, D. Ecological Effects of Pesticides on Non-argez Speces. Washington, D.C.: Executive Office of the President, Office of Science and Technology, 1971. Smith, GJ. Pesticide Use and Toxicology in Relation to Wildlife: Organophosphorus and Carbamate Compounds. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1987. Thomson, W.T. Agricuural Chemicals: Book I (Insecticides, Acaracides, and Ovicides); Book II (Herbicides); Book HI (Fuanigants, Growth Regulators, Repellents, and Rodenticides); Book IV (Fzgicides). Fresno, CA: Thomson Publications, 1976-77. World Health Organization. The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to 0assification, 1992-93. Geneva: Pesticide Development and Safe Use Unit, World Health Organization, 1992. Worthing, C.R., and R.J. Hance. The PesticideManual: A World Compendium. 9th ed. Surrey, U.K.: British Crop Production Council, 1991. Reference Sources U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides Programs. Phone: (703) 557-7090; Insecticides Branch: Phone 557-2200. Every pesticide product registered in the U.S. has an assigned Product Manager at EPA, who can provide the latest information on the current U.S. regulatory position and the reasons behind it. Written Fact Sheets and Registration Standards are available for selected materials. FAO Plant Production and Protection Division Via delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome, Italy Phone: (39-6) 57873551 INFOTERRA (UNEP's international environmental information system). U.S. contact person: Ms. Barbara Roth. Phone: (202) 260-8710. International Registry of Potentially Toxic Substances (IRPTC). U.S. contact person: Ms. Susan Hazen. Phone: (202) 260-34A2. These guidelines were prepared for the guidance of World Bank staf. They are not necessarity a complete reavat of te subjeaw covered Additional copies of dkis document are available on a say-serve basis in die Institaiorzal I nennon Services Cenrer (PSC). at E 3200. THE WORILD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUAL GB 4.0u IV April 1993 Guidelines and Best Practice Page 3f Natural Resources Institute Central Avenue Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, England Phone: (44) 634-993393 or 880088 Scientific Unit of the U.K. Overseas Development Administration. Includes a Pest Management Division and Sections on Insect Physiology and Behavior; Insect Chemistry; Pest Toxicology; Pesticide Management; Field Ecology; Biogeography and Radar Entomology; Pathology and Weed Science; Pest Systems Monitoring. Offers computerized bibliographic database with information on pesticide toxicity, persistence, and residues; environmental fate of pesticides; ecological impacts. Also provides publications, training courses, and consultants. Centre de Coop6ration Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Ddveloppement (CIRAC) Service Protection des Veg6taux BP 7309 34083 Montpelfier Cedex France Phone: (33-67) 615800 Fax: (33-67) 615988 Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau (CAB) International Farnham House Farnham Royal Slough SL2 3BN England Phone: (44-0218) 2281 Information services include Pesticide Manual of the British Crop Protection Council. Scientific services include Institutes of Entomology, Mycology, Parasiology, and Biological Control providing pest identification services, training. Consortiun for International Crop Protection Dr. Edward H-. Glass, Executive Director Department of Entomology NYSAES P.O. Box 462 Geneva, New York 14456 Phone: (315) 787-2337 (Above information effective mid-December 1991.1 Consortium of U.S. universities offering trair'lg courses, publications, and consultants in all areas of pest management. Prime contractor for U.S. Agency for International Development. These guidelines were prepared for dte guidance of World Bank saff They are no necessarily a complere treatment of de subjects covered. Additional copies of this documen are available on a sef-serve basis in die Instituional brmauinm Services Center (1S1), in E 3200 THE WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUAL GB 4.03--Pmt IV Guidelines and Best Practice e ,fs hiernational Plant Protection Center Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331 Phone: (503) 737-3541 Specializes in weed control. International Pesticide Application Research Centre Silwood Park Ascot, Berks, SL5 7P4 England Phone: (44) 344-294234 Fax: (44) 344-294450 Undertakes research on all aspects of pesticide application and designs, and tests related equipment. Also organizes annual short courses. GIFAP: Groupement International des Associations Nationales de Fabricants de Produits Agrochimiques (International Group of National Associations of Manufacturers of Agrochemical Products). International trade association whose members are national agrochemical associations of more than 30 industrialized and developing countries. Useful source for technical information and publications on pesticide specifications, handling, formulation, disposal, marketing, etc., as well as liaison with major manufacturers on issues concerning responsible pesticide management- Numerous commercial consulting firms can provide information on pest management options or use and impacts of specific pesticides. Contact Regional Environment Divisions or ESD Environment or Agriculture Department for further information. Pesticide product manufacturers (listed in the Farm Chemicals Handbook) are very useful sources for information on uses, application rates and methods, formulations available, crop registrations/ tolerances, etc. Pesticide Action Network. PAN is a network of international NGOs involved with pesticide issues and is a good source of information on prevailing issues and public concerns regarding health and environmental impacts of pesticides. Contact PAN Regional Coordinator at any of the Regional Centers: Pesticide Education and Action Project (Antoine Sendana) P.O. Box 610 Environmental Liaison Centre International San Francisco, CA 94101 P.O. Box 72461 Telephone: (415) 771-7327 Nairobi, Kenya (Abou Thiam) (Sarojini Rengam) ENDA IOCU Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific B.P. 3370 P.O. Box 1045 Dakar, Senegal Penang, Malaysia These guidiunes wre prepared for the guidance of World A=k sta. They are not necessarily a complete treammu of*te aubjeas cored. Addiional copies of tis document are available on a self-serve basis in the Insti=onal Lormation Services Certer =IT. in E 3200. THE WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUAL GB 4.83-P~t IV 1 GuidelnesrE 1993 Guidelines and Best Practice Pe s-r (Pilar de Sevilla/Mercedes Bollanos) (Bert Lokhorst) Fundacion Natnra PAN-Europe P.O. Box 253 Damrak 83-1 Quito, Ecuador 1012 LN Amsterdam, The Netherlands T hese guideL~es were prepared for Mie guidace of World Bahk staf. hey are not necessarily a comp tre~am o the subjes covred. Addional copes of düs docmnent are avilabe on a se«f-ser~e basis in die nstua~il bnbr~netion Services Cmer l,SC), in E 32~0. 섭7:！·―1,&｀됴；-/- ic%cl kil luslskiltlvv 011 lost kille ko> votion pest, Ilie totiacco btidwtirett Insost ininieditstely arter fficir iiiiroduclion in 1978, Ilie ri)rclliio iisectivikie,, 11(,1i(kl;lis virt 1ý lined plienomcial suppori from Ilie itgrictiit(ir.il conummil y becatisc tt( i licir lokk In tills allal)sis ii was slitilkli 111,11. in 1987.ct>II(iii growm in the mid-soutli oftlic 1151. low läst: fulet. wide specimin (if activity lind sljfely in tise. Seveml of Illesc i Jnited Simes tb[Anieriei applicel till average of$32 of insecticide per meremguinst a Ilina hass-c tilreisdy been covered b> ollier pisper-4 in liti.% s> mposium mid Ilie% % iii ;loge o( iiisect rbesiq (various flersonal comsnisnientionsl. The prodlivts used to oi be dvi,elt (iii rtsriljer ljere, All islivibbpl $Åill be skliktie lo llbc;tstifc gir titiljlitiry, Ilie etlillrt)l fliese Pest%' Illrieli in plicc 05 shown in 'Iahie 1. t ict;css of t ho ry rot lm sid& In teg m, (tf t lic economics of pest c( slit r (si Jort le( i by i lmc i 11"c figtlics tre hased till (ile &Ipproprilltsj costs o( producis tised in 1987 as FI>dticls. Tliit-Afil be tinderlitken iii tuo %uys, hyanal>ång (lic siieitliti make-op44 s1141WII in l able I ' liv Slobol pyreilirvid market, osid by cli%-isugiiig (lic cctil%4>tbbic inipacl 4>11 ultbiý;tl A liyiit)(iiciicitl c;jsc %%;,s exlilninc(1 wijere py$ctilrk)id re.,isttletcc oecurred in Ilie ark,uljtire sitotild Ilie pyretliroids lose fficir effeeliveness flirimpli inseci resislancc. lt,ll;lk:Cli I)tlkiwkbrltl lo Ilie extellt litat 50".'. of lite normally pyrcilirtiid-treitted urca -y C111CUluflom milat it wmlid cost ist replacc Ihem. wa% filjkk ticilled %Niffi Ilie Bilost CK>sl-cffective ullernåstive. filert lire livo atirihtjtcs of lite pj,relltroitis Hsilt impisel -;ipibificitiiti> III) timt 11 t%as also assumed fflat, if msislance oceurred. the trealment costs of the 11111m lilegellrellic great sliceligsittillerk)PS1411(1 pestson Ikhich Ilie P>'$CtiII4)itlsillc 1»ICIII145i(i% woold illercase to lihollt $50) fier itere, tillit lite Cosi of allerikativs: iscti uround Ilie wiiirld, and Ilie of Ilie cliemistry io so %er), man) 13,(>(tticls uotild licishoot VYM per ;tcrc(ulinthl tiochangefrom litciretirrent level? li(rercntt>tjlicls, Tlicc vor) eli;tritcieiislicsiiisve siot <>iii)- been llicft)uiid;ili4jii ofilis: wid flial replikcenient o( lite lost pyrciliroid sprays would be with SC, more ticcesi (If the pyrcilirtids hitt may- tilso prove 141 tie a fultire prolillrist l refer. stf ;ipilii,;,tti,ýIIS,)[11)CNCICNSC[rccli%,eprt)dtiets. lfcvcryttiingelse,suchuspestsýetrum. t>tir%c.intliectýnvern iiiiii Ilie iiieicit,,iligtlcpolitielicyt)ll iksillgleciýisitýrellciiii,,11%, ii n cisre-all for ail sorls ol ipjwci til,ildelns. blings wiffi ii lite allemlaill lillval ,1 ej;jlie stisectivitl%: (',,sis w Ilie Mtd.Sibtiili Collon Grower in Ilie t IS 1987 Sinco Ilie little of Ilie firm syntlictic iiisevlicitte-4, aller Ilie sectilitt %Volld Wio, 4 iM been rectignind Ihal relwaled ww 44 tilmosi 1111), iti,,ccticitlc Jass lim) rapiklly lid-sdifid. (vm c ml vad (o Ilie 4111,4ct 44 pest In alnitist ciely cimc where tills lms I)ct:Ii (moc% 1,4,1 ýitg#ttc,ol i tlimvribetl, ii Ims restilled io ret.loved sle oftlie I-beslicids. ist told it, Ckelilll;ti l 696 6794 icpl;icctiieiii hy tillcriiiiiie malejiMs Intlecd. Olis setillencc tills almosi heen Ilie 1.185 20 217(1 (ruktitionill ttllpfk;t)lýltk>i agents (iiiigivities. 1§erhicikik;s. rtikleoflälc,,. 91 1.16 -iiiiibiiýlles. vie, l loikever, in Ilie lasil l 1) ) cars, 11(1 nem clienlirill y tills comc illtillig tilm can merslacc Ilie pyrelliroids l tills Ihele is evel y Icason 141 malmpc liscm illa %%;1) 1 lmt kkill kollow flivm Io be tised as circelike iiisvet-etoillrollilig ligents 141r many >cals lo A%ctitpe isrea 44 tremed ettwiii iber pr~efn 3(0 avre.K 112% Itts) Aýcoape t.-4tst Ibom prisik-co Nr tremed acre- $32 679 lia 1). 2 ECONON11C INIPACT 01," HF511811 ANUV i MILE i AINIIr4txiti%;ilc LIS Votton liis,.-clicide Coms in 1987 Ilmo ks a lot ut sluke, flic glolial iiiiet:Iieide markel ma, ciffinaled in 1987 [o lic Pt.,1 C114%% #pi com pvi, 01 0114 $6.1 x 0 ,44 %Iiieli 2C,. kli $1,5 x 10" %%.ss altiffitiled iii Ilie rs)jclliroidsi lopplig dificill pvir tio ro- o rispid ritte io [.inte In just ii little m el l 0) yC.I (5, 0f Ilie % ol Id iiisct:ilcitlc marl, el vollon wits considered the Impost, m iii; upproximately $ l 540 x l W in sistes, %k ii b i lic p$ rellsroids luk ing a 49 "., %Iiisre i if iiiis u illi $755 x l W in salc%. l Ile p) rei In oitt 11,1111k4ýrýiis hil(llkAsltll.; 11>rcillrtýiti 3,5 biktikkollnis Nids) 84<4 410 piogranis wheiier ihi can be ochce iielled, in this ppionach. our industry iusit 'Orms Inon-pyrctlirtoids) 1272 '>1I144< eevilt 13x5 20 27no eotimillie to irk closel with1 governments, niversities, 'official bodies, grouer 1gs,hoppers 290 1 4 a' ,> iutiq/tins t ad Ilie press kito spott tile progrmiiiis tlat itili/c i he p> retlirtids in phkis 91 % 1l4 > sconducike to their conlinued eleetheness Wifih limited new Chemistry on Ilie iori/i in id Ilie cost tif decelopiing iewi 1'< iisecticide products inercasing draiatically, ue earily iie ser) retl nced to erae urea oftrelated cotton per srwer-.30 nctees (125 hai. i mintiiin tlie py-retliroids as superbly ctist.enectike ineticides for as long as verage cost per grower per Ireated aere-$61-501 $152 hi '1. posi'ble. l A1i1Y 4 R I V R (1-1S micieaseJ (Iloblal elseelkitie 01sts ir B'ethoid itesistance . Do your labels and (adapt to corresponding national legislation) leaflets conform to eouI't regulations and guidelines? Main Panel Yes no Yes1n trade namV Research has shown that farmers want clear actve ingred3enis) and content en information about- common namets> % _ V - trade name of product additives - common name of active ingredienus) formulation 7 7 - concentration of active ingredient(s) suny os I - - product category (herbicide, insecticide, Cht Won i_ V -l fungicide, etc-) regmtration number - use recommedations: crops, pest-problem batch number O 0 dose rate date at formulation O method of application nuum.- ares of szppher quantity of product in pack d.ii . sant 0 0 - safety statements cumpany tono hazard symbols and pactograms tons3ty hazard colour band 0 0 What should a label contain? -read label before uaW stant The content of a label is usually subject to national Andmary Panels or regional legislation. It is important, however, direcuons for um that all relevant safety and precaution aspects c_p. _rn be included. See FAO Guidelines on Good pests diseams. weeds omtrolled Labelling Practice and also GIFAP Pictograms dose rates. uming, frequency Booklets and appendices to these guidelines. -try penod 0 0 metbod ofapplcanon-%0 HOW TO CHECK LABEL CONTENT use restriction= N The basic checklist on label content on the opposite p-has mnterval page will help you to review your label draft- warnng stment for good How to use the checklist storage cwondtcs 1. indicate product and country for which the storage stability. shelf life 0V label is intended. user safet and personal protecuaon 2. in the column -Iformation required" indicate envtronmental safetv the regulatory requirements in this country. container disposal 0 3. review your draft and under Information first-asd nstcnons included" tick off the subject matters covered. advice to medacal doctors Companies may wish to include information legal responabilitms which is not mandatory in this country. tse Appendix for a blank v (ap. 44) 14 15 Do your labels and leaBets conform to regulations and guidelnes? What should a leaflet/brochure CHECKLIST FOR TECHNICAL contain? LEAFLET/BROCHURE CONTENT (adapt to intended readerw the principles contained in these Guidelines apply is much to leaflets and brochures as to labels. The Intended readers m V :hecklist on the opposite page has therefore been Probaem-t * -@ C*nnqrr e prepared to help you guide the user to safe and effective application of the product. WHO IS THE INFORMATION FOR? P-wed incked As a preliminary step the specific information Pest-probem description yes no yes no needs of the intended readers will have to be crop i-ages- evaluated- pest. diseas, weeds cydes7 - what are their information needs? damage caused - how would the reader prefer the material to be direct presented? indirect - what other information could be appropriate? Solution to pest-probleen - 'W TO CHECK CONTENT product descrpuon uread labei - - he checklist opposite on basic leaflet or brochure activt content will help you to review your draft- applca0n: - How to proceed. dosen r ed 1. review the checklist against any guidelines; tnag, thres7old keveis amend the list as necessary m.deie the user group for whcte restrictaons information is intended. determine what crop var information it needs followingcrop :1. define the pest-problems to be covered and the soi type country or region Waaer 0 4. in the column -Information required". tick the entry pened 0 items defined in 2- pre-harvest nterval i. review your draft and under Information safety and precautions included" tick off the subject matters covered. contametdisposa benefits of solutiko to farn-er s indirect isee Appendix for a blank version tp. 46) t 17 - How to write and LABEL LAYOUT present clear information If label size allows, this three panel layout is S ~ suggested Fo encourage farmers to read technical information, two aspects are of importance: Ancillary panel Main par-Al Ancillary panel - the structure and layout of the information (safet) iden"cation (insructons - the writing style and wording used- * product. name Structure and layout * active mngredient For easy comprehension by the reader, break up I name and your information into small, separate paragraphs- content) Each block of subject matter should have a clearly * sumary understood heading. of uses A RRANGEMENT OF THE INFORMATION safety and * registration * how to use *precautions number acture the information in the sequence the * re-entry u-er requires, 0 warning * formiation period phrases date * pre-harvest EXAMPLE: Instructions on how to use the 0 good 0 batch interval product. A possible, logical sequence could be: agricultural nber practice * legal 1. crop, variety a first aid * net content respon- 2. target organisms ipests, diseases, weeds) sibilities 3. warning statements (eg do not use on 0 advice to a manufac- sandy soils consider following crop) doctors turer 4. safety measures in handling, applying 0 distributor. and disposal agent 5. application conditions (weather, soil) timing (crop stage, pest level or stagep 0 hazard 6. method of application symbols 7. dose rate I 8- mixing instructions Pictograins 9. advice for after spraying (re-entry periods. pre-harvest interval) NB: Remember that the relevant localinational regulations and company guidelines must be observed. ha*1 b 4I iS I -e .n k 8 How to write and present clear infornmaon -,riting style and wording imperial measures) where possible, but more HOW O MAE INORMAiONortant locally understood- HOW TO MAKE INFORMATION EASY TO REA4D Define the message you want to give.rate [)elne he mssae YO 1'81flto iveInclude measures the farmer understands and is Adapt your text to the farmer*s language. able to apply. Be aware that small farmers may use Expressionsunconventional measures. such as the coffee grower knoingthesiz ofhisplot only by the number of Many farmers are not familiar with some of our coffee bushes planted_ commonly used technical expressions To interpret them correctly they would need additional explanation. You may rethink your message by Do not mix mmuring units. eg: changing the emphasis from the techn 100 ml0 land 0-1 UhL characteristics to the benefits derived by the farmter. To avoid further confusion, international use reomaions must be adapted to local conditions ai Exampkes- measuring units and not mixed as in the follFwing example: .chnical expression Simplified version apply 2500-3500 ppm 98 cm3 per litre. Translaminaor 1.40-1.96 litres per 53 gallons 200 litres side of the leaf will kill Exaples of clear dose rate indicator pests on both sides @2 kg of product in 400 litres or water per hectare LowessrfAcb1earid cup (30 mkg product per 400 litretrh IAwers surface tension Helps spread the spray aurie as "2 kg product n 40 litre over the leaf knapsack sprayer Range of dose rates Sentences In cases where a range of dose rtes is proposed. Give the information in short, concise sentences. i-e-: Put your key points at the end and use bold letters "use 2-3 litres/ha- to emphasise. always explain the reason for this r Le.: Example: "use lewer dose rate on light soils, higher rate on Original sentence Rephrased sentence dReducing crop damage The main benefit ofthse *i Reuigcoptg he prainr benefit of hehicid isrdue In any recommendation. dose rates should always is the primary benefit of herbicide is reduced thprnpaaplcto using this herbicide crop damage be ad mthd usedt Abbreviations Avoid aakin users to make complex Use abbreviations only where they are judgements (counting affected leaves or unavoidable. Be sure they ame standard ieg SI or averagiug infestations etc.). ableto ppl. B awre hat mal famer ma 0us How to write and pree dear mfixmazon EXAMPLES OF TEXT (MPROVEMENTS Here are some examples of original texts with suggestions on how to improve them- You can use these as an exercase. Covt:. up the right-hand page and see how you would improve those on the left Then compare your ans-ers with those we Original versions Improved versions 4 Product) EC formulation contains a carefully When using (product) EC on onions add a balanced amount of emulsifiers and the use of wetting agent. On all other crops wetting additionr' wetting agents may impair the agents must not be used- physical adherence of the spray solution to the foliage. The addition of such material is not generally recommended with the exception of : >ns. 'Product) is non-systemci Le. the active ingredient (Product) penetrates into the leaves and kills is wot transported wit-tin the water conductive eggs and young larvae on the untreated side of tissue ixylem)- However, it shows an outstanding leaves for a long period after spraying. translinar action. lhanks to this very pronounced property tproduct) is able to eliminate Lepidoptera eggs and small larvae feeding on the untreated side of the leaves over a long period. A pre-emergent herbicide is one which is applied Apply pre-emergen herbicides after the crop is sown but before the crop emerges - after sowing from the ground, irrespective of whether the weeds have emerged or not. In such herbicide - before cop emerges applications, early rains or irrigation must take the - whether weeds have germinated or not chemical into the soil and only then will its After treatr-nt. rain or irrigation are effectiveness be realisedL needed-- Apply ether before or afer tm at the button or early Bower Top plants at button to early flower stage- -tae. Best results are usaily ataanwd by spraym, the tRbacco within a week renut any sockers that were missed.Mf ova 25 c l op the tobac plaiss before spyn remove any sackers over any lag plants te u spray "5 cma m levath yem op and apply pmro can or two days Spray withi one or two days after toppin, after toppag Becanse qproucI is a contact type aget it is necessay to straghtim any plants that are ieang so the emni6 flows down the stalk evenly ad conacts each sadcar (exampie from FAO Guidelines) (example from FAO Guidelines) How to write and prsent clear mformation ?rint size and style FURTHER ADVICE ON TEXT Avoid vertical or diagonal text Overprinting ON LABELS AND LEAFLETS illustrations, logos or ghost- pictures make text The minimum print size for all text is 6 points less easy to rea For precautions and other safety text use Examples: "ie crop torn (i 9 1minimum oto II point print stem extension Highlighting with bold letters is more effectve ec Ot (> el C spray is KXSWWO than using CAPITALS Examples of print szes - - of h-gh 1sease ha FD M pom weamero purg toot 0 d baw poiD l applicatim at tk thi. Ls, m pomnt print r0R a rmctes h~ ~.ipo.bot prm .CD crop quaity.Ap this is I1 point print this is 11 point bold print Diagonal See page 47 for a print size guide. text conto I it size is not the only characteristic which eternmes readability of texts. Others are: 00 s Print style: Helvetica (European Grotesque) or y S d Modern are easy to read type faces. Avoid titahas). except for Latin names of pest species, but use So dabs Latin names oniv if no well defined common name for the pest. disease or weed exists. t ornum applicabon Letter separation ipitch or tracking) Use clear !ztter separation. not close tracking. Overprinting illustration 1o K Mhe flag teal rc Line separation leading i- leave adequate space bctween lines of text: print with leading 1.5-2 'or ;at least 2'Y of the print size. Letter width: Do not r -int in condensed type: This is mom diffirA to rrd than mrmA kner widkh. apcto t xe ON POSTERS AND CHARTS paVKFgenU It results A I tungal c Overprnticng colase and idigbotion 0et ypt Print size must be such that Lhe text can easily be gtiost picture owth. Existing k*cbons are cead from a reasonable distance. As a general rule. eradicated Application is minimum let:er size can be calculated by. recommended at an early stag tdisease development to peve eteted isetaincenfromeresde ti leoss .5 as damage alreacty mcuwr lettr sze 'n cntimtrei -cannot be repwired. Disease c- Example: lasts from Iour to ix weeks. distance 3 m minimurn letter size =1-5scm but can be more or less depen 29 How to write and pmt clear mfoni%aio how to use Mustrations In photographs anid drawings always show clearly On labels what you are trying to convey. Avoid too mucd Normally there is insufficient space available to detail, which may distraa from your itended include any illustration, wth the exception of the message. In photogrp avoid a complicated mandatory or suggested hazard. safety and background or situations which are unfamiliar to precauta pictograms (see appendices)- the user (photographs faxi ather countries or On leaflets, brochures ad posterscltures equipmen et. Photographa. drawings and diagrams can urease attractiveness and improve comprehenson of your EMAW LES: message, but be sure you have a clear idea of the purpose of the illustration. What something looks like It could show: If using enlargements, a qualifying refrence - what something looks like should be made to the actual size, eg- - how to do or not to do something "Aphids are small insects of only a few millimetrts - a sequence of events in length and they feed by piercing leaves and - results of desired activity sucking the plant sap." As it is known that different ethnic groups have a .nct ways of -reading" pictures. be sure that you Bad- determine first the most acceptable and best Farmers never see an understood type of illustration. Types used in aphid of thi se. schoolbooks of the area might be good indicators- CeUular structure of leaf in presenting pictures, put a frame around them so . they stand out from the surrounding text. Better, but: Farmers may never have looked through a magnifying glass. 7- J, Best: Show larvae and damage to relative size, as illustrated. On the following pages you will fid more W suggestions on how to improve understanding of your illustratioIns. 31 Ilow to wnte and pret ear nfrma n SEQUENCE OF EVENTS n drawings of flekis or Landscapes avoid -deep- . W illustrating a sequence of events, ensure that e ctives, as in some areas pcm s a the order is understood by the ethnic culture erceived in a two-dimensional frame Left-to-right eg European right-to-left (eg. Arabic) or top-to-bottom ieg. Chinese reading _T mu will have to be considered. To prepare your spray nixture. ta~w ths sx steps 9 12 3 Cýoncntrate on subject > rtOW TO DO OR NOT TO DO SOMETHING AIways correlate subject size to known objects For recommendations on timng of appication. erop calendars or pest life cycles, coibining picture and time scale description will help to Don'ts must be c~ear improve understanding. and not subject to mismnterpretations. There are too many messages in this pacture. 33 How to write and present cear mfamama ACTIVITY OR BENEFITS? USE OF COLOUR It is difficult to communicate activity- For best contrast and easy reading, the text on To explain the actsvity of the prod%,c, avoid- labels should be black on a plain white backgrouxvr N LOnples Black text on white (good) I IItWTATING TO al AND EYES WAR PROTECTIVE GLOVES AND FCSIL was M P ,TECT U3E CLOD G THOOU Vt4M USING 00 NOT EAT 0W OR SAMOt WASH SPLASHES oft r from se o ev Chemical formulae Misleading concepts 00 NoT eWATH SPRAY AMST WASH HANDS AND EXPOSED SIKM e me To show the effect of the products. avoi& KEEP AWAY FrOM FOOD0MC AM auA4 KEEP OUT OF REACH OFCIJOFOt Complicated Red text on yellow (bad) graphs .TAT"G T PWECAUT30NS WEAR IECTIVE GLOVES AM FACESMIELD WASH ALL PROTECTIVE CLOnHING THOMouGH It is better to illustrate with themes the farmer WHENUSINGDONOTEAT.DEWNKORSMOKE recgnsesasbenfis-WASH SPLASHES oflcer4rasfro hssnorxey n cogises s M 0 NOT BREATH SPRAY MIST. WASH HANDS AND EXPOSED SIMC4 bel FSOWEED WEED CONTROL KEEP AWAY FROM FOOOe OwI Am ANAAL KE OUT OF REACH OF CLDREMN Red, as a generally accepted warning colour should only be used to highlight warning phrases, or for hazard symbols and safety precaution instruiction headigs- .. . In countries where a colour code to denote toxicity classification is required, the relevant colour band Uared Tr..d has to be included on the label according to local regulations. The same colour is usually not permitted elsewhere on the labeL On leaflets or brochures colour will enhance attractiveness and stiumlate interest- Sbov-i things in their true colour will increase undestaning Important part of drawings,.m. emphasised by contrasing coou But beware: too intensive or too many colours ' , ;might distract from the intended message. 35 How to wnte and present clear information USER TESTING Leaflets or brochures are normally addressed to specific user groups Prior analysis of their How to check your draft knowledge and perceptio will help you in drafting your message. Random testing of your text and SELF TLSTING illustrations with a number of farmers will lead to To ensure that your efforts lead to an attractive, t easily read and understood piece of inormatiori, go thrugh a final evaluation. .The fiollowing checklist helps to review your editing. Use it yourself and/or have your sales representatives go through it. Paper quality CHECKLIST FOR TEXT FOR LABELS AND PACKAGING U. r., 5 49 LKAFLM alaa Lab & . The -i requiremets for paper for labels and Strctr Of informatn ys nOI - strong enough to avoid tearing during t_ayoutaadwgtoLaadard transport and handling are aU Ue0essar7? - coated to resist wetting and smudging are headmgs clear? - able to accept print clearly without smearing is wkwmaum in kwcal _ -Ink must be durable and not affected by extremes of climate or the product. wording Of test is language level apprmprite to the user areabbr_e_=z..n.e..sary and sun FOR INFORMATION LEAFLETS amre a .tarAt.-nm? AND BROCHURES are_key_PDA_AS_at___e eneThe quality of the paper used for information Print style leaflets and brochures will usually be dictated by ts prm. style easy to 7se cost and quantity. A cheaper quality can ensure is W= um up to suindwe V - wider distribution. However, leaflets which farmers a . v so~ _-will need to kee for continuous reference can be made more duracle by using coated or plasticised are they relevant to r mmae?7 paper- are they undetandable to the user? is cow used sensAbly? tsee Appendix for a Wank m p. 4s i-aferences APPENDICES 1. International Code of Conduct on the Mazard symbols 42 Distrbution and Use of Pesticides FAO, Rome, 1986 Pictograms for safe handling 43 2. FAO International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides. A Guide to Caecklist for label content 44 the Implementation for the Agrochemicals hIeuy Checklist for leafletlbrochure content 45 GIFAP. Brussels, 1986 Checklist for texit 46 3. Guidelines on Good Labelling Practice for Pescies Point size guide 47 FAO, Rome 1985 4- Classification and Labelling of Dangerous Substances Commission of the European CoMmunities XI-316-84 5 GIFAP Guidelines for the Safe and Effective Use >f Pesticides GIFAP, Brussels, 1963 6- GIFAP TRAINERS MANUAL a Course for Agrochemical Retailers GIFAP. Brussels, 1987 7. GIFAP TRAINERS MANUAL: a Course for Farmer Trainers GIFAP, Brussels, 1988 8. GIFAP. Pictograms for Agrochemical Labels GIFAP. Brussels, 1988 40 41 c cs tg II wjj p ~fUiii tit i''11d11 I CHECKaST FOR TEXT Print size guide lrnducuproblea_ Type of putbcauøn: 'kru~ of intor on ya t Lay~ou accormg to standard? are al _ta * e eca necesary? Tinsasane enbo<7type 7p1 1s infor~~ata 10n qeraequcnce?> _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is asea -n o(8ptype9 Wording of text Ls lag k-e apor to the sr Ilis is an exmp~ of 9pt type 9 PL are abbrenat~n ne- ry anød est d' ae Sentences short. are key po~t at the end? This is an ex~rnle of løpt typ o1 pt This is anexample ofi1pt type 11lpt ru2t stye asy to rea as prini sue up to standard' This is an example of 12pt type 12 pt U are they relevant to yor mage? are they undm-estandae to the user? COolurs is colour used sen~bly? 47 e6 1 GUIDELINES for safe ITSHOULD BECLEARLY UNDERSTOOD THAT THESE warehousi g SGUIDELNES ARE ONTENDED TO OF ANY LOCAL AND NATIONAw LAWSO AND REGULATIONS, AND ALSO THE FAO INTERNATIONAL CODE OF CONDUCT ON THE DISTRIBON pesticides AND USE OF PESTICIDES. THEINFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS BOOKLEZIS ACCURATE TO THE THEUSEOFTHIS INFORMATION NOR IN RESPECT OF ANY ADVICE CONTAINED HEREIN. GIFAP GIFAP.GrupU nn -nmiaa ml e A~•a~M btan de Fabrcants de Pt Agrh um~n a å the =maaI trade a fff n m mr ~- of agroehamnmal ADDRM Avn Abut ~an~--r 79A. 11M Brs. TELEPRONE- Go M60. TELE- 621. Foreword It is of prime unportance that pesticides are stored in such a way as to present a m11umum of risk to people and the envronment- Incidents invoving stored pesticides can be avoided by good warehousimg practices. These Guidelines are a statement of good practices, recognised by the international agrochemicals industry association, GIFAP. They are presente& in a saimple and practical manner and the observance of the recommendations will make significant contribution to safe warehoosing. These Guidelines have been produced by a group of specialists with extensive experience in the field of warehousing. I hope that they will be widely used to increase safety awareness and to improve standards A checklist is also included to help managers and others to identify areas requiring improvement Other booklets in Lhe same series, published by G[FAP. are: Guidelines for * the safe handling of pesticides duinag their formulation, packing, storage and transport- * the safe and effective use of pesticides; * emergency measures in case of pesticide poog; * quality control of pesticides; * the avoidance, limitation ar.d disposal of pesticide waste on the farm; * the safe transport of pesticides. Thoama W. Parton Preadem of GIFAP Pawe Foreword 3 Introdneten 6 Contents HaTards 9 S r 4 44 Qp - Storage guide e s Introduction These gudelines deal with the safe warehousm which are lited in considerahle derail. prove of packaged pesticides in quantities of 10 tons insuffmcen. or more, although it is recommended that the basic principles should also be followed when The guideline% are acordlingly directed mainly smaller amounts are stored. towards managers of warehurst-s and stores. distributors of pesticdes, fire brades and local It is acknowledged that there are already in authonties- existence a number of guidelines for the safe storage of pesticides which have been prepared mainly by individual companies and trade associations involved in the supply of their my Ht products. This booklet combines the advice of existing documents with the lessons learnt from incidents that have occurred in the recent past. The advice given will help to ensure that pesticides are stored and handled in a safe manner during normal operations. The booklet - a. provides recommendations for the prevention of incidents and for the preparation of emergency plans. As pesticides are biologically active, the effects of their uncontrolled spillage or of a large fire in a pesticide store can greatly damage the enVironlrient- Of these, the most serious foreseeable incident in a store is fire and the most damaging consequences of such an event are those associated with the escape of O contaminated fire fighting water. These guidelines recommend the total containment of all fire-fighting water but, should this not be possible and there is no immediate threat to life Targe s or these Guidines and property, a decision to let the fire burn out may be the least damaging option. Ii the Guidelines the word 'must' is used to iidicate the minimum standard acceptable. and Such a decision cannot be taken without prior I !te words should and recommended* to agreement with both the relevant authorities and ;idicate proven good practices. To help managers the responsible fire departments on the E id others carry out effective 'self audits' on circumstances under which it becomes effective. 1'ese points, a checklist is included at the bao. The guidelines therefore recommend a close 4f the booklet. collaboration with authorities and fire departments to inform them on the nature of the goods stored and to prepare emergency plans for the case that the foreseen preventive measures HAZARDS OF PESTICIDES Product hazards 10 Hazrds to the environmet 12 å 9 Hazards azar sCor ive HazardsSuch substances will at-ac skcin or materials su, Storae haardsas wood or metal. Therefore leakage can corrode Storageher packages and structures. Knowledge of product hazards is an essenual pre- requt-e to the safe warehousm" of all Oxidisig agents will increase the rae chemicals. Information is available from the at which a fire can develop, They may aiso react Product Data Sheets (PDS) and labels (e.g. violenty with other stored materials and can be Transport Hazard Symbols). During the storage of the cause of spontaneous ignition. lestcides hazards are likely to be encountered with products which are flammable, toxic. Dangerous when wet: Within the range of corrosave. reactive or which may be oxdising common pestides, some dithiocarbamates ar- known to react adversely with moisture to produce carbon disulpide, a toxic and extres, Flamnable: flammable gas. Spontaneous ignition of this group These are substances which can produce of cheicals is also known to occur. flammable vapouriair mixtures and which are i herefore potential sources of fire or explosion. Flbmuiable liquids: t Afication of flammable liquids is determined by their flash point: this is the lowest temperature at which the substance will form a flammable vapourair mixture. For warehouses, gxxis with a flash point of 55*C and below are considered flamCable.o v Flammable solids: TShese are readily ignitable solids or materials tisat cause a fast propagation of a fire once ignited. i Tox.ic- Thev materials may be harmful or dangerous to Oan man by way of ingescn, inhalation or skin absorption. skin contact is the most common route by which poisoning can occur. Many chemicals can readily pass through intact skin into the bodyf gnhal.gfon of dust and vapours can produce a parkoCtlaotY fast reaczmo due to the ease with which~ such contadinan can enter the boodstream through the lun - CsRRoSE trauseafsrpgtion of prastela firemon cm oftd akcdentai poisonmg and is most l ely to be associated with eaun dracicng and c rd without having sri washed the hands. I l o nf s 10 I Hazards .-zards to the environment: penetrate into "closed- rooms. Thus. such people should simply be advised to stay indoors. lkc'cause pesticides are biolotically active ther close wrndows and doors and switch off any uncontrolled release will always present a ventilation systems potential threat to the envirnment. The princpal threat is the escape of Unpleasant odours caused by minute, but non- tut effir-fighting waler escape The clean-up of such contaminated water following a fire can be a lengthy and difficult task, as well as being extremely costly. Durng a fire, noxious fumes will be emitted and all smoke. regardless of the material burning. musL be treated as hazardous. Firemen engaged in fighting the fire will require the protection of self-contained breathing apparatus. However, an examination of recent incidents of major pesticide fires has provided evidence that people working and living beyond the immediate site of the fire will not normally require evacuation. This is oecause the ascending force of the hot gases (thermal upcurrent) causes high dilution of the combustion gases and on the other hand. combustion gases can normally only slowly 13 、一’一‘〔胛舉下平河才下平不r&. ，娜瞬 lAx-won and buildirws Location and buildings in the case of eximng warehouses, art assessment must be made. based on the fulffilment of the Uwation recommendations of these guidelines whether %Vhlen choosing a site for a new store avoid close -vnunued use of the warehouse can be jusufied. proxmuty to housuv?, schools. hospitals. shoppmg Site access .treas. food manufacturing or storage premises or other populated places. Preference should be The site must provide suitable access for the itiven to isolated locations or to sites devoted to loading and unloading of delivery vehicles. industrial development- Avoid also areas prone to Ideally the building should stand alone with a t-loodirg or areas used for water catchment. space Of at *Z= 10 meters between it and SUrmundIng property. Access for emergency vehicles should preferably be from two sides, but must be at least from one side. Where the 'X NO approach to the buiJduw is Likely to be restricted for any reasons, the response in an emergency should be- planned m advance. Construction materials Avoid as far as possiNe materials which are combustible and which could contribute to the spread Of a fire. Re-inforced concrete frames are preferable to unprotected steel frames. Load bearing steel members should be protected from hect by -neans of insulation. for example sprayed vermxuhte cement. Floors must be impervious to liquids and should have a smooth fudsh for ease of cleaning. Protide suaaUe accenforfire-.fighting Fire break walk shm,ld exte-nd beyond Use rW 17 uaion and buildings -xternal walls may be clad with steel or similar Fwe walls should not be breached by electrical ,heein& her thee ae no inende tocables or other conduits; where this is inevitable heeing, where these are not intended to fire spread must be avoided. e.g. by placing them >rovide fire protection agamnst external risks. Vtere such risks do exist, external walls must fire retardant sand cups. ,f sobd corstruction. Insulation matenals for the building should be ROW Lm non-combustible, e.g. mineral wool or glass fibre. internal division walls, designed to act as fire breaks, must provide at least 90 minute resistance and should extend to a height of 1 metre above the roof or have other means of preventing a fire from spreading. The materials Iest suited to combine fire resistance with physical strength and stability are concrete, solid brick or concrete blocks. To achieve the desired fire resistance reinforced car -te walls should be at least 15 cm thick and bricK walls should be at least 23 cm thick- Hollow brick is not suitable. Concrete blocks without F-r doors&a befiw t mom at ai tzme and zew reinforcing require a minimum thickness of 30 Riodicay cm in order to achieve the requisite strength and stability.Tc achieve greater structural stability Doors in fire break walls mus be of an reinforcing columns (pilasters) in the fire wall are equivalent fire resistance to the wall itself. ey recommended. The fire wall should be mu& close AutomadcallY in case of fire, e.g. with independent of the adjoining structure to avoid a a fusible link. Protect the doors from vehicle ,ollapse in the event of fire. damae and ensure that stored goods do not obstruct their closure. -R The supporting structure of the roof should be , r~ r r.made of non-combstibile Materials. Hardwood or treated wood frames are acceptable provided the I ,~. roof covering itself is non-nlammable.The roof covering of pesticide Stores may be of light- weight, frtble construction, that will readity fai in the event of a ire aind thus provide relief of smoke and keat. where the roof is of a solid cls iconstruction, smoke and heat relief must be C13P provided with either low melting panels or ventilation pwweb with an aaiab opening of a least 2% of the floor areau b Ventilation Panels must be either permanently co- -open, be able to be opened by hand, or they Saci prota a c f must open autmaicilly in casme of a fire. weiht fr1becntucinhtwllraiyfi Il.ocaton and buildings I .y relief of smoke and heat will improve Retaining the total expected volume generally visibilit of the source of the fire and retard reuires a catchment basin- Thib can be shared lateral spread. hetween varous warehouses or sections sepratd b afire wall. as it isnot likely ta Retetionmore than one section will catch tire at a time. Retention [here must be means to retain any spills and all 1 he fire-fighting water. The volume to h Where in existing warehouses t is difficult to expected in fighting a fire can be up to several provide a sufficently large catchment volume, it n' of water per ton of product stored, unless is recommended to reduce the expected volume -pecial precautions are provided (sprinklers. foam of fire fighting water e.g. by automatic aLarms or ystems. automatic alarms which ensure a quick extinguisoing systems or make provisons to cease response by the fire brigade). fire fightingonce the available capacity has been -ome retention can he achieved w t reached.(see page 54) by hunding the floor area with ramps or sills at All entry points. The sills should be at least 20 -m high with ramps inclined to a gradient of not Drainage greater than I in 10 for vehicle access. It is recommended to make preparations for raising The building should be on a site which minimizes I 1 with fitted boards or sand bags in case of the risk of contaminated water reaching water * !rgency. Additional retention volume can courses. ground water reserves or the public metiesdrainage system. It is strongly recommende that and m loing rea anvdd bytheri thved lroandin the storm water drainage system is constructed and unloading area and other paved ground i ut a hti a ovnetyb outside the warehouse. In such cases provisu bc must be made for either pumping away rain water or for ckosing existing drains in the event r if fire. Burbe artend the vorehouse and at the Site Sear and prafie re drains inside buldhngs 21 tAation and buildings Mhe Hoor of the store must not have open drains. Phis is imperative in order to prevent theB incontrolled release of spilled product or In cold clmates it may be necessary to provide lntaaunated fire fighting water. Where storm heating within the warhouse. water from the roof drains inside the building, ;he down pipes must be sealed by constructing a Heating systems should be based on steam or hot orick or concrete curb around the pipe at the water and the hear source mu be segregated (ioant where it enters the floor to a height above from the storage are3L Hot water radiators or bund level. This will also protect the pipe from steam pipes must be located so that direct damage by vehicle and pallet movements. heating of stored product cannot occur. External drainpipes should also be sealed at Portable heating units should not be Used; the gound level. wi naked flame naLw be prohibited. Ventilation he warehouse should be wewl ventilated. Where ixHetnble natural ventisation should be provided by vents located in the upper and lower walls wond in the roof. The lower vent must be above sunt level. All vents should be designed or prt. hted to prevent entry by birds or vermin. For good air circulation in warehousesbe it is recommended that a clear space of p m be maintained between the topmost products all the roof as well as between the goods and the Roof and won vents together give good ventikaion Do not hAt with openflain ?2 23 ,ocation and buildings L ,hting aghtng levels must allow for the routine inspec- ion of stored products and provide sufficient zsht for easy reading of product labels. Where warehousing operans are orly carried w)t during daytime. natural t-5 ting may be ade- -juate and may possibly be iproved by irrterting . * Iransparent panels in the roof. Artificial lighting should be installed above ;usleways and at least I meter above the topmost -tored product to prevent damage during mechanical handling operations. Lightning protection Keep emergency exits and inspection &aes free All warehouses should be fitted with a lightning awnductor. Emergency exits must be clearty marked and kept clear. They must be designed to be easily opened from the inside at all times. They should Emergency exits preferably be provided with panic bars. Exits other than the main doors must be available for emergency purposes. These should Other accommodation be positioned not more than 30 in from anywhere Whenever possible, offices and amenities should within the warehouse to prevent anybody being be located away from the main body of the trapped inside. warehouse. Where there are such facilities within the warehouse structure they must be segregated from the store and the construction should be ONIT designed to provide at least one hour fire N 0 resistance. A means of exit other than via the warehouse must be provided. Where smoking is allowed in office or amenity rooms, metal or glass ashtrays must be provided and these must be routinely emptied in a safe manner. Don't empty ashtrays into waste paper bins! This has been a frequent, yet obvious and common source of fires. 25 Warehouse management rTehoRse I H gelRel. Responsibility for separate parts of the operation may be delegated to qualied subordinates, but each of them must clearly understand what he is Responsibilities responsible for. rhe overall responsibility for a warehouse or Seuity -tore lies with the store manager. He must understand that he is personally responsible for- With arson accounting for a significant number of warehouse fires, securing the warehouse or store is of the utmost importance. - The szfe handling of products into and out of the store and the maintenance of records Security arrangements must be made to prevent relating to such movements. unauthorized entry to the warehouse: - The occupational health and safety of the - During working hours by limiting access via a opesational staff. controlled entry. - The training of staff and personnel. - During off-duty hours by locking doors and - The maintenance of suitable storage windows in the warehouse and in adjoining conditions. offices. - The protection of the environment. - In large warehouses it is recommended to - -e planning of emergency procedures. include intruder alarms, if response by security .ire prevention and contact with authorities. personnel is reasonably quick. Gates Entry gates should be limited to the minimum required for proper operation. However, there SECURITY should be access from at least two sides in case of fire or other emergency. Site The site should be surrounded by a secure wall or fence. Where the wall of the warehouse forms a boundary wall, care must be t: -en to ensure that entry cannot be gained via veatilation openings, via the roof or via adjacent buildings. V All external walls must be kept clear of stored pallets and other combustible materials, which S-. could provide ready fuel to potential arsonists. . Windows If alternative means of ventilation and lighting are provided, it is better not to have windows at all. if they are present, they should be positioned high, he uearehouseman 's responsibilities barred against unauthorized entry and shaded. 29 Warehouse management Keys Keys to the warehouse should be .ocated in the -ffice or guard house out of view, but property labelled and accessible in case of an emergency. Control of access during off-duty hours et 0-5~ Fire and environmental protection What to do when a fire is discovered Clean-up after a fire I. Sound the alarm l9cally or send a co-worker to During clean-up operations great care must be do so. taken to ensure adequate personal protection and k. Ik sure the fire brigade is called quickly; in to prevent environmental pollution. The the meantime try if) lirt the fire from following actions should be taken: -preadmst to other lkwanons. :sradn tf YthU loaios . Pos wann signs and rope or close-off the 3. If you think you can deal with the small fire contaminated burned-OUt area and water yourself. use the nearest available u-ofr' area to prevent unauthorized entry. extnguisher. J possible, prevent further spread of -1. If assistance is required, DO NOT DFAY. contamination by ri by bunding or coveri Clear the area of all personnel except those the area with tarpaulins. Allow access on- actually deaing with the fire and have them personnel concerned with the clean-up. report to the assembly point. Maintain continuous supervision until clean-up Beware: is completed. Conditon1 The person in charge of the clean-up quiukly Ix-come untenable for personnel not operation must be familiar with pesticides or equipix-d with self--onained breathing else enlist the help of an expert. ->paratus. a3. Prepare a detailed plan. in cooperation with pn firergde shol 7ryotteare the local authorities. include arrangements to uponensure that only materals that a proven to I. Only professional fire fighters equipped be harmless are transferred to non-company with self-contained breathing apparatus controlled o-erators, like scrap-dealers. may enter the fire area. Disposal can be made easier where sorting of 7. Anyone exposed to fumes or smoke in a the waste is possible. Notify the local Public pesticides store should be relieved of duty Health Authorities of the plan, In many cases and checked for xssible poisoning. their assistanee and cooperation can be very X. lume an smoe gvcnoff y te ~helpful, or their involvement mandatory. M.Fumes and smoke given (off by the fire must be assumed to be toxic. Be ready to 4. Provide all personnel with protective clothing keep employees upwind and prepare with inciuding rubber boots, solvent proof gloves, the iolicv how to warn residents downwind goggles and, U necessary, a suitable respirAtor of the fire to stay indoors and close all win- or mask. flows or to evacuate. St. To eatch run-off water from the fire, close 5. Prohibit smoking, eating and drinking in the sluices and drain plugs and where contkninated area. necessary, construct a barrier of earth or sand hags to contain run-off or burning liquids. area on shoes, wheels etc. Arrange means of 1O.Any incident inevitably attracts public media s wheels and boots at the pae. enquiries. Experience has shown that f 7. Store contaminated fire water until a de possible only one responsible person from the t process has been elaborated or warehouse with sufficient training should deal with such enquiries.envirnment poutio follwingactins souldbe tken Fire and envronmental protection - Absorb toxic iquds on sawdust, sand, pumce or other absorbent matenais. Do not wash any CK matenal into a waterway or sewerage system. Consider cneration as the preferred method - * of d~sposal over burial. Collect solid residues and place in tight containers. 9. Use mecharucal loaders, dump trucks, etc. to ninimze human contact with contammnated material. Avoid raising dust. Moisten or cover the load with disposab e covers if dust is a problem. Carry debns to an approved dumping area in tight metal bodied dump trucks or tight containers. Avoad overloading so that no spills will occur en-route. 1O.Ot>an professional help to sample fields and banks of ditches for analysis. if contamination with "run-off" wazer or atmospheric dropout -- has occured. The results of the analysis will Jetermie whether wells must be closed. cat- le moved. etc. I l.Carefully decontaminate tools, vehicies and c~othmg after the clean-up. 12.Document the clean-up procedure used. -4. AW Checklist fl following chekhst has been writen in sich 1 Ae m lm~c .m w.e .1 wav a1S t mltake et easv tn fill in. The answers Do ee conrm at nce e0 lyf PC..11o0C illkb(ttitt, ii prosets,,ii onder national lewidstion. c.m be I-ed ncedet) å11 111i1 Country antl hi -tilitre,s the safe Litsdlitig iiid o-c Ilie maneklakluter hf JiSlinkrisisis she pnbdti,t 1(,,ni offiei pc,,licitle-, kil '41c11 protlucl':ý III,- -,little aoi%,: mirrediviii 1.5 3 pronstile i&liikli vii&.-iiiir,igz ffie ,ale mitt vilio.na ulk I)ilirtiislfjo,ol ille,111% Ilie h> %&iiik:ii ix:,,1i,sties sr,: upplied 0f riestivides. insultiding rifloiriiiiing mks:Nc elleas on litimmi% and ihrotigh lor.ide channel, ory likal tir soleritalfonal mjikeli lite envirt>iinieiii and prekettflog acodental rystisoning irom impttsper handling-, utlttr40IIskitilf meills butro>uildllbm>, iiiejudliýg malet. all, boil alld 1,5.4 ensure that ryc%fieide, tre usett vljeefively I,lr Ilje IIIIpr,)ke- iheiir interreijfion,;hip as well a% all retýiti(lnsljipK M weell 1110M ritent of jgricultural prt)tlticii(>ji and Iii' Imman. aisittial mid fibill an(1 ;in.,. lising (ýrg,kjiisnis U114 omfon wrvi«- slie.IIIN Ihost: ellliti,!% in ffle of(111115 4,akt. rljej 1.6 The Omle i,. d%:siyitctl tcy K- u%cd, witbiti the camem oi fesposrsýiblc jor Ilie IrmvJer o( Information Lillj iljvice 141 I.irnit:Ii national law. a% a hä';k wltcrch) glýiernnbegli iulllorities. NSIII:Ids: regardisty list: irnprtl%,:m%:nl of -soricu;turýil Pratlicc-N- inellts.111,9 pitt- m;itlut,4c144r4:r,s, åho-ýe ci)gýgged in tratle and ;%ity srifi?enx ttsiwcros:J titit-tiýtli,ill iii V.IIIMIS Infres.11e11IN III render 0w produel u-veful and elleckve (tir the porp,,gc t:I.iimcti-, Ihe forni of Ilie Nmivide: as purchisttl h.% Ijssrrý Fof Ilie purpost of 111i5 CoLle: HaZord rstemg% the lik-elklititid litat 1 N,liýitie ýkill 4:aUNc '111 ;IJ%ctbt. elleel isnitir,k) under ihe coriffiliom, in -Åhich ii iý wed Attit-i, i)ik:ri,iiii,til means the biologivallv jelive parl of Ilie riesficlid, Prexot in 11 ftNrintilttti(ýti. fssit-Kriacd pc,ke ýti4itéijcg,ppit,pjl mean% a pest til.iii.INýnijlit S5-4111 11),11. in the coniext o[ the wvåtKiated cn%,irkinin,:ni and Ihe fyi>pulalioo A lit-t-rti.iisi amf III,: I>r,killtl ý4>11 of lite bals: alld use of PC3,tik:id,:s amie ,c me, d>ry % M ffit: N%( specie-., ulilizes all ýIJIIANC tcclý11i4ues 10(1 by print and eleciriiiýie metli.ss. sipos. ifisplay.. gift. tlcnlt>i),lrýitiq)ll methods m a, compatibli: i maimer u% 1-missihle aljd til,siiii:Iiii-, ffic tir woril or moulli. pess PNPIJI;biiiýlls at IC%Cls Klow litilse Caolinv ultat.- Dipopplegi Incons åt Nsticide for which M? regisocired tisej ha%i: Kelt Leplahle (1.10t,igc sir foNN probibited by final g4>vcriimeiii regulaittry jetion, or (tsr Åiii<:li all LabeJ nitiw,, Ilie written. printes.1 or giýspiti.. Mållorr (ffi, >f allmäsej reque.SIS for regisiration or equivalvot aclion (or ;111 ose-, haNC, (tir Io. 11-sv fksticitle, or Ilie intmediate corslaijser lhercof and lit,: ouiside tmiiiii tir cotvir(titniesit.il rensons. nol heen graffled vonoincir tir worapper of Ilie relail pas:Lipc III lite Nsiteitje Cortionote simpne nivans Ilie namo jis.Ogsied Io a peslicide aclive ingredient by Ihe Inlernalional Slundards Orgztniz,iii m 0w publit; by nulional standards authorifics to K- tised aK a generic tir wiit- Or private seclor or un> indi,IiJujl etig;iyed tik Ilie husioe%% tir prolyfiesury nalni: for that parlicular uctive ingredieill offly- luosjfion (sstfisolhet direell> gir (lir(>ugll an jgefil (or through iii enlily cooljolled by ost unoller contrucl with 0 of inanufisciuring a Distips,giti.skilsig nome micssins Ilie oamo under which the pestiýide is pesticide active ingredietil or Preparing Iii, formuljlion tyr produci. 6 AIlir lAtitt mieall s hlie tikerall pl$43CKNte i pr>dnakt promo1s1,1. 00 P lo meaS lh p lthe foll ill 1 tlki,l 11 1, p etudingt adverising. pfro nltit public rcl:tionls and ifirni tin cr%ies mid solj. ii usualibwn al ;BLikk? Belm,ti/ lii 1111, t diu mitsh as weil a,l disiributioi and wvling gil Iv or #i ,uierioi t,i i 911.1% I CIl t illution prior ti u' Alä,kmippi rülesi arv ianl- in oir tkn) a fod, agricultural ctminmitidii y tr annimal feeiktull Jled or apphied ud mini eanls tlie container logeihci likth Ihe p1t,1CI ri ppig 'AK,l -II1r oLme1. ianls (but M4 1is n 1k11J Io) ik s. used lo carry pesticide producss vi. iholesale or relta distribun 0,1thOns; tarme r ouIIpS; L-mi/ens organi/tionIs, nlronmnt.. cont- o usr) sumerT 1nd he5411h ra4 Mlnit btn1 aw1i labiur uia>l J'e.äöde- r ilans uny sustiantc ur mturc of subslances intended process whKr'a 11h:f c res11:F ipo;wh>l: natiollal lor preventing. dcstroying or controfling iny pNst, including ecCtors gcrrmetnt muthorit) upproves the s.dl and use of a isticide of hiuman >or uninal discus,. uiwinted secivs of plails or hinimal folluming i, es,oluition t4 compreh ise sienlic dtl demon. cauising harm dtring tr otherwist ierfering with the produstion, strmuing tit ithe produc i eelie for the piirpo,-s intendd .id proccsing, slrage. Iransport, or marketing of toad, igriculhir:il no0t undul batardous to htum tior animal leihei or ohe cis irinijimt clnlmtdities, wood und wood producis or animal LedNitiffs. t>r which may he adminiicred to uninml, kar te coittrol tif insekis, fflteiun' meI tie tranler of P'Nticjde Iri j15 cometiiwl arichnlsids or other ps in oir on thlcil bodmes. 1The term inlides pacLkagc inlio an otler. usual11 smaller, Conainler (or suhsqtuelnt substunces intended for tise us u platnt-grtiwti regulator, dettiiham,s. desiecunt, ur agent for thinning frit or presenting the premature fall 44 fruit, and subystionces appfied io erops cither before ur ;iter Remlue neans in) sp:cihicd hubtjnces in food. agrieuhuril Iom. hurvest ty proltct lie cmnmodiy fromn dvivrioramtii during storage moditics, ur aninial feed resulting from I e use n( a isesticide. The and ltaslpo>rt. ierm includes im> deriatives uf ( pasticitd, yutlu j % conversion prildoets, mctabojliict, re,citon prodtuctbstid impurstivs tonyideredi Vevit de, induisiry means ail those neI/tions and indi%idual w be of toxiological sigiilleaince I lhe lermi "pesticid: rcstitg" engaged in manuf;jetiurigsu, formulafing or Iarketinig Nsticides and incluides residucs from unknot>wn 3or unmaviiduble! sources (e g eivi. pesticide producs. rn>timel.aii as wkell wz known tise, (if tie khenmical. eatd eisn hiiiioi meuns any laws ur regulations introduced It, Rtiopns,l>lt imihorit'y me nwans tc gOtrtissi( igency >r agm.ics regulute the mitnufacture. marketing. storage, iablbng, packaging responsihle for regulating ihe manufacoure. dIstrihutlon or use of und use of pesficides in iheir qualituie, qliintitamtive sid environ- ,pec%iidtes and ntsre generallk (r itpleninituig Niticide legislaii>n, memuld uspc:ts. RijÅ nw,n iihe esxfpected (requene5 til untdeIraile ellec5 of expt. Poifill mean.s u hubslance tat cat cause dislurbance of siruiture sure to tie plesticide. or function, leading sto injury or death wlin absorbed in relatively small amounts by human beings, pluns or nimils. se erelyN remrå red a limiled ban ivalls pe>sIdc (or whikh virtuaily all registered uses bise been profihibted by 1ia goveris. Poismning means occurrenuce of damage or diblurbance caused by ment regulatory action hut cerlain specile registcfcd use or uses a poison, and includes inftieutin. remain uuthorj?vd. -8 .9-. Inri, pall ict) i dde .l .dqu.se quatt), i.d. .uli5 mints lte capacita of a chemicitl to day hurni or produsce inijur. to Iblied as appro>priule for che lpc ific I.Iki.. a living rg sn nm k o her thian m echan iIn m eatns. 3 4 2 pa> speialI uiim,nsin ss lormit,is. Ipreelaul.s. paciktginly Tretdir ncans manktne ng.igd in trade. tcluding expn, Import, id Låhelig mek order 1i< reducc I.J.rd to uscrs. lo tie maxtimulm fkrnilason atnd dmsniesti di\srihntioni cativn pLI"ible consiistt with thi clicttle ltuintiintg oi the pepldlide ,n the parlicular i.ircunmstancs in whicit IN to bx: usvd; 1v potteIIrPInhmbothe the s.ominattioni sf ulf f.scss irs omhed in the use of a pcsicide. iscluding the concentration of alcike ingredient 3 4.3 plo%idc. v 1h c.4i packjg al 1111011k.mn.1Iiimi mnd in the preparation hcng ;ipplicd. rate of appiclkan. time of Ircat. iiistrut.ti ins at j form and baniuuguag a4deq uaItC to ensure sacf utid ient. nimbei of t rettmient-. tisa c4 adljuvtis and methods and 'lfctt' kl,. siteb f upphtioisn which dtermie thie 4uiantitk dapplied. tinung t treltment and interval hefore hart,c. etc 3 4.4 retamin in aclive interciti in following Iteir plodu.11 to th ull);ji csumr. kceping tr.ck of major uses ;uid the occurrnct, h-r1. s .4. flewiittar sisinuk-c ltal anky problems itrihing in the aulual use of their producl u n Aasis (tr determining the nced for chunges in labiKling. directions 3or ue. packaging. formulation or product nailailit> (inve~rntnt-a, hmec (11i oalerall rchNlonsihilily and should take the specific powers to regulate lhe distribution und use of pesticide% 3.5 P Åhosc handling mid appicalion require should adierc to the provisiotts olhfrofic cliici this Code is tt standard for #he masnufacture. distribution and advertisinti uf pe,,ticides. p;articulurl .in etsuntric% licking appro- pritelegsltio ad dvior eviey3.6 Njlson.l and intiertionai>i.l tkigm/itallnsl.game. mid priåte k-gl~i!iiit>> and asdvisort, service.. psstide intdustries should takt action in coirdinait,d effors sis 3.3 Gvcrnment, il C-Amrting couinti should help lo the catini ifissemilate eductionut materials lif all $ pes ii plsudile Users. p b.diecly trteir pe id ndusie o:n. mfarnirs organiiaitious. urriviltival wrkir mlin atd xef.Kible. dircelly sir .Ihrouph flicir pesticida: indusifics. to: trother intviested partie. Similarly. lfectced partics siuld scack ind 3.3. 1 prside tech nicalu asistance Io othert ciiousnesr, p i unsdrstunud eductiinial malvrials berfore u,6 ipeslitiL.. a;id shokild thosc with shoringes of tcchnical expertise. in the ussssment of hi lnow roper procedure. relevant datu on pesticides, including those provided by industry 3.7 G huld ullocte high priori> and u c te- >slems ;nd the use of såfe. eflicivn. cost-e tv opplitalsoin tices in pealicde nanagemtent. c%pcciuilji in countrics without legis- rmthiuod l'ublie-ctor gitups wnd itieru.irnisnattl orfiiiations lution or mans of implermentsg retol.asts: Should ui.ti.el suppor' zuch actiise!. - lut --. Il 39 istel natinilal org.lniiniii ihoul pri i io% ide iiiiriation> > l . ponije ad\li ic .mi etmsIiiIte is r ng hiig, a. -i tf m etic allticde and give gid,ine.C on methods cif albsis fitr.ivil rejel.In anv11h ticl work Formuarsholilj ,ii.smk NUpp,r tli11 Ilie pr ilo n at crierm dI..aments l tmee, mraimlig s knins Gt ior i ..14 Ii i r110m/.d im. the deselopment of reminc l pesis 4 , 7 mj m lesidtie in.AS priOr 1 m'.ji:ig ni %kid. milh ht pesticides can be a major prohlen Hicrefore, g[Oernmls, -i imdehies sknt good 41n,sl)lica1 pras.141e (.5 nd on iis re,1.1114 industry. natimal iiisiituli, iltrnatiim anl trgan)i/Jiionis and pubie- data (6, 71 m order hi prottide a bss% (or CtMbislnMS lplpft:.- %eclor groups should coll$Nr.fite m1 de elopinlg strateges wlhilh ti \mmum retkJte imiis hIRI.sp prolong tlie useful lie oi valluable pestia:des amd rvdue lik adi_'e elets of the developniest of resislant spcecs 4.2 E is countr5 should p»cs> or ha%e a.cN to ijilålies to verif> and exerc, s control iver the qu;ahi of pecdes olfered .fr salv, to c-tjblväh the quntit> of the acise ingredient of frft1- 4. lin.me9 INi idv ingredten5 and Ilie suitaihilit of their formultion (81 4.1 Pes-,ticitte niiimnuficturer% are exjekceJ to: 4.3 'inimational iorg.aii/altiiis and ofter iiteresWd bodies should, ailhm mvuilabt resurces. eonsider assisiing in thv esiabhshn)ej)t S1 I entiure that vct peis de and pe.siskde product m adequ.0. of mlnkiuaal l Taoane in petiide.-impaf,iing .uniwes. cifher on Ii wnd evfecivcl> test,ed b> well-recoignited procdure.. anod ic, a cimutsr ot n i mufilateral regitsnål ts. thes, ab,tr;itiries mnetods so as io lull evalu,ie it, sifet. eficate 12 and late 35 shiuld be c.ule 4 carrfmg ouit produc lnd r,idue am.dti and with regard Io the various anticipited ciiditioiiis im regiosi or should h1.114e adequate suppies of assaill Ni,i tandihr, k sbem couintries of uSe; aid reagelo- 4 1.2. ensure that such ests are ciicid,ted in aIcce>rd.sicv wIth 4.4 11,pr1ng goternimenls .md iern.'in Ml osrganiiai>s must tiound scientifit procedur% amid gomd aboratory practice <4 the plj5 an ulive roje in assting deselopimg counres m traing data produced by sict test., whent evaltialed b> etmpetent experls, petonnel in lie interpretition aid evauio.iion of tes i musi be vapahle of showing whelher Ilie product can be handled -nd used safely wiltout unaIcept:ible ha/ard to human health, 4,5 lIduSiry nd governmns should comiidbor.i i i onduomg plants, animals, wildlife and tbc environmnt <3h pos.regisirintion surveillance or monitoring sitdies wo dtieiniie Ilie 4.1.3 make iv.iiable copivs or sumnmrics o[ the original rvferie 0f such tests for assessment b% responsible government authorities in all euintries where the pe.sicide is it be oltered for sale. Evalkia. Ariit & 5 Redm in hlvalih o:ar lion of the data should he referred to qu:ilifitd experh; 5,1 Giserniment w hich huse not amlremdy do'ne si shlould 4.1.4 lake care to see that lie proposed use pattern, label ceaims und direetions, pickages, technival literasture and adveriising Iruly .5 11 iniplement å pe.siiide registra.inon .ikt iontrol Nkcwe .11o6ng rect the KluIcomC < the'e scientific tess and mfssments: the lines set out in Arfiele 6K 4.1.5 provide, at the requesi tig a countr> adkice tll niethod -5 l 2 del ule. mid frem Oc ie s ine retiew. lie d to b for the anulysis of iny active ingredient of formulation that Ihey marketed in iheir couunir>. fheir accepiahle ces and thcir a. nunuf;icturc. and provide the necessary annlytical standards: ability to each segment of the public; 12 13 5 1 pr tide gisidanioc tld ituirons Ilir the le.metnt il k 'i .5 t tji a s k d 11 .110 m ti 1 .t i( ett-ed peslicide psoisinflg (tsr flhcir boc heallh wotrkers. phieticiifi e3SJI ikpened h> shllldren> paieti,yf ttmre wKsic oe lnd h1spilal stuIff USC pboJusums: 5.1 4 eab ;natinal oir resiinll poisu%olung mllfornl.lll>.md in2. u,inl cilar and comciwe LiIming; cjmtrol centres at strategie locations to provide immedialc guidanc ten lirst aid and medical treatnment. accessible at all limes by tele. 5 2 3 hat sale, and recall produels. wten safe use J-, 11i sv,m plhonte or radio. Governmncits should collect reliable informauu rsssble unider in5 use direclions o restrktioih Auout tie health aspejts of peslicides. Suitably triied Neople wth iidequat re-,ources must be made available to ensure ihal 5.3 G.oernmemt and industrs shotuld furlher reducc hlards b> accurate inforromaion is coNeced; making prm)%isi4n for safe storage and disposal o pestic:idcs and comniners t both warehusute und farm level. and thrtuughs prwper 5.1.5 keep extension und advibory services. as weil js farmer- sitiig ind cindroul of wastes from lormulating plau% organizalions, udequalely infoormed iboui the runge of pcsticide prodtucis avilable for use in coch areu; 5.4 To aviid unjusulied confusion und alarm among the public. publiv-sctor groups should consider all aviiable facs and ity iw 5.1.6 ensure. wift the cpoperatioun of4 industry, that where pessi- distinguiih helween major dillerences in level< f fsk amnmg psi, cides are avgoilable ihrough outlets which ulso deal m food. medi- eides aid 4s1es cincs, other products for internal consumption or sofpical applicition. or clohing. they ure physically we.grcgated from other merchandise, 5.5 lin estabhlishing produvcion fachles m devstloupmig touixsio:c, sw as o avoid sny possibilit> osf contamnation or of misulen nanufacturerN and goternmenl,i shoud coqpNiate i: idetity. Where upprofpriite. the> shuld be priule to the naturs of tlie nuufaLluring oprations art the huards instlved; 5.2 Even where u ?untrtul schem is in operaltion, uudustry should: 5,5 2 -Le all neces.ary precautio5ns to pric the healis and 5.2.1 cooperate in the periodic rcasscssnment of the pesticides which safl. vf operatives., b>standers und the environmens; tre marketed and in providing the poison control centre% stid 5.5n3 dnuintim quality-absuricc pruwedufcs t) insure litt tl tillser medical pruclitioners with informafioun utmus producis manufactured comply to the relevknt stundardi tf purity. 5.2.2 mitake every reasoiabil elfor to reduce hazard b>: pct«ormance. btability and Safty. ..2.2.1 nuking les toxic formulations avlutble. bore 14 b ri,lottri nd n /il esmir-, ltrtit 52.2.2 introducing priducis in reudy-to:us pcukages ind other- . G shuhl: wise develo>ping safer and more efficient methods of uppficaftio; 6.1,1 tke aciton to ijgtoduce the necessury lcgol.on for the 5.2.2.. using containers Ilat are iff atructivt for subsequent regulalion. including registrution. of peicides and make prick 4.,itiltni-. leicks o[ lilera%:5. clmtiali, stg rujle% and regu4laionsii on the avilh i ( of ,eti%:ides Thsese ond iltins anud ar ai labil i l o (' d. .phtion u mnt tshti. huld he viktmpatible with exishting leIs,e of lraininig tid experfise 6.,12 Ilik: t Iik eslahltslk Nsl&'.sdc le lI di .:1f.t svjicme> slnd illit.i. in h.mdiig pestlides on the patt of flh Inlended isters The 6trutL ir e tillder w ielb pod L e Can K reg ist er d prn or i do line P.tfrn etcfr, 4n wIlichl Slich deciions are based var) w% ide anid pmust be left i lie diNvrelion okf cach goverrntnme. heartg in mind use and, accordingl). etuire tial eac p.slicide pr(oduc is registered the situaltiont prc:tiling Int the country. under she las or regulationis of the counmitr> u us before ii can be made availahle $here: 7,2 fn additiotn. gmernmenl- should take note o( itid. wheic all. propriale, (killow the WHO classifications o[ peticides by hazard I D) 6.1.3 prowecl Ile proprietary right£ to usc oft data; Unl asodte the h.iard C1ass with %cll.rcou1gntited luartd s>mbok as 1h2 KIsIS ror their own regilatory mcasures it 1tmY evenl. 6.1.4 collei and record data ei tbe acttul iimit, formulation Ihe lpe tof formrtilaioin and melhsoj 44 applie.stion shJ1,111 he K aken isnd use of petiides it each country in kider to aness Ilhe ICItet intio zeckkunti in detrtnining the rkk and degrec of resriction appio. of iny poessib lectå on umman heahls or the envir>inmenhl, ankl pra e t > 1 th% produel io fillow trend in use lesel for ciOnomic und otler pufrpoise. 7,3 wo miielthtth ot rcs,lrictinig .1valilubiiily can he v\veised b5 6,2 The pesticides industry slould: tle rcsptiwnsihl uultorily: nol regktering a proici;tkr . as a cnitidi. tin of resistri lion, restritiing tie tt ataihl ily to veris groljps 6.2.1 provide uti tbjeciive apprisal logetlher with the ncncyf) of users in 1ec14rdance with nmtional assessnients of hItards nolved supporting data on cacht produci; inI tIe use of lt product in the parfletlar cosuttry 6.2.2 ctsUre fiti te active ingredient and other ingredients otf 7.4 All [xoNicidei made ;siilable o tie g,icral publi simuilj le pecsticide preparutions markeecd corrcspond in identity, qualit). packaged ittd ltbkled in ja manner whih is cnsistent with Ilie purity and compositim to the substunces tslted. evaluted and FAO guidelines on pickaging 112> and lb-iing (1.3) and with cleured for t>xicolgical and environmental acceptmbilit; ippitpriitke national regulations. 6.2.3 ettsure ital ctise ingredients und formulated producis for 7.4 Prolthiitmj tie impfritnl. sile änJ purchsic of min ex. pesticides for which internatioal specifications have been developed tremely tomic product may te desirahle if otilrol mniestir or good conform with he apecilIcutions of FAO 48), where iniended fkr ma•rkeinv prcliiNcs are insuflicient toi niisuore thtia thc produkit cal use in agriculture; and with WHO pesticide 4kpecificatiins )t. he used safely. lltwvr, this is a mait,'r (dr det..1,1o in sli where intended (tr use in public heah;llis iglla of tafiotal 4»ircmantll%l,ttlces. 6.2.4 verify Ilie quality and purity of the pesticides olfered for -srit h- I>isiributioinpi imnd irad.c 6.2.5 when problems occur, kolunitrily toke corrective action' 8.1 Industr> shituld: and when requested by governments, help find solutions to diffi- culltics. 8 1.1 test al) pesticide products lo evalumte såfety itilh regard to -16 .17 lOaii heallh and the eniirtnmnc t pi ior to markeuig, a prguded practe aid to sia ilrate wth Itiiti s fi ,ta(ip1uig out al. for in Artiele 4, and ciure that all peseicide products are likeeskiN malpracitick within the indutry; iid,qu;ately tesied Lir effieac) ad stabilily and Vrop t 'lerianutce. under prcualiires hiat wii predict perf>rm».iice undur the condtin s m.1 7 refgim tat the reoidi u a pemitde b i iii. iuactuier preailing in the region wkhere the product ý tik he tNed. belore and distributor may be desiriable when laced wfith .a eide they are oftered thfere for sade; wthih repre-enis an unacceptable himard tt human ait .umal ialh and the enuirtnment when uscJ u, recunended, and W 1.2 milimet the resutt% i ail stuh se-t.s to lite t responsileehor cpale accordingll; aitlhortity for independetit cialuation and upproval before the pr,d. ucs enter trade elannels in that country: 8 l 8 ndeavtiiur to en-ure that pe%ticidcs are rid,d by and purchsed Iron reput.ible traders,. who 31h1u1l1 pieleibihi 11e men. 8.1.3 iakc all ucces,arj .teps its enure that resit,;idb cntemig Krs ofi a oecolgýu/ed trade rgainiation, interational trade conforn to relevant FAO. 181, W1o0 0i tr equivalent specilications for composition and quailS (ilthere stili 8 l9 sce that persom.nihed m the 5me ol any i:1ptitl .ie speifilication-s have been dev,eped) and to the principles enhotfed trained tdequatel) tIo enurc that Ilhey are capmble of pooksding in pertinen FAO guidelites. and in rises und regulations on clicä- the hu er wth udiie <'n rwle am efficisit use. Ikation nd packaging, marketing, labelling and dtocimentititon laid down by - international trgani.atio%n cencerned with eode, of 8 l 10 proside a alige of pac Så/eN anld kle ila tre pro- transort ICAO, IMO. RID and 1AT \ in particular priate for the nceds of smal(ctale formers .mtd ter Itcil itser to awid liindling haards and the risk that reellcrs soll rep;uilg b 14 undertake to see that estreides which aare m.i;iuliciured lor producis emo uaelteid or nappropri.ae cowainer, export are subject to the samle qui#iiy requirements and standards us those iepplied b the manufacuturer to csstmpiarahle domeuic g.2 Goernients aid respolmhe iauthoritie, sh11ocuL . tak ( the produes; neceisary regulator> mcasurcs to prohihil Ilie repmtk.iging. de. canting air dispensing of any pesticide in ftod tsr beselae coulaiinier 8.1.5 e fbre that pesticides manuacturej (or formulted b) .1 and houlti rigidi) ciforce puniive mexslires th;t clien 1984. ø5. I,iimned notipcnon urr fee bemed er 'ere mtd t hem ietl, Nailbi. UNFP. 1984. 16. Guidelift" 14r the ege n o/ ,jate ,e%'etulk pr-111 i?eN mia'i i L ,.nj tl krmps. Ronme. A . \985. - 28 - GUIDELINES ON RETAIL DISTRIBUTION OF PESTICIDES WITH PARTICULAR'REFERENCE TO STORAGE AND HANDLING AT THE POINT OF SUPPLY TO USERS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS GUIDELINES ON RETAIL DISTRIBUTION OF PESTICIDES WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO STORAGE AND HANDLING AT THE POINT OF SUPPLY TO USERS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome - October 1988 ( i) * *rhBI.E OF CONTENTS Page 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. GENERAL PRECAUTIONS/REOUIREMENTS 1 2.1 Safety and first-aid equipment 1 2.2 Procedure for cleaning up spills 2 2.3 Decontamination of spill area 2 3. SALE AND STORAGE 3 3.1 Separation from food, medicine 3 3.2 Container 3 3.3 Age for purchase 3 3.4 Rules/code 3 3.5 Fire fighting equipment 3 3.6 Warning notice 4 3.7 Security 4 3.8 Rotation of stock 4 3.9 Structure of premises 4 3.10 Records 5 3.11 Damaged containers 5 3.12 Leakage and spillage 5 3.13 Stacking 5 3.14 General storage conditions 5 4. STORAGE IN GODOWNS 6 4.1 Conditions 6 4.2 Location 6 4.3 Structure of premises 6 4.4 Separation 7 4.5 Records 7 4.6 First-Aid 7 4.7 Inspection 7 5. TRANSPORTATION 7 5.1 General Advice 7 5.2 Steps to Prevent Leaks or Spills 8 5.3 Emergency Response 8 ANNEX I Record of Pesticides in Godowns 9 1. INIOXJCT ION Pesticides may pose risks to man and his environment from their stage of manufacture until they are used, disposed of safely or completely degraded. One source of risk is during storage and handling at the point of supply to users. The risks may be even greater in developing countries which usually lack the infrastructure and suitably trained personnel for their safe handling during the stage of distribution. In most instances a pesticide may be imported from the country of origin and transported by sea, then by road or rail to the warehouse. This may be followed by transport by road to major distributors in the country who in turn send them to retailers or dealers mst of whom may be situated in rural areas. The pesticide may be stored under rather varying conditions which could adversely affect its physical and chemical properties and damage the packaging by the time the end-user receives it. Thus pesticides must be suitably packaged to withstand the rigours of transportation, loading, unloading and storage at various points from the manufacturing or packaging premises until supplied to the user. It must also be recognized that pesticides can pose danger to man and his environment through spillage directly on persons handling them, contamination of food and other articles, or leakage into the environment during the various stages of transportation, loading, unloading and storage. It is therefore imperative that due care be exercised to minimize the deleterious effects of the pesticide to man and his environment, and also to ensure that the quality of the pesticide remains unchanged within acceptable limits until it is used. Note: "Shop' and "store" refer to premises of retail outlets where pesticides are generally sold directly to farmers. It is customary for retailers to have a little store either within the premises or very close to it for storing pesticides. 'Godown' or "warehouse" refers to a large store where relatively large quantities of pesticides may be stored usually by importers, manufacturers, formulators, packers or wholesalers. 2. GENERAL PP_-CALfIONS/REQUIREMENTS The precautions for handling and use of a chemical should be read carefully with respect to each active ingredient as stated on the label. Warnings and cautionary statements should be strictly observed, and first- aid measures noted before handling. 2.1 Safety end first-aid equipment All necessary safety, first-aid and rescue equipment and supplies which may be required, should be available and readily accessible before handling a pesticide. Depending on the hazard of the material being handled, such necessary supplies may include specific or all-purpose gas masks; respirators; goggles or face shields for eye and face protection; water-proof and impervious -2* complete outer clothing, including gloves, boots, hat and long- sleeved, buttoned coat or suit completely covering the worker; adequate emergency water supply for washing off corrosive or toxic materials getting on the skin; and facilities for washing eyes such as fixed or portable eye-wash fountains. 2.2 Procedure for cleaning up spills Pesticide spillage may be cleaned up in the following way: 2.2.1 Spilled dusts and powders Cover dust or powder spills with double their volume of absorbent material such as sand, soil or sawdust. Carefully sweep up pesticide and absorbent material, using a broom, into a disposable container. Finally burn or bury the broom and container at least 0.5 metres (18 inches) deep. 2.2.2 Spilled liquids Cover liquid spills with an inert absorbant such as sand, soil or sawdust. After the liquid has been absorbed, carefully sweep it up using a broom, into a disposable container. Burn or bury the container and broom at least 0.5 metres (about 20 inches) deep. 2.3 Decontamination of spill area A spill area may be decontaminated in one of the following ways (for specific directions, seek the advice of the manufacturers regarding their product): Sprinkle the area with hydrated lime or soda ash (1 handful/0.1 sq. metre), and using a hose or sprinkling can, dampen it slightly; rope off the area overnight. Repeat the procedure if necessary. Absorb the scrubbing liquid in clay or similar material, place in a disposable container and burn or bury at least 0.5 metre (20 inches) deep, or cover the contaminated surface with undiluted household bleach and scrub it with long-handled brushes for at least half an hour. Avoid breathing vapours from this process. Take up the scrubbing liquid with absorbent clay or similar material; repeat the entire clean-up procedure, and allow the treated area to dry. Dispose of the contaminated absorbent and brushes by burning them in a disposable container or burying them at least 0.5 metre (20 inches) deep. Large spillages or leakages in storage warehouses, sales display rooms, docksides, shipholds, etc., should be reported to the appropriate authorities immediately (e.g., Public Health or Port Authorities). Spillages or leaks of chemical containers in sales or display rooms should be reported immediately to the management for necessary action such as cordoning off, cleaning up and decontamination of the area. If any spillage has contaminated crops, waterways or ditches, the appropriate authority should be alerted. Spillage should be prevented from spreading with a barrier of the most suitable available material, e.g., sand or earth. Instructions should be given not to use the contaminated crop or water. 3- *3. SALE AND STORAGE 3.1 Separation from food, medicine Pesticides must not be sold in shops which also sell food, drinks or medicine for human or animal consumption, unless there is a permanent physical partition between these products and the pesticides. The partition must be at least 3 metres high or reach up to the ceiling, whichever is lower. Pesticides must be stored/displayed separately and away from all other materials to avoid any possibility of their contamination and confusion with other materials. Pesticides may also be stored/displayed in a locked cupboard or rack. Volatile pesticides should not be stored/displayed in restricted atmospheres, such as in air conditioned rooms. 3.2 Container A pesticide should only be sold in its original container. Never transfer a pesticide to a food or beverage container. A pesticide should not be sold if its container is cracked, rusted or damaged or if its original label is illegible. 3.3 Age for purchase A pesticide must not be sold to a minor, usually any person below 18 years of age. 3.4 Rules/Code All rules or conditions stipulated by the national government must be adhered to. The PAO *International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides" should be strictly observed. 3.5 Fire fighting equipment Fire fighting equipment as approved by the local Fire Department must be available within the premises where the pesticide is sold or stored. 3.6 Warning notice A notice board with the words ODANGER PESTICIDES", ONO SMOKING, EATING OR DINKINGO must be cloarly exhibited in a place that is easily visible within the premises. The background of the notice board must be white in colour while the words must be of a dark red colour. The size of the letters must be at least 10cm high. . A symbol of the skull and cross bones in black, measuring at least a * . -4- 20cm high, must also be included on the board. In addition, the statement 'NOT TO BE SOLD TO PERSONS BELOW 18 YEARS OF AGE" must be clearly displayed. Notice boards showing the requirement for the use of safety glasses, gloves and other safety devices or clothing must be exhibited in areas where such safety measures are required. 3.7 Security The pesticide store must always be locked to avoid theft and unauthorized access. Pesticides must be stored away from and out of reach of children, animals and unauthorized persons. 3.8 Rotation of stock The stock of pesticides must be rotated to avoid expiration of shelf life or if required to be stored over seasons the stock must be maintained at a reasoneble operating minimum. 3.9 Structure of premises The floor within the shop/store should be constructed with material which is impervious to water and should not crack easily. Concrete flooring may be used. The wall in the shop/store must be constructed of material which is impervious to water. If this is not feasible, the wall must be constructed of concrete to a height of at least 60cm from the floor, and other, suitable material used from then onwards up to the ceiling. The shop should be dry and well ventilated with adequate air circulation without air conditioning. There should be adequate lighting within the shop. The store must have adequate ventilation or other provisions such as exhaust fan, vents for air circulation. It is not advisable to install a central cooling system. 3.10 Records Shopkeepers are advised to keep a record of all pesticides received, stored, destroyed, or sold. (see Annex I) Pesticides which are restricted or require special precautions must be separated from other pesticides and stored under lock and key. Records of details on restricted pesticides such as date of purchase, name, address and signature of purchaser, trade name, registration number and quantity of each pesticide purchased, should be made. -5- 3.11 Damaqed containers Pesticides received in damaged containers must be kept separately and returned to the supplier or disposed of. A notice with the words "NOT FOR SALE" in the local language(s), with letters of a minimum height of 10cm, =ust be placed above these containers. The background of the notice board must be white in colour while the words must be of a dark red colour. 3.1.2 Leakage and spillage All shops must have facilities such as buckets with lime, sawdust or clay, empty containers, spade and adequate water supply for cleaning of pesticide spillage. If pesticides are spilt they must be cleaned immediately. 3.13 Stacking Pesticides should be exhibited on racks or on pallets, but they should not be stacked to a height exceeding 2.5 metres. The distance between racks must be at least 1 metre wide. If a pesticide is stacked on the floor, it must be placed on pallets. The number of packages that may be placed on the pallets would- depend on the size and nature of the packaging but the stack including the shelf must not exceed 1.3 metres high. Only one package is permitted to be placed on top of another, and each package must not be more than 1.3 metres high. The distance between the rows of pallets must be at least 1 metre wide. 3.14 General storage conditions Pesticides must not be stored in the kitchen or in the visitor's room of the premises. . Areas where pesticides are stored must be regularly inspected to ensure that the premises and pesticides are in an acceptable condition. There should be no smoking, eating or drinking within the vicinity of the pesticides. Pesticides must not be kept in a place exposed to sunlight, water or moisture as this could affect the stability of the product. Note: If a temporary store is erected in the local market, it must fulfil the general storage conditions as in Paragraph 3.14. 4. STORAGE IN GODOWNS 4.1 Conditions The conditions of the godown must be taken into account and follow rules/regulations/guidelines that may be in force locally, I -6 - including those spelt out under the eInternational Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides*. 4.2 Location The godown must be located away frcm: - Residential areas, villages or other areas where people or animals are domiciled. - Factories that manufacture or process food for humans or animals. - Water sources such as rivers, wells, canals or lakes. The godown should be located on high ground (where water does not stagnate) or in an area which is not subject to flooding. The godown should be in a place whiCKh is easily accessible to all transport vehicles including fire engines. The godown must have a fence all round and unauthorised persons should not be permitted within the premises. 4.3 Structure of premises The godown should have good air circulation. The vent must be at least 1/150 of the floor area. The temperature within the godown must not exceed 55 degrees Celsius. Exhaust fans may be installed to improve the ventilation. A sloping, concrete drain, having a miniaun depth of 15cm below the floor level of the godown, and running around the walls or in any appropriate area in the godown, must be built, to enable any pesticide spillages to be washed 4nd channelled out to a special - collecting area in order that the surrounding areas are not contaminated by such spillage or washing. A sump must be built within the godown area, connected to the concrete drain in the godown for the purpose of collecting pesticide spillage and washings flowing out from the godown. The depth of such sump must be greater than that of the concrete drain in the godown and it must have a holding capacity of at least two or three times any washings of any pesticide spillage. All electrical wiring must be concealed within conduits. 4.4 Separation If fertilizers are to be stored within the same godown, they must be separated from pesticides. 4.5 Records Godown Managers must have a system of recording the pesticides received, stored, destroyed or removed from the store. (Annex I). e * -7- 4.6 First-Aid Guidelines on first-aid treatment, and the name, address and telephone number of the person to be contacted in case of emergency, must be displayed in a conspicuous position in the godown. This information must be in the local languages normally used and easily understood in the locality. 4.7 Inspection All loading/unloading, arranging. or inspection of pesticides in the godown must be carried out jointly by at least 2 persons at any one time. S. TRANSPORTATION 5.1 General Advice Pesticides should not be shipped or transported in the same container or compartment with cargo that could become a hazard if contaminated, such as food, drugs, toys, clothing, cosmetics or household furnishings. This is particularly so with trucks transporting pesticides, fertilizers, and farm produce to or from the farm. Pesticides should nt.t be carried in passenger compartments of transport vehicles. Care must be taken to ensure that persons travelling on the same vehicle with a cargo of pesticides are not subjected to exposure to the chemicals or their vapours. Vehicle-attendants should not ride with a pesticide cargo. Vehicles transporting pesticides should carry "hazard warning or cautionary notices", prominently displayed. Pesticides should at all times during transport be kept tightly secure and covered. 5.2 Steps to Prevent Leaks or Spills Transport and handling operations should take the following steps to prevent leaks or spills: Prior to or during loading, each chemical container should be inspected for tightness of closure of seal and for any evidence of leakage around the closure, on the top, along the sides, on the bottom and under the container. Containers showing any evidence of leaks should not be loaded. If a high percentage of containers in a shipment show evidence of leakage, the entire shipment should not be loaded. Pesticide containers should be loaded into the carrier and secured inside the cargo compartment in such a way that they are held in place securely, without the possibility of damaging each other or being damaged in transit.by other cargo. -8 - In the loading and unloading of chemicals, only equipment and tools which will not damage the containers should be used. In particular, the use of hooks which may puncture or tear the containers must not be permitted. 5.3 Emergency Response All supervisory personnel involved in the loading, transporting and the unloading of chemicals should be fully informed about the toxicity and the hazard potential of the pesticide (s) they are handling. They should be provided with information on how to deal with spills of the particular pesticide(s) they are handling, and vbom to call in an emergency for medical and technical information. Personnel, especially supervisory persons, should be trained in appropriate first-aid and rescue procedures. 9- RORD OF PESTICIDeS 1r GODMS Receiving/Despatching Data received Supplier/receiver Truck number Invoice number Trade name of pesticide Registration number Quantity Note: The above records must be kept on pesticides in godowns. In addition, similar records may be kept by retailers for certain highly toxic or restricted pesticides, and it should include the name and address of the purchaser. IT SHOULD BE CLEARLY UNDERSTOOD THATTHESE GUIDELINES al ARE INTENDED TO COMPLEMENT THE REQUIREMENTS OF ANY f0r the safe bandling LOCAL AND NATIONAL LAWSfoth saeanlg AND REGULATIONS. Of pesticides during their formulation, packing, storage and transport. GIFAP Gropement Intematona al desAsoatons Natmnaies de Fabncants de Produnts Aochrmques. ts the intemrational trade assciabmon tr manufactuers ot arochemacats Its full membes are the national agrochemical aSsociabonO Austraisa. Aust Beigum. Brazil. Canada. Denmark. Feeral Repuic ot Gerrany. France. Grea Bntain. ABMPo Inda. Isae. tal Japan. the Netherlarif PatugaL Spain. Swterland. the Unted Statesand, through their pntrganation. Finiland. Norwayand Sweden. Its aSSoIate remberS are the Pesicide ASSOCabon of India (PAI). the Republc of Argenbna. the Philippines and Meco. ADDRESS: AfENUE HAMOIR 12.1180 BRUSSELS. BELGIUM. TEL- )374.59.82 TELE- 621-20. FOREWORD During unofficial consultations between represental of several Governments and members of the Internation Agrochemical industry Association(GHAP) it Asagreer the safety of waders in agrochemical fiomulation plants the unnost importance and a mate of coamon interest Against this backgound, GilP took the initiative t dra ip guidelines on agrochemical kxmulaton pta^ 7 would be particularly relevant to Govert:meru & & National Agrochemical Associations. It was i , guidelines should be comprehensive and als - occupational health industrial hygiene and e- ln Protection AWoing Group consisting of a rmb--- with extensive and worl-wide experience of manutun agrochemical iormuilations was given the task of prepan required guidelines. From the outset it was agreed that t scpe shouid cover all aspects of the activities carr ot an agrochemical ormulation plant Le. formulating pack storage and transport. )bu will find that this booklet which the Woring Gr has produced is easy to use and understand It also coat simple but comprehensive check-list to help managers. others to audit fiormuation plant activities. I hope that these guidelines will be widely used anW r mndatn implemented. If this is done, a major advance will be made in agrrchemical formulation plan over the world in improving the standards of safety hygi and environmental protection. . -La PRES, X ~ONT ENTS COsNTS INTRODUCTMD General PRODUCT DATA SKEETS LOCATION, SITE & BUT~.LrIGS MIENE, EA TH, AETY & ZIMaGRMCYPROCEDURES SP.IL A E '& WASTE DISPOSAL Formulation & Packing PACIT.rTIE ORMULATION & FI.LING EQ1UMENT OPEK ATIONAL PEOCEDURES "æStorage & Transport a 'PM CATIeAL-fisCEDURES "S |Checklist -Pes6cides" is the general name used to coyer the gr of chemical products that inchudes insecticides acaricide moHsciide,rodenticides., nernaticides, adil&cs furgicldes and herbicides. Few pesticides are absolutely specific to their tart many insecticides, for instance. can be toxic to man 'm animats and wild life- many herbicides can dam- crops and other vegetation; and many hingicif to harmless fuWgi and so on. Farmers and others who atually apply these pro&c handle comparatively small amounts at any one time. Eve they are always warned to be on their guard wheneverit i necessary Howevm during the iormulation and distrmt stages, much larger quantities are handled. and specia procedures and precautions must be adopted if hazards z be adequately contained. This means that the siting. desgn, maintenance, organisation and running of ormulation, packing. stoag transport operations must be planned and managed witt utmost care. These Guidelines show how this can be achieved.ll word 'must is used to indicate minimum standards acceptable. and the words'shouId* and recommended indicate proven good practices.To help managers and o carry out effective 'self-audits' on all these points.a chec give in Section Four at the back of this booklet. Handling pesticides can invohe an element of ris. I managers and their staff follow the Guidelines, tha etem will be reduced to its minimum. NOTE:To. f C3AYO..ut storagtanIporthae ftm canfinedinsecone;Seon1 deas with itsspecific in and Secti40MTV deswth *vitrnsspcfic1sagttransport. o mc rmybeasedseparatelywithSectian one. UGeseral HAZARDS 1 Intoxication 2 Fire 3 Environmental contamination RlODUCT DMA SEWS LOCTIO,X SE UT S 1 Location 2 Site layout 3 Buildings :~~ Mss: LL:s 29: SAFETY & 1 Occupational health &first aid 2 Equipment -Personal protectie cothingand equipmert - Emergencyequipment -Amenties -Fwe-ighting equipment -signs 3 Fire and evacuation procedures 4 Security 5 Safety and security adviser DISPOSAL Tm General H ATT W RA DSW Inhalation is one of the fastest ways of being p, ne H AT fIDSH B This is because the ines. vapours and dust pass quidy into the bloodstam from the lungs. Ibe handling of many pesticides can be potentially hazardous. especially if equipxent is poorly designed or ixorv maintained. or if operating practices are not up to The principal hazards are intoxcation (poisoning) fire and envronmental contamnation. 1. Intoxication Fnes.vapmus quickly into theb .ri Intoxication can be caused by pesticide absorption the lungs. through the skin. by inhalation of pesticide fumes or dust. or. less commonly by actual ingestion of pesticide. Ingesbion is the least commn cause of acader poisoning When it does happen, it is usmaly because people have taken food and drink into a wodkig area or have been smoking when ther hands are contarriatec Skin is no Daner to pestiodes. Sin contact is the most common cause of poisoning. It is more common than it need be. partly because people are often not aware that they hav been in coa with pesticide (perhaps through damnaged or Untrnall soiled clotxhig) and so do not take remedial action, and partly Noednft" and inn afem because. even when people are aware of contact. they think they ae only at risk if tei sin is broken. In fact.m yre pesticides, in either liquid or powder form. will pass readily Ue many dvm*cals, some pesticiks and pesticii through healthy unbroken skin into the bloodstrin (the ingredien are a fire risk Othrs can become so if they eys and the area around the genmals. are particularly decpos . Wen most wareh es cay labge qtatit product the coaisequees of tire can be seveoey General Environmental contamination RESPONSIBILITY The most Weky rsk to the environment wiH cme trom he accidental discharge of products. There is a part~Ular The senior manager of a ormulation, packing and langer foowing a fire, when contamated fire-fighting stoae operation must understand that be is personaly vater may ood into drains and waterways with damaging responsible for each of the lowing nsequences e occupational heakth of ts Peanent and contracte - nstafd >- teidui& hyg e and sety of his ste, p and operations the proecion of the environment. Responsiiit for separate parts of the operation ma- be delegated to quaified subordinates. but each of them must cleary understand what he is responsible for. PESTI DE PESf D E The plant manage's responsibilities General PRODUCT DATA LOCATIONSITE SHEETS AND BUILDINGS &nenachf t an s 1. Location iaäred~t have th~ own spei~ propertmesthe suppber ~' rv ~ s~ eWae ,m rust provide a Product a (PDS)fr p ~ IdeaRy a plant or warehouse should be k ated away M m ~ t Te& PS d ~ m ~ a ~ tn po e' o from drs and fro b and d c ~ dm a ta ~ damt and m ~ o s prec ua s m be t ~ oo de am b esse a r handlng,t storagec ~bomn te ~ tm a ont mi ~ inen ~niti " senad~ cea~ngdecenmi=~on&d d~oa *P*o""'i"'eee is"nichom×fi*dm mionanontodoctor: 2. Site layout efighting stuctionsurces ofadvice. When tshold pm re~uemovmen o uang packrg storing and trwnporting a spefic materials it should have sad5cient space to give hygenic w~ oreItnUxTe~nte rwork in tne uwkmg condä~nand itshc.dd adow clear access for D tas M~I beUoe&fre-ghig equipment The site and buiktngsmust be DATA SHEET XNO F-*t-md PK~__1&_hr_4~ ___-_ ___ P eaccsserre-rig,g. ____ ____ ___3. Buildings ____________ Wheewai, s arew edteysh~uid be o( ---- ~~des sign re-bekmust beoisodbicorconcret ___ad___a.lconuasw*~tructi onwibo theroo~ _ abehtsofoo one~ trDoon located inire~akwes bl ~~rni ILtIIlsI1~n j slev CL0 n General 2. Equipment - Personal protective clothing and equipment For rine wrk, the Ioowing items o( rotectw Eve Drctec t t EMWERGECY TELEPHONE Dus au, NUMBERS Pre-aranernent wth emegency sercs~a quack repn Arrangemntmust be made with alocalhospital or doctor kr immediate toieranre to be provided man emergencysuch as an acute inoratinnTø e hospital or doctor must be informed o the natin of t cbemicals '~'"ff '"pr h and tey shouk keep the neeary antidotes. kleay a pant souhav itsown first-aid entre and re untm ai"ed"U"- d"~ is n° remdnt"e, se~d NOTE: e__"nd. rm emplo s brained in first -aid proedues. vm tbg a n Emergency equipment For energency sinations,the iowing equipment Emerenshwrs andeyewah faries Funy sef.<00 - b~æn ri- NOTE: i ; "i muitytraiIinitsum / !( 7 & \.- . - ● -―솔幽 - 一！！馴黜！l- 留鯽自臘 !！〕！!！〕〕！―〕！〕〕！,！〕〕，！〕，〕！-！〕―!．〕！，·‘& ．颺，: 抽‘‘一，,, 一― ―、、。區召斤不刁！,,，、層” ，嘎！〕；罕〕｝--! ●一＿• 1 Ventilaflon -GeneW ~~ - LocW e~ (source) ventil~ -Roomvend~ - En~ =*d -.2 ~ng equipment ræINMA Ina &rrum 1 Uquids Fe/éx~ preæ~ - hx~ by~ Precýý lids Firelexc~n preca~ - Ifx~ h~ p-em~ 3 Fillingandpackingequipmeut TW RIB roz W-acilRÉ Urg R Arffi& T. I General -Sww~amiimotmw~iity -WoMng instm:6^ aM prop~ 2 ~ene and saféty 3 Formulation & filling procedure Tm Formulion& Packing Local exhaust (source) ventilation 1. Ventilation- General Ventilation Ibe buildins shouibe wefl ventited pncipally to p~ agreeabl worin condiionsOpen-sde bik~ns a (if site seurity is good) wiN aceve this naturally XNO Verfts en the I O rd @alsnw P= eg~r Loc exr venw~ato sr~i be piclat the Ysm at the local ehaner(source)ventiation is the onlyelect way ofstopping harnfl dusts and fumes from being released into the worpi~ To be eäectie. the intae t the ventitinn systemm~st be placed as cose as possib to the source of minatin Allsuchsourcesshoudd encdosed as far as possible. Room ventilation Roomvntiatinn shoud be used whereeqipmem cannot be vnated locally because of its sze.shapeor futionitisessentiathatthesourceo nt shouki be between the operator and p of extaction Roo and wall vents tigemer gnegod general and. that a ~ other opeings to the room shoukd be redx Where there are walls. dshou be p~aced in the toa roofor in the wajust beow~roofeie.swe asnearthe Emission control oor Howee rfstsystem shou notbe sedto r~Whee veä~ntianis ued control dt ourems t toxc dstsr fumes. LOCa a Nt(sorce)ventitinn ~w m be ffi~ In ecep mast beestabed for this purpose. v and odprs May reMie c treatmwnt ,M F~ormulation Packin ON ALI __ FILLING EQUIPMEI " I1. Liquids Fire/explosion precautions Many iquid pesticde fornkIatinuare baed o -Gamah~e organic solents.In hqud ormadion a %-4 ~ a such~s~s teres aiw the pr aexsv~ mi=ur of afr and vapour b~iiig X N reon. afeiectical equipent in the vicinityofthe Do nordraw ar pat the orkerface.iarratmn and fiRfing unimtnn pr"oduc spaksar m=rstbe apprve frma fie- and expkosio-saet view N liardas andspkj-pr + tools and acces must not be used in such areas. exept with the special approval of the plant nagr This prohibition includes petrol or gas mtor-drnvehis such as klift tuck To prevent buik-up of static electricty all equ' i m~st be adequately earthed. witheartd ngsras< cables being used wtee appropriate to ni,tain eart cn~mty Dmms sui aso be eartbed duringe~.yi and i~ing.Charge buik~u through spa~hing shoudd be niier by the us of di~ppes in drumnd vessels. particular risk exists when powders are being kd in Dasse ~«a^aininW fammai ~vLuids, especiayhfrkm mnoncndct,m cntainerssuchasp~asticbags.naaIn 2. Lighting sou be doe Sowy an. po ible.=a an cted TIere must be sufficient natural or artificial ligbting to cm C ~ permitsafe operation af the plan. 3. Electrical equipment NOTE: ?"r ||t,'au "|"n|,|e A electricapierm-(fnfndufng dectricaiy d~hen ° "l"i' '"* '° "" °Or"'° ' ° '" lor~dift trucks)used in plamts handling sam male inaterials must be approved fram a firsafeyview~point an must be To reduœ tbe riskofvapour loss. iquid blending a mainti to a saie sgatard. Fmanet eetrical st~rage vessels with dosable comers are reæm>--i instaflatios shoi be used wbereer possibk flexible eletricaIeads. wberesed.s~oud be keptsur. Industrial hygiene precaution9 Åcal ehanwt(soure)vntiatin wih a nurmr NOTE: | vec smse beprovidedroopaingf thecha ds ge points so thataD dustad vapous arecaptuedduringopmtis Ewypwde Formulation & Packing 2. Solids X 14O Fire/explosion precautions , the PDS states that a solid product presents a dust \ explosion hazard.equipment maust be protected with explosin-ventmng or mnr-gas - ! systems.and the recommended korulation mixing procedures must be strictly followed. Specialist i must be sought with respect to the adequacy of the equi Catchtwa EarMth-bdmg strap bndgmg an rsulated hose. All partsof the equipnent must be earthed. using earth-bonding straps where necessary to ensure earth cotinuity Conductive materials must not under any circumstanms be isolte frm earth Industrial hygiene precautions Exhaust ventilation with a minumum air velocity of m/sec. must be provided at the charging and discharge a Empty packaging material should be carefully collecte( a container to keep dust in the working area to anminim hwng W enalsi s ph gd ad 3. Filling and packing equipmet Packing equipment for flling liquids and solidsmi packaging material should be carefully collected in a container equipped with iocal exhaust (source) ventilation with j in order to keep dust in the working area to a inimunmL m air veloc of 0-5 misec. All points where leaks could occur should have a catch Lquid- filling equipment should be free of leaks It tray and pumps handling toxic products must have shouki have aguard to prevent splashing on to operat( splash guards. and have a colection container for drips and spills. Sand All fling machines must automatically close whe must be avoided by the use of suitable conections and the clear designation of product lines and vessels. FEBg and packing machines should have prtct guards to prevent fingers or clothing being caught Form~11ton& Pacing E NO OPER ATIONAL N PROEDURES 1. General Supervision and line of responsibility Operation witin the fornm1ainand iwina -'•t mat be c~oely supervised by a trained and exp>r supervisor.t there areseeral supervisors of difL the area and line of responibiity must be clearty d~ and understoo Working instructions and procedures ie iogowing wr m~ens trc andokwng - procdures should be reily available to the supervisor - -instruco for the sae and corect operatioot the e~ d s "fte w c. -§rma~a redpe Nending and pakingprocedres - -ePtodoctData sbeets or theingredientsand fnished -- - hygieneand safety instructionsand procdms . emer~ncis~ctonand proce~me Training AR peronel working in the formuatin and pakin pansmust be througly trained atte otthei -- employentThera~r,reua tranin progrmm m, beheld to preenthte development bad workmg d- practices.A permnn recordf the insrution receed Ishouk be keptSafetyand bygiene practiesmust be ap atthe gular baining prgramme.- Constraints Pesrrim~snot be fornuatd or pac eqi~-n in whc produ~ Wo hi=nanrniaus. as nds&,nemzer etc., are also om~at-dand p Ni -etcide products, Wd ame, ra &b. 3 a openmesgmemo,eetw~me.., bnk~ ubiat,t.aewn-and m~+-mithesamæ 0* Formulation & Packing equipment as pesticides. precautions must be taken to Because of the risk of operator contact. the filling and prevent cross-contaninaoL. packng of pesticdes can be one of the most hazardous operations in a pesticide formulation and packing plant. 2. Hygiene and safety Equipentmust be wemaintained toprevent leaks and Before formulating any pesticide or packing it, the drips. The supervisor must ensure that all safety devices at superisor must check that all necessary plant hygiene and operational and that safe and hygienic working procedure safety equipment. such as exhaist ventilation equipment. is are being odowed. operational. He must also ensure that operators are wearng the necessary personal protective equipment. If such equipnent is being re-used, it must first be properly cleaned and inspected. The supervsor must also ensue that the working area is in a condition that permits safe working For example, it should not be crowded with containers and unnecessary equipment. Workers must avoid all contact with the products, but in the event of accidental contact must moe contaminated clothing inmmdiately and wash the skin and treat according to any specific instructions given tn the PDS. All spillage must be dealt with iwrmediatel using the procedures described on pages 23 and 24 of this booklet. 3. Formulation and filling procedures Strict precautions must be taken to prevent cross-contamination. For example, a fungicide contaminated with an insecticide could present a hazard to the user and an insecticide contaminated with a herbicide couid cause crop damage. An effective system must be adopted for identifying the correct ingredients required by the recipe. Strict procedures must be laid down for the dosing of ingredients into formulating equipment in order to avoid mistakes. Accurate records should be kept of the batch or lot numbers and weights of all ingredients used in each identifiable batch of formulated product Products must be checked regularly for quality and a reference sample system established to enable possible complaints to be investigated. Kn88 bdm I Electrical equipment 2 Heating 3 Storage -Drns -Tanks 1 General -Supervision and lineof responsibilty -Working instructions and procedures -Trammig -Constraints 2 Hygiene and safety 3 Receipt of goods 4 Distribution within the warehouse 5 Segregation of products within " e warehouse - Flarnmability -Oxidising and potentially unstable materials -Baits -Categories of segregation 6 Stacking heights 7 Despatch of goods and transport procedures Stou.ge & 'ransport Storage & Transport 1 INK, in the open provided their contents are not sensitiwe to exaremes of tempeature. Storage areas should have a firm, impermeable base 1. Electrical equipment surrounded by a CS.Wb T10 ~WTE8 Is a nrse present at all times during wrking hours? a occuipa~iol hcält!Y [YES NO indusrna hygiene? 9 How n personnel have received fornali instrucio * saiety? _________ sad Senvronmentacontro?ins a 3 Are you conidetthat these subordinatesfully 10 How manyperfnanentstafre givene-emp,oymet understand their respo öeihltd medkal decks? YES NO 20% 40%] 60% 80 4 Are you confident that individua superisors fully 11 How manyontract staff are given p- W t under~stantheiruties on hygieneansafety? m reilcalchecs?- YES NO -26 8 I Checklist 12 How Ohm do you harle g F or 20 is there elicent local e (SOGce) verilatio 'or carbamates? adkmWb equ*pneWeYSN ga Owacnequipmene YES NOj 13 How often are blood cohieerase activity levels 21 is postive action taken to avoid leaks in Every Every Every EeLs [~Ii~][I] ] [I] ~ udines~te~? YES NO 14 Do you keep records of these restts7 a filnpackgequipmen E YES NO 22 Are spills dealt with owhay? 15 How many a ot inmcation (poisoning) have there YES NO been in the Lt dwee years? 23 Do the operators always wear protective dotdling? 16 Do you have an arrangement with a local bospital or ocal doctor kr emergency assisance' YES NO Ioo,whennot? 17 Haw you provided the local hospital or doctor with details of the nature of the products you handle? Y ES NO 24 Are operators allowed to take wo&r clothes hoMe- 18 Do they keep all necessary anidotes YES NO YES )NO 25 Doou have speial arrangements for washimng work clothes? Industrial Hygiene YES INO 19 Is the general ventilation in yo plant and warehouse Wyes,where-7 aYES NO a Vtarase YES NO | Checklist 26 Do yu bai wacw ig andchanging fa har fo the 35 Lsthere~ot:g natra or ar~a nmusa ~ operators on site? and wareho to permit safe w~ddng? YES NO YES |NO 27 Is eatng.drinking and soking forbidde in the work YES N~O 28 Do you have a ceanareaset aside lor dn 36 Are there emergecy showers? smoking? YES ( OYES NO Safety/Security Nys, are they cated dose to the riskae ? Are wntten sety istMucis kept by the o YES NO YES NOZ 30 Are safety ~ot7es A there~eye-wash aciltbes? SYES iNO 31 A y t ses? ly are they located close to the risk areas? YES NO YES NO 32 is the ute weliseced against respassers? 38 s p f e a onsite? YES INO iYES ||NO 33 How many incidents have there been involving illega 39 is the fi-ighting equipment strategically ed entry in the past threeyears? _ YES [| NO 40 s ere aw eogh water available for tr - tIr 34 Are bu gaxini flamma b ~ pN aga b ghYES YES |NO |. Cheelist 4l Do you nn ga e arrgems orc w~oside 50 iseergeny m ~ew asshuum in cae o#fe [p-lj]N o YESES NO 42 What is the respos time of the local ire tgade? 51 How many fires have there been on ste in the las tre Tas -1 få- |OVER30- i Ya 43 Doypuhave yr own hAiy-trained fre team? YES TIO 52 Dou Modl1e fLux~nhl b~uis YYES eN 44 Have the "oa re ammintes approed the YES~NO equipment and yor &e-fl~ meas5? 53 s eiectnca eqipn suitab for use with YES NO [W~flNO Arm the kocad fie autwhoreAuy aware of the nature of de prdts you h~ 54 Is aU the eiment property earthed? YES]NO YES NO 46 Has the o" fire ~ a ~ the så- 55 Do you handle sods that can burn or expode as dust YES NO YES RNO 3 47 is there an eswbhed alarm pan and evuation yes, how often? procedure? YES NO uwy 48 How often are bre and evacuation is hed? 56 Has krm equ used our ndamb s~ bemn ins~et and ~r~ suå~al Frmen"YES |NO 49 Are you sade thateergencyeits are clearly 57 Are all pmps hanling toxic products.fitted withspi ndicated in your plant and warebouses? guad? YES NO YEE NO "aChecklist 58 Are P tiv guard ftted to angerots equpmenC Are any ied or packed in the same equipment - A pesticde YES NO 59 Do youstore lammable products? Are any stored in the same warehouse as pesticides? YES NO 60 is it your policy to segregat hazardous products in the warehouse? 65 Apart from products for human or animal nsum=ption are other non-pestcde procts YES NO produced or filled in the same equpmentaspe4 7 61 Is batery0 Telex: 12 48 90 ASIr n jTel <1358-0> 170 300 AU R hAÅ Telegraphic nddreRg Chemn IInduRtrie Osterredich FIlANCE liuerinnrkt 1l k. 1010 - WIEN I Uninn des IndiNtrieR de li Telex (17 4235 Proletion de% Plantes IUI'l'' Tel: 1022216 W 57 63 2 Rue )enrertt 605 50 52 Association llelge de 1lndusirle dsP Prodults Phytomanitalres OREAT RIthTAIN - IHYTOIIIIAIRI British Atrohmicalm Sluore Matrie.luise 491N ARch.i(icon ltd rIIAA, 10410 IlltUXEIIÆS Alembic louqe Telex: 23 167 Tel: 210 40 90 93 Albert Embankment Tlegrnpllc addrews: LONDON SEI 7TU Fechinie Bru Telex. 916 672 DAA Tel: 10 l 735 8471/2 BIAZIL Telegraphic addres Asoinan Nacional de Defens)oe Chemindsec l.ondon SEI ti Agricoles IANDEFI Run General Menna Barreto 663 INDiIA Jnrdim Paulimta - CEP 01433 Assnelation of Inale Bl - SAO PAULO Manufaee- produced to emphasize key priorities in coping into contact with the body, or more widespread vi emergency cases of pesticide poisorung. Safe general effects after they have actually entered .he thods of handling, storage and application of body sticides are described in GIFAP's "Guideiines for he safe handling of pesticides during their Pesticides may enter the body in three ways ormulation, packing, storage and transport", and * Skin penetration Guidelines for the safe and effective use of * Swallowing pesticides". * Inhalation Avoid all three routes of entry carefully to prevent poisoning occurring. REMEMBER! "PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN TREATMENT" Skin Penetration The skin does not act as a complete barrier and pesticides may be absorbed into the body if skin contact occurs. * Watch out for , kin contact * Avoid skin contamination as far as possible * Should contanmination occur, wash exposed skin Swallowing Aluays read the label and get edcwe before using a This mode of entry is likely to produce more severe pesisde. poisoning. It may occur accidentally and great care le oduction -ust be taken to prevent such ingestion particularly 0 Take great care when opening pesticide n children who may mistakenly drink pesticide containers ,olutions which have been improperly stored and 0 Take great care when pouring concentrate iabelled. iabeled-* Stay clear of spray misfts a Eliminate risks of swallowing pesticides by proper storage in original containers REMEMBER! * Do not transfer pestcides from teir original PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN TREATMENT ciners into unlmelled bttles, etc. Read the companion GIFAP manuals "Guidelines - * Do not eat, drink or smoke whilst working the safe handling of pesticides during their with pesticides formulation, packing, storage and transport", a, * Do not contaminate food and drink by "Guidelines for the safe and effective use of pesticides pesticides" and follow the recommendations given. * Do not use empty e>ntainers for storage of food and drtk Equipment * Do not store pesticides in food or drink containes requirements * -eep children out of pesticide stores and work areas The following provisions at the workplace help to combat over-exposure and poisonings: Inhalation Water Water must always be available where concentrate is Pesticide formulations may produce fumes or dusts handled or mixed- It serves equally well for washing which can be absorbed through the lungs during contaminated skin and eyes, therefore set plenty of handling. clean water aside. * Ensure that mixing takes place outside or in Soap well ventilated conditions Keep bars of soap available for washing. Protact agazit ll possible mutes ofconation. Keep emergency equipment handy nwrapmymg saL. & ・…，酬／- r 一・－網日り国日目■日りD国国国日国国園p P - ognition of poisoning AELL 40 many pesticide formulations have a characterisuc smell which will normally be noticeable if contanuriation to any great extent has occurred- If over --e e to a pesticide is suspected, give first id as uidicated m Section Tbree Seek medical adv-,ce as &>3n. as possible. Inform the attending doctor or medice I centre of the patient's history and vour oNwrvation:9, wrAwhrig label if available- If. on the other hand, i H is suspected, obtain medical attention in the usual manner and inform z ,e atwnding doctor of the contact with pesucide!s, i aid management at acn of incident General remarks PEED IS ESSENTIAL >0 NOT WAIT FOR EXPERT HELP. CT 0 calmly and methodically. Avoid seif- enna n during treatmet cT . .cmr mto,ponties ofthe pat: The highes priority is adequate brathing. It MUST e maintained continously. R emove contanunated co q~kl a> sekmedäcal odmwe. Decontamnal TERMINATE EXPOSURE remove person from s of c-ntaminatin Avoid furthe and/orinhal~tin of fumes oj REMOVE CONTAMINATED CL quicdy and compely, ind Collect dothing in separate Trw pan s acr noponr is b mg cn wash~g before re-ue. Disci u'-st -.- leather footwear. ey injuries ~Rmoe ptient frm spage ste. -'ir -id management at scene of incident rake offcontammated clothimg- Wipe contammation off rherm uater is lackurg IEMOVE PESTICIDES FROM SKIN, HAIR 0 E st aid treatment by using large quantities of water. Pay particular attention to washing of eyes, hold 1. General eyelids apart and rinse thoroughly for at least Continuous calm reassurance of the patient is 10 minutes. Immerse patient in pool if necessary throughout, as he may tend to possible, or shower the body completely with become extremely agitated- Keep patients water for at least 10-15 minutes. strictly at resu organophosphorus and Do not look for special washing solutions. If c to i posnmg im no water is available dab or gently wipe skin worse by movement. with cloths or paper which should then be Close oiervation of breathing and conscious destroyed- Avoid harsh rubbing or scrubbing state is essentiaL of skin. Poisoned patients may become unconscious, may vomit and the breathing may stop suddenly. Placing a patient in the proper position will help tL combat the danger of these complications. 2. Position Place the patient on his side with the bead lower than the rest of the body and turned to one side. If the patient is uncnscious keep the chin pulled forwart and the head back i ensure that breathing can take place. 3. Temperature Rinse contamuaon Prom the body surhee Particular care must be given to temperatme control in unconious patients. 21 Fi - aid management at scene of incident If the patient is extremely hot and sweating excessively, cool by using cold water spongmg. If he feels cold then cover with a sheet or blanket to maintain a normal temperature. . SwalJowed pesticide Induction of vomiting is generally not to be recommended as a first aid measure, unLen the chemical swallowed is highly toxic, likely to prove fatal, and medical assistanm is not readily available. Read the product label for indications as to whether or not vomiting should be induced or if the product is highly Con&ot overheatung wah cold w2ir toxic, such as "skull-and-cross bones" or "red hand- signs- Induction of vomiting can only be carried out on conscious patients. If it is considered necessary, use the following procedure: Sit or stand patient up. Induce vomiting by tickling the finger on the back of the patient's throat. Use two fingers of the other hand to force the patient's cheek between his teeth. This ensures that your finger is not bitten. After vomiting has occurred or if induction in wnsuccessful, give 3 tablespoons of activated charcoal in half a glass of water to drink. Repeat as often as possible until medical Con&tl cold wth blanket attention is obtained. Place an unconscious panent oak s side, it the head back Induce omzung us upr"hf pabet by ackug the aWaL -t aid management at scene of incident Warning- 6. Convulsions If fits occur place padded material between Never give anything by mouth to n teeth and avoid patient injuring himself Do unconscious patient! not forcibly restrain. Return patient to original lying position. 7. Caution Breading Do not allow any smoking or drinking of Watch continuously. If breathing ST'OPS alcohol. Do not give milk, as it may speed the (patient's face or tongue may turn blue) then uptake of some pesticides from the gut The pull chin forward to avoid tongue dropping to patient may drink other fluids. back of throaL If breathing does not occur after opening airway, as above, then roll patient onto back. keep chin pulled forward and head back. . Remove any vomit or pesticde residue from , the patient's mouth by inserting a finger covered with a clean cloth and wiping out any residue. THIS IS PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT IF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS OR CARBAMATE INSECTICDES HAVE BEEN SWALLOWED. Pch patient's nose and blow into his mouch following your normal breathing rate, or alternatively cover his mouth and blow into his nose. Make sure his chest is moving. Continue until normal breathing takes place. Protect a patrent harmag seizure by mouth padding Do not restrain hur. When gwng anificial respiration tdt palient s head bac to Do not alow the patient to smoke or drizk akvhoL open his air passages. I, 5 0 F-rst aid management at scene of incident Medical assistance Evaluation f posoning is suspected, especially if ill effects When a case of poisoning has occurred. identify the -)ersL. obtain medical assistance or take patient to causes of the incident and take ation to prevent its -earest medical facility, recurrence. Keep all information about the case and the first aid management and pass on to medical team together with labels and containers. If full recovery from poisomng takes place after -imple first aid measures, seek assessment by competent medical 3taff before the patient recommences work. Put q pctinug under medcal surtdilance Inform Study a case of posoriung to prent reurrence. 不 f｀、 &~ 、． 。一．甲‘ •．•j •••．• I& 憐 、 }, 。一1 .&&.－一‘ ．髒斤． P- -;delines for physicians and nurses Inift-oduction iii. The effectiveness of first aid induction of vomiting. rhe following guidelines are intemied for nurses and if it is decided to empty the sto-ach then use syrup of 3hysician who maybe called upon to deal with cases ipecacuanha. or gastric lavage as appropriate- ,f pesticide poisoning. Syrup of ipecacuanha is available in some muntries- It is likely that the first aid measures recommended It is an effective emetic in a dose of 15 ml followed by i a Section T6ree will have been carried out at the site 300 ml water which may be repeated tmce if of the incident but the completeness of these ineffective after 30 minutes, It must not, however, be measures should be assessed in the first instance- used if the patient is n nscious or has ingesteA--- product which contains a high percentage o-f Iden cati" on From the history given by the patient his workmates )r first aid attendant, and from the general condition of the patient, confirm the diagnosis mid type of misoning. 'X n the pesticide has been identified, composition i no recornmended medical treatment may be found -)n the Iabel- Use this inforn atm when considering management. Scheme of treatment DECONTAMINATION 0 Sidn and Eyes: Make sure the eyes and bodr wrfwe am do-mgMy deaft Skin and eye washing may have been carried out as a first aid procedure but it may be useful to repeat this decontaminntion- Wash skin with soap and water, eyes with clean water, or saline solution where available. Take care to avoid eye washings -- +--inating the opposite eye. It may be easier to immerse the7eyes under water in a hn-.Yl and instruct the patient to blink hequently while so immersed. * Ingestion * decision as to whether further emptying of the stomach is required depends on: i. The toxicity and amotint of the material swallowed. ii. Ile time that ingestion occurred (skawch emptying will be of no value if 24 hours have Enwty the stomach ofa patimt who hu vwested hWhiY elapsed since ingestion). toxic materiaL Guidelines for physicians and nurses ,troleum-like solvent (e.g. toluene. xylene, Eyes isophorone. naphtha, diesel). Some pesticides are uritating to the eye. Immediately Ifn these cases gastric lavage, with proper respiratory assess the eye for daiage and treat accordingly. control is recommended and an acceptable technique is described in Appendix L Once decontamination has been effectively completed then proceed to general medical care. Supportive Place patient completely at rest in quiet Priorities a shg d Respiration and Circulation Specific As with all medical emergencies the greatest priority Where the poisoning agent is known and where an in cases of poisoning is the maintenance of adequate antidote is recommended on the label this should be respiratory and cardiac functon These parameters administered as indicated A summary of ihould be continuously assessed and any failure recommended treatments for varous types of promptly treated. Oxygen administration will be pesticide poisoning is given in Appendix U. helpfu in many cases of poisoning where respiratory Non Specific fu---tion is embarrassed, and in Where no antidote is recommended or none is rz. .iaemoglobinaemia which is induced by some available, use some general measures to prevent -iline derivatives. absorption of the poison .vIetabolism Give activated charcoal as an absorbent in a dose of Some pesticides increase body metabolism and beat 30 gram in 100 ml of water by mouth for pesticides production. Keep the patient strictly at rest to avoid remaining in intesunal tract Help elimination of further stimulation of body metabolism. Promptly tic substances from the bowel by using a catartic correct excessive sweating or raised body such as sodium or magnesium sulphate at a dose of temperature by cooling the patient. Treat emeyencgesaacoming30o0pnorofe:atetalbfunouto.s Ensure adequate fluid intake and watch for dehydration pop- In addition to specific treatment, symptomatic therapy is indicated for control of restlessness and Sanxiety Diazepam is recommended as the drug of choice in these states n Follow up.sol a dAll cases of poisoning requiring eal i should he observed or followed up for at least 24 hours after all therapy has ncased, as some pestimdes ar released slowly from the body fat and relapes may then occur. psAfter poisoning, patients should not do further Where noe scnmeia tidtff eomede.rnoei -availde o e nt erl asuesb opeent absoptio of he pison A --xmdxxlI PPEDI I of the stomach contents into the duodenum. Repeat the lavage until the returning fluid is clear. A tube used for evacuating the stomach must have a R ecom m endedsolid end to facilitate passage through the oesophagus It must have at least one Large opening method for gastric intes,eu laed iand beneb bab Ie tip. The outer wall must be very smooth. Stomach evavuator tubes commonly sold for use in children a ehave an outside diameter of 7.33 mm (No 22 lf the patient has a poor cough reflea, protec the Charriire scale). Those for adults commonly measure lungs and the patency ofthe airway by inserting a 10 mm (No 30 Charriere scale). cuffed endotracheal tube before pasing a stomach tube. in conscious patients and even unconscious patients with intact cough and gag reflexes, a large bore stomach tube may be passed at once. Place the patient so that his mouth is lower than his trachea Remove any dentures and keep the mouth open with -ar '. Lubricate the tube with glycerine or a suitable Jek.,, and ease it over the tongue and down the I ophagus to a distance of about 50 cm in adults. S..ack out the stomach contents using gentle rnechanical suction if available. If a source of continuous suction is not available, a large syringe fitted with an adaptor will help. If little or nothing is obtained, it may be that the tube is not correctly located. Proper positioning of the tube can be checked by forcing a little air down it and listening with a stethoscope over the stomach for bubbling sounas. After making a reasonable effort to remove any stomach contents and being quite certain that the end of the tube is in the stomach attach a large evacuator or funnel to the oral end of the tube. Add water or physiological saline heated to about body temperature. (300 ml for adults, or less for children). If a funnel is used, elevate the oral end of the tube and allow the water to enter the stomach by gravity. For this purpose, it may be necessary to use an adaptor and add a length of tubing between the funnel and the stomach tube so as to increase the overall iength and make it easier to regulate the height of the column of water. Before all the water has passed into the stomach, lower the tube into a basin or jar' A allow the stomach contents to siphon oIt Do not usn more than 300 ml for each washing, becamse a larger volume would have more tendency to caus emptying APPENDIX II _mtion of the patient's prog dhuk ··ig treatmnt may be required for up Recommended treatment regimes ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES E.g. parathion. malathion, dichlorvo. -gr Uses: nsec des cabaryI, propoxur Signs and symptoms of poisonig: Exbaus on. rakness, confuäion, vomting,raamp like abdomnin..,in cold sweating, salimatkia, symptn~ of poisong tigtness of tre chest, musce twitches in the ey* id occ o ringin oapharus and tonzue. fc -owed by l muscle twiinr features tend Lo be of quicker musce wear-.r diarrhoea, bronenial -0,orter durabon. Pereeor. :~chial constriction, bradycardia, - nar mowea pu:::..m. In very- severe ses- convulsions, cyann~ia. r as indicated for organophosphoru- sweanng . ccrnen, mental confusion, reN ACqTred, progresive c=-iac and respiratory failure, ma. ARE-CTRAINDICATED IN AMATEPOISONING. Special Cea=ent: The orvanopor sphorus compound are cholinester__e inL::bitors anc eatment is required urgently. Kuep the >acents--tLlyatrest! 1. Niatin equate respratory and cnrdinc -.mcaion. C-:7e oxygen if nece~nary. 2. Give atro::·se sulphate intravenoulsly in a dosebf g•. :0 fou milligrM) for an adult ediat.y and repeat at 5-10 minut ~ itreom of po i signs :a atropinisation o =(e,g. drY mokth -c=car=- and usualy dilatd pupils). Maina9 fpouds generally of Uw r=misa.Dn for at leat 24-48 hours and to -ue ~5_ .m d~ d . paipita~iona ea. rfully -- -ser-ve the patient as thebr is palit naume. - it may be ne ry to rmmue reaten: signs of poi~onng return. 3. :ppGiNnn am~ i-trN ~nnvailable and symp.t n 12 r-rs then give 1 g ofan oxip i ;renarac:. e.g. prlan~inu-chloride)slowly aveno--r. This drug mut NOT be usd *S a* nauternat :r in preference to atopine - the us wtch is 5ENTIAL. 39 Appendix U ORGANOCHLORINE COMPOUNDS DINITROPHENOLIC COMPOUNDS E-g. DDT, dieldrin, l E.g. DNOC (dinitro-cresol), binapacryt dinoseb Uses: Insecticides Uses: Fungicides, herbicides and insecticides Signs and symptoms of posoninv Signs and symptoms of poisoning: Lack of coordination, treor, convuLn. (N.B Tremor, increased respiratory rate, sweating, Poisoning with some compounds may initially lethargy and insomnia, nausea, restlessness, thirst. Produce few symptoms and a setzare may be the first raised body temperaure, tachycardia, fatigue. sign). (Yellow staining of the skin in the presence of white sclera may give a clue to exposure to some Special treatment: dinitrophenois). The action of organochlorine compounds on the Special treatment: central nervous system is of paramount u The dinitrophenols affect oxidative piosphorylation in acute poisonmag. and poisoning will thus lead to sudden increase in 1. Give phenobarbitone (100 mg) or diazepam metabolic rate. (10 mg) intramuscularly or slowly intravenously, 1. Adequate emptying of stomach and the use of to control convulsions - it may be necessary to a charoal is important. continue treatment for up to two weeks after poisoning. 2. Effectively cool the body to maintain as near 2. Give diazepam (10 mg) intramuscularly or slowly normal a body temperature as possible. intravenously for persistent convulsions. 3. Administer oxygen therapy. 4. Avoid alcohoL 5. Ensure adequate intake of fluid. PYRETHROID COMPOUNDS E.g. Cypermethrin, deltamethrin. fenvalerate. BIPYRIDYLS Uses: Insecticides Signs and symptoms of poisoning: E.g. Paraquat, diquat Irritation of oro-nasal mucosae, salivation, Uses: Herbicides convulsive seizures. Signs and symptoms of poisoning: Some pyrethroids may cause local facial sensations, Initially (within hours) - irritation of mouth and which are not associated with systemic poisoning. t it , vomiting, abdominal pain and The effects are reversible and no specific treatment is diarrhoea (often bloody). I necessary. &rhe otnbod) necalrat : Later (1-3 days) - signs of kidney and liver damage Specal teamnt:(ruild-moderate). I. Administration of activated charcoal. For diquat only - a profuse watery diarrhoea also 2. Control seizures with injectable diazepam or occurs which can lead to shock. barbiturate. For paraquat only - 5-14 days after poisoning, Conraindications: rogressve dyspo may occur resulting in death CNSstimulants.f 5 Appendix II Severe poisoning with both chemicals can result in 2 To restore blood clottinggive 10 to 20 mg -caz shock and death within a few hours of intake. K, by oral, intramuscular or intravenous rou Treatment: depending on sevety of case. Do not exceed 1. Give gastric lavage and, leaving the gastric tube 40 mg/day. in situ, give 1 litre of 15% aqueous su-spension of 3. Continue therapy until blood cotting time is Fuller*s earth together with a suitable purgative normal, which may take several weeks. e.g. nannitoi - 2GI mis of a 20% solution. Repeat 4. In severe cases administer blood transfusion. administration of Fuller's earth and purgative frozen plasma if available. until Fuller's earth is seen in the stool. This Treatment is necessary even n absence of normally takes between 4 and 6 hours from because of increased tendency to bleed. starting treatment. Alternative to Fuller's earth- bentonite activated charcoal. 2. Avoid the use of oxygen therapy for the first 48 hours. 3. If severe burning in mouth and throat has occurred, then only give liquids by mouth to patients. NOTE: The following test may be p - formed to aid diagnosis: To 20 nl of urine from the patient - add alkali e.g. sodium hydroxide until the pH is greater than 9. Then add a spatula full of sodium dithionite. If paraquat is present in the urine it will turn blue; in the presence of diquat it will turn green. ANTICOAGULANTS E.g. warfarin. bromadiolone. difenacoum chborophacinone Uses: Rodenticides Sidns and symptoms of poisoningc Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea upon ingestion. Bleeding from nose and gunsi blood in excretions: internal bleeding leading to shock and coma. Special ineatment Anticoagulantb act through inhibition of blood clotting. Keep patient strictly at rest. i. Remove ingested product through voming or gastric lavage. ADDRESSES GUIDELINES POSTER For us in emergencem, record important addresses and tc~ephmoe numbers here. These should incude GUIDELINES pestidemanufactuersemergencynumbers.etc for emergenczy measures ini cZses of pesticide poisoning -______~ Copiesof Guåline and of the postr may be obtained fr~GIFAP and its membe. amm.istian GIFAP Avenue Ham~r 12 1180 Brume, Belgium Teer62121 Tel:(2)374 5982 :MBERS -TRALIA FINLAND JAPAN SWEDEN ,-fuftural & Vetermiary Ke~n Keskuslutto Socety of Agneulral Cbenical Företungen Svetges n.rJs Asscranon of The Fedemt of Flsh lndustry (SACI) rzik i AVCA) Chemeal Industnes Ndhonhasht Club Bldg. 'o Sveriges inmeka prk Sr GPO Box 3968 PO Box 28 -SF 00131 1-8 Nibonbash Muromach, Industnkonitr -NEY NSW2001 HELSINKI 13 CHUO-KU -TOKYO 103 St~rgatn 19. BP 5501 x: 71 236 AVCA Tele~ 12 48 90 Tel: 03)24102 15 114 85SrOCKHOLM 0) 296j700 Tel (358-0)170 300 Telegraphac adee Telex 19990 SW~din s Telegp. addr~ Chems Noyakukai Tokyo TeL 408)635020 -RAd Telegrph addr: lerba der Cbemrn FR NETHERLANDS Kemik Snoeknm ~sn Os5ereahs Un~o des Lndu~tneie La Nederin~. Sehung vo ernmarket 13 A-1010 - WIEN i Protecn des Pin i UIPP) Fytøbuman(NEFYTO) SL S07 42 35 2 Rue Denfert-Rocbereau Pautbus 80523 - NL 2508 GM Soete Sause -0222)63 57 63 F - 92100 - DEN HAAG Chimirues -gr1ph~ address- BOULOGNE BILLA4COURT Teex 31032 Tel: 70/51 48 51 Nordtrae 15* mverband-Wien Teer 200910 F 8035 ZURICH Tel: (1)605 50 52 NORWAY Telex: 52 872 Chirm ch -G[UM Norsk Plante£e Fo~mR Tel- (0 1)363 10 30 -eia~on Belge de fMndustne GRE.AT BRITAIN PO Box 2593 - SOLLI - OSLO 2 9roduits Phtinmtaures Bnt2sh Agrocemim Teler 18 532 Tel 56430 L?;=STATES OF YTOPHAR) Asmaton Ltd. (BAA Telegric adres AM ICA tre Mane-Luise 498 Alembic House Inanrforbuno National Agnewtural C> BD' T'rXELLES 93 Albert Ebankment P,N Assoca~ NACA) X: .67 TeL 230 40 90 LONDON SE1 7TU Tbe Mad~nn am~ rapic address: Telex 916672 BAA Agrup~con Esr~o de 1155 Fifteent Stee iimie Bru Tel: (01) 735847U2 Plagud Saut 514 Teleg ad~ eZrbano N-34 p~ 4°dra WASHINGTON D.C. 2004 ZIL Chetnindw,z landm SE1 7TU MADRID4 TeL (202>296-I585 -cia CISRAEL ARGENTINA GUATEMALA te 710 Pesbecis Manufaccuers Camara de Sanind Agropecuar a Gremli de Proveedire d Albert Street Aszoaota in Irael y Fertilan~eu Producos para la Agncul TAWA KIP 5G3 Ontano PO Box 60 Marcelo T de Alvear 963. Piso 4. la Calle 7-21. Zae 9 E13)232B SHEVA 84100 oL 8 4Nivel Edifiio Caella Telex 5312-5276 TeL (057)65611 1058 BUENOS AIRES GUATEMALA CITY -M R Tele: 17911 Velar Tel: 317 973 -iish Agrocbemical Ass on ITALY Tel 311 8564INDIA -ageror 7 - Postbox 2098 Asseone~ N--az~ dell* 1014 KOBENHAVN K InduUn&Chia CM _ PesAmom at ex: 33362 TeL 01 12 26 33 Gruppo Anttparassitan Ago Asmpn A.G. d PflamI chIuz Teler 332488 TeL (02)63621 "= 4Tele 22016 or 61596 Ba [PS Tlegr ad SANTIAGO 7e*43 179 and 45776 e F4NKFUT I~ i ex: 411 372 TeL (0611> 255 62 8 'CO PHLIPPI NES .cion Mexcana de La Agrcultural Pestcide _uria de Plagucndas y Insttute of the Phlippines inc. -izanLes AC PO Box 441 -a Antonto256 MANILA -). Apartado 60-694 Telex- 40724 ICO 19. D.F TeL 817 3981 i 63 31 64 W ZEALAND Asmaso Portuguesa das -,cultural Chemcal and Empresas Industrias d* Produtms Mnal Remea)" Manufacturers Qmu-cos octatson of New Zealand Avenda D. Carlos L 45-3 CARM) 1200 - LISBOA -237 Wilbs Street Telex 1S 663 TeL (19) 60 67 96/7 Box 27-283 ELLINGTON SRI LANKA 04 85 19 62 Pestxxle A"onatbon of Sn Lawka 1raphc addre= Agnman Lankem Ceyion Ltd PO Box 919 KLSTAN 760. 762 Basehne Road -stan Pescide Assomaon COLOMBO 1 Al Hamra Center TeL 598560 * E-Millat Road '10 522. 511.376 lphuc address Pestuasso 'BLIOGRAPHY Pesticide poisoning. Notes for the guidance of medical nractitioners. Dept. of Health and Social Secu*-:ty- Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London 1983. Guidelines for the safe handling of pesticides during their formulation, packing, storage and transport. GIFAP, Brussels 1982. Guidelines for the safe and effective use of pesticides. GIFAP, Brussels 1983. Hayes. W.J. Toxicology of pesticides. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1975. Hayes, WJ. Pesticides studied in man. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore/London 1982- Morgan, D.P. Recognition and management of pesticide poisonings. 3rd edition. US Govt. Printing Office, Washington D.C. 1982. LK * *SV * Guidelines for Quality Control .of Pesticides Fbteword The International Agrochemical Industry Association (GIFAP) considers that quality contro! should be an essential element in the formulation and packing of crop protection chemicale because performance in the field must be effective, predictable and consistent. These Guidelines, commisaloned b* GIFAP, have been prepared by a group of experts in the areas of formulation packing and quality control, This booklet will be of help to national authorities, international organisations as well as crop protection chemical pesticide formulators and packers. The Guidelines cover not only laboratory operations but also quality control related activities in plant areas. The booklet contains a simple but comprehensive check-list to help managers and others 2 to audit the quality control aspect# of formulation and packing plants. It Is my hope that these Guidelines will be Im lemented throughout the world and that the result wiff be improved standards of crop protection chemical quality control. Again, our goal is that the end user consistently receives products that meet his expectations. The Guidelines are the fourth In a series being published by GIFAP (see reference 1); the Guidelines already available are for: - safe handling ofpesticides during their formulation, pack Ing, storage and transport; - safe and effective use of pesticide; - emergency measures in cases of pesticide poisoning. Dee R. Wolf t' . .- . . *4President. OIPAP Pagp Contents F man emen Quality control in the plant 2 Quafity control in the laboratory 31 U#eftd ref,rences 52 5 4 -vil Introduction Introduction "Pesticides" is the general name used for the group of chemical products that includes insecticides, acaricides, molluscicides, rodenticides, nematicides, fungicides, herbicides, and plant growth regulators. QUALITY CONTOL during frnddnon an cpbking i only one of the Impood autsept taken in rasrarchh production andl marketing which conbin to ensure goodprocqnaey If a sub-standard product Is manufactured, and goes S it us e el nt f aiundetected from a formulation plant the consequences anfid cuStousp may be serious. For the users, a poor biological esaect ielcould cause fonfncial los andlo of conidence In Very few pesticide active Ingredients are capable of that product or in pesticides generally. For the being used in the field just as they are. Most have to b manufacturer there may be los of customer and trade formulated - made into usable products - and all need confidence, possibly claims for recompense from end packing for transportation and storage, for sale, and users and legal action by authorities, The for convenient use. The development offormulations investigation of complaints and reprocessing or and packs, which meet local requirements, Is an disposal of product can be costly. Disposal, which could integral part of pesticide research and development. involve incineration, may also be very difficult. to achieve. The objective must be the ability to make, safely and Clearly, therefore, it is in the Interest of all concerned3 consistently, products which meet regulatory demands to avoid the production of sub-standard products by and customer expectations. The development process quality control (QC) procedures designed to ensure involves physico-chemical testing and assessment of that recipes and specifications are adhered to. biologicaf emcacy and of toxicological factors. Detailed recipes, specifications and operating procedures result from this work. S sub-standard Ingredients 0 Incorrect quantities used The buyers and users of pesticides expect them to 0 Incorrect ingredients used perform consistently and to comply with 0 process faults, for example sequence of operations, manufacturers' label claims. In most countries wrong temperatures, Incorrect feed rates, etc pesticide products munt conform with legal 0 contaminated equipment requirements relating to chemical content, and 0 sub-standard packaging QATC TOdnfiorIm nrnlraito a pIncorrect labelling Introduction These Guidelines therefore cover not only the testing of formulated and packed products but also the range 7' of activities from the receipt of ingredients and packaging materials to the despatch of finished goods. - QC is the process of ensuring that all products leaving A E E the plant conform with the defined specifications. A comprehensive QC system for a pesticide formulation and packing plant must ensure t4at: . * the quality ofingredients and packag' -1 materials received in the plant complies with purchasing :,ecifications * the correct ingredient. and quantities are used Procedure during formulation * reliablp and repeatable formulation procedures are defined and adhered to * the conformation of product quality to specification is controlled by validated sampling and analytical procedures " hed produ 0 reliable and repeatable packing procedures are ifloations 2 defined, adhered to and checked 0 despatch details are correct aotlo The filfilment of these requirements calls for good organisation and management, and adequate H facilities, procedures and documentation. Everyone from Plant Manager to process worker and laboratory assistant has a part to play. The following sections of these Guidelines give practical information and advice on these matters. A check-list is also included to help managers and others to audit the QC aspects of formulation and packing plants. In these Guidelines, the word "must" is used to indicate minimum standards acceptable, and the words "should" and "recommended" indicte proven good practices A list of typical equipment and chemicals for a formulation and packing QC laboratory, and some " useful literature references are given on pages 49-53. . *r~ .!~ Organisation and Management Management organisation of a Organisation formulation and packing plant. A fundamental requirement in the achievement and maintenance of satisfactory product quality is that there must be a clearly defined organisation in the plant. Individual responsibilities and lines of communication must be fully understood by all staff involved. In pesticide formulation and packing plants, the final Lalwatory responsibility for product quality lies with line management, normally the Plant Manager. The Plant Manager's Responsibilities. It can be seen &am the diagram that theRC laboratory should not be under the control of the Production Supervisor. The Supervistir@orthe QC laboratory Gus" should be directly responsible to the Plant Manager. Fo CW*0jSuch a structure ensures that the necessary iImpartiality and autonomy of the QC laboratory Is not impaired. Responsibilities for product quality Include: H"hh 0 establishing realistic and reliable procedures and specifications for the various quality assurance F iviti n quality Incidents to promote eeith appropriate preventive action C"" WI nvirwna carrying out re0uar QC audits to identify and pePrtetion correct QC weaknesses Te P promoting and maintaining QC awareness within the organisation Additionally, particularly for lar e companies, these responsibilities may be delegaveto a person or team who acts as a focal point for all quality assurance activities. Quality Control Systems and Procedures The responsibilities of Plant and Laboratory Supervisors must be clearly deoned, understood and agreed by the individuals involved. They must also be fully aware of Information flow and decision making TShe Plant Manager should have an organisation, such processes. A typical scheme showing the respective QC as the one shown opposite, to enable him to discharge responsibilities of Plant and Laboratory Supervisors is SIlluhtrated overleaf. h e s 1 Organisation and management Quality Control Supervisory llesponsibilitles during formulation, packing and storage. Plant Laboratory Warehouse ACCEPTANCE TFawm AND DESPATCH Ingredients and PacagIg -Consignment checked -sampling-- Packagingains delivery Acceptance testing Materials documents - Decision: Posted or not -General inspcKilon Receipt,Marking Seitorg,n Controlled storage and Sdelivery to plant Despatch DePla At IN-PROCESS TESTING AND BATCH TESTN a -a csignmen hce - Sampling ogrient denle tion - Control o Identity Moioigformulation - Control of active Decision: Passed for n Mkpassed Plant PACKED PRODUCT AESTING - atc Formulated product - Sampling Packing identification - Control of Identity - Correct packing and - Cross-contamination labelling check In-process checks - Decision: Passed for despatch or not passed P ACCEPTANCE TESTIN AND DESPAT4 CWNTROL -Receipt and despauch -Random sampling, Pacin - rintcoCt documents durinc pcipt and r - Iaelin chec '0 dee htch Coaedistorage Organisation and management Up-to-date operating procedures, analytical methods In a pestiides formulation and packing plant and specifications must be available in written form. specifications are required ror: The plant and QC laboratory must have reliable 0 ingredients ayt4tetm (eg hooks, forms or computers) for collecting, * packaging materials stor!ng and retrieving all production and laboratory 0 finished product -"as manufactured" data. data.- "s sold" The range of specifications described below must be Sroavailable for use by production and laboratory supervisors. Ingredient specifications These should be agreed with the suppliers of all the ingredients used in the formulation. The Production and Laboratory Supervisors should be involved in setting the necessary standards, with final approval retiting with the Plant Munaper, Packaging mhaterial speciications Faulty or unsuitable packaging may aect the quality of the contents and may present a safety hazard during packing, transportation, storae eor end-use. To Arlhamipn ad Iabongory dint are finiv sporod using minimise such possibiliti, al packaging materials rcold carda, themuph thre ireultindal s0ient arerodually including labels should be purchased against agreed 'ing mplnesl Av moinpumr specifications which have been arrived at as a result of a series or performance and storage tests, A typical m(4 data relating to ingredients, packgin materials secifcation Is shown on page 16. and finished products must be recorded In such a wayFnshdpoutaespcictos as to permit the investigation oquality complaints. Ase p ouct ses s e tatthe A speifcaeo isciiato as document giin values ofath necurds must be retained to comply wi th local hlegislation; a miniitum period of five years Is customer receives a product of constant high quality recommended. Only such products, when used in accordance with label instructions, can be expected to fulfil the All samples of Ingredients and finished products takenre for QC purpose must be retained in accordance wither s localI legislation. A minimun* period of two years is In many countries, sales specifications are the subject recommended. Each sample must comprise enough of local legislntion, which must, of course, be complied material for at least two complete specification tests, with. Sh legislation often follows the recommendations ofrthe Food and Agriculture Organilatin of the United Nations (AO) and the World Health Organisation (WHO). These include Ingrdienfspeaticoion tolerance limits on active Ingredients and physical A specification is a document giving values of a tests related to the use of the product in the field (for number of chemical and physical parameters with . sexample, emulsion stability and suspenaibility. Such fconform, and the test specifications are frequently applied in sales contracts. wohsished o tre tem. In setting tolerance levels for active Ingredient speciicatins wich hve ben aroved t asarreslteo a*eiso eromnead trg0ets yia Organisation and managenient PACKAGING MATERIAL SPECIFICATION. FINISHED PRODUCT . ? k . a aos I NtiMANUFACTURING SPECIFICATION SPECIfICATION NUMBER . DATE FOR "PRODUCT XXX" Materi of SPECIFICATION NUMBER DATE construction Description Supplisf.___________ Minimum ________ -----*--Ap.mL_________ older Appearence DIMENSIONS AND TOLERANCES Activingadio)conttil (by method AA.A) % w1w Numinal volume woftabily Totainlght by method a0a) faterneight Material thickness Suspens,biir body ____ lby method CCC I body- bottom Filling speoture - mh .VD- Weight limits 7:_ Bul and packing density fbvm#th*dEEI) ____ ___Speccaln agreed~ with__ Packaging Vouto uevsx10o Matestlef Test Method Signature W A "Finished Pnxiuci Manufacturing Specification iA a dixurrent describing (he propertieswb e checkril imn~ineto(cly A packaging material specification is a (hwument describing after priduction the material of construction, physical characeristics and testing procedures to be used, contents, and for selecting physical parameters to tw measured, guidelines laid down by FAO in their paper opproval resting with the Plant Manager. It tolerance "The Manual on the Use of F'AO Specifications for l Plant Protection Products" should be used (see specification, in order to make some allnice for Reference 2). analytical and sampling variances, and to ensure that sales specification limits can be guaranteed. Finished product manufacturing specifications specficaionsUseful advice upon the establishment ofrreasonable A manufacturing specification is used to control QC tolerances Is given in the GIFAP monograph "Use product quality immediat-v -fer production. It of tolerances In the determination of active Ingredient should be agreed betwee'.. 4C Iaboratory content in t atlons for peaticidal products" (see %inrl th., PrnJin,,nYiiinrv1;(nr with noAl Reterence 39. 1 Organisation and management The table below shows typical limits for sales and manufacturing specifieations. Where national regulations exist regarding tolerances applied to active I THE PLANT ingredient contents, they must o(course be observed. Declared Content Typical Tolerences - Plant Layout, Design and % W/W Sales Manufacturing Maintenance 20 70 67.5-72.5 68.5-71.5 40 38.0-42.0 39.0-41.0 - Staff 20 20 18.8-21.2 193-20.7 8 7.2- 8 7.6- 8.6 1 0.85-1.15 0.92-1.08 - Systems and Documentation 22 Typical example showing the differences beween sales and ... product recipes 22 manufacturing specifiention tiirnces .. formulation batch cards and manfocur lUaPtifivIlOnpacking Instruction cards 23 Hygiene, Health, Safety and Environmental Protection - oration 23 Quality Control activities involve the handling of ingredients and products in the plant and the ... packing 25 laboratory. The requirements laid down in OFAPs ... avoidance of cross-contamination 28 "Guidelines ior the safe handling of pesticides during storage and despatch 29 their formulation, packing, storage and transport" should be followed (Ref. 1). Some of the safety aspects specific to a QC laboratory are highlighted in this booklet, under "Quality control in the laboratory", on pages 34 and 3D. ... poduc recies 2 ...fomultin btc cadsan packng istrctio cars 2 - Opeatioal Prcedues 2 ... frmulaion 2 2 Quality control in the plant Quality control in the plant 111WrVENTION 1811FAiEt tIANotit Errors made during production may be defected in the laboratory by appropriate sampling and analytical techniques, but it may not be possible to rectify them. For example, the use of wrong adjuvants coild seriously alfect the performance ofa product, and once added these Ingredients could not be removed. It Is essential that plant operations are carefully controlled and monitored, particularly where formulation and packing plants are used to produce a range of products. The basic requirements to enable this to be achieved are: and rit platt.q nfi mily Jead to I 1r,014l * good plont layout, detiignii nid maintenance qaly, Isti d1w he (hinot 60 iad lb, * property trained staTf * appropriate organisation and documentation * effective procedures Plant Layout, Design and Maintenance The layout of the plant should allow easy access to all equipment. Sullicient space must be available for handling and storing ingredients, packaging materials and firished products, so that there I no possibility of items becoming mixed up. Equaipment must be well designed. properly constructed, and regularly maintained. Since formulation and packing plants are often used to produce a range of products with Ihe some equipment, they must allow easy cleaning. Product lines and veasels must be clearly marked. A higl. standard of "housokeeping" must be . maintained at all times. For example all containers must carry proper identification, and all spillages and leaks must be cleaned up and rectified. Each step in the rormulation and packing process arid t' Staff warehouse operation must be closely supervised. Personnel working in the plant must be thoroughly Supervisors must be experienced and capable of trained for the jobs which they have been asked to do, makingrunningadjustmentsandtakingdecisions including health and safe#*' aspects. Care must be about the operation ofthe plant or warehouse. taken when awitchintl ers from one task to Iowever -hanges must be recorded and reported to the Prouuction and Laboratory Supervisnrs, 2 Quality control in the plant Systems and Documentation Formulation batch cards and packing Instruction ca-.ds N To operate efliciently, with minimum errors, the From the operational recipe the Production 8upervisor management of a formulation and packinj; plant must can calulate the quantities of Ingredients required to provide Instructions ont what their products are to contain, and the methods by which they are to produce a batch ofa particular formulation. Ills contin,andthemetodsby wichthe ar tobe ade detailed instructions ror the production of a specific and packed. This must be done by means of: uantity must then be given In writing to the * detailed recipes for all products ormuLitlon plant. A Formulation Batch Card, * formulation batch cards illustrated below, Is used for this purpose. For the * packing instruction cards packing of Individual orders, appropriate Packing * precise operating procedures Instruction Cards must also be prepared. Product recipes FORMULATION BATCH CARD Each product must have a detailed recipe which, for identification purposes, must have a unique reference number. This recipe must coninin oil of the OrderInformaton information required by the pinnt fr the formulation Foorulso onLne of the product, and will include a Ilasic Recipe and an Cleaning end COA1101 Operational Recipe. inot"e Ousnotiris The Basic Recipe details the composition of the . r.. formulation, in terms of the nominal content of each Ingredient. The Operational Recipe Is determined using the Basic Recipe,and makes ollowances for the , urity of critical ingredients, especially acti ve ingredlents,.iln n isigIsfcin PRODUCT RECIPE' R.cd~ No:solely Iifftru tionjiI, Picoduct Rec*6pe No: Basic recipe ' Operational Rleci"e Purity of ctve inredient A Formuln lion Batchi Card giveir all o(the infortinhn fo r ----- I H Uformutating an individual batch. Fo,r the packing of itidividiial ordter, carrespt)nding Poeking Instrit-f if)nCar( 18 M fotmulaion Prooeduto muIIst be available. atOperational Procedures Strict operational procedures are essential during the Operationt Recipes, which have been calculated re production. The following diagram Is a schematic Basic Recipe make allowance for variations iri the purityli the representation of the quality control apects of batch "'01-0 4117rdifft rVqed production. 2 Quality control in the plant Poducion Oides Ingredients and pckging materials should e used on U MANT. .a "first-in, first-out" basis, To avoid the a%xiiiuIntion~ Oc Batch Cad produced of partially-filled containers It is good practice to base Fomulalion Batch Ceftj batches upon whole numbers ofcontainers ofactive LASOAROMAOro Sml,mha.g Ingredient. Drums should be rinsed where approprinlte [sesheebth formulated witle part of Lhe solvent to avoid lossea of high cost ps Ingredients and to prevent environmental problems CardAAo nsoucon toarising Formulations must be prpared according to mthe written procedures, controling such parameters as fldtt p d pmixin tims, temperature and order of addition a n m a t e ri al s .g r T ie t s FoDuring and upon completion of the formuatiou uprocess, a representative sample o the product must he taken for laboratory assessment. Guidunco ln -.4mop,sampling procedures Is given on pages 36 to 40. In UJnichI prixuchotn pnoetdures shoin no f,jo)''wf'qim t order to be able to Interpret the results of the aid a(erials. laboratory tests, the Production Supervisor must keep copies of manufacturing speciflcationn for each Formuationproduct, When the batch is confirmed to be "on Production orders should be g~iven to the Plant specifRication", It can be released for packing. If the - - Manager suMfclently early for hirn to plan efficiently batch fails, the Production Su r.svisor must arrange his day-to-day production. Tho Production Supervisor for the batch to be reprocesse, resamp led and should have the appropriate Formulation Batch Curds rechecked In the laboratory. and Packing Instruction Card, prepared. Ie should then instruct his operators to select and pre-weigh (ihe If packing haR to be done before the QC results are required ingredients and to place them near the received from the laboratory, the packed batch must be appropriate equipment. clearl marked "AWAITING APPROVAL". It mumt be storedeparatly until approval is received from the s Ae laboratory. Liquid products are usually sold by volume, but may oe filled by level, weight or volumetric techniques. Solid products are usually sold and filled by weight. Packs are filled with the required quantities in accordance with a "minimum filling system" or "average AfIling system". With the former no pack may contain less than the declared quantity. With the lwtter, the average content of a number of packs must not be less than toe declared quantity. Which system Batch ingmedkest must be ors- velgred, checked and shogld be adopted is usuably defined by the appropriate segrtgated from other mM befre loading into mauthoritie, Weights and Measures") in theof fnrpraesisn easels. country erst se product m t sobe A take forlaboator assssmet. Oidane o 2 Quality control in the plant 'MNIMUM FLLING SYSTEM P N GULAL MI Number P of Plodud Balch number: t Otdar Inlotme0on 0*carede Target Wquaiiy W *uoni quanlly quaaltiy volume eetquv*yl N c -ok1m Alternative Filling Systems. Regular checks must be made on the product volume or Produ" Opposre _ weight fIlled. This can moat easily be done by placing a 1"alinf) 6ppeces. checking scale close to the filling point. When fliling with a liquid by weight, it is important that the correct density Is used, to ensure that the required volume has DI been added. The proportion of packs to be checked should be given on the Packing Instruction Card. Th Packing Qualiy Control Record is a permanent record tf a1l the quality contiml checks during a packing run. 'he botch number. obtained from the relevant Formulation Batch Card, must be marked] upon the saleT packs for Identification In the event ofp quAlity compla,int. Then1iling and packing details must be entored on the appropriate Packing Instruction Card. 16-' Regular checks on the filling ioantidy must be carried out,d and recorded, aj welt as visual aamination of the filled panfmo The checked meamurementD should be entored g aql Packing Quality Control Record, togethere ith the results ofa number ofaimple vilTuam and physical eisls. Trhese might include the tightness of the cap, position of the label, etc. A typical pro-forms record is Batch nunillera on every bulk and sale pack are neceiary -iIllwOrntorI ed rmaite iudentifoi thc oriein orthe product. M0tmmla 2 Quality control in the plant Avoidance~~~~~ ocos- ntm ainanalytically where products of different type follow one Avoidance of cross-contaminationsample should then e taken from the first Cro4s-contantination (that is, of otie prodict by container filled, following changeover, fo laboratory another) can occur as a result of: chcking. * equipment related problems such as: - poorly designed pipe-runs and vessels where muterial may be trnpped and not flushed out - leakage through valves * procedural problems such as: - improper cleaning of equipment - incorrect marking or storage of partly.fliled - Tr- containers from previous production runs - lack of care in disposing of plant washings and V floor sweepings WelIesignedapidpropertymaininedequipmentAelps In - operational errors, for example opening the wrong avootdcris valves Storage and despatch Such problems cari be avoided by: Plant warehousing procedures must include a systei * maintaining equipment in good operational for clearly distinguishing between materials that have condition and have not been approved by the QC labatory. * correcting design problems; ensuring that pipe runs This npplies to Ingredients, packaging materials, and are as short as possible and sloping downwards from finished products. the hold vessels, and that valves are clearly marked It is good practice to use signs or stickers to Indicate * keeping pipe connections simple and blanking oft the status -approved", "awaiting approval" or connections not in use 'not approved"- of particular pallets, drums. * Installing flushing rings in blending and holding cartons, etc, vessels, so that they can be flushed, drained and thoroughly cleaned during product switch-overs * storing herbicide and plant growth regulator ingredients separately from other products * not processing herbicides and plant growth regulators in plant used for other types of products, such as insecticides and fungicides * having clearly defined operational and cleaning procedures, and maintaining close supervision of all operations * always removing and clearly marking partly-filled or unused containers from previous production runs Production Supervisors must check personally that cleaning procedures indicated on the Formulation Batch Card and the Packing Instruction Card have benfllwd In (he worej jox househerpngand srgrvgaUaon of iu0s lf ueifferro status, contrfdiffe toyooe quaity 2Quaity control In the plant racking, a reliable moethod of avoiding the use of sub- standard materials or those awaiting approval, is to set atide a defined area of the warohouse for them. - The despatch of products in response to orders should be on a ''k1rst-in, first-out" basis, so as to avold ' ( dde. unnecessary length of storago. Procedures should be . hulldngo set up to identify and re-examine producta that have ,J, layout been In store for long periods, in accordance with 1 information obtained from storage stability test programmes, The Warehouse Supervisor must always L 04" ali check that containers and packa are In good condition staff . before despatch - showing no signs of leakage, labels weil secured, etc. Non-weatherproof packa must be 1 stored and traneported under cover. It is important to pe mon check lorries and containers for protruding nails and .hygiene and safety splinters which may enuse daimnge to packogen. Iondn must be secured properly. ..sampfing 4 8 ..work flow 8 ....sample receptandhndling ä, . 8 . test procedurem and documentad4on 4 f 42 Thetaarhoue holdchfA ~ft~f ad g h. dta rehording an 3prn N 4 otpeoarage 4 o oAnlyealPrceure aditt 48 ...operatingprocedure k,i.analytical anad ph ecl tent methodje51:Nv" T he wparehouse shoutd check beforr and dluring des palch thai •. packag~g n the product, packaging and labelling are in good condition, deter adon of Couteft L ading ahould be carefully supe>ed-s of acdve ingredlmnt q.phyiealtetnthm oda4 determiation pfform adjuvanta andpot n Equip entj. 3Quality control in the laboratory Quality control sulk Fume cupbosids Sample dellvety hatch in the laboratory A properly organised, well-equipped and eMclently operated QC laboratory Is an efsential part of a pesticide formulation and packing plant. Facilities Buildings Ideally, all laboratory operations should be housed in one building with easy access from the plant. It must be sited so as to avoid contamination, vibration and noise from nearby production activities. The building iestige should be ofsound construction and well maintained. preralion Layout Witing aloa The size and design of the QC laboratory will depend A lypical QC laboratory wit separate areas for sensitve upon the scale of manufacturing operations and the analydCal intruments as well as for chemical and packaging scope of the tests to be carried out. mterial testing, Basic requirements are: * a comfortable working environment, with good Organisation ventilation and lighting and low noise levels The organisation and operation ofa particular * control of temperature within reasonable limits (18' laboratory will depend upon the range of formulations to 25'Cl. In areas of the laboratory where sensitive manufactured in the plant. The number und frequency instruments such as chromatographs are used, of analyses needed and the type ofpackaging materials draughts must be avoided. In hot climates air- used must also be taken into account, The laboratory conditioning may be required, particularly for must be able to undertake acceptance testing or microprocessor controlled equipment Incoming formulation Ingredients and packaging * areas containing sensitive analytical instruments materiaIs and in-process and batch analysis of such ns spectrophotometers and chromatographs formulated muterials, as well as final checks on packed should be kept separate from sample receipt and products. preparation, and instruments must be located out of direct sunlight - * separate storage areas, preferably outside the building, for gas bottles and solvents The Laboratory Supervisor should be a competent eflicient fume cupboards in which toxic materials analytical chemist, fully trained In all aspects of the operaC~on oi an analytical laboratory Including can be handled safely Eroduct, Ingredient and package testing. lie must also * safety equipment (with appropriate signa) must be avea good understanding of the use of specifications readily accessible. The minimum requirements are He must be responsible for any maintenance work fire extinguishers and blankets, eye wash stations, a fireextngusher an blnket, ee wsh satins, carried out on the laboratory equipment, and should be shower, first-aid boxer oprety spectacles and suitable gloves 10 operations h lie must ensure that his staff are * -. ~ ,.~0-1- --voi nrope fnr rp'ts%fned mnmr)IeR 0710lv trnined In the test procedures they are to use. 3Quality control in the laboratory Planning 3ensible procedures include; The Laboratory Supervisor must be kept informed of 0 laborator coats and safety spectacles should be both short and long-term production plans. In the short worn at al times term he must be able to have staff and equipment available to meet production needs. In the longer term * eating, drinking and smoking must not be allowed he must ensure that the analytical methods and In laboratory areas specifications are available, and tested, prior to the introduction ofa new product or packaging material. S staff must wash their hands on departing from the laboratory, and particularly before eating, drinking or smoking Performance monitoring 0 aff must know the locations of, and how to use, eye The performance of the laboratory must be periodically washes, fire extinguishers and blankets checked to enaure that there is no discrepancy in analytical figures. This can be done by analysing 0 hazardous solvents and highly toxic materials must standardised samples against an agreed plan, or by always be handled Inside fume cupboards Ruitable inter.-inboratory chevkq, suitlil intr-lboraorychecs. all spillatged mhust be dealt with immediately, utting suitable Inert absorbent materials, such asl pumice Hygiene and safety * all toxic or solvent-based wastes must be disposed or All staff must be trained to be fully aware of the In clearly marked toxic waste drums or bins. These hazards inherent in a chemical laboratory. They must must be segregated from containers used for non. also be aware of the need for good personal hygiene, toxic wastes and the contents must be disposed of In and the use of all the appropriate safety procedures. accordance with site waste disposal procedures 0 regular health checks must be carried out upon staff engaged In handling some classes of pesticides, Safetincluding organophosphorus Insecticides and Safey gosse "rarnates, The laboratory may need to Include a 4.clean area" where analytical work associated with Properly fastened these health checkR can carried out laboratory coat Appropriate protective gloves Stout shoes All spillages must be dealt with inimedilately. Water should Appropriate prctive clothing must be worn durtin QC not be used to wah away spills. Absorbent materials must be ;p lbro contn usedaand protecsiae clo et ing worn. rir,.rv,fi~qworn atslatM,times 3Quality control in the laboratory - Operational Procedures Sampling Ingredients and packaging materials Sampling When samples are to be taken from a consignment or 'SAMPLING IB AS IMPORTANT A PROCEDURE AS ANALYSIB' packed Ingredient or packaging material, wherever If ampling is not carried out correctly and thecomponent If smplng s nt crrid ou corecly nd he atches. The number of samples to be taken from each resulting sample is unrevresontative then the whole batch will depend upon such factors as: procedure of checking its quality will be a waste of time and effort. 0 the number of individual units In the batch Meaningful sampling requires: 0 the quality history of the supplier * a well-trained and reliable operator 0 the sensitivity of the final packed product to slight * well-founded procedures variationz in the quality orthe packaging material or Ingredient * approprHate equipment, Including scoops, thieves, *di'ptum, equpmn. inldn cop,tivs the degree of automation of the filling and pack Ing pequipment to be used How, where and when samples are taken will depend upon the type of product being made, and the process Asa general guide,on-. he quality of materials from and equipment being used. The supervisors from a particular supplier has been established as reliable, laboratory, plant and warehouse must jointly agree a It should be possible to reduce the frequency of set of clear instructions to be followed when taking the sampling. various types of sample required. These instructions With packaging materials It Is good practice to agree must specify the procedures and equipment to be used an acceptable quality level" AQL In the contract in taking samples. They must also indicate the with the supplier. The AQL lathe maximum containers into which they should be put, and how they acceptable percentage ofdefective units allowed before should be labelled and registered. Detailed procedures a consignment is deemed to be ( pecification, for obtaining representative samples are given in Suitable sampling plans are def,.,sd In 180 Standard FAO, WHO, UNIDO and AOAC publications (see 2859 (see Reference 7) and other national standards. References 2, 4, d a6). AQ sampling chart There are a number ofdifferent sampling schemes: the chart shown here Is extracted from one of them and serves only as an example ofthe level ofsampling frequency, typically used. * the n~~~~~umber ofinvdulutsnthbac Number of Number of ebsuppfie Items samples substandard samples delivered taken Accept Reject level level 0-1200 32 1 2 1201-3200 50 1 2 3201-10000 80 2 3 10001-36M0 125 3 4 rtnjif d "4FIt-1 w~ilnor n 'hier A anriculae s mpfinf plan with an AQL of 1e0.t4 3Quality control in the laboratory, The "Accept" and "Reject" values indicate the numbers confusion and to make best use orstaffand equipment. of substandard items from the random sample, which The progress of a sample will depend upon the type of are considered to be acceptable or not. material, and if best Indicated by an exnpIv, am For example. from 32 samples, with an AQL of 1.0, one Illustrated below. substandard sam le is considered to be acceptable, SAMPLE whereas two would cause the consignment to be rejected. Sampling bulk products .otonce= N Most of the routine sampling done within a plant will be of bulk products in blending vessels, holding vessels, etc. Provided that a consistent and reliable J production procedure is being followed it should only be necessary to take one sample from each batch. Sample With continuous production formulation plants where subdivided there are no discrete batchen, samples ahould be taken at regular intervals depending upon the production A rate and the level ofcontrol over the process. As on toolil example up to 5 tons ofmaterial can be considered as one batch, provided this is not more than 4 times the No hourly output of the packing line. At least three le. Isola samples should then be taken per batch. Sampling packed products Y Packed products may be sampled directly from filling ,E E lines, when carrying out spot-checks on stored stocks '* in warehouses, or when dealing with customer complaints. Again, it is necessary to first separate the =1h1n V40 packs into their respective batches. Then a decision Wood and p # must be made on the minimum number of packs to be rosults iecoidedo sampled from each batch. A truly representative Mch, composite sample can then be prepared. When checking pack weights, a statistically correct result can also be obtained. The number of samples will Sample receipt and handling depend upon the reason for sampling and the history of the product. Details on quantities and frequencies are Samples of ingredients, packaging materials and given In the publications mentioned earlier finished products should be delivered to the sample (References reception area, This should be near to the entraice of (Refrencs 2 4,56).the laboratory to prevent contamination of the main Cleaning sampling equipment laboratory area. Special attention must be paid to the cleaning of sampling equipment and containers, to avoid cross - should be provided Inglass bottles with caps giving a contamination. Equipment must be thoroughly contmintion Eqipmnt mst e throuhlyvapour proof seal. Some formulations, like aerosols, cleaned and dried before any sample is taken. ov h Work flow The sample must be sufficient to carry out at least two The passage of a sample through the QC laboratory complete specification tests and provide mitf ho~ rprofoillvoinnned and controlled to avoid material for sample storage. adete maeral ndlabetInictd y n xmpe,a 3 Quality control in the laboratory On receipt, the information on the label must be 0 analytial and physical test methods carefully checked, and entered in a sample log book. Each sample must be given a unique laboratory reference number. Separate systems may be used for specified in the methods ingredients, finished products and packaging materials. A typical sample label is shown below. Ate recortn and reorng QUALITY CONTROL SAMPLE laboratory notebook. Routine calculations, for example when carrying out chromatographic analyses, may be PROD NGRDcarried out using calculation sheets The unique laboratory sample reference number should be 8ATCWINVOICI-NUMMA' SOUNCE Of SAMPt Included when any data are recorded. TIME &LA TAKIN The final results from each Specification test must be recorded on the appropriate Quality Control Report eor the Ingredient, packaging material or finished product. Pre-printed documents should be available for this purpose. COMMENTS LA NIEENCE QUALWY CONTROL REPOfrT' ' If it is necessary to split the sample for further testing, Prodwi care must be taken to avoid segregation and lam or duition homogeneity. Mich Number This Is not generally a problem with solutions and Sampis_Number suspensions, where thorough shaking Is all that is needed, but powders and granules should be sub- SPECF"TOON sampled using an approved technique such as TEST METHOD PEOUIRMENTS RESULTS "quartering". "Quartering" of solid materials /m a symmetrical heap. The red quadrants are discarded, The two remaining quadrants are thorutsshly mixed and again "quartered"' The whole process is repented until the required amount of sample PRODUCT PASSS MANUFACTURING YES remains, SPEIfCATfiNtOUIREMENTS? NO Test procedures and documentation COMMENTS The QC documents required for the testing of ingredients, products and packaging materials include: Dire * Quality Control Report Form and laboratory notebooke product, In t ACkaging material Quality g pes hould be filled int record and All test flporelamust bepopryreore.i I 3Quality control in the laboratory Each completed QC report must be handed to the Laboratory Supervisor on completion of the work for analyt o c u him to sign when he has checked and approved the results. So that the necesary specification tests can be carried It is essential that results are then transmitted as out on each batch or Ingredient, finished product or quickly as possible to the Production Supervisor using Incoming packaging material, It Is essential that an agreed procedure. However, the results must be validated, written procedures are available, These confirmed in writing with the minimum delay. A copy documents can be considered under the two headings: ofthe signed QC report may be used for this purpose. * Operating procedures Filing Analytical and physical test methods Filing QC reports must be fled under the product name and Operating procedures in batch or invoice number order. They must be kept These are general procedures, and relate to the for at least 5 years or for a longer period if local operation orparticular types of Instrumenta, or to legislatinn requires it. Laboratory notebooks should be activities which cover a whne range of formulation retained for a similar period and it Is recommended types. In the case of specific types orequipment, (nr that calculation sheets, spectra and chromatograms example, gab chromatographs, the nufacturer's are also kept. The common link between all of these Instrument manual may sumce. Nevertheless, documents Is the unique laboratory sample reference documents under this heading must be kept together number. in bookcaqes, or In flies, with an up-to-date Index Sample storage The more general type ordocument may relate to any procedure which Is not specific to a product type. Some in the laboratory, samples awaiting testing should be examples might include: kept separate from those already dealt with. After * validation of a chromatographic procedure testing, samples must be retained for at least 2 years, packing otchromalographic preferably in laboratory reference number order under cpeuin n controlled conditions, if possible between 20* and 25*C, 0 use of balances * validation ofanalytical reference substances for work ing standards) v routine maintenance procedures * sampling procedures *Analytica and physical test methods The pearane ete produe si proceer tnhe re unerlt, Iredien.and pace ingo t ateias, and coer as pove rall e offormation b typa.isn th ao speitpe ofen equpen, fora ocesar fouer th is work t be kepou t oefei the. Sampl es should be sared undergim7drandilios in amparai Thcesy ustor in (1 be carw ith an uptoedate index. They mre enerally ofldocumet ay re-o-ate iodany 3Quality control in the laboratory in the laboratory. They may be considered under four headings: * Packaging material tent methods * Methods for determining the content of the active ingredient in technical ajd formulated pesticides * Physical test methods * Methods for determining the level of formulation adjuvants and contaminants Packaging material test methods Simple tests on incoming packaging materials are - normally adequate. Some packaging components vary very little, and can be accepted with minimum testing. Others can cause problems, and must be rigorously checked, perhaps using statistical sampling procedures. Experience is the key to determining which components and which suppliers can be relied upon. With most primary containers (those which come into contact with chemical product), visual examination, checks on dimensions and drop testing (when filled with water) are adequate. For cartons and other similar containers, checks on dimensions, fibreboard uality, printing, etc., are normally carried out. areful checks on size, print quality, text and coding are necessary for labels. If alternative sources of supply are proposed for packaging materials, it is essential that more frequent checks are carried out. In addition, a series of storage Testing ofpakaging materials usig a drop let -nnrt stability and compatibility tests must be carried out materials are usedfur these tests. with the formulations involved. Useful guidelines for packaging are given in the be accurate, precise, and val.daled before they are United Nations document on the Transport of used routinely. Validated analytical methods may be Dangerous Goods (see Reference 8). obtained from the supplier or from international bodies such as CIPAC (Collaborative International Pesticido Determination ofcontent of active Ingredient Analytica[ Council). A method may be considered to be These are perhap the most important tests carried outvalues ese re hap th mos imortnt estscariedout which are very close to one another. Accuracy relate. in a pesticide Quality Control Laboratory. since they Qualty ontol Lbortor, sice heyto the closeness of a result to the trute value. The relate directly to biological eMcacy of the product. The targets In the diagram overieef Illustrate these points. limits on active ingredient content in pesticide formulations and technical active ingredients are also Each formulation will have cArefully assigned finished closely defined by interr i bodies and local product mi turing specification limits for each registration authorities. Fmor this reason methods must active ingredient. In order to be sure that formulation be acurte,preise,andvaldatd beorethe ar Quolity control in the lahorntory Precision and Accuracy of test results , Target Value Good tprecision Poor precision but poor accuracy. but reasonable accuracy. adjuvants or impurities do not Interfere in the determination of active ingredient, it iR strongly recommended that a speciflic method is u?ied. As far as pesticide formulations and technical active ingredients are concerned, chromatographic methods offer a good compromise between specificity and speed. They nay also be used for confirmation of identity of C11repnlrmph itimiq are rectimmended for technical materials. It is essential that the correct deferininit ofactive ingreifieni. active ingredients have been tAsed in the right quantities, and chromatographic methods provide Where a specific method Is iot available, other information covering both aspects, validated chenical procedures or Indireet methods The techniques most widely used are gas-liquid should be uAcd. Where these involve the use of chromatography (OLC) and high performance liquid chemical reagentR, the reagents should be dated on chromatography (IrPLC). Both techniques involve the receipt or preparation and should be correctly labelled separation of components of the formulation or with storage conditions and shelf life. Any tests to technical active ingredient on a chromatographic confirm the suitability of the reagent itself, should be C molumn. recorded, Carefully chdracterised analytical referencen vsubstances are essential for the application of lhesa methods. They must he stored under conditions defined 1vhysical tmts may pe required for ingredients, and by the company supplying the active inRi-eJients, They will certainly form part o(the specification niust be replaced periodically, In accordance with the requirements for finished products. Tets commoily supplier's Instructions, applied to otingredients and finished products Thinrlayer chromatography oTreCp is a valuable include: technique forchecking the Identity of the technical 0Apaac et active ingredients and the related Impurities. Other rae tests techniques often used include titrimetry and 0 Sieve tets/particle size measurement spectrophotometry. It I essential that only the Viscosity recommended analytical method Is used for each Density technical or rormulated product. Fnnh point * L 3Quality control in the laboratory In addition the following tests may be required for Equipment and Chemicals formulated material: The laboratory should be fully equipped to deal with * Emulsion stability the teRts specified. When purchasing speciallsed * Suepensibililyeqien,teoloigpitshudbcoierd 0 Wettability 0 Suitability for the tasks involved * Dispersion tests 0 Availability * Vourability 0 Reliability * Cold tests S Flexibility 0 Technical support from the supplier The CIPAC Handbooks (see Reference 9) contain The latter Is particularly Important, It Is essential that details of these, and other physical test procedures. local service agents are available to deal with maintenance and breakdowns. Dispersion lests are important for em ulsifiable concentrm(es A list of irplal equipment and chemical& needed (EC wettablepawderm W' suswnsion comcenutes fSC) for a motern formulation and packing QC wimb .Otr Jiprni1lexuntd4.n4 I Wslaboratory Is shown below. ATinlytical reference substances (working standardt Bulk density apparatus Chart recorders c Chromatographic columns Compressed gase: Hydrogen. air and nitrogen - hi gh purity (99,9% plus) Cork borers / Cork rings S[naryingovn Electronic balance, weighing to 0, 1 mg Electronic calculator Testing 'wettabi naty Examinat n of the prepared Extraction thimbles ofa wetabli puder. aupTnsin during the Filter papers "saslh-nsibily" test, Flash point apparatus Fume extraction Gas chromatograph with ame lonation detectors Determination of formulation adjuvant and Glassware drying rack contaminants Heating mantles and hot plates T igh performance liquid chromatographa with Svaribe wavelength UVdetectorand valve ijectors the level of formulation adjuvants, particularly where Hydrometers they are important biologically.tet *nRelrabollct oic h mR and i spectrophotometers Thewmaor c iasan ocaterely mportanoma a esaio Karl Fischer apparatus vifewp oinbth s e usuall l wa. Th sica h ablt a f seri Laboratory glsaware including volumetric flasks, Anlconical flasks, beakers, burettes, pipettes, number of formulation typs. The method mostan frequently used is thtA Fischer titrimetric auin rue f laskse usnces ond Sndae) procedure. xt ritutr, Den and Stark apparatus aetcpa 3 Quality centrol in the Iøhoraory Metre rute Micrometer gauges -"-J i meter 1)lpette il1I1ers † Plnstle wash bottles Quality domestic water Refrigerator (for analytical reference substances) ltetort stands and clampR å' lIotury evaporator ltubber tubing Septa, ferrules, etc. n Sioves Solvents Solvent and toxie waste ditsposal Stabilised electric power supply * p Standard hard water stock solutions sl andørd rotgents specilled in anualytieinl nth:Ws Stop witches Supply of distilled/dcionised wuter Syringes Tape measure Thermometere Thin-layer chromatography equipment Tool kits for instruments Top pan balances, weighing to 0, lg with capacity to 10okg Torque meter (for cap release torquesi Vacuum and compressed air supply # Vacuum desiccators 'i Viscometers U9eM reference 52 CHECKLIST ;IT. I ih h~'t 4 Useful references Usefl rfereces9. CIPAC Ilandbook -Volumes 1, IA and III iand WCto Useful referencesofTecnica I. (IFA Gudelies or:and Formulated Pesticides" (published by 1.Collaborative Intrnational Pesticide Analyticl (al The Safe Handling of Pesticides during their Council, Limited). Formulation, Packing, Storago and Transport; (b) The Safe and Effective Use of Pesticides; (c) Emergency Measures in Cases of Pesticide Poisoning. (available from GIFAP) 2. The Manual on the Use of PAO Specifications for Plant Protection Products (PAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 13 - publbshed by FAO1 3. The Use ofTolerances in the Deti!rmination of Active Ingredient Content in Specificutions for Pesticidal Products ipublished by GIFAPI. 4. Specifications for Penticides used in Public Health (published by WHO, Geneva). 5. Formulation of Pesticides in Developing Countries (published by United Nations Industrial Development Organisation - UNIVO). 6. Sampling procedures outlined in the oflcial methods o analysis of the Association of Oficial Analytical Chemists (AOAC, PO Box 540 Benjamin Franklin Station, Washington, DC20044, USA). 7. 180 Standard 2859 (published by International Standards Organisation). 8. UN Transport of Dangerous Goods Recommendations. Recommendations prepared by the Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods (published by the United Nations Economic and Social Council'. UN Publications GEn z..i12 (7315) (available from 4 Checklist Checklist 8. the mechanism for approval of This checklist has been written in such a way as to materials and finisht4 products make it easy to fill in. The answers will assi9t in the r!carly defned and understood? identification otactions needed. 9. Is there an agreed routinofow or Information between plant and Nos ORGANISATION AND MANAGEMENT laboratory on qc matters? I. Is there a defined management structure, with responsibility for Yes No10. Are written recipes available for QC functions clearly Identified? all finised products? 2. Do these include: * Establishing procedures 11, -Are written specifications and specifications? available fr all Ingredients, L.AI packiaging materilb, and finished prodois(M? 0 Investigating quality incidents to if "yeti, where are they kept? promote appropriate preventive o12. D finished product specifcatiots )Action? L ...iinclude properly assigned limits on Yes IoI actvtinreint? 9 Carrying out regular QC audits to Yes No identify and correct QC 1 1 weaknesses? [7 j QC IN TIIEIPLAN'r 3. In there a QC Laboratory FYes TNo] 1,Dephnlaotodesg Supervisor? satisfy the requirements relatet L[1:j handling and storage space and It e If" es", to whom does he report, Are all product lines and vegels and what is his function? ..clearly arkd? 4. Who is responsible for QC in the plant? 5. Who is responsible for QC 15 Is the formulating and packing in the warehouse? equipment well designed, prorly Yes N) 6. Are all the essential reference constructed, well maintained and documents available as listed on Yesdoes it allow easy cleaning? pages 52 and 53, 16. Is the standard ofhousekeeping in plant and warehouse areas 7. Are the requirements laid down In Yes Nosatisfactory? the "GIFAP Guidelines for the Safe Handling of Pesticldes"(see reference IT [.ave the start in the plant been 1) as to safety, industrial hygiene and thoroughly trained to be aware of Yes No nPAr~t,.#inn, q111 qf1p9I all their QC related activities? 4 Checklist 18. Are all steps in the formulation I and packing process closely Yes No supervised? clearly marked "awaiting approval Ya and stored separately from other 19. Are supervisors capable of making running adjustments and taking IYesI No1 29, Does the plant keep packing QC decisions about the operation or records? plant and warehouse? 20. Are Formulation Batch Cards and Packing Instructions Cards Y NoA cks crried outaonc,iYsed available in the plant? febeling and fill weights? 21. Does the Production Supervisor issue Formulation Batch Cards, Yes NotA e l alls sale unt m e and Packing Instructions Cards and does he check them on completion? 22. Are actual active ingredient contents taken into account, when Yes No3 D upes cheak rocedry calculating batch quantities? have been followed, when changing from one product to another? 23. Are batch calculations based on whole numbers of drums of the Yes Nog3. Ar s ad an growth active ingredient? LL...... separately from other products and the active Ingredients stored 24. Has the plant clearly defined separately? opera ing procedures? 34. Are partially filled containers or unused containers from previous F Yesl No production runs removed from plant 25, Has the plant clearly defined areas promptly? equipment cleaning procedures? Yes No ei ent an pc35 Are ingredients and product awaiting laborator approval, FYT _ clearly marked and kept In separate 26. Are Ingredients and packaging areas of the warehouse from other materials used on a first-in YesNostock? first-out basis? 36. Are there procedures for re-examining Ingredients and 27. Are ingredients pre-weighed before products, which have been stored use in the plant? Yfor more than a specified time LJIi]period? 3.Does the Warehouse Supervisor Ys N 28. ls packing ever carrPA ott before check transport documents, and the laboratory results atq, table? 2 condi containers and packs qo recorde? YespatNo 4 Checklist 38. Hav4l hi pidhi ad *arehobse 44 Does the role of the I,aboretory rellhblesylteiil o16F collectink, Yesuprvisor Include a donnd storing and fetrving all rAsponsibility for the following production and debpatch datal aspects; Ye 0 If"Yes", in what form are dath * Acceptance testing of active stored? In bk Ingredients stored? [I1I[7~~~j ingredient.sdohrfomlto On forms 0 Acceptance testing of packaging Using a materials? computer Testing of bulk and finished 45. Are those responsiblities delegated QC IN THE LABORATORY to subordinates? 39. Is the laboratory suitable for the quality controf IfYes", who Is responsible for * Location? * Acceptance teting of active * 11uiltin ntuin Ingredients and other formulation * Building construction? Inreiets * Size? 6 Acceptance testing of packaging Q Deneral facilities? materials ..n.es If "No", why not? ....0 Testing of bulk and finished 40. In the total laboratory area divided Yes discuss work planning and into different zones for. * Sample receipt?FIlllsheuig Chemil est? 4. Are standardised samples analysed " Chemcal teting?period IcalIly or Interlaboralory checks Yes No * Physical testing? carriedoutand * Packaging material testing? regularly calibrat? * Sample storage? 48. Are samples of Ingredients, 41. Is the standard of housekeeping in packaging materials and finished the laboratory satisfactory? products Uken according to a ff n defined plan, and In the recommended manner? 42. Have all the staff been thoroughly 49 Are sampling procedures clearly trained in the specific tasks to be No defined in writing? undertaken? II1I I 1 4,Are health, hygiene and safety 50. Are samples properly labelled and Ye N standards In the laboratory Does h rolqe laboratory reference nupers? 4 Checklist 61. Is eampling equipment adequate for the purpose, and properly Ys No maintained and cleaned? 52. Are samples of all ingredients and finished products kept for at least F Yes- TN o two years under proper storage conditions, in sealed glasa jars? 53. Has the laboratory a reliable system for collecting, storing and Yes No retrieving all laboratory data? If "Yes", in what form are data stored? In books On forms Using a - computer 54. Is the laboratory able to carry out the following checks? Yes No * Identity of active Ingredients and - other formulation ingredients? 0Cntents of active ingredients? *Physical checks on Ingredients, packaging materials and finished products? 55. Has the laboratory available all Yes No the necessary: * Operating Procedures? * Analytical and Physical Test Methods? 56. Are suitable analytical reference substances available? Yes No 57. Are they stored correctly, as recommended by the supplier? 58. Are they regularly reolaced in accordance with them iers Ys N instructions? eK INTEND)ED) TO COMI.E.1ENT THlE ICEQLUIRE.1E.1TOF ANY LOCAL ANI) NATIONAI. I.AWS ANI) RtEGULATIONS. AND AI-SO0tH, FAO GCtMLaINI'S FOR. "THE DISPOSAL OF WA%TE PFmsTICII)E TM EIA NES AND IESTICIIE CONTAINERS ONI HE FARM". TH-E GUIDELINES ARE INTENDED TO for the avoidance, APPLY ONLY TO THE AVOIDANCE. .I.MITATION AND DISPOSALOF PESTICIDE WASTE ON THE FARM AND DURING COLLECTION BY AR.MES FROM APOINT OF SALE. ADVICE FOR FORMULATORS. DISTRIBUTORS AND DEALERS IS CONTAINED EN THE CIFAP O "GIEIES FOR THF SAFE HANDLING OF PESTICIV)ES I)CRING 0, THEIR FORM1ULATION.PACKING. = STORAGE AND TRANSPORT" AND pd w aste BOOKLET IS ACCURATE TO THE BEST OF THE KNOWLEDGE OF GIFAP, BUT NO LIABILITY WHATSOEVER CAN BE - ACCEPTED IN RESPECT OF THE USE OF THIS INFORMATION NOR IN RESPECT OF ANY ADVICE CONTAINED HEREIN. GIFAP. Groupeuent Intarnatamoal des Assoamoc Nabonabs de Fabricants de Produts Agrochimques. s the antenmtaal trade asocatwn for manufalctrveis ofagrochemeal GIFAP ADDRESS Avenue Albert Lancasar 79A. 1180 BrusseAk Beium TEL (2)375.6&60 TELEX 621.20 -~May]987 1 Foreword The safe handling and use of chemicals continue to be a high priority of the international agrochemical industry association (GIFAPL The disposal of pesticide waste on the farm must be handled in a manner that is safe to humans and the environment The avoidance and limitation of waste does, of course, reduce the problem of disposal, but, even in the best circumstances, wastes can and do occur and need to be dealt with. A working group of specialists with a wide range of knowledge and expenence in this field has produced this booklet, which gives practical advice on procedures to limit or avoid waste and in the disposal of waste and used containers. This booklet should be read thoroughly and the practices advocated should become standard operating procedures. consistent with local regulations. Other guidelines in this GIFAD series cover. The Safe Handling of Pesticides during their Formulation, Packing, Storage and Trat-sport. The Safe and Effective Use of Pesticides Emergency Measures in Cases of Pesticide Poisoning. Quality Control of Pesticides. Thomas W. Parton President of GIFAP 3 Contents 1. Introduction 7 ..* . . . ..1 1. Introduction Throughout the world the use of pesticides has become an increasingly necessary operation in the consistent and economic production of high quality crops to meet world demand. Pesticides are developed, manufactured and officially approved by authorities for use in specific. carefully defined situations which avoid or minimise hazards to those who handle them and to the environment. Additionally, IN MANY COUNTRIES THERE ARE LEGAL REQUIREMENTS WHICH MUST BE COMPLIED WITH. On each product label. specific advice is given on handling and safety measures. Spillages or indiscriminate disposal may be hazardous, and any loss of pesticide is expensive. There are therefore sound reasons for taking all possible steps to avoid spillage and loss and for adopting responsible waste disposal action when necessary. These Guidelines are principally directed at farmers and contractors, together with their advisers. Because the broad scale of use of pesticides. and the fact that facilities available for disposal or treatment of containers and waste vary from country to country, the advice presented in these Guidelines is often given as a list of options. Where this is so, the most preferred practice is stated first: the alternatives are listed in decreasing order of desirability. Where more than one option is possible. the use of the safer one is strongly recommended. Users of pesticides and local authorities are asked to improve waste disposal techniques to the highest possible standards. In these Guidelines, the word MUST is used to indicate minimum standards acceptable. and the words SHOULD and RECOMMENDED indicate proven good practices. 7 2. Avoidance of pesticide Collecting from the retailer waste Examine all packages to ensure that they are not 'e. leaking or badiv dented and that caps and seals are 'esticide waste can consist of the pestcide itself. intact, and make sure that the labels can be easily such as old stock. leftovers or spillages). diluted read. Do not accept badly damaged or iroduct, its packaging. contaminated clothing or inadequately Labelled packages, because these ,,Lher materials. rinsing or fire-fighting water. will present problems in storage and use. A number of preventive steps can be taken to avoid i he difficult problems and costly solutions of pesticide waste disposal. These concern the judicious purchase, collection, transport, storage and use of pesticides. Purchasing pesticides * When purchasing a pesticide. calculate carefully the amount needed and try to avoid being left with a surplus at the end of the season of use. For e-mple. do not buy a large container if only a 11 portion of its contents is likely to be used by the end of the season. Refuse to accept badkv damaged or inadequateky labeUled hosWhere farmers have to collect pesticides from tretailers, the foll wing principles should be applied. ) WITH SPECIAL CARE BEING TAKEN TO ENSURE THAT NO PERSONS OR THEIR BELONGINGS. OR FOODSTUFFS. ARE PUT / AT RISK FROM LEAKING OR CONTAMINATED CONTAINERS. 0 Small pesticide packslQkg or I litre). if bought cz collected personally by a farm worker, shb-i;ld be packeh ii a plastic bag and carried separately to the farmi They must not be carried along with food. ln Pesticides must not be carried inside the Chome pestic&dc pack sL= Mat =a a season s needsEpassenger compartment of cars. They should placed in the trunk of the car. in an outsize SUsers of large quantities should choose packsizer container, or, preferably, in a trailer. o that can be safely handled - do not buy large 0 Those directly responsible for collection and drums if there is no fork-lift truck or other suitable transport drivers. eti must know what their lifting equipment on the fairm to move themR loads contain and what action must be taken in toWap 2 Avoidance of pesucide wasLe he event of an emergency. In many countries drivers carryng large quantites are legally required to carry documents detailing the approprate hazard precautions and emergency actions. * Special care must be taken during loading and unloading to prevent damage to containers. Protruding nails, metal strips and wood splinters on lorry bodies must be hammered flat before loading. Always load packages the correct way up Heacyv packs m"s be properiv crUled- * Loads rnust be secured so that they cannot move about or fall off dur-ng transport. mmer down naLs and sphalters before Loading. when indicated, and ensure that fragile packages will not be crushed. Do not unload large drums or other heavy packages by pushing them off the backs of lorries. They must be unloaded in a controlled way. Use a fork-lift truck or hoist if available. Vffl" Lads must be secured. * Leaking and contaminated packages must not be accepted for loading. * Pesticides must never be loaded with food. feedstuffs or other materials destined for"human or animal use. * Passengers must not be carred in the loaded area. and pesticides must not be carred in the cab or Do not push heavy packages off the backs o{lornes driver's compartmint. 13 kvoidance ot pesticide waste JV' Ict<- anwa mustig herarned in the drwver'stymnpartment- wee t of an accident such as a crash. Fire or Aj-.daewt at rwd age. -.ie driver should: tasotn etcdsb qipdwt hvl .Vitch off the engine. and not light cigarettes. abomada mt otie nowiht u *nd someone to call the emergency services andansplemtri. ie retailer or nearest pesticide supplier 4 fteei n osblt htfo.aia ed ontain any spillage by surrounding and covering cohn rgnrlcnue od aebe wi th sand or earth to avoid contact risk and thecotmnedthsmutbcitrvd(e Tect of fumes. .ay with the vehicle. but upwind of any spilled I+rg ntefr lemical. and keep people away- nmediate contamnment ofa spillage and ttvrteaonsadvreyo etcdsta 10rough decontamination is essential. If the a,t eue rsoe pnfr'rmss hr badside is contaminated. local authorities mustaranubroimrttmeuesobeakno * warned in detail about the hazards- euewsaeadt.iiiehzrs hc hie spillage must be absorbed in earth cr sandaplinilcs- nd then be disposed of in a safe place isee pages .i me. lye, detergent or soap powder in a anrqieet hc, aet estsidi oncentrated water solution are good for lre urte r ob ,zd eetees h iecontaminating hard surfaces. However.. the bscpicpe hudb olwdwe mle .vash water must not be allowed to run off into qaue r trd ewers or surface water drains. waterways, pondsThsmeurscnr: ,t Ilakes. but should be absorbed in sand or earth. 0Scrt ipilled dry powder should be covered with dry *Mitnneo h etcd tc ngo and or earth before it is shovelled or swept into codto 11 a ro-nda mtycnane t hsht u an-plldmteil i~ t(", mu,.! iM beiimi+oirage donerthempfarmn aire . drvershold:trantevertn themounts and equiped wof p shel.ha ~vith ftheengne,and ot igh Cigretes,aronme aof aimptyrtantaieare nto wbec take pt *ndsoeoe t cltheemrgncyreveesucdae sle mantemihaad. hc ie dtaleror earst estcid suplir SIfThereeasures desribditn that sectonideal witheth ~inainanyspilag bysuroudin an coerig coingqureeral wcnue d have bsaifeeni wit sad r ert toavid onactrik adhe olamge iatdtes e mto be ed. erees h vwihth vhcl, u uwndofay pildbagricpes o l te foloedwensale iorough econtamiation isessentia. I theatt ese r storeduo ampemss hr i:idsde iscontminatd, lcal athonie mstThese umesresf imornt eiu o etknt warnd i deail.ibu te hzars. -ed*eMaintance and te pesiide stockds whicho niers:ye deteisrentormendeodeta rus nEmrergates reatonbes1dNvehls,te uncetraed ate soutio ar god fr bsic rinipls soul be ollwedwhe smlle \voidance of pesticide waste Siting and construction of pesticide uy stores cides must always be stored under lock and key Wherever possible, pesticide stores should be located 4cure place, out of the reach of unauthorised on high ground which s not subyect to flooding. and ie. children and animals. they must be rain-proof. Floors should be impermeable to liquids and free from cracks to allow easy cleaning, and should be designed to contain leakage and contaminated lire-fighting water - for instance by means of a surrounding 1Scmn sill. If there are drains. they must not connect directly with waterways or public sewers, but with a separate catchment pir Stores should be adequately 1-edirio. urr /,,-k and kev, ,re small quantities of pesticides are involved. -tor ay only be a locked cupboard or box tod of reach of children or animals but it S OT be situated in food storage areas, or ires, stoves or lamps, and should not be kept in ipied rooms. ,re large quantites of pesticides are storedp such I arge farms, plantations and co-operatives, the icide store should be a separate building or ion of a building which can be securely locked. Large.qtores.-AouLd be able to rann. !ilage. and should bai posswn fr ie coact offorr-aihaig iaer. tintenance of stocks in good ventilated, particularly in tropical and sub-topical ndition regions, to prevent excessively high temperatures SNSULT PRODUCT LABELS FOR and humidity, which can cause deterioration of -;WRUCTIONS CONCERNING STORAGE pesticides. This also avoids the accumulation of )NDITIONS and if in doubt refer to the supplier. vapour,-. Some ground level ventilation must be )rder to ensure that stocks of pesticides are kept provided to prevent the build-up of heavy vapours. on hdghIn areas subject to low winter temperatures en tofurl onition, de atention:e insulation and heating may be necessary to prevent frost damage to stored pescides Rats cac destroy . -iting and construction of the pesticide store, to bags and boxes, so stores shculd be made rat-proof, ninirnise deterioration due to clhmatic conditions eg, by covering all wall vents with sound wire Positioning and stacking of containers to avoid netting or irons bars. damage and to facilitate inspection Large pesticide stores may also be bunded. for -First-n. fi-ut use of stocks example by an earth bank, to contain any leakages Regular inspections or contaminated firefighting water as a ued ventlatd. prtiulary i trpica an subtroica 2 A%vukwe a Xde safety barner. Alternatively, a drain may be constructed around the store. leading to a sump. from which the pesticide can be pumped out and disposed of Positioning and stacking inside te store Stocks of pesticides should be methodically arranged 0 and clearly marked so that they can be easily identified and inspected: containers must be su upright and the height of stacks should be restricted, to avoid damage by crushing. Packages should not be stored directly on the floor, but preferably on pallets or racks, and away from walls, to allow ventilation. Examples of typical stacking heights recomnended 'v manufacturers are shown in the following table: Stacking heights Number of Package pallets Large drums 45 gal./200 litres - steel 2 - plastic 2 Small drums 5 g; 1./20 litres - steel 2 - fibre 2 - plastic 2 Sacks 56bl2ekg - paoer 2 - polvIhytene 2 Wood cases 4 Fibreboard cases containing - rigid packages 2 (eg tins, glass bottles) -soft packages 2 Aeg plastic bottles. sachets) 19 AvoKdankceof petAcXdwk t Avoidx~e* Metal drums - rusting and leaking seams or dents * must be taken to avoid cross-contamianation of W Plastic drums and bottles - defomation and -roducts. which leads to increased wastage. leakage 'Ontamanations. such as of nsecticides or tungicades * Cartons and boxes, and paper or plastic sacks - v weedkillers or piant growth regulators. may dampness and discolouraton, holes and sgns of .iuse serious damage to crops. leaknge First-in, first-cut" use of stocks Glass bottles -cracks or breakages 0 Missing lids or Labels is a general rule the oldest stock of any product nust be used up first. so as to avoid unnecessary ength of storage. The orderly arrangement of stocks n a store according to manufacturing or purchase laces and the maintenance of a permanent 46 nventory book will help to make this a routine )ractice. lowever. if a particular container or batch is t-aking or deteriorating, it is sensible and conomical to use the entire contents at the earliest >pportunitv regarrless of its date ofarrval in store. - pro ed it is still in a fit state to be used. It is not p -ible to give specific advice in this booklet on how tt,Jdge whether a suspect product is fit for use or not, but the following characteristics should be taken as cause for doubt- and for seeking expert opimion before use: Weee eeirto rlaaei eno opinarnkeforaeofoorooonstec suspected. all affected packs must be removed and * marked change of colour or of consistencyisolated. Neighbouring packs must be carefully * separation of liquid into distinct layers which i tec and removed for cleaning if they are cannot be re-mxed by shaking co inated- * rormaion of crystals which will not dissolve with shaking or rolling * aDparent contamination by another pesticide r-packing *edangers associated with Ifit is decided that pack 4 pesticide must be unsule, ackAging materials and inadequate disposed of, then the procedures given on page 30 labelling- However, in cases ofemergency. leaking must be followed. In large stores there must be a contairers should be placed in oversized containers system of authorisation which enables unusable or in heavy-dutv polyethylene bags. Where larger stock to be "written-off. quantities ofproduct are stored or handled it may be advisable to keep a few decontaminaLed containers Regular inspection of stocks for this purpose. The safety precautions recommended by the mnnufacturer for the handling All stocks must be regularly inspected for signs of of the product must be observed durng re-packing. deterioration or leakage. Points to watch out for The containe-s must be securely closed and properlY include: la bet led - ideafly with the orginal product label, but * Strong odour - often indicative of leakage or *filing that, with an accurate copy- The product product decomposition should be used up as soon as possible. .10 21 2 Avoidance of pesuade wase PESTICIDES MUST NEVER BE PUT INTO D)RINKS BOTTLES OR FOOD CONTAINERS- NO SMOKING krp as d ths porn "K Smokwno and the use of naked flors nut be forbsd4l" inEpde sroreor selectrical installations and equipment should be cad s constructed, installed and antained according to Sthe explosion and fire safety requirements of the ".,00e, respecti-ie national codes,. Notices must be placed on the outside of pesticide stores stating eDANGER PESTICIDEw *AUTHORISED PERSONS ONLY. Notices an symbols indicating NO SMOKING: NO NAKE. Vet -r put pestirides irzw1 drin,6- buldIes iw 1ixid cotauiwrs FLAME- must be prominently displayed inside and outsideP Most emportany, these rules must be Emergency pre autioLs in sWres strictly enforce WVherever pesticides are stored, and on whatever Water must be immediately available, and buckets ,cale. precautions must be taken to prevent of sand or earth should be provided in all stores for accidents and damage, and the consequent problems the purpose of extinguishing small ud or for of waste creation and disposal. In the event that absorbing anmus spillages or leak In Larg stores. they may occur. provision mustp be made to deal fire extinguhers must be available and must be promptly and effectively with: 0 fire * spi Ilage and leakage b contamination of personnel Fire Pestrcidmcl nspecially those formulated as flammable liquids, can present major tiac hazards. and can give oe o flammable vapours at normal temperaturesr Therefore good ventilation (at ground as well as at roof levelm is essentiaL contairps must SA14ip stors stting"DANER PSTIC D- not be left openA Leaks and spiUOages must be dealt with promptly iisee pages 24 and 25) SMOKING AND TLE USE OF NAKED FLAMES MUST BE Pr must waterand s dad orearty muis be FORBIDDEN INSIDE STORESo Heating and solb d in all ssoro 23 2) A voidance of pestcbMe waste appropriate decantig or measuring equipment r,alarly checked to ensure that they are properly jsanes et W or ro n drums ty. tharged. Even msmall stores bt srommende must be held so that air can freely enter the that at least one fire extanguisher be prevaided. They contaner, thus avoiding sudden surges of liquid. ,hould be located where they are easaly reached an ct, r pdus musudhel sloge o iving -an emergency, eg next to a door. Gas mitsks. gloves F%wner products must be held close to the receivmng . nd eMrny et et two e dr. Ga ms . be container so as to avoid creating dust- andbots,fo atlesttwo persons, must be permanently available and within easy accessof the If spillages or leaks do occur they must be dealt with ,tore. They should be checked rgularly- Advice on immediately, as described on pages 30 and 31. approved essential fire-fighting equipment. facilities and water requirements caz be obtained Contamination of personnel from local fire authortes Provided pesticide containers are kept in good Spillages and leaks condition and handled seusibly, by personnel wearing the protective clothing recommended on the Spillages in stores are most likely to occur when product labels. contamination should not occur, but a nadequately sealed containers are being movedL or where it does, the first aid measures Oven in section 4 and the decontamination procedures described on page 32 must be followed. Pesticide use Waste and spillage of pesticides durng use may occur because of: * spillage when measuring out * spillage when filling applicators * leakage during application * surplus product remaining when the application task is completed Pour iquals6 rvuly te a xd - w hen pdlaueian pa s when pesticides are being measured out. Therefore Spillage measuring out ensure that any containers or packages which have The appropriate equipment to be used and the been opened are properly closed after use- Provide procedures to be followed to avoid spillage are described opposite. Spillage when filling applicators Spillages of concentrates are most likely to occur when trying to mianhandle too heavy a container up to the filling aperture of a sprayer and/or when trying to pour into a small filler opening without using a funnel. Therefore always fill from containers or measures of manageable size, and always use funnels for small openings. Pour witt the openin' of When newunng or t=uzing pomderprmducts take enreot a can at the top, to reduce -glugging" by allowing %ir to creaic a coud ofdust. to enter. 25 2 .vomdance o pestAcIde wa ISP.OSAL O ake care not to overfill sprayer tanks when 4PESTICIDE W i opping-up with water,- Leakage during application pa to b e Valuable pesicide can be wasted and may be a h azrd to operators and others, if leaks occur dunng produc - appiication These are most commonly duc to burst to p and ur leaking hoses or insecure connections on sprayers. All such vulnerable parts rnust be checked i laning materias , before and during use. and fault put r-ght as soon cantann~ *queom w t as thev are detectd Regular cieaning and Cntå~v an maintenance will reduce such occurrences. - g ~ of dis Burial37 ljc Lcnelan^fhl 1- - iewfHm -- BurI on thm farm --38 Rr~pr imks ass . as thry are dete Surplus remaining when o application is completed ~ So far as possible the correct amount ofpesticide required for a particular area or task should Le - accurately caiculated, so that no surpius remins at completion. However, this is very difficult to achieve r 21;- where large areas and quantities are involved. In such cirrumstances it is better to underestimate the requirements so as to leave a small area untreated at the end. for which an exact calculation can be made in order to finish the job. if. however. diluted pesticide must be disp- A1 of. follow the procedure on page 32. Disposal of pesticide waste I the recommended procedures are sLncdv adhered ,. the amounts of avoidable pesticide waste -enerated or ,arms will be greatly reduced- \evertheless. when waste does occur it must be disposed of by methods which: * are safe for those handling the waste * leave any contaminated areas or objects clean * minimise the risk of environmental A I-vscndt thp4zwt Lefoa,ue contamination The preferred methods of disposal are given in detail Always wear the prtective lothing appopiaLe to in the following sections. lasted according to the the product when diso ofpestcxde waste, 4)rg-in of the waste. namely: unusable products from old stocks. or leftovers which are no longer needed. - lages or leaks. and the materials used to musorb them. - contaminated objects, such as protective clothing. or materials used for cleaning, - contaminated aqueous wastes. such as leftovers from spray mixtures. sheep dips, fruit dips, rinsing water and fire-fighting water. - containers and packages such as drums, cans, bottles and bags. Firstly. however, there are a number of general principles relating to pesticide disposal which must AhzKm weaprolectzeclaJung hen dmpi of ulways be taken into aptcouetv pcstlohde ausp rt - Never dispose of pesticie waste in such a manner as to put at risk people, livestock, wildlife, crops and General principles to be other plants. foodstuffs or water supphes. observed - Never dump pesticides ndxisrmnately. - ALWAYS COMPLY WITH LOCAL LEGAL REQUIREMENTS. - Always dispose of wastes as and when they arise. Avoid accumulation of large quantities for disposaL - Consult the product label for any specific advxe - If in doubt, seek expert advice, eg from the supplier or local authorites 3hv iiof pm~aiode wmite Kerp unauduvoised person&. childim and ammaisawy Verrdtimppesaicides ndscrimmatelv fn die affected arm As soon as a spil-lage occurs. or a leak is noticed- Types of waste - Kep u p c a away from the affiected area- Unused products - Prevent further waste by closing the container - If an unused product is in good condition, consider properly, or shifting its position to stop a leakage, hether a can bo sed up on a later occasion, or or placing into another container isee page 25). -nether a neighbounng farmer can use it If not. and the container is unopened, ask the retailer or - With dry waste. such as powders and granules. local adviser if the-, can find users. cover with dry sand or earth and sweep up and shovel into closable containers for safe disposal - If this is not successfuL or if the product has (see pages 36-391. The use of damp sand o water deteriorated, ask the supplier if he will accept it may release tomc or inflammable gases from for disposal. c products - cnsult the Libels. - [f he will not- ask the local adviser if there is a LICENSED incinerator available which can - With liquid waste. use lime, sand earth. or any safely dispose of the pesticide by burning at a high other absorbent material to soak up the spillage- temperature. Note that most incinerators do not Shovel this into closable containers for disposal burn at a sufficiently high temperature tie over (see pages 36-39). 1000(C) to sately destroy pesticides. - Wash the contaminated spillage area thoroughly - In the case that there is no other option. if the with water (see page 14). Do not allow the wash quantity is smail. bury the product tsee page 38). water to run off into any sewer, stream, well or - Large quantities require specialised disposal. pond, and if necessary soak it up w-th more Consult the manufacturer or local nuthority for absorbent material to be disposed of as in advice. section 3 co pmencing on page 36. - Make sure that all other containem near the Waste material from spillages and ac decontaminated by leaks thorough washing. Dispose of the washin er During aell handling operations of spiryages oi above. leaks protective clothing. such as gloves, boots and - NOT Gro contamination ofearth floors or of eye protection-, as recommended on the poduct soil may require special measures. Consult the label, mous be worn retailer, supplier or local authori isa cin 31 3 Disposal of pesacide waste mntaminated clothing and cleaning materials slightly contaminated clothing may be washed with detergent and several changes of water. separately trom other clothing. Heavily contanunated articles and those which really cannot be decontaminated. eg leather boots, together with rags, cotton waste. etc. which have been used for deaung up spillages. must, preferably, be burnt in a LICENSED incinerator. otherwise buned. Clothes must be torn or cut up before burial. Contaminated aqueous waste Unused diluted pesticide remaining ina sprayer tank is best got rid of by re-spraying part of the crop tor area which has just been treated. PROVIDED t his will not cause damage to the crop tor to a 1ol' -ing crop) - as might be the case with certain res..ual weedkillers - and will not leave excessive Adues on edible crops. NOTE_ If the unused Pe0o contatnem andpac*agLg ma&-rvals mu& newr pesticide remaining in the sprayer tank is further b diluted with water tenfold and sprayed at double speed, this will only increase the dose rate by 5 - If in any doubt. consult the product label andlor seek - Containers and packages must be completely advice, before spraying onto fallow land or land emptied before being disposed of. which is due to be cultivated. taking care not to put Dry materials. such as powders and granules. grazing animals at risk Cultivated land provides must be shaken outthroughly into the mixing the best conditions for biodegradation of pesticids vessel or the hopper or tank of the applicator. As a last resort. and also to dispose of sheep dips. fruit dips, and rinsing water from cleaning operations. deliver the aqueous waste in small amounts into a pit as described on pages 38 and 39. If larger amounts of aqueous waste must be disposed of- for example fire-fighting water - then the retailer, supplier or local authority must be contacted for advice. Containers and packages NOTE: PESTICIDE CONTAINERS AND PACKAGING MATERIALS MUST NEVER BE USED TO CONTAIN WATER FOR HUMAN QR Emptypwder and gmnuU wnw-u" by shV twn ANIMALUSE.fFOODORF inw murg waers or tankor feedstu3f 3 Disposal of pestade waste Liquids must be drained out of drums, cans and bottles by inverting the container over the mixing tank or sprayer tank and allowing it to drain for -it least 30 seconds after the flow has slowed down to a drip. Each container must then be rnsed three times by adding water until about a quarter full. closing and agitating, and then draining the rinse water into the mixing tank or sprayer tank. t To Orums.' and &Mttles must be drauned and rinsed three tunes Cenppradcrbad n lae Lscaain and made unusable mtPCimyb un ntefr RVDV H LAW~ ALOSTISE Take care to avoid splashing. Where pressure rinsers are available, these should be used to replace the triple rmnse. Containers must be punctured after rinsing, to make them unusable. The most environmentally secure method for disposing ofcombustble packagmng materials such as paper, cardboard and plastic is for them to be burnt in a LICENSED incinerator. Howeveru clean paper and cardboard outers and cleaned and rinsed plastic contamners lexcept PVC) may be burnt on the farm. see page 37). PROVIDED THE LOCAL LAW ALLOWS THIS. Otherwise, all packages must be buried after being made * C obast ble a omacuagmg be burnhtma LICENSE be burt in LICESED icincmon.rHwtorr Clean paper and ardbord.an cluanrd plas cco,ntdners burnotPVC>maebfburntoetheaarm-PROVIDEOTHE THE OCA LA ALOWS HIS Oterwse.Pa-*kages so be buried mast be mode unusable and reduced allpacage mst i brie aterbeig mdeits buik as much as possibde izqqid cowtainers must be unusable and reduced in bulk as much as possible. triple-rn.wd 35 3 Disposal of pesticide wase Where there is no LICENSED incinerator within iere packages are to be buried, and in order to reasonable accm and where open fires are not prevent re-use, paper and plastic bags and prohibited, and where the amount of waste to be cardboard cartons should be cut or torn into Care mus nt hee i bonfrsk bf se pieces, plastic containers cut up, glass bottles ad fuse tan dow hwis o fec peo e crushed inside a sack, and metal cans or drums anim es r an in d buildingsoor punctured and flattened: AEROSOL CANS ana hue or be o the ire geting MUST NOT BE PUNCTURED BEFORE B URAL bcaus ofthe ange ofout of hand and spreading. In some and countries BURIAL, because of the danger ofanrein,onfrsaepohbtdylw contamination- Recommended burial procedures a are described on pages 37--39. NOTE: In countries where approved re-cycling or The bonfire site should ideally have an impermeable reconditioning facilities are available, it may be floor and a containment sill For smaller quantities possible for larger metal drums to be salvaged - a perforated steel drum should be usedL Products BUT the drums must be thoroughly rinsed and which contain highly chlorinated materials or heavy then properly sealed, and the nature of the metals (especially mercury) must not be burnt in an oinginal contents made known to the re-cycling or open fire. reconditioning plant before delivery. These reconditioned drums must not be used in the food The fire u be kept very hot, with plenty of dry or imal feedstuffs industry. combustible material, such as brushwood and timber, or, alternatively, with kerosene or used motor oil in a drum- The waste must be carefully fed to the fire in small portions, allowing each portion to be fully consumed before adding the next In order to Meth ds o disosalachieve the moost complete burning, the glowing ash Meth ds o disoSalshould be stirred mechanically before it is removed- T'he ashes from the bonfire must be buried as Incinleration described in the following section since they may ,Some pesticides need very high temperatures to contain undestroyed pesticide residues. destroy them. These cannot be achieved n a bonfire. As a general rule it is safer for pesticide waste to be burnt in incinerators LICENSED for the purpose. Burial (Ask the retailer or the local authorities for the address and telephone number of the nearest licensed Licensed landfils incinerator). In the abserce of a LICENSED incinerator and Where there is a LICENSED incinerator for where burning on the farm is not permitted.or is not pesticides, the nature of the waste must be made practicable, pesticide waste may be disposed of in a known to the operators. Great care must be taken in landfill site, orovided it is licensed for this purpose transporting waste to an incinerator to ensure that no by a competent authority (ask the retailer for the leaks and spillage occur, and that the vehicle is address of the nearest licensed Landfill). If the site thoroughly cleaned after unloading. Whenever operators will collect the waste in theirown possible. the incinerator operator should be asked to spec2alised vehicles, this will minimise the problems collect thr waste. All transportation requirements, of spillage and leaks during transport. The site (permits, insurance, etc), prescribed by local law must operators must always be notified of the identity of be complied t pesticide waste. Wr Li o 37 Dsposal of pestwade waste Sma quantte on haes may ar bmrzed on the farm IF THE LAW ALLCEWS sited well away from streamsea spring s ponds and Vhrrtvr pib . Wstictdr im-ste fyr buialsiw1d he well The bottom of the pit should e located at repme df dt a icensed landfi.,dc. least 2 metres above ground water level The pit should be in the form of a bowl with a diameter of BL al on the farm 2-3 metres and a depth of 1-1.5 metres. An NOTE: IN MANY COUNTRIES THERE AR additional area should be reserved alongside for a LEGAL REQUIREMENTS FOR HE SAFE or third pit for future use. Initially the pit DISPOSAL OF PESTICIDES WHICH MUST should be lined with 5- 10cm of clay and coated with fE COMPL.ED WITH. 2-3cm of lime Wastes should be added to the pit in layers of not more than eo-15cm depth and In the absence of the above-mentioned methods of intermixed with lime and biodegradable household disposal. it iay be necessary to dispose of stiid waste to assist biological degraation- quantities of wastes by burial on the farm It is Concentrated wastes should be diluted with water recommended that several farmers should before disposal. Contaminated containers should be Lo-operate in thm- and that they should seek the cut open, ruptured or crushed before disposal. On Amvice of local authorities, completion of each deposit. a layer of compost or Burial should be done in a small pit. with the earth should cover the waste to prevent risk of sollowing precautions ticty g contact and to provide a source of nutrients and dcro-organisms for biological degradation. Fill the i. Drainage or seepage into water courses or sources pit and alwroom for a final layer of 50cm of of drinking water must be avoided. compacted compost or soil to top it off To avoid rapid ii. Burial must be deep enough, and the site drainage of water into the sub-soil the top should be adequately fenced offs to ensure that human and planted with bushes. The second pit should then be animaw activities will not uncover the pesticide excavated and operated in a suild mater. wastes. The site must also be clearly ladelled with The waste area must be securely fenced off and warnig signs. labelled with warning signs. Te composition stp The disposal pit should ideally be sised where the date of each waste deposit consigned to the pit sub-soil will permit a limited but saw permeation should be recorded. and biological degradation of the pesticideoh thus excessively sandy sites should be avoided. behe arat chosen must not be subject to f.ooding and must be 'Q 39 4 -".-I - - u -;2, I ~ -. L - - 4-0 4 Hygiene and safety precautions During all operations involving the handling of pesticides and pestcide waste, the safety precautionson labels and in the manufacturers or -;uppliers' itterature must be observed. Therefore: ALWAYS READ AND OBEY THE LABEL INSTRUCTIONS CONCERNING HYGIENE AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS. In particular. - Always wear the recommended protective clothing and equipment. - Do not eat, drink. smoke, or go to the toilet with pesticide-contauminated hands. Always wash hands thoroughly after handling pesticides or waste- - Wash contarninated skin immediately. preferably ith soap and water. - Where splashes of pesticide have entered the eyes. wash the eyes thoroughly with cool. clean water for at least 10 minutes. - (fsevere skin contamination with a toxic product has occurred. or if such a product has been inhaled or swallowed, give immediate first-aid and seek medical assistance at once. Provide the-doctor with the label from the pack which contained the product. - Wash slightly contaminated clothing, separately from other clothing, with detergent and several changes of water. Destroy heavily contaminated clothing (see page 32). Further information concerning hazards. protective equipment. hygiene and emergency measures in cases of poisoning is given in GIFAP's 'Guidelines for the safe and effective use of pesticides" and "Guidelines for emergency measures in cases of pesticide noisoning". 42 43 N es Addresses Telephone numbers H/etater ______________________ Supplzer Lwensed Incenerator i..censed landfill Lcal Authortv h-(el N!, I - ) :-7 44 IT SHOLU1.1)HE.CI.FAMLY - - GIJ' ELIN S UNDERST00OD TH AT TIIESE- GUIDELIGNES ARE INTENDEETO COMPLEMENTTHE REUfMET or t e AND REGULATION.S, A.ND.A LSOTHE *ö[KtdW.40(IIfKl$54.s f transpoft CONDUCT ON T HE DISTRIBUTMON AND USE OF PESTICIDES. *Of THE INFOR ATION CONTAINED IN THIS BOOK LiT IS ACCURATE TO THE BEST OF THE KNOWLEDGE OF.GIFAP, BUT NO LIABILITY WHATSOEVER CAN BE-ACCEPTED IN RESP2CT OF THE USE OF THIS INFORMATION NOR GIFAP GIFAP. Groupemet Int an~i des AmoneaZtune Naalemu de Fabrc~s de Produts Agrochwmque. a the mrnna~ GROUPEMEVT Å7 ERNAT:ONA! DES ASSCC:AT:ONS NAT:CNALES DE FASBRCAN T S DE PRODULiS AGRCCHVUE S ADDRE Avenue Albet Laner 79A, 1180 Brumaa. Beium N7TERNATIONAL GROUP OF NATIONAL AÅSSOVCATONS TELEPHONE: (275.6&60. TELEX 62L20 MANUFACTURERS OF AGROCHEM'CA. PRODUCTS gg7 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -1 Foreword Safety in transport, with a minimum of risk both to people and to the environment, must be a primary consideration for everybody concerned with the distribution of pesticides. Many of the incidents involving pesticides, which occur during transport, are avoidable by following good distribution practices. These Guidelines are a statement of good practices, recognised by the international agrochemicals industry association GIFAP. They are presented in a simple and practical manner, and are intended to complement the requirements of national and international transport regulations. Observance of these recommendations will make a signficant contribution to safety in transport. These Guidelines have been produced by a group of specialists with extensive experience in the field of transport. I hope that they will be widely used to increase awareness and to improve standards. Checklists are also included to help managers and others to identify areas requiring attention. Other booklets in the same series, published by GIFAP. are for-- * the safe handling of pesticides during their formulation, packing, storage and transport: * the safe and effective use of pesticides; * emergency measures in cases of pesticide poisomag. * quality control of pesticides. * the avoidanc;_ limitation and disposai of pesticide waste on the farm. 7UGMs W. Part= PromamsaGIFAP 3 Forewoni 3 C ontents Inreduto Organisation * *,.d. * ** , *1- * .,,.*l * eB £ B Introduction These Guidelines deal with the transport of ft is important to recognise that the end use of packaged pestcides. in quantities ranging from full pesticides is very widespread. They often need loads moved between factortes. down to single transporting to remote areas. away from help and packages distributed to farmers. out of direct management control. With this in mind, considerable emphasis is placed on the need to provide drivers of vehicles with adequate The requirements for the safe transport of training, information and instructions. pesticides are essentially the same as for many other chemicals. Equally in the event of an accident involving leakage or fire, the eCect of pesticides on In these Guidelines the word -must- is used to the environment is generally comparable with indicate minimum acceptable standards, and the many other chemicals. The advice given in this words should" and -recommended- indicate proven booklet will help to ensure that pesticides are good practices. transported safely. The basic principles of safety apply to all types of risport. However. road transport is the one most commonly used for the distribution of pesticides, and is the one where accidents are most likely to happen. Consequently this guide deals predominantly with road transport- These Guidelines are mainly directed towards despatch and warehouse managers and managers of transport companies but everyone concerned has a role to play. The recommendations fall into two main parts: Firstly they concentrate on good practice and the prevention of accidents. and aim to show how this can be achieved by efficient planning, organisation and management. These good practices complement the requirements of transport regulations, set by international organisations and national authorities. Details of these specialised regulations are not included. Secondly. if despite these precautions an accident should occur. advice is given on the proper responses, and in particular the containment df the incident, to prevent avoidable escalation. ORGANISATION Organisaati Organisation WAlPlII4XSM TRANSPOM The achievement of safe transport practices oepends on proper organisation and management While supervision of separate parts of the operation VV may be delegated. the Warehouse Manager and Labs" Transport Operator need to understand which - activaies they should controL Additionally. individual responsibilities must be fully understood by all concerned. In any transport operation there are two principal functions; the preparation and loading of the goods. and their subsequent carnage. Some of the associated activities can be linked directly to either the Warehouse Manager or to the Transport Operator, but for a number of items both have a role. For example. the supplier normally provides the loading team and is directly concerned with the proper stowage and securing of the load. At the same time the carrer should ensre that the load he is transporting is safely stowed and secured. in ‘一‘一‘·，·－－一，.．開叫，,‘目｀．州‘滷‘‘嗎一→一－ ‘·＇-. &.& ·‘·，·，.．…： ·，、當’＇卜 ，不 j二，:.:’一｀他 二，&’二 、．認…，.,_&．、＿，二，:．邸．斤：;,，上！_.‘斗·、＿：望、．’兀；.:, －一‘.’·’&’蒲．’·j一「．,”〞斗．”·？t-，『瞥仁究，.’」必‘,．。 ‘甲，．…’，鳥必’‘、，二‘弗夕兀‘ 刃口他；．」J口悶勵亡斗口k甲〕••由‘，凡」k︰勵j屆一＿網•■■，唱哺日細■“■卹••■盧勵．■．■■■由■■■門“‘一’以，，馬·俗 二匹必必酒二訕b&&j二二＿」界1了才兀中閑〕，薑兀7丁、州叩•一’f界▼·甲”妒州，們＇．、””否？,,“界訪中綱W7開”.7馴憫，f•，•■■一I ～一一”－·～”一一“&．一－一？~?－一＝～認••悶•■••國••，■必州““開•向闕網陳 ●－－一’ 一’·● General Consxleratimis General Considerations Climatic Considerations Packaging Under normal conditions pesticides are stable. However. if subjected to climatic extremes of Attention must be paid to the quality of packaging. temperature or moisture. either during storage or since loads are often transported over long transport, decompeattion of some products can oocur distances on had roads, Faulty or umswtable and the stability of the packaging =an be adversely packaging can lead to accidental leakage of product affected- Either of these situations may result m during transport, and present a safety hazard. All prok lems during traiLsport_ packages should meet recoguised performance standards, be able to withstand the conditions normally experienced in transport and provide the desirable level of safety. Marking and Labeffing Obey Laws and Regulations 'r marking and labelling of packages and ti asport units carrying dangerous goods, is regulated by law in many countries and by international codes of safe practice. Tiie'purpose is 7 to ensure that the potential rWm are - communicated to all who may handle the goods, in the course of distribution- Where no mxh regulations exist- it is recommended that marking and labelling conforms to the requirements ofthe United Nations Recommendations. Keep packs dry dwwW both lo and &anvom In general, pesticides should be stored under cover and should be covered during transport to Protect them from:- W Rain. (ii) Direct sunlight (Particularly important in > counu-m with hot dimates). S"VA!"MV F000snffs Even when products are transported in Closed units, such as a ftight container, water can still be a problenL _V For example if wet Pack anin ordamPmIterIAW fbr cushummg and securing are umd, this can give Examples of the UN hazud label most commoffly rise to condenftUon vnthm the unit which may used with pesticides are shown as Appendix 2. damage the loadL 14 15 ii: iir ut 111 Il 1lij jeh bt I 111 ÉII _ fI t eneral Consadembons . t . '., - I) mdpl pwsh druns fll the back s n lwrr dir-lv dnin the Heavy packs mur he prnperiv crmtndled whde unloadm. * Do not unload large drums or other heavy packages by pushing them off the back of a lorry. so that they drop uncontrolled. onto the ground. or even onto tyres. If mechanical handling equipment is not available. unloading must be properly controlled to avoid impact damage. Road Transport - Additional Conaldersuans oad Transport - Additional Considerations This section applies principally to commercial transport operators and to suppliers distributing significant quantities of pesticides. At the same time all those moving ne-ticides by road should familiarise tiemselves with the contents, and if possible, follow the recommendations. For example the requirement not to leave pesticides in an unattended and unlocked vehicle. This applies equally to a farmer collecting a few packages for his own use, or to a carrier delivering a full load. jr ier Selection Where goods are not distributed in the supplier's own vehicles a careful check must be made to see whether the carier chosen is suitable and competent to handle dangerous goods. This should include inspection of the carriers facilities and procedures to ensure that standards are met. For example:- Inispeacarw w Awdtwt cuumLe diwV thA staddrds ore met. * The design and constructon of vehicles should be suitable for the loads which will be carried. * Maintenance should be regular and effective and be based on the principles of systematic and thorough inspection. * Pesticides should only be carried on vehicles fitted with a separate drivers cab or compartment. This is to prevent the driver from being adversely affected by fumes or dust in the event of a spiUage. * A conscious policy of route planning should be operated on the basis of criteria ageed with the Only us vehices fsnt uaha sparate ws cab or supplier- comyprbaMt Road Transport - Addtional Consxderatons > Driver Selection and Training Safety Equipment and Selection Protective Clothing The selection of drivers to handle and transport Regular checks should be made to ensure that the dangerous goods requires special consideration, folowing twms are available an vehicles carrying Attention should be given to-- pesticides, and that they are maintained in good * a responsible attitude towards road safety condition. * medical standards * driving skills * the ability to evaluate potentially dangerous situations and to take appropriate action Training Adequate training should be given to drivers and should include the following aspectsz- TRAINING PROGRAMME . RANSPOR ArEMATION Drirers should be adequately truned. * Regulations * Operating procedures * Products (properties and hazards) Vehiles s/i dd cany a fu* exanguizher. protecmv 0 Iod seregaionclothing, a lirst aid b=x ad clean -up equipment. * Load segregation * Securing of loads * Dealing with leakages 0 First aid * Use of safety equipment and protective clothingty * Fire fighting suitable to ight an initial fire, as for examle in * Fire ~the cab or engine compartment. Where only one is * Safe driving techniques *arned the halon gas eg. BCF) type of extnguisher 0 Emergency procedurs is recommende Road Transport - AddAwnal Cometaans trst Aid Pack dangerous goods are being carried. Always try to select routes which offer the minimum of hazards. A first aid pack including a filled eyewash bottle. This should be kept in the cab of the vehide in a Some general principles are:- readily accessible position. * Arrange operating schedules so that safe speed limits and drivers' hours are not exceeded Protective Clothing * Select roads offering good driving conditions. Protective clothing for use by the crew in handling 0 Where alternative routes are possible, choose one damaged packages, or dealing with nmor spills. which avoids potential problems. Items should include:- 0 Avoid tunnels or bridges with a restriction on the 0 rubber gloves movement of dangerous goods. * eye protection * rubber or plastic apron Instructions to Drivers * rubber boots Clean-up Equipment General Instructions A --nall supply of suitable absorbent material, Parking and supervisiom- a r example a bag of pmce. together with a- 0 Dnvers should be instructed that vehicles carrying .ovel, a brush and heavy duty polythene bags, to pesticides must either be parked in a safe place or aeal with minor spills. kept under supervision and should be kept locked- Unattended vehicles are an attraction to )Route Planning inquisitive children and other unauthorsed people. In particular, drivers should be instructed ii. the Vehicle routes should be plianed in advance, selection of overnight parking locations. particularly where significant quantities of Select roads wchcvamd problems and affer good driW1M condiasoms even iftis unc s the disftw Never lece uehicles unlocked or aensuprvuc 25 Road Transport - Addtuoal Considerations Procedures- Instructions in Writing * As well as being trained to deal with emergencies, drivers should be issued with adequate instructions De ovides thnsrtin n ritig. on procedures in the event of an accident These segl a Trort wiehgenc r gii instructions should cover--(..aTasotEegnyCr)gvn instuctons houd coer-emergency information that will identify the i) Accidents of a general nature, with no leakage foHowing in the event of an accident- or spillage of product * The producLs being cared. (ii) Accidents involving the leakage 3r spillage of 0 7he nature of the hazards product* (iii) Accidents resulting in a fire. iv A contact for specalist advice both during andemergency. outside normal int a o hdn. 0 The supplier. including his address and an outsde orml WOkin hOIS.emergency telep! .ne number. Note: Further information is given in Section 5. Because the driver may be incapacitated. due to an Product Information accident or illness:- Drivers This Transpoi - Emergency Card should be kept ofve he ralwy lepoded wind aeaie in the cab of L.- .-ehicle. prominantly displayed It aLtory of the material loaded and informatontimes on the natre ofstregoodsnbeinncarried. 0 Only information which relates to e pro ducts being carred should be availate Documents relating to previous loads must be removed. Drivers shoshdd be provided wuhi wrntsn instruccnoss fw deaLueg wTh emergencEem 06 27 aadimg ani Despatch Loading and D esac Loading and Despatch * Pakgsciami goods classified as dangrou" mst e ientfie byappropriate Pre-Loading spectionslabels. 0 FPallets must be free from damage or other sigws Packages of weakness_ Before loading begins. all packs must be chte.i to ensure that they are in good condition and n ail Transport Units respects fit for transport. This should inudeany tnsPt unit (e-g. uck rail wagn, inspection for correct labelling and marking as wel leigh container, etc.) is loaded. it must be as the general condition of packagings - partcular attention should be given to goods th&t have been xaine me an ryte t is are:I held in stock for any length of time- The main points to note are:- The geferal strctural condition mut be sound * Packages which are damaged or severely and free from damage, or defect such as faulty corroded or which show evidence of leakage must tyres or lights, which are likely to affect its never be loaded safety. - * Outside coverings and floors should be free from holes and cracks and ideally impervious to water * Doors must be in working order, and the brosing devices in satisfactory condition. a Old labels (eg. hazard warning) relating to previous loads must be removed to ensure that eyr allow damaged or leakin packs to be loadea. * Any packages damaged in tPae cctse of loading must be replacedr * Pesticides must only be trPsforted in Packages which have been propercy mirked and Labelled aed never with labelc whichaarerunreadableeorfin bad cormhtim~ u Labels shnue be positionied on packages so that they can easily be seem during sane and Vehxien poor onda o det a sfetsy r=sk and should brAnS D s trot be m bnde e 31 eI LAadmg and Despatch The loading space must be clean. dry and free waggons, or the motion of ships at sea. T ese all from protruding screws, nails, and other sharp create very considerable stresses, which can result objects that could puncture packages in serious damage unless the load is effectively secured. Q Loading should be planned to take account of the following-- * The weight should be evenly distributed. S*Heavy goods should not be stowed on top of light t I goods. Hammer down nais and sphinters before ladg * If there is evdence that the unit is regularly used for the transport of food or foodstuffs it must be rejected. EXPO 000 If there Ls evdence that the unut is regularlv used for the transport of food a must be rjecta& * Attenton must be paid to approved axle loads and the highest permissible loaded weight of the transport unit. Stowage and Securing of Loads In planning the stowage and securing of loads it is important to consider what forces are likely to act on the goods during the various stages of the journey. For example the forces imposed by acceleration and braking of vehicles or rail Distibue the wwght evenly. 33 Loading and Despatch 0 All packages contatning liquids should be stowed with the closures uppermost * Goods which may cause damage by taint or odour should not be loaded in the same container as goods susceptible to such damage. * The total load should be firmly secured to prevent movement in transit. Do rnt stow drums on top offibreboard boxes or aMer light packagumg. Liquids should not normally be stowed on top of dry goods. however consideration must be given to the relative strength and weight of the packages concerned. 0 Where two layers of different products in similar packagings are to be carried, the less dangerous one should be loaded on top. * Packages. particularly sacks or other easily Secure load to prevent movement damaged materials, should be protected from sharp corners or projections by use of suitable cushioning material. * Where the load consists of unstable packs. (e.g. non-nesting drums). or is of mixed pack types, Umber, hardboard or other suitable material should be used between layers to provide a stable stack * Special instructions given on individual pack"ges must be strictly observed. For example, goods marked -This Way Up", or with a maxinum stacking height. 35 L4&dLag and Despatch Additionally for closed unts:- * Packages near doors must be secured to prevent them falling out when the doors are opened. A box can be used to segregate and -cu sma quan"es of pesacuies. when nuxed loadz=g is unavodable. Pesticides must never be carried in the same loading space with foodstuffs, animal feeds, or other goods intended for human consumption or use te-g. pharmaceuticals. tobacco, or clothing). FOOD PEsTIcaD Secure packages near doors to prewent them faling out. * Dangerous goods. forming only part of the load, 0 should preferably be stowed near the door for ease of accessibility. Pesicides must never be wrned in the same loadug spac Load Segregation "" Pesticides should ideally be transported separately from other commodities. Where mixed loading is unavoidable, the risk of -ntaminating other goods must be minimised by effective segregation wfthir, the transport unit. LIadng and Despatch Do not load pesticides together with passengers or Despatch Checklist livestock. If this is unavoidable then the pesticides P over many years has must be effectively separated from passengers or livestock. make a iortart contribution to the safe agenspts a f psus des This checklist should be completed by both the loader of the goods and the transport operator. It requires them to answer byes' or sng to specific questions concerning both Te sthe good and the transport unit An example of a suitabie checklist is given as Appendix I itiUnloading Inspection When unloading has been completed both packs and transport units should be checked by th receiver The main points to note are:- 0 Check that quantities and types delivered agre * with the loading inventory. If any discrepancies are noted, check if the loss has occurred in transot.o etcds hs hcls hudb c Inspect the body of the transport unit and any coverings such as tarpaulins for evidence of leaks or spills. If found immediately decontaminate the tMit It should not depart before it has been thcleaned completely. s Check all newly delivered goods for leaks, loose Uclosures, or othe damage. If necessary re-pack immediately and before storage, into suitable and property labelled packagings Arrange fc daaged iabels to be replaced. Keep pesCwhdee aqua t frie passenaen p and divestick. Products which are incompatible (eigf oxidising agents and flacm le substances), should not bei cared in the same transport unit, unless they can be segregated so that no contact is possible. The transport of pesticides in vehicles such as cars or station wagons is not recommendedf However, if it is necessary to carry small quantities ofb r h e pesticides in this type of vehicle. it is essential that they are adequately segregated and property Use asoth et natewal to Wash crlmeated par s secured. For example by using a separate boy- o up ay spuowe- of neckssa watep Additionally the vehicle should be kept well ventilated. Emergenc Prom-ures Emergency Procedures First Aid In the event of an accident, the actions taken in the 0 Consult the Transport Emergency Card or first few minutes may be vitally important- Prompt individual product labels action. especially to contain any leakage or a If the product has come into contact with the spillage. can prevent a relatively mnnor incident !yes. rinse immediately with clean water and from developing into something far more senous. keep on rinsing for up to 10 minute. Seek medical advice- Immediate Response b Remove contaminated clothing immediately- In the event of spillage or leakage:- zfter contact with skin wash immediately with * Switch offengine. ioap and plenty of water. In the event of major -ontamination or if the-e is any pain or * Do not smoke. nscomfwrt, contact a doctor. * Identify the name and nature of the products involved from the Transport Emergencvy Card or individual product labels. Pay attention to th- procedures and advice given. teemome contamoutted choAig and wash alan wath soap tn.d plenty of tecater 0If product hias been swallowed or inhaled seek In case o accidents involving products rrler to the medical advice immediately. Tran.spart Emergency Card- * Stay with the unit but upwind of any spilled chemicals. nt * Isolate the affected area and keep other people 0 T all Spills with care until technica advice is and traffic away. and rafic aay.available. Be careful to avoid skin contact and * If necc,sary send someone to call the emergency inbalation of fme services tpolice. fire 0 As a Precautionary measure in cases Of SPill * Do not open doors of closed transport units unless wear protective clothing. advised by a competent person and appropriate * Contain small liquid Spills by covering with protective clothing is worn. earth. sand, or other suitable materials- 42 Emergency Procedures * Larger quantities may be contained by building Fires involving the load a dam of earth or sand around the in te event of a inGm serious fire call the area. nease emergency services. The main points to note are:- * In the case of spilled dusts or powders innimuse # A%void inhalation offunmes. spreading by coversng with earth or sand, or with a tarpaulin- 0 Keep adjacent drums containing liquids cool by * Take care that spilled products do not seep into spraying with water drains, sewers, rivers or other water courses. If * Breathing apparatus must be worn when already contaminated, inform the appropriate fighting a fire involving the load. authonties immediately. 0 The most suitable means of extinguishing fire - * Adjust the position of ruptured packs to involving pesticides are powder, foam and fine trunumse further leaks water spray (not jets)- * Place leaking or badly damaged packages in * Avoid excessive volumes of water so as to keep oversaze drums or in heavy duty polythene bags. contaminated runoff water to a minimum. * Separate damaged packages from other goods 0 Every effort must be made to collect and place them on bare ground, away from contaminated water. If necessary, build a dam dwellings and water supplies- using earth or sand, to prevent run-off into water courses of any kind. 0 Contaminated water must be disposed of safely. Cleaning Up and Decontamination 0 Safety precautions given in the Transport Emergency Card, and on product labels must be 4. ' observed. * Before beginning clean-up operations, expert advice should be obtained if at all possible, from the supplier or other qualified pesons. * Always wear protective clothing during clean-up operations. Contam spds to prevent contammnon of the * Where possible, work from the windward side of enrUonment. the spill. Fire FIghing * Do not smoke, eat or drink during clean-up operatios. Drivers should attempt to put out small localised * Sweep up materials used to absorb leakages or fires, as for example in the cab or egne spills, and shovel it into a closable container for compartment. using any available means. The objective is to prevent them from spreading to the Silom ic load. Soil contaminated with pesticides should be load. removed for safe disposal Because electrical faults are a common cause of *Amoae e for safeudispooalo vehicle fires, the power supply should be isolated by * All damagee or empty packs must be rmoved for disconnecting the battery. Adisposal Never dump them indscrminately. Emergency Procedures Do mw snoke. art or drnk during cl-uning up ,ipriumix- If there is any possibility that food. animal feed or other consumer goods have been contaminated, they must be destroyed. Collect cTpnjam,natd tinme fiw!stlr disal. Contaminated foodstuffs must never be eaten or fed to animals. This could be fatal. * Heavily contaminated clothing should be rendered unfit for further use te.g. torn or cut up) and then disposed of safely. * Clothing with only minor contamination may be thoroughly washed with detergent and several changes of water, and separately from other items. * Undamageu packs should be inspected for contamination and if necessary should be decontaminated, taking appropriate precautions. * After cleaning-up. thoroughly wash down all contaminated equipment and parts of the vehicle. Never wash down without first removing as much of the spilled product as possible. * Contaminated materials must be disposed of in a safe and approved way. Appnie Despatch Checklist 9. Is the load correctly stowed, properly securedYeNo es o Appendix 1 and segregated? Checks to be made by Loader and Driver 10. Does the vehicle display Loader Driver proper hazard m ki Yes No Yes No 1 . Do the goods prepared Yesl No Ye N and have any old for loeain qatee markings been removed? in type and quantity with the despatch order? 11. Has the driver been Yes No Yes No 2. Are all the packages to given a Transport be l d in Yes No Yes No Emergency Card and good condition and j have cards been undamaged, with no signs of leakage? 3. Are the package m ings Yes No Yes No labels in good condition? 4. Are the packages to be loaded dry and is Yes No Yes No the load adequately protected from getting wet? 5. Is the general condition of the vehicle such Yes No Yes No that safe transport may be expected? 6. Has the loading space been checked for Yes No Yes No cleanliness and absence of protruding objects (e.g. nails or screws)? 7. Are you certain that fo (od. d Yes No Yes No feedstuffs and other consumer goods will not be caried in the same loading space? 8. Is the vehicle provided with necssay safety YeNo es o equipment and clothing? 50 51 Appendix 2 U.N. Hazard Labels commonly used with Pesticides OXIDIZING AGENT POISON HARM15L s~ MwAY m~ CORSNVE 5oosu Appendices Appendix 3 6. (i) European Agreement Concerning the Useful References International Transport of Dangerous Goods by Road (A.DR). 1. GIFAP Guidelines for- ii Regulations Concerning the International ial The Safe Handling of Pesutcdes during Carage of Dangerous Goods by Rail (RID). their Formulation. Packing, Storage and Available in Europe as offcial government Transport. publications (b) The Safe and Effective Use of Pesticides. (c) Emergency Measures in Cases of Pesticide Poisoning. (d) Quality Control of Pesticides. (e) The Avoidance, Linutation and Disposal of Pesticide Waste on the Farm. All the above are available frop GIAFAP. '"e following is a list of the principal references for iernational transport regulations. Because toese publications are subject to constant review. it is important to use the current edition- 2. "Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods" Prepared by the UN Committee of Experts. Available from the United Nations. Sales Section, New York or Geneva. 3. 'International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code" ([MOG Code) Published by the lupternational Maritime Organisation aM0. Available from MO. 4 Albert Embankment. London. England. 4. "Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air" Published by the International Civil Aviation OTgaaisation ICAO). Available from Intereg Group. Inc. 5724 N Pulaski Rosd4 Chicago. Illinois, USA 5. TATA Dangerous Goods Regulatiows Developed by the International Air Transport Association (IATA). Available from IATA."200 Peel Street Montreal. Quebec Canada. of Dagru GodfyAr Appendices General Checklst 5. Have staff engaged in loading and unloading been properly trained YsN Appendix 4 in the use or equipment? This checklist has been arranged in two parts, for 6. Do you check that contracted use by the Warehouse Manager and the Transport carriers are suitable and Operator, respectively. The answers will assist in competent to handle dangerous the identification of actions needed- goods? Please be as accurate as you can in your answers - 7. Are routes planned in consultation it could help prevent accidents with the carrer? Checklist for Warehouse Manager 1. Are there defined supervisory 8. Are drivers provided with Yes No responsibilities for-I Yes No instructions in writing (e.g. Transport Emergency Cards * marking and labelling? for all dangerous goods? * handling equipment? 9. Are pre-loading inspections * transport selection? carried out? " pre-loading and unloading inspections and checks? * instructons in writing? Do they include the following- Yes No * stowage and securing of loads? (a) Packages * load segregation? * general condition and freedom * route planning? from damage? * emergency procedures * correct marking and labelling? 2. Are any of these responsibilities (b) Transport us delegated t subordinates? Yes N general suitability? * condition of the loading space? If yes, do these subordinates fully * correct marking and Labelling? understand their responsibilities? Yes No 0 check of approved axle loads and permissible loaded weight? 10. Do you follow strict procedures 3. Are products protected from with regard to the stowage and climiatic extremes both during Ye osecuring of loads? storage andtrno? 4. Have you approved the -haig mrethods and equipmnenit used? YsN CA- 57 Appendices Do they include the following - Do they include the following- =eslNo * weight distributIon? * checks of quantities and types * protection of easily damaged delivered? packs? * examination of transport units for * relative stowage of different evidence of leaks or spills? tvpes of product and packs? * if found, is the umt decontaminad * stacking stability? before it is allowed to depart? * positioning of packs? 0 exiamination of packages for leaks or other damage? * securing the load to prevent movement in transit? 0 repacking as necessary, including the replacement of damaged II. Do you ensure that pesticides are labels? adequately segregated? Yes No . 14. Are you able to respond to requests for advice or assstance in the event of an emergency? Do you observe the following- Yes No 15. Are clean-up and decontanunation * the use of separate transort procedures understood and followed? Y N units whenever possible? * never loadng pesticides with foodstuffs. animal feeds or other 16. Are any waste or other contaminated goods intended ror human materials disposed of safely? consumption or use? * etTective separation from passengers and livestock? * segregation of incompatible substances? 12 Do you use a despatch checklist? Yes I No. 13. Are unloading inspections carried , out on receipt of goods? :Yes! No 59 AppeKces Checklist for Transport Operator Ar ivers given instructions as 1. Are there defined supervisory Yes No of sehecles?o w responsibilities for-- * driver selection and r Are rivers prided with * safety equipment and cloth ng? ictin o p in Y No * instructions to drivers? the event of an accident? * stowage and securing of loads? * loJ segregation? 9. Are drivers pro vnth * rtute planning? insructions .a writing * -ergency procedures? (e.g. Transport EmergencY C for all dangerous goods? 2. Are any of these responsibilities Do you follow strict procedures delegatea to subordinates? Yes No10 deleate to ubodinaes?with regard to the stowage and securing of loads?____ If yes, are you confident that these subordinates fully understand their YesY NN responsibilitnes? I ]N resp nsiilites?Do they include the following:- 3. Do you operate a process of * weight distribution? driver selection? Y protection of easily daaged Srelative stowage of different typesI 4. Do you operate driver training o Stacin ak? programmes? Yes N Ero ra m es 0 positioning Of packs? 0 securing the joad to prevent 5 movement in transit? 5. Are the following items available Yes No on vehicles:- * fire extinguisherts)? are adequately segregatMd * first aid pack? " protecti -re clothing? * clean-up equipment? Do you regularly check that these iterns are maintained in good condition? 6. Are routes planned in consultation with the supplier? I JYes No 7. Ae drver gavn istrutios as Y N regrdsparingasuevto Yes No Do you observe the following- H * the use of separate transport units whenever possible? * never loam-ng pesticides with foodstuffs, animal feeds, or other goods intended for human consumption or use? * effective separation from passengers and livestock? * segregation of incompauble substance? 12. Do you use a despatch checklist? :1. Are emergency response procedures inderstood by those trasporting Yes No pesticides? 14. Are clean-up and decontamination procedures unoerstood and followedP 15. Are any waste or other contamin- ated materials disposed of safely? YeN IT SHOULD BE CLEARLY UNDERSTOOD THAT THESE GUIDELINEB ARE INTENDED TO COMPLEMENT THE G I E I E REQUIREMENTS OF ANY LOCAL AND NATIONAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS AND ALSO THE PAO INTERNATIONAL CODE OF CONDUCT ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND USE OF PESTICIDES. THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS BOOKLET IS ACCURATE TO THE BEST OF THE KNOWLEDGE OF GIAP, BUT NO LIABILITY WHATSOEVER CAN BE t*"e ACCEPTED IN RESPECT OF THE USE OF THIS INFORMATION NOR IN RESPECT OF ANY ADVICE CONTAINED HEREIN. in hot clim ates OIPAP, Groupernent International des Assoclations Nationas do Febricanto do Produits Agrochimiques, is the Intornational trade association for manufacturers of agrochemicals. ADDRESS: Avenue Albert Lancaster 10A, 1180 Brussels, Belgium Telephone: (2) 376.88.00 GROUPEMENT INTERNATIONAL DES ASSOCIATIONS Telex: 621.20 NATIONALES DE FABRICANTS DE PRODUITS AGROCHIMIOUES, Telefax: (2) 375.27.93 INTERNATIONAL OROUP OF NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS OF MANUFACTURERS OF AGROCHEMICAL PRODUCTS. August 1989 I Foreword GIFAP places great importance on the safe and effective use or pesticides and has produced guidelines and other literature to emphasise the point. Although much advice and information exists, there is always room for improvement. For ± example, in tropicRl countries it is not alwayi, feasible for operators to wear the recommended protective equipment because of the personal discomfort or distress induced by the hot and humid conditions. Therefore, in order to provide more advice on this problem, a working group of technical experts has reviewed the available knowledge and information and has conducted practical studies under tropical conditions. One result of their work is the production of these Guidelines which bring together advice and recommendations in a simplified form. The Guidelines are for use by farmers and other agricultural workers using pesticides in tropical conditions and complement the previous GIFAP Guidelines on the Safe and Effective Use of Pesticides. Together, they provide sufficient information for operators to handle and apply pesticides safely in a variety of climatic conditions worldwide. The effort to Improve the knowledge and advice in this area is very much in the spirit of the FAO International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides and I recommend these Guidelines to all concerned with the safe use of pesticides. E. Voscherau President of GIFAP 2 3 Co ;nts Foreword Inroduction 6 1. How pesticldes get Into the body 7 4a q 44 } r,. - . -.. . Introduction HOWPigsbUbts Uhl INTO IIU 1ODIY All pesticides must be handled with respect and certain basic precautions must be followed. In some situations, for example during the mixing and loading of pesticide formulations, additional items of protective clothing may be required to ensure safe use. Such additional items of protective clothing will be specified on the relevant product labels. It is recognised that there are greater dificulties in wearing additional items of protective clothing in hot and humid climates than in temperate conditions. This is because such items may increase discomfort and, in some circumstances, lead to actual physical hazard. More advice needs to be given to pesticide operators working in these conditions and therefore these Guidelines have been produced to help in this respect. In these Guidelines the word 'must' is used to indicate minimum acceptable standards, and the words 'should' and 'recommended' indicate proven good practices. This booklet should be read in conjunction with the GIFAP Guidelines for the Safe and Effective Use of Pesticides which provide overall advice to farmers on the correct use of pesticides wherever and however they are applied. Whenever this sign a ppears it indicates bad practices which should be avoided. 67 How pesticides getis Pevicides can enter the body in various ways - . the body In order to understand how to protect against pesticide hazards it is important to know how pesticides might enter the body. There are three routes, via the mouth (oral), the skin (dermal) and by breathing into the lungs via the nose or mouth (inhalation). In most pesticide operations exposure to the skin is the most likely route of contamination because of spillage, splashes or spray contact. Thus the main emphasis in this Guideline is how to minimise skin contact. An inhalation hazard may occur in some instances because some pesticies are volatile or because the method of application produces liquid or solid particles fine enough to reach the breathing zone and be inhaled. Ways in which this exposure can be minimised are described. Through the skin By breathing Although intake through the mouth is the least likely route of exposure during normal uses of pesticides, simple measures are described to avoid this exposure. It is also important to understand that the general precautions to avoid or minimise contact apply to the use of all peaticides. Even if you know that a pesticide has low toxicity, always follow the general safety precautions described in the next section. Through the mouth 8 9 General personal sa precautions Read the product label preca tionsAlways read the product label before starting to use Pesticide products are sold in containers or a p ir you do not understand any packages in various forms and in most cases the instruction, seek advice from someone who does. concentrated product will have to be diluted before Note the safety precautions recommended for application. handling the concentrated formulation and for aplying the dilute product, Obtain and wear the necessary items of protective clothing If these are recommended on the product label. Types of pesticide containers There are certain personal precautions which must always be followed when pesticides are used in order to minimise personal exposure during handling and application, bxk for warning symbols, pictogrom. and colour coding Always_read_the_label_and_g_advice beforeuoil lanels cSome pesticides have to be used with more care than others. Look for colour coding, warning symbols, pictograms or additional safety instructions in order to know If more than genera precautions are to be followed. Prevent skin contamination When pouring and mixing te concentrated product avoid splashin or spilling on to skin or clothing. If cny product fa s on to the skin, or Into the eyes, wash it off as soon as possible. Heavily Always read the label and get dtice befipre using a contaminated clothing must be removed and pesticide washed with detergent and water. 12 General personal safety precautions properly and use it correctly, Do not use leaky equipment; leaks c-luse skin contamination. iJ Wash off skin contamination Use suitable equipment for measuring out and Do not attempt to blow out clogged spray nozzles transferring the product. Never use hands as coops with the mouth. Clean them with water or a soft or for stirring liquids. probe such as a grass stem, X-) - Do not blow out clogged nozzles with the mouth - clean - themn with water or a soll probe Personal hygiene Use suitable equipment for Never scoop or stir pesticides Personal hygiene Is of utmost importance when measuring and mixing with bore hands using pesticides. When spraying the diluted product always work When working with pesticides do not eat, drink or upwind of the spray and avoid coming into contact smoke. with it. Avoid contact with freshly aprayed foliage. Do not touch the race or other bare skin with soiled Use the correct application equipment, maintain it hands or gloves. 14 15 Ceneral personal - .tv precautionf@ Always wash hands and face before eating, drinking or smoking, or going to the toilet. rK Wash hands and face before eating, drinking or smoking After working with pesticides wash thoroughly. Wash work clothes each day, separately from other clothing. Wash contarninated skin and clothing with soap and water 16 - Personal protection in hot * If this Is not possible then apply the psticide climates during the cooler hours of the day-when It is more comrortable to wear protective clothing. General advice The general precautions recommended in the previous section apply to pesticide use in any area of the world. In addition to these general precautions, work Work clothing must be comfortable but also give clothing and, when recommended, additional sufflcient protection to do the job safely. p-otectiv ' equipment such as gloves, eye protection and p,-jtective garments help reduce exposure. The problem in hot and humid climates is that wearing additional protective clothing may cause severe discomfort or physical distress due to heat stress. There are certain measures which can be taken to help reduce this problem: * Where possible use a pesticide formulation which does not require the wearing of additional items of protective clothing. Wear clothing to cover as much of the body as possibte The minimum requirement for all types of pesticide Soperations is lightweight clothing covering most of the body. In practice this includes a long sleeve upper garment, a garment covering the lower body -I including the legs, footwear (boots or shoes) and, if spraying high crops, a hat. Most work clothing is made of cotton or cotton/ polyester material, The thicker or heavier the material the better it protects against pesticide penetration. Thicker or heavier materials however may be less comfortable. Where possible choose clothing made of the thickertheavier material but which is comfortable enough to wear for a working Work at the cooler times of the day day. 18 19 Personal protectioi hot climates - In some cases national dres gives good coverage of the body and is acceptable as 'work clothing. Repair damaged toork clothing Work clothing Including footwear must be washed The body is well covered by some types of national dress after each day's use with soap or other detergent. It Maintenance of work clothing must be washed separately from other clothing and Mainenane ofkept In a separate place. Work clothing must be kept in a good state of repair so that there are no tears or worn areas through which pesticide products can cause skin contamination. Footwear must be inspected regularly for any signs of damage and be repaired or replaced accordingly. XI /I/ Do not wear danaged clothing Waqh work clothing after each day's use 20 21 Personal protection in hot climates Hand, eye and face protection When pouring, mixing and loading pesticide formulations the wearing of gloves and eye protection Is advised. Since this operation usually takes a short period of time these precautions can be taken In hot and humid conditions as easily as in other situations. Wash gloves during breake and after work Before use, examine gloves carefully for any sign of wear or tear particularly between the fingers. If in 4A doubt, replace them. Do not touch other parts of the body with gloves during pesticide use. After pesticide use gloves must be rinsed with water before they are removed from the hands. At the end of each day's use, gloves must be washed inside as well as outside and dried before they are used again. Wear recommended personal protective equipment when Use, care and maintenance mixing and loading of eye and face protection Face shields or goggles are used for eye protection. Use, care and maintenance of gloves Face shields are the cooler to wear In hot and Gloves are available in various types of material. gged ie who face oection. Some materials give better protection than others against the different kinds of pesticide Before use, examine eye protection equipment formulations. Advice on the protective properties of carefully for signs of damage, If in doubt, replace it. glove materials is given in Section 4. Clean eye protection equipment when necesary Gloves do not necessarily reduce pesticide during use to ensure clear vision. Wash after use to contamination unless they are used and remove any contamination. Advice on types and maintained prsperly, design of eye protection is given in Section 4. 22 23 Personal protection in hot climates Protection against lealrage from application equipment Extra protection may be required because o leaks from defective application equipment such as hand sprayers Although the frst priority Is to keep this equipment in good order, it ir known that this may not always be attainable. Eye and face protective equipment Other protective equipment The measures outlined above will help protect the operator during the mixing, loading and application of mot pesticide products. There will be cases however where additional protective Do no ue leking ordeftcve equipment equipment ill beuied pecae o pdctials.Sc circumstances. If leaks do occur then measures must be taken to These circumstances include protection from prevent the spray liquid contaminating work inhalation of vapour, ine dust or spray, protection clothing and akin. Simple meaures Include placing against especially hazardous product or pasco application methods and crop characteristics such body areas where leakage may occur. Preferably a properly designed garment made of In these cases additional items of protective suitable protective material should be wor over equipment will be specified on product labels. Such the potentially exposed body areas. The materials items may include: aprons, boots, face mases, and designs for such gar skent o are given in overalls or hats. Section 4. Advice and information on these items in the context of their use in hot and humid clictates iw given in Section 4. 24 25 Personal protection in hot climates- * , Use added protection against defective spray equipment 2t3 Materials, design anG vlaceg.It Is over loneriods w availability of protectiveweve of the material, It weight and clothing items thickness, Where posible, choose garments with material as thick and as heavy an can be worn with This section contains advice on the range of reasonable comfort In the prevailing climate. protective clothing items that can be used by pesticide operators. Recommendations ar ae In hot and humid climates Include the based upon upon the bept information available and take non-wo-en polypropylene, for example account of theeenguard'. They are as comfortable as cotton countries. under these conditions. They are less durable than All hygiene precautions advised in the previous cotton however, and therefore will have to be sections must be observed even if protective replaced more often according to the type of work clothing itens are worn. involved. Protective garmennth A tw piece garment that gve extra prmtectson Other materials available at the time of publication are not suitable for use in hot and humid condition. either because they cause unacceptable discomfort (poor heat los ) or are too expensive. Ov'eralns give extra protection A simple design for protective garments is provided For many pesticide operations work clothing, by overalls. An alternative is to have a two piece covering most of the body, provides suffcient garment with a separate top and trousers, This protection (see Section 3)u When more protection is gives greater flexibility because the top or the required this can be provided by wearing garrents trousers can be worn separately or together over normal work clothing according to the type of Cotton is one of the mot romfortable materials for pesticide operation. tropical conditions and is readily available in most K10enRuard is registered trade msrU nfkirnberly-CIark (orrat ion 2R 29 Materials, deain on nvolability of protective clothing items Gloves Protective gloves are available in a wide variety of materials and designs. The following advice covers most situations: * Always follow the general recommendations on wearing gloves, given in Section 3. * Select gloves that fit the hands comfortably and that are flexible enough to grip pesticide containers and other equipment firmly. They must be long enough to cover the wrists at least. Gloves with lining inside are not generally recommended for handling pesticides. * Gloves made of nitrile rubber offer good protection against a wide range of pesticide products. o s For temporary protection against aqeou based or solid productg, disposble gloves made of epolyethylene, or, if nothing el is available, plastic bags covering the hands, can provide sufficient protectiond These must be worn for one mix and load operation only and then disposed of Rubsafely. Boots If bootl are worn, those made of rubber give rotection to a wide range of pesticide products. leather footwear is unsuitable because it absorbs Choose glovs that fit the hand comfortably some pesticide product and cannot be decontaminated, 0 Gloves made of natural rubber offer protection against liquid products which are dissolved or Boots should be at least calr height, unlined, with suepended in water, for example, suspension trousers worn outside so that any splashes or spills concentrates. They also protect against solid do not fall inside the boots. They must be washed products such as granules or dusts, Rubber inside as well as outside at the end of each day's glIves do not provide sufficient protection work and then allowed to dry, They must be against liquid products containing other inspected regularly for any sign of damage or solvents, for eysimpleL emulsifeable concentrates. aKage and replaced when necessary. 30 somepestcid prouctsandcannt3b materiais, 0oesign ai- voesua of protective clothing items A lightweight face mask covering the mouth d nose may be required for handling dust (but mtist not be used for spraying). It must be emphasised that such masks are to be regarded as disposable items and must be discarded after use. * 61 Wear trousers outside the boots Eye and face protection A simple face shield made from clear transparent material is a comfortable form of eye and face protection for wearing in tropical field conditions. Face mask to protect against dusts only Face shields offer protection against splashes and are less likely to mist over than goggles. Full or half-face respirators are required only for Goggles, which are an alternative for eye fumiain idorans bor if protection, are more uncomfortable and may not be recoend. The s u be len an acceptable to operators in hot and humid conditions. If eye protection is needed, and a face manta ter use af te y the shield is not available, then a pair of safety glasses mnufcer. Becase of theipmyncal disomfor Is an acceptable alt.ernative. only very short periods in tropical conditions. FeAprons Aprons are useful additional protective Items for mixingand loading operations with concentrated formuations and for cleaning out containers ore -, disposal. Aprons made of PVC or rubber, or provide adequate additional protection for opeonded. thy kind To be effective, an apron should cover the front of the body up to the neck and down to the knee, As with other protective p'aceshields for full face Safety glasses for eye equipment it must be washed after use and protection protection in8pected regularly for signs of damage, Aprons Aposaeueuladtoa rtetv2tm o Mat8rials, design ana avainointy Of Prot*ctive clothing Iterns Apron for extra protection when mixing and loading pesticides If nothing else is available, clean plastic sheets or sacks cut to form an apron can be worn as a temporary measure and destroyed after use. 34 35 GUIDELINES FOR THE DISPOSAL OF WASTE PESTICIDE AND PESTICIDE CONTAINERS ON THE FARM FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS CUIDELINES FOX THE DISPOSAL OF WASTE PESTICIDE AND PESTICIDE CONTAINERS ON TH! FARM FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS ROME - MARCH 1985 CONTENTS PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. DISPOSAL OF WASTE PESTICIDES AND PESTICIDE CONTAINERS ON THE FARM 2 2.1 Pesticides 2 2.1.1 Selection of Disposal Site 3 2.1.2 Construction and use of the disposal pit 3 2.2 Pesticide Containers 3 2.2.1 Decontamination 3 2.2.2 Disposal 4 APPEVDIX 6 1. METHODS OF DISPOSAL 1.1 Disposal of Pesticides 6 1.1.1 Physical methods of disposal 6 1.1.2 Chemical methods of detoxification 7 1.1.3 Biological methods of disposal 7 A. Land disposal 7 B. Composting 9 C. Other biological Methods 9 1.1.4 Evaporation basins 9 1.1.5 Communal disposal methods 10 1.2 Disposal of containers 10 2. CENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 10 3. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FARM DISPOSAL 11 4. FARMER EDUCATION 11 5. FURTHER READING 12 1. INTRODUCTION Production and use of pesticides around the wor*j leads to the generation of waste pesticide and used pesticide containers at a number of stages between the manufacturer and the farmer. Quantitatively, the processes of manufacture and formulation are the most important points of pesticide waste generation, but the potential hazards associated with waste pesticides and containers on the farm are sufficient to require special attention. This document is aimed primarily at government agricultural officers, agricultural consultants and others 'in the field' who may be asked by farmers for information about pesticide handling, u- e and disposal. It contains an outline of the rature of the disposal problem, detailed procedures for use by farmers in disposing of containers and waste pesticide and an Appendix which provides background information on the various approaches which may be made to effect disposal. The Appendix also provides a guide to further reading for those wishing to obtain more detail on particular methods. In the period since World War II. there has been a steady increase in the production and use of synthetic pesticides throughout the world, and at present, the annual world-wide production of active ingredient is between two and three billion kilograms. The wide range of toxicological and environmental hazards associated with pesticides is well known, and much research effort is aimed at the development of pest control methods which will reduce the amount of pesticide necessary. At present, however, there is little to suggest that significant overall reductions will occur in the foreseeable future, and it is more likely that increasing use will be the continuing trend. A different approach to reducing some of the hazards is the move towards invention and cosmercialization of novel pesticides with a relatively low toxicity to non-target species, and shorter duration of action in the environmect. This favourable trend will probably be furthered by products emerging from biotechnology, and whilst such changes are welcome in terms of both use and disposal of pesticides, it is important that two important facts relating to disposal are recognised: firstly, the large number of pesticides currently in use involve a wide range of properties, and secondly, the jantities needing disposal will probably grov larger in parallel with increasing pesticide use. It therefore seems prudent that advice on safe and effective disposal methods for waste pesticide and containers is made readily and widely available to farmers, preferably before the information is actually required. Empty or partly empty pesticide containers are found wherever pesticides are used on a farm, and in general the farmer views container disposal as a task which is neither easily nor quickly executed. In the case of pesticides, wastes at use-concentration or less would be generated on almost all farms on which pesticides are used. Wastes of pesticide concentrate (emulsions, powders, granules, etc.) are not as common, and for example, in countries such as Australia or the UK, will be found on approximately 15T of farms at any one time. Each aspect of pesticide handling has its own type and degree of potential hazard. In the case of managing waste pesticide and containers, poor practices may luad to effects varying from acute througn to chronic toxic exposure, in adults and children, pets, livestock and working animals, wild-life, and especially aquatic life. The result of exposure to waste pesticide will normally be the same as exposure in any other situation: whether exposure comes from concentrated or dilute pesticide, or from leaked, spilt, stored, or poorly disposed wastes, the toxizological outcome will depend upon the organism exposed, the situation in which exposure occurs, the duration of exposure, and upon the many variables relating to the pestic-de itself, particularly concentration. These comments apply equally to waste pesticides and to the vastes in 'empty' containers, which, in practice, differ little from pesticide in full containers. -2- * As observed above, generation of empty pesticide containers, and of waste diluted pesticide is a routine occurrence on most farms where pesticides are used, whilst the generation of waste pesticide concentrates is not. The latter generally requires special circumstances, such as: (a) suspension or banning of sale of a pesticide; (i) decreasing acceptance, for whatever reason, of a particular product among farmers; (iii) contamination of a packaged pesticide by another pesticide (particularly if by a herbicide); (iv) stockpiling on the farm of a pesticide, for whatever reason; (v) increase in resistance of a target species to a particular pesticide or pesticide class; (vi) the crop which was host to the target pest species is no longer grown; (vii) the pesticide's shelf life has expired, or it is probable that its potency is significantly reduced; (viii) degradation of a container to the point of breakage, or possible breakage if moved; (ix) physical damage to a container making decanting of contents impossible. It can be seen from the list that the reasons for the generation of waste pesticide concentrates may be grouped. In some cases, generation is the result of decisions by the individual farmer, and such occasions are largely unpredictable. In other cases, however, the casual factor may operate throughout an agricultural region, a state or a nation, or perhaps even world-wide. It is important that agricultural authorities, including regional agricultural officers, etc., are alert to these various situations which trigger the generation of unwanted pesticides, and that they initiate suitable action. Ideally, preparation for coping with such eventualities should be made in advance. 2. DISPOSAL OF WASTE PESTICIDES AND PESTICIDE CONTAINERS ON TSE FARM Empty containers and unwanted pesticides can be serious hazards if they are not diaposed of properly. There is hazard to the general public, children in particular, risk of contamination of environment and hazard to wildlife. The immediate effects of faulty disposal may be readily seen as sickness and death in people or animals but the long term effects often pass unnoticed for months or years. The long term effects can be prevented. Safe disposal is essential and is an important part of the everall responsiblity of every person involved in the handling and appliction of pesticides. 2.1 Pesticides The farmer should be encouraged to buy only the amount needed to treat the crop. Only as such pesticide as is needed for immediate use should be mixed at any one time. The first choice in disposing of waste diluted pesticide should be double spraying of a small part of the infested crop or a field adjacent to that sprayed. This should, however, only be done if it will not result in a problem residue on a food or feed crop. Before considering disposal, the farmer should attempt to find another farmer who could use the material for its normally intended purpose. 3- - The disposal method outlined below is intended for on-farm disposal of surplus diluted pesticide, or pesticide concentrate. In disposing of the pesticide all of the points below require attention. It Is possible that all conditions cannot be set on every farm, but serious efforts should be made to meet as many as possible. 2.1.1 Selection of Disposal Site: The hole for receiving the wastes should be dug on high flat land, at least 30-60 a away from free water such as streams, dams and wells. The hole should be situated where there is no risk of flooding by surface flow or streams, and it should be free of potential for erosion. The hole should be well away from homes and other buildings, crops and livestock, and should not be in erosion gullies, sinks, dry watercourses, quarries, or near aquifers or underground watercourses. The *oil in which the disposal hole is dug should be well drained and readily penetrated by water. The soil should be deep, allowing for percolation through at least 2 - 3 a of soil, preferably partly through a clay horizon, before reaching bedrock. The hole should be situated at a site which takes advantage of warmth from the sun, but not where soil ay be dry for months, or cold or frozen. Finally, the hole should be situated in a place which will never be used for any other purpose. THE HOLE SHOULD BE SOUNDLY FENeED TO KEEP OUT CHILDREN, LIVESTOCK AND ;JILDLIFE. A CATE SIGN REFERRI... TO THE PRESENCE OF PESTICIDES OR POISONS IS RECOMMENDED. 2.1.2 Construction and use of the disposal pit: The surface of the pit should be horizontal, and depending on its surface area, need be no more than 5 to 8 ca below the surrounding surface. It must, however, be sufficiently deep to contain the volumes of liquid which are poured into it at any one time. The pressure of usage should not be such that long-sCanding pools of pesticide occur, nor should usage be such that a characteristic foul-suelling oxygen-depleted condition is created in the soil. Where large volumes of pesticide are involved, it should be progressively disposed of into the hole via storage tants (e.g. 200 litre drums) adjacent to the pit which allow periodic disposal of small parts of the total volume. Consideration could also be given to increasing the surface area of the hole, or to construction of a second hole. Microbial action is the most important part of pesticide degradation in the soil, and microbial action may be enhanced by periodic incorporation of nitrogenous fertilizers, animal manure or vegetable wastes into the top layers of the pit. In acid soils, line may also enhance microbial action. Pesticide concentrates should be diluted to use-strength before disposal. To ensure ready penetration of the wastes into the soil, it may sometimes be necessary to break up the surface of the hole, prior to disposal. 2.2 Pesticide Containers 2.2.1 Decontamination In general, all used pesticide containers should be decontanined before disposal. The three stages for decontamination are: 1) empty the contents of the container into the mixing tank, and drain for 30 seconds; -4- ii) rinse the container at least three times with a volume-of water not less than 10% of the container's total volume; iii) add the rinse each time to the mixing tank. Rinsing will not render any container suitable for use for storage of food, feed or water for domestic consumption. 2.2.2 Disposal (a) Combustible containers should be burnt except where, in the case of some herbicides, labels warn agaicat burning (see (c below). Burning should be carried out where wind will not cause contaminated smoke to drift over nearby homes, people. livestock, crops, or the persons doing this job. Some municipalities have restrictions against burning; local authorities should therefore be consulted before burning pesticidt containers. Caution: drums or bottles may be under the pile to be burned. Ensure that bungs and caps are removed, or that containers are punctured to prevent explosions. (b) Hon-combustible containers i) large containers: after rinsing, as above, 50L and ZOOL drums should be disposed of in one of the following ways: - return them to the supplier; or - sell them to a firm dealing in used drums or barrels that is equipped to neutralise the toxicity of adhering materials. Contact your pesticide dealer for the names and addresses of such firms; or - take them to a sanitary landfill type of dump. Inform the operator of the dump that the drums contain residues of poisonous materials; warn his that poisonous vapours may be produced if the containers are burned. Before leaving, remove lids or bungs from the containers; chop holes in the containers with a sharpened pickaxe to prevent re-use. Make sure the site cannot contaminate a water supply; or - if none of the preceding disposal means are available to you, find a private disposal site of the type described above which you will use only for empty containers and unwanted pesticides. Correct site selection is most important. Before leaving, again ensure lids or bungs are removed from the containers and chop holes in them with a pickaxe to avoid re-use. - do not re-use for- any purpose. it) small containers (up to 20L): after rinsing, as above, small containers may be disposed of at a public dump or buried at least half a metre deep at a private disposal site. First remove the caps or lids, punch holes in metal containers, break glass containers. Do not use containers for storage of food, feed or water for domestic consumption. (c) Herbicide containers: disposal of some herbicide containers. particularly those for phenoxy-acid herbicides, requires extra care to prevent crop damage. Take the precaution of triple rinsing as above, before disposal. preferably tipping the rinse into the spray vat for use. If this is not possible, tip rinse water into the disposal pit. Disposal of herbicide containers can then proceed as follows: - burn containers except where labels advise against it. When some herbicides or defoliants volatilize the resulting vapoors may be poisonous to humans, or they say damage nearby crops or shrubbery. Herbicides or defoliants containing chlorates way explode when heated. - break glass herbicide containers. Chop holes in top. bottom and sides of metal containers, so they cannot collect water or be re-used, or crush then under a tractor vbeel or with an axe or sledge hammer. Also crush fibre drums, cardboard ard paper containers. After breaking, crushing or puncturing them, bury the containers at a depth of half a metre or more at a safe disposal site, or take them to a dump that does not burn its refuse. - 6 - hPPENDIX 1. METHODS OF DISPOSAL This section outlines a number of methods of disposal which may be adopted. In each case, an outline of the method is given, as well as a consideration of the limitation. advantages and disadvantages of each. These guidelines will not be suitable for all situations, regions, or countries, it is suggested that in such a situation, further information is sought on other methods which may be more suitable. The reading list (page 12) guides the reader to suitable literature. The methods described for disposing of pesticides and containers apply principally to disposal on the farm, but some information is given on page 9 on methods which may have application for central disposal. 1.1 Disposal of Pesticides The ultimate aim of any disposal action is to render the pesticide permanently harmless to all ltfe forms. Where this is not possible in the farm situation, it may b.e possible to adopt a compromise solution, which partly or largely achieves this goal. The pesticide for disposal will generally be in one of three forms: it will be surplus diluted pesticide, rinsate from the cleaning of equipment, or pesticide concentrate (generally in the manufacturer's container, as emulsion, powder, granules, etc.). The method of disposal or detoxification generally subjects the pesticide to one or more of the three basic types of action: - physical actions include fixation, adsorption, incineration, photodegradation or similar action; - chemical methods may employ reagents which cause, for example, hydrolytic, oxidative or reductive degradation of the active ingredients; - biological approaches generally utilize microbial action, or microbial products in one form or another. Included in all three classes are methods which make use of highly sophisticated apparatus, which, because of cost, are suitable ocly for large quantities of pesticide, or for use on other types of chemicals as well. The methods outlined below are basic, and require relatively simple, but not always cheap apparatus suitable for the farS or closely allied situations. In terms of cost, convenience and safety, it is better to avoid the necessity for disposal by the transfer of unwanted pesticide concentrate either to another farmer for normal use, or where possible, back to the retail supplier. Users should be encouraged to purchase the correct quantity of pesticide, and to prepare the correct volume of diluted pesticide to reduce the potential for generation of waste pesticide. In some circumstances it is possible to store the waste safely until disposal is possible. Also, double spraying of a small part of the infested crop, or a field adjacent to that sprayed say avoid accumulation of waste diluted pesticide. 1.1.1 Physical methods of disposal include incineration, burning, photodegradation, fixation, containment or adsorption. Burning in the normal farm incinerator or rubbish tip will achieve temperatures of approximately 4000C, which is frequently inadequate for complete degradation of the pesticide molecule. In general, this method is not -7- recommended because of its questionable efficacy and because it aay produce noxious by-products or vaporize biologically active substatces with possible risk of damage to the invironment. At best, it is suitable only for disposal of small quantities of pesticide at any one time. The attraction of burning is that the method is simple and cheap and there are frequent opportunities for it to be used. Incineration at high temperatures in sophisticated apparatus is suitable for safe and complete disposal of unlimited quantities of hazardous wastes but such methods are unavailable on the farm. One method employing photodegradation involves exposure of diluted pesticide on impervious surfaces to strong sunlight. In addition .to photodegradation, oxidation as well as some microbial action and fixation would be expected to occur. The surface used should be raised above the suroundings and may be concrete, soil, corrugated iron, or similar material. This method is simple, cheap, and convenient. However, it is suited only -o small volumes, and is not free of risk to people, animals or the etirironment. Current research into other photodegradation methods haviu_ possible application on the farm includes assessment of the effectiveness and suitability of a co%bination of UV light and ozone. Fixation of pesticidem in concrete is not a viable option for disposal because of possible leaching, and chemical incompatibilities with the matrix. Adsorption of waste pesticides into activated carbon has potential application for farm disposal, but portable apparatus currently being developed requires more research. Adsorption on clay and organic matter in the soil has good potential for application on the farm, and is discussed further below. 1.1.2 Chemical methods of detoxification. A variety of chemical agents for promoting degradation of pesticides, including concentrated and dilute acids and alkalis, sodium or calcium hypochlorite. iodide, metaIs, sulphides, cyanide, acetone, and acetate salts has been assessed. For a chemical method of disposal to be acceptable for farm application, the reagents must be cheap and readily available and they must not introduce hazards greater than those presented by normal handling of the pesticide. The chemical reagents should not present fire or environmental hazards, and information should first be available on the degree of degradation which they produce, tht identity of break-down products and their potential for causing damage in the environment at the time of final disposal. For practical reasons, the disposal method used by a farmer should be suitable for all or most pesticides. Because of these constraints, chemical methods of disposal are generally unsuitable for application on farms. In special cases though, there would he merit in considering th4 possibility of using chemical methods of degradation under supervision of government or municipal officers. 1.1.3 Biological methods of disposal employ living organisms, or their products. There are three main types of biologically uediatcd disposal: A. Land disposal utilizes soil as the disposal medium. In the soil microbial action is the most important agent of degradation. Other important contributions - Lclude adsorption and volatilization, and of least importance are processes such as hydrolysis, photolysis, oxidation and other chemical reactions. Whilst much work has been done on the fate of pesticides and other chemicals in soil, relatively little of this has been directed at disposal per se on the farm. This fact, linked with S -8- the wide variety of environmental situations encountered in farm disposal. limits to some degree the applicability of some of the basic research. Nevertheless, because much is known of chemicals in the soil, and of the close interactions between some of these influences, it is possible to maake a number of useful generaltzations, which have application to disposal of waste pesticides in soiL: (a) water relations Influence both hydrolytic and microbial degradation. The response to differing water relations varies between microbial species, but in general bacterial activity is greatest when soil moisture content is near, but not greater than field capacity. (b) temperature has a profound influence upon growth and activity of soil microbes. Most soil micro-organisms have greatest growth and activity at temperatures between 200C and 350C, and in general, activity ic greater at the upper end of the range. (c) Soil pH influences both microbial activity and the chemical stability of pesticides.. Microbial activity is influenced by effects of ph on nutrient availability, and in general, the optimum range is pH 6.5 - 8.5. Effect of pH on chemical stability of pesticides is variable, but., for example, many organophosphates are much less stable under alkaline conditions. (d) soil aeration and oxygen supply must be maintained at the highest level fce optimal microbial degradation, and for chemical oxidation. Oxygen supply is determined largely by soil structure and by water status. The presence of free water in the soil is conducive to reducing conditions and anaerobic degradation which is slower than aerobic action. (e) available nutrients Influence microbial growth and activity. Shortage of nitrogen may be a limiting factor, particularly in situations where plant materials are also present. Further procedures for disposal can be developed if these facts are recognised. For example, degradation by soil microbes will generally be slowed down by heavy or frequent loading with pesticide wastes due to toxic effects of the pesticide on the soil flora, or to development of anaerobic soil conditions resulting both from high microbial oxygen demand, and from frequent addition of water. Land disposal of pesticides may be carried out in a number of ways: land cultivation involves placement of waste concentrate or preferably diluted pesticide onto the plough layer using a conventional mobile spray unit or spray irrigation, followed by disc-plowing. Alternatively, subsurface application may be used in order to reduce volatilization and obviate the need for discing. Ideally, a specific area should be set aside for disp6sal of pesticides. In order to avoid any contamination of adjacent areas, it should be surrounded by levee banks and drains at the edges, and have a samp for run-off. This method of disposal involves significant costs in t-me and money -hen preparing the disposal area, and lacks convenience tecause of the need -9- for a specific soil-application operation and perhaps subsequent discing. The need to reserve the area for this purpose is also a drawback to this method. An alternative method of disposal Involves application of the waste pesticide onto cereal stubble, followed by burial by plowing. This say be a significant disadvantage in terms of farm management, but otherwise the method is relatively simple and safe but is costly in terms of time and convenience. - disposal pits on the farn may take two possible forms. Firstly, a pit may be a simple hole dug in the ground, and used for disposal of concentrate or diluted pesticides, and perhaps also for containers. For safety and effectiveness, location and design of such burial sites is important (see para 2.1.1. page 3). However, in general the method is simple, cheap, convenient and safe, and has reasonable flexibility of siting. There may be limitations on the frequency and rate of loading if degradation, as opposed to dispersal, is to be achieved, and if environmental pollution is to be completely avoided. The second type of pit does not strictly fit the definition of land disposal, and is best suited to disposal of relatively high volumes of waste as found on big farms. orchards. etc. Tht pit may be up to 4m by 10, is lined with concrete or plastic ftnd contains alternating layers of soil and gravel. Developmental work am these pits has been carried out over a period of approxiectely fourteen years and the system has been shown highly effective for a wide variety of pesticides. The system is compact, contains the wastes at the site of disposal, and has reasonable flexibility of siting. The cost is considerable and not much is known of the suitability for degrading concentrates, or of the longevity of the system. B. Composting of waste pesticide using sewage sludge, animal manures, cannery and other organic wastes as the detoxification and/or the disposal medium is presently receiving active research effort. tesults to date are very promising, but data are insufficient to make any general recommendation for the use of these media alone. It would be expected, however, that the use of such wastes in association with soil disposal methous would enhance microbial action by virtue of the nutrient substrate and the 'innoculus' provided, as well as any incidental improvement in soil structure, drainage and aeration. C. Other biological approaches suitable for farm pesticide wastes are also still being researched. In particular, bacterial or enzyme preparations with specific degradative capacity have promise. Developments in this area are likely to be greatly accelerated by advances in genetic engineering. 1.1.4 Evaporation basins are probably best suited to the needs of manufacturers or others with considerable disposal requirements. Evaporation basins are shallow ponds, generally lined with a waterproof material such as plastic. Ideally, evaporation basins are made rainproof with a cover which does not reduce evaporation or the effects of sunlight. Wastes say be detoxified or immobilized by a variety of factors including photolysis, hydrolysis, fixation (by adsorption to sediment), or flocculation. Additionally, some microbial action would be expected. Volume reduction occurs through evaporation of the water. This method of disposal is simple. convenient, relatively flexible so far as location is concerned and the wastes are largely confined. On tne otht-r hand. some initial costs must be tocurred, and there is some potential for tapairment of air quality through voLatilitation. There are also limitations imposed on the effectiveness by climate. Periodical cleaning of the basin would be necessary and this then raises a further problem of what to do with the material removed. 1.1.5 Communal disposal methods: there are a number of further methods of disposal, which, whilst suited to disposal of waste pesticides, are too expensive and/or complex for the normal farmer to consider. Such systems are generally suitable for disposal of non-pesticidal chemical waste also, and for that reason, may serve a wider purpose in the community. Among these larger-scale options are incineration at elevated temperatures (1000 C, or more), biological degradation using trickle filters or activated sludge, or sanitary landfill techniques. 1.2 Disponsal of containers: In general, all used pesticide containers should be decontaminated as far as possible prior to disposal. However, decontamination is strongly recommended tor non-combustible containers, and for combustible containers which have held highly volatile compounds such as phenoxy herbicides, or particularly toxic compounds. The three steps for decontamination are outlined on page 3-4. Proper rinsing will allow containers to be used except for storage or food, water or feed. The importance and significance of this statement in countries where the utility and intrinsic value of empty containers is pzrticularly high should be recognised. The disposal method for containers varies according to type. Where containers are combustible, they should be burnt on a open fire, or deposited at a public tip which accepts toxic refuse of this type. Non-combustible containers -should have their bungs or caps removed, their walls holed, then be crushed and buried on the farm, or delivered to a public tip which accepts such refuse. It is sometimes possible for empty containers to be returned to the chemical manuracturer or recycled by a competent company. 2. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS Section I briefly outlined the major methods for disposal of surplus pesticide, the limitations of these methods, and some of the attendant safety considerations. The following comments outline the various general points which must be considered in selecting the best method of disposal: (a) in general, it must be assumed that the farmer is a layman in terms of handling chemicals and understanding chemical reactiond. It may also be generally assumed that the farmer will have only a minimal number of chemical reagents or suitable equipment on hiand, and laited access to the chemicals necessary for detoxification; kb) in general, and particularly,, where chemical sethods of detoxification are involved, any reaction should not involve greater risk than normal handling of the product according to the manufacturer's instructions; (c) it is preferable that any disposal method used should lead to complete detoxification rather than relying on containment, dilution, immobilization, adsorption. etc.; (4) disposal should be carried out in a way which ensures permanent and effective exclusion of people, animals, etc., from risk of exposure right through until such time that detoxification is complete; (e) disposal methods which lead to reduced water quality, or additional pesticide residues in foodstuffs should be avoided or minimized, or managed in such a way that water concentrations or residue levels do not exceed legal limits. Similary. impairment of air quality, or contributions to solid waste disposal problems should be avoided; (f) the method which is cheap and expedient (among other things) will find greatest favour with farmers. It is preferable also, in the interests of acceptance, that the farmer should need to use only one method of disposal for all products. In this context, it should be pointed out that some physical -.nd chemical methods require two distinct steps - one of detoxification, and later, one of actual disposal. 3. RECOMMENDATION FOR FARM DISPOSAL Disposal in the soil is the most suitable for the farm situation. Such a recommendation is made in a nuaker of countries. The method Is cheap and simpl.!. particularly where carried out in a pit of reasonable size in relatively permeable soil, and it makes use of a variety of degrading or detoxifying mechanisms. It is probably effective in achieving the aim in most cases. In fact. with the correct use, effectiveness probably increases with time over the active life of a pit. The act of disposal brings with it no greater hazard than occurs with normal handling and no special equipment is required. With suitable care In siting, there is no significant contribution to water or air pollution, nor is there any significant threat to Living organisms, other than soil-dwellers in the immediate vicinity of the pit. It is possible, however, that disposal in such pits, even if carried out largely as recommended, is limited in its effectiveness and safety in some situations. For example, it may be necessary to adopt a different approach in areas where - soil is sandy and dry (low microbial growth and activity, low soil adsorption cap-city) - quantities larger than the pit can effectively hold and/or degrade are involved - water tables are high, and the possibilities of water pollution or slow anaerobic degradation exist. It is also possible that, in certain areas or countries, disposal by this means is illegal. Even where these various constraints exist, it is essential that the farmer has recourse ta one of two possible sources of assistance. Either, he must be able to transport his wastes, without undue trouble, to a communal disposal service (or leave his wastes with a co-ordinating body such as a government agricultural department, for subsequent disposal), or he must be able to obtain quick reliable information on alternative and acceptable methods of farm disposal. It is important that government agricultursl officers, particularly 'extension officers, prepare themselves in advance witii information on disposal which is appropriate for their region. 4. FARMER EDUCATION The farmer or property manager must ultimately be responsible for the safe and effective disposal of waste pesticide on his property, or for removal of waste to another site where safe disposal is possible. - 12 - Education of farmers in methods for disposing of waste pesticides and containers is probably best carried out as part of a broader programme aimed at improving all aspects of pesticide handling and use. Whilst legislation relating to disposal of pesticides can be formulated or may already be laid down, unless it is both very specific and very actively policed, it will be at best, only a useful back-up to education. Because of the limited amount of space available, label instructions on disposal can generally only be brief, and therefore of limited value. For that reason it is recommended that separate educational material should be widely distributed among all users of pesticides. 5. FURTHER READING 1. Disposal by Chemical Means - SHIH, C.C. and DAL PORTO, D.F., 1975; Hand book for pesticiue disposal by common chemical methods, EPA 530/SW-112c; prepared for the Office of Solid Waste Management Programmes, Environmental Protection Agency, USA. - LAWLESS, E.W., FERGUSON, T.L., and MEINERS, A.F., 1975; Guidelines for the disposal of small quantities of unused pesticides; EPA 670/22-75-057; prepared for National Environment Research Centre, Office of Research and Development. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnat,, Ohio, USA. - LANDE, S.S., 1978; Identification and description of chemical deactivation/detoxification methods for the safe disposal of selected pesticides; EPA SW-165c prepared for the Office of Solid Waste, Environmental Protection Agency, USA. 2. Disposal on Land - WORKING GROUP ON PESTICIDES, 1970; Group disposal of pesticides: the problem and criteria for guidelines, PB 197 144, National Technical Information Service, Virginia, USA. - S.C.S. ENGINEERS, 1979; Disposal of dilute pe!ticide solutions; SW-174c; prepared for the Office of Solid Waste, Environmental Protection Agency, USA. - LAWLESS, E.W., FERGUSON, T.L., and MEINERS, A.F.,1975; Guidelines for the disposal of small quantities of unused pesticides; EPA 670/2-75-057 prepared for National Environment Research Centre, Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. 3. Large-scale Disposal - WILKINSON, R.E., KELSO G.L., and HOPKINS, F.C., 1978; State-of-the-art-report: Pesticide disposal research; prepared for Municipal Environment Research Laboratory, office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. 4. Disposal by Coaposting - MULLINS, D.E., PETRUSKA, J.A., NICHOLSON, R.W., COLLINS, E.R.,and YOUNG, R.W., 1981; Preliminary studies evaluating composting as a means for pesticide disposal in: Schultz, D. (ed), Seventh Annual Research Symposium on Land Disposal of Hazardous Wastes, held at Philadelphia, USA. MARCH 1981, EPA 600/9-81-0021 PB81-173 882; Environmental Protection Agency, USA. - 13 - - WILLSON, G.B., SIKORA, L.J., and PARR, J.F., 1983; Composting of chemical industrial wastes prior to land application, in: Parr, J.F., Marsh, P.B., and Kla J.M., (eds.), Land treatment of hazardous wastes, pp. 263-273; Noyes Data Corporation, New Jersey. USA. 5. Overview - MUNNECKE, D.M. 1979; Chemical, physical and biological methods for disposal and detoxification of pesticides, Residue Reviews Vol. 70. GIFAP TRAINERS MANUAL A Course for Agrochemical Retailers GIFAP GROUPEMENT INTERNATIONAL DES ASSOCIATIONS NATIONALES DEFABRICANTS DE PRODUITS AGROCHIMIQUES INTERNATIONAL GROUP OF NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS OF MANUFACTURERS OF AGROCHEMICAL PRODUCTS ADDRESS: Avenue Albert Lancaster 79A, 1180 Bruxelles, Belgique. TELEPHONE: (02) 375 68 60. TELEX: 62120 - gifap j. FAX: (02) 375 27 93 The information contained in this manual is accurate to the best knowledge of GIFAP, but no liability whatsoever can be accepted in respect of the use of this information nor in respect of any advice contained herein. DEPOT LEGAL: D/1987/2537/12 ISBN 72398 Published by GIFAP 1988 @ GIFAP No part of this manual may be reproduced by any manner whatsoever without the written permission of GIFAP. Typeset by Medimedia Ltd, Godalming, Surrey Printed by Quatro Press Ltd, London Foreword The safe and effective use of crop protection chemicals is a main objective of GIFAP. In order to achieve this aim, GIFAP has already produced a series of guideline booklets (referenced in this manual) covering through easy-to-read texts and drawings all aspects of the safe use of agrochemicals from purchase to disposal. As a further step in this educational process, GIFAP now offers this trainers' manual providing an outline course for the training of retailers and their staff recognising their significance in providing information to farmers. The manual has been prepared with the cooperation of the Agricultural Education & Training Unit of The Polytechnic Wolverhampton, United Kingdom and has been fully tested in diverse developing countries. It offers a practical guide to industry agronomists and others involved in training in agrochemicals. Whilst its scope extends from product knowledge to pesticide application, the underlying messages throughout are safety related. The manual is designed to provide those without prior trainig experience with guidance on the required techniques. Trainers are encouraged to develop their own lesson plans from the basic material provided thereby making the course readily adaptable to local conditions. . I hope that this initiative will be well received and that wide use is made of this material. It can play an important part in the improvement of standards of safety everywhere. Thomas W. Parton President of GIFAP Contents ITEM PAGE Introduction 1 Planning the Course 3 The Course Contents 7 An Introduction to Training Methods for USE During a Retailers Course 9 Course Objectives 17 Session 1 - introduction to the Course 19 Session 2 - The Main Problems Affecting Retailers and their Farmer Customers in the Safe Handling. Sale and Effective Use of Pesticides 23 Session 3- Integrated Pest Management 27 Session 4-Reading the Label -Codes of Conduct. Legislation and Toxicity Ratings 31 Spssion 5 - Herbicides - Modes of Action and Selection 39 Session 6-Fo:mulationsandAdditives 45 Session 7 - Insecticides and Acancides 51 Session 8 - Construction, Operation and Maintei iance of the Knapsack Sprayer 53 Session 9- First Aid Treatment 73 Session 10 - Rodenticides 77 Session 11 - Fungicides and Nematicides 81 Session 12 - Recommended Procedures for the Safe Storage, Handling and Transport of Pesticides 85 Session 13- Field Application Procedures for the Knapsack Sprayer 93 Session 14- Course Evaluation and Conclusion 105 Glossary of Terms and References 107 Introduction This Trainer's Manual has been designed for use by agrochemical technical staff who will, it is hoped, be conducting short courses for retailers, especially those who are in front line contact with small scale and emergent farmers. Farmers in these categories often place considerable reliance on the retailer and his staff for advice on selection and application. The Manual provides the basic informatiQn required for the conduct of a course - that is foundation sections giving guidance on course planning and key training methods that sould be adopted, followed by details of suggested training sessions including both technical content and further guidance on training methods. It is to be hoped that these guidelines will not only encourage trainers to adopt a variety of approaches in their courses but will also provide source material that they can adapt to suit their particular circumstances. Throughout the manual the emphasis is on safe and effective use of agrochemicals and whilst it will be noted that safety messages are highlighted in each session it is believed that they should be dealt with together with technical aspects. Unless safe practice is presented in context it is unlikely to attract the full attention of retailers or farmers. * GIFAP TRAINERS MANUAL A Course or Farmer Trainers GIFAP GROUPEMENT INTERNATIONAL DES ASSOCIATIONS NATIONALES DE FABRICANTES DE PRODUITS AGROCHIMIOUES INTERNATIONAL GROUP OF NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS OF MANUFACTURERS OF AGROCHEMICAL PRODUCTS . ADDRESS: Avenue Albert Lancaster 79A. 1180 Bruxelles, Belgique TELEPHONE: (02) 375 68 60.TELEX: 62.20 GIFAP B. FAX: (02) 375 27 93. The information contained in this manual is accurate to the best knowledge of GIFAP, but no liability whatsoever can be accepted in respect of the use of this information nor in respect of any advice contained herein. DEPOT LEGAL D/1988/2537/10 ISBN 9072398033 Published by GIFAP 1988 @ GIFAP No part of this manual may be reproduced by any manner whatsoever without the written permission of GIFAP. Typeset by: Medimedia Limited, Godalrn Surrey Printed by: Quatro Press Ltd, London Foreword The safe and effective use of crop protection chemicals is a main objective of GIFAP. In order to achieve this ain, GIFAP has already produced a series of guideline booklets (referenced in this manual) covering through easy-to-read texts and drawings all aspects of the safe use and handling of agrochemicals. As a further step in this educational process and in the spirit of the FAO Code of Conduct, GIFAP now offers this trainers' manual providing an outline course for the training of trainers of small farmers in the safe and effective use of pesticides. The manual has been prepared in cooperation with the Agricultural Education & Training Unit of The Polytechnic Wolverhampton, United Kingdom and has been fully tested in diverse developing countries. It offers a practical guide to extension agents and others involved in training in agrochemicals. Whilst its scope extends from product knowledge to pesticide application, the underlying messages throughout are safety related. The manual is designed to provide those with little prior training experience with practical instruction on the required techniques. From the basic iesson plans, trainers are shown how to deveop courses to suit local conditions. A comoanion video "Handle with Care" is available as an additional training aid. Filmed on location in the development of the course, the video provides an easily assimilated . understanding of the training techniques, objectives and conduct of the course. I hope that this initiative will be well received and that wide use is made of this material. It can play an important part in the improveme;it of standards of safety everywhere. Thomas W. Parton President of GIFAP Contents ITEM PAGE Introduction and Course Overview 1 Layout and Use of the Manual 3 Planning the Course 5 Course Timetable and Timetable Notes 8 Checklist of Materials and Equipment Required 10 Course Objectives 13 Session Sl - Introduction to the Course 17 Session S2 - Personal Profiles 21 Session S3 - Target Group 25 Session S4 - Resource Materials 29 Session S5 - Training Objectives 33 Session S6 - Planning for Effective Training 37 Session S7 - Option1- Briefing for Farm Visit (1) 42 Option 2 - Briefing for Workshop on Farmer Profiles and Programme Planning 43 Session S8 - Sprayer Skills (1) - Construction, Pre-start Checks and Using Sprayer 53 Session S9 - Practical Training Methods 69 Session S10 - Option 1- Farm Visit (1) 73 Option 2-Workshop on Farmer Profiles and Programme Planning 73 Session S11 - Seminar on Pesticides in Common Local Use and Farmer Perception of Label Information 75 Session S12 - Toxicity Ratings, Safety and First Aid 79 Session S13 - Sprayer Skills (2) - Calculating Dilution Rates, Measuring Out Concentrate, Field Application and Cleaning/Washing 85 Session S14 - Learning Aids Workshop 97 Session S15 - Briefing for Farm Visit (2) 107 Session S16 - Farm Visit (2) 109 Session S17 - Training Programme Planning 111 Session S18 - Preparation of Farmer Training Sessions including Learning Aids and Rehearsal of Key Activities 117 Farmer Training Programmes 119 Course Evaluation 123 Supporting Material 125 Glossary of Terms 149 References 154 Introduction and Course Overview This Manual is for the guidance of those training Government or Private Sector extension staff to prepare and conduct training courses for farmers in the Safe and Effective Use of Pesticides. After the course the participants should have all the necessary training skills and the technical knowledge and skills required to run successful farmer training courses. The Manual is divided into a number of sections each designed to give detailed guidance to the tutors on how to plan and run the course. This includes a session by session presentation of suggested subject matter and teaching methods. Supplementary information that may be of use during such a course is also provided. This two week -Train the Trainer' course has been designed for a maximum of 15 participants. While two experienced tutors can run it successfully, an additional tutor is recommended. After the first day of the course the 15 participants are formed into three 'Training Teams', the participants in each Team then work together during the course to plan and, during the second week of the course, to conduct a three day training programme in the safe and effective use of pesticides with a group of local farmers. Course Outfme The course consists of a series of tutor led teaching inputs, workshops and practical sessions designed to develop the participants' technical and training skills. Farm Visit Exercises Two farm visits are included in the first week of the course. The first visit requires each Training Team to visit a 'Contact Farmer' previously selected by the tutors in association with the local extension service.This first visit allows the team to get to know their Contact Farmer and the general social and agricultural environment in which he lives. Where training teams are from the locality this first visit may not be necessary and an altemative "Option Session" is provided. The second farm visit will be undertaken by all three Training Teams so that they can develop their detailed training programme, choose a suitable venue and recruit the farmers who are to attend the farmer training course. Farmer Training Programmes Assisted by local extension staff each Training Team recruits a group of 15 farmers during the farm visits and in the second week the team runs a 3 day training programme for them. These Training Programmes are normally held on the farms of the Contact Farmers. The timing and duration of the daily sessions are agreed with the farmers. Individual members of each Team take responsibility for the planning and teaching of at least one session during their three-day programme. The teaching programme of each 1 teae is observed by one of the course tutors and at the end of each day the tutors hold tutorial sessions with the groups to review performance and gauge the farmers' response to the training. Throughout the manual the tutors are encouraged to adopt a positive and realistic attitude towards safety in the use of pesticides. This should be transferred by good example to the extension staff participating in the course and through them to the farmers. With this in mind key safety points are highlighted throughout the text. Expadng the Progamme At the end of the two weeks the tutors will have trained 15 trainers who in tum will have trained 45 farmers. These newly qualified farmer trainers can then run further three day farmer courses on an area basis whilst the tutors can initiate a further two-week course to train a further 15 trainers. After some field experience with farmer training suitable field extension staff can be trained as staff trainers by first assisting the experienced tutors and later, with the guidance of the Manual, taking a full tutorship role in the staff training team. This demonstrates the multiplier effect inherent in this programme. 2 ●•＿_ _．可”矓，付 一’、．斗訕，一j驟d．口他d口口細‘,_‘一＿ 認一’‘認尼豐‘一他，計，, ·叮＇斗。’&＇江必－&，■h用鳥一一一4州 &.,k&，〞，■■■■■■■■■‘』■■■■＿／奮口口口口口口口匹＿一一＇.‘→ 、、’,&_”·申滷才＿,J•－－一·＿一 一＿憤、一k】口口勵，．丰〕口口鳥－一，月鳥 他 Introduction Mammi for traUxiff trainers 01>farmers D06veýwn acorocknale snjormalcon ana q~nccs trie miew Tbc k"~$ cs 1(9 ~ q~nce of t~ tra~n Cc,ýcf~ o, al~ taSk en rhe c~ to( Mre~ a~nst SMa, Pfrvate Secior extension slatl to co~ tr~ couses jor 'a"6's Thl~ fl-f Ckn~ senesGIFAPhave ta~ M MC Sate and etlectrwe use os gymt~ The KUnua; COmflOulea a nu~ r 01 easv to a-lswmålte tex[S and dbjs". 15 ~ "0 seCUom e-,n oc~ 10 ck-taded Wcanc- tkom to ~ wart ~ Otss~ flOn Of ~ PfK19cen to the lutOr on ~ to zxan and run the m~ sate ana ette-cirve use ot Des~ The Mjrse m_ 0-i~ th~ a senes of mor " tea~ KXM5_ PeCDWM'rgtheOPPOrn~ tO-- Ca~ey ~ to tr~ expenenced tutors alco ~ CaIN at NeOgn mose wrio pr~ tne scmis tar~ The Dar~ ts. tOnTcd rnto -7ranr" Teafm' work togetner ~ ~ ana gL~ ~ ~ 0~ to pLan and tmtwnatety. ounng ~ secone wee F~ St~ PnAffaca 4 01 the cour". tezch a ttIfee<%aY COurSCn ~ sate ano ettectrv, - cua and South ArmeT>ca conb~ that use o( Pest~ to croups oj iocaj ta~ fr* -9x P(-~S 01 ~ entcm-lat-on and quidance on tne sate anö eotectrve use oj Pestbcdes ~e ~ exter~ ~ef ana aq(OcWnpcaJ reladef The "lea--19 bY dOffn- a00~ ext~ to on-tar-m ~tificatton of tramurn r~ Inus e~nn ttat ine tar~f As a result GIFAP ate pieased to preSent two new tracern 11~ ses~ CW~ e»3 by cacn tr~ team adorcu tne rna~ 1~ DfobWns enCOuntefed by ~ ta~ v~ handhng DestK*Jes Thr~ the rnanuat ~ a~gon of a posåtrve A MånUal 10 ~ Min fr* tr~ of extl~ slatf so that ancl re~ K attitum tOwalas Satery - me use ot ~ ~ ts trICY can " rnore ellecirje trainwn co~ in ~ sale ancl enW-~ by harvgn key salety poents nwftvYghtec trvotx~ t ettecirve use ot PeSz~ to sman la~ . text- A m~ 10 9~ ~ tramun 01 retaders 50 thal tre At Ille end Of the twO weeks the tramners can ey can " better ~ to t~ ta~ cust~ on to use and ~ tu~ la~ ccurSes by t ' nernsOves or en 5~ learns ot apz*y oest~ ~e Salery and etlecirvety. two or three- The tuiors can ~ erwamc ~e two w~ course 10 traln more far~ trat~ as recLwed. D-as OerhohStrales rh R~ W eftect w~ent tri progr~ . -N 0 lig v Alp Una!% 47 Training video Manual for training agrochemicl retaiiers m ~ v soeo wruen supoots tne larrmer traIrgng course was himeo Many rela~iers do no1 always fully a~xrec&ale (Te d&t~icutaes uring fre first tarfer IraFers courseS neld in Kerrya. Mexico exper~nced by small tarmers in understarnng the florrnatxon and Pakt2an It caOtures the dynarncs and atfmsnere ol tre gveon nabes for t~e safe ar etlective use of Qest~cades The learnmg Dy corng anoacn wricfn trhose uszN tne Manual to run pirnary afm of trs man~al 1s 0 r.cve ~ne guaary o4 advice rne tarrr* trainers course snok~ awrn to acneve ana g ce given to the small tarmer by fne retader The vewer is taken Trirug trie mator uruts o trie course. The manual ena~les comany agroromsts. to Dran and run the seetng rOlw tneY mgn1 be Interreled ano Put fnlo action in a course successtuy It rias a sirnmtar layout to t~e Farmer practica, ano motivatring way Showing participants under Traners Manual. Safety is ernxnassed "nrougnot and a tranng ano tiner racd rse i' confdence ano utimate success Iearnmng by doig ondosbohy mnta~ned. The orograrne in conductig ·on tarm - traing for grou~s of local famers. exDoes retaders to the farmers 'probrs througn practlca v~deo is aoée to inctease frie contience of traners usig fne excises on r~iang. nmxing and axlyg pestdes. These manual for frie irrs, linme are cornlented by sessions on prodrct knowtedge. ~ndes o action. use ol the tabel. storage. safety anid Iocaly r«ortnt Snot dOurng real courses, rie vdeo has an autentsc pests and deseases atrnosolere w~sen read.~y atows rosoectrve traiers to entty ciosely wn trie travners in me veo Tas cont~ece buxicng Athougn best run zs a tfiree-day prog-amre -ne course can be etteet greatly eooves their use 0 ie mfranual ard u4lwrale shortened or spaced uft as single CMys to sutt Iocao Clitions success . x.e course TIte frawng methxxd asu L%s inrny sciuunss of the rnanua lso provide the basc matenai for a one to two day t rairing and As we as oroving a usefiut introdct on to tfle course tor preparat~. course for traners praor to conductng tie tniree-day tratners tne vndeo w also be o general rnterest to 1iose refaders course The manual is wirtlen sio thrat traers can rnvoived Oireclry in Ihe broader ti of agricuitural traoinn moey sesons to matcn ocal contions and practices Whole the course woul norrmtay be run by two or three com- pany slatt. appropnate ~n1uts and cooperaln trom pub~c sector statt are encuraged. AS wi th frie farer traers Drograrme a tirarn the traine approach can De used in the first stages of a programrne to provde fne mulxg~er ettect recanred. 4 4k >* 4k lø. For Pesticide Labels -immjä =i e mmme 2?ae Pesticide AN AID TO THE SAFE HANDUNG OF PESTICIDES . FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITD NATIONS This publication is an addendum to the FAO Guidelines on Good Labelling Practice for Pesticides, Rome, March 1985. Introduction Because of the vanety of products available and variations in the levels of literacy, training and supervision, some farmers may not always be aware of the need to take the appropriate precautions when using pesticides and may not always be able to read or understand the warnings and advice on the labeL The use of pictograms* on prodLuct labels will help them to do so. The development of pictograms to convey safety precautions and advice related to the use of pesticides was recommended by FACYs Expert Group on Pesticide Registration Requirements in 1984, and the FAO International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides recommends that pictograms should be used on product labels A set of suitable pictograms has now been devised by the international agrochemical industry association, GIFAP, in co-operation with FAO. Development of the pictograms For the farmer using pesticides, there are several circumstances in which it may be necessary to take special precautions when storing the chemical, when handling the concentrate, and during application; the farmer also has to take care to protect the environment The messages which need to be related to these different circumstances have been taken into account in designing the present set of pictograms A major constraint to the use of pictograms is, of course the limited space on product labels Consequently, the number of messages that can be communicated has to be restricted This has required careful ranking of warnings and advice in order of importance, based on practical experience in the field ;. on reports in published literature. The final designs for the pictograms, shown on the next pages, have been chosen following a woridwide survey of about 1000 farmers and farm-workers from 42 countries This showed there was a high level of understanding of the messages intended to be conveyed by the pictograms by people of a wide variety of cultural backgrounds and levels of literacy. It is recommended that governments and industry act to incorporate these pictograms on agrochemical labels, and to educate pesticide users about them In doing so, three points should be kept in mind Firstly tt*, pictograms are, of course, intended to supplement the existing text on labels, not to replace any of it Secondly, whilst it may sometimes be appropriate to use pictograms additional to those described here, care must be exercised to ensure that essential label messages are not confused by the use of too many pictograms If other pictograms are needed FAO is willing to pro,ide advice on appropriate designs on request Thirdly, it must be stressed that use of pictograms must not conflict with national regulations. *PiCtogrrns e swmbols to cnvey a messae Without the use of wOr1s& MTORAGE Keep locked 2ictogram away and out of reach of children CTIVITY Handling Handling Application Pictograms liquid dry concentrate concentrate kDVICE Wear Wear eye Wash after Pictograms gloves protection use Wear Wear Wear boots protection respirator over nose and mouth WARNING Dangerous/ Dangerous/ Pictograms harmful to harmful to animals fish - do not contaminate lakes, rivers, ponds or streams my be used as af~o< loir the produ~zc of pc~orm& ....... ... _ý7 =10 Nib 3-c.* Romeo~ 4 "T="4 inblui II gl §i liIjl $ ~111 lii jli ii IN i sigi L di l wo 1 l ýCMFl NN _____ii d yI 11 A guide to understanding agrochemical pictograms- * Safety precaution- are specific for each - product and therefore not all labels will show the same pictograms. * More protection is needed when hand- ling the concentrate and when using the W- more hazardous pesticides. * The clothes shown in this leaflet (shirt . and trousers) are suitable for working with most pesticides. Some pesticides will require special protective clothing. * Clothes worn when working with pesti- cides should always be washed after use. Pesticide These pictograms have been developed by G(FAP in cooperation with FAO and are Included in the revised version of the FAO Guidelines on Good Labelling Pracnce for Pesticides. Published by Avenue Albert Lancaster 79- - GIFAP it 1989 0 1180 Bruxelles. Belgique A,Tel (02375860 Tlx 62120piltap b M BJ; it. Ru Fax (02) 375 2 793 r- i r A r) N An example of pictograms in use on a label Pesticide Rm ålffik _*S TOXIC R i. ~t *11= -Ä-- -.._I >TIVITY Pi m Handlingt Handling Application concentrale cnentrol* ý4 ''1W DVICE Pictograms Wear gloves Wear pfotcUon Wear boots Wør We r prot*cdon fllao Ind mauth ~I GRCAPEMENT INTERNATIONAL DES ASSOCIATIONS NA1'IONALES Avenue Hamoir, 12 DE FABRICANTS DE PRODUITS AGROCHIMIQUES 1180 Bruxelles - Belgique Tel. (02) 374 59 82 INTERNATIONAL GROUP OF NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS OF (02) 374 5868 MANUFACTURERS OF AGROCHEMICAL PROC2UCTS GIFAP THE MANUFACTURE AND FORMULATION OF PESTICIDES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES TECHNICAL MONOGRAPH No 9 1983 THE MANUFACTURE AND FORMULATION OF PESTICIDES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES INIODUCTION GIFAP is the International trade association for manufacturers of agro- chemicals. It has member associations in 25 countries representing approximately 1.000 companies. These cc-npanies are estimated to produce over 90 % of the pesticide active ingredie.its sold throughout the world. However, only 5 of GIFAP's member associations are from developing countries. From its own membership GIFAP is t"erefore unable to obtain a comprehensive picture of the world's chemical and biological pesticide manufacturing and formulation facilities. The following data have been abstracted from published literature, and the observations made are based both on published information and on the experience of companies in GIFAP's member associations. 1. The ue and manufacture of pesticides in developing countries According to the agrochemical business consultants Wood Mackenzie and Co. (1). over 90 % of the world's agrochemical sales is concentrated in only 20 countries. About 67 01 of the world market Is in the agriculturally- developed countries of North America, Western Europe and Japan, and a further 11 o is accounted for by the centra"ly-planned economies of the Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries. The so-called developing countries of the world account for an estimated 20 %1* of world agrochemical sales. Brazil is the largest of te developing country markets accounting for almost 7 % of world sales, with India and Mexico each accounting for almost 2 % (see figure 1). Plants for the manufacture of pesticide active ingredients are found principally in North America, Western Europe and Japan. The key reasons for this are : 1) these are the major world agrochemical markets 2) there is a ready availability of the necessary complex chemical inter- mediates and skilled manpower 3) these plants are able to share the infra-structure and technological support of existing manufacturing locations. However. during the past 5 to 10 years, pesticide active Ingredient manufacture ha become quite common in the major agricultural developing countries of the world, i.e. Brazil. India and Mexico. Wood Mackenzie's urylerstanding of the world distribution of pesticide active Ingredient manufacturing plants is given in figure 2. In addition, the Stanford Research Institute has recently mada a worldwide inventory of production facilities for over 300 3ctive ingredients (2). 2- The extent of formulation activitles In developing countries Even within Europe it has proved very difficult to obtain an inventory of formulation plants (3). It is quite clear however that many industrialised and developing countries have their own agrochemical formulation industry. Local formulation is considerably more common thant local manufacture of active ingredients. The reasons for this are given in GIFAP's statement (see p. 8) : - Key issues concerning the establishing in developing countries of plants for the formulation of agrochemicals *. In fact local formulation has become so common in some developing areas that there is now a serious underloadlng problem. Even in 1980 it was mentioned in a UNIDO report (4) that in the larger countries of La..n America the existing formulation facilities had three times the required capacity. GIFAP understands that there may now be a similar problem in India- 3. Legal aspects of formulation In developig countries Legal aspects of formuintion can refer to olant safety, occupational health, industrial hygiene, environmental protection and product quality. It is GIFAP's experience that basically each country has its own approach to these subjects but it is not uncommon for countries to follow safety and environmental legislation laid down either in Europe or the USA. With respect to quality, many countries follow the guidance of the WHO and the FAO. Because it was recognised that there were no internationally- accepted practical guidelines on agrnchenical formulation plant safety and environmental matters, GIFAP recently produced and published its booklet - Guidelines for the safe handling of pesticides during their formulation, packing, storage and transport . (5). GIFAP is currently considering the possibility of publishing a similar -guidelines booklet on pesticide quality control. 4. Constraints on local formulation GIFAP' observations with respect to the present situation are as follows: * plant ura4eroading has now become a serious problem in a number of developing countries. This has resulted in operations becoming uneconomic and has made the industry cautious about 'Nrther investment in formulation plants; * standards of plant safety, hygiene and environmental protection are poor in a number of both Industrialised and developing countries. This has been a result of poor policing by the authorities, combined with a poor standard of local management and staffing; * product quality has been unsatisfactory in some areas (for similar reasons); * exchange controls have made It difficult n some countries to Import the necessary formulation ingredients; * local formulation costs have frequently been higher than the cost of imported product This has been due to a number of factors Including plant underloading. high costs of local ingredients and high working capital costs. The key issues relating to the local formulation of pesticides are covered in more detail in the following statement: - Key issues concerning the establishing in developing countries of plan:s ior the formulation of agro- chemicals e. REFERENCES (1) Agrochemical Service (Update of the Agrochemical Countries Section) - Wood Mackenzie and Co. - issued October 1982. (2) World Pesticide Supply - an International multiclient study carried out by the Stanford Research Institute - published In September 1982. (3) Economic Commission for Europe document ECE/CHEW43 dated 9th July, 1982. - The Influence of environmental protection measures on the development of pesticide production and consumption. (4) UNIDO document UNIDO/loD. 353 dated 13th May, 1980 - Report on the use of pesticides in Latin America. (5) Guidelines for the safe handling of pesticides during their formulation, packing, storage and transport - GIFAP - 1982. Flgure 1. - WORLD PESTICIDE MAtKET (US $ 13,000 million end-user sales value in 1981) - excluding non crop outlets EORTH MtERICA WESTERN EUROPE OTHERS BRAZIL 20% 352 352 35% 20% 2 fix 1 25 6% 9 0 AUSTRALASIA INDONESIA INDTA SOVIRT UNION AND JAPAH KOREA 94EIg EASTERN EUROPE WORL DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Derived from Date publiehed by Wood Mackenzie and Co. : ―콰！ - KEY ISSUES CONCERNING THE ESTABLISHING is IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES OF PLANTS FOR THE FORMULATION OF AGROCHEMICALS INTRODUCTION The issues involved in the local formulation and packaging (*) of both chemical and biological pesticides are more complex than might be apparent at first sight Developing countries have a special interest Der-ause they foresee local production leading to : 10 lower foreign currency requirements (for imports); 110 possible foreign currency generation (from exports); * lower prices to farmers; 0 increased local employment opportunities. However, having a local formulation plant does not necessarily mean that all of the above-mentioned aims can be achieved. This paper has been writter to give a better appreciaticn of the subject of pesticide formulation production. It first details how formulation fits into the overall agrochemical business scene and against this perspective It then details the key issues relating to the establishment of formulation plants in developing countries. Finally it discusses how the Agro'chernical Industry has assisted, and can further assist developing countries wishing to set up their own local agrochernical formulation facilities. BACKGROUND Agrochemical formulation is the intermediate stage between the manufacture of the active ingredie!.., (which can be of either a chemical or biological nature) and the Mfit.-Keting of the ready-to-usa product Formulation is the process whereby the active ingredient is put into a form that can be both conveniently and safety applied by the farmer. In essence it involves the physical modifying and/or mixing of the active ingredient with inert ingredients, such as solvents, mineral carrier., and surface active agents. It ranges from the production of emulsifiable concentrates by the dissolution Throughout this paper the word formulation is used to cover both formulation and packaging activities. of an active ingredient and emulsifier(s) in & solvent, to the production of suspension concentrates by the wet grinding of a suspensicn of active ingredient and surface active agents in either water or oil. Active ingredient manufacture is a natural sequential operation for a company that undertakes its own research and development (R & D). It is during the development stage that the manufacturing know-how is generated. Similarly, formulation know-how is developed at the same time and hence formuiation ie a natural sequentiai undertaking for companies that manufacture their own active ingredients. Investment by industry in agrochemical R & D has the same objective as any other investment, namely, to generate a reasonable return within a reasonable period. Failure to do this would oblige the companies concerned to seek an alternative use for their shareholder's capital. Thq size of investment required for an agrochemical R & D programme is nowadays so large (on average US $ 30 million per year) that only the major chemical companies can afford it, and even then only if they are successful at discovering, developing, manufacturing and marketing profitable new products. This explains why anly some 40 companies worldwide have an innovative agrmchemical capability. It is these companies who develop the necessary manufacturing and formulation know-how and who are the prime Investors in production plants for new products. The first plant that a chemical company builds to produce a new active ingredient is the primary plant Subsequent plants are called secondary plants. Primary plants are virtually always located : * in one of the major world agrochemical markets; * close to feedstock, * close to research and development facilit*es; * where they can share an existing manufacturing location that has the required infra-structure i.e. laboratory, services, etc. From Figure 1 it can be seen that the larger part of the world agrochemical market is concentrated in three areas, namely: 1e of world market North America (USA and Canada) ca. 35 Western Europe ca. 20 Japan 12 1t Is therefore no surprise to find that primary active ingredient plants are almost exclusively located h.a either North America, Western Europe or (to a lesser extent) Jaoan. These primary plants are, of necessity, normally designed to produce the major part of the anticipated world requirements of a particular pesticide. Secondary active ingredient plants are not very common. particularty for proprietary products. This is because of a number of reasons that are beyond the scope of this paper but include the inflexibility of these plants their high capital cost, and the frequent lack of local raw materials and technical resources Formulation plants are, however, widely spread around the world. being particularly numerous in those industrialised and developing countries that have a large local agrochemical market and have local availability of raw materials. Flexibility and relatively low capital cost are other key reasons for this proliferation. It should be noted however, that for some biological pesticides instability of the unformulated active ingredients means that formulation must be carried out immediately following production of the active ingredient and therefore the formulation plant needs to be located on the same site as the active ingredient production plant Local formulation plants can be divided into several categories and sub- categories, namely : * those operated by private enterprise. This includes: - the manufacturers of the active ingredients (typically major national or multi-national chemical companies), and - local independent companies; * those operated by non-profit-making organisations such as farmers' cooperatives and local authorities. A factor to be considered for plants operated by local independent companies and non-profit-making companies is whether the plant is dependent on proprietary products or commodity products. For proprietary products the supplier of the active ingredient must protect his corporate reputation and brand image and therefore before making product and know-how available he will require guarantees from local formulators with respect to safety, industrial hygiene, environmental protection and quality control. In the course of time he will provide the formulator with a regular updating of information relating to matters such as toxicological and analytical developments. For commodity products, however, both products and formulation know-how are often freely available and a local formulator will only be obliged to satisfy local legal requirements on safety, quality. etc. KEY ISSUES REGARDING PLANT LOCATION When deciding whether or not to build a local formulation plant, be It In an industrialised or developing country, there are a number of key issues that must be considered. JUSTIFICATION This depends on the standpoint adopted. Private enterprise must be assured of economic viability before committing funds to investment In a plant At the same time It is highly unlikely that a non-profit-making organisation such as a farmer's cooperative or a local authority would contemplate investing capital in a venture that was likely to operate at a loss. In order to make a rational decision the factors that must be analysed and evaluated are as fol!ows: a) Market volume and potential A detailed estimate must be made of the local market volume and future potentiaL This should be accompanied by similar estimates for the selling prices of the formulations to be producea. It is essential that these estimates be as reliable as possible and therefore predictions should be based on as many previous years' figures as can be obtained. Care should be taken not to build in distortions that may have been caused by, for example, unusual climatic conditions. It is also most important in a developing country market environment to take into account any existing and anticipated agricultural development plans or Government policies because these can have a major impact on market direction and rate of change. Formulation plants, unlike active ingredient plants, are generally reasonably flexible in being able to produce not one specific product but a range of fc.rinulations of one type e.g. liquid insecticidal products containing different active ingredients. This makes them less vulnerable to product changes in the market b) Availabity or raw mateUals A number of key formulation ingredients such as mineral carriers and solvents are locally available In some developing countries and, If they are reasonably priced, this is a major step towards making local formulation an attractive venture. A virtually essential prerequisite Is that the product packs must also be locally manufactured because the importation of packaging materials would be a very expensive requirement There are countries where the quality of some local ingredients is not high enough or consistent enough for producing formulations having an acceptable minimum quality. Typical problems include impuritibs in mineral carriers, or water in solvents, either of which can lead to decomposition of the active Ingredient If major Ingredients need to be imported this can result in locally formulated products costing more than the imported formulations because of freight and packaging costs and the fact that bulk-buying discounts evailable to high volume central plants are not usually available to low volume local plants. c) Technical resources The complexity of a formulation plant depends on the process involved. The commonest type of plant is the liquid blending unit which, although relatively simple still contains items such as tiame-proof electrical motors and switchgear, pumps. and the filling machine. In addition, item. of the plant infre structure such as the utilities unit and laboratory require certain technica resources. The resources required include: * design, engineering and construction expertise: * equipment and spare parts supply; * technical service. All of these can of course be imported but this requires foreign curren,y, it is expensive, and it is time consuming. If a developing colintry already has a chemical or closely related industry in the area of the intended formulation plant it is more likely to have the necessary local technical resourcfes than one that does not If there is no technological culture or industrial infra-structure in the area of the intended plant, and if the local resources are limited, serious consideration should be given to whether a local formulation venture is worth progressing. d) Personnel The key jobs in a formulation plant, for example the plant manager, quality control chemist and (perhaps) maintenance cngineer. require a high calibre of staff who have good experience or who have had good training in this type of work. The level of operator in a to-mulation plant bust be good enough to ensure a sa!e and economic )peration. Once again. if a developing country already has its own chemical industry in the area of the intended plant then it may have an adequate reservoir of the right calibre of personnel. e) Economics The level of investment required for a formulation plant will depend very much on whether there is an existing site with the necessry infra-structure. The infra-structure required should include a quality controi laboratory, a waste disposal unit (incinerator), an effluent treatment unit (if necessary). medical facilities, washing .and changing facilities, a canteen (if necessary), warehousing, a workshop, administration offices, utilities (electricity, steam or hot water, and air), a catchment system for contaminated rain and fire water, firm access roads, firm and impermeable areas for storage and loading of products, and a building for tre formulation and filUng inits. If this infra-structure Is already available the the investment required can be of the order of US $ 0.5-5 million, depenJing on the complexity of the process. If only a green site' is available ten the investment required will be significantly higher. Whether a local formulation venture is being financed and operated by a private enterprise or a non-profit-making organisation, the likely economics of the operation must be evaluated. Such an evaluation requires the making of a cash flow calculation using the estimated figures (over a 5-10 year project life) of sales volume, selling prices, manufacturing costs. working capital costs. financing costs. local taxes and capital Investment- From this cash flow calculation various profit indicators can be calculated, such as the Internal rate of return, the net present value and the return on investment Alternatively, the minimum acceptable internal rate of return can be fixed and frr'n that the prices at which the end products should be sold (for example, to members of a cooperative) can be calculated. GENERAL BUSINESS CONSIDERATIONS Problems in developing countries that can make investment in local formulation plants unattractive include: a) Exchange controls It Is not uncommon for certain developing countries to impose exchange controls that can be as severe as preventing the issuing of letters of credit. This can have a disastrous effect on plant aroduction and economic viability if a company is dependent on imported raw materials or spare parts. b) Extreme changes in exchange rate A high local rate of inflation against the world's major currencies has been a major problem for a r.umber of developing countries in recent years. This can make local formulation unattractive if key ingredients (including the active ingredient) need to be imported. This is because such imports usually have to be paid for in hard currency around the time of delivery. They are then processed and sold In local currency. in the agrochemical business in particular it is common practice for farmers to pay for products a number of months after taking delivery, and even after harvesting. In the meantime the value of the local/currency has been decreasing against the major world currencies but local selling prices have been unable (or not allowed by price controls) to keep pace. This is particularly the case in countries that occasionally impose maxi-devaluations of their currency. Such, a financial climate is not conducive to attracting investment from private enterprise because it is very difficult to make a reliable estimate of the likely economic viability of a business venture. c) Profft and dividend remittance If investment in a local formulation plant is to be made either wholly or in part from outside of a developing country, for example, by a manufacturer of active Ingredient, then there should be an assured mechanism for remitting profits or dividends back to the investor. d) Protection of foreign kvestnent If a foreign company is considering investing capital in a local formulation venture then it has to be certain that its investment will be protected against such possibilities as nationalization. because experience has shown that compensation. if oaid, is rarely adequate. PROVISION OF KNOW-HOW AND SERVICES The sort of know-how required for local formulation includes product recipes, processing conditions, product and packaging specifications, analytical methodology and regulatory data. This may be freely available for some commodities but for proprietary products it is the industrial property of the patent holder. The types of services that can be required include process trouble-shooting. safety/quality auditing, and training of personnel. Know-how can, of course, be provided to either an independent, joint-venture or wholly-cwned local company by the developer of the know-how, but guarantees must be given that the know-how will be protected by the local laws of the country from being disclosed to others. If the supply of know-how and services is not covered under an agreement for supplying active ingredient then a mecnanism for the 'emittance of know-how fees and/or service-fees may be required. ESSENTIAL SAFETY, HEALTH, ENVIRONMENTAL AND QUALITY REQUIREMENTS There are a number of aspects related to the formulation of agrochemicals about which there should be no compromise. whether production be in an industrialised or develoong country or whether it be carried out by a major or small company. These aspects are: a) Safety Like many other chemicals, pesticides and their formulation can be flammable and are sometimes dust explosive. At the same time they can also be toxic to man. Since the production of formulations involves the handling of !arge quantitIes of the"e produc!s special procedures and precautions must be adopted if hazards are to be adequately contained. This requires good management, good plant design, good operational practices and the provision of the necessary equipment and infra-structure. Aspects specific to safety include, for example, flame-proof electrical equipment for handling flammable liquids, explosion-proof equipment for handling explosive dusts and hydrocarbon propellents (for aerosols), fire-fighting equipment that is appropriate for agrochemical fires, and emergency showers and eye wash units. Such facilities are, of course, of little value If they are not well maintained and If there is no experienced and reliable management with well trained and reliable operators. b) IndustriW hygine and occupational haM Poor industrial hygiene can lead to poor occupational health. Industrial hygiene is particularly important in agrochemical formulation plants because of the toxic nature of some of the products. Key requirements include an effective ventilation system, the avoidance of drips, splashes and spills, the use of clean protective clothing, regular washing and showering, and the prohibition of practices such as eating, drinking and smoking in the plants. Even with these requiraments being enforced there should also be medical surveillance of the operators together with medical facilities for dealing with emergencies. Once again good management, good maintenance and good operational procedures are essential. c) Environmvental protection During the past few years a ni.zmber of aqrochemical companies have begun to suffer the consequences of havirg, many years ago. disposed of agrochemicals in land-fill sites. This was generally done with the consent of the authcrities. Poor records of where products were dumped, combined with the development of more sensitive analytical techniques and more rigorous ecotoxico!ogical regulations have resulted in these practices becoming either banned or strictly controlled in a number of industrialised countries. This has led to the development of a thriving waste disposal business in these countries, with either private enterprise or the local authorities setting up and operating incinerators. Such facilities are rarely available in developing countries and hence it is a virtual prerequisite when building a new plant in a developing country to also build an effecttie waste disposal facility. This naturally incieazes thd initial Investment cost, particularly if the facility cannot be shared with other adjacent chemical plants. d) Quality Agrochemicals are products that are judged by their performance, and hence, if a local market Is to be either maintained or hopefully increased. the farmer must be assured that the ;-roduct he Duys will always be of good quality. Agrochemical quality control begins with checiang the quality of the incoming ingredients and packaging materials. Once the product has been formulated it is necessary to determine the active ingredient content and carry out a number of key physical tests such as emulsion stability and suspensibility. When the formulation Is packed, the filled pack should be chocked for weight/volume packed, container leakage/damage and correct labelling. All of these tests require specifications containing the appropriate test methods and specification limits. Active ingredient determination usually requires the purchase of rather expensive instruments such as gas chromatographs and/or infra-red spectrophotometers. with the added need for skilled and competent quality control chemists. The determination of the potency of biological insecticide formulations cannot be done by conventional chemical techniques. These are usually tested by bloassay using live insects. Insect-rearing facilities are therefore required and the quality control technician needs to have entomological training. Because of the risk of degradation, care should be taken not to hold stocks of active ingredient or formulated product for too long in hot climates. The above-mentioned aspects are of such importance that it would be unwise to contemplate .ocal formulation if any one of them cannot be made to reach the required standard. (Guidance on the standards required for safety, hygiene and environmental cornrol are given in the GIFAP booklet - Guidelines for the safe handling of pesticides during their formulation, packing, storage and transport a). It - is most important that standards are maintained once operation commences. They should be monitored by having regular audits. If a local company is undertaking formulation of a proprietary product the patent holder will generally make certain demands regarding quality, safety, etc. before allowing local formulation of his product He is obliged to do this in order to protect his corporate reputation and brand image. CONCLUSIONS It Is apparent from the foregoing that the issues involved in locating agrochemical formulation plants. in diveloping countries are quite complex. Investment in such ventures can be made by either foreign or local private enterprise, or by a non-profit-making organisation such as a farmers' cooperative or a local authority. Independent of who makes the investment the venture must: * be economically viable i.e. profitable from a private enterprise standpoint and (perhaps) able to produce cheaper products from a cooperative standpoint; * have access to good quality and reasonably priced local raw materials and packaging materials, and have access to active ingredients; * have access to competent and experienced locil personnel; * have access to local technical resources; * not be handicapped by exchange control and exchange rate problems; * have access to know-how and services; * be safe, hygienic and environmentally secure, * produce products of good quality. GUIDELINES FOR THE REGISTRATION AND CONTROL OF PESTICIDES FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION LF THE UNITED NATIONS GUIDELIKES FOR THE REGISTRATION AND CONTROL OF PESTICIDES (including a model scheme for the establishment of national organizations) FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UJITED NATIONS Rose - March 1985 CONTENTS page I. INTRODUCTION 1 2. THE NEED FOR CONTROL OF PESTICIDES 3 2.1 Objectives 2.2 Responsibilities 4 3. DESIGNING A REGULATORT SCHEME 6 4. PESTICIDE LAWS 7 5. IMMEDIATE CONTROL OF PESTICIDES 9 6. PLANNING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A REGULATORT ORGANIZATION 10 6.1 Explanation of tar Chart 12 6.2 The Pesticide Registration Director (PRD) 15 6.3 Technical Committees 15 6.4 Enforcement 15 6.5 Assessment of Registration Petition 16 7. PRASED REGISTRATION 16 7.1 Phases in the Registration Process 17 * 7.2 Data Required for Different Phases 18 7.3 Amount of Data Required and Suggested Limitations for Trials Clearance 18 7.4 Amount of Data Required and Suggested Limitations for Provisional Clearance 19 7.5 Amount ot Data Raquired and Suggested Limitations for Pull Registration 20 8. DETAILED DATA REQUIRED FOR REGISTRATION 21 8.1 Detailed Data on Chemical and Physical Properties 22 8.2 Detailed Data on Efficacy 24 8.3 Detailed Data on Toxicity for Assessment of Human Health Hazards 25 8.4 Detailed Data on Residues of Agricultural Produce 27 8.5 Detailed Data for Prediction of Environmental Effects 29 8.5.: Evaluation of Environmental Fate and Effects 31 8.5.2 Monitoring Environmental Effects 31 8.5.3 Post-Registration Activities 31 9. LAELLINO 32 9.1 Establishing Directions for Use 33 9.2 Good Agricultural Practice 33 9.3 Classification of Pesticides by aazard 34 10. PACYAGING 34 11. GUIDANCE ON PRESENTATION OF REGISTRATION DATA 34 12. SITUATIONS WHERE ADDITIONAL DATA MAY BE REQUIRED 35 12.1 Extension of Use 35 12.2 Formulation Changes 35 12.3 Repacking and Local Formulation 35 12.4 Residue Levels 36 12.5 Nov Evidence 36 13. RARMONIZATION OF kZGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS 37 13.1 Acceptability of Data 37 13.2 Good Laboratory Practice 38 13.3 Proprietary Rights to Data 38 14. QUALITY CONTROL 39 14.1 Quality of Active Ingredients 39 14.2 Quality Control of Imported Formulated Products 39 14.3 Methods of Quality Control 39 15. ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES 40 16. REFERENCES 41 I. ITRODUCTION Despite improved farming practices in many countries, including the application of fertilizers and pesticides, world food production has barely kept pace with the expanding population this century, and half of the world's population today has an inadequate diet. Food supplies will have to be doubled in the next 30 years to achieve even a moderate advance in nutritional scandards. The World Food Conference in 1974 recognized that a greatly increased use of fertiliters and pesticides is among the measures essential for achieving the massive expansion needed in food production. Pests destroy up to one-third of the world's food crops during growth, harvesting and storage. In developing countries crop losses are even higher. Quite apart from all this, agriculture is the world's major industry, over 50 percent of the wrold's population being dependent upon agriculture for its livelihood. In the highly inter-related, inter-dependent world of modern technology and trade, the challenge of protecting crops and livestock from insects, diseases, weeds, and other pests without hazard to people, animals or their environment requires the combined and sustained efforts of scientists, technicians, and administrators; of producers, processors, and distributors; of industry and government; and of nations working together to establish and administer sound, acceptable standards of food safety and environmental quality. The wholesomeness of any food supply depends in part on the quality of the total environment: the soil, water, and air in which the food is grown, processed, and consumed. Acute contamination of these basic natural resources by pesticide residues and ocher pollutants can affect not only the safety of food products, but also other environmental values such as water supplies, wildlife preservation, and outdoor recreation. Nations are actively seeking to protect and manage these resources in the interests of greater safety and human welfare. Most nations are committed by law, policy and traditions to assuring their constituents that their food supply is adequate, safe, clean, and wholesome. In order to give effect to such laws and policies it is necessary to develop criteria and protocols that are effective and workable. It should be the objective to achieve these goals with minimum dislocation of production or trade, but under no circumstances should adverse affects on people or the environment be countenanced to serve economic goals. While pesticides are intended to effectively control organisms that destroy or endanger man's food, health or environment, under some circumstances and at concentrations above a certain threshold, they, like virtually every chemical, may have physiological effects on other organisms living in the environment, including man himself. Whether the effects occur or not is simply a question of the dosage td of proper use. Rand in hand with the increasing complexity, potency and applications of chemicals designed to control unwanted animal and plant life has developed an increasing but understandable concern about the safety of these chemicals to users, livestock, vildlife, the environment, and especially to consumers of foods produced with their assistance. This public concern has made it necessary for governments to review the standards and procedures for evaluation and acceptance of new pesticides prior to sale. A system, involving registration, has evolved and, under increasing pressures, has become increasingly stringent, diverse and more responsible. The term -registration' used in this context should not be confused with the registration of a motor vehicle or a trade mark. In each of these cases the procedure simply Involves the recording in a register of a few salient details which establish ownership, evidence of which is then provided by a -2- document for which the registrant pays a designated fee. Such operation entails the minimum of time, expense or documentation. In the case of pesticides, registration follows the evaluation and acceptance by a Statutory Authority of extensive documented proof submitted in support of all claims for efficacy and safety made for the proposed product. Registration implies a number of different cotcrols among which evaluation is the most important. For a pesticide to be adequately assessed for registration purposes extensive scientific information must be developed by the manufacturer on many aspects of the product, particularly its properties and performance. The purpose of registration is to ensure that pesticides, when used according to registered label directions, will be effective and efficient for the purposes claimed, and safe. Misused, pesticides can certainly be harmful. Properly handled, they form an essential management tool in the production of food and fibre. This, then, is the reason for registration: to allow availability of suitable pesticides and to ensure proper, effective, safe use. Many countries, especxally those with highly developed technologies, have therefore set up regulatory procedures to control trade practices and the production and use of pesticides. The elaborate regulatory procedures of developed countries are strengthened by a comprehensive enforcement system. Such a system and the regulatory procedures it is designed to enforce make demands on available resources which developing countries will often find impossible to meet. However, developing countries need not introduce elaborate regulatory schemes in order to control pesticides effectively. The innovative process leading to the introduction of new pesticides has hitherto been limited to a number of technologically advanced countries where the basic laboratory work (toxicology, chemistry, environmental studies, analytical methodology, etc.) can be done, and where the results of such work are evaluated as part of the regulatory procedure. Once evaluated, those results are valid world-wide and may be considered transferable. Developing countries can therefore use such data as inputs, without having to produce chem independently. Once a country has decided that some measure of control of pesticides is desirable and feasible it will need to determine the extent of the resources and effort which can be put into the system of control and which aspects ;1ould receive priority. Developing countries shorld design regulatory procedures suited to their specific needs, and not atempt to adopt all the elements of regulatory schemes used in developed countri is. The standards for acceptance of a pesticide in one country, such as ay. industrial food-exporting country with a temperate climate, an abundance of fertile land available and advanced agricultural technology, would not necessarily be applied in another country with different &gricultural practices, a different climate or economy. The use of a pesticide should be permitted only if the benefits outweigh the risks involved. The balance between risk and benefit will differ greatly under different socio-economic conditions and it is Important for each country to study its own priorities when deciding which compounds may be used. It should not be influenced too such by decisions made elsewhere. For example, in a country with a highly developed system of agriculture and adequate resources the threat of hara to a rare bird species say be sufficient reason to avoid the use of a particular coupound, whereas to situations where vector-borne human diseases, starvation and malnutrition are regularly encountered, the risk/benefit analysis -is likely to result in a different decision. -3- 2. THE NEED FOR CONTROL GF PESTICIDES One of the prerequisites of a pesticide is that it should be effective in the control of the target organisms when applied in a convenient manner at a pre-determined rate. Unfortunately, few pesticides possess a high degree of specificity. Most of them are toxic to non-target organisms as well as to target organisms and they therefore carry a potential health hazard to the person who handles them as well as to the consumers of treated crops. They may also, of course, have adverse affects on wildlife. Because of their potential toxicity to non-target organisms, they may have far-reaching effects on man and wildlife and the public therefore demands effective control over their availability and use. Row best to reduce the hazards of pesticides to man and animals is a problem that has occupied many individuals and organizations the world over. In electing to control the introduction of pesticides through some type of registration scheme national authorities have been mindful of the needs of the many inter-related and inter-dependent segments of the community. The following needs must be considered: Users. Farmers, householders and other end-users are concerned with the effectiveness, efficiency and any hazards associated with use. They are con- cerned to know how such to use, when to use it, how to apply it and how to ensure that they get best value for their investment. They need clear instruc- tions, adequate directions for use and appropriate stimulus to observe any limitations and any precautions necessary for the protection of themselves. others or the environment. The General Public. Children, neighbours, bystanders, and persons trans- porting and storing pesticides are concerned with such hazards as accidental - poisoning, spillage, and safe handling, storage and disposal. Their needs must be considered since they can readily become innocent victims of other people's carelessness or inadvertent actions. Consumers. In countries with an advanced agriculture each farmer say produce sufficient food for many ?eople who may live far away - even overseas. The safety of food is a paramount concern to both public and public health authorities who demand that food should contain the least possible amount of chemical residue and that there is evidence by which to judge that such residue is without hazard to consumers. Crop and Plants. The vulnerability of crops being treated necessitates careful consideration of the phytototicity of each and every chemical. The possibility of non-target species being affected by spray drift, run-off, carry-over in soil or contamination of spray a&hinery necessitates most careful evaluation and adequate precautions. Livestock and Domestic Animals. Because of high economic and senti- mental value such animals need protection from adverse effects of pesticides irrespective of whether the compounds are directly applied, applied to animal feeding stuffs, or to their environment. The susceptibility of some species of animals to individual peiiticides may be quite high and the need for adequate precautions must be determined in advance. The Environment. The need to safeguard the environsent fro adverse effects of pesticides is widely recognized. Contamination of air, soil, water and waterways should be avoided wherever possible. The potential hazard to wildlife, non-target insects and other ecological components must be sininized. Vendors. Those who market pesticides need to be protected from false or unfair claims from competitive products. Manufacturers. Manufacturers who develop, formulate, pack and market pesticides need an adequate standard by which they and others may judge the suitability of products for the market place. There is strong support for legislation which protects reputable manufacturers from unreasonable and unfair competition from inferior, unsafe, or untested products. Trade. Local and overseas trade in manufactured pesticides needs the stabilizing influence of adequate legislation, reasonable standards and the knowledge that each will be judged for compliance with these standards. Because of the importance of trade in agricultural commodities including food, fibre and industrial commodities, trading partners and national authorities need assurance that the availability and use of pesticides is regulated to avoid, as far as possible, contamination of these commodities with residues above acceptable limits. A well-devised and operated system for regulating the introduction and availability of pesticides and for controlling such aspects as formulation quality, packaging, labelling, stozage and methods of application will se a long way towards preventing ill effects from pesticides. However, educat .on, dissemination of information, particularly on correct usage, disposal of surplus materials and empty containers and treatment in the case of accidents, is of paramount importance if full benefit is to follow the introduction of a registration scheme. The advantages which can follow the registration of pesticides depend, of course, on the extent of the controls exercised. Insistence of accurate and informative labels will be of benefit to manufacturers, formulators and repackers, as well as to those using the products. Independent assessment of efficiency claims and safety will reassure the vendor and farmer and the general public will be more confident about the use of products deemed by the authorities to be safe for the user, the consumer and the environment. 2.1 Objectives The goal in regulating pesticides is to provide society with adequate protection from adverse effects while not denying it access to beneiits from their use. The principal method of establishing the manner in which a pesticide -aY be marketed and used is through the registration requirements. There are potential problems with pesticide usage but the purpose of the large amount of research going into the generation of data for registration is to tackle the issues before they become problems. Registration enables authorities to exercise control over quality, use levels, claims, labelling, packaging and advertisnA and thus to ensure that the interests of end-users are well protected. The registration legislation must provide a system under which the public's interest and the manufacturer's rights are protected. If every pesticide has to be registered the public vill know at a glance that the product on sale has satisfied the requirements of the law as to its effectiveness and safety when used according to the directions on the label. This qualification is important but necessary, as no regulatory agency can guarantee against misuse. 2.2 Responsibilities There are four levels of responsibility associated with the registration of pesticides: Manufacturers. The prime responsibility rests with the manufacturer who sust first be satisfied that the product fulfils the many requirements demanded by the public and the government authorities charged to watch the public interest. The manufacturer must ensure that there is adequate .scientific evidence to support all claims for efficacy and safety. It is not generally recognized that registration authorities do not usually ask questions more difficult than or different from those demanded by corporate management or those charged with research and development responsibilities for new pesticides. The manufacturer must be satisfied that he has generated sufficient scientific information-to effectively and positively answer at least the following questions: - Is it eifective? - Is it efficient? - ' it reliable? - Is it adequately stable? - Is it safe to users? - Is it safe to bystanders? - Is it safe to consumers? - Is it safe to crops? - Is it safe :o livestock? Is it safe to wildlife? - Is it safe to beneficial organisms? - Is it acceptable for the environment? - Will it present problecs in trade? Implicit in these questions are many issues and aspects which the manufacturer must consider and on which appropriate scientific data must be forthcoming. If and when all this information is available the manufacturer may approach regulatory authorities in confident expectation that they will judge the data adequate and acceptable. Governments. In most countries it is recognized that a period has been entered characterized both by a fuller understanding of the risks and advantages of pesticides and a desire to provide adequate controls, either voluntary or mandatory, to ensure that the use of pesticides does nnt adversely affect public health, beneficial organisms, the environmert or trade. Government policy must be aimed at protecting the public and the environment from excessive exposure to harmful substances while also preserving and increasing the great variety and utility of products that have contrir'uted so much to the improvement of our food supply, protection of our health, the increase in trade and the standard of life. Governments should establish legislation to regulate the manufacture, sale and use of pesticides. Such legislation mast be based on regulations that establish a permissible safe use pattern for each chemical. This use pattern must be described on the labelling for each product and the labels need Government approval. In addition, safe legal limits should, be established for residues in food and feed. Some countries exercise control over both safety in use and efficacy while others control only one or the other. In some countries, the protection of the operator stops with the label directions, but in others, the law imposes responsibility on employers in resp2ct of their employees. Many countries make use of the idea of an experimental permit, temporary clearance or licensing to allow new pesticides to be field tested and some registration autnorities undertake a critical laboratory and field examination of new products. In summary, the objectives of Government are to: - protect the unwary from the unscrupulous; - prevent unsubstantiated claims; - ensure adequate directions for use; - highlight precautions and limitations in use; - protect the uninitiated from his own ignorance; - safeguard reputable manufacturers from spurious claims by disgruntled users; - engender confidence in the system by the general public. Vendors. Those engaged in the distribution and sale af pesticide products carry a heavy responsibility to ensure that they do not offer for sale products which are not registered and that they do not promote uses which are not recommended on approved labels. Users rely heavily upon their suppliers for guidance in the safe and effective use of pesticides and it is recognized that such sales outlets provide the major source of information reaching users. Because of this, the role of supplier carries with it both privilege and responsibility. Users. Users must recognize the responsibility to themselves, their families, their neighbours, the community, the environment and those who might ultimately consume the produce grown with the aid of pesticides. The directions on regiatcred labels have been developed at great cost in time, money and scientific manpower, have been evaluated by experienced scientists and have been approved by Government Authorities. The cla'ws and directions are made in the knowledge that if they are followed the result will be satisfactory and there will be no untoward hazard. Unless users accept their responsibility and see that the directions on registered labels are followed carefully and conscientiously, the efforts of manufacturers and governments will have been to no avail. 3. DESIGNING A REGULATORY SCHEME In designing a regulatory procedure the first step must be to define the subject matter. A useful definition of a pesticide is as follows: Pesticide - Any substance or aixture of substances intended for pre- venting, destroying, or controlling any pest, including unwanted species of plants or animals during the production, processing. storage. transport, or marketing of food, agricultural commodities or animal feedstuffs or which may be administered to anias. for the control of insects, arachnids or other pests in or on theit bodies. The term includes substances intended for use as a plant-growth regulator, defoliant, desiccant or fruit thinning agent or agent preventing the premature fall of fruit and substances applied to crops either before or shortly after harvest to protect the commodity from deterioratioa duri-g storage and transport. The term excludes fertilizers or their plant nutrients and agents such as veterinary medicines and feed Additives administered to animals for other purposes such as to stimulate their growth or to modify their reroductive behaviour and substances added during processing of food. The next step is to decide on the form of regulatory procedure. tsking all the above definition into account. There are several possibilitizq, including the following: (a) Voluntary scheme. No legal force would be required with such a scheme, under which regulation is based on astual trust and understanding. There must be some guarantee, however, that the scheme cannot be uudermned by uon-participants; (b) Preventive scheme. In principle, it would be forbidden to produce, import, sell, use or otherwise dispose of pesticides, unless explicitly allowed. When properly enforced, such a scheme is practically foolproof, but it Involves considerable bureaucratic procedures and resources; -7- (c) Retrospective scheme. Within the framework of a set of basic rules, there would be no freedom to produce. sell. use or otherwise dispose of pesticides, but companies and individuals would be held responsible and called to account for what they did or neglected to do if mishaps occurred. Such a system is each simpler to operate. but has the great drawback that action will usually be taken only after an incident has occurred. Moreover, it pre-supposes a certain level of education and sense of responsibility of everyone concerned; (d) Government scheme. Only the Government or bodies empowered by it would be allowed to p7oduce, import, sell. use or otherwise dispose of pesticides. The drawbacks of the scheme are that it involves considerable bureaucracy and limits individual initiative; (e) Regional scheme. Under such a scheme, two or more countries of similar agricultural and political background would have a common regulatory procedure and share use of resources. The final decision on a regulatory scheme will have to be -based primarily on an assessment of the agricultural and economic structure of the country, but legislative and political factors will also play a role in most cases. It is Important to make a careful assessment of the enforcement poten- tial. As has been stated above, the real value of a regulatory procedure is largely dependent on the practicabiliz7 f enforcing it. It is absolutely vital that adey,ate care is taken in determining which authority ahould be responsible for designing, operating and enforcing the regulatory procedure. Civen the largely agricultural use of pesticides, the most appropriate authority would normally be the Minister of Agriculture. However, since aspects of the protection of public health, the environment and the economy are also involved, the ministers and executive authorities responsible for those fields should also have a role to play. Once it has been determined under which ministry the prime responsi- bility for the regulatory procedure should fall, one person should be appointed, together with a staff, to bear the daily responsibility. Such an executive will henceforth be called the -Registrar of Pesticides- or -Director of Pesticide Registration-. Expert help is available (e.g. from FAO) to assist in these decisions and consultation at an early stage can prevent costly mistakes, and delays in the initiation of a scheme. 4. PESTICIDE LAWS Legal powers will be necessary for effective control of pesticides. They should apply to import, sale, labelling, application, storage and disposal of surplus technical grade active ingredients and formulations other than those intended solely for export and which are prepared and packed according to the specifications or directions of a foreign purchase. If already in existing legislation covering other chemical products, manu- facturing, repacking and transport do not need to be brought within the pesticides law as the risks they present are similar to those of other chemical products and are, therefore, presumably already covered by appro- priate legislation. The law should state that no person or corporate body should distribute, sell, offer for sale or deliver within or import into the country a pesticide or product containing pesticide unless: I (1) it has been registered with and assigned a registration number by the appropriate authorities, or (2) it is covered by a trials or provisional clearance from the authorities for use in accordance with the conditions stipulated in that clearance. The law should specify the warning signs and symbols to be included on labels of products depending on their toxicologiccl category, the precautions to be taken when applying these products and the way in which they should be labelled, used, packed and stored. The procedure for obtaining registration should be prescribed in detail by regulations made under the pesticide legislation. Data supplied by the applicant for registration and submitted in confidence should be treated as administratively confidential and specific to the application under consider- ation. The authorities may, after considering the data, accept the product for registration, issue a provisional permit or reject the application. Registra- tion may be suspended, cancelled or modified at any time if new data become available which shows it should be reviewed. Applicants should be informed of the reasons for such rejections. suspensions, cancellations or modifications, which should be subject to appeal within periods fixed by regulations made under the pesticide legislation. Any printed or graphic material relating to and accompanying the product should conform to the labelling requirements and advertisements and similar material must not make claims outside the terms of the registration. It should be unlawful for any person to: (1) supply a product unless it bear% a label conforming to the regulations; (2) supply a product which has decomposed or deteriorated so as to be ineffective or dangerous, or is in containers which have deteriorated or been damaged so as to be dangerous in storage or use; (3) detach, alter, deface or destroy any label on the container of a product in a manner which may defeat the purpose of the pesticide legislation; (4) add any substance to a product labelled in accordance with the pesticide legislation; (5) repack or transfer the contents of a pesticide product container unless (a) the new containers bear labels conforming to the pesticide regulations and (b) the repacking is carried out under supervision and any necessary precautions (e.g. wearing protective clothing) are observed; (6) to advertise any product in a manner that is false, misleading and deceptive or not justified by the conditions of its registration. Regulations may contain special provisions with regard to substances or operations which present a high or unusual degree of hazard and may, for example, prescribe conditions for field evaluation of experimental compounds or restrict the sale of specified substances to ensure their use only by certain categories of persons. They say, also, make any provisions concerning marketing or use that may be necessary to safeguard third parties, the environ- ment and wildlife resources other than such noxious plants and animals whose control is desired. -9- One ol tho- keys of the success of any pesticide registration scheme for the official ontrol of pesticides hinges on cooperation between agricul- tural and health officials. Before any registration scheme can be satisfac- torily introduced, full and comprehensive discussions should be held with officials from both ministries. The continuing success of the scheme depends on frank discussions and cooperation being maintained at all times. Before any pesticide can be used or recommended by agricultural authorities, the chemical must be cleared by the health experts. There are six main areas where coordination is essential; (1) in the formulation of regulations to control pesticides; (2) in the training of medical personnel and agricultural inspectors in the treatment of pesticide poisoning and aLfety aspects of application; (3) in the training of users; (4) giving of practical advice on protective measures; (5) in determining whezher, in the light of experience, use of certain pesticides should be restricted; (6) in the setting of standard procedures for residue analysis, MRL's and prebarvest intervals. It is also obviously very important that adequate instruction should be available in the use and application of the particular pesticide once the correct target has been identified. Since neither of the parties associated with the safe and effective use of pesticides can exert adequate control on their own, systems of coordination must be worked out. 5. IMEDIATE CONTROL OF PISTICIDES The establishment of an effective pesticide registration scheme may take several years. Countries which do not have any controls over the import, manufacture or sale of pesticides may want to control the availability of highly toxic and perhaps ineffective pesticides. These countries may not have the resources immediately available to develop a pesticide registration scheme and in these cases it is suggested that an immediate measure to control pesti- cides along the following lines could be implemented. However, in the long term control of pesticides by an effective registration scheme is the pre- ferred measure. (1) Determine kinds of pesticides available and their major uses through market surveye, discussions with industry representatives and extension workers. (2) Write to pesticide registration directors in countries with similar climatic and socia-economic conditions for infor-tation on avail- ability/restriction/prohibition of Class ia and 1b pesticides. (3) Discuss with directors of Customs, Trade and Industry. Bealth, and Legal Department to determine simple means of control. (4) Draw up a proposed schedule of pesticides which will be restricted (indicate manner of restriction) or prohibited. (5) Discuss proposed schedule with extension workers and industry representatives. B (6) Gazette proposed schedule to come into force in about 6 months' time under appropriate existing laws stating that pesticides in the schedule can only be imported, manufactured, formulated, packed. repacked or stored for sale in accordance with the stipulation in the schedule. 6. PLANNING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A REGULATORY ORGANIZATION kn- level of resource available can be usefully employed. An indication of the suitability of products for various uses may be obtained by a study of the lists of products that are permitted in countries having a comprehensive registration scheme provided that the reasons for omission from such lists is understood. This is most important because the absence of a pesticide may be due to circumstances particular to a country such as the development of resis- tance or the availability of a more effective, but expensive, alternative. The use of the latter may be justified in one country, but uneconomic in another where a lover level of pest control is acceptable. Similarly, possible side effects, such as hare to birds, may be considered more undesir- able in one country than in another. Where no laboratory facilities are available contract laboratories can be used to assess the quality of formulations and to determine residues in crops, maximum residue limits for which are published by the Joint FAO/WB0 Codex Alisentarius Commission (2). However, the regulatory control which can be exercised with such limited facilities is most unlikely to be adequate and within a short time the introduction of a more comprehensive system for the tegistration of pesticides will be seen to be highly deairable. A registration scheme should apply to all pesticides with the exception of those used for the control of internal parasites of humans, livestock and - pets, the regulation of which is "sually the concern of the medical and veterinary authorities. Thus it should apply to use in agriculture, animal -ashandry, horticulture, forestry, public health, food storage, on ships, in warehouses, in shops, for the control of pests in and around the home, etc., and allowance should be made for new and unforeseen uses of pesticides which nay be introduced at any time. Coordination between the various govaranent departments is essential so that all aspects relating to pesticides can be cortrolled centrally by one cosprebensive process. As pesticides are indispensable to modern agriculture they already form an important part of the work of agricultural departments. Moreover, departments of agriculture, through their advisory extension officers, have an established contact with the most prolific users of pesti- cides. For these reasons, registration schemes are usually adaniastered by a section within the deparzaent of agriculture. In many countries the agricultural department say be concerned with evaluating the need for pesticides in particular crops or areas and should provide independent and authoritative advice to thove growing and storing crops concerning the most appropriate pesticide, application rate, time, etc. The health department, although primarily interested in the public health use of pesticides, should assess, often with the occupational health department. the toxicity of all pesticide formulations to establish if and how they can be used without harming those applying or handling them or consuming treated crops. It also mast liaise with the medical profession on methods of treating any poisoning cases. The department of the environment is concerned with the possibility of any undesirable side effects such as killing of wild life beneficial to agricultural production (e.g. pollinating insects) or used as food (fish) or for amenity reasons. The departments of trade and transport have to deal with all types of merchandise, including hasardous chemicals but, providad these authorities are supplied with appropriate information, it is unlikely that pesticides will present them with any particular difficulties in =aking appropriate determinations. The organization to which the responsibility for administering a regis- tration scheme is assigned needs sufficient legal powers to ensure that: (1) all products are submitted for registration; (2) adequate data are provided to enable a decision to be made on whether, to what extent and under what conditions the product may be used, effectively and safely; (3) only registered products are offered for sale; (4) products are used only in the approved manner. Petitions for the registration of products are submitted by industry and, as both government and industry have essential roles to play in a suc- cessful and effective registration scheme, relations between them should be cordxrl, harmonious and founded on mutual trust. Governments must be confi- dent that the evidence submitted is reliable and that all relevant facts have been reported to them. Industry must feel that it is being treated fairly and that there are no unwarranted delays. Within the registration organIzation there must be access to suitable expert advice and adequate facilities for the evaluation of the submitted data. To obtain greatest benefit the organization should be able to publish its decisions in the form of lists of registered (appt>ved) pesticides as well as advice to those involved in agriculture, food storage, etc. and to imple- ment programmes to train people in the correct use of pesticides. In a later section of this paper a plan is given for the phased introduc- tion of a registration scheme over a period of 7-8 years. Although a definite order of expansion is suggested, it is recognized that this will not necessar- ily be ideal for all countries. The point at which a country enters the plan and the extent to which it progresses and the rate of progress through the various stages will depend on the needs of the country and the level of its financial, scientific and administrative resources. If, for example, the most important action needed is the removal from the market of products which are ineffective, it may be considered desirable to bring forward the appointment of a biologist to carry out trials to compare the various products. Similar- ly, if the services of a competent contract laboratory are available, it may be possible to delay, or even omit, the appointment of a residue chemist. Further, an assessment of existing facilities may show that some of then could be extended or modified to produce the necessary data. When a conclusion is reached on the actions which are necessary for the introduction of a registration scheme an overall plan should be made and responsibilities for its constituent parts firmly allocated. Any unavoidable delays or unforeseen difficulties should be reported to the coordinator so that any necessary modifications can be made to the rest of the plan. For the smooth introduction of a comprehensive scheme for the regis- tration of pesticides it is important to plan carefully the various operations involved. Apart from passing the necessary legislation and the appointment and training of a pesticide registration director, the timing of certain other actions, which need to be started early, can be critical. Amongst these are the designing, building and equipping of laboratories for the testing of formulations and the determination of residues. Sufficient time must also be allowed for the appointment and training of chemists and their assistants. Some of this training, and that of the registar, is likely to involve visits to countries where registration schemes are already well established and time moust be allowed for these to be arranged and to take place. The folloving bar chart. covering a period of 8 years, gives suggested timing for the initiation and completion of various actions. It is recognized 'that the plan contains elements of both the idealistic and the practical. It will depend on the resources available to the country. If the plan can be achieved, it should be possible by the and of the period to have: -- - -- - - - 12- (1) issued registration certificates for those products which were on sale prior to the start of the registration scheme and which have been shown to be effective and without unacceptable hazard; (2) published a list of registered products for the guidance of users; (3) tested for quality many, if not most, of the pesticide formulations on the market; (4) informed the sellers of existing products which have not been registered of the reasons for withholding registration and indicated what additionaL data are needed for a final decision or why it was felt that registration of the product was unjustified; (5) issued guidelines on correct labelling, storage and disposal of unvanted pesticidea; (6) prevented the import of unregistered products; (7) established the facilities available to determine pesticide residues in foodstuffs grown under commercial conditions; (8) established the facilities to carry out field evaluations to assess efficacy of products. - 13 - 6.1 Explanation of the Bar Chart Actions 1-2 should be initated as soon as it is decided to introduce a pesticide registration procedure. It will be necessary beforehand to estab- lish the number and type of formulations being sold. Once these facts are known, a decision can be made on the extent to which pesticides need to be controlled and a suitable law enacted. This should, at least, prohibit after a specified date the import, sale or use of unregistered pesticides. Actions 3 to 4 concern the appointment, training and functions of the pesticides registration director (PRD - see section 6.2) and his officers. A minimum of six months is likely to be needed for training and to establish good working relationships with specialist biologists, toxicologists, etc. Action 5 concerns the establishment of a Board which is comprised of technically qualified senior officers of relevant departments including Health Department, Forestry, Environment, Standards Institute, and other government agricultural agencies. In addition to the technical personnel from depart- meDts, a suitably qualified alternate from each agency should be appointed to attend meetings in the absence of the head of department. Non-government ag:ncies are usually not represented on the Board, although this should be left to Governments to decide. The Board will establish policy and general direction in the regulation of pesticides. Action 6 concerns the establishment of a small temporary laboratory in an existing building for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of active ingredients in major pesticides. It must ', emphasized that compromise must not be made with regard to laboratory safety. Action 7 calls for the Board to issue protocols for registrion data and labelling requirements. Actions 8-9 concern the designing, building, equipping and staffing of laboratories which will provide facilities for the analysis of products and for checking residue levels in crops when grown commercially. Allowance should be made preferably for overseas training of chemists. Action 10 calls for an assessment of products already on the market. Actions 11-16, 17-18 and 19-20 concern the appointment and training of product chemists, biologists and toxicologists who will directly assist the PRD in the evaluation of applications for registration in their respective fields and also ensure that the labels contain the necessary and correct information. Action 21 is publishing a list of registered products. PLAN FOR ESTABLISHING A REGISTRATION ORCANWZATION Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Yeir 7 Yenr f I. Prepare & Pass Bill 2. Prepare and gazette Registration Rules 3. Apoint Pesticide 4. Train PRD Registration Director I I 5. Board Established and Functioning 6. Build 7. Instructions on registration temporary data, labelling & hazard laboratory classification issued 6. _Plan and Build Permanent Laboratory 9. Obtain Laboratory Equipment & Reagents 10. Assessment of Existing Products 1I. Appoin & rin Product Chesists 12. Start up Product Lab. 13. Check Quality of Formulations & obtain equipment for residue lab. 14. Appoint and Train 15. Start up 16. Check Residue Levels Residue Chemist Residue Lab. I ~IF Ii. ApPoi Train 18. Carry out Field Evaluation and Assess Bioefficacy D,a B iogists I 19. Appoint and Train 20. Assess Toicological Data ToIloists 21. List of Registered ProductA og coogist 21 ublished - 15 - * As a priority, products already on the market should be tested so that those of inferior quality can be improved or denied registration. This vill give some assurance that the purhcaser will get value for money. Later, new formulations being submitted for registration should have to pass a quality control test as part of the registration process. It is important to be able to assess human and environmental hazards which could arise from residues of pesticides in foodstuffs, water, etc. In addition, certain important export crops must be analyzed to ensure that exports are not jeopardized due to presence of excessive pesticide residues. When the residue laboratory is equipped, staffed and functioning efficiently, its initial task should be to analyse food samples grown commercially. i.e., using a standard schedule of pesticide treatments. 6.2 The Pesticides Registration Director (PRD) This is the key position and the success of the registration scheme, particularly in the early stages, depends on the appointment of a suitable person. The director should be a scientist who is also a good adinistrator and who has an interest or background in agriculture. It is desirable that he should have some knowledge of chemistry, botany, entosology, plant physiology, ecology and mammalian toxicology, but as all this knowledge is unlikely to be found in one person, time must be allowed for training him to a standard at which he can commence operations. As he gains experience and has contact with specialists in other disciplines he ought to obtain a knowledge of all the disciplines, sufficient to enable his to understand the advice he is given and to be able to appreciate the importance of the information contained in the registration petitions submitted to him. It is desirable that good relation- ships are established as soon as possible with any (or the most important) government biological and toxicological research stations and that the PR.D has access to official publications from such bodies as FAO, WRO and several countries with vell-established registration schemes. Re will need the use of a technical library and would be very much helped by subscribing to one of the specialized abstracting services; this could postpone, or even make unneces- sary, the establishment of a index of toxicologica, residue and other data. He needs the means to publish lists of registered products and advice on the safe use of pesticides. 6.3 Technical Committees The Board may from time to time establish one or more technical commit- tees to look into specific problems and to provide recommendations. It is essential that members of such technical committees should comprise the PRD, his relevant officers and officials from other government agencies and univer- sities who may be knowledgeable on the subject. 6.4 Enforcement The value to be derived from an efficiently administered control scheme eventually depends on the practical implementation and enforcement of the laws. Powers must be given to the registration authorities to cancel a registration if it is felt that the continued registration poses undue risk to users, the environment or the general public. A product should also be de-registered if the applicant had flouted the law with regard to active ingredient content, labilling requirements, etc. It would, however, be prudent to first of all a .low the applicant to show cause why the registration should not be cancelled; this should then be considered by the Board and appropriate action taken. In countries where pesticides are being registered for the first time, adequate publicity should be given of the coming into force of the registra- tion requirements. Pesticide retailers ought to be given about a year to dispose of old stocks of unregistered pesticides. - 16 - Nevertheless, several inspectors should be appointed who should in good time visit all pesticide retailers in the country and provide published information on the enforcement of the laws. After period of grace is over, enforcement officers should enter premises manufacturing, storing or selling unregistered pesticides and seize all such pesticides and bring to book the offenders. In the case of imports of unregistered pesticides, close collabora- tion should be maintained with the Department of Customs and action be taken against importers of unregistered pesticides. 6.5 Assessment of Registration Petition Countries vary in the expertise available for the assessment of registra- tion petitions in general and the toxicity sections in particular. There is often, in addition, a shortage of laboratory facilities for checking quality and performance of new pesticides. These difficulties are especially acute before a pesticide registration scheme has been introduced and in the first few years of its operation. They may be at least partially overcome by: (1) Including amongst the requirements for registration a list of countries where the active ingredient and/or the proposed formulation has been registered together with proof of registra- tion. Registration certificates usually specify the crop(s) on which the product may be used, the application rate and interval between treatment and harvest. Some reassurance on the suitability and safety of the material may be gained by the number and extent of registrations granted but, more valuably, by the significance of the countries which have granted registration; information on registrations in countries with comparable climates and crops are particularly valuable. (2) In the early stages of the development of pesticides fev or perhaps no registrations say have been granted at the time a registration authority is asked for permission to import the pesticide. If, within the country, there is a shortage of suitable trained experts to assess the data submitted, it may be possible to seek the views of an international organization such as FAO or employ a consul- tant. If the data sunitted are inadequate, a stepw1se approach asy be made to the registration so that the amount of the product which may be used and the variety of crops treated are restricted to the extent of the evidence. As further data become available the nature, number and extant of permitted uses can be increased. If the authorities are in doubt about any pesticide, views can be obtained from international organizations such as the International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals (IRPTC) or the Interna- tional Program for Chemical Safety (IPCS). (3) Concentrating available resources on the careful and detailed consideration of the draft label and the scientific inoormation that bears directly on each aspect of the label (see Section 9, Labelling). Refer to the FAO Guidelines on Pesticide Labelling for detailed help (3). 7. PRASED REGISTRATION Phased, or as it sometimes may be called, stepvise registration proce- dures for pesticides have been in operation in a number of countries for some time. Such procedures have many advantages, both for the regulatory authority and for the manufacturer, in that they enable all parties to verify that the results of the laboratory or small scale trials are achieved in the field following wider use and thus allows any necessary modification to bas made to the registration proposals before a full commercial registration is issued. - 17 - . The development of a pesticide is a gradual but complex pr-cess. It is reasonable for the authority to allow the pesticide to be used in accordance with limitations or restrictions imposed by the regulatory authority during this development provided there is r.: undue risk to operators, the public or the environment. During the phased registration stages, additional data that are required to enable both the authority and the manufacturer to evaluate the efficacy and possible side effects of- the pesticide and to decide what additional testing. if any, may be necessary. It would be unrealistic to expect manufacturers to be able to provide the complete dossier to any registration authority before a subassion could be considered. In some instances, the chemical may be withdrawn by the manufacturer before registration is finalized due to difficulties which have come to light during the phased registration process. A phased registration system enables an evaluation of the performance of the product in the hands of farmers to be undertaken and observations on wildlife to be made from wide, but supervised, use. By proceeding slowly there is a greater chance that all parties will be more fully aware of eny problems arising from the application of the pesticide. However, there is no need for it to be a requirement that all chemicals must proceed through a phased registration system. For example, a product based on an active ingredient which has been in use for many years, may be granted registration immediately, subject, of course, to the provision of acceptable data. However, as a general principle, it is suggested that all products based on new active ingredients should proceed through a phased system so that full evaluations of new pesticides are undertaken before registration is granted and unrestricted marketing commences. 7.1 Phases in the Registration Process Provided an initial set of basic data is available then limited registration should be considered. There are three clearly identifiable stages in the development of a pesticide. Trials (or exDerimental) Clearance: This would normally be granted for a period of one year. The trials would be supervised or monitored and the extent of such trials may be confined to a specific maximum. Generally the food or feed harvested from such trials would not be permitted to be used although in some instances permission to utilize it may be gtven. After the specified period of clearance, renewal could be granted, but before this the manufacturer would need to show that although same work has been done on the development of the product and more is still required. Provisional (or limited) Clearance: This type of clearance could be granted when most of the relevant registration data have been obtained. Some data, because of their very nature, can only be obtained when the scale of use of the pesticide is sufficient to demonstrate a measurable effect (or lack of one) on operators or on the ecology of the treated area. At this stage the product could be sold, but usually sales would be restricted to a certain quantity, perhaps over a specified period. Commercial (or fall) Registration: This would be granted after a thorough evaluation of all data showed that the pesticide could be used without unacceptable risks. Registration authorities say, however, restrict the claims, place limitations on use, place a time limit on the tenure of the registration, or review any situation at any time in the light of new evidence. It should be emphasized that any registration is always subject to review in the light of new information coming to hand. - 18 - 7.2 Data Required for Different Phases It is not the intention to provide -check lists- for the various phases of registration as the check list concept should not be used in the registra- tion process. Data supplied in support of registration must be able to be utilized and it is definitely not recommended that data be requested just for the sake of having it on the file. It is basic to the concept of phased regis- tration that a lesser amount of data would be required at the trials clearance stage than would be required at a more advanced stage in the process. The amount of data required at the various stages of clearances will vary depend- ing on the nature of the pesticide and the proposed use. The following guidance is provided to assist in judging what would seem to be reasonable requirements for data. These data requirements are set out under five main headings, that is, chemical and physical properties, toxicology, environ- mental, residues v4d efficacy. Suggestions are made concerning use limita- tions and labelling which should be considered at each of the clearance stages. 7.3 Amount of Data Required and Suggested Limitations for Trials Clearance The amount of data required at this stage of clearance will be quite minimal because of the liaitations that the product will not normally be able to be sold, but will be for use only by bona fide research workers. Becauae the product is not for sale it vill usually not be necessary for the regula- tory authority to place a quantity limit on the amount to be used in trials. Bowever, the manufacturer should specify the amount required for trials work so that the regulatory authority is aware of what is being used and can, if appropriate, suggest a reduction in the quantity permitted. At this stage minimal labelling requirements would be adequate. 7.3.1 Chemical and Physical Properties: Chemical name, common name and/or code number, formulation, simple physical and chemical properties (if available). 7.3.2 Toxicology: An indication of the toxicity, i.e. LD50 figures plus first aid precautions to be followed in the event of acci- dental poisoning. 7.3.3 Environmental: Some data may be needed to indicate the possible effect on desirable species, depending on the proposed use regime. In most instances this say be predicted from the chemical and physical properties. Refer to FAO Guideline on Environmental Criteria far the Registration of Pesticides (20). 7.3.4 Residues: There will usually be no local data and thus it should be a general requirement that treated crops be not fad to animals or humans, and animals be not allowed to graze treated areas. Trom proposed use patterns, and knowledge of the chemical supple- mented by any available residue data it may be possible for a-thorities to be confident that residues at harvest or grazing will not pose a hazard. Thus the general restriction against consumption could be waived. Refer to FA0 Guidelines on Crop Residue Data (18). 7.3.5 Efficacy: No local data will be available, but there vill be an indication from the manufacturer's screenint tests of the likely effect on the pest spectrus. The application should define the pest(s) against which evaluation is intended and !ha amount of product to be used for trials. Refer to FA0 ;4ideline on Efficacy Data for the Registration of Pesticides for Plant Protection (15). 7.3.6 Limitations: Limitations at this stage vould be that the product will not be for sale, and will be for rse only be research workers employed by government, universities or the manufacturer. - 19 - * The trials permit should be issued for a specific period cf time, usually one year, which could be extended on request. 7.3.7 Labelling: At this stage a typewritten label vill be acceptable, provided it contains information on the chemical type. precautions to take when handling the pesticide, together with an indication of the pests and siruations where the product vll: be tested. 7.4 Amount of Data Required and Suggested Limitations for Provisional Clearance This is an important stage in the phased registration proceet in that it will give the manufacturer and the regulatory authority the opportunity to see whether the results of the small scale tests carried out under the trials clearance phase are achieved under a wide range of conditions. A considerahle amount of data is required for provisional clearance. At this clearance stage, the product can be sold and it is therefore important that residue data obtained during trials clearance be provided so that maximum residue -limits can be established, if appropriate, where t'e product is uaud on food crops. Usually a limit would be placed on the amount of product whici can be sold and also a time over which such clearance would be valid. Full labelling is required. 7.4.1 Chemical and Physical Properties: Chemical and physical properties of the technical grade active ingredients, and the formulated product should be provided. While there could be some situations where something less than the complete data could be sufficient, generally speaking as much as possible should be submitted. See pages 22-24 of this document. 7.4.2 Toxicology: The amount of toxicological data required for provisional clearance may vary markedly from country to country, with some countries requiring the full package and others a somewhat lesser amount. The final decisions on how such data to require must be left to the registration authority, but a;- a guide at least information from short term and subacute studies should be provided. Long-term animal studies may not be required before provisional clearance is granted, provided it is made clear that such studies must be completed and submitted before full registration will be considered. The decision as to whether long-term studies are required at provisional clearance level will also be influenced by the nature and proposed use of the chemical. See pages 25-26 of this document. 7.4.3 Environmental: The primary data needed for predicting environ- mental hazards are: (1) the properties of the pesticide including themicI and physical properties, biclogical, metabolism and residue studies, and texicclogical information; and (2) the influence of use patterns which takes into account formulation, methods of application, site, time and type of application, scale of use and the climatic and geographic locality. The registration authority should be able to make a good prediction of the environmental hazards folloving assessmnt of the above data. Where such predictions Indicate a possible hazard for specific components of the environment, further specified data will need to be collected during the period of provisional clearance. Refer to PAO Guidelines on nvironmental Criteria for the Registration of Pesticides (20). S - 20 - 7.4.4 Residues: Residue data from tests conducted under trials clearance must be provided when the proposed use of the pesticide may lead to the creation of residues in food or feed. These data must have been obtained from supervised trials following use according to proposed label claims. Guidelines for the design and layout of residue trials have been developed by the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues and the Commission on Pesticide Chemistry of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and published by FAO '4), IUPAC (5) and GIFAP (6) following a recommendation from the 1977 ad hoc Consultation. These guidelines discuss trial design, sampling techniques, packaging of samples and reporting of results. It may be necessary for tbt appropriate authority to set a maximum residue limit either on a cemporary or a firm basis to permit the sale of treateS priduce. Residue data developed in accordance with the above guid elines will be a necessary part of this evaluation. Refer to F.AC Guidelines on Crop Residue Data (18). 7.4.5 Efficacy: Reports on trials carried out under trials clearance must be presented to show that the chemical will control the pest organism without adversely affecting the crops. Such trial results should demonstrate the effect on crop yields, and crop quality, selective varietal differences as well as zompatibility with other chemicals and with agricultural practice. The results should: (1) demonstrate the effect on the pest organism; (2) weasure the reliability or consistency of control; (3) provide information on the duration of control; (4) define limitations including safety to crop, animal or substrate being treated; (5) show a comparison with the standard product or practice normally used; (6) determine, where applicablv, the effect of variables such as tespirature, moisture, and soil on effect of the pesticide on the pest organism. Details of studies of efficacy and crop safety which should be reported and subaitted to the registration authority are to be found on page 24. Refer to FAO Guidelines on Efficacy Data for the Registration of Pesticides (15). 7.4.6 Limitations: It is normal for the regulatory authority to impose a restriction on the amount of pesticide which can be sold undar provisional clearance. The authority should stipulate the period of time during which the clearance shall remain valid. The provisional clearance should lapse unless any additional data required to support full registration is provided. 7.4.7 Labelling: As the pesticide is to be sold, full details as to identification, precautions, and directions for use and storage should be on the label which should gentrally comply with the FAO Guidelines on Good Labelling Fractice for Pesticides (3). 7.5 Awount of Data Required and Suggested Limitations for Full Registration 7.5.1 Chemical and Physical Properties: Any additional data, e.g. modification to formulations, should be provided. Alo details on ways of disposal of unwanted material and containers should be provided plus any additional information as may be required by the authority. See pages 22 to 24 of this document. - 21 - . 7.5.2 Toxicology: Any outstanding tests (for example, the results of any long-term testing not available at time of provisional clearance) must be made available. See pages 26-27 of this document. 7.5.3 Environmental: Reports of observations made during the wider use of the pesticide showing any effects on fish or other wildlife should be provided. If. for example, the primary data showed that the chemical has a high toxicity to birds, then special attention would be given to the possibility of adverse effects during use under provisional clearance and these data would be required before registration is granted. If a pesticide is intended to be used in or close to water or on rice, toxicity tests on fish and fish food organisms should be carried out. Likewise, additional data on other possible environmental hazards such as leaching through the soil or effects on soil organisms following use under provisional clearance and in accordance with proposed nse patterns may be required. Refer to F&O Guidelines on Environmental Criteria for the Registration of Pesticides (20). 7.5.4 Residues: Generally little additional data would be required as maximum residue limits would have normally been set and/or acceptable waiting periods (withholding periods or pre-harvest intervals) -established prior to provisional clearance having been given. Residue monitoring data should be provided if available. Refer to FAO Guidelines on Crop Residue Data (18). 7.5.5 Efficacy: Additional data will usually be of a qualitative rather than a quantitative nature with possible major emphasis being placed on observations on phytotoxicity or fruit finish following wider field usage. Refer to FAO Guidelines on Efficacy Data for the Registration of Pesticides for Plant Protection (15). 7.5.6 Limitations: Registration may be granted for a set period or for an undefined time depending on the requirements of the authority granting registration, but parties must be aware that in the event of new knowledge about the pesticide coming to hand it say be necessary to review registration at any time. 7.5.7 Labelling: Full labelling as for provisional clearance plus details on the disposal of containers, disposal of unwanted or contaminated product. The use of standard phrases for all - precautionary labelling is recommended. Refer to FAO Guidelines on Good Labelling Practice for Pesticides (3). 8. DETAILED INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR -GISTRATION The amount of data which must be supplied by those seeking registration will depend mainly on the extent of the registration required. If only small quantities of the material are to be used in trials which will be carried out by trained personnel wearing protective clothing and on crops which are to be destroyed or used for residue determinations very little information will need to be supplied. (See Trials Clearance, Section 7.3). Conversely, if the petitioner wishes to market unlimited quantities for use on a staple diet crop, a very complete dossier of information will be necessary to enable an evaluation to be made of the efficacy and potential hazard of the product. A relaxation in the requirements is appropriate for compounds which have been used for many years without apparent ill effects and where it is known that, when used properly, they produce residues below the permitted limits. In this chapter guidance is given on the extent of the data which may need to be supplied for the evaluation of a typical new pesticide. An explanation of the relevance of some types of information to the assessment of the suitability of pesticides is provided. 22 ) 8.1 Detailed Data on Chemical and Physical Properties In order to define a pesticide chemical, it is imperative to have clear, accurate and precise details of Its chemical and physical properties in terms that can be measured. To this end, pesticide manufacturers are required to supply to registration authorities comprehensive data on those physical and chemical characteristics which are identifiable and determinable and to make a declaration of the composition of the pesticide. Information is required on the physical and chemical properties and purity of the technical grade material used in the formulation as well as on the formulated product itself. Further precise information on the properties and characteristics of the active ingredient are usually needed for control purposes. In addition, it is usual to include certain data that are used in other aspects of hazard evaluations of a pesticide (for example: partition co-effi- cent water/n-octanol can often be used to assist in the estimation of the bio- accumulation potential of a compound). Analytical methods for the determination of the active ingredient and impurities in the technical and formulated product are an essential part of the information required. Where standardized or published methods are not available, details of an appropriate method must be provided by the manufacturer. This information is needed to define the composition of the technical grade active ingredient in the product registered. It is implicit that the toxicological, residues and efficacy studies submitted in support of a registration have been carried out with material of comparable composition. It is also presumed that the registrant will ensure that the marketed product complies with the compositional statement made at the time of registration. Some of the descriptive characteristics and certain properties which influence mobility and degradation of a pesticide are obviously important in predicting its environmental behaviour. In the control of the marketed pesticide, it is important that certain criteria of identity, quality and reasonable perforaance should be identified and selected from the physical and chemical properties. Such a selection ay then form the basis of a specification. Internationally agreed specifications for many pesticides are available from FAO (7) and WHO (8) and these should be consulted when a petition for registration of any such pesticide is under consideration. The basic data related to the active ingredient and the commercial product should include. when appropriate: ACTIVE INGREDIENT 1. Identity 1.1 common name proposed or accepted by ISO and synonyms; 1.2 structural formula; 1.3 chemical name (according to internationally agreed nomenclature, preferably IUPAC); 1.4 empirical formula and molecular veight; 1.5 manufacturer's development code number(s); 2. Physical Properties of the Pure Active Ingredient 2.1 appearance (physical state, colour, odour); 2.2 sealting/decompostion/boiling point; - 23 - 2.3 vapour pressure (figures should be given at a stated temperature preferably in the range of Z0-250C), but only when above 10-3 Pascal); 2.4 solubility in water and organic solvents (at a stated temperature preferably 1i the range of 20-25oC); 2.5 partition coefficent between water and an appropriate non-aiscible solvent (e.g. n-octanol); 2.6 density (for liquids only); 2.7 hydrolysis rate under stated relevant conditioas; 2.8 photolysis under stated relevant conditions; 2.9 absorption spectra, e.g. ultra-violet, visible, infra-red, etc. 3. Technical Crade Active Ingradient 3.1 source; name and address of manufacturer and addresses where manufactured; 3.2 appearance (physical state, colour and odour); 3.3 the minimum (and maximum) active ingredient content in g/kg; 3.4 identity and amount of isomers, impurities and other by-products, together with information on their possible range expressed as g/kg. FORMULATED PRODUCT - 1. General Description (Identity) of the Formulated Product In addition to the information required for the active ingredient, the general description of the formulated product to be registered should, in all cases, include: 1.1 formulator's name and address; 1.2 distinguishing name (proprietary name); 1.3 use category (herbicide, insecticide, etc.); 1.4 type of formulation (water dispersible powder, emulsifiable concentrate, etc.). 2. Composition 2.1 content of technical grade active ingredient(s) (where more than one active ingredient, information should be given on each ingredient separately); 2.2 content and nature (identify if possible) of other components included in the formulation. e.g., technical grade. adjuvants and inert components; 2.3 water content (where relevant). 3. Physical/Chemical Properties of the Formulated Product 3.1 appearance; 3.2 storage stability (in respect to composition and physical properties related to use); 3.3 density (for liquida only); 3.4 flammability: liquids - flashpoint; solids - a statement must be made as to whether the product is flamable; 3.5 acidity (where relevant); 3.6 alkalinity (where relevant); 3.7 other properties may in certain cases need evaluation. A. Physical Properties of the Formulated Product Related to Use The followint list is not exhaustive for either properties or types of formulation. Some relevant test methods say be found in CIPAC Publicatioas (26), but other proven methods may also be used. S - 24 - 4.1 wettability (for dispersible powders); 4.2 pe;sistenv foam (for formulations applied in water; 4.3 suspensibility (for dispersible rowders and suspension concentrates); 4.4 wet sieve test (for dispersible powders, sue?ension concentrates); 4.5 dry sieve test (for granules, dusts); 4.6 emulsion stabili:y (for emulsifiable oncentrates); 4.7 corrosiveness (when necessary); 4.8 known incoupatibilities with other products, e.g.. pesticides, fertilizers. Refer to FAO Guidelines on Specifications (7). 8.2 Detailed Daza on Efficacy The pests, diseases and weeds of major food crops and pests of significance to public health continue to be controlled by the use of chemical pesticides which offer, in many cases, the only satisfactory method of iiniting losses at the present time. Thus registration authorities have to assess the efficacy and crop safety of new pesticides in order to evaluate the benefits to be obtained from their use. These benefits have to be weighed agairst the potential hazards from the introduction of a new compound, the decision on granting registration incorporating this benefit/risk analysis. The term -efficacy evaluation- is used here to cover the evaluation of pesticides for efficacy and safety to crops (and this is synonymous with the terra biological evaluation-). Registration authorities need to make use, as far as possible, of available efficacy evaluation data that may be obtained in the country or region of use, or in other countries or regions with similar climatic and agricultural conditions. Utilization of the latter data presents a number of very positive advantages, in particular: 1. the avoidance of duplication of effort, unncessary repetition of trials and consequent saving in costs and staff resources; 2. the acceleration of the registration process, permitting the more rapid utilization of effective new pesticides; and 3. the possibility of registering products for minor uses that would not justify a full trials programme in every country. Valuable help can be found in the document, "FA0 Guidelines on Efficacy Data for the Registration of Pesticides for Plant Protection- (15). In sumsary, it is recommended that: (i) Efficacy evaluation should be based prima-ly on the data provided by the applicant, using haraouized methods and reported in a systematically presented complete dossier; (ii) Registration authorities should positively commit themselves to the recognition of particular internationally harmonized methods (such as the EPPO Guidelines for Biological Evalua- tion of Pesticides (9) (10) and to the acceptability of relevant efficacy evaluation data, produced by such methods, in other countries or regions, or from other competent sources (11) (12) (13) (14); (iii) Where resources permit, the registration authority should participate in at least a proportion of the trials carried out by the applicant and, if deemed necessary, organize limited additional efficacy trials; - 25 - (iv) the efficacy data should, in general. contain evidence of performance of a standard pesticide with a comparable mode of action which has been included in the trials alongside the material under test; (v) trials should be designed so as to enable the results to be subjected to statistical analysis; (vi) petitions should contain full details of application rates, dilutions, number, timing and method of application and also descriptions of the site and the weather. Refer to FAO Guidelines on Efficacy Data for the Registration of Pesticides for Plant Protection (15). 8.3 Detailed Data on Toxicity for Assessment of Human Health Hazards Toxicity may be defined as the inherent property or capability of a substance to cause injury when administered or absorbed by a living organism. Risk may be defined as containing two concepts: the probability that injury will result under the given conditions of use and expected exposure, sometimes referred to as hazard, and the magnitude of the resulting injury. The assessment of risk to man and the considerntion of all aspects of safety require that appropriate tests be conducted on lbcratory animals as well as on binlogical in vitro systems. Such toxicological studies are designed to indicate the effects of intake through likely routes of exposure, namely oral, dermal and respiratory. It is not possible to predict with absolute precision the potential of each chemical. However, recommendations have been made to limit the inherent uncertainty of results obtained in the laboratory from tests involving biological systems. These include a minimum number of animals per sex per dose level; a wider range of dose levels; higher ceiling dosages; longer periods of treatment; use of confidence limits; and the computation of results and safety factors in extrapolation; etc., in order to minimize the statistical variation and to postulate the worst case with regard to what is likely to happen in real life. Therefore, a well-designed and conducted assessment can provide impor- tant and reliable infornation on what is likely to constitute an acute human health risk, and for the estimation of the hazard of long-term dietary exposure to very low levels of pesticides or their metabolites present as residues in food. In this latter case, the use of the concept of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) by the FAO/WEO Joint Committee on Pesticide Residues is a useful example of the extrapolation of data from long-term animal feeding studies to the human dietary situation. Evaluations are based on dietary levels showing no observable adverse effect in long-term studies. to which a safety factor is added. Implications of Risk Assessment Valid and thorough information on toxicity is required to enable competent authorities to make decisions concerning various aspects covered by registration schemes. These include: - possible restriction on distribution to specific groups in the community; - labelling of the comercial formulated product with the necessary warning in accordance with an appropriate system for classifying pesticides, such as the WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Rasard; - specifying the precautions for working safety with the product be- fore, during, and after application and establishing a safe re-entry period where appropriate; - 26 - - advising on diagnosis and treatment in case of poisoning; - arriving at an acceptable daily intake (ADI) for man from which to judge a potential hazard from pesticide residues in or on food; - considering the significance of pesticide residues in foods and feeds arising from the use of pesticides in accordance with good agricul- tural practice; - determining what precautions are necessary to prevent harm to domes- tic animals, livestock and wildlife. The toxicological studies needed to meet these objectives vary and it is not proposed to describe them in detail but rather to provide a general outline of those areas into which tests carried out under a registration scheme may fall and represent a minimum but consistent package. Toxicological Tests - General Aspects For each pesticide the details of the methods to be used in the investigation should be fully described and laboratory procedures should conform to a recognized code of good laboratory practice. The tests must be selected in the first instance by toxicologists in order to use the most appropriate procedures according to the chemical under study. In view of the influence that impurities and by-products and physical state asy have on toxicological properties, a detailed knowledge of the chemical and physical properties of the technical material and formulations is a necessary preliminary to any toxicological assessment procedure. The material tested should be the technical material with the same impurity pattern as the material that is intended to be registered and used. Acute toxic hazards to applicators, by-standers and those who eight be exposed during transport and storage are determined by the short-tern toxicological properties of the formulated product and may not necessarily be reflected by tests done on the technical grade aterial. Therefore, additional acute studies conducted on the formulated material may be considered necessary. Should unusual or unexpected results be observed during the acute testing of the formulated material, additional subchronic studies may be required to try to explain these results. Toxicological Tests: Essential Requirements The types of toxicological studies of pesticides which it is considered should be covered are listed below. It is a minimum set of studies necessary to evaluate properly the toxicological potential of a pesticide candidate for registration: - acute mammalian toxicity induced by administration of a single dose, including observation of symptomatology which could provide indication of the possible mode of toxic action. The LD50 should be established and, if appropriate, the LC50, using a minimum number of animals. The routes of exposure should always include the oral and dermal routes. Respiratory exposure is undertaken only if indicated. The oral determination of the LD50 should be performed on both sexes of at least 2 rodent species, one of which should be rats, in order to assess possible species or sex differences. The LC50 determination through a single exposure of rats for a given period of time to an atmosphere containing the test material should only be required when the nature and the physico-chetelal properties of a pesticide or its intended use pattern might create conditions which would lead to a - 27 - respiratory exposure of operators, as it is now known that the most significant route of exposure is dermal. Respiratory exposure of rats should be performed according to a recognized standard experi- mental protocol in view of the usual technical difficulties encoun- tered in this type of test; - potential irritant and corrosive properties on the skin and eye fol- loving single application; where materials are known to be corrosive these studies should be omitted. - subchronic toxicity tests of 90-day duration. In general, the route of administration will be oral but there may be rare situations requiring sub-acute testing by other routes. Usually, these feeding studies will be performed on two species, one rodent, one non-rodent; - reproduction studies over a minimum of two generations, usually in the rat; - teratogenicity studies in two species, one rodent, one non-rodent; - neurotoxicity studies in hens for organophosphorus compounds; - mucagenicity studies covering appropriate genetic end points; - long-term toxicity studies with administration by appropriate routes, including observations to determine the occurrence of any delayed effects and the reversibility of any lesions found. These studies should be performed in at least one species, preferably the rat; - carcinogenicity studies. They can be combined with the long-term toxicity studies with appropriate designs; - observation on man when feasible. This should include maintenance of health records of occupationally-exposed workers and direct observations of poisoning (clinical cases) whether accidental or deliberate. Antidotes should be recommended where possible. Optional Tests Some situations may require performance of additional tests or extension of tests: - subchronic toxicity tests by routes other than oral such as repeated dermal or respiratory exposure; - potential allergic sensitization; - extension to other species; - absorption, distribution and excretion studies with identification of major metabolites and metabolic pathways. - potentiation studies are indicated v..n&evr technical materials are intended to be later mixed in a final formulated product. Reference may be made to OECD (19) and WRO (16) Guidelines for information on test methods. 8.4 Detailed Data on Residues in Agricultural Produce The use of certain pesticides in accordance with good agricultural practice can result in residues in crops or livestock and, further, may leave residues in food derived therefrom. For reasons of public health, authorities should and do take the possible occurrence of residues into account in the - 28 - registration process. Many national authorities have adopted maximum residue limits (PRLs) for foods and/or feeds. The limits, in most cases. are based on residue data required or othervise available at the time of registration. The residue data considered by registration authorities are mostly derived from supervised trials, and it is these data that form the basis for setting MRLs. Variations in methodologies in conducting these trials (including the selection, preparation and analysis of samples) have created difficulties in evaluating the significance of information relating to the occurrence, disappearance and fate of residues on or in crops, or groups of crops during their production, preparation for market and processing. These variations have also made it difficult to compare information from different sources and have contributed to differences in the MRLs adopted in different countries. Although the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) has provided guidance on the kind of data required for its work on the evaluation of residues in foods, the activities of those meetings and of the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues (CCPR) have been impeded or affected by the lack of uniformity in approach to the development of data. to response to an invitation from the ad hoc Government Consultation in 1977, CCPR through its Working Groups has develop-d -Guidelines on Residue Trials Methodology- and these have already been published by FAO (6), GIFAP and IUPAC (5) & (6). Further guidance on the portion of the agricultural commodity to be analysed, recommended methods of analysis and on good analy- tical practice in pesticide residues analysis have been prepared by CCPR (17) and also published by FAO (18). These recommended procedures provide a basis for harmonizing the development of residue data suitable for use by national regulatory authorities both for registration purposts and for setting MRLs. Moreover, adoption of these harmonized procedures will increase transferability of data between countries, facilitate the proposal of MRLs by the JMPR and introduce consistency between the bases of data from supervised trials and surveillance data. Proposals to harmonize procedures for reporting laboratory results and for developing data for foods of animal origin are also being considered by CCPR and will be published shortly. Information on the nature, concentration and fate of residues of the pesticide in foods and feeding stuffs, following application in accordance with proposed use directions, must form part of registration petitions. A country may decide to issue its own list of maximum residue levels (MRLs) when it has compiled sufficient evidence of the residues which are likely to occur when the pesticide is used in accordance with good agricultural practice and when the toxicological significance of these residues has been assessed. At least until such time, it is recommended that the MIL values which are recommended by the FA0WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission (2) should be adopted. There are currently recomsended limits for more than 200 pesticides, based on. extensive scientific data showing the maximum residue level to be expected when crops are grown according to good agricultural practice. New pesticides and crops are continually being added to the list and it could, with benefit, be adopted as the basis of national legal limits for residues since it offers the advantage of international recognition. Refer to FAO Guidelines on Crop Residue Data (18). - 29 - O 8.5 Detailed Data for Prediction of Environmental Effects The potential effects of pesticides on the environment are of great importance. Such effects must be carefully evaluated as a part of the registration process to avoid lasting damage to beneficial non-target organ- isms, soil, water and other important resources which could reduce the quality of life. The risks to the environment from a pesticide are dependent on many f.ctors, such as its toxic properties, its solubility and persistence in the environment, volatility, the amount applied, the formulation, method and time of application and particularly the extent of use. The overall effect of the pesticide also depends on the development stage of non-target species involved, the feeding habits of these species and the extent to which toxic residues or metabolic compounds may accumulate to be concentrated in successive species in food chains. The risks to wildlife may also be accentuated if the animals in the treated area are subject to some external stress; for example, by a lack of food or by adverse weather prevailing at the time. Some pesticide effects on wildlife may be too complex, subtle, or delayed to be detected by ordinary routine testing in the laboratory or the field. It is impossible to test in such trials all the infinite variety of conditions under which the pesticide may be used in practice. Nevertheless, experience has shown that in many cases, predictions can be made of probable effects of a compound on the environment from consideration of certain basic studies. Experience has shown that: (a) in most cases a reasonably confident evaluation can now be made of the likely environmental effects of a pesticide product where the use pattern is known. Such an evaluation can be derived from a stepvise procedure of tests, each of which was designed to provide meaningful data; (b) scientists have agreed on a range of basic tests designed to pro- duce information that should be provided at the time of registra- tion; (c) during the early years of the registration of a product there night be a need to conduct further studies in the field to confirm pre- dictions or indicate a need for further information. The potential environmental effects vary greatly from country to country and situation to situation, and registration authorities should evaluate environmental risks implicit in the proposed use of a pesticide by considering the basic chemical, physical, toxicological and biological data on the product in the light of the proposed use pattern. Attention is drawn to the desir- ability of obtaining certain data specific to the environmental conditions after registration and an appropriate period of use, existing in the particu- lar country or region. Rational authorities are urged to carry out appro- priate field observations and monitoring programmes to confirm predictions or determine the need for further studies. In deciding whether a risk is acceptable, it is of fundamental impor- tance to consider the benefits likely to accrue from the use of the chemical. The balance between risk and benefit may differ under different socio-economic systems. Each country undertaking registration moust decide what aspocts of its environment might be affected by proposed pesticide use. It must also decide what values to place on these aspects and to veigh them In the light of the needs under its own agricultural and socio-economic circuostances. - 30 - In practice. information of environmental significance comes from three basic sources: application and use pattern, the fate and possible occurrence of residues in relevant parts of the environment, and the effects of predicted exposures on non-target species. Data have to be developed prior to registration to allow a prediction to be made of the environmental behaviour of the product when applied according to the recommendations for use. The mobility and degradation of a pesticide are of fundamental impor- tance in the evaluation of its environmental fate. These are determined by the vapour pressure, solubility in water, partition co-efficient between water and non-aitible solvents, chemical stability and adsorption/desorption characteristics. Assessment of the fate of a pesticide after its release into the environment may be desirable for the assessment of environmental loading and subsequent evaluation of exposure and risks from that chemical. Degradation and mobility studies are therefore the most important sources of information on the fate of a pesticide in the environment. These studies usually include analytical procedures for estimating residue levels; degradation rates anc residue levels in plants, soil and water; identity of major metabolites in plants, soil and water; and leaching through soil. Although the data on the toxicity of a pesticide used for assessing possible hazards to man are normally obtained from studies carried out with rodents, some of the results are also relevant for the prediction of potential effects on non-target species in the environment (e.g., bioaccumulation). However, since many naturally occurring organisms belong to other taxonomic groups, toxicity data on other species such as birds, aquatic invertebrates, honey bees and other beneficial arthropods form an additional part of the primary data needed for predicting potential adverse effects on non-target species. The test species should be carefully selected in order to justify broad environmental predictions being made on the basis of results from a feasible test programme. From a knowledge of the habitat of the species of concern and the sites of deposition, as well as the mobility and degradation rate of a pesticide, it is possible to estimate the exposure of the species to the pesticide. The toxicity data available for the different organisms tested may then be used to estimate the effect of the likely exposure on related species at risk in the area. The predictive value of the basic data depends on the concept of extrapolation from one species to another. Experience has shown this to be a valid concept, although it is clearly more reliable with closely related species. By applying these considerations, it should become apparent whether particular groups of non-target species are liely to be at risk when the product is used as recommended. In summary, it should be emphasized that: (a) Primary data on the properties of the pesticide, fate and mobility studies, data on the toxicity of the pesticide used for assessing possible hazards to man, and information on use pattern are valu- able as a means for predicting the fate of the pesticide and the effect on the environment; (b) The main purpose of such studies is to provide data whirh determine the need for precautionary statements and limitations appropriate to minimize the potential adverse effects on non-target organisms; and (c) Laboratory studies on environmental effects of pesticides which predict a pronounced positive effect against one or more test species should be checked by field studies where the many interacting environmental factors may exert their influence. - 31 - 8.5.1 Evaluation of Environmental Fate and Effects The role of the registration process is to assemble sufficient basic data to permit a reasonable prediction of environmental effects to be made. Comprehensive guidance for those involved in the assessment and evaluation of.such data is provided in FAO Guidelines on Envi- ronmental Criteria for the Registration of Pesticides (20). In deciding whether a risk is acceptable, it is of fundamental importance to consider the benefits likely to accrue from the use of the chemical. The balance between risk and benefit may differ greatly under different socio-economic systems. Under a highly developed vell-resourced system haru to rare bird species say be sufficient reason to avoid or restrict the use of a particular chemical. In situations where vector-borne human diseases, star- vation or malnutrition are possible factors, the risk/benefit analysis may, however, lead to a different decision. Thus, each country undertaking registration must decide what aspects of its environment might be affected by proposed pesti- cide use. It must also decide what values to place on these aspects and to weigh them in the list of its needs under its own agricultural and socio-economic circumstances. 8.5.2 Monitoring Environmental Effects A re-evaluation of the pre-registration data is necessary if there is a substantial extension of, or change in, the use pattern. Moreover, after a pesticide has been used for some time it is desirable to confirm that the predictions about environ- mental effects, made at the time of registration, were valid. The absence of harmful effects is reassuring and may permit the extension of registered uses. However, doubts about the validity of the predictions indicate a need for field surveillance and monitoring studies on the occurrence of residues and on possible biological effects. Adaitional laboratory and other work may be necessary. Surveil- lance should be made of the residue levels in the various com- partments of the environment to provide information on the dis- tribution pattern of the chemical and to identify suitable indi- cators for monitoring its fate and possible effects. The biological effects of a pesticide on the environment may be assessed by monitoring changes in populations of the key indicator species, of a susceptible species or of one vulnerable because of its position in the ecosystem. Biological monitoring is also possible by assessing changes in species diversity in ecosystems or by studying physiological and behaviour parameters. The FAO Guidlines on Environmental Criteria for the Registration of Pesticides (20) contain guidance on the planning and conduct of environmental studies. 8.5.3 Post Registration Activities If field surveillance, monitoring studies or further research give rise to doubts about the validity of predictions regarding environmental effects, the continued use or the conditions for use have to be reconsidered. Further studies on the ocourrence of residues, or the possible biological effects, etc., may have - 32 - to be carried out. On the other hand, experience indicating safety in use can suggest extended use of a pesticide. Refer to FAO Guideline on Environmental Criteria for the Registration of Pesticides (20). 9. LABELLING Labels bearing clearly legible directions for use, warnings and warning symbols in the language or languages of the country concerned should be securely fastened to each package. In some cases illiteracy may exist in rural areas. Warning symbols should therefore receive due attention. The text should be concise, clear and logical. If it is difficult to understand, it may not even be carefully read. Label directions are especially important where cultural differences (for example in garments and footwear) may accentuate the risk of the user being exposed. In such circumstances, the label directions may need to be supple- uented by special training programmes. The main risk to the users of pesticides occurs during the handling and application procedures and particularly when the concentrated formulation is being handled prior to application. It is, therefore, most important that the labels should give sufficient information to ensure safe storage and handling. including recommended precautions to be taken when diluting and spraying the product and disposing of empty containers. Pesticides should be applied at the correct application rate, dilution. time and frequency and by the most efficient method of application. Detailed instructions on all these matters should be set out clearly on labels. Guidelines on Good Labelling Practice for Pesticides onave been developed and published by FAO (3). These shouLd form the basis of national requirements which should be strictly enforced. A label should be durable under practical conditions of use and handling and should, as far as possible, withstand the contents of the container or other substances with which it might be expected to come into contact. It should be easy to read and, therefore, the colour contrast of print to background, the typeface, and size of print should be chosen to achieve maximum legibility. The use of internationally agreed warning phrases and precautions, as may be recommended by FAO, is desirable. The concept of pictograms as a method of providing label instructions on safe use is under consideration. This method is not yet sufficiently advanced to recommend adoption. A draft label text and a specification for the type of paper. typeface, etc. (or preferably an example as used on another product) should form part of the regictration submission. Since the primary purpose of the pesticide label is to communicate the essential elements of the safe and effective use of the pesticide to the end use, it is essential to ensure that the audience can understand the aessage. Authorities should determine how much detail is.necessary to achieve the desired objective of motivating the user to handle pesticides properly and to take reasonable and practical precautions when using them. Irrespective of vhether the regulatory scheme is simple or complex, new or long-established, all-embracing or restricted, the care and attention given to the consideration of the draft label is the most important and most productive feature. Reeber, the label is the main (and often, only) sedium for instructing users in correct and safe use practices. The safe effective use of pesticides vill ultimately depend on the user's understanding of complete, clear statements on the label, and more importantly on his ability and villingness to read and interpret this information correctly. - 33 - Full value should be taken from the FAO Guidelines on Good Labelling Practice for Pesticides (3). Failure to ensure adequate and intelligible labelling can render fruitless all other efforts to regulate pesticides. On each and every occasion when the Pesticides Registration Director and/or the Advisory Panel have need to consider any aspect of a particular pesticide, attention should be coccentrated on the label. The detailed information submitted in support of a petition for registration needs to be evaluated only insofar as it has direct bearing on the claims, uses, applications and risks indicated by the label (and any associated promotional literature). Systematic attention to this practice can greatly assist authorities in coping with the heavy work load. 9.1 Establishing Directions for Use The directions for use will often be different from those applicable in the country of origin of the active ingredient. It is the responsibility of the applicant, either the local formulator or the importer, to propos2 directions suitably worded for labelling. The elements inc!uded in the directions for use have already been mentioned in the definition of good agricultural practice. The necessary warnings and recommendations for the protection of the persons using the product should also be specified. A complication arises in that connection because safety measures, such as the wearing of impervious protective clothing, which can be observed without too such trouble in a temoerate climate, may create problems in hot and humid climates. It is realistic to assume that safety instructions will often not be observed under those conditions. It may therefore be wiser not to register pesticides which would require unreasonable and unenforceable safety measures. With regard to labelling, preference should be given to the inter- national danger symbols, but care should be taken that any symbol used is really meaningful to the people who will handle the material. When the directions for use have been proposed, the Pesticides Registration Director should either accept them or indicate in which respects they need to be amended. It may be useful to request the advice of specialized agricultural testing stations or similar bodies, and of public health authorities dealing with the safety of the user. It should be clearly understood that acceptance by the Pesticides Registration Director of the directions for use should not imply acceptance of responsibility for their contents. The supplier of the goods should bear legal responsibility. In most cases, the registrar will not be in a position to bear such responsibility as he will lack the means to make independent investigations on which to base an opinion. Any attempt to do so may lead to great delays in registration, which will result in withholding new and improved pesticides from the agricultural community for perhaps a number of years. 9.2 Good Agricultural Practice The key requirement for protection of the user is good agricultural practice, which has been defined by FAO as follows: -Good agricultural practice in the use of pesticides is the officially recommended or asitborized usage of pesticides under practical conditions at any stage of production, storage, transport, distribution and processing of food and other agricultural commodities, and animal feed, bearing in mind the variations in requirements within and between regions which takes into account the minimum quantities necessary to achieve adequate control, applied in such a manner so as to leave a residue which is the smallest amount practicable and which is toxicologically acceptable (21).' - 34- The officially recommended or authorized usage is that which complies with the procedures (including type of formulation, dosage rates, frequency of application and pre-harvest inteivals) approved by the relevant authorities. Good directions for use are essential to ensure conformity with the official standards of usage. Application of the directions is largely a matter of education which falls outside the scope of regulatory procedures. 9.3 Classification of Pesticides by Hazard To assist countries to work towards the acceptance and introduction of the WHO classification of pesticides by hazard, WHO regularly issues guide- lines in which pesticide active ingredients are classified (22). These are further explained in the FAO Guidelines on Good Labelling Practice for Pesticides (3). Products should be classified on the basis of data on formulations. when such data is available, in preference to extrapolating from information on active ingredients. Where the safety of a pesticide to workers involved in its application cannot be evaluated with sufficient confidence from laboratory studies vith animals, a standard protocol, -Field Survey of Exposure to Pesticides-, h&s been develcoed to promote a uniform procedure where such monitoring is ILdicated (23). 10. PACKAGING Products which are packed unsuitably present hazards. For example, containers which are not sufficiently robust to withstand rough handling or multi-layer stacking, or are corroded by their contents. will leak. This in itself is hazardous and can also cause contamination of other packages and can obliterate information on labels. Data on storage tests with the product in sales containers under various temperatures and relative humidities should be supplied. Predictions can be made from the results of accelerated storage tests at abnormally high temperatures, but these should be confirmed within two years of registration by tests under use conditions. Registration petitions ought to contain a full description of the proposed packages in addition to the results of storage tests. Guidelines for the Packaging and Storage of Pesticides, issued by FAO, provide a standard against which the proposed packs can be judged (24). The quality of pesticide pa.kages, including tamper-proof fartening and sealing, should be adequate. The packaging should not only provide protection during storage, handling and transport, but also be able to withstand adverse clinatrc conditions (high temperatures, humidity). Responsibility for such matters shoz.ld lie with the formulator, for locally made products, or the importer, for imported goods. In addition, pesticides should only be delivered by a formulation plant or imported in sealed packages designed to be opened imedistely prior to use. 11. GUIDANCE ON PRESENTATION OF REGISTRATION DATA. Uniforsity in the presentation of data for registration purposes helps both the regisxtration authoritles and the petitioner in that a logical order of presentation will be aasiez to read and understand and there is less like- lihood that evidence will be uniatentionally omitted. Each registration authority should publish gatdelines for manufacturers, setting out the data requiremants and instructions on the method of presentation. As far as poosible these requirements should be In close agreement with the recomen- dations in this guidelime and the authorities to which reference is made in the text. Additional information, appropriate tc the pesticide under consi- deration, should be included in the most appropriate section. All available information, published and unpublished, should be supplied. References should be given against each suemary of published information. -35 Applications should be submitted in writing to the Pesticides Registra- tion Authority by the manufacturer through his local representative or by the importer end should comprise a summary of all available data, prepared as described in these guidelines together with copies of any documents to which reference is made, samples of the technical grade active ingredient and formu- lation and copies of the proposed labels and packages. More than one copy of the summary and detailed documentation may be needed by the registration authorities. A statement should be provided of tb extent and conditions of use for which registration is requested. For example, research workers may wish to carry out small-scale trials and to use the crops for the determination of residues of the compound; at a later stage of development the petitioner may wish to market limited quantities in order to establish how the material performs under commercial conditions before finally pucting it on the open market. Petitions for these various scales of use (i.e., trials, limited or full-scale, which would result in different degrees of exposure of the spray operatives, the general public and the environment) require commensurate variations in the amount of data to be supplied. 12. SITUATIONS WHERE ADDITIONAL DATA KAY BE REQUIRED 12.1 Extension of Use In the assessment of the overall hazard of a pesticide it is necessary to know the purpose(s) for which it is sold and to have some idea of the extent of its use. During the development of the material it may be found to control additional pests or to be effective on a wider range of crops than initial trials indicated. It may also be realized that an alteration in the application rate or frequency is desirable, or that changes in the method of spraying (e.g. from high to low volume) result in improved biological control. Any such change may affect the safety of the pesticide and consequently requires a reassessment of its registration position. Therefore, a supple- mentary petition should be submitted giving details of extensions or altera- tions of the use pattern. This should contain information on the additional efficacy trials and further residue and environmental data may also be required. It should not, normally, be necessary to provide extra mammalian toxicity data if a coaprehensive petition was submitted intitially, but if, for example, the use is extended to the control of aquatic weeds, extra environental evidence should be supplied (see Section 8.5). 12.2 Formulation Changes Post-registration changes in the nature or source of an ingredient or physical form of a pesticide product that say affect either its toxicity or its biological efficiency should be notified to the Pesticides Registration Director. Amongst the alterations liable to affect the toxicity are increases in the concentration of active ingredient or replacement of solid (e.g. granular) by liquid formulations. Xfficacy also say be altered by changes in the physical form of the formulation and, in addition, by the type and quantity of the solvent(s), surface-active agents, etc. The nature and extent of additional evidence which must be supplied will depend on the formulation change and is best established by discussion with the registration authori- ties. It is, however, probable that the toxicity and efficacy of the new formulation will have to be determined unless the changes are very slight. 12.3 Repacking and Local Formulation * For commercial and other reasons it say be desirable to import a pesti- cide formulation in bulk and repack it into small containers. In such cases the original formulator, importer or the repacker should seek registration. - 36 - Application recommendations will not be helpful for the repacker, whose need is for instructions on how to handle large quantities safely. If the original manufacturer or formulator is the registrant and has agreed to the repacking, it is legitimate for the registration authorities to expect the registrant to supply drafts of labels for the repacker to print for applica- tion to smaller containers prior to sale. The authorities should be supplied, by the repacker, with the results of storage tests in which the product was stored in the local containers; the conditions of both product and container being carefully inspected, analysed and reported. Such re-packers should be registered o licensed by the author- itie. to ensure compliance with -good packaging practice- and to eliminate deception or fraud. When technical grade active ingredients or manufacturing concentrates are imported to be formulated in the importing country great care has to be exercised because of the unavailability or variability of some formulation additives (solvents, surface active agents, etc.). It is frequently impos- sible to reproduce exactly the product made in the country of origin and therefore the formulator should submit to the authorities, as part of the petition for registration, evidence that the toxicity, efficacy and other properties of the original formulation are relevant to the local formulation. Additives complying with the specifications of those used by the original registrant will be most likely to result in similar products, but even in these circumstances, appropriate confirmatory tests will be necessary. 12.4 Residue Levels Experience over many years has shown that high (i.e. greater than expected) residues of pesticides in food are rare, the amounts consumed being normally well belov the acceptable daily intakes established by the World Health Organization (WHO) and FAO (2). Nevertheless, rerulatory arthorities should exercise some control over residues in food, after the registration of a product, for the direct protection and reassurance of the conjuser and to ensure the acceptability of agricultural commodities in trade. Data on residues provided in the petition for registration will have allowed a reasonable estimate to be made of the level of residues remaining in the crop when the product has been applied according to the recassendations for use. Once the pesticide is available to be uaed commercially it is desirable for the competent authority to confirm that the estimate made at the time of -registration is valid. To do this, samples of the produce should be taken as it leaves one or more farms where it is known that the pesticide hat been used (or warehouse if a crop is treated during storage). Analyses of these samples should show if revision of the estimated maximu= residue level is required. As larger areas are treated and the use of the product is extende4 to additional crops, monitoring for residues may be needed to confirm whether the total residue of the pesticide in the diet is likely to exceed the acceptable daily intake. It should be remembered that considerable loss of residue is likely to occur during the post-harvest period due to food processing, pre- paration and cooking. Rovever, for an assessment, rather than a prediction, of the total intake of pesticide residues by the public, dietary studies are necessary. Guidance on producing and evaluating residue data is available in FAG Guidelines on Crop Residue Data (18). 12.5 New Evidence Toxicological and other tests may continue even after the initial registration of a product. They may, for exaaple be intended tG clarity further the mode of action of the compound or resrlt from a specific enqu-iry. - 3r - S These tests, with the environmental monitoring or reports from extension officers of abnormal behaviaur of a product in the field, may indicate a hazard which was not previously suspected. Therefore, cesults should be reported to the registration autbcrities if it is considered that they justify a re-assessment of the registration status. 13. HARMONIZATION OF REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS When considering the introduction of a registration scheme, or the expanaton of an existing one, authorities should take into account the willingness to harmonize their requirements with those of other countries, expressed in Resolution XII of the ad hoc Government Consultation on Pesti- cides in Agriculture and Public Health, held in Rome in April 1975. It is estimated that in 1984 the development cost of a new pesticide was 15-30 million dollars and the interval between discovery of the biological activity of a compound and the first sales can be as long as 10 years. The majority of this expense and time is incurred in biological, toxicological, residue and environmental studies. A diversity of requirements by individual registration authorities can increase these costs and delays enormously and may even render it uneconomic to register a product in countries having only small potential markets. Tne principle of harmonization is that the requirements for data on which to judge the suitability of a pesticide should be uniform all over the world. As all registration authorities have the same goal, namely the regulation of the uve of pesticides for the protection of their people and environm2nt, it is. logical that they should seek the same type of data on which to base their judgments on the suitability of products. Similarly, assuming a stepwise approach to registration, that Is, degrees of registration (trials, limited and full) commensurate with the amount of information available and the extent of thL proposed use, the specific data required at the different stages should be comparable in different countries. To change a newly levised. ha-monized legislation would present difficulties for countries which already have comprehensive rules for the sale and use of pesticides. Rowever, countries without registration schemes, or where registration procedures are still very simple, have the opportunity-to ensure uniformity in their request for data and thus avoid the cost of needless diversification, which could resulc in the exclusion of new pesticides from their country because of prohibitive registration costs. Harmonized requirements enable countries with limited resources to take full advantage of the experience, knowledge and decisions of other countries and could be particularly advantageous in emergency situations when a country may need to register a product very quickly. Even allowing that individual governments will decide on their specific data requirements and will make their own judgment on whether to register a product, harmonization of the needs and means of measuring them will make the judgments easier, quicker and less expensive than if unique information or test athods are demanded. 13.1 Acceptabil!ty of Data If value is to be obtained from harmonization of the requirements for registration it is necgssary that, so far as possible, the data produced to meet the demands of the registration authorities are internationally accepted. Three main categories of data are supplied for registration purposes: 1. Data obtained under controlled laboratory conditions which are valid worldwide. Provided that the protocols are acceptable and agreed foilowing international governmental discussion and that the studies are conducted properly, the 1sts should be accepted for evaluation by all registration authorities. - 38 - * 2. Data obtained under conditions which can be identified with, or related to. similar conditions or situations in other regions or countries. In the evaluation of such field test results there is need to take into account different climates and agricultural conditions but, nevertheless, properly carried out trials in a comparable region should be acceptable as evidence of performance. Likewise, residue data produced under similar geographic, climatic and ecological conditions, regardless of origin, should receive full consideratior by evaluators. 3. Data which have limited value in extrapolation. i.e. data which have validity only in the local conditions under which they were ob- tained. Nevertheless, even these data nay be of value in assessing the overall impact of a pesticide over a wide range of uses and ecological situations. Accept2bility of data depends on both suitable protocols for tests and adequate scientific standards for the conduct of them. A number of test guidelines and procedures are available (9), (10), (18) and (20). 13.2 Good Labotacory Practice Data generated for the purpose of pesticide registration must be beyond doubt with respect to experimental design, execution of the work and final reporting. All dat& should be obtained in accordance with this general concept of good laboratory practice, although most currently published principles apply to health and safety data. Good laboratory practice is under- stood to mean that, an a minimum, the personnel involved in the supervision of the tests have the education, training and experience to carry out the work effectively; that the testing facilities and equipment are suitable and are saintained to a satisfactory standard; that the test protocol and operating procedures are observed so as to assure the Registration Authority that the work is adequately supervisfd and that full records of all procedures and data are kept and accurately reported. This concept has recently been given a more formal basis (GLP" but although the term is rel&tively new, such practices have always been used in conducting sound scientific studies. Regulatory 'odies in several countries, e.g. USA, have published and introduced or intend to introduce formal guidelines on GLP. OECD has recently published principles of GLP to be applied when generating data on chemicals (25). However, in ap- plying the principles of CLP, authorities should exercise judgment. 13.3 Proprietary Rights to Data All data submitted by a company in support of its request for registra- tion of its product should be treated as proprietary and should neither be divulged nor used to evaluate a petition submitted by another applicant, unless by agreement with the owner of the data or unless a period of proprie- tary rights to the data has expired. The synthesis of new materials and procurement of data on safety and efficacy essential for registration will have taken commercial companies many years and will have been very expensive. The results obtained ara as much the propert- of the company that produced the as is the plant used to manufacture the product. Thervfore, it would be unjust for registration authorities to use, for the benefit of industrial competitors, dcta submitted to them in g.od faith. Eath applicant should be required to produce full supporting data, either by doing the work himself or by licence from the owner of the data. Apart from the injustice of allowing competitors to benefit from the use of data to which they have as, right, the consequences of such an action would be to discourage, because it is unrewarding, the research and developetat required for the production of new pesticides which are needed, for example, for the control of new or difficult pests or to overcome resistance. - 39- The operating principles for proprietary rights to data are under Wdevelopment. During the Second Government Consultation on International Harmonization of Pesticide Registration Requirements (Rome, 1982), GIFAP expressed the opinion that there are no objections concerning public access to health and safety data submitted in support of pesticide registrations as long as this public access does not include the right to copy that proprietary data. 14. QUALITY CONTROL 14.1 Quality of Active Ingredients When a formulating unit imports active ingredients for further proces- sing, a rule should be laid down to ensure that such imported materials con- form to FAO or WHO specifications, if available, and that they are accompanied by a valid certificate of analysis. Where there is no FAO or WRO specification available, specifications should comply with the declaration of composition lodged at the time of registration. 14.2 Quality Control of Imported Formulated Products In the case of imported active ingredients, the time normally available between import and further processing may be used to exercise control and carry out the necessary formalities. That interval is not always available for imported products, which may be needed on short term to deal with a threatened outbreak of pests. However, caution is necessary. When tenders are made for the supply of imported formulated products, the quality of the product must be carefully specified. Tenders have sometimes been von with bargain offers involving concessions to quality beyond acceptable limits. The . following measures may offer some safeguards: (a) the lot should be checked by a sworn sampler prior to shipping; (b) one sample should be analysed by a reliable and ve11-equipped laboratory in the manufacturing country. An official body in the manufacturing country should confirm the status of the laboratory; (c) one sample should remain in the manufacturing country and two should be sent to the receiving country. One of the latter may be used for analysis in the receiving country, and the other ahould be kept as a reference sample in case of a dispute; (d) the importer should be personally responsible for ensuring compli- ance with the above procedures, and if the Government itself is the importer, one official should be made resconsible: (e) only on the written confirmation of the laboratory in the manufac- turing country that the lot meets the required standard should the goods be released for unloading. 14.3 Methods of Quality Control It is important that at least one official laboratory be charged with quality control of active ingredients and formulated products. Many standar- dized methods are available, such as those of the Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council (CIPAC) (26) and the Association of Official Analytical Chealsts (AOAC) (27). If a certain method cannot be used because of a lack of the prescribed sophisticated instrumentation, alternative methods can often be applied with simpler equipment. Responsible manufacturers can usually provide good descriptions of appropriate methods of analysis of their products. - 40 - 15. ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES The wider use of a great variety of pesticides. even in remote areas. emphasizes the need to ensure that safety information reaches individual farmers and others who use the products. The text of the product label, agreed by the registration authorities, contains handling instructions, but careful reading and observance of these is unfortunately not universal. Therefore, legal powers to enforce the conditions of use may be desirable. Rovever, such powers will need to be supplemented by local education and training in the safe and efficient use of pesticides and, therefore, provision for this should be made in a registration scheme. Where there is a good network of extension officers, the training of farmers and others in the correct method of storing pesticides, in the choice of the most appropriate product, in application techniques and in the safe disposal of unwanted pesticides and empty containers could be part of their regular duties. Faulty applicators, particularly knapsack sprayers. are a common cause of contamination and, therefore, farmers need instruction on the maintenance and repair of spraying equipment. All possible methods of cosuni- cation with the farming community should be used. They should include radio, television, films, slides, literature and posters and courses on relevant sub- jects. In countries where the majority of the population is involved in Agri- culture, there is justification for the inclusion in school and university curricula of lessons on the correct use of pesticides. A modular course on the safe use of pesticides is available from WHO. The course is divided into more than 100 modules, each with a text and a visual aid, from which a selection, appropriate to the level and experience of the group under instruction, may be made. Films and slide collections are often available from industrial fir-ms which, with local language commentaries, can be used for instructional purposes. Educational programmes for medical practitioners are also useful. However carefully the precautions for the use of products are written and however clearly they appear on labels there are people who misuse commercial products, including pesticides. They may handle the concentrated material without wearing the recommended protective clothing and as a result contaminate their skin. They may apply the product incorrectly, thereby spraying themselves and their clothing. They may use household equipment, e.g., cups, as measures and leave small quantities of pesticides in them and in the unwashed product containers. They have been known to repack products into unlabelled containers or, which is even more dangerous, into containers still bearing the labels of their former contents, e.g., lemonade or fruit juice. Any of these methods of mishandling pesticides can result in poisoning necessitating medical attention. To these must be added the apparently inevi- table number of those deliberately drinking pesticides in attempting suicide. It is obviously impossible for every doctor to be aware of the symptoms and method of treatment of poisoning by all the products on the market. Some countries have established poison control centres. Registration authorities should endeavor to keep these centres informed. A doctor in a hospital emergency department presented with a case of poisoning, believed to be by a pesticide, should be able to obtain advice from the poisons centre on the diagnostic measures and on the correct treatment. This can then be started more quickly than vould otherwise be the case with, consequently, a better chance of recovery. Poisons centres should keep a record of any incidents of confirmed pesticide poisoning reported to them in order to act as one of the monitors of the safety of registered products and as an early warning of any unforeseen hazard presented by a new product. For the poisons centre to fulfil its role, it is essential that it should be kept fully up to date on new registrations and changes in product composition which may influence the toxicity of the product to humans. 16. REFERENCES (1) FAO Guidelines and Model Scheme for the Establishment of National Organi- zations for the Registration and Control of Pesticides, FAO, Rome (1970). (2) Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alisentarious Commission, Guide to Maximum Residue Limits, FAO, Rome (1978). (3) FAO Guidelines on Good Labelling Practice for Pesticides. FAO, Rome, (1985). (4) FAO Guidelines on Pesticide Residue Trials to Provide Data for the Registration of Pesticides and the Establishment of Maximum Residue Limits: PAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 29 (1/2) pp 12-27 (1981). (5) Recommended Approaches to the Production and Evaluation of Data on Pesticide Residues in Food. Pare and Appl. Chem.., Vol 54, No. 7, pp 1361-1450 (1982). (6) Guidelines on Pesticide Residue Trials to Provide Data for the Regis- tration of Pesticides and the Establishment of Maximum Residue Limits, Technical Monograph No. 4, Groupement International des Associations Nationales de Fabricants de Produits Agrocheniques - Avenue Hamoir, 12, 1180 Bruxelles, Belgium (1981). (7) FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper No. 13. The Use of FAO Specifications for Plant Protection Products, FAO, Rome (1979). (8) Specifications for Pesticides used in Public Health, 6th Edition, WHO, Geneva (1985). (9) EPPO Guidelines for the Biological Evaluation of Pesticides, European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization, Paris (1978). (10) EPPO Guidelines for the Biological Evaluation of Herbicides Nos. 49-52. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization, Paris (1983). (11) Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 46, American Society for Testing Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, Pa., USA 19103. (12) Methods for Evaluation of Plant Fungicides, Nematicides and Bacteri- cides. Zehr, E.J. (Ed), American Phytopathological Society, Minnesota, USA (1978). (13) Guidelines for the Field Evaluation of Herbicides, Australian Weeds Committee, Pesticides Section, Department of Primary Industry, Canberra, Australia (1979). (14) Pesticides, 6th Edition, Council of Europe, Strasbourg (1984). (15) FAO Guidelines on Efficacy Data for the Registration of Pesticides for Plant Protection, PAO, Rose (1985). (16) Principles and Methods of Evaluating the Toxicity of Chemicals, Part 1. Environmental Health Criteria 6, W8O, Geneva (1978). (17) Codex Recommendations for Methods of Residue Analysis and Guidelines on Good Analytical Practice in Pesticide Residue Analysis. Report of ad hoc Working Group on Methods of Analysis of the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues, FLO, Rome (1983). (18) FA0 Guidelines on Crop Residue Data, FAO, Rose (1985). - 42 - - (19) OECD Test Guidelines, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Develop- ment, Paris (1982). (20) FAO Guidelines on Environmental Criteria for Registration of Pesticides. FAO. Rome (1985). (21) Guide to Codex Recommendations Concerning Pesticide Residues, FAO, Rom2 (1984). (22) The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard, and Guidelines to Classification, V3C/84.2 Rev.3., WHO, Geneva (1982).* (23) WHO Field Surveys of Exposure to PesticiCes, Standard Protocol VBC/82.1, WHO, Geneva (1982). (24) FAO Guidelines for the Packaging and Storage of Pesticides, FAO, Rome (1985). (25) OECD Code of Good Laboratory Practice, Annex to OECD Test Guidelines, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris (1982). (26) CIPAC Handbook 1 (1970), CIPAC Handbook 1A (1980), CIPAC Handbook lb (1983), Beffers Printers Ltd., Kings Hedges Road, Cambridge, UK. (27) A0AC Methods. 13th Edition (1980), Association of Official Analytical Chemists, P0 Box 540. Benjamin Franklin Station, Washington, DC 20044. Not offered for publication. Available from WHO, Geneva. Se ADDENDA TO GUIDELINES FOR THE REGISTRATION AND CONTROL OF PESTICIDES FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS 0 ADDENDA TO GUIDELINES FOR THE REGISTRATION AND CONTROL OF PESTICIDES ADDENDUM I - LIST OF DATA REQUIREMENTS TO BE SUBMITTED TO THE REGULATORY AUTHORITY VEEN SEEKINC REGISTRATION OF A PESTICIDE AND ADDENDUM II - PROPRIETARY RIGHTS TO PESTICIDE DATA FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF TRE UNITED NATIONS lose - October 1988 ADDNDUM I O LIST OF DATA RSQUIREIENTS TO BE SUMITTED TO THE REGULATORY AUTHORITY VREN SEEKING RECISTRATION OF A PESTICIDE I ntrodu c: ion Data requirements to be submitted to a pesticide registration authoritv when seeking registration are set out below. It should be emphasized, however, that developing countries need not introduce a comprehensive regulatory scheme in order to control pesticides effectively. They asy wish to retain the option to develop a scheme to suit their specific needs. For example, they may wish to base this scheme on a review of the decisions taken in an adjacent country with a registration scheme, and also require a limited amount of efficacy work (if such data are not transport- able) or base decisions on the need to use a pesticide in their country. There must be a system to protect any registration data which may be exchanged between countries, should this data be shared between countries. While, however in the short term, it may be possible for a simplified registration and control scheme to be developed, coun:ries should work towards developing systems to control pesticides, after evaluating the data as outlined in the list below. DATA ON CHEMICAL AND PHISICAL PROPERTIES The basic data on the active ingrediert and the commercial product should include, when aippropriate details on: ACTIVE INGILEDIENT 1. Identity 1.1 common name proposed or accepted by ISO and synonyms; 1.2 structural formula; 1.3 chemical name (according to internationally agreed nomenclature, preferably IUPAC); 1.4 empirical formula and molecular weight; 1.5 manufacturer's development code number(s). 2. Physical Properties of the Pure Active Ingredient 2.1 appearance (physical state, colour, odour); 2.2 melting/decomposition/boiling point; 2.3 vapour pressure (figures should be given at a stated temperature preferably in the range of 20-25cC), but only when above 10-3 Pascal); -2- 2.4 solubility in water and organic solvents (at a stated temperature preferably in the range of 20-250C); 2.5 partition coefficient between water and an appropriate non-miscible solvent (e.g. n-octanol); 2.6 density (for liquids only); 2.7 hydrolysis rate under stated relevant conditions; 2.8 photolysis under stated relevant conditions; 2.9 absorption spectra, e.g. ultra-violent, visible, infra-red, etc. 3. Technical Grade Active Ingredient 3.1 source; name and address of manufacturer and addresses where manufactured; 3.2 appearance (physical state, colour and odour); 3.3 the minimum (and maximum) active ingredient content in g/kg; 3.4 identity and amount of isomers, impurities and other by-products, together with information on their possible range expressed as g/kg. FORMULATED PRODUCT 1. General Description (identity) of the Formulated Product In addition to the information required for the active ingredient, the general description of the formulated product to be registered should, in all cases, include: 1.1 formulator's name and address; 1.2 distinguishing name (proprietary name); 1.3 use category (herbicide, insecticide, etc.); 1.4 type of formulation (water dispersible powder, emulsifiable concentrace, etc.) 2. Composition 2.1 content of active ingredient(s) together with an analytical method for its determination (where more than one active ingredient, information should be given on each ingredient separately); 2.2 content and nature (identify if possible) of other components included in the formulation, e.g.,-technical grade, adjuvants and inert components, 2.3 water content (where relevant). 3. Physical/Chemical Properties of the Formulated Product 3.1 appearance; 3.2 storage stability (in respect to composition and physical properties related to use); 3.3 density (for liquids only); 3.4 flammability: liquids - flashpoint; solids - a statement must be made as to whether the product is flammable; 3.5 acidity (where relevant); 3.6 alkalinity (where relevant) ; 3.7 other properties may in certain cases need evaluation. 4 4. Phvs!cal Properties of the Formulated Product Related to Use The following list is not exhaustive for either properties or types of formulation. 4.1 wettability (for dispersible powders); 4.2 persistent foam (for formulations applied in water); 4.3 suspensibility (for dispersible powders and suspension concentrates); 4.4 vet sieve test (for dispersible powders, suspension concentrates); 4.5 dry sieve test (for granules, dusts); 4.6 emulsion stability (for emulsifiable concentrates); 4.7 corrosiveness (when necessary); 4.8 known incompatibilities with other products, e.g., pesticides, fertilizers. Refer to FAO Guidelines on Specifications (1). DATA ON EFFICACY Registration authorities need to sake use, as far as possible, of efficacy evaluation data that may be obtained in the country or region of use, or in other countries or regions with similar climatic and agricultural conditions. The FAO Guidelines on Efficacy Data for the Registration of Pesticides for Plant Protection (2), provides such useful information on the subject and in particular gives guidance for the design and reporting individual efficacy trials. The presentation of data without sufficient details or -larification asy give rise to loss of essential or valuable information for the expert(s) in the authorizing agency engaged with the evaluation of efficacy data of the pesticide for which registration is sought. Therefore, the importance of a suitable and sufficiently detailed presentation of data should be stressed. In essence this means that all data obtained from the analysis of single samples should be recorded and not merely a summary or an average figure. If necessary, explanatory notes for erratic results should be provided. It should always be clearly stated how samples were taken and in which manner assessments were made. It is also essential that the evaluation method used to establish the effectiveness is described together with the way in which the results are interpreted. It is desirable that the presentation of the results should be standardized in order to facilitate understanding of the trial results. Therefore, the data should preferably be presented in the following way: - name of the experimcnter and organization responsible for the trial; - objective and location of the trial; - chemical name and formulation; - pest, disease or weed against which tested; - crops and cultivars; - plant growth stage; - soil type; - experimental design, size and number of plots treated, - application dates and rates; - application method and equipment; - volume of spray liquid or other carrier (types); - weather conditions during and after treatment; - treatment of the plots with other crop protection materials, and other products; - application dates; - dates of assessment; - size and frequency of sampling; - quantity and quality of the yield cf f'e harvested crop; - any results on crop safety including intervals to be observed in order to avoid phytotoxic effects; - data assessment including significance; - interpretation and discussion on the results of the experiment in comparison with similar trials. DATA ON TOXICITY FOR ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN HEALTH HAZARDS Essential Requirements The types of toxicologica studies of pesticides which it is considered should be covered are listed below. It is a minimum set of studies necessary to evaluate properly the toxicological potential of pesticide candidate for registration; - acute mammalian toxicity induced by adminstration of a single dose, including observation of symptomatology which could provide an indication of the possible mode of toxic action. The approx;mate LD5O should be established and, if appropriate, the LC50, using a minimum number of animals. The routes of exposure should always include the oral and derual rantes. Respiratory exposure is undertaken only if indicated. The oral determination of the LD5O should be performed on both sexes of at least two rodent species, one of which should be rats, in order to assess possible species or sex differences. The LC50 determi- nation through a single exposure of rats for a given period of tiae to an atmosphere containing the test saterial should only be required when the nature and the physico-chemical properties of a pesticide or its intended use pattern aight create conditions which would lead to a respiratory exposure of operators, as it is now known that the most significant route of exposure is B' dermal. Respiratory exposure of rats should be performed according to a recognized standard experimental prozocol in view of the usual technical difficulties encoun:ered in this type of test; 7 potential irritant and corrosive properties on the skin ane eye following single applicatior; where materials are known to be corrosive these studies should be omit ted. - subchronic toxicity tests of 90-day duration. In general, the route of administration will be oral but there may be rare situations requiring sub-acute testing by other routes. Usually, these feeding studies will be performed on two species, one rodent, one non-rodent; - reproduction studies over a minimum of two generations, usually in the rat; - terarogenicity studies in two species, one rodent, one non-rodent; - neurotoxicity studies in hens for organophosphorus compounds; - mutagenicity studies covering appropriate genetic end points; - long-term toxicity studies with administr&tion by appropriate routes, including observations to detemine the occurrence of any delayed effects and the reversibility of any lesions found. These studies should be performed in at least one species, preferably the rat; - carcinogenicity studies. They can be comb4ned with the long-term toxicity studies with appropriate designs; - observation on man when feasible. This should include maintenance of health records of occupationally-exposed workers and direct observations of poisoning (clinical cases) whether accidental or deliberate. Antidotes should be recommended where possible. Purther tests Some situations may require performance of additional tests or extension of tests: - subchronic toxicity tests by routes other than oral such as repeated dermal or respiratory exposure; - potential allergic sensitization; -6- extension to other species; - abso -ption, distribution and excretion studies vith identification of majc.: meta%olites and me:abolic pathways, - potentiation studies are indicated whenever technical materials are intended to be later mixed in a final formulated product. Reference may be made to OECD (3) and WHO (4) Guidelines for information on test methods. DATA ON RESIDUES IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE When reporting on residue trials, all the data relating to the treatment and history of the trial should be recorded. It is usually convenient to record these data in standard form and essential items for specific trials may be drawn from the folloving list. These refer to the supervised trial, field sampling and shipment of sample to the laboratory. Further data on the chemical analyses will be provided by the analyst. The FAO Guidelines on Pesticide Residue Trials (5), cover the subject in considerable detail and should be referred to for further detailed information. General Information on the Supervised Trial Pesticide (active ingredient and trade name) Formulation Trial number and type (field/glasshouse/other) Commodity Variety Test locations (country and site) Soil characteristics, pH, physical and chemical properties Name (and signature) of the person(s) responsible for the trial and for collecting the sample. Application Data for Field Trials Crop planting or sowing date Description of plot plan/crop layout/cropping system Plot size or number of plants per plot/unit area Number of plots per treatment Target pest or disease (if any) Method of application and equipment Number of applications and application date(s) Application details (overall, banded, etc.) -7- Dose rate - active ingredient/ha - weight/volume of formulation/ha - applied dilu:ion Cliatic conditions during and after applications, preferably for the whole pe7iod of the trial Other pestic.des applied to trial plot with relevant details as abo.e Cultural treatments before, during and after application - include irrigation and fertilizer information Growth stage at (last) treatment. In glasshouselslores Lor the applicacion of F;migants, aerosols, smokes or fogs, the procedure of the application and the disposition of fixed equipment/generatori should be described. Any anomaly occurring during the application ur during the post- application period (e.g. doors or windows openec) should be reported. Dosage rates should be expressed b-ch per unit and per unit volume. Apoli cation Data for Stored Products/Post-H3rves: T:ials - district, number, volume and area of the trials site; - description of the stere including total c.pacity at time of trials, type of ventilation and state of hygiene; - details, if available, of other recent pesticide treatments in store; - description and quantities of products and details of packaging conditions (whether in sacks, boxes, bales, tins or in bulk); - formulation(s) used; - rates, methods and dates of application; - temperatures and humidity in the storage area during and shortly after applications of pesticide and the mean temperature and moisture content within the stored product between time of treatment and sampling. Sampling Data Growth stage at sampling - normal harvest date. Method of sampling. Sampled part(s). Number of units in sample, if relevant, (e.g. lettuce, pome- fruit). Sample weight and preparation (triasing/vashing/other if common practice in preparing the cosodity). Control treated. Date of sampling with time interval between ast application and sampling. Storage conditions before shipment. Date shipped. Method of packaging. DATA ON ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS The risks to the environment from a pesticide or its formulated product depend on many factors such as its toxic properties, the amount applied, the formulation, method and time of appli ation an4 particularly the intensity of use, mobility and persistence in the environment. In practice. information of * nvironmental significance comes from three basic sources; application and use pattern, the fate and possible occurrence of residues in relevant parts of the environment and the effects of predicted exposures on non-target species. Reference should be made to the FAO Guidelines on Environmental Criteria for the Registration of Pesticides (6), for further details. Pri'mary Data Needed for Predicting Environmental Effects Properties of the Pesticide - Identity of Active Ingredient - Physical-Chemical Properties of Active Ingredient - Composition of Technical Grade Material - Properties of Formulated Product Fate and Mobility Studies - Analytical procedures for measuring residues - Degradation rates and residue levels in plants, soil and water - Identity of major metabolites in plants, soil and water - Leaching through the soil Toxicity In addition to the toxicity tests outlined previously the following toxicity data on additional species form an important part of the primary data needed for predicting potential effects to non-target species. These studies may include: - Acute oral toxicity to one bird species such as: pigeon, quail, pheasant, dock and the Bengalese finch; - Acute LC50. 96-hour exposure on one suitable fish species, e.g., the rainbow trout or zebra fish; - Acute LC50, 48-hour exposure on one suitable fish-food species, e.g., Daphnis: - Acute oral LD50 and contact toxicity on honey bees. Application - Influence of Use Patterns The type of formulation, aplication and use patterns can influence environmental effects of a pesticide. Some of these fattors are: - Fo-ulation Type - Methods of Application - Size of Application - Time of Applicatiorn - Rate of Application - Scale of Use - Climatic and Geogr3phical Localitv Prediction of Fnvironmental Fate and Ef'cts from Primary Data The rolt of the registration Drocess is to assemble sufficient basic data for a reasonable prediction of environmental effecLs to be made. V-ere such environmental effects of concern are predicted additional information may be needed before the cbmic&l can be approved and its commercial use accepted. Detailed information may be required on: - Leaching through the soil - Degraeation of the product in the soil - Possibility of accumulation - Effects on additional aquatic species - More detailed studies on birds - short and long term and perhaps a reproduction study - Effects on a range of soil organisms, e.g. earthworms PROPOSED LABEL A copy of the proposed label should be submitted with the application for registration. A typewritten copy will suffice. The * proposals on the label should be supported by the data submitted with the application. PROPOSED PACKAGING Details of the proposed packaging should be submitted with the application. REFERENCES (1) FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper No. 13. The Use of FAO Specifications for Plant Protection Products. Rome, TAO 1979. (2) Guidelines on Efficacy Data for the Registration of Pesticides for Plant Protection. Rome, FAO 1985. (3) OECD Test Guidelines, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris 1982. (4) Principles and Methods of Evaluating the Toxicity of Chemicals, Part I, Environmental Health Criteria 6, WHO, Geneva 1978. (5) Guidelines on Pesticide Residue Trials to Provide Data for the Registration of Pesticides and the Establishoent of Maximum Residue Limits. Rome, FAO 1986. (6) Guidelines on Environmental Criteria for the Registration of Pesticides. Rome, FA0 1985. ADDENDUM 11 PROPRIETARY RIGRTS TO DATA The text below is to replace the text on pages 38 and 3S para 13.3 of the Cuide.ines for the Registration and Control of Pesticides. 13.3 Proprietary Rights to Data All data submitted by a company in support of its request for registration of its product should be treated as proprietary and should neither be divulged nor used to evaluate a petition submitted by another applicant, unless by agreement with the owner of the data or unless a period of proprietary rights to the data has expired. The synthesis of new materials and procurement of data on safety and efficacy essential for registration will have taken commercial companies many years and will have been very expensive. The results obtained are as much the property of the company that produced them as is the plant used to manufacture the product. Therefore, it would be unjust for registration authorities to use, for the benefit of industrial competitors, data submitted to them in good faith. Each applicant should be required to produce full supporting data, either by doing the work himself or by licence from the owner of the data. Apart from the injustice of allowing competitors to benefit from the use of data to which they have no right, the consequences of such an action would be to discourage, because it is unrewarding, the research and development required for the production of new pesticides which are needed, for example, for the control of new or difficult pests or to overcome resistance. The following guiding principles are suggested when developing procedures to safeguard proprietary rights on registration data: 1. Authorities should request from new petitioners for an already registered product the same data as they have requested from those who already bold such a registration. They should request original data rather than a summary monograph. This will help the authority in making a judgement on the ownership of the data. 2. Authorities should provide a significant period of exclusive use to the registrant who generates the registration data. Many countries already protect the proprietary data supporting registration by this means. The period of protection varies from country to country depending on its own circumstance. tn most instances, this exclusive use period runs for 10 to 15 years. In those cases where the exclusive use period is stipulated as 10 years, it is usually coupled with compensation payment for the use of data for a further 5 year period. This is seen as a corpromise between the rights of the original data submitter and the interest of new petitioners. -. For follow-up data which have been submitted to the authorities during the exclusive use period and are less than 10 vears old, ne-.. peti:ioners shoujld be- recczs:ed res-ci a written permission from the data owner(s) that the authorities may use these data for the registration of their product. 1 4. After the exclusive use period since the first registration in a given country any new petitioner should be entitled to obtain the permission for using data submitted less than 10 years ago upon agreeing to the sharing of the costs incurred in generating the data. 5. When instituting a procedure of safeguarding proprietary rights which includes a period during which payment for the use of the data is required, the principles to be followed in agreeing adequate payment should be established. The procedure should not place the regulatory authority in the position of having to arbitrate between the data owner(s) and subsequent petitioners. There is no single solution regarding payment for costs incurred in producing registration data. An important factor is the length of the period of exclusive use provided to the data owner. The longer this period, the more "scientifically" outdated the data become. Thus, with a relatively long exclusive use period the payment could . consist of an equal sharing of the costs of the studies. If the exclusive use period is kept relatively short, the situation is more difficult. The data vill still have their full scientific value and the original data owner has run a substantial risk in developing these data, which he legitimately wants to see reflected in a more substantial payment. In this case, it is particularly important that a definite system for agreeing on payment is instituted. 6. The maintenance of a registration and any further follow-up data needed to affect this should be the responsibility of all registration holders once the period of exclusive use to the registrant who generated the original data, has elapsed. Any requests by the regulatory authorities for further data should therefore be addressed to both the original data owner(s) as well as new and subsequent petitioners. During the Second Government Consultation on International Harmonization of Pesticide Registration Requirements (Rose, 1982), GIFAP expressed the opinion that there are no objections concerning public access to health and safety data submitted in support of pesticide registrations as long as this public access does not include the right to copy that proprietary data. GUIDELINES ON POST-REGISTRATION SURVEILLANCE AND OTHER ACTIVITIES IN THE FIELD OF PESTICIDES FAO 8. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS GUIDELINES ON POST-REGISTRATION SURVEILLANCE AND OTHER ACTIVITIES IN TE FIELD OF PESTICIDES FOOD AND AG"ICULTURE OIGANIZATION OF TRE UNITED NATIONS Rose - October 1988 (i) - T'LI OF CON:-N1z FACE 1. IN7RODUCTION 1 2, MONITORING ACTIVITIES 2 2.1 Monitoring Quality of Pesticide Products 3 2.2 Pesticide Use in Accordance with Approved Label 3 2.3 Pesticide Residues in Food 4 2.4 Environmental Monitoring 5 2,5 Accidental Poisoning Due to Pesticides 5 3. TRAIIING PROGRAX4ES ON SAFE USE OF PESTICIDES 6 3.1 Training of Farmers 6 3.2 Training of Retail Shop Personnel 7 3.3 Training of Governegn: Exten6ion Uorkers 7 3.4 Tr4ining of Doctors and Medical Practitioners 8 4. LICENSIWG OF PESTICIDE HANDLERS 8 4.1 Licensing of Pesticide Companies 8 4.2 Licensing of Pest Control Operators 9 4.3 Licensing of Retail Shops 9 5. ENFORCEMENT AND OTHER CONTROL MEASURES 10 5.1 Concrol of Imports 10 5.2 Control of Advertisements 10 5.3 Control of Labelling and Packaging 11 6. INFORMATION EXCHANGE 1! 1. I NTRODU.CTIO0N1 Registration is the process of evaluation and acceptance by a statutory authori:y of extensive documented proof submitted in support of all claims for efficacy and safety made for the proposed product. The purpose of registration is to ensure that pesticides. when used according to directions for use, warnings and precautions contai-ed on the approved label, will be effective for their intended purpose, while not posing unacceptable risks to users. consumers of treated food, and wildlife or other non-target organisms. Registration involves a number of activities undertaken before a pesticide product is introduced in the market. A well-devised and operated registration scheme does not stop at this pre-market evaluation stage. It incorporates post-registration surveillance to ensure enforcement and monitoring of the actual use of the product to ascertain that the goals of registration are met. Post-registration activities provide the needed follow-up to ensure that the registered product is properly handled, distributed, and used safely and in accordance with applicable rules and regulations. Post-registration activities provide a means of measuring the validity of predictions based on registration data, regarding efficacy, safety and environmental effects of a particular pesticide. If results of field surveillance raise doubts as to the effectiveness or safety of a product's use, further studies may be required or appropriate regulatory sanctions imposed. On the ocher hand, if despite potential adverse effects predicted, safety in use of a product is demonstrated, previous regulatory controls may be adjusted. Post-registration activities ar equally as important as the registration process. These activities should be basic components of any law regulating the trade, production and use af nesticides. The FAO Second Government Consultation on Harmonization of Pesticide Registration Requirements, Rome, October 1982, discussed the iaportance of post- registration surveillance as a needed support to registration. The Second Regional Consultation an Earonization of Pesticide Registration Requirements, RENPAF, Manila, December 1986, recommended the need to develop guidelines to assist governments in effective monitoring of pesticide use. These guidelines have been developed to address this need and ensure that the registration objectives are adequately met. The guidelines evolve from comaon post-registration practices in many countries, especially the following: - Various monitoring activities - Training programmes on safe use of pesticides - Licensing schemes for pesticide handlers and companies - Enforcesent of regulations and suitable control measures - Information exchange 2. MO'k:'.OK.1 ACTIVTLE Surveilla.ce or monitorirg activities are designed to ass.re implemen:ation of registration policies. Various monitoring activ.ties ma- be initiated for various purposes: - Quality of formulazions in the market - Pes:icine use in azcordance v It the approved labal - Pesticide residues in food - Environmental impacts of pesticide use - Acciden:al poisoning due to pesticides 2.1 Monitoring Quality of Pesticide Products A registration is granted on the basis of approved spec ifications of a product, which provide assurance that the data submitted were produced using a chemical sufficiently similar to that proposed for registration. In order to be consistent with registration policies, the product marketed should conform with the specifications approved for registration. Temperature changes, storage conditions, packaging and other factors affect pesticide product quality. Any change in the product can result in unacceptable hazards or alter its effectiveness. It is therefore important to regularly monitor the quality of formulations in the market to ensure that the products will perform their intended purposes when used as stated in the label. 2.1.1 Quality of Technical Material When techni cal materials are either produced locally or impo rted, such materials should conform to the specifications submitted during registration. These specifications should be based on FAO or WHO specifications if available. A valid certificate of analysis must accompany each sale of the technical material. If there is any doubt regarding the quality of a shipment, it is appropriate to subject a sample for analysis by a Goverrnment laboratory or to require the exporter to obtain an analysis from a competent independent laboratory. 2.1.2 Quality of Imoorted Formulated Products Formulated products normally have shorter shelf life than technical materials. When importing formlated products, it should be borne in mind that the time elapsed from formulation to actual receipt and repacking in recognized facilities in the country of destination say rea:h 60 to 90 days. The quality of these products must be carefully ascertained before acceptance by the importer. The following are some safeguards that say be followed: (a) The lot should be checked by a sworn sampler prior to shipping. -3 - (b) One samp,le should be anal 1 a reliable and well-eq-ipped laborator- in the formulatin mery. Ar Cffidal b,dy in that country should confirm the sta,.- of the laboratory. (c) One sa=ple should r-main in the manufa:turing country and two should be sent to the recei-ir.g country. One of the latter may be used for analysis by an accepted laboratory i7 the recipient country, and the other sh ould be kept as a re!erenze saolmDe in case of a dispute. (d) The importer should be personally responsible for ensuring compliance with the above procedures, and if the governmer.: itself is the importer, one official should be made responsible. (e) Only on the written confirmation of the laboratory in the manufacturing country that the lot meets the required standard should the goods be released for unloading. 2.1.3 Quality of Local Formulations and Repacked Products Most pesticide products are either locally formulated or repacked. The same standards of quality must be maintained, i.e., the product must conform with the specificatiors submitted during registration. It is important that governments encourage formulation and repa:king plants to maintain their own quality control capability, including their own, or access to other laboratories. The function of government will then be to randomly monitor that these plants produce quality productc. The above safeguards for quality control of imported products should also apply for local formulations. Quality control should continue as the product goes through the market chain. Random sampling and monitoring of product quality from retail outlets should be encouraged. Regulatory authorities must be vested with the power to enter retail outlets and withdraw samples for analysis. Products that do not meet approved specifications must be confiscated. Subsequent action will depend upon the individual case; such actions may include relabelling for another use, ref o rmulating or disposal. At least one of ficial government laboratory should be charged with unuitoring the quality of pesticides, especially local formulations. To ensure effectivity of quality control programs, appropriate legal sanctions must be imposed on violations. 2.2 Pesticide Use in Accordance with Approved Label In countries operating a registration system, the accepted label is the legal proof of registration. It contains information on directions for use, warTings and precautions, obtained as a result of a lengthy process of evaluation of scientific data submitted for registration. The label is the main sedium for instructing users in correct and safe -ise of pesticides. The safe and effective use of the product will depend on the user's understanding of complete, clear statements on the label. This monitoring activity can yield information which can be usei adjust and improve the label. .4- Full value should be taken from the FAO Guidelines on Good Labelling Pr actce for Pesticides. Failure to ensure adequate labelling and compliance with label directions car. render fruitless all ocher efforts to regulate pesticides. ctonitoring comp "ance with label directions and warning is Important and can form the basis tor enforcement actions and other regulatory controls bit it is difficult to accomplish in practical terms. These programmes must be carried out in conjunctior with extensive information campaigns and training on the importance of reading and understanding the label. When monitoring for label compliance, the fellowing are useful considerations: (a) Monitoring should start at retail outlets. Only pesticides for general use should be allowed for sale in retail outlets. Restricted pesticides should not generally be sold in these outlets. (b) Field surveillance is important to accirzcely monitor that the product is used for the specific crop and in a manner consistent with the label. This should be carried out with the help of extension workers and industry representtives, and supported with the necessary information programme. (c) Distributors must be pr-iperly informed of the label directions and required to disseminate the same information to their outlets. S Efficacy and resistance development is another element of monitoring approved uses. The regulatory agency should not usually expend major effort in this area, but can rely on extension and farmer reportS to a large extent. 2.3 Pesticide Residues in Food Experience over many years in those countries conducting market basket surveys has shown that residues rarely exceed the maximum residue limits (MRL's), established by the Codex Alimentarius procedures, and are usually much lower. In addition, where good agricultural practie CAP) is followed, residues should not exceed MRL's. Nevertheless, regulatory authorities should exercise some monitoring and control over residues in food after the registration of the product, for the protection of the nonsumers and to facilitate international trade. Data on residues ceasining in food provided for registration will have allowed a teasonable estimate to be made of the level of residues remaining in the crop vhen the produce has been applied according to goad agricultural practice. Once the pesticide is available in the market it is desirable for the competent authority to csnfiru that the estimate made during registration is valid. To do this, residue levels must be ornitored, by taking samples of the -5- crops at the point of harvest. where the pesticide has been used. For crops treated during storage. samples in warehrses should be taken. Analyses of these samples should show if revi.ion of the estimated maximum residue limit is necessary. Monitoring residues on food commoditie- can provide useful information to assess the safety to consumers of treated food. detect -residues from improper use of pesticides, and protect the credibility of exporters with their customers. Such residue monitoring data can also provide the basis for modifying use pat urns. restricting or cancelling registered uses, or taking enforcement action against pesticide aisuse. At least one government laboratory should be responsible for analysis of residues n food and the environment, and report findings routinely to the regulatory authority. If practicable, the laboratory should be under the control of the regulatory agency. 2.4 Environmental Monitoring Data submitted for registration allo; the prediction of impacts of pesticide use in the environment. After a pesticide is used for some time, it is desirable to confirm that the aredictions about environmental effects made at the time of registration, are valid. Doubts on the validity of previous predictions indicate a need for field surveillance and monitoring of residues and possible biological effects. Surveillance should be made rf the residue levels in tho various parts of the environment to provide information on the distribution pattern of the chemical and to identify suitable indicators for monitoring its fate and possible effects. The biological effects of a pesticide on the environment may be assessed by monitoring changes in populations of key indicator species, of a susceptible species or of one vulnerable because of its position in the ecosystem. Biological monitoring is also possible by assessing changes in species diversity in ecosystems or by studying physiological and behavioural parameters. If field surveillance and monitoring data give rise to doubts on the validity of predictions regarding environmental effects of the use of a particular product, its continued use or the conditions for use have to be reconsidered. Mnaitoring of the environment therefore provides an indication of residue movement and potential contamination which ay affect fish, wildlife and other non-target ofganisms. Results of such monitoring can form the basis for appropriate regulatory actions. 2.5 Accidental Poisoning Due to Pesticides The data provided for registration allus the regulatory authority to provide advise on the proper and safe use of the product. However carefully the precautions for the use of the pesticide product are written and however clearly they appear on the labels there are still cases of pesticide sisuse. W-suse and - 6- mishandling of pesticides may result in poisoning. Monitoring these poisoning cases will provide useful information regarding the effectiveness of the registration sys:em, its training and information programmes. It is not possible to monitor each and every user of pes:icide. A practical approach is to obtain statistical samples of farm level users of pesticides. This can be done in cooperation with governmen: extension workers and industry field representatives. In some cases, hospital records may also be useful sources of poisoning data, but doctors and paramedics must be properly trained to recognize the symptoms of poisoning due to pesticides. Monitoring these poisoning cases will provide information on hazards posed by the pesticide under conditions of field use, and must ne accompanied by necessary training on pesticide poisoning symptons and information caspaign to instill awareness of the hazards posed by pesticide use. Recording of cases and regular reporting to the regulato ry authority should be necessary corponents of such programmes. Proper and accurate monitoring of pesticide poisoning cases can form a strong basis for appropriate policy decisions and control measures on pesticide use in the country. 3. TRAININM PROGRkM-S ON SAFE USE OF PESTICIDES The importance of training users on the proper application and handling of pesticides cannot be overemphasized. The wide use of pesticides even in remote areas, emphasizes the need to ensure that safety information reaches the individual users. The text of the product label contains handling information and warnings on misuse, but careful reading and observance of these is unfortunately not universal. Therefore, local education and training on safe use of pesticides are necessary after a product is registered. Training and information programmes should include all sectors handling and using pesticides. Aside from farmers, the pesticide retail store owners and attendants, the government technicians and extension workers, the pest control operators and commercial pesticide applicators, and even the doctors, nurses and paramedics should be trained on the safe use of pesticides. Different training modules should be developed for each gtroup. A modular course an the safe use of pesticides is available from WEO. The course is divided into more than 100 modules, each with a text and a visual aid, from a which selection, appropriate to the level and experience of the group under instruction, may be made. Films, slides, and other information materials are available from industrial firms which, with local language commentaries, say be useful for instruction purposes. 3.1 Training of Farmers Where there is good network of extension officers, the training of farmers and others in the correct method of storing pesticides, in 0 S -7- the choice of the most appropriate product, in the application techniques and in safe disposal of unwanted pesticides and empty cortainers could be par of their regular duties. Faulty application equipment, particilarly knapsack sprayers, are a common cause of contamination, and therefore farmers need instructions on the proper main:enance and repair of farm equipment. All possible methods of commnication with the farming communi:y should be used. These should include radio, television, films, slides, literature, and posters on relevant subjects. In countries where the majority of the population is irvolved in agriculture, there is justification for the inclusion of lessons on pesticide safety in the school curricula. The training course should include advice on: (a) Importance of reading and understanding the label (b) Importance of skin absorption as a route of poisoning (c) Potertial of some pesticides for cumulative effects (d) Importance of minimizing exposure to chemicals because of long-term effects (e) Proper handling of pesticide concentrates (f) Sy=ptoms of poisoning, precautionary measures, first aid trea.ments and availability of medical assistance (g) Prcper application techniques (h) Protection of the environment, including neighbours, mammals birds and fish and groundwater 3.2 Training of Retail Shop Personnel Retail shops for pesticides are important channels of information to farmers conceruing the safe handling and effective use of pesticides. Because fa:mers come to such shops when their crops are threatened by pests and because they have to pay for pest control products, they normally are well motivated to ask advice and listen to suggestions on pesticide use. However, many of these shop owners and staff have limited knowledge about the pesticides they sell and the hazards involved in their use. Training of these shop owners and staff will go a long way in ensuring safe use at farm level. The training module should include advice on: (a) Recognition from the label of the hazard category of f o rul at ions (b) Appropriate methods of storage (c) Proper display of pesticide containers (d) Knowledge of relevant regulations on pesticides, particularly regarding restrictions on purchase and sales (e) Hazards of pesticide use, and first aid measures (f) Proper transport of pesticides 3.3 Training of Coveriment Extension Workers Training programmes of this type are important to instill awareness on these wotkers, of the hazards posed by pesticides and to promote consciousness in the efficient use and safe handling of the -8 - products. The extension workers in turn are responsible for training the farmers on the subject. 3.4 Training of Doctors and Medical Practitioners Doctors and parmedics should be traened in the recognition and management of pesticide poisoning cases. Since the subject is normally not part of medical school curr-culum, there are very few doctors trained in pesticide poisoning. Information of the mode of action of pesticides, their effects on human health, and their toxicity and their treatment are important cmponents of the module. Poison control centers can play an important role in this process, particularly as a sorce of information. 4. LICENSING OF PESTICIDE HANDLERS A system of Licensing the handlers of pesticides can be useful in ensuring proper enforcement of registration policies and other pesticide regulations. Many regulatory systems already incorporate a licensing scheme. In these systems, no person or entity is allowed to import, manufacture, formulate, repack, distribute or sell pesticides without first obtaining a license from the registration authority. Handlers of pesticides may be classified into: - Pesticide companies engaged in the business of importing, formula=ing, manufacturing, and distributing pesticide products - Pest control operators or commercial applicators of pesticides - Pesticide retail shops Each of these categories would have different requirements for 11censing. 4.1 Licensing of Pesticide Companies Licensing pesticide companies including formulators, provides the government with an assurance that the company representatives are aware of the hazardous nature of the products they are dealing with and requires that they take the responsibility of complying with regulations regarding pesticide registration, trade, production and use. in addition to comercial requirements for companies, the following are needed for a license to operate a pesticide company: (a) The premises sust be inspected to check that all safety precautions are met. For manufacturing and formulation plants, anti-pollution devices are required. A quality control laboratory or provisions for quality control must be available. A staff doctor or nurse must be employed, who has undergone training on the management of pesticide poisoning. A clinic or hospital must be located near the premises. (b) The managers and staff must undergo training on safe use of pesticides. (c) The government authority must approve the product stewardship guidelines of the company. -9- (d) The necessary safety equipment must be available for use of all workers handling pesticides. (e) The appropriate antidotes and first aid treatments must be available. (f) All praducts handled us. first obtain prior registration. 4.2 Licensing of Pest Cortrol Operators Pest control operators are entities engaged in commercial application of ptsticides. Pest control operators normally handle the more toxic formulations and applications are done in or around houses. The licensing scheme for the pest control operators is designed to: (i) ensure safety of the applicators and their clients; (ii) generate awareness on the inherent risks of indiscriminate use and misuse of pesticides; and (iii) enable the early recognition of pesticide poisoning. The following should be considered when licensing pest control operators: (a) Each office and b:ach must have at least one applicator that has taken a prescribed training course on safe applicazion and use of pesticides, and has received the necessary accreditation. from an authorized government institute. (b) The duly accredited applizator must have the responsibility to supervise and train those working in the same company. (c) Pest control contracts must specify the use of pesticides registered for such purposes. (d) Offices must be equipped with the required safety equipment and protective clothing for the applicators. There must be an occupaticnal health program for the workers exposed to pesticides and a maintenance program for the spray equipment. 4.3 Licensing of Retail Shops Pesticide retail shops are those authorized by pesticide compaies and distributors to sell their products to end-users. Licensing these shops would facilitate enforcement of regulatory measures related to pesticide registration. In addition to the requirements for pesticide companies, retail shops should comply with the following: (a) The owner or supervisor should attend a prescribed training course on pesticide safety. (b) A list of the companies represented and the products sold should be provided to the regulatory authority on a regular basis. Only registered pesticides allowed for general use should be sold in retail shops. (c) The premises must be inspected by competent authorities, to check the storage facilities, display of pesticides, and safety equipment. - 10 - (d) The FAO Guidelines on Retail Distribut!on of Pesticides with Particular Reference to Storage and Randling at the Poi.t of Supply to Users in Developing Countries should be s:rictly followed and compliance moni:cred on a regular basis. 5. F AND OFTER CONTROL KEASURIS The effectiveness of pesticide regulations depend on the practical implementation and enforcement of the law. The lau; must require that only pesticides that have been cleared through the registration process can be sold and used in the country. Registration authorities should have the power to confisca:e unregistered products and hold the distributor, trader, retailer and user responsible for any violation of the law. Monitoring activities are designed to form the basis for any enforcement action. When violations are discovered, appropriate penalties must be imposed. All regulations should have penal provisions which are necessary to ensure effective Implementation of regulations. There may be other control actions that may be exercised to ensure compliaace with registration policies. Among these are the control of imports, labelling, packaging and advertisements of pesticides. 5.1 Control of imports Since the bulk of the technical materials are imported, governments should control the importation of pesticides to ensure compliance with registration policies. No pesticide should be allowed entry without an appropriate permit from a competent government authority. In addition to requirements by other departments such as trade and industry, the following are important considerations for allo6ing an Importation: (i) the importer must be a licensed company if a licensing scheme exists in the country; (ii) the pesticide product and active ingredient mast be registered, or covered with an appropriate experimental use permit if a registration scheme exists; and (iii) the quality of the import must be assured. 5.2 Control of advertisements Pesticide advertisements promote the sale and use of pesticides by print and electronic media, signs, displays, demonstrations, or word at south. Advertisements can strongly influence users' decisions on which pesticide to use, when and how. It is therefore important that governments exercise some control on advertisements for pesticide products. Advertisements mast be consistent with the conditions of registration, specifically vith the approved label. In addition, the guide to advertising under the FAO International Code of Conduct on Distribution and Use at Pesticides should be followed by industry and government. MAiCH 1939 ) utrvn..........................................................61 thiometon......................................................... 78 thiiram.............................................................82 thiram (seed treatments)............................................95 trich-lo..fon...................................................... 237 (trichlorf on) *.....................................................51 (trifluraiin)*............................................. 64 trifluralin ........................................... 235 zineb....................... ..........................82 ziram ...........................................82 I/ Code nuraber unrelaLted to pest icide specif ications. * Specif ications in brackets have been superseded and are no longer up-t~o-date. A VA: s cb 195 Z 7D -E4 B. C 7TELINES ON TEE OPERATION OF PRIOR INFORMED CONSENT (PIC) EXEC=ING AGENCY The report of the Expert Consultation on the Introduction of "Prior Informed Consent" in Article 9 of the International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides stressed the importance of cooperation between UNEP and FAO in the operation of a prior informed consent scheme. Because of the expertise FAO has in the field of pesticide use, management and control and the comprehensive network of FAO contacts in UN Member Nations, FAO will operate the PIC scheme as far as pesticides are concerned. FAO will, in cooperation with UNEP, manage and implement the scheme, including the selection of pesticides to befcovered by the PIC scheme, mechanisms for information sharing and compatibility of procedures. OPERATION OF PRIOR INFORMED CONSENT Step 1 - Participation in PIC Member Nations will be invited, through official FAO channels, to participate in the operation of Prior Informed Consent as importing countries. If there is no reply to the initial contact, a follow up letter will be sent 60 days after the first one. In countries where there is an FAO representation, FAO Representatives will seek a decision from the country. Until a response is received, it will be assumed that the country does not wish to participate. It is expected that all pesticide exporting countries will participate in the PIC scheme. Step 2 - Designation of National Authority Member Natios will be invited to designate the appropriate authority which should supply FA0 with the notices of control action taken by the goverment. This authority will be responsible for receiving and giving notices on decisions an whether the country wishes (to continue) to receive imports of pesticides included in the PIC procedure. For information purposes FAO will also be informed about the authority that has technical respons- - ibility for pesticide use and/or control (registration authority or equivalent). Step 3 - Notification of Control Actiocs The designated National Authority would advise FAO of control actioms taken in the country to ban, to refuse registration, everely restrict a pesticide for health or enviroamental reas ons, as inc. d in the definition, as well as any other actions to withdraw a pesticide for health or environmental reasors. This does not include actios to revoke or withdraw a pesticide registration for non-sub:e sion of data or for cennercial reasons. In deciding to notify, countries mst abide by the definitions of banned and severely restricted in the Code of Cooduct, namely: Banned means a pesticide for which all registered uses have been prohibited by final govertment regulatory action, or for which all requests for registration or equivalent action for all uses have, for health or environmental re a , not been granted. Severely restricted - a limited ban - means a pesticide for which virtually a'! registered uses have been prohibited oy final government regulatory action Zor health or environmental reasons,1'/ but specific registered use or uses remain authorized. The informarion forwarded to FAO should be provided in the format shown in the Annex to this ARpendix. It should be noted that the reasons for the control action for health or environmental reasons should be provided in each case. A separate form should be completed for each pesticide. Countries shculd be prepared to provide additional detailed information on request. Step 4 - Selecting pesticides to be included in the PIC procedure FAO will, in cooperation with UNEP/IRPTC and other relevant organizations, review all notifications to ensure conformity with the definitions. Pesticides will be included in the PIC procedure when FAO is advised by a government that it has taken final control action consistent with the definition of banned or severely restricted for health or environmental reasons in the Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides. Additionally, an FAO Expert Panel will consider the problem of acutely hazardous pesticide formulations, i.e. those that pose particular handling problems, to determine if there exists a need for a list of such products to supplement the pesticides already subject to the PIC procedure. This Panel should include national pesticide registrars and representatives from WHO and UNEP. They may call upon expertise as they deem necessary and will review formulations which are included in WHO Class 1A. If the Panel concludes that there are acutely hazardous pesticide formulations of concern to developing countries that are not already included in the PIC procedure, a supplemental list of such formulations will be recommended for inclusion. FAO will develop a 'PIC decision guidance document" for each pesticide to be circulatec with the notice of control action for response by participating importing countries and for information of other countries. Pesticides that have already been subject to control action For pesticides that have already been subject to control action, a different procedure will be followed. Close cooperati.n with UNEP (IRPTC) will be sought for such a procedure. All FAO Member Governments will be asked to submit notifications of past control actions for health and environmental reasons before 31 December 1989. These will then, in cooperation with relevant Organfiationis, together with information already available in IRPTC, be evaluated on their conformity with the definitions. PIC guidance documents will be developed, initially for pesticides banned or severely restricted in five or more countries, for those pesticides that conform to the definitions and these PIC guidance documents will be submitted to participating governments for decision. Superceded pesticides will not be submitted to this procedure as they will not appear in international trade. NOTE: THE MAJORITY OF COAG SUPPORTED LEAVING TEE "TRIGGER" LEVEL UNCRANGED, I.E. YIVE OR MORE ACTIONS 1/ "For health or environmental reasons" was not repeated in the definition of severely restricted in the Code but is included in this paper for clarification. Step 5 - FAO Processing ot Notification FAD will inform Member Nations of control actions taken and will send a PIC decision guidance document on the pesticide to the designated national authority. This document will provide a summary of information including chemical and physical properties, uses, source of exposure, toxicity profile, countries that have taken control actions and the reasons for such actions and also, when available, suggested possible alternatives. It should be recognized that any suggestion of alternatives can only be general in nature, as specific alternatives could only be recommended following a careful study of the pest/crop complex in an individual country. Step 6 - Response by Participating Countries After each notification, acimortig country that -has -decided to - participate in the PIC procedure in Step -1, would advise FAO whether or -not it will allow imports -of-the pesticide(s) in question. 1/ A response should be made within 90 days of advice being sent from FAO to the designated national authority. k country may make a final response or an interim response. Final response A final response will consist of a statement by the national authority as to whether or not the country will bau imports for health or environmental reasons. It is understood that the country will also discontinue production for the national market if importation is banned for health or environmental reasons, or whether importation will only be allowed under specified, stated conditions. It is also understood that the importing country may wish to permit the use of products that are in stock at the time the prohibition of imports is imposed. Interim res onse In an interim response the country would advise aNout each pesticide in the PIC procedure in one of the following ways: I. A request for further information. 2. A statement that future importation is under review. 3. A- request for assistance to-evaluate the pesticide. X__ Any of tbe replies may be accompanied by an interia importation statemnt that the importation will or will not be allowed, or whether importation vJU only be allowed under specified, stated conditions, during the period until a final dezision is reached. In the event that such statement is not made, the status quo will continue (see meaning of no r.sponse). 1/ An import order by a Government authority will be assur,d to have the consent of the Government and, thus, to have precedence over the PIC procedure. Meanit of no resocase I sane instances a participating imporing country may not respond. Every effort will be made to avoid such a situation, but If it does occur, it will be considered as described in this paragraph. If a country does not make a final response or if it responds with less than a final response without providing an interim importation statement, the status quo with respect to importaticas will continue. This means that the pesticide should not be exported withouz t'h explicit consent of the importing country, unless the exporter has eviL.nce that it is a pesticide that is registered in the importing country or if it is a pesticide the use of which has been allowed by the imparting country. National control on imports At the time an interim or final decision to ban importation for health or enviramental reasans is made, the national agency respeasible for controlling imports will be instructed to take the relevant import control actions. 1here s mch exis ts , local production will also be subjected to the control action. Importing countries would take all necessary measures to prohibit importation and local production. Step 7 - Action to be taken by FAO FAO will advise all designated national authorities of the respoases of individual countries. FAO will maintain a database on country decis ions and will also make information available to national authorities at regular intervals in an appropriate form. FAO will seek advice it regular intervals and review the criteria for inclusion of pesticides in tae PIC procedure and the operation of the PIC scheme and will report to its Member Governments on its findings . Step 8 - Actions to be taken by exporting countries National authorities of exporting countries would inform the appropriate authorities and the pesticide export industry of decisicas by importing countries. Governments would implement appropriate procedures, within their authorities, to help ensure that exports do not occur contrary to the decisicr of the participating importing country. INFORMATION EXCHANGE The successful operation of. -the.process of Prior.inf armed .Consentfar. Pes ticids lelelyjde indant on-th fre - exchange and -ij1d pr7cs:ing - of information provided by various countries. The PIC prZcedure -is in addition to. and does not replace, any system of information exchange between countries nor doe it influence the right of any country to seek additional information on the reas os for any control action which a country may take on a pesticide. ANNEX TO APPENDIX E BANNED OR SEVEREI-v RESTRICTED PESTICIDES REPORT TO FAO 1 COUNTRY 2 NAME, ADDRESS AND CONTACT OF ORGANIZATION SUPPLYING INFORMATION .T.1-. ..... Tel-.hone ". . .. .x. 3 -IDNTIYOF, PESTICIDE - Common-name .............................................. Distinguishing name Chemical name ......... 4 _cMARY OF REASONS FOR RANNING OR SEVERELY RESTRICTING ......o.......................................... 5 SUMMARY OF REMAINING USES OF SEVERELY RESTRICTED PESTICIDES ................................................ ............. v....... .................................................................... ............................... .................... ................. . . . ................................... ...... . 6 NAME, ADDRESS AND CONTACT FOR MITE INFORMATION (if different from 2) Telex........... . n ...... . a .. *. ........ . ............. _____________0_._. . . . . . . . . . . . . .____ * .. .-?.m. .r. .- . . . . . - t ***................ .... .. - - 'Telex........ ..-';e e hne.........ax. ..... -7 LMS ANY RELEANT REFERENCES .................................................................. .................................................................. ................................................................... 8 DATE ABOVE DECISIONS CAME INTO FORCE (date) (month in words) (year) 9 SIGNATURE ............................. (Person) ............................ (Designation) ..............................(Date as day/month/year) MAN in conjunction with ICI have developed the SENTINEL WATER EFFLUENT TREATMENT-PLANT use in snall scale iJustnal operations as well as agnculture and other areas where envronmental consaderatbons are important (The Carto-Flo Treatment from ICI removes organmc substances from the water.) - A major step forward in the prevention of environmental pollution. Treatment packs designed for each 1000 litre batch of effluent. A tred and tested system used by ICI in large scale industrial operations worldwide. Treatment 'cleanses' contaminated liquors to give water which can be safety discharged into soakaways and with Water Authonty consent, sewers. The small quantities of sludge produced can be disposed of to lard-fill via waste disposal contractors. Tell-tale colour wodicator for fitter saturation. Fully portable plant. MAIN TANK Working caaary 1000 htres GRAVEL FILTER PADDLE, VAV AGITATORL SLUDGE TANK CARBON FILTERS SPECIFICATION COLLECTION TANK 1000 Irtre worang capacity. FRAME Constructed h 4 1 Mid steel. C/w Mu red from pothyene. access tadder and guard ratl, tacatty for tatOnal mouilded with skudge three point linkage and/or fork ht. transfer vatve. Overftow safety cut-out to prevent LIOUID CIRCUIT 5 metres of suctbon hose c/w thoatng e fitler. and al necessary vatves and discharge ppes. AGITATION PADDLE Electncafty dnven moor. 12 volt OCI SPPIN WEIH 680 kg 240 volt AC single phase. Mechanicai action. DIMENSIONS 2-2 x 1.16 x 3.0 m FILTERS One gravel pre-iter with back flow OPTIONS Active agent tousion systern. cleaning tac*uty. Castor wheels. Two activated carbon filters with Remote e;ectronac controL replaceable eiements. Operator protectve kiL Spray boom collection kit FILLING PUMP Centrtugal puv driven by 2 hp Clean water tank. single phase electc or 3 hip petrol S*nft%W IS serui 0r9=hCaso a.nc Faow me ergiwe. d a me i situcina nuaL C'arice.9 is a trade stldtI Ci SDGE efrom eye" e sa tCad ark d E_ A&rOr & CompaW Ltd. E_ A&- C-wa reW sere mne ngr to ae specon or des wioupA SE.Aman & Company Ltd .rl l .kdBidham Road, Chichester, West Sussex, P020 78T, England ..JLZ .1 :AL A. 3 Telephone: (0243) 512511 Telec 86286 Facsumle. (0243) 511171 wORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 0 M:CAEfAUV ORGANISATMON VONDIALE DE LA SANTE /SaC/88.953 ENGLI S ONLY THE WHO RECOMMENED CLASSIFICAMION OF PESTICIDES BY HAZARD and GUIDELT TO CLASSIFICATION 1988-89 1. INTRODUCTION The WRO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard was approved by the 28kh w4orld Bealth Assembly in 1975 and has since gained wide acceptance. Wben it uas published in the URO Chronicle, 29. 397-401 (1975), an annex, which was not part of the Classification. illustrated its use by listing examples of clasaification of soe pasticidal active ingredients and chair formlations. Later suggestions were made by Member Stares and pesticide registration authorities that further guidance should be given on the classification of individual pesticides. Guidelines were first issued in 1978, and nave since been irevised and reissued at 2-yearly intervals. The document is arranged as follows: Part 1: The Classification as recaended by the World Health Assembly. This part is noc subject to periodic review and the classification table and text can only be changed by resolution of the World Health Assembly. Part LI: Guidelines to Classif ication. Individual products are classified in a series of tables, according to the oral or dernal toxicity of the technical product, and its physical -cate. The rables are subject to review periodically. The toxicity values are intended to be a guide only. Formulations should be separately classified using the methods set out on pages 2 (single technical product) and 5 (mixtures) and the table in Pa 't 1. To assist in the classification of formulations, an annex is now provided giving numerical tables from which the classification may also be derived. Comments on Part II of the document are welcome, together vith proposals for new e-ttries. These should be addreased to the Division of Vector Biology and Control, WHO, 12U Geneva 27, Switzerland (attention Medical Officer/Toxicologist), and should include suppor-king data on the compound being commented on or proposed. Thais document is a revision of t e documiet previously issued as VBC/86.1. In this revision, there are importanc changes in the classification of rodenticides and pyrethroid insectic-ides. These are explained in- table 8A, special acce. Oft OfVAZaMM CWHM). NV 80 r4Mh We r@UrWW NUUMa ~mona de in Smau JOMS) qt oUmn in ctog v te orquwn. The omen may. wn m. afft "M 6on r Dr er 1konumon SU omA kme t* freso 1TV aovacumL meuc for arAk@men. reaM6 ou ca6 n muce resaenon, a ne m wt or i whai, but nat for so or use i onongua sMaUe c uu C@=XkMt &Ie DOMf aint. mhe"- taM Uth om wpm a on toitei. ~u t wen o de fins cowumarae. The Vism . iind d0AXW= by ncom: asa&ars L=s 091"ae "' nw VAr elitfs in doomm per 401 aUWSmu are nWo Ve remprm6fty of 'm vithww'om.-ataueeuuatas catorierirn-pp ps la L UBovac/88. 953 pqe 2 PART I ECMVMtEDED CIASSIFICATIOh OF PESTICIDES 8l HAZARD Extract from WHO Chronicle, 29: 397-401 (1975) In 1973, the WNO Executive Board asked the Director-G*neral of WhD to take steps to develop a tentatlve classification of pesticides that would distiaguish between the *ore and the less hazardous forms of each pesticide. A proposal for a WHO recommended classification of pesticides by hazard was accordingly prepared, taking into account the views of members of the WHO Expert Advisory Panel on Insecticides and other expert advisory panels with special competence and interest in pesticide technology. as well as the coments of WH Omember States and of two international agencies. This proposal was adopted by the Twent-eighth World Health Assembly, which recommended the use of the classification by ?ember States, international agencies, and regional bodies. The hazard referred to in this Recommendacion is the acute risk to bealth (that is, the risk of single or multiple exposures over a relatively short period of time) that eight be encountered accidentally by any person handling the product in accordance with the directions for handling by the manufacturer or in accordance with the rules laid down for storage and transportation by competent international bodies. Any classification based on biological data can never be treated as final. In the assessment of biological data, honest differences of opinion are inevitable and most border-line cases can be reclassified in an adjacent class. Variability or inconsiscency in toxicity data due to differences in susceptibility of test anizals, or to experimental techniques and materials used, can also result I differing assessments. The classification criteria are guidepoiars intended to supplement but never to substitute for special knowledge. sound clinical judgement or experience with a compound. Reappraisal might be necessary from time to time. Basis of classification The classification distinguishes between the more and the less hazardous forms of each pesticide in that it is based on the toxicity of the technica compound and on its formulations. In particular, allowance is made for the lesser hazards from solids as compared with liquids. The classification is based primarily on the acute oral and dezal toxicity to the rat since these determinations are standard procedures in toxicology. ihere the dermal LD0' value of a compound is such chat it would place it in a more restrictive class than the oral U.Do value would indicate, the compound will always be classified in the more restrictive class. Provision is made for the classification of a particular compound to be adjusted if, for any reason, the acute hazard to man differs from that indicated by LD50 assessments alone. LD ofa the rat (ug/kg body veight) Cas Oral Dermal Soli Liquid Sli! Liquids! la EZresely hazardes 5 or less 20 or Less 10 or Less 40 or less lb withly hazsrdms 5-50 20-V0 10100 &0-400 11 MrSerately hazardous S0-500 200-2000 100-1000 600-4000 iI Sliebtly hazardoqsb over Son over 2000 Over 1000 Over L000 The term solids sad liquids" rafer to tha phsical state of the product or formLstice being classified. b - See also Part II, Guidelines, para 7 of h-tes. 1The IDS0 value is a statistical estimate of the unmber of ag of tox.;aut per kg of body weight required to kill 501 of a large population of test auinals. & W/VCJ$8953 page 3 Application of the criteria for classificavion (a) Where it is shown that for a particular compound the rat is soc the most suitable -st animal (for example. if another species is conspicuously more sensitive or more closely resembles man in its reactions) then the classification of that compound should take this into account. (b) In practice, the majority of classifications will be made on the acute oral LD50 value. However, dermal toxicity must always be considered since it has been found that, under most conditions of handling pesticides, a high proportion of the total exposure is dersal. Classification based on dermal data in a class indicating a great risk is necessary when the dermal LD50 values indicate greater hazard than oral LD0 values. (c) If the active ingredient produces irreversible damage to vital organs, is nighly volatile, is markedly cumulative in its effect, or is found after direct observations to be particularly hazardous or significantly allergenic to man, then adjustments to the classification can be made by classifying the compound in a class indicating a higher hazard. Alternatively, if it can be shown that the preparation is less toxic or hazar*ous than expected from consileration of the LD50 values of the ingredient or ingredients, or for any other reason. adjustments should be made by classifying the compound in a class indicating a lower hazard. (d) In certain special cases the acute oral or dersal LD50 values of the compound or formulation should not be used as the main basis for classification. In such cases (for example, aerosol preparations. other special formulations and fum,gants), more appropriate criteria should be used. (e) It is highly desirable chat. whenever practicable,- toxicological data for each formlation to be classified should be available from the manufacturer. However. if sucti data are not obtainable, then the classification may be based on proportionate calculations -from the LD50 values of the technical ingredient or ingredients, according to the following ormula: LD5O active ingredient x 100 Percentage of active ingredient in formulation If the formulation contains more than one-ingredient (including solvents, vetting agents, etc.) of significant toxicity-enhancing properties, then the classification should correspond to the toxicity of the mixed ingredients. (f) With a few exceptions, pesticides have low volatility and therefore no.criteria are at present set out for volatility in this Recommendation. The inclusion of such criteria is unlikely to affect the classification of pesticides by hazard except in the case of volatile fusigants used in agriculture and food storage. On the other hand, when the criteria are applied to pesticide formulations based on solvents or to other chemicals, account must be taken of volatility and consequent inhalation toxicity. Effects of classification and labellingi While no specific symbols to identify classes are included in the Recommeandation, the following are the general implications of the classification as regards labelling. The ai should be uniforaity in the statement on the nature of the risk (by phrase andlor symbol) on the label of the product, irrespective of the country of origin or use. Labels of products classified in classes Ia and Ib should bear a symbol indicating a high degree of hazard (usually a type of skull and crossboues) and a signal word or phrase, e.g. POISON or TOXIC. The presentation of the symbol and word or phrase, in terms of colour, size and shape should ensure that they are given sufficient prominence on the label. The text should be in the local langugage and for all formulations should include tme approved name of the active ingredient or ingredients, the method of use, and precautions to t-e taken in use. For classes Ia and Ib, symptoms and immediate treatment of poisoning should also be included. I See also references 7 and 8. page 8. .AlWYaC/88.953 page 4 The detailed precautions necessary for the use of a pesticide depend on the &acare of the for"ulation &%s the pattern of use and are best decided by a pesticide registration authority when accepting a commercial label. There are international agrewets on symbols to denote hazards fre 3aterials wfeich are inflammable. corrosive. explosive, etc.. and these should be consulted and used where appropriate. PART 11 GUIDELINES TO CLASSIFICATION OF PESTICIDES BY HA7ARD The main section of the guidelines consists of five tables preceded by notes on their use. Ln the tables, technical products have been classified as follows: Table 1. List of technical products classified in Class La (extremely hazardous)......... 9 Table 2. List oi technical products classified in Class Ib (highly hazardous).................. . . . . 11 Table 3. List of technical products classified in Class 1I (moderately hazardous).......... ..... . . . . 13 Table 4. List of technical products classified in Class III (slightly hazardous) . . . . o................ Table 5. List of technical products unlikely to present any acute hazard in normal tyse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 The tables are arranged in alphabetical order. Each technical product appears in one table only. In addition, the following tables show the details stated: Table 6. Technical products not included in the classification , and believed to be obsolete or discontinued for use as pesticides . . 24 Table 7. List of gaseous or volatile fumigants not classified under the WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by aar rd . . . ............ 15 Table 8. List of new entries in tables 1-5 and of major changes in existing entries in present revision ............ 26 AME How to find the hazard class of a formalation ....... 28 ALPA3ETICAL INDEX by name and table........ ...... . . . . . . . . 33 WIA/VSC/8.953 pae 5 NOTES OM THE IE OF TE TABLES IN CLASSIFICATTOR The final classification of any product is intended to be by formulation The classification given in the tables below is of technical comPoads, -nd oly forms the starting point for the final classification of an actual formulation. It is by far preferable that the final classification of a foralation should be based on toxicity data obtained on that formulation by the manfacturer: the criteria set out in tLe table of the Classification in Part I are then applied to this first-hand data. Only if this is not available should the formula be used, as shown in Part 1 on page 3 to extrapolate the LD50 of the formdation from that of the technical product. In this event, the single oral or dermal value of the LD5D given in the tables below should be used in the formala, taking into account the physical state of the formulation. See also the Aname on page 28. The following important points should be noted. 1. While the classification deals only with the acute risk to health, evaluations of other effects, including cancer, have been completed for many compounds for registration purposes. Where othet effects have been shown to occur in.,man, these are noted in the 'Remarks' column and may have in some cases resulted in an adjusred classification. 2. Wherever possible, the data are listed under internationally approved common names, or if such names are not at present available, under nationally approved names. Trade names are not given since there are many of these. 3. A list of references that may be used for the identification of pesticides is given at the end of these introductory notes , and the manufacturer should always assist by specifying any existing approved or common names for his product. * 4. It is not possible to include classification of mixtures of pesticides in the guidelines: very many of these are marketed vith varying concentrations of active constituents. There are three possible approaches to the classification of mixtures - in order of preference: (a) require the formulator to obtain reliable acute oral and dermal toxicity data for rats on the actual mixture as marketed: or (b) classify the formulation according to the most hazardous constituent of the mixture as if that constituent was present in the same concentration as the total concentration of all active constituents: or (c) apply the formula C C C L T. A1 3 T T where C - the X concentrations of constituent A, B ... Z in the mixture where T * the oral LD50 values of constituents A, a ... Z where TI - the oral LD50 value of the mixzure. The formula can be also be used for dermal toxicities provided that this information is available on the same species for all constitutuents. The use of this formula does not take into account any potentiation or protective phenomena. 5. In the tables below, single figures have been given as LDS0 values for classification purposes, using the route as described in the table. These figures are not median values, but a safety margin is incorporated by choosing the lower confidence limit in most cases. Where a sax difference occurs in LD0 values, the value for the more sensitive sex is used. A sumber of adjustments to Classiication have bee made in respect of some pesticides and these are explained. A borderline case has been 1lassified ia the more or less hazardous class after consideration of its toxicology and use experience. W-0/VBC/88. 953 page 6 6. Festicides have been classified on the basis of the physical state of the technIcal product. It may happen in a few cases that where the technical product is a solid, hishly concentrated liquid formulations say need tc be classified in a more hazardous class. In most cases, oils (used as a physical and not a chemical term) have been classified as Liquids anless very wiscous at ordinary teeratures. 7. In Table 5, a number of pesticides are listed as unlikely to present any acute bazard in normal use. The WHO classification is open-ended but it is clear chat there must be a point at which the acute hazard posed by the use of these compounds is so low as to be negligible provided that the precautions are taken that should be used in dealing with any chemical. In compiling this table, it has been assumed that this point is an oral LD50 of 2000 ag/kg for solids and 3000 ag/kg for liquids. However, it should not be overlooked that in formulations of these technical products, solvents or vehicles say present a greater hazard than the actual pesticide and therefore classification of a formulation in one of the higher hazard classes may be necessary. 8. Biological pesticides are not included in this Classification. DTRIES AND ABSKEVIATIONS USED IN1 THE TABLES The following notes apply to Tables 1 to 5. Status (Column 2): ISO: Common name approved by the International Organization for Standardization. Such names are, when available, preferred by WHO to all other common names. However, attention is drawn to the fact that some of these names may not be acceptable for national use in some countries. If the lecters ISO appear within parentheses, this indicates that ISO has standardized (or is in the process of standardizing) the name of the base, but not the name of the derivative lisced in column 1. For example, fentin acetate (ISO) indicates that fentin is an ISO name, but fentin acetate is not. N( ): Approved by a national ministry or other body, which is shown in the parentheses as follows: A: United States Environmental Protection Agency or American National Standards Institute or the Weed Science Society of America or the Entomological Society of America: 3: British Standards Institution, or the British Pharmacopoeia Commission F: Association frangaise de Normalisation; J: Japanese Kinistry of Agriculture and Forestry; U: Gosudarstvennyi Koaitet Standartov, USSR. C: Chemical, trivial, or other common name. page 7 main me (Column 3): In mast cases only a stagle u-se is given. This is only for identification purposes and does not exclude other uses. I AC acaricide AP ap&Licide 3 becteriostat (soil) FM fumigant F fungicide. other than for seed treatment FST fungicide, for seed treatment H herbicide I insecticide IGR insect growth regulator Ix ixodicide (for tick control) L larvicide N molluscicide KT aiticide N nematocide O other use for plant pathogens PCR plant g:owth regulator R rodenticide RP( ) repellant (species) -S , applied to soil: not used vith herbicides or plant growth regulators. ST synergist Chemical type (Column 4): only a limited number of chemical types are shown. Most have some significance in the sense that they may have a common ancidote or may be confused in the nomenclature with other chemical types e.g. thiocarbamates are not cholineaterase inhibic:ors and do not have the same effects as carbamates. C carbanate chloronitrophenol derivative OC organocklorine compound OM organomercury compound OP organophosphorus compound OT organotin compound P pyridyl derivative PA phenoxyacetic acid derivative Py pyrethroid T triazine derivative TC thiocarbamate These chemical classifications are included only for convenience, and do not represent a recommendation of the part of the World Bealth Organization as to the way in wkich the pesticides should be classified. It should, furthermore, be understood that some pesticides may fall into more than one type. Chemical type is not shown where it is apparent from the name. Physical state (Column 5): refers only to the cechnical compound. L liquid, including solids with a melting point below 50 OC: oil oily liquid - refers to physical state only S solid, includes waxes. Route (Column 6): Oral route values are used unless the dermal route values place the compound in a more hazardous class, or unless the dermal values are significantly lover than the oral values, although in the same class. D dermal 0 oral 1250* ag/kg (Col=m 7): The LD50 value is a statistical estimate of the number of as Sof toxicant per kg of body weight required to kill 50% of a large population of test animals: the rat is used unless otherise stated. A single value is given: -c" preceding the value indicates that it is a value vithin a wider than usual range, adopted for classification purposes: + preceding the value indicates that the kill at the stated dose was less than 50% of the test animls, and is used for typographical reasons in place of the symbol> . BBD/VBC/88. 953 page 8 anarks (Column 8): (a) Where the classification of a technical product has been adjusted, the basis for this is indicated in this column. (b) Major irritant properties are noted: these do not affect classification. (c) Where the name of a technical product is cross-referenced, the referenced product will be found in the same table. (d) DS followed by a number indicates that a FAD/WHO Data Sheet of that number contains further information on the product. (e) ERC followed by a number indicates that an issue of that number in the Environmental Health Criteria series has been published by the International rogramme on Chemical Safety. In addition, other Environmental Bealth Criteria have been published on general topics relevant to some chemical classes of pesticides listed. These numbers are given in References 9-11 below. REFERENCES The following references may provide a useful source of informacion on identification o. pesticides. 1. Armstrong Love, D. & Stiles, A. R. (1973) Pesticides - nomenciature, specifications, analysis, use and residues in food, Bull. Wld flth Org., 49, 169-204. 2. Wiswesser, W. J., Pesticide Index, College Science Publishers, Entomological Society of America, 5th edition, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States of America. 3. Kenaga, E. E. & End, C. S. (1974) Commercial and erMerimental organic insecticides, Entomological Society of America, 4603 Calvert Road, College Park, Maryland 2040, United States of America (Rev.), 77 pp. 4. The Pesticide Manual, A World Compendium (8th edition 1987), Britisn Crop Protection Council. 20 Bridporr &oad, Thornton Heath, CR4 7QG,, United Kingdom. 5. International Organization for Standardization (1981) Pesticides and other agrocheaicals - common names, Geneva (ISO 1750). (Copies available only from national standards institutes). 6. United States Departmenc of Health, Education and Welfare, Registry of Toxic effects of Chemical Substances (annual publication), Center for Disease Control, Rockville, Narylan 20852, United States of America. I 7. International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAD), Rome, 1986. 8. Guidelines on good labelling practice for pesticides: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAD), Rome 1985. 9. Tix and Organocin Compounds: Environmnanl aealth Criteria 15, International Programe. for Chemical Safety, WHO, Geneva, 1960. 10. Organphosphorous Insecticides - A General Introduction: Environmental Health Criteria 63, International Programme for Chemical Safety. WO. Geneva, 1986. 11. Carbama:e Pesticides - A General Introduction: Environmental Health Criteria 64, International Programme for Chesical Safety, WHD, Geneva, 1986. t.dU/WUCJ38. 953 page y TauL i. LIST ar EICL enneæ aassxrE Im ass A K - ff= 5ZaInm- Stacu ain Ceca~ l Pnyical ouce LD&0 aM~*a us type scac. u6fkg (1) 0~2) (3) (4) (5 (6 (7() aldlcarb ISO 1-5 C S 0 0.93 DS Si arwe~ amid* C R S a 180 A4)usted clsrXcacioU ee* note i. end ck cane EW 18 brodfacos ISO R 0 0.3 " 57 bronadloem ISO R S 0 1.12 brom"the.l2 ISO S 2 caliu1m cya~ide C PN S 0 39 ådjsce c~Ulcaaclof, se note 2. ad o cA&Le captfel ISO F 5 0 5 000 åajsted eCAsa~iCaUo: et noe 6. *De Ot c~4U chlorfenvipboe ISO I OP L 0 10 chlormapho ISO I OP L 0 7 e ~oropbacla~e ISO I S c 2..L DS 62 cLorthiopboe ISO I OP L k 9.1 Couffia ISO I OP L 0 7.1 crlmldIne ISO R s 0 1.25 CwP - NW See cnlorienvinpooe cyclobimide ISO F 0 2 DmCP N(J) at dibrmacorupropane deephon-0 and -S ISO iP 0 15 deacow-O and -5 ISO I OP L 0 1-. u 60 dlbr~oohloropropan C F-S L 0 170 djustea cLassificatio; see note J. enW or taole difenacoan ISO I t u 1.4 difolatem S(J) >et captaro diætiaz ISO I OP L 0 1 Volatile di~bacIno~e ISO R S 0 2.-% dI~=otso ISO I Op L 0 2.6 DS 64 "NV W&. I OP 1~ net ote 7. en7a, t ctL le ecboproNs ISO 1-5 OP L D 26 S7 etboprop K(A) 5et e~prop--- ethylchlometoo N(J) s ta~ ~phos ISO N OP L 0 15 fens~lfoth"On ISO OP 0 3.5 DS 4. flocoten K(B) x S O 0.1 foæofos ISO 1-5 OP L 1> c8 fosthiaean ISO OP L Q 5.7 bezachlorøbenzene 150 FST sD 10 000 Adjusted clas.ZIcation; "«e note . ena oL tablý IPSP N(J) 1-5 Op . . 26 leptophos ISO i oP P 0 50 Ajuste cassIfcacon; see nor 5. en ot t~* DS 36 M(74 ()Se dlailocon r K( See scopoo meosiolan ISO I OF0 mercurte chloride ISO F-5 S 0 aerkapcopbos U(U) Mo atx* mxa merkap topOesteoiovy, se daon gea~ U se. p4racao-mecuyl »eviftbos ISO I OLD 4 "DS 14 parathlon ISO I 1 I 13 05 6 parathm-ethyl ISO I Op L 0 14 % 7 phylWrcury aca"te ISO PST S 0 30 Adjutød classztcation; set noe ta aole phorace ISO I Op L 0 2 DL7s phosfoa ISO I L L 0 9 pho.phidOG ISO I OP L 0 7 D 74 prothoace ISO AC,I OP L 0 8 red squ.ll Se acilulrosade schrada ISO I OP L 0 9 sc1lliroelde C 5 S O cO.5 Isauces Va~fhtn i¥ :Cdih flmro~*cate C A5 0 0.2 DS lo stoep ISO I Op L 0 5 TISO A OP L 0 1.1 ter~ao ISO - OF L 0 c£ thi10aes ISO N Op L 0 il chlof~s M(V) See paraczao ciet N(<) Søe peorate crichlormat ISO -S OP L 0 16 WMIK/C/8.953 psge 10 Notes to elas a 11 Arse~os oxide (also kno as arsniC trioxide. arseni oxide. and ~hite arsenic) ha a ~ni lecnaL dose for bnne of 2 mAa. Evidence of caminog~enclty tor basa is lutficient. Z. Calci~ cyaide is ie CLes La as it rats with ~Cisture to pro~ice hydrogen cyanide gas. The gas is not clafsited ~nder the O sys~e (se Table 7). 3. bbropochloropropane has been found to case sterility in hu~sns an is mAutageic and carcinoge~c in 4. Hexachlorobenzene has caused a serious outbreak of porphyria in na~~. See alDO WU Tecnica. daport Serien b>. 555 (1976). 5. Leptophos has be shown to cause delayed neurocoxicity. 6. Phenylaercur7 a-mt.L is hLghly toxic to mumals and very sall doces baie produced renal lesioas: teratogenic in the rat. 7.LEN has been reported as causing delayed neurocoxicity in bens. 8. Captatol is carcifogenic in boch race and ene. 'IXE F~A CLASSIFICATION CF ANY PROC DEPES ON ITS FORMULATION. See page 5. and the Ann-m. TeEFJJ LSIIÅINC N * cr ar In wr.rdE tt t s e msseer s ya Exasha se . :0 I ø ~~ y x ~ D-e-4ID-U~*~ b4 -,~108 o/NBC/8.953 page 12 TAELE 2. LI=T O TrEC L PMWtS CLASSIFIED IA CLASS I 'ICELY lmAnZ~ - (Con d) Holo Stacus MaF cha ys Pyical boute LD5O &1arlta oae type Atate og/kg (1) () (3)(4 (5 (6 (7(S thylwrkapo-Se d cn-S yl phoeeolovy amtIlmarkapco- X(U) Se oxydeaecn-metny aho~nkid ~etrilcri~cilan (U) Seea ans-methyl anrotophos ISO I OP S 0 14 MPP *(J) Se fenttuo Uncoc~e ISO L 0 50 nltrilacarb ISO I C 5 0 9 Ochoate ISO I 0 L 0 50 :aflyl ISO I C 5 0 6 DS 54 ory~aon~chyl ISO O t 0 65 -xydeprofos w(I) Sem ESP par a green C L S 0 2.2 Copper-*rsn~c co-p~~ p.neacloroph.ao m ISO ,C S D 80 Irricanc to &Cin p~emy1.rcury nitrat* C FST Gt 5 Oral LDw0 n3t avaia6", rac J.V. LD50 is 27 sg/kg PrPmhos-ethyl IS I Op L 0 140 propaphos - !J) I OP L 0 70 propecamphos ISO I OP L 0 75 Sodtum arseaite C R S 0 10 sod1 cyaald..t C R S 0 6 strychine C K S 0 16 TITO See bas-(trzbutyltin) oxide tefluthrin W(S) 1-5 PT S 0 c22 Se. taole SA, special note chiofanox ISO 1-5 C S 0 8 thloamton ISO I OP oil 0 120 DS 67 Lhazyl Se. oxamyl trIamipho ISO 5 0 20 trimt~ra ISO I OP L 0 82 triazoCIon N(D) See aznpoos-etay v~dohian ISO I Op L 0 103 warfarin ISO S 0 10 zinc phpMde C i S 0 45 os 24 Noten to Class II 1. Aocylottn has dayed systemic effects: Irritaat Co skin. 2. If4oro-1~.2-pror**adol inoni.cha dsage ia a 4terlan for maLe rata. thia cmpound s also ka'-m as a.lpha-chlorohydria TE IL CISSICATION O ANY PiOSC: gu~ O S FnmnXIOE. Se. pege 5, t A . B/vCIas.95 I pese 13 %LU 1. LST a rcmicaL a mrD in CLASS il ^NaZk= UAZADrS- m~ Stats Mh C~cal Pbrygical &auce !LZ0 --t. see type stata gk alidncbj.Of r L. 0 700 Irritant to sain ana ey*s alpecyprmetia C I ?Y S G c9 an11t06 ISO s S 0 472 h~*carb ISO I C S 0 55 DS 52 hanlt" ISO I L 0 270 hesafe (U) See phoani~. c ISO Se WM b"tetria 1(1) I py S 0 c55 b izaparryl ISO A s 0 421 bloallethr C I l I L 0 c700 5e noce 5. end t tabe; alzo Lase *A, spec4a1 not* bisthreea2 J E S 0 cISO Inducas wmaing te mao romance. BritSee ienbgcarm brumerysil £30 I S 0 190 bro.ope 1<8) I S 0 c0 iso I C 0 87 ba~.Los ISO f L i 630 bacy.a ISO F L w 38 L zricant c, s"n c Uer 150 1 OC S 30 :S 2V: HC .5 carbaryt "o i e 0 c300# JS 3 carbs an LS I1 250 cartap ISO 1 0 325 C2=1aehs ISO Se quinalphs choraloge C i S 0 .OC chlortsam ISC I Oc 0 4o DS Jk: H.C 34 chlori~form ISO F s 0 340 catorfiaprop-ethy W ISO OC L 190 chodiSaform ISO A OC O4 clorpv~ ~dne N . 12, xc i(J) 54 &IC"øoteca400 * ~desan ISO I uC 40 is ts: ESC -0 *tei-sodia ISO I .. 51 JDIWBCaS8.93 TASLI 3. LIST OF EC4MI. PBæm3 CLASSIFIED 1I CLASS 11 -Mn-AXELY AANr 0 365 rofaad 1(U) :ee diaecboate £aam-AUC See gaåm-MC ISO I OC S 0 8 guaalatne ISO FST S 0 230 LDSO value reiers to triacetate balaxyfop m(A,A) N 5 0 393 uC ISO I OC 5 0 100 See note 1. enm o tabie beptacalor ISO I OC S 0 100 DS 19: EiC 38 imaUIl ISO F oil 0 320 loyni1 ISO H S 0 110 Loxy~il occaoaace ISO 5 S 0 390 soprocarb ISO I C S 0 403 k.arbatloG wUI) Se. La-sa"fi ilae ISO Se ga-MC "6 12 PY(J) See teutrottian mercaptodiettr See ath~ocarb morcuros chlaride C F S 0 210 ~ca-Ldøm ISO F-5 s 0 285 secbacrifot LSO I OP L 0 678 ~ethicarb ISO I C S 0 100 "ethyl isoaciocynate ISO F-5 S 0 175 eolccrb ISO I C S 0 268 MPC U(J) Se. isoprocarb uinte ISO a TC L 0 720 Se. xylylcarb Gab« ISO r TC 5 0 395 Goitroenic £a rats XAC "(J) See carbaryl nalod ISO i op L 0 430 norboilde ISD i S 0 52 2,4-PÅ "(J) See 2.4-0 PAP N(J) See pentboate paraq~at IS0 5 P s 0 150 Se aote 2. «ad af Cab~. D 4: EdC 39 pob~ate ISO R TC L 0 1 L: percarta 1S0 1. FY L 0 c500 Se* table 8U, special nece; DS 1 Pw (J) Se prop~tar p~estho"te 130 I op L 0 c400 os 48 s6oealee Iso i op L 0 120 ph~t ISO I.åC M S 0 230 pheIa ISO i op L 0 1 973 DS 31 p~a*.tog "MU Se. poe ptama MS0 I 5 0 50 ptpere ee 50 u &*il 0 324 prua~6r uo AP C s 0 147 ple11ercpa U() See ~-Pe--L r proe.tefee ISO I OP L 0 358 peffewaar m3 i c S 0 7& p~c~Usela UO ir L 0 1 520 prp ISO I C S 0 95 0 25 ~ ~»CtQ.953 page 15 TALE 3. LIST W ECICAL ~n -r CLA.SSIED II CLASS 11 -MAn = UAMMr (Ca-d) S State Kala h~cal Pby*tcal la~e L=SO L~.ma (1) ~~~~(2) (3() (5 (6 (7() protlofos ISO I o L 0 925 prothlopbo. Se. proauo 0t pyT s ISO F S 0 435 pyrechrt C I L 0 500- ixture of componds 1 000 prest in Pyretbrum Cineraefo lium and other tlover, DS 11 py~eqailoa ISO F S 0 120 qnihee ISO I O S 62 reglon (u) Se. dUquat roael M(A) 5e tc3c.Morpas rotnnme C I S0 U2- Como~•m troe i Sæ0 rooc* of Derris and Loa r app. LalIton Se di~aooaa0 SAY N(J) Se n su=ltide sec-batyla~ine Se. b«tyl~e n avin 4(U) Se* caraaryl sodium jlsoride ISO s 0 180 sodi m ISO L-S S 0 125 hexaf looro*i1icate sulfallace ISO N oil 0 aso Irri.ant to skin and eyes sulprofos ISO i OP oil 0 130 2.ISO H 5 500 See note 3. end of table TCA ISO See note 2 CG cable 5 car ten ISO T S 0 485 t!%laaflnron ISO s 0 278 chlazfluroo (B) see t "amai luron chlobencarb ISO 9 TC L 0 i 300 thoevela" ISO I S 0 310 htiNodn 1() See enoaulfan thlodicarb ISO I S 0 colylethyl- See metolcarb carbancte t ozapene I(A) Se campech.aor tralometrtn p(y) I FY S 0 c&5 trlchloroacettc acid Set note Z to table 5 cricyclazole ISO F S 0 305 trtde»orph ISO foil 0 650 ver~olate ISO I TC L 0 I 780 rylylcarb S(B) I C S 0 3w0 1otes to Clas& II l. HCB: The LDN0 varle* according to the ixture ot iaa rs. The valse .- has been choea. and tøe technical product placed iz Class II, as a re~Clt of the cmtiacsve properzies of th@ beta ismer. Z. Paraquat haa serimns delayed eftz if aborbed. It is of lov hasard b~ actual nse but very oaneroma if takeu by moscn accld~ntally. 3. 2.4,5-T may contain a coatanant TCDD which atects toxicity: It showld mot exceed 0.01 ag/a zechnical asterial Cyaeofe~phoa has been reported ae caugin delayed neurtoxicity in aa. It is no Im*4er anufactured. . Bioallethrin, esbLothria. etbiol, and edepallthrte are m~ehors ef the allehrin series; their tas1c1ty varte& cosiderably witkla this series. accordtag to coce~tratos of isoøer. MfE FIAL CLASSIICATIO 0F lI PUCT DErES om ITS FOwmXaLn. Se pa 5. nd the åas. |MOVBCIU8-953 pae16 TAE 4. LIST OF T~CAL PRODO CLLSS1FIE E. CUASS III SLITr= MAAeOM Sta~ lat= e-±ai Phy~ical Boet* LD50 temrks =e type state Ig/kg (() (2) (3) (4) () (6) (7) (8) ac[pmata IS0 I P S 0 945 aceLochler 1SD m L 0 2 950 ac1iluorfen IS0 u S 0 1 370 Strog Irricant to eyes alachlor ISO B S 0 930 allethrin ISO I py oil 0 c685 Se table a, speascl atyf" ISm T S 0 1110 ~traz ISO AC S 0 800 a.zathp~oe ISO I æ S 0 1 010 azidlthion 1(?) See =Un.Zan bar~ Io 8 S 0 1 300 beseltap ISO I S 0 1 100 ban£&~zne ISO s S 0 1 100 b~nzoylprop-ethyl IS0 n S 0 1 555 bangitblavre ISO0 S 0 1 20 brammte~rz= ISO I S 0 1 217 bro-0h- I30 I OF S 0 cl 600 DS 7& bulhnha4-1 IO 8 s 0 1 4W cacodylic acid Se. dl~tyl&ara~e acid carb«os * 1(U) See aiachian chlorf~nac IS0 9 OC 5 0 575 chlorfffethol MSO AC OC S 0 930 chlorfenoa ISO - oC s 0 c2 000 rri cant to skin chlornat "(c) se barb ,hlor~equat IO PC& S 0 670 chloroactic acid C B S 0 650 Irricant to . and eyes; data raters to eodiu salt chlorobeatilate ISO AC OC S 0 700 chlorocholine C Se cblo~squat culoride chlortI~ajd ISO I S 0 757 cieostrIx uo Se noce 5, end of table. and res.thria citrex E(U) See dodi e clotop ISO L 0 1 208 copper oxycloride C S 0 1 440 crufe te ISO I S 0 770 cycloste £30 I TC L 0 +2 000 cyb~atin ISO AC OT S 0 540 cy"uozs l ISO r s 0 1 196 da~oe•t ISO F-5 0 640 Irritant Lo skin and eyes 2,4-DB (1) B S 0 700 DC"N 1(J) Se* ch.LrttAmid dt See dielyl roilpæl=d. deydroeceic acid C 1 S 0 1 000 2,4-~ 1(0) Se Meblorprop 2,4-ES W(a,U) See dlal desetryn mS £ T 0 1 390 dlalyl dichoro- aceta= Se. dichlormid dichtl~- ISO FST 9 0 I 300 dichlor~id x(A) 0 L 0 2 000 dich,or«be*zene C s Mz eneof ~rsams IZ30 va~iee 500-5000 .s/kg dablheruphn ISO T 0C S 0 1 250 dichlorprop ISO I 8 0 800 dinefep ISO U S 0 565 diceol £S0 AC 5 0 c80 QS681 diethyl toinentae £S0 EP (amece)> L 0 c2 000 DS 80 dinuetbaeWr £30 E S 0 18600 d*.eteatrya ISO U T L 0 3 000 diueghipia ISO 3 S 0 I IS0 dianthylarsinic acLe C E S 0 i 350 dimecap £SO ACFM 3 0 90O 0 mg ~Ii unO/vkC/88.953 page 18 TAE 4. LIST OF TzmC AL PROMTS cASSFIED la CLASS I1I -SCKMr GAZTEDOm- (Com,d) M~ Scatus ?a"n ~asal Phystcal Rot LDd0 marks as type atace Og/k4 (1) (2) (3) (5) (6) (7) () pardichlorohsaaea. s** dichorohemame penwieba1n 150 m S 0 1 050 perflaidoe ISO m S 0 920 p~uaricin M(B) fS 0 2 730 See note 2, ad of cable piproctanyl ISO PC S 0 820 pirialpho" mechyl ISO I OP L 0 2 01 DS 49 prochl~ras ISO F S 0 1 600 propachlr ISO a 5 0 1 500 DS 78 prop~nil ISO 9 S 0 cl 400 propanite ISO AC L 0 2 200 prothiocarb ISO F-5 TC S 0 1 300 pyridate ISO B S 0 c2 000 qu 1iatop M(W) B S 0 1 670 Va~Um.cin ISO I PT S 0 2 000 See note 3. and of tabl. DS 63 rya~ia C I S 0 c750 LD50 varies: vag*aikla produce seax M(A) L 0 2 000 setbxydim ISO B L 0 3 200 s1V*x W(A) Se famoprop siatryn ISO B T S 0 1 830 sodian chlorate ISO B S 0 1 200 sulfoxide M(A) ST L 0 2 000 2, 3.6-TBA ISO S 0 1 500 tebuction~ ISO M 5 0 644 chr= LSO F S 0 560 DS 71 T() Sea thiras 2.4,5-TP N(F,J.u> Se fenoprop trladizioæ 150 r S 0 602 triadeuml ISO ST S 0 900 tri-allace ISm TC L 0 2 165 trthorfoo ISO I o S 0 560 DS 27 tricl~oyr ISO B S 0 710 tridphane M(&) B s 0 1 740 crtfemsorph ISO K s 0 1 400 DS 64 crifiuaiela 8(9) r s 0 695 uadeann C F(dogs, oi 0 2 500 cats) Dc M(J) I C S 0 542 Lirm ISO F S 0 1 400 irricant to akLn. DS 73 zoocomerln (0) Se artarta Note to Class III: 1. talackiow. Lb5 valne can vary accrd~ig to ~purities. Is valme has bes &dopted for clasifica*on purpes ed is that of a tcihca~ prod~ct conforming to W SpcIcacimoe. 2. iric: antibiotlc. ~Amrical -Lth teeecim and macam~ia. 3. Zseohrja is a m ture of e~ars, the t= iar (70- ) beg als k as biremeatia and the cia ~s r (20-30) am c~athria. BUoreahrta s 1am øs ef ach loer zoicyy (oral LDSO 9000 agt/kg) ad is che ebject of DB 34. I. app *,r la table 5. TuT f Fnu4L CZASS ICATIO o AfT Erwm=CT DEPMM OM = 70nEm.ATIn Seepgo5on heAn 补＿-. l}．。………………………………………………………………………：…………………………………………………………………；………………；………………………………，…！;. 20 T=a !k. L= Or TZCOUCJLL M== DNLM= 10 mzszw ACUTE &AL~ ni OMIAL (WT = lEcr P~ Im t&aLts) (coald) pby"CAI L~ stat* CRA dIcloraa cmc bi(J) 5** cycl=ýaa eredatlin *(j) ti 5 0 3 010 cyclo~ Ø(&) 5 0 3 9M C7CIU~ m 5 0 2 &W c trian x(S) 8 5 0 2 277 cyram~ =o L 5 0 3 3W da~ W(A.Z.F) 5 0 9 330 damla~ * 150 5 0 8 4M de*~ P~ uo la s 0 -Ø-9 hm dic~ 1» & $ 0 2 9M d~ *hanu 1» 9 5 0 3 144 d-jebjøfl---Id =0 1 5 0 5 000 d~orfmi~ x(U) dichl~icolle.lc acid dicl~trazal r T 5 0 -+w 000 diclaraa K(Z) r 5 u 4 om d~ blor 150 AC 5 0 3 160 dlacha"I 150 8 5 2 300 dllazamu-en 150 m $ 0 +7 750 dl.flubý 1» L 5 0 *4 640 Lis 77 dl-flufealcan 9(3) 9 5 0 4-2 wo d11oUtaa Z(J) S** ~tazoi dIkagulac 1» PCX s 0 +31 OM d19*famft rsø B s 0 +2 OM dlamthirl~1 L» f 5 0 2 350 dleatbyl »rk-l-te c &P~ L) 0 200 d t 0 s« "pb~yl dlp~ tr" 6 5 0 4 050 44p.g"I isociach- c ap*t>--Dol c 544 2--bydr~ ttjyl ofaroce 1.50 F 5 0 2 600 OCCY1 Sulpolde OrTza.lin LSO il 5 0 +10 000 ~i~ m 0 s 0 46 000 oxifte-co~ør ISO F 5 0 10 ow LSO r s 0 2 000 øxyflaorfaronyl btaxide K(A) SY oil 0 +7 500 prettlachlor LSD K 0 6 100 proey"dm= 150 F 0 6 &m profl~ 10 150 m s 0 cU, 000 pr*aliaa~ LSO li 0 14.4 om pro~con LSO R T 0 2 MO pr~try,n 150 m T s 0 3 130 prøp~ rb 150 F 5 0 8 &W propazýL~ LSO a T 5 0 +5 000 pro~ L90 8 5 0 5 OOD propt=b LSO m TC s 0 8 Sæ P-py~ d* LSD K s 0 8 350 pyr~rboild LSO F 5 0 is 000 P~ ¥(A) 'I- . -- qu~ klam,ace Søet cblori~ NM SØG chlm~chlý_oac ~aøø~ d LSO F s 0 +12 000 qaIntozamme LSO r 5 0 +12 000 Ejfc 41 «cb~cøa 150 a T s 0 2 6« sIduron ISO 8 5 0 -b-7 Sou ~ Oe LSO R T 5 0 +5 000 Odluw atcaborate c godlam CrIchloracatat* S" borax S- TCA noce z. at c~ scirotog s" pouc~ blor ~~turon S** tocracal~ta~ saltur Sea, ox~ soxpbur LSO 0 +3 030 Irrtt"t to &U.D gu~ Gaa~. 5616 TCA »C4k i. ~ af t~ 0 3 »0 tø a"ja «d 9~ tab~ =0 all 0 table c uo 7 5 0 17 500 £w 42 tø~ KO) 5~ c&cr~« tafla,bea~ S 0 +5 000 c cr L 0 8 «» tet~ l 5 0 +5 om T S 0 2 160 T 5 0 4M catr*c~via~ im CNP 2 0 om tuer~03 LW 5 0 7W MC 67 tøtzooftt~ uo 0 +3 om toer~ Læ AC 0 4 alo th"hma~01* 0 3 330 taEC/88-953 pag 23 U £ 5,. L=m oW IrMCAL r*= rr o = 1m m==&a auz ~a I E=L UE ( VMT SE E uT CIm TBLaL) (Cø,d) Statom ma.1* aama tysical a~*te LD5O Rarde~ -aa type kste ua/kg (1) (2) (3) (5) (6) (7) <8> Lldiazu.rme ISO S 0 '4 000 hiophaame IS r F 5 0 +10 oc thlophaat-1ethyl ISO p S 0 +6 000 tiocaraz11 ISO B TC L 0 10 000 COI-lofo-ethyl ISO ?-S S 0 c5 000 tolyfLonzid ISO r o 5 000 trieai*m ISO & T S 0 2 830 trifluraliz ISO £ S 0 +10 000 triforlat ISO i S 0 i4 000 valdoyci ¥() r S 0 +20 000 vincouola ISO r S 0 10 000 zineb ISO F S 0 +5 200 Note,: 1. Salp~Nr duat ca spontaneo.sly 1gnite -lesa dfl-red about 50 vith Inert material. 2. TCA: Thi ISO nase and the data #ho~n rafer to oda trichlioroacetate. In many countries, the sa Ctra (TCA) reførs to the free acid: thi. le a scld with an oral :.Ds of 400 mg/k and i~ used as a pesticide voald be plac~d it Claas UI. It is KIkly corroaive to skin. 0A CLASIFICATO& OF ANY FRXDUT DEFEllS N MT FOMULATION. Sew page 5. andthe I.-= ammac/8*.953 p 24 TABLE 6. ma . r T r II t rn Us m BEIETED TU CETO at Owr 0 D12COMMTn .r UzE as eSTmc*=n A. Au listod ta rn* provioum reviioa: acrolan grisotulv~n aUyxycar h.Lzydia. w~OuGai LP-498e athdlthion laoe=~ atraro. 10c11 atotboate Iyt~idathio bemeni=nw ancarbinsid btonat mcarpho caramorph mimahiuron carbanolae h.za acrbact ch laranajor»egban -tpa ox ch.loranrcyl orfaqat c~oTbemside normrs chlorbicy-le osapyraz chiortealphi46 o p e n choroatbo*ore ozdI=ulfoton cyp-amn parafl~ro cypr. 4d ph~nkapcom dftcl~acordic rfft cba i dichl~lino proxan-~ocm dan pyana" dioct TDe ethuoate ccrbarb f eaalor thioquinox f luenecil triLarimol glyodin trice 3. N11Iylsted In this rvItnon; the table sho&n is that In w~ich the product was listed in the prevlous revlaica. CIa9. La cyantbeac C] r b chlordecome atba=r n ot mnochc~c 2-mrth~rchyl ~ercury chloride achy mrcury dicyad1=da etaer. mthyl box~h.orocce. is.oeryI cyaacacate amatmarb ace tate phemyl mercury dimethyl dithrcareate Paz9 ca ^c ~sc/Vac/88.953 page 25 Claes iI baria carbonate beaarb ccilum cyan~=ide arboa hydrozyqi~nline sulfate propyl isome quinacatOl sulfat& salicylai le cLaas III (Tahle 5) butAm chorfeatezi~ chlorail dibatyl phtbalate dib"tyl Guccinate ethyleneglycol bis(trichloracetate) halacrite isoprothiolane mebenil phenobenaurt- pyriintr! 1 :riflman TAM£ 7. LIST OF GASEOS OR VOlATILE FUMIGANTS NOT CLASIFIED UNDER TE WHO RECOMMwDn CLASSIFICATON OF PESTICIDES BY HAZARD1 acrylonitrLle al~=nium phosphide carbon disulfide chlaropicrin 1,2-dichloropropane 1,3-dichloropropenm ep han ethylene dibromide ethylene dichloride for=mahyde hydrogen cyanide mgneslum pbosphide methyl bromide (DS 5) phosphne (DS 46) sulfuryl fluoride 1. The Classification does not set out any criteria for air concentrations on which clagsficaion cod be based. Most of these camponds are of high hazard and recnmanded exposure li~ita for occupational exposure have been adopted by national autrities in many conthies. WB0/VSC/88.953 * page 26 Table 8. CuA IN THIS REVISION: (see also Table 65) A Special Note: Changes due to deletion of adjusted classifications A number of adjusted classifications have been made in the past. based mostly on mode of action in humans or on use experience. This has applied particularly to rodenticides and pyrethroids. With the introduction of the FAD International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides, difficulties have arisen over packaging of concentrates. and after discussion with industry, it has been decided to delete the adjuscaents an. to classify the products on the same basis as other pesticides. To avoid anomalies in labelling of forwulations for use, it is essential that the procedure for the classification of formulations be applied, and that formulations should be labelled according to their actual hazard class. The toxicity data for pyrethroids is highly variable a7cording to isomer ratios, the vehicle used for oral administration, and the husbandry of the test animals. This variability is reflected in the prefix 'c' before LD50 values. The single LD50 value now chosen for classification purposes is based on adinistration in corn oil and is such lower than that in aqueous solutions. This has resulted in considerable changes in the classification of some products and also underlines the need for classification by formulation if labelling is to reflect true hazard. Chages in the classification of certain rodenticides and pyrethroids, due to deletion or adjusted classifications, are set out belov: lodenticides From Class II to Class Ia brodifacous bromadialone chorophacinone From Class III to Class La difenacous diphacinone From Class III to Class Ib counachlor couatetralyl warfarin Prom Class III to Class II norbormide pindone Pythroids Prom Class II to Class Ib tefluthrin From Class III to Class 11 cyfluthrin From Class III (Table 5) to Class II cyperuethin deltametbrin feavalerate pervthrin W~OIVBC/88.953 page 27 3. Ne~ C=dpouds f st listed in this revision Clas* la brcLlin f ocoaf en clas. Ib benfuracarb 3-chloro-1.2 propanediol Class II alphacypermethrin bifenthrin carbosulfan dioxabenzopbos haloxyf op pyroquilon sodam hexafluorosilicate tefluthrin thiodicarb tralomethrin Clas III bensultap dichlirmid fenothiocarb fenpropidin fluoroglycofen flurprimidol beptopargil isouron vyclobutanil N-octyl bicyclo-beptene dicarboximide octhilinone oxadixyl qu.izalofop tridiphane trifluaizole Class III (Table 5) aclonifen cycloxoydia cyrosazine diflufenican d~uefuron fenoycarb flurochloridone fluroxypyr hexaconazole bexythiaz2 i=~zthapyr aefenacet =epronil setsulturon ofurace oxyflorfen pencc«azole sulphur tafluberituron C. Other Canges of Class Class ta to Clas. Ib dieldrin Class II to Class III glafosinate Clas& Il2 (table 5) to Clas* la captafol uO/VBC/8.953 page 28 HOW TO FIND THE HAZARD CLASS OF A FOMULATION The folloving tables A - D can be used to find the hazard class of a forculation. These should be used only if toxicity data is not available on the formulation itself; see the note at the top of page 5. T'.e tables should be used as follows: Step 1: What is the approv.d name of the active ingredient in the pesticide? Use the index to find the entry in tables I - 5 of the Guidelines. Step Z. From the entry in the Guidelines, column (6), what is the route used for the classification? What is the physical state of the formulation? If the route is 0 (oral) and the formulation is a solid, use table A of this Annex. If the route is 0 (oral) and the foraulAtion is a liquid, use table C of this Annex. If the route is D (dermal) and the formulation is a solid, use table B of this Annex. If the route is D (dermal) and the formulation is a liquid, use table D of this Anney. Step 3. From the entry in the Guidelines, (column 7), what is the LD50 of the active ingredient? Using the table A, B, C, or D selected in Step 2, find the column along the top line which most nearly includes the LD50 figure. Step 4: What is the concentration Z of the active ingredient in the formulation? Using the same table A. S, C, or D, find the -figure in the left hand column wbich most nearly includes this percentage figure. Step 5: Find the square where the column selected in Step 3 crosses the line selected in Step 4. The number in this square is the approximate LD50 of the formulation. Sep. 6:The a-zard classes are shown by blocks of squares. The hazard clas of the formulation is that of the block in which lies the square selected in Step 5. These tables can also be used to find the hazard class of mixtures. First see page 5 para. 4 of the Guidelines and select the method to be used to arrive at the LD50 of the mixture. For athod (b), use the above method from Step 1, using the name of the more or most toxic inredient. For method (c), pass to Step 4 using the total percentages of all active ingredients in the mixture. [ � � • ' ино/v�c/и�.9si �цв 29 1W1�. Мв 1 wц uMr (г1м г.(в(►1vг 1rna1 • (а1М ' tlввв 1в (lввв и _-_ _'__-'�_' (1вв. 11 `_�' _ � 1 1 1 1 М 11 И 11 М С М М 11 ю 1У 11 1 1 1 1Ч 1М 1/1 1М 1 1М 111 1 1 W 1М ИО 11 )М 1М 1М 11 1 1 1 11 1М 1М вК (Ч (М Сю W 1 1 . N1 1М 1 1 1 � ц1 1 1 1 Ч 11 и М 11 и ( М М Ч М 1[в 110 1М 1 1Ч 1Ч 1У 1и 1М 1М вУ 111 1М 1 W!ю 71о 770 1М !М юв 1и 11r 1 W 1М Мв 111 1М 1М (ео 1и .М Си W в 11 ( 1 1в 1М 1 1У ' И 1 ( ( и л п М n и Ч и и И 1. М r wf и( 1и ш и1 м1 1Ч 1n Ч( юо пв 1L п1 1ы 1Ч л1 и1 1и м1 и1 1и 1м п! Ч1 n/ 1Ч U1 1м ио ю.11 (п ы1 и1 и1 и♦ w И1 Ч 11 1М /и иi 1/1 � М 1 1 1 11 и С7 11 11 И и И Ч и М 1 и1 1и и1 1Ч 1н 1и и1 1М 1во м1 1и tu 1и 1и и1 и1 (и 1и м1 111 1л 1и м1 1и 1n 1n .ов .п и1 .п .и .f1 .и н1 .И 1о. 1и Ч1 н1 и 111 Ч1 и1 Ч. � � И ( 1 • n н n и и.1 ы Ч и и Ч и ur и1 ш 1и w и1 1и юв ш и1 т 1и n1 и1 n7 м. м и1 1л и1 м1 ш 1Ч 1и и 1и ы 1(и сы иr не ы 7 (и М► 1и 1м и1 и1 и1 м( и1 ►и н1 ►м � i ю 1 . 1 и и и и n и w И n И 1а Ч и1 ы 1 1ю 1и 1п т 1ев 1n 1п п! Сю М1 и1 М( м 1и 1н иr 1ю 1и 1л т 1а �11 н1 .и 1Ч и1 и1 (и 1т нt Ч1 т 1w М1 и1 иr н ш w► 1н � i � 11 1 в 1 11 ю 11 и и 11 Ч ю •1 1У1 1 (11 1вС 1М 111 1М 100 111 11( 1и 711 7и 1ю 711 1М 1М 111 1и lи 111 1М ЧО (11 (1( lW (11 вЧ вМ •11 М1 1М 1Т1 =-1 Ир 1^1 Ч1 111 111 ЧО •1 М1 1М `11 �У1 И 1 1 г И !1 М И Ч ю 1r и л М 1и 1н п 1Ч nr 111 1М ж м. и1 и1 nr и1 м1 м и( 1и и1 1ы и1 1и ьпе н( ш и1 и1 и1 (и ио а( и1 и1 1п v1 1и им н( w и/ 1и Ч1 Си 1 п( 1и Ч1 n1 n И 1 ( 1 и п п и и и н 1 п и иr 1п n 1и и( 1н и1 п1 w м1 т м7 w 1м 1и 1и 1и 1и ив н1 (п н. и1 н! .п ю1 ur и1 1и 1ы и1 1т 1п Ч1 w 1ы н1 Ч7 rr и1 п1 1 rи 1и � и1 � � и 1 1 1 и n и и и и и r И 1ы 11г 1п 1 1и 1н wв п1 (п ки1 иr 1п н., 1и 1у 1Ч и1 и1 ьи .п .n Си и, .11 1оо 1и +11 1ю и/ 1и ио 1и 1n 1ю 1н Ч= 1ю 111 1п 1ю иr и1 ьп. Ч 1и 1Ч и1 и1 11 1 1 1 и м и •f и •1 11 •1 11 1И 111 и( и 1�( юо 1Ч 1и 11. 111 n1 1и 11r 1.1 и1 и1 ие (11 (и (и tr1 и1 Ч( 111 Ч1 и1 и1 1т 1и 1и 1и tr1 Ч1 1а r11 1.f r1t 1С1 Мо и1 1и 1и и1 М1 вМ 11r Nf М1 М 7 1 И М b М Ч 10 ю 1М 1ю 1Ч 1и 1 7W )10 fW 1М Yq 110 1.0 ЧО ND ь00 (М Чл Ч1 ЧО 100 1ю и0 W 11С МО 1М МО Ч+1 1ю IИ 1ю 1.у 1Ч 1М Ми 1!0 МО МО МО 1М 1и МО 1 ию 11ю 1W 1УМ 1 � � 11 1 1 С1 11 11 Ч 11 •1 и И 1 111 111 111 1t1 !17 !Ч М1 7М 111 111 1.1 11в и0 (11 Ч( 111 1N 111 111 /1f 11• ио в11 щ и1 СИ 111 t11 111 111 ю0 11t Ив М1 1N 111 111 111 111 1М1 и11 10Ч 1W1 1 1111 11-11 1111 1111 i �' , и 1 1 11 11 11 Ч Н U 1и1 117 1n 1>.� 111 юо 1! 1М 1n к� и1 11о ст1 w� ь» .W Ч1 ЧО иf 1М 111 1а Ч1 1ю Чf 1М r)1 1ю 1Н 1оо 1И 1М И1 юо Hf Ис п1 lосо 1011 10W io11 Пю иН uW 11Н 1юв 111 ЧМ 1t11 11в и11 � � 11 1 1 и ю .1 1/ 11 М Чв 11а 11 1(1 /11 Мо !7► С11 fN 11( И1 111 wв .)1 С11 .М 11. и1 111 ие 1И 111 1М 11в и1 I/1 МО 1М 111 1М 111 М1 •11 1ю0 10и 1И1 1пМ 111в 11(11111 11во 11Ч 1111 11М 111в 11в1 1111 1 ию 1111 ЧМ 1111 t � М 1 11 11 1а •1 •1 ив 111 111 1 Ч1 Мв 711 Nt 111 М1 (М .11 41 и0 111 М1 ио 111 И1 1ts 111 l11 Мв С/1 М1 1р •11 М1 lеор и11 1М1 11ю 1111 1111 11М 1111 1М1 1ие 1111 1111 1ио 1в11 1ь11 lfев 1111 1и1 1Ч0 Ч11 1Ч1 11М 1111 11в1 � � 11 ( U ю 1в М М 1 1М 1и 1М 1 1ве !w 7w /ю Сы ви (ю 1 fЧ ио Чп ►Ч rM rю w ио юв 1М Мв 1w и.о ив. ию пи 11м Чьв 1Мо и1е 1ио ивв 1.и 1ив пМ 1ис 1Nn 1w иве 1rю ии 1w 1w 1ив tвМ 1 Nr 1м цw п1в , � М М 1 11 tf М lf 1 1м 1М uf юо и1 Сю ив (и .оо • 1во fи ие •и /а 1w юа 1w мо fю 1м 1Ие пи пи 1м пМ 11ао ии 1и 1зЧ 1и. мю 1.го иМ 1rи 11М 1r1 ию nw 11и гаю (аМ nw пи (Мв nfn 1юо 11и 1иr и (м nи wвв tiи , 11 1 М 1/ 11 1р 111 1{I юС 111 М1 111 Ns и1 111 М1 111 ре М1 111 1ет 1М1 1111 ltae 1м1 1111 1ие 1ь11 1111 1ив 1Ч1 1111 1Ме ,М1 1(11 гМу 1М1 111/ 17ее 1и1 1111 1(ло /Ч1 1111 1Че И11 1111 11ао ,М1 1111 юю W1 1111 11вв 11М 1111 Ч1 И11 и11 � И N М 1М 1М 1М 1ю .М . 1М У1 1М /М 1R� 1Ч0 1101 1 1и0 1100 1МУ 11р 1М0 1М0 1tl0 11М 11М 11r )и0 IND нУD 11М !МО 1МС 1010 1N0 11М 11•0 1вОО 11в0 1Ч0 11М 1р0 11W 1Ф 10D 100 ЧО 1Ч0 в1У 1вв0 1М h1V 11и � � 1 М М М М М11 1М МО 1М 11ю 1ьМ 1юе 1 1000 1ре МОО 1М0 ит 1юв 1и0 1100 1МО у00 (МО ЧМ Мв1 11е0 11М /Ч0 /юв МО 1и0 МО 1а11 1iM 1у1 11р 1р1 ю0 1М Ив0 1 11 М1 111 W М7 111 1О 1111 1111 1 1Ч1 1р0 1111 1Ч1 1111 1Ч) WO. в111 .1(1 Nw 1111 /Ч1 111 (Ч1 1ую r111 1Ч1 М1о 1/11 1 h1Y 1/11 N11 р00, ' 1 1М 1М� 1М1 11Ч1 NM 1ю0 (М 1М {М 1�0р � в.1 м м иw 1м rм юw . 1 �.1 Мв � ..�...�..��_. -'С1в11111 ��� �� ...__ ..� - 開個01響閱I•t.，么】 戶．．闐 、 劉劇馴L」團UL口L滷匯」」U鱸 一‘縴””抓．,I‘州”陽＇州州州 鸚攣嶼 ●一● 轟鱖則， ..I系，.m個．閉l．。州馴j”鳥，州 、m寥n，門序唱n「叩•口丁奮r頗可不同國門n『不〕開〕 。一●一二·一；! 開開01,.CI••．,，】 ，劇，,1 屆口亂么‘自L煙』口』口園U區久U顱團州必口亂月 組躑掣 了 ＇、＇ ×一文 WHO/VSC/98.953 page 33 TNDEX N-ave of technical product and table of the Guidelines in which It appears. acephate Table A benzoylprop-ethyl Table 4 acetochlor Table 4 b enzthdaruron Table 4 actfluorfen Table 4 BBC Table 3 aclonifen Table 5 bifenox Table 5 acrolein Table 6 bifenthrin Table 3 acrylortitrile Table 7 binapacryl Table 3 alachlor Table 4 bloallethrin Table 3 aldicarb Table I bioresmethrin Table 5 aldoxy"rb Table 2 biphenyl Table 5 aldrin Table 2 bis(tributyltin) oxide Table 2 allethrin Table 4 b1sthloseal Table 3 allidochlor Table 3 b1tertanol Table 5 allox3rdin Table 5 blasticidin-S Table 2 allyl &Icchol Table 2 borax Table 5 allymycarb Table 6 RPMC Table 3 alphacypermethrin Table 3 brod1facoum Table I aluminium pbosphide Table 7 broaacil Table 5 ametrrn Table 4 broinadialone Table I aminocarb Table 2 bromethalin Table I aminotriazole Table 5 broeio cyclen 7able 5 amid1thion Table 6 br fenoxim Table 4 amitraz Table 4 bromophos Table 4 ailitrole Table 5 bromopbos-e-hyl Table 2 ammonium sulfazate Table 5 bromopropylate Table 5 ancymidol Table 5 bromoxynil Table 3 anilazine Table 5 brompyrazon Table 5 anilofos Table 3 bronopol Table 3 anthraquinone Table 5 buf enca rb Table 3 -ntu Table 2 bupirimate 7able 5 arsenous oxide Table I buprofezin Table 5 asulam Table 5 butacArb Table 6 athidithion Table 6 butachlor Table 5 atraton Table 6 but-mifos Table 3 atrazine Table 5 buthidazole Table 4 azemethiphos Table 4 buthiobate Table 5 azidlthion Table 4 butonace Table 6 azinphes-ethyl Table 2 butocarboxim Table 2 azinphos-metbyl Table 2 butopyronoxyl Table 5 aziprotryne Table 5 butoxycarboxis lAble 2 azocyclotin Table 2 butralin Table 5 alothoate Table 6 buturon Table 5 barban Table 4 butylazine Table 3 barium carbonate Table 6 butylate Table 5 benalaryl Table 5 cacodylic acid Table 4 benazolin Table 5 calcium arsenate Table 2 beadlocarb Table 3 calcium cyan&aide Table 6 benef In Table 5 calcium cyanide Table I benfluralin Table 5 caupbechlor Table 3 benfuracarb Table 2 captafol Table 1 beno,danil Table 5 captan Table 5 benomyl Table 5 carbasorph Table 6 benquinox Table 6 carbanolate Table 6 bensulide Table 3 carbaryl Table 3 bensultap Table 4 carbendazim Table 5 bentazone Table 4 carbetamide Table 5 benthrodine Table 5 carbofos Table 4 ben ... 4zole Table 5 carbafuran Table 2 ..enzofos Table 3 carbon disulf ide Table 6 --enzaxinate Table 5 carbophenothion Table 2 WHJ/VBC/88.953 pae 34 carbosulfan Table 3 clopyralid Table 5 carboxin Table 5 CNA Table 5 cartap Table 3 COKU Table 5 chinalphos Table 3 copper oxychloride Table 4 chinomethionac Table 5 copper sulfate Table 3 chlo*choxyf en Table 5 counachlor Table 2 chlopyralid Table 5 coumaphos Table 1 chloralose Table 3 cousatetralyl Table 2 chloramben Table 5 credazine Table 5 chloraniformethan Table 6 crimidine Table 1 chloranil Table 6 crotoxyphos Table 2 chloranocryl Table 6 crufomate Table 4 chlorbenside Table 6 cryolite Table 3 chlorbicyclen Table 6 cuprous oxide Table 3 chlorbrouron Table 5 CVP Table 1 chlorbufam Table 5 cyanazine Table 3 chlordane Table 3 cyanofenphos Table 3 chlordecone Table 6 cyanophos Table 3 chlordinefora Table 3 cyanthoate Table 6 chlorfenac _ Table 4 CYAP . . Table 3 chlorfenethol Table 4 cycloate Table 4 chlorfenidia Table 5 cyclobeximide Table 1 chlorfenprop-nerhyl Table 3 cycloxydia Table 5 chlorfenson Table 4 cycluron Table 5 chlorfensulphide Table 6 cyfluthrin Table 3 chlorfemvinphos Table 1 cyhalothrin Table 3 chlorflurecol Table 5 cyhexatin Table 4 chlorflureno, Table 5 cyaoxanil Table 4 chloridazon Table 5 cyometrinil Table 5 chlorinst Table 4 CYP Table 3 chlormephos Table 1 cypendazole Table 6 chloraequat Table 4 cypermethrin Table 3 3-chloro-2,l propanediol Table 2 cyprofuram Table 3 chloroacetic acid Table 4 cyprouid Table 6 chlorobenzilate Table 4 cyromazine Table 5 chlorocholine chloride Table 4 dalapon Table S chloroebuform Table 6 daninozide Table 5 chloromethiuron Table 5 2,4-D Table 3 chloroneb Table 5 2,4-DB Table 4 chlorophacinone Table 1 2,4-DES Table 4 cbloropicrin Table 7 DAPA Table 3 chloropropylate Table 5 dazomet Table 4 chlorotbalonil Table 5 DBC? -Table I chlorocoluron Table 5 DC" Table 4 chloroxifenidia Table 5 DDT Table 3 chloroxuron Table 5 DDVF Table 2 chlorpbemamidine Table 3 DDVP Table 2 chlorphonium Table 3 declachlordicblormate Table 6 chlorpboxia Table 5 deet Table 4 chlorprophan Table 5 debydroacetic acid Table 4 chlorpyrifos Table 3 delar Table 2 culorpyrifos-setbyl Table 5 deltasthrin Table 3 chlorquinox Table 6 deephion-0 and -S Table 1 chlorsulfuron Table 5 demsecon-0 and -S Table 1 chlorthal-dimethyl Table 5 deseton-S-vethyl Table 2 chlorthisamid Table 4 demecon-S-ethylaulphon Table 2 chlorthiopbos Table 1 desaedipham Table 5 chlozolinate Table 5 desastryn Table 4 cimmethrin Table 4 disalifor Table 3 citrex Table 4 dialifos Table 3 cloethocarb Table 2 di-allate Table 3 clofentezine Table 5 diallyldichloroacecaside Table 4 clofop Table 4 diamidafoa Table 6 WHO/VBC/88.A53 page 35 diazinon Table 3 dipropyl isocinchomerate Table 5 dibrou Table 3 diquat Table 3 ibromochloropropane Table I disodium octaborate Table 5 dibutyl phthalate Table 6 disul Table 4 dtbutyl succinate Table 6 disulfoton Table 1 dicazba Table 5 ditalinfos Table 5 dichlobeol1 Table 5 dithianon Table 4 dichlofenthion Table 3 diuron Table 5 dichlofluanid Table 5 DNTP Table 2 dichlone Table 4 DNBP Table 2 dichlorfenidim Table 5 DNBPA Table 2 dichlormid Table 4 DNOC Table 2 dichlorobeezene Table 4 dodemorph Table 5 dichlorophen Table 4 dodine Table 4 dicbloropicolinic acid Table 5 doguadine Table 4 1,2-dichloropropane Table 7 2,4-DP Table 4 1,3-dichloropropene Table 7 drazoxolon Table 3 dichlor-prop Table 4 DSMA Table 4 dichlorvos Table 2 ECP Table 3 dichlozoline Table 6 EDDP Table 2 diclobutrazal Table 5 edifenphos Table 2 diclofop Table 4 eglinazine Table 5 dicloran Table 5 endosulfan Table 3 aicofol Table 4 endothal-sodium Table 3 dicrotophos Table 2 endothion Table 6 dieldria Table 2 endrin Table 2 dienochlor Table 5 EPBP Table 3 dietharyl Table 5 ephirsulphonate Table 4 diethyl toluamide Table 4 EPN Table 1 difenacoum Table 1 epoxyet-.ane Table 7 difenoxuron Table 5 EPTC Table 3 lifenzoquat Table 3 erbon Table 6 difluben2uron Table 5 esbiol Table 3 diflufenican Table 5 esbiothrin Table 3 difolatan Table 5 esdepallithrine Table 3 dikegulac Table 5 ESP Table 2 dimefox Table I etacelasil Table 4 dimefuron Table 5 etaconazole Table 4 dimerhachlor Table 4 ethalfluralin Table 5 dimethametryn Table 4 ethephon Table 5 dimethipin Table 4 ethidimuron Table 5 dinethirimol Table 5 ethiofencarb Table 3 dimethoate Table 3 ethiolate Table 6 dimethyl phthalate Table 5 ethion Table 3 dimethylarsinic acid Table 4 echirimol Table 5 dimetilan Table 2 etboate-eechyl Table 3 dimexano Table 6 ethofumesate Table 5 dirlt Table 5 etbobexadiol Table 4 dinex Table 6 ethoprop Table 1 dinitramine Table 5 etboprophos Table 1 dinobuton Table 3 ethyleneglycol bis dinocap Table A (trichloracetate) Table 6 dinocton Table 6 ethylene dibromide Table 7 dinoseb Table 2 ethylene dichloride Table 7 dinosob acetate Table 2 ethylthiometon Table 1 dinoterb Table 2 etridiazole Table 4 dioxacarb Table 3 etrisfos Table 3 dioxathion Table 2 EXD Table 6 dioxabenzophos Table 3 famphur Table 2 diphacinone Table 4 fenaminosulf Table 3 diphenamid Table I fenatlphos Table 1 1iphenyl Table 5 f anarlwol Table 5 dipropetryn Table 5 fenasallor Table 6 W0/VBC/88.953 paSe 36 fenbutatiu oxide Table 5 gama-BCR Table 3 fenchlorphos Table 3 g1bberellic acid Table 5 fenfuran Table 5 glufosinate Table 4 fenidis Table 5 glyodin Table 6 fenitropan Table 5 glyphosate Table 5 fenitrothion Table 3 glyphosine Table 5 f enobucarb Table 3 griseofalvin Table 6 fenoprop Table 4 guazatine Table 3 fenothlocarb Table 4 halacrinate Table 6 fenoxaprop-ethyl Table 5 haloxydine Table 6 fenoxycarb Table 5 haloryfop Table 3 fenpropathrin Table 3 HCH Table 3 fenpropidin Table 4 heptachlor Table 3 ienpropinorph Table 5 heptenophos Table 2 fenson Table 4 beptopargil Table 4 fensulfothion Table I bexachloroacetone Table 6 feathiaprop Table ; hexactdorobenzene Table 1 fenthion Table 2 hexaconazole Table 5 fentin acetate Table 3 hexaflurate Table 6 fentin hydroAide Table 3 hexazinone Table 4 fenuron Table 5 herythiazox Table 5 fenuron-TCA Table 5 hydramethylaon Table 4 fenvalerate Table 3 hydrogen cyanide Table 7 ferbam Table 5 hydroprene Table 5 flasprop Table 4 2-hydroxyetbyl octyl flampror-M Table 5 sulphide Table 5 flocousafen Table I hydroxyisoxazole Table 5 fluzzif op Table 5 hydroxyquinoline sulfate Table 6 flubenzinine Table 5 bysezazol Table 5 fluchloralin Table 4 lIP Table 4 flucythrinate Table 2 imazalil Table 3 fluenecil Table 6 inamzaetbabenz Table 5 flumecralin Table 5 iazapyr Table 5 fluoseturon Table 5 inzaquin Table 5 fluoroacetaside Table 2 imazechapyr Table 5 fluorodifen Table 5 iodofeuphos Table 5 fluoroglycofen Table 4 toxynil Table 3 fluoroulde Table 5 toxynil octanoate Table 3 fluotrimazale Table 5 ipazine Table 6 fluprimidol Table 4 iprobenpbos Table 4 flurecol-butyl Table 5 iprodione Table 5 flurenol Table 5 IPSP Table 1 fluridone Table 5 isazofo s Table 2 flurochloridone Table 5 isobenzan Table 6 f luroxypyr Table 5 isobornyl thiocyanosacetate Table 6 flutolanil Table 5 isocarbasid Table 5 flutriafol Table 4 isocil Table 6 fluvalinate Table 3 isofenpbos Table 2 folpet Table 5 isomethiozin Table 5 fomessfen Table 4 isonorrou Table 6 fooofos Table I isoprocarb Table 3 formaldehyde Table 7 isopropalin Table 5 f ormetanate Table 2 isoprothlolane Table 4 foreothion Table 3 Isoproturon Table 4 f osanine Table 5 isochoate Table 2 fosetyl Table 5 isouron Table 4 fosfavid Table 3 isozaben Table 5 fosthletan Table 1 isomathion Table 2 f uberidazole Table 4 jodfepbos Table 5 furalamyl Table 4 karbation Table 3 furathiocarb Table 2 karbutilate Table 5 .furvecyclax Table 5 kasnaayia Table 5 a HC Table 3 kelthae Table 4 WHO/VMC/88.953 page 37 kinoprene Table 5 methyl bromide Table 7 lead arsenate Table 2 methyl isochlocyanate Table 3 lenacil Table 5 methyl-merkapto- leptophoe Table 1 phosteolovy Table 2 lindane Table 3 methylsercury di- linuron Table 5 cyandiaaide 7able 6 lythidathion TabIt 6 metilaarkapto-phosoksid Table 2 M Table 1 metiran Table 5 magnesinm phosphide Table 7 metobromuron Table 5 malatxion Table 4 aetolachlor Table 4 maldison Table 4 metolcarb Table 3 maletic hydrazide Table 5 Metoxwon Table 5 malonoben Table 6 wetribuzin Table 5 mancozeb Table 5 metriltriazotion Table 2 maneb Table 5 Uecaulfuron Table 5 KDCF Table 1 sevinpbos Table 1 MCC Table 6 mexacarbate Table 6 ?ICPA Table 4 mipafox Table 6 MCPA-thioethyl Table 4 MIPC Table 3 MCPS Table 4 airex Table 6 mebenl l Table 6 molinate Table 3 mecarbam Table 2 monalide Table 5 mecarbinzid Table 6 monocrotophos Table 2 mecarphon Table 6 monolinuron Table 5 mecoprop Table 4 wonuron Table 5 medinocerb acetate Table 6 sonuron-TCA Table 5 mefenacet Table 5 worfamquat Table 6 mefluidide Table 4 MPMC Table 3 menazon Table 4 MPP Table 2 MEP Table 3 MSMA Table 4 mephosfolan Table I myclobutanil Table 4 mepiquat Table 4 myclozolin Table 5 wepronil Table 5 naban Table 3 mercaprodIaethur Table 3 NAC Table 3 mercuric chloride Table I naled Table 3 mercuric oxide Table 2 naphthalene TaU.e 5 mercurous chloride Table 3 naphthalic anhydride TabLe 5 nerkaptophos Table 1 2-(l-naphthyl)aceranide Table 5 metalaxyl Table 4 1-napbthyl acetic acid Table 5 mecaldehyde Table 4 (2-naphthylozy) acetic acid Table 4 weram-sodium Table 3 napropaside Table 5 mecasltron Table 5 naptalas Table 5 metaphos Table 1 neburon Table 5 metaxon Table 4 niclosanide Table 5 metazacblor Table 5 nicotine Table 2 mechabenithiazuron Table 5 nitralin Table 5 methacarbate Table 6 nitrapyrin Table 4 echacrifon Table 3 nitrilacarb Table 2 aethaidophos Table 2 nitrofen Table 5 sethazole Table 4 nitrothal-isopropyl Table 5 wethidathion Table 2 N-ocryl bicyclobeptene Table 4 sethiocarb Table 3 dicarboximide methiuron Table 6 norbormide Table 3 wethomyl Table 2 norflurazon Table 5 methoprene Table 5 noruroo Table 6 athoprotryne Table 5 nuarimol Table 4 sechaychlor Table 5 occhilinone Table 4 2-methoxye thylsercury (octylthio)ethanol Table 5 silicate Table 4 ofurace Table 5 2-ietboxyethylsercury owethoate Table 2 chloride Table 6 oryzalin Table 5 ethoxyphenone Table 5 o=diszon Table 5 aethylarsonic acid Table 4 oxadixyl Table 4 WHO/VBC/88.953 page 38 oxamyl Table 2 prochloraz Table 4 oxapyrazon Table 6 procymidone Table 5 oxapyrazon-sodium Table 6 profenofos Table 3 oxine-copper Table 5 profluralin Table 5 oxycarboxin Table 5 proglinazine Table 5 oxydemeton-ethyl Table 2 promacyl Table 3 oxydeprofos Table 2 proaecarb Table 3 ox-disulfoton Table 6 proeton Table 5 oxyfluorfen Table 5 prometryn Table 5 2,4-PA Table 3 propachlor Table 4 paclobutrazol Table 4 propamocarb Table 5 pallêthrine Table 4 propanil Table 4 PAP Table 3 propaphos Table 2 Daradichlorobenzene Table 4 propargite Table 4 parafluron Table 6 propazine Table 5 paraquat Table 3 pr-petampbos Table 2 parathion Table 1 propham Table 5 parachioc-methyl Table 1 proplconazole Table 3 paris green Table 2 propineb Table 5 pebulate Table 3 propoxur Table 3 penconazole - Table 5 propyl isome Table 6 pencycuron Table 5 propyzamide Table 5 pendimethalin Table 4 prothiocarb Table 4 pentachlorophenol Table 2 prorhiofos Table 3 pentanochor Table 5 prothiophos Table 3 perfluidone Trale 4 prothoste Table 1 permethrin Table 3 proxan-sodium Table 6 PEC Table 3 pydanon Table 6 phenisobrom)late Table 5 pyracarbolid Table 5 phenlsopbpm Table 5 pyrazon Table 5 phenkaptr- Table 6 pyrazophos Table 3 phenaedipua-3 Table 5 pyrethrins Table 3 phenobenzuron Table 6 pyridate Table 4 phenothrin Table 5 pyridinItril Table 6 phenthoate Table 3 pyroquilon Table 3 phenylmercury acetate Table 1 quinacetol-s=lfate Table 6 pnenylercury dimethyl quinalphos Table 3 di thiocarbamate Table 6 畫conethionate Table 5 phenylmercury nitrate Table 2 quinonamid Table 5 2-phenylphenoi Table 5 quintozene Table 5 phorate Table 1 quizalofop Table 4 pbosacetia Table 6 red squill Table 1 phosalone Table 3 reglon TaSle 3 phosdiphen Table 5 reamethrin Table 4 phosfolan Table 1 ronnel Table 3 phosamet Table 3 rotenone Table 3 phospbaidon Table 1 ryanla Table 4 phosphine Table 7 sabadilla Table 6 phoria Table 3 salicylanilide Table 6 phthalide Table 5 salthion Table 3 phthalofos Table 3 SAP Table 5 pieloram Table 5 schradan Tablc 1 pizaricin Table 4 sCilliroside Table 1 pindone Table 3 sec-butylamine Table 3 piperonyl butoxide Table 5 seebumeton Table 5 piperophos Table 3 sesamez Table 4 piproctanyl Table 4 sechoxydia Table 4 pirlicarb Table 3 svin Table 3 pirlmipboe ethyl Table 2 siduron Table 5 pirl"pbo methyl Table 4 silvex Table 4 polychlorcampheae Table 3 si=axime Table 3 potassium cyanate Table 6 simatrya Table 4 pretilachlor Table 5 sodium arsecite Table 2 s umiviC/88.953 pa3 39 sodium chlorate Table 4 TmrD Table 4 sodjum cyanide Table 2 tole.lofos-methyl Table 5 sodium fluoride Table . tolyfloanid Table 5 sodium flooroacetate Table 1 tolyl-imthyl carbonate Table 3 sodium bexaf luoro- toxaphem Table 3 silicate Table 3 2,4,5-TP Table 4 sodium istaborate Table 5 tralomethrin Table 3 sodium trichloracetate Table 5 triadinefon Table 4 sOIaO Table 5 triadimenol Table 4 stirofos Table 5 tri-alute Table 4 strychnine Table 2 triamipbos Table 2 sulfallate Table 3 triarimol Table 6 sulf ometuroe Table 5 triazophos Table 2 sulfotep Iable 1 triazotion Table 2 sulfoxide Table 4 t ricau= Table 6 sulfur Table 5 trichlorfon Table 4 sulphar Table 5 trichloroacetic acid Table 3 sulfuryl fluoride Table 7 trichloronat Table 1 sulprofos Table 3 triclopyr Table 4 svep Table 6 tricycIazole Table 3 2,4,5-T , Table 3 tridemorph Table 3 2,3,6-TBA Table 4 tridiphane Table 4 TTO Table 2 trietazine Table 5 TCA Table 3 trifenmorph Table 4 TCA Table 5 triflaizole Table 4 TDE Table 6 triflumrou Table 6 tebutm Table 5 trifluralin Table 5 cebuthluron Table 4 triforine Table 5 tecnarene Table 5 trimethacarb Table 6 tedion Table 5 undecanone Table 4 teflubenruron Table 5 validamycin Table 5 tef:uthrin Table 2 vaidothion Table 2 te.epbos Table 5 vernolate Table 3 TEPP Table 1 vInclozolin Table 5 terbacil Table 5 varfarin Table 2 terbucarb Table 6 XINC Table 4 rerbufos Table 1 xylylcarb Table 3 terbameton Table 3 zinc phosrhide Table 2 terbutbylazine Table 5 zineb Table 5 terbutryn Table 5 ziras Table 4 terrachlorvinphos Table 5 zocouzarin Table 4 tetradifon Table 5 tetramethrin Table 5 tetrasul Table 5 thlabendazole Table 5 thiazafluron Table 3 thUazfluron Table 3 thidlazuron Table 5 thlobencarb Table 3 thiocyclas Table 3 chiodan Table 3 thiodicarb Table 3 thiofanox Table 2 thiofos Table 1 thiometon Table 2 thionazin Table 1 thiophanate Table 5 tiiopbanate-methyl Table 5 thiouino Table 6 thioxamyl Table 2 thira» Table 4 timet Table 1 tiocarbazil Table 5 勵 &/’〕！‘〕、〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕！〕〕〕〕〕！〕〕〕〕〕〕〕；！〕〕〕〕〕〕 、－－一〕． 2 T~ 1: Snu~ of 8~ *c~ rick c~ m~ &W m~ C~ m~ p T~ Deporm~ mo- N) HOL rf4 ND. M 99 r29) 48 C^ 147 (19) 10 (6) le (1) C~ 6 (16) 6 Ca~ - 160 (48) 180 C. 78 103 (64) 141 (24ý H~ 120 (53) 10 (27) - M (17) ch~ - 13 (35) 13 (2) Fåeo~ - 8 (22) 9 (1) T~ 106 (47) - - - im (14) T~ 2» 37 337 (l^ 161 (10% 783 (10q AN~ Ca~ do - " I La ~ -, - £ýar~ Sæ vk^ 0~ Chr~ Co~ CUGL CM~ OM, ~L kbrmrøk 5~ At^ sen KØ~ San R - 11 1 - - c Cundbnew^ A~ p -ka~ Ule. U~ JM~0w4 kbobdz- "OM& Cm~*^ Gaý26^ ~ra,. P~ 0~~ A~ Mwmnoøe*. T~ nb~ØL pom T~K pud&mø&tl S~ØýL CW~ Ca^ San~ procedL~ at Ve~* be~ va~ bet~n crop sectors. In nce. lamier sarn~ were drawn rar~ from v~ ksts of sn%aøh~ rice pr~rs. Random sampling procedum were ~ faft~ in ccdee usM famiers lists held by ff%~ coffee committees. in both rnaue and potatoes, sam~ tmmes wem not ava~. so, rardom stattý fixed-ntemal sanX&ig m~ were loU~ In all sectors a maxnum of fwe target farmers w«e drawn tmm each 'vý' sam~ po«. to ensure ~ geograproc cov~ of sampled loca~. No restný were p~ on t~ of respondent se~ ex~ that they s~ be d~ wN~ in nimng and aMlý1N p~at However, a nmxxnmn tarm size =tsU~ ot 2~ was appbed in all crop sectors to avoid the posst- ble kx~ of ~ tarffts whose r.mrut~rd stýes. ob~ ar-1 standards differ cantly ~ wraMio~ CHAlUCTERISTICS OF SAMPLED RESPONDENTS AND THIER SNIALLHOLDINGS "orm" were co~ed wah the male owrøm of sniaffix~ (65%). rnar~rs (14%) or tenarts (18%). and in a smaM ma~ of cases pefnunem ~ers (2%) and teffip~ ~rkers (1%). The av~ age cd req»~ was 42 years ~ 1) and =st (66%) were mde~m cd any group organm~m Across the ~ sa~ only ~ proputions of respondents were rnen~ of farnier co-qwatives (10%). ~ in the rice ~or, or tarmr ~cDff"sý (11%). ~ in fice and rnaue seclocs Offmr tonns 01 group orgartsahm uých øded local v~ chm iss n groups (14%), parhmJarly in ~e and p~ ar~. as weR as a smal nLx~r (1%) who were nie~rs of t~ shp ~bes: -Wgms de am~. Figure 1: DIstrIx~ of resporW~ a~ 30" % 20 &~¡n structure of these crps in Colotia Snmamngs the mmaze and potaoe averaged 7-8 ha. signicanty less than average smft~aodig szes ound in the coffee secor, 15-16ha. Figure 2: Distrfution of respondent total farm sies In ech crop sector Mo.S.än C~S~ ~d~So~ Pö S~a (ue las: 7Jm) ( sie 1s.ha) ( sla: 7.7b0 ( sC~ : 7.a) eo so- 40- 20- <1O0.0 2C1 <10.0 20.1 siz9 of Una*~dg (ha) Croppg patems differed widely between crop sedos. Monocropping was most common on rice and colee smaffiolngs. In both of these seors, hgh proportions of the avalable and area was devoted exckusively to rice and coffee cumlivation (Table 4). On rice srnalhok~ngs very few other crops were grown whst on cfee sMEaodings several atemative crops were cultivated (~ut yucca. vegetables, pasture), aeit on a ~iited part of the total ann area. Greatest diversity of cropping was ~ound on rnaize and potato smailhodigs. In both sectors, less than hal of avike land area was devoted to the target crop suv~eyed. A wide range of akemative crops wee grown on the remaiing land area en both maize (rice, potatoes, beans, fruit coon, yucca) and potato (rnaze, peas, beans, pasture) sectors. Table 4: Crops grown on respondent smallholdngs in each crop scwr angC,a C Mr--~ es-c ees AseWege stal -n.1 . im~ ¢ 7. 15.4 7.7 7.4 7T~s cmepre mm m.s c~Us 11.4 m~ 3.3 P~e 2.1 Pyc~o et la rt 83% 74% 4%9 (I) Aprt hr tse arge crp i each er ther opsa gramm nhpe sel uehgs: inoe.- - 13 - Mias - - 14 24 - 3 31 m - 8 34 21 Feu - 24 1s 3 C~ 21 - sghu 3 - 7 - Vabg~s - 11 7 4 Y~ 1 24 17 - O r~gs 3 0 12 10 Pa 1 10 29 Avsee ube ehr saeteeners0.1 1.s 1I1. 5 n the maiz ser. most respondet smalodefs in sampled areas produced a single maize crop each year (Table 5). Double cropping was most trequert in rice and potatoes. Irtercropping, part or al of the target crop area was quite widespread among respoxent smatlihoers. Some intercroppng in coffee occurs. with a variety of short-cycle crops (maize, beans, vegetables). However. the high levels recorded by the survey mostly refer to the practice of interplanting shade bananas in coffee. Sophisticated intercropping systems are quite widespread in both maize (mostly clbirag beans or potatoes) and potatoes (mostly green beans and peas). Table 5: Number of target crop harveststannum and extent of Intercropping In target crops (rice, coffee, maie, potatoes) a. CAe Mble Pa".". 11 24 22 75 34 2t 76 78 24 e1 3z -- 1 S TOTAL 100 100 100 100 tAverag MAmbeet hereaamsA) (1) (12) (3) (1.) Eteit of -marcpIg other crope tm target cmp areeg. (% of respandifs tarappng at AMs pan ot t* target crop wafth tir -c (cro ( % respondents ktercrapphiV- Mala S - 7 Potabas - 12 - Poos - 2 12 Cambng Bem - S is 6 OreenBen - 3 2 13 Fult trees - 1A 3 - Vegetabes S 2 1 yucca - 16 6 - Others 51 61 (Number ot otherape pop (t) (1.5) (22) (1.4) Nunber of respdersts (n) Q45) (37) (337) (161) Paraquat was widely used in each crop sector targeted by the 1990 survey, apart from coffee, where fewer than 20% of smallholders use the product. The extensive use of paraquat in most of these smalhoider populations, emphasises the irmportance of ensuring that i is used safely and effectively. SURVEY RESULTS Integration of paraquat Into smaltholders weed control systems in rice, maize and potatoes most respondent smalliolders make I or 2 applications of paraquat in each crop cycie. In coffee 1 or 2 applications are made per annum (Table 6). Table 6: Total number of paraquat application target crops Frequency of use AppHeaticne per annum (coffee), Rio* Cofse Maize Potasoes and appaceons I ba crop (A-, ftI poak) ) (M % % I x NA 49 73 81 2 x NA 35 23 16 3X NA 6 4 3 4: NA 5 - - 5 or more NA 5 - TOTAL NA 100 100 100 (Aver appamtontatnmm) (2.) (1.8) (1.7) (2.2) .Numaber of respondentu (a) (NA) (37) (337) (161) NOTE- Averageppicatkovaee in ste lerived ree ho emage appilceaeeop x averge cropflty 6 Tinely, ca-eie wed coro is an essenal con en of pro ive crp nmanagenwt The wide range of crap ckrurnst=ces under which smaeis in Coonta have keated paraqual ~nto thei weed management systems reects lts agronome xse IIy as a nn-trans~ocaed cotact herbcide. in short cycle, anual crps there is considerable variation in the timing of ~yycatirn (Table 7). In rice it is mainy used after the second and third irigations pior to planting, In maize most applir-atin s also preptaring. but nuc is also used or intenw weed control after crop emergence. in pota!oes ns apc ~ are made in ttie short period after panting and jst belore. o at crop energence. In coffee, parauat is used for general weed control under most conditions n wich the crop is growrt Tab 7: Integrat~on of paraqua kito weed management practc In different crop sctors m~ secr coSe~ sC~ r Sre m n crop en--M - (%) crop S&=*Io-s: )- N)ch Pre 1stigti 10 shade Co 54 40 Post (30 lays) 5st rngon s uddpr- shd 46 60 Post(1sdWys)2ndi.n 30 ops A(<11') 54 70 Post3rd irg.~n pr~ooduV 17 B (l (1-22-) 29 21 Post se~dg, pre ernen - C (22-33-) 13 6 Oråy on ne 1mnds. D (<33 4 3 Spotm.pb.an 3 mr bawng 60 79 . uM g(change ocyde) a 5 Averge -m r f suationcrop 1.1 in mamar s*dg cod~e 32 16 Non~op: c~l.. bcks 22 along ner roads 19 im~ or rospand-~ (n) (223) (37) M~iz Ca~a Poa~ Cø~ crop Skæa~ans (%Q crap 5Sueo- s() Pre 48 On Psa~u, pr inn prepartin 4 Post pk~ntpre Crop *mergn 10 PmU nd proprn aftm pr poma~ 3 At Omgenc 3 Post panng. premrgence 37 hnnu. post aop merghr~ «1 .naw) 19 atmergnce 38 inteiow post crp emørge (1-2 mones) 27 - pr- ndg 10 Inrrow pro inmrp~g b~an 3 pr* haweed cuntrol 22 ~nw pre raplnting po i Pr* h st h op a »w- lignow pr ip g pga - Insanow prøhwst prn nt cap 15 Ohers 3 Averg ØU~ or akuna4op 1.3 Avrug. nm~ of «btmeanscrop 1.1 Nt.r or ruspondente (n) (337) (161) This complex pattem of para~uat usage in smaffoder crp managemern systems Mustrates the agr- nomic benefit they get from the product, and the reance thiey pla upon it for efficient economic crop production. It is essential that they coniue to gaæn these benefts~ without damaging the heath of themselves, their fam~ies or the envronmer in which they ive. In particular. work practice and per- sonal hygiene standards must be adequate to ensure the safe use of the product. Length of time that rice, coffee, maze and potato smalholders have been using paraquat in Colombia In assessing current standards in the use of par, it is important to rease that most snaflolders have had Iong expenence in the handing and use of the product (Figure 3). Across the whole san~e. the ~ength of time that smaholders had worked with paraquat averaged 6.6 years. Nevertheless, quite lage populatior ot relatively new users, wth less than five years expenence. were found in each crop sector. The pmoportion o$ responden~s who were new users. with one year or less experi- enoe, was kw: i rice (4%). maize (7%) and potatoes (2%), but quite high In coffee (19%). The pres- ence of new users. emphaies the iwportance of ensuring that they have access to advice on the safe and effective use of pesticir~ products. even in retatiely mature markets. 7 F1g 3 Length of tne s1,acholders n rice, coffe, aize and p o9C secrs have b~e using C~tte Seto Po (meen yea: 8-1) (men yas 3.7) (moan year: s.5) (mean years: 7.3) so. 40 20 Know~edge of paraquat toxicity Although there is no risk 01 operator poisonng from the proper use of paraquat, even when used inten~svey (Swan 1969; Howard et al 1981; Senanayake et al 1991; Chester et al 1991), there is sen- ous risk of fatal potsoning i the product is swa~owed deiber,tely or acdntady. As such it is desir- able that para~at users recognise this characteristic of the product, so that proper care is exercised in its handng, and the risk of hngestion avoided. Smafholders' percens of the consequences of ingestWg paraquat, were exp~ored by askng them dly: -In your opinion, it a person was to drin even a small quantity of paraquat, say one mouthtul, what eftect would it have on his health? UrPomted responses fndicate widespread appreciation of the con~seqences of such action in all crop sectors (Table 8). In most cases, smalholders reasoned that: ' paraquat bums pla.ts, it wouid bun your inside if drurk. Although most snalholders recognise paraua~'s oral toxicity. a smal proportion of respondents in each crop sector either thought kgestion would have i0e' or no etect, or simp~y didn know its con- S0CeqLces. Such ack of knowedge, abeit at 1ow leves, again reintorces the view that education and traning work should be maintained even in bng-estab~shed smalholder pesticide markets. Table 8: Smallholder prception of the coseqrnc~s of drinking paraquat Rime Cole MaP Smaglder Rmspo~-e. (%) (%)( The person wod c§e 48 35 71 60 The pron would becm senausly 42 54 25 32 L or no a c 3 5 1 2 Dont know/~he 7 6 3 6 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 Number of Respondnta (n) (22s) (3r) (337) (161) Another iportant aspect of the safe use of most pesticides, and paraquat in particular. is for users to recognise that potential risk anoited with handing the concentrated produa during mixing is actu- aly greater than when spraying the dte product. Surveys of other popmtio in Asia (Wh~taker, 1989; Whtacer et al 1991) and Latin America (Whtaker 1989) suggest that smallholders often con- fuse the relativ risks of mixing and sprayig. Resufts from the curreT suvey, idicate that tis is also te oColontian smaholders (Table 9). Across the whole sample. 44% of respondents believed that 8 spraying dluted paraquat carried raire heath risks than handling the concentrated product: 21% beAleved each activity to be of equal risk. Of the remainder. 31% correctly said that potential risks from conMruNIaion with concertrated paraquat were greater than the die productL ard 4% didn't kxm. Although such results indicate a 'salety-conscious' population, it is irnportart that future education and trarning programmes correctly structure smagholder knowledge of actual as opposed to perceived risks in handing. Such krowledge shou d help adoption of iriproved precautions in use. Table 9: Smallholder perceptIons of the relative risks associated with mixlng concentrated paraquat and sprayting the dluted product M. Cogo .ate USO.. SmoIder Responses (%) (%) (%) Ng concerea,ed product 28 30 34 28 Sprayng cod procact 52 48 40 41 Equalyinporta 18 16 20 29 Netw a daingerous 2 3 4 1 Dant Know - 3 2 1 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 Number of Respondents (n) (228) (37) (337) (161) People mtxing and spraying paraquat Most mixing and spraying of paraquat. and by implicaon other pesticides in each crop sector, is undertaken by one or two adult males. In rice, maize and potato sectors, this is mainly the adult owner of the srnalolding, assisted by temporary or permanent hired labour particularty in rice. In coffee, the situation changes with most mixing and spraying being undertaken by hired managers with support from terrporary tabour or the owner himself (Table 10). There was little indication of the significant involvement of children (<18 years of age) in spray-related activites. Where they were involved. their ages averaged 16 years, but kickded: 11(3%), 12 (3%), 14 (10%), 15 (14%), 16 (3S%) and 17 (35%) year-okis. Table 10: People mxing and spraying paraq%at m Cono. ueo Poasts Mbdng Spraykn MIb spraying i Spran Mig prayng People Involved in actMty: (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) () (%) (%) Adult Owner (mal) at hokng 89 72 32 32 76 69 82 74 * :W edLabour nager a 11 76. 65 19 20 21 24 . * : temporay 46 67 22 32 20 26 22 24 Son 9 8 - - 16 16 5 7 Daughe - - - I - - * V09 - - - - . * Otw 2 3 - - 1 Youngchien ( transer system. The use of tis method has been advocated by FEDECAFE to reduce leves of derral contamination, observed to occur with 'premix and manual transfer systemns of pestirim handing. There was ittle direct nixing of the concentrated product with a small qua,tity of water in the stirrpump before transfer to the sprayer (Table 11). This unusuaJ pracice had been obseved urig pre-survey fied visits, in some of the coffee areas. Table 11: Systems of mbdng paraquat used by smallholders Sy9m4-sofmäshdg: (%) (%) (%) %) Pomu n ~r con~ne (200 bt.) and vanser i sprayer 37 46 4 60 Prem en s~aon (20 ib.) and bau t sprayer 1 11 2 4 i drecey in stirrpup tunser sysauup - 3 - - kkx in sa 62 40 94 36 Toal 100 100 100 100 Nmbar of R.WpOndntq (n) (228) (37) (337) (161) Whw paquat is prmixed, sye ud r (%) (%) (%) (%) STnppump (miro. g) 64 - 4 Sn - hnd-h~d vs 9s 32 e 92 othe 2 4 5 4 To 100 100 100 100 Num or PsApondm.~ (n) 86) (22) (20) (103) Although quie high proportions of smalholers in the coffee sector use caibrated containers of one sorl or other to measure out concentrated paraquat, most respondents irrprovise with a wide range of uncalbrated plastic bottles, enTty 'a ente' iuor bottles, spoons and other containers. in the nce and potato secors. quite high proportions of stmafioders simpy use the para~uat pack asen to judge the volume of concentrated product requied (Table 12). Presurvey field-visits gave no indications of the use of the hand and forearm to Nix paraquat spray solution. Generamy, this is achieved with a stick, some other stirng inplement stiring. or through the cikution process isel. 10 Table 12: Mehods used to masre out concentrated paraquat Rle CASCoe MA Potao Measure Ns*: %) (%) C%) (%) Cap at purdused paaqua pad - 2 3 CalRaud syge - - 4 1 S mes V cap 6 35 4 29 * baby tedg bot - 14 2 - SRm w:a 23 16 5 1 M pese 37 3 21 6 Don msme out.Just as t I L bode 28 8 3 42 Wide rang eo coler uncibread c es: 5 24 49 18 Tot 100 100 100 100 eberofRespondnts(a) (22) (37) (337) (161) The avalabty of clean water is an krnortant factor affecting smalholders abily to practice good per- sonal hygene, when handng paraquat and other pesticides. Water qualty also potentially affects paraquars' bloefficiency and occupational health risks, since the available level of paraquat ion in sokstion, is deermined by % clay contact. This is likely to vary with source of water. Results from the survey show that there is considerable variation in sources of water used in each crop sector High qu;aty piped water is most avalable in the coffee sector, but also to some extent, rnaize and potato areas. Wels and rivers are also widely used as water sources. In the irrigated rice areas, smamholders rely to a considerably extent on canal waler (Table 13), which often contains considerable quartities of eroded soil Table 13: Sources of water used by smallholders for spraying Ricm Cose un Potses Sourcs of as M) (%) ) % Piped 1 60 18 19 was 1 8 28 12 Cana 89 5 15 11 Rrver 12 46 46 58 Colecaed rammr 2 3 7 6 Sources usecdrepondents 11 1.2 1.1 1.1 Number of Respondens (a) (228) (37) (337) (6) The survey recorded the extent to which respondent smalholders contaminated themselves with paraquaL ResuRs indicate that most smMalhoklers did not think they had contaminated themselves with either the concentrated or dluted product the last time they handled the product (Table 14). This was true across alt sectors. When contanination occurred it was mostly on hands and forearms. Accidental splashes of paraqual into the eyes was a relatively rare occurrence. It is to be expected that some personal contamination wil occur whilst working with paraquat, or any other pesticide. Every effort should be made. Itrough good work practice to rninknise the extent to which this occurs. However, personal safety depends ultimately on the corrective action taken by the operator i contamination occurs. The 1990 survey explored awareness levels of appropriate remedial action. Again, results suggest that most smallholders, in al crop sectors, recognise the importance of washing with water immediately or as soon as possible after contamination occurs (Table 14). Nevertheless a minority of smallholders in al crop sectors, said they would ignore contamination of both hands and eyes. Ensuring that al smallholders are aware of the iportance of maintaining appropriate standards of personal hygiene is an important objective for future education and training. 11 , Tae 14: Extent to wich contanaion occurs dtng mixng and rm dal acton taken *oe C~. Ma~a Poia s3»a t miso (M () (N> M) Handdy 28 30 28 37 Eys 5 3 1 - B~ hanodyndeys 4 5 3 11 None 63 62 68 52 Total 100 100 100 100 of Rspaond~nts (n) (228) (37) (337) <161) Im Co~ MaPote Red aco ook Hand~ Ey~ H~anda Ey~e Hede Ey~ Han Ey~s (ar wo~i ~aè ( N () (%) (%) (N) (N) (M) N) g 11 8 8 4 15 9 22 10 w hao pos~ 24 16 35 31 13 14 11 11 wm m n 39 39 36 38 45 43 52 52 Vh ag* b> dcr 18 26 14 19 15 22 11 17 Goadoc r 7 10 6 8 8 11 4 8 other i i - - 1 - i T~ 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Nabro ep dntq(f) (96) (145) (36) (2) (299> (209) 0>49) 92) Whist there is cleary widespread awareness. amnong rnost smalhofders of the ned to exercse basic standards of personal hygene when mixing paraq~at. and by iplicating other pesticides, il remains an important objective to kncrease the extent to which more hygiene prac~ such as the wearing of rubber g~oves and eye protedn whist mixing, are adopted by srnafholders. Results krm the suvey show that such desirable practice, is used by only a smal tr!crity ol smalholers in any crop sector. In expaining why they doMi wear prtective ciothing. most respondents say they consider tt-m to be 'inwnienr, 'uncotable' and unrneessary' because they haven' experienced any serous prob- lems. ir thei absence. However, many sma~olders also adit to a basic careiessness about such precautions and others say they haven' ben advised about Ihe need to use them (Table 15). Table 15: Extent to which gloves and eye protecton are worn when mixing paraquat Rce Co~ee Ma~e Potaoes G ~ova Gog~ Glo Goggle Go Gogles Gov~ Goggle (N) (%) (%) M) (M) (M) (%) (%) Aregovsorøee pr~ Yes 4 3 8 11 3 2 19 4 wrn by rmsponde? No 56 97 92 89 97 98 81 96 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Numbr of Repondms (n) (228) (228D (37) <37) (337) <337) (161) (161) R-a~- given lr not ø~rn glov or e prma : ( (%) ) (%) ) %) (%) (%) Too e wexpon 8 10 15 12 14 15 11 12 Are knwnhsnt I usapncomIrtbl 46 46 35 42 15 15 20 19 Arg no r---y 29 27 29 27 10 12 14 14 Are dsa ai 1 2 - - 2 2 2 3 Not advsed a wer tm 17 19 3 3 8 8 1 2 Pmncare~ssnss 22 22 35 30 54 52 50 45 Natusediit - - - - 5 6 18 16 Otrs 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 RPAsnstespoden 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 NUberøoPo~atsa() (219) (221) (34) (33) <328) (329) (131) (155) Such reaions sugget that it wi take considerable tim and sustained education and training effort to convinc the majority of smaioiders to wear goves and face masks, when mixing concentrated pestiie In the case of paraquat, it is iortant to recognise that no adverse effects wil result. even under intensive usage conditions, provided ay operatives exercise reasonable standards ol per- sonal hygiene N contamination ocurs. S~rnpée gmprovemnts in woxk practice, such as the rnstnchve n o 1 M.T 1b iIR1! 1~f ii iiI i t~li n 13 Pressure gauges were absers from most metal or plastic knapsacks used by respondents. However they were fited. quite widely to pre-pressured sprayers. This is a necessary safety device on prepres- sure sprayers. Most p-pressure knapsack sprayers (81%) had pressure gauges. In the co#ee sector this rose to 100%. Arong pre-pressure mle-drawn sprayers (87%) had pressure gauges fitted. Also with prepressure sprayers it is generaly recomnended in Colombia that herbicides should be appled at 20 psi and insecticides 40 psi pressure. Acktional questoning inccaled that most respondents using prepressure sprayers, were inaware of tas differentiation. The average pressure used to apply paraWual and other herbicides though prepressurt sprayers varied between crop sectors: coffee (33 psi). rnatze (52psi), potatoes (66 psi). There was less variation in the types of nozzles used by respondents. Apart from the coffee, sector where 1t tan' (T-jet) nozzles were quite widely used, most respondents relied upon 'cone' nozzles for paraquat and other pesticide application. These are generaly advocated for insecticide and fungicide application. It had also been noticed in pre-survey fieldwork that many smallholders. particularly in rice areas, normaly widened the orifice of the 'cone' nozzles they used for paraquat application The survey confirmed that this practice was not only widespread in rice. but was also quite common in maize and potato sectors. (Table 18). The pnmary reason claimed by respondents for this practice. was to achieve faster work rates. Table 18: Nozzle Types used by smallholders when applying paraquat, and their adaptation Rke cofe* maize Potaes Type of nozzle used: (%) () (%) (%) Cone 99 54 as 94 Fla-a (T-je) 43 t2 4 Flood-let - 3 3 2 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 (% of respondents widenkg nozle ortsce) (aS) () (32) (37) Number of respondents(n) (228) (37) (337) (161) Resos for widenkng ortfce %) (%) (%) 'Faster work raW* 100 - 95 93 Other - - 5 10 Number of respondents(n) (202) (-) (107) (62) An inportart objectve for education and training in the sale use of agrochemicals, is to inprove stan- dards of sprayer naitenance in smallholder populations. Poorly mairtained sprayers, which leak are undesirable and can cause unnecessary operator cortamination. Respondent smalhcbdes were asked whether leaks occurred with their existing equipment. Responses indicate that leakages occur quitie widely, and to a swmilar extent in al crop se,rs (Table 19). Most leaks occur from the top of the sprayer as a result of overfilng. from the jurncton of the purp and hose, and from the trigger valve on the lance. Table 19: Frequency and source of leaks on manually-operated Knapsack sprayers PJm coffee unae Potatoes Does the sprayer leak? yes 38 32 32 30 No 62 68 68 70 Total 100 100 100 100 Number of respondents (n) (228) (37) (337) (161) Source of 6eekage: (M) () (%) (%) Fi& cap on sprayer 23 17 40 35 Top of sprayer Wa* 15 17 16 2 ickle ofSprayer tW 8 - 4 6 Bonan of sprayer ta* 20 17 16 6 Becom run of ank 15 8 11 8 Junchon of pump nd hose 24 a 20 31 Trigger vale on -ic 46 42 33 35 SOthers 1 + 2 4 Menone per responeat 1.5 1.1 1.4 1.3 Number of respondents (n) (87) (12) (109) (48) 14 i: seing p0~na cperor hazds asse d WM a is hryogm t to recognise ~ al sch eks ike p wt an h cans para:pat, at reconscyndd Wappinn r ss (1-2Rs in 200s et w Us signicny 2,teduces any azd 2 om, dma coiannri Acso, not aileaks nwesmry wcr i äperato, signiicar y, and n many ca sWay-operators ta prvetahe to avoid srous ntankimaäm The suvey c -med that hee bas widespe use of plastic bags and sheting, as uprisd say cWs and Mons to prevent bas containating c~Éig, en most se s. ny a mnor y of . Mina se say they wou gore cont tm a~g sprayers, but ny sm~ikses sai they would ony change soaked loting when sraying Ior the day was d (ale 20). Tais 20:fP ativ acewgn taken by sratide to avoid personal contamnlnan when tun ce M~. Po~ E 01eum iskamosisd pisac bg s 5 67 3s s d~ ~ M d d No 44 364 a 16 14 14 17 16 5 18 2 Chang. cimg wsn spreen~g renishd 41 54 44 55 hz-.d 1v change 2 nm1d c4he 16 27 13 9 CM- po~ r 1 - 2 3 No mnr g 20 - 9 14 7OTAL 100 100 100 100 Nu~ ar leipondes (a) (22) (37) (337) (161) During pre-survey field work It had been observed that some spray-operators waik backwards. to avoi uniecey contaminaion from spray drift. Adefin fVidimgs from the survey indicated that only a ninority of respondents (16%) sprayed bacwards accordkig to wind drecion. Another pont of good spray practice, is that block d spray-nozzies shoudn' be deared by blowing between the ips. The agrochemical wndustry ha advocated for a long time, that blockd nozzles should onty be cleared wth a soft probe. such as a stic or piece of grass. Nevertheless. results from the survey inate that nany responents, in a Crop secors, say they unboc noz2es by blowing (Table 21). Table 21: Methods of claing blockad nazzles Re~a te hecr ge.==m-- yoW ha ~W ~..om.. eocked, how do you c ler Rio. coes Mte a.e= StaMum~- --rd to rspocd~- (1) (%) ) %)( low nz der with nuh 17 19 20 20 Kn clear 11 5 2 45 ULk it wilhasuck 9 16 17 13 Lkk t with a wirm 1127 11 3 wshwied cm=u~ spasonn 21 11 15 a Was wilh w~ 29 6 14 6 oh~r 2 16 3 5 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 Nusr of mepOud.n*si<) (22) (37) <3s?) (1M1) It is also advised that spray-operaws shou~drl cat, drink, smoke or urinate during spraying activities, withou undertak~ng basic personal 'ean-up aciy beforehand parb~iarty washing. The survey again suggests that standards in personal hygiene among respondent smallholders coulk be rnpoved. The majority of respondents ~i eacl1 cop seor, interpt spraying at some stage during the day to carry out one or mars of these acivities. Sizeable rinoffties of responderts say they dorrt undertake any dean-up adivies beforehand (Table 22). ● ● ：꿱！-----&----,1.-．·． 16 %vhilg most respondents (54%) use general farm cild- W sprayirig. many (42%) keep a sa cd domig specifically for mxh wodL TI'm was two in am cmp sectors Sorre mawaiders (27%) ordy had a single set of Clottm for spraying. bid rnany had two SM (31%) and sorne even had ftwee sets (3M). The availability of replacement clothing is ffrport". makxV It *a for to ch;ange V*k clothing at the end of each days spraying. In .. cases ftrmers wash and dry their spM-cWwV before rem. Nevertheless in cottee, maize and potmoes. many do not bottw to wash it before reuse (Table 24)_ Additional questioning showed th* in moird r-,ts&q r75%) spray-ciothirig is washed separately from ottw ck9hing- TI-& rernaxxler (25%) don't take such care. Table 24: Treannent of spray-ck)thing post spraying Rke Can" Matze, Pot"*" T"aftew of dooft P004perykV 1%) M M (%) Wkshed babm being won 90 46 69 62 No wastod hWin IkWAft aD drv 7 36 24 30 Not hancled in any 3 16 6 6 O&W TOTAL IOD 100 100 IOD Humber of responoonts (n) (225) (37) (337) (161) Another unpor= aspect of the safe use of paraqual and other peacides, is the thoroughness of per- sonal post-spzfing ckm-up activity. GiGnerally 4 is recornivier4ed that clothirg is changed and the body washed as soon as possible after spraying. The survey explored current practice among respon- dent srnaIll'solders, ustrig unprompted and prompted questioning- Results mclicate UxV in spite of their relatively poor socio-economic c=rnstances, snudhoider tam'sers and their farni1lies are not neglect- U of personal safety. Most change thew clothes and completely wash themselves before doing arry other work or recreational acitivity (Table 25). Supplementary questioning indicated that where respondents said Jvy washed as soon as possible after spraying. this meant. on average w0in 45 rninutes- Only a small minority of smailholders in each Sector. didn't bother to undertake any post- spraying 'clean-up* acitivity. Table 25: Personal hygiene post-spraying Respons" to thie'open* question: -Aftw you hrm Ordshed spisyk pwaqual and any equipawa cleenup sisixe, do you unclertske am P-1 hyW- nw*uxva, before dokv my ww or rearesilcow sc&dUes?" Face, conee blabbe Paudoes UWrompud smenhoidw responses (%) M (%) (%) NoftV kx%=W 1 8 7 IA Nes, Complemy Wasl mysed 98 73 ag 65 Yel. dung* d*d*s 611 57 62 57 Yes. wash!= - 5 - 3 'Yes. wash hwxls hair and feet - 2 O&W Ck"in-up Measures 1 6 3 9 Number of cleen-W acdv 1.7 is is 1A Responses to tho'closed' quession: 'Aftw you have finished spraying psrequgt. and g=y eqLApmem ciewn-up sb&M widd of Ow k4owLng sauments, best describe* your acdoes?" stelemients few to respondents (%) (%) (%) (%) Wah ouradamy 25 14 26 14 Wash as soon as as 51 57 45 Onty w"h when prepain" tosk" 1 16 7 16 Donl waW as &V 1 11 8 is OtPW resportm 5 8 2 10 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 Number of lespondents (n) (228) (37) (3m (161) 17 icdence of effct atMutd by unalhodrs to the us of paaquat I-stanards of personal hyene ae adequate. prolonged cortac with parpat partiarly aits concenrated km, can resut in menor, but reversble iny to the skin. eyes, nose and nail. The survey explored the wience and nature of M e#ects attnbuted by respondent smallolders to the use of paraquat using ~open and t:losed' questionng. Responses are hasM on sel-dagnosis, and are prone to resporent beas. nevertheless they rir~te that most snallolders en each crop sector did not experience any i-eftects that they attrbued to the se of para~3at. (Table 26). Where il- efteds were noted. they were ~nostly descn~ed as a feeling of rosman and headaches from the smell associated with pararat appbcatiorL This anses diectly from the stewardship policy of paraquat mnarntaters to irn~ie a stench In the tomulated product. This cifteretiates it from conunable products, and nmises the risk of accketal kgestiorL Such symr~S and the teelng of high body terperature may also be caed by bght leve of dehydration of the spray operator by solar expo- surae as wel as moderate to ight smatinrs of hypogkycenia trom tasting. Lavels of skin äration were how, and mosty cated on the hands and teet. Sorne i#tation of the eyes fsom spray-mist occurred in al seactns. The level of nose-bleeds assoctd wth paraquat appicaetion was ow, and where respon- dents associated this with mixing, rests must be treated wgh some sceptmien. Table 26: Incidence of IM e~fects attributed to the use of paraquat R~^a*. to D unpropied 'opn* quso~ Te Tst e you wixed comed pnraqut (and then sprayed the dhud *)an) were ther may busth.retated M ettects of any sort?- RieConee Mab. otte Mbdng Spryng Mbdng Sprayhag Mixng Spay~ng Mbdng Språying ) (%) %) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Had ~ becsbeenexper~nced? No 85 81 89 89 90 87 92 92 Yes 15 19 11 11 10 13 8 8 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 til eects noted: Headchestornsml 5 4 3 5 3 3 3 Ncs-bleed 2 2 - - 1 - 1 Na~s- reM sme 1 2 3 3 5 5 3 3 stad byngr - - - - 1 - Sorm s *omsprayrres 5 4 - 2 4 3 4 Sinrnaon(hands, 1et) 3 4 3 - 2 3 1 Skin -aon(goin - 2 - 1 1 1 - 1gh body Uepatre 2 4 - - - - - - Ohw 2 2 3 3 - 1 1 1 M n Pondentafc d 1.3 1.4 1.1 1.0 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.5 Remp-^. to the propd 'cad* qua~-- "Th* Iaz ~ you mired comuntamd parquat (mnd then spreved the duted -a.) wre the.eanyM enect such as :kyn cr~mtat~on on the b~rnd. arma, beck or gro an blackned Q~nge- nma, Sor eyes a roa0 pray ist, ns~ bleeds, ----- or bmdak om . ume or other M eects that you exper - enced and •aociatad with th ac~wity- ad ~efcts ben Aexperiencod? No 72 67 84 78 86 74 83 74 Yes 28 33 16 22 14 26 17 26 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 *s seet~ noled HGd~ r ~ 9 9 5 14 4 6 5 6 Ns~-b1eed 7 7 - - 1 1 1 1 Nausa rokmuame 3 3 5 3 7 8 7 7 Bd*edingerness 3 6 - 3 - 1 1 1 Soreyes 10 13 - 3 4 11 6 19 Sinman (hnds.f st)7 8 3 - 3 7 3 4 Sinrn (gin) 2 4 - 2 2 1 1 High body arUn e 2 4 - - - 2 1 4 Ohers 2 3 5 5 - 3 3 3 a mmtetffi taffected 1.6 1.7 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.8 NUer er reepoMdents (u) (22) (228) (37) (37) (337) (337) (161) (181) To assess uther. the serousness or otherwis of il ees noted by respondents, they were asked whether the eflect caused them to stop workng and i so for how long. In most cases (80%) they hadni cnmed respondents to stop work. Where they had, nost eftects lasted for less than 3 days and were folowed by complete recovery. Selg meffetion was quite widey appied (41%) by respondents ●×－. ● ．曽’,&-(,-----;-;）りコ」―-------- 州 && 一＇&~ 文～，、 、→＇ \ !‘望‘!&!!!！〕！〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕‘·〕〕〕〕，〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕〕’〕； - 1-------&’与与与1-------．・ イ ー／・／一 ＼ノ××× Table 29: D methods asid rum of empty pmaquot contalraim PACO C4000 Mabs Pa"100a M (%) M (%) DWpoad modKp& Burn 15 19 5 9 8-Y 7 22 11 19 Thfow somy 51 22 so 56 Sam 26 3 1 - PAPUM ior 0M use, 58 43 43 35 Ogler 1 3 5 9 (%) (%) M (%) Use wime I To swoe pasocides 10 3 6 3 TO SWIM kni Oft 29 32 16 19 PkxVW Po" 24 3 8 12 cam VAUK 21 16 11 20 SkNe *110& 1 - 4 1 scoop lor UrdderafteD& I - - WaMm up bovA 11 a 3 2 S%xWe d food br human Cortuarobw s obtenidos se aprecia cómo el mayor porcentaje de Intoxicaciones por Plagui<-idas es debido a Organofosf orados y Carbamatos. A su vez, dentro de este grupo se encuentran los debidos a plaguicidas de uso casero. ISS CLINICA SAN PEDRO CLAVER TOXICOLOGIA - MORBILIDAD ler. SEMESTRE 1990 IMPRESION DIAGNOSTICO # Alcaloides escopolamina etc 438 31 Carbamatos - O. Fosforados 298 21.1 Piretrinas Fenotiazina - FNB - Diazepam 160 11.3 Intoxicación por Alcohol Etilico 149 1u.t> Intoxicación Alimentaria 97 6.9 Intoxicación Medicamentosa 73 5.2 Intoxicación Plomo 67 4.7 Otros 130 9.2 TOTAL 1412 1U(0 (2) Para el primer semestre de 1990 el número de pacientes atendidos bajo la impresión de Diagnóstico de Intoxicación Exógena, en la Clinica San Pedro Claver de Bogotá, la cual pertenece al ISS y a la cual solo tiene acceso la población afiliada al Instituto, es de 1412 pacientes, de los cuales el segundo lugar, con un 21.1% del total, corresponde a intoxicaciones por Plaguicidas. Esto puede ser debido a que el gran IO. sector de flores del pais se encuentra principalmente en la Sabana de Bogotá y la totalidad de su población trabajadora está afiliada al ISS. Continua como en los demás centros toxicológicos del país, la primera causa de Intoxicación por Alcaloides (31%). SS CUNiCA SAN PEDRO CLAVER TOXMCOLOGIA - MORBIUDAD PFER SEGEMM tM0 (3) El gráfico pone en relevancia el 31% de Intoxicaciones debidas a Escopolamina. Intoxicaciones de origen principalmente de tipo criminal, llegadas a la Clinica San Pedro Claver del TSS de Bogotá en el primer semestre de 1990 y el 21% debido a Intoxicaciones por 'Plagulcidas 9u CLINICA DE TOXICOLOGIA LTDA 2 SEMESTRE 1989 - ABRIL 1990 BOGOTA DIAGNOSTICO # Alcaloides - Escopolamina 90 43.06 Fenotiacina - FNB - Diazepam 27 12.9 Intoxicación Alimentaria 22 10.5 Cocaina - Otros depresores 10 4.8 SNC Alcohol Etilico 9 4.3 Intoxicacion Medicamentosa 9 4.3 Alcoholismo Patológico 9 4.3 Metanol 7 3.4 Carbamatos-O. Fosforados 7 3.4 Piretroide5 Otras 19 9.0 TOTAL 209 100 (4) En forma desglosada, en un periodo de 10 meses se han atendido 209 pacientes a nivel privado (Clinica de Toxicologia Ltda., Bogotá), de los cuales la primera causa, 43.06% del total, ha sido debida a Intoxicacion por Alcaloides. Se encuentran en sexto lugar, con un 3.4%, las intoxicaciones por Plaguicidas. 13 CLINICA DE TOXICOLOGIA LTDA 2 SEMESTRE 1989 - ABRIL 1990 #Al Total pacientes hospitalizados 209 100 por intoxicaciones Total pacientes hospitalizados 7 3.34 por intoxicaciones por plaguicidas (5) Del total de pacientes hospitalizados en un período de 10 meses por la Clinica de Toxicología Ltda., Bogotá, servicio privado de atención especializada, el 3.34% corresponde a Intoxicac-ones por Plaguicidas. .14 CENTRO DE ASESORAMIENTO TOXICOLOGICO "GUILLERMO URIBE CUALLA" SERVICIO A LA COMUNIDAD SEGUNDO SEMESTRE 1989 ASESORAMIENTO # Total de asesoramiento 69 100 telefónico por intoxicaciones Total de asesoramiento 11 15.9 telefónico por plaguicidas - 0. Fosforados 11.5 72.7 - O. Clorados - Carbamatos 3 4.34 y Piretroidce ----- 27.27 (6) El Centro de Asesoramiento Toxicológi,o "Guillermo Uribe Cualla" presta un servicio de tipo privado a la comunidad, sin costo alguno, en donde se hace asesoramiento toxicológico médico vía telefónica a diferentes hospitales y centros de salud a nivel nacional y a personas no médicas. En el segundo semestre de 1989 prestaron 69 asesoramientos telefónicos por intoxicaciones Exógenas, de los cuales 11 (15.9%) fueron debidos a intoxicaciones por Plaguicidas. Desgiosado se aprecia cómo el 72.7% de estos asesoramientos fue por Organofosforados (11% del total de 69) y el 27.27% restante porVplaguicidas (4.34% del total de o9). CENTRO DE ASESORAMIENTO TOXICOLOGICO "GUILLERMO URIBE CUALLA" SERVICIO A LA COMUNIDAD 2 SEMESTRE 1989 - ABRIL 1990 IMPRESION DIAGNOSTICA #_% Soda-Cáusticos - Acidos 9 13.0 Organofosforados 8 11.0 Fenotiacinas-FNB-Diazepaz 7 10.1 Talio 4 5.8 Metanol 3 4.3 Carbamatos - PiretrCIAeo, 34.3 Otras 35 50.7 TOTAL 69 100.0 (7) Se aprecia en forma desglosada las principales causas por las cuales se ha solicitado Asesoramiento Telefónico Toxicológico a este servicio. SERVICIO DE RESPUESTA INMEDIATA (ATMI LTDA) AGROQUIMICOS 2 SEMIETRE 1989 - ABRIL 1990 IMPRESION DIAGNOSTICA # % 0. Fosforados 12 Carbamatos 7 35 Piret.zi¿es 1 5 TOTAL 20 100 (S) En un periodo de 10 meses, este servicio de Respuesta Inmediata para Asesoramiento Toxicológico Telefónico a las empresas productoras de Agroquimicos afiliadas, registró un totai de 20 casos de intoxicaciones por Plaguicidas, de los cuales el 60% corresponde a Organofosforados. LABORATORIO DE TOXICOLOGIA DE URGENCIAS INSTITUTO DE MEDICINA LEGAL 1ER SEMESTRE DE 1990 BOGOTA # Total de análisis toxicológicos 942 10.00 solicitados al I.M.L. Total de análisis plaguicidas 33 3.50 Análisis positivos por paguicidas 11 1.16 33. 3u (9) En el primer semestre de 1990 se solicitaron al Instituto de Medicina Legal, al cual tiene acceso todos los hospitales estatales, los adscritos al Servicio Seccienal de Salud de Bogotá y clinicas privadas un total de 942 análisis de Laboratorio Toxicológico por Intoxicaciones Exógenas. De este total, el 3.5% corresponde a análisis por intoxicaciones por pla,'iicidas de los cuales solo fueron positivos (es decir, confirmatorios de la Impresión Diagnóstica) 11 análisis, lo que corresponde al 33.3% del total de análisis por Intoxicaciones por Plaguicidas. (1.16% del total de 942 análisis). LABORATORIO TOXICOLOGICO ATMI LTDA 2 SEMESTRE 1989 - ABRIL 1990 Total análisis realizados 516 100.00 Total análisis por plaguicidas 32 6.20 - O. Fosforados 16 3.10 50.00 - 0. Clorado 2 0.40 6.25 - Carbamatos 10 1.94 31.25 - Piretroide5 4 0.77 .12.50 (10) Se han procesado un total de 516 análisis en el Laboratorio Toxicológico de un Centro Privado de Asesoramiento Toxicológico en Bogotá en un periodo de diez meses, de los cuales 32 (6.2%) se han practicado bajo impresión Diagnóstica de Intoxicación por Plaguicidas. De estos 32 análisis el 50% corresponden a organofosforados (3.1% del total de 516); el 31.25% de Carbamatos (1.94% del total de 516); el 12.5% a PiretroideS (0.77% del total de 516); y 6.25% a Organoclorados (0.40% del total de 516). LABORATORIO DE TOXICOLOGIA INSTITUTO DE MEDICINA LEGAL Y ATMI BOGOTA, 2 SEMESTRE 1989 - 1 SEMESTRE 1990 # 1 Total a¿nálisis realizados 1458 100 Total análisis por plaguicidas 65 4.45 (11) En un período de 12 meses, se han solicitado a nivel privado (ATMI) y al Instituto de Medicina Legal, un total de 1458 análisis de laboratorio por Intoxicaciones Exógenas, de las cuales el 4.45% corresponde a Intoxicaciones por Plaguicidas. . . . . . . HOSPITAL SAN VICENTE DE PAUL Medellin 1983 - 1988 9 Casos mortales Intoxicaciones 8 Casos intento de por suicidio Paraquat 1 Caso accidental (12) En un periodo de cinco (5) años se han presentado nueve (9) casos mortales de intoxicacion por Paraquat, confirmados además de la historia clinica con su respectiva necropsia, en el Hospital 3an Vicente de Paul, Hospital Universitario (más alto nivel de la piramide del Servicio Nacional de Salud) al cual acuden por su alto nivel de especializacion, todos los demás servicios de salud del Departamento. Es de anotar que ninguno de los casos es debido a Intoxicación de tipo Accidente Ocupacional. El único caso que se refiere a Intoxicación Accidental fue por haber reenvasado Paraquat en una botella que contenia bebida alimenticia; y fué bebido accidentalmente. HOSPITAL SAN JUAN DE DIOS CARMEN DE VIBORAL 1-JUL-87/31-DIC-89 CAUSAS DE INTOXICACIONES #% 0. Fosforados 53 52 Alimentaria 13 13 Carbamatos 10 10 Alcohólica 12 12 Escopolamina 3 3 Paraquat 2 1.9 Otros 9 9 TOTAL 102 100 (13) En el hospital local del Municipio de Carmen de Viboral del Departamento de Antioquia, en un periodo de 2 1/2 años, se han registrado 102 pacientes por Intoxicaciones Exógenas. El 64% debido a plaguicidas, siendo de gran relevancia las Intoxicaciones por Organofosforados (52% del total de 102). Los dos casos de intoxicacion por Paraquat fueron por vía oral, uno por intento de suicidio y otro de tipo e accidental, no ocupacional. CENTRO DE INFORMACION TOXICOLOGICA HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO DEL VALLE AÑO 1989 INTOXICACION POR PLACUICIDAS 0. FOSFORADOS 33 22.14 CARBAMATOS 6 4.02 0. CLORADOS 3 2.01 PIRETROWES 1 0.b7 MEZCLAS 103 69.12 OTROS (PIRATAS) 3 2.01 T O T A L 149 100.00 (14) En un periodo de 20 meses (1989-Agosto 1990), el Centro de Información Toxicologica del Hospital Universitario del Valle tiene regiatrados del total, el 28% de los pacientes intoxicados por Agroquímicos. De este porcentaje, sólo el 1.8% de los casos los consideran. Accidentes Ocupacionales, el resto son debidos a accidentes de otra índole, principalmente en niños y adolescentes y po otra parte un alto pocentaje debido- a intento de suicidio. Ninguno de los casos por agroquímicos ha sido reportado por Paraquat. De este 28% que corresponde a Intoxicaciones por Agroquimicos, casi el 79% (78.57%) es debido a Intoxicaciones por Organofosforados. Los más afectados son los hombres entre 15 y 59 anos y los residentes en zonas rurales. La tendencia es errática aunque en los últimos años presente una baja considerable. La letalidad se aproxima al 12%. No se incluyen los casos atendidos en Medellín, Clinicas y Hospitales privados, ni en Hospitales del Sistema de Seguridad Social. (Nieto Zapata, O.,MD. Jefe División Salud Ambiental S.S.S.A Medellín). MORBILIDAD PROPORCIONAL POR: PLAGUICIDAS/PROCEDENCIA/SEXO ANTIOQUIA 1978 - 1989 FUENTE: SIS - i MOTAUDAD PROPORCIONAL POR PLAGUICIDAS SEGUN GRUPOS ETAREOS ANoIuA 1978 - IM 4 CaSOS desconoco Fuente: Registos notaiales de deklciones MORTAUDAD PROPORCIONAL POR TIPO DE PLAGUICIDAS ANTIOQUIA 1978 - 1989 - cpclAos * ~~I omsPIAO 0 oepeuc0o MOTALIDAD PROPORCIONAL POR PLAGUICIDAS, POR PROCEDENCIA Y SEXO ANTIOQUIA 1978 - 1989 $EXO * Diez casos desconocidos Fuentes: Registros notariales de defunciones MORBIUDAD PROPORCIONAL POR PLAGUICIDAS SEGUN GRUPOS ETAREOS ANTIOQULA 1973 - 1989 044 15S.Ywa CA$FUOnE S MORBILDAD PROPORCIONAL POR TIPC DE PLAGUICIDAS ANTEMNA197 -198 o----mme PESTICIDES AND ENVIRCMEWf'AL MONI4IOUNG IN THE EASTERN CARIBBEAN CURREWfl' SETTING AND NEEDS VOLUME I, TEXT Prepared For The Countries Of The Eastern Caribbean and USAID/RDO/C Br idgetown Paul Andre DeGeorges Regional Environmental management Specialist For The Caribbean USAID/RDO/C, Br idgetown December 1989 TABLE OF CONTENTS (coNT.) Paoe 1.3.8 Introduction Of The IR4 Program To The Eastern Caribbean 14 1.3.9 Harnonization Of Pesticide Control Legislation 15 1.3.10 Consideration Of Centralizing onitoring Capabilities In One Laboratory In Each Country 15 1.4 SUGGESTED ROLE OF OTER REXGIONAL INSTITUTIONS 16 1.5 SUGGESTED ROLE OF THE UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PR=TECTION AGENCY IN PESTICIDE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MOITORING IN THE EASTERN CARIBBEAN 16 1.6 SUGG&qTED ROLE OF PEACE CODRPS 19 2.0 PESTICIDE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING IN ST. LOCIA 20 2.1 Introduction St. Lucia 20 2.2 Pesticide Legislation St. Lucia 20 2.3 Pesticide Control Board St. Lucia 20 2.4 Pesticide Importations St. Lucia 21 2.5 Pesticide Operator Certification And Pesticide Certification Of Farmers St. Lucia 21 2.6 Analytical Capabilities For Pesticides And Other Environental Parameters St. Lucia 21 2.7 Recommended Actions St. Lucia 22 3.0 PESTICIDE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MTDIORING IN GRENADA 23 3.1 Introduction Grenada 23 3.2 Pesticide Legislation Grenada 23 3.3 Pesticide Control Board Grenada 23 3.4 Pesticide Importations Grenada 24 3.5 Pesticide Operator Certification and Pesticide Certification Of Farmers Grenada 24 3.6 Analytical Capabilities For Pesticides and Other Environmental Parameters Grenada 24 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS (CoNr.) Page 3.7 Recommended Actions Grenada 26 4.0 PESTICIDE AND ENVIROIENTAL ErMIORITNG IN ST. VINCENT 27 4.1 Introduction St. Vincent 27 4.2 Pesticide Legislation St. Vincent 27 4.3 Pesticide Control Board St. Vincent 27 4.4 Pesticide Importations St. Vincent 27 4.5 Pesticide Operator Certification And Pesticide Certification Of Farmers St. Vincent 28 4.6 Analytical Capabilities For Pesticides And Other Envirorinmental Parameters St. Vincent 28 4.7 Recommendations St. Vincent 29 5.0 PESTICIDE AND EMVIRONMENTAL MONITORING IN DOMINICA 30 5.1 Introduction Dominica 30 5.2 Pesticide Legislation Doninica 30 5.3 Pesticide Control Board Doainica 30 5.4 Pesticide Importations Daninica 31 5.5 Pesticide Operator Certification And Pesticide Certification Of Farmers Dominica 31 5.6 Analytical Capabilities For Pesticides And Other Environmental Parameters Dominica 31 5.6.1 Pesticides 31 5.6.2 Envirorinental Mbnitoring 32 5.7 Recommended Actions Dominica 32 6.0 PESTICIDE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING IN ANTIGUA 33 6.1 Introduction Antigua 33 111 TABLE OF CONTEnTS (CONT.) 6.2 Pesticide Legislation Antigua 33 6.3 Pesticide Control Board Antigua 33 6.4 Pesticide Impoitations Antigua 33 6.5 Pesticide Operator Certification and Pesticide Certification Of Farmers Antigua 34 6.6 Analytical Capabilities For Pesticides An Other Envirorrnental Parameters Antigua 34 6.7 Recommended Actions Antigua 36 7.0 PESTICIDE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING IN ST. KITTS/NEVIS AND MONTSERRA- 37 7.1 Introduction 37 7.2 Pesticide Legislation St. Kitts/Nevis and Montserrat 37 7.3 Pesticide Control Board 37 7.4 Pesticide Importations 37 7.5 Pesticide Operator Certification And Pesticide Certification Of farmers 37 7.6 Analytical Capabilities For Pesticide And Other Environmental Parameters 37 7.7 Recomnended Actions 38 iv 'ABLE OF CT)NTRS (CONT.) VOLLE II ATACMENT I, Iln79VIEWS ST. LUCIA ATTACHMENT II, PESTICIDE LEGISLATION ST. LUCIA ATrACBMENT III, PESTICIDE FORMS ST. LOCIA ATrACHENT IV, INTERVIEWS GRENADA ATTACHMENT V, PESTICIDE LEGISLATION GRENADA ATICACMENT VI, PESTICIDE FORMS GRENADA ATTACBMENT VII, PESTICIDE INTERVIEWS ST. VIN T ATTACHMMR VIII, PESTICIDE LEGISLATION ST. VINCENT ATTACHMENT IX, INTERVIEWS DCMINICA ATTACHMENT X, PESTICIDE LEGISLATION DOMINICA ATTACHMENT XI, PESTICIDE FORMS DOMINICA ATTACHMENT XII, INTERVIEWS ANTIGUA ATTACHMENT XIII, PESTICIDE LEGISLATION ANTIGUA ATTACHMENT XIV, USAID/USEPA AGREEMENTS ATTACRMCET XV, EVIRONM4ENAL TXICITIES OF USEPA RESTRICTED PESTICIDES LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE TITLE FOLLOWS PAGE 1 MAP OF IME EASTEPN CAIRIBBEAN1 2 INTERREGIONAL LINKAGES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF A QUALITY CONIROL PROGRAM4 FOR MONITORING PESTICIDES AND O'HER ENVIRONMI'AL PARAMEIEPS IN TlFE EASTERN CARIBBEAN 18 vi MIST OF TABLES TABLE TITLE FOLLOWS PAGE 1.1 St. Lucia Pesticide Imports, January 1 - October 31, 1989 19 1.2 Pesticide Imports Grenada, 1986-1988 19 1.3 Pesticide Imports St. Vincent, 1988 19 1.4 Pesticide -imports Dominica 19 1.5 Pesticide Imports Antigua 19 1.6 Restricted Or Cancelled Pesticides In The Eastern Caribbean 19 1.7 Cofnparison Of Pesticide Use In The Eastern Caribbean To San JoaWpin County, California 19 1.8 Confirmed Pesticides Detected In Ground Water Due To Agricultural Use and Point-Source Contamination, United State 19 1.9 Recosended Laboratory And Field Equipment To Bolster The Envirornental And Water Quality Moitoring Capabilities Of The Water And Sewerage/Health Labs In The Eastern Caribbean 19 2.1 Pesticides Control Board Approved Pesticides, St. Lucia 21 3.1 Pesticides Control Board, Pesticides Approved, Grenada 24 5.1 Some Important Properties Of The More Common Pesticides Used In Dominica 31 vii ACRY.MS DS :Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Ag :Agriculture APHIS :Animal and Plant Realth Inspection Service of the U.S. Department Of Agriculture AREP :Acgriculture Research and Extension Project of USAID BASF :German pesticide manufacturer CAEP :Caribbean Agricultural Entension Project CARDAT :The old AREP project CARDI :Caribbean Agriculture Research and Development Institute CARICCM :Caribbean Community Secretariat CED :CED Enterprises, Pesticide importer in Antigua CI-BMAK :Computerized data base for pesticides CERI :Caribbean Environmental Health Institute 'IDA :Canadian International Development Agency CMC :Central Marketing Corporation of Antigua CODEX :International set of standards of the FAO/World Health Organization of the United Nations DBMC :Dominica Banana Marketing Corporation DOMWL=3) :Dominica Water and Sewerage Company EEC aropean Economic Comnunity EXT. :Extension FAO :Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations FC :Fecal Coliform Bacteria FS :Fecal Strep. Bacteria viii ACRONtYiS (CONT.) GEEST :Major buyer of bananas in the Caribbean, Company from Great Britain ICI :Interior Chemical Industries of Great Britain, Pesticide Manufactvrer IEE :Initial Environmental Evaluation reqIired for most U.S. AID projects to be approved. IICA :Inter-American Intitute For Cooperation On Agriculture IIED :International Institute For Environment And Development DPM :Integrated Pest Management 1R4 :Subsidized program under the USEPA- to develop pesticide residue tolerances for minor crops iOA :Ministry of Agriculture MMR :Ministry of Health NES :National Eutrophication Survey, a massive water qaulity based environmental monitoring effort of surface waters in the United States that spawned the birth of the United States Environmental Protection Agency MPIRS :National Pesticide Information Retrieval System CAS :Organization of American States CEs :Organization Of Eastern Caribbean States CRD :Farmers coooerative in St. Vincent ClXFAM :International Non-governmental Organization PASA :U.S. Government Interagency exchange of experts. In this report the suggestion is -nade that the USEPA place on exchange one of its chemists with CERI PEST-BANK :Computerize6 data base for pesticides PCB :Pesticide Control Board REMS :Regional Environmental Management Specialist SPAT :Small Projects Assistance Team, NGO in Dominica ix ACRONYMS (CONT.) :TDtal Doliform Bacteria TKN :Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen TROPRO :Tropical Produce Project of USAID UNDP :United Nations Development Program USEPA :United States Environmneital Protection Agency USAID :United States Agency For International Development UWI :University of the West Indies LV :Ultrviolet Light ASA :Water and Sewerage Authorities x 1.0 EXBrTIVE SUMMARY 1.1 PURPOSE OF S*TJDY. Previous analyses by USAID regional institutions and other donors, in the Eastern Caribbean Islands of St. Lucia, Grenada, St. Vincent and Dominica (The Windwards), and Antigua, St. Kitts/Nevis and Montserrat (The Leewards), (See Figure 1), indicate that landbased pollution from agricultural runoff (Sediment, fertilizer and pesticides) and sewage is degrading the coastal zone of these islands. The conservation 3f the coastal zone is imperative if the vital economical sectors of tourism and fishing are to be maintained. Likewise this degradation of the coastal zone is resulting in a major loss in biological diversity as coral reefs and grass beds continue to deteriorate. Coral reefs are among the rmst biologically diverse ecosystem in the world. There is also major concern over the possibility of drinking water contamination by pesticides, nitrates and other toxic chemicals, and major concern over the level of farm worker contamination by pesticides. Up until now the Eastern Caribbean countries and the donors have voiced concern over these issues, held workshc 3 and even in some cases begun to establish computerized data bases. There is only one problem! A major step has been skipped, the establishment of country level capabilities to go into the field and begin quantifying the level of environmental contamination by these pollutants. In most instances there is little or no data to store on the computers, no ability to determine if waters are contaminated, if farm workers health is at risk or if food is safe for human consumption. The basis of the decision-making process necessary to manage each country's natural resources, depends on having quantitative data collected on a regular basis in order to look for trends so that action can be taken before a crisis situation exists. As a result no one is sure to what degree the inhabitants of the Eastern Caribbean or their natural resources are at risk. The importance of environmental monitoring can not be overemphasized in: *Assuring that Pesticide Residue Levels On Food destined for the U.S./Canadian and Eurooean markets falls within acceptable levels as determined by these governments. *Assuring that Pesticide Residue Levels On Food are acceptable on food destined for local markets, *Assuring that Potable Waters are Safe, being low in bacteria, nitrates, pesticides and other hazardous substances. ' *Assuring that Farm Workers and their Families are not contaminated by pesticides to the point that their health and the health of future generations may be jeopardized. THE EASTERN CARIBBEAN 66• 63 60 Br.Virgin Is. L Puerto lAnguillo 4 »Rico U S. Virgin Is pBorbudo St. Kitts* Antigui Nevis t i lp Monserr.t oUadeloupe CAR/B8E A N 0 Dominica 5 £A MartiniquelZ, < St. Lucia St. Vincent * QBorb dos 200 Milo* Grenada Tobogo Trinidad Caroas V E N E Z U E L A 66° 6 3* 60° Members of the Organisation of Eastern caribbean States (Oes) 2 *Estimating Pesticide and Fertilizer Loss indirectly through stream monitoring. The unneccessary or premature loss of these parameters can mean a major loss of revenue to the farmer througti a failure to reach their intended targets. *Estimating Soil Loss indirectly through stream monitorino as an indicator of long term sustainable agricultural production. *Managing the Coastal Zone for the long term sustainability of tourism and fishing as key sectors of the economy on each island. *Assuring that Coastal Waters are Safe for Swimming by tourists and local residents. The ability to measure pesticide residue levels will become even more important as the Eastern Caribbean islands face the apparent change that will take place in 1992 with Great Britain's entry into the Comnon Market. This will likely mean a turn away from bananas for the majority of farmers on the Windward Islands (St. Lucia, Grenada, St. Vincent and Dominica) as subsidization of this industry will likely cease and they will be forced to compete on the international market. Larger farmers (estimated at 20% of the farmers who provide 80% of the banana production on the Windwards) may have the means of competing on the international market to produce quality bananas. However, many experts feel that the smaller farmer will not be able to produce a competitive quality banana and as a result will have to diversify into other export crops, as well as search for new markets in which to sell this produce. If these makets are in the United States, Canada or Europe, the Eastern Caribbean countries will have to demonstrate that they can not only produce a quality product but a safe product with acceptable pesticide residue limits. This may even be required in the development of a regional market for the tourist trade. Many of the hotels and resorts are owned by and most are frequented by expatriates from the above countries where pesticides and their contamination of food and water are an ever growing concern. The Cofmon Market, led by West Germany is in the process of adopting strict standards for pesticide residue and aflotoxin levels on produce. The question of aflotoxin residues on nutmeg is already causing Grenada a problem as they are incapable of analyzing for this parameter. Likewise, the United States has similar standards for protection of public health from imports. This implies not only the ability to analyze for pesticides and other parameters, but the knowledge of what pesticide to use on what, crop and making sure that the farmer is aware of this as well as the rate and timing of pesticide application so that at harvest time the produce has pesticide levels that fall within acceptable tolerances. 3 This paper is based entirely upon interviews of technicians and farmers living and working in the Eastern Caribbean. During the month of November 1989 the countries of St. Lucia, Grenada, St. Vincent, Dominica and Antigua were visited by the Regional Envirornental Management Specialist. Because of time constraints, St. Kitts and Montserrat were not visited. They are however referenced based on information garnered from previous visits to these countries. This report is an attempt to relay to USAID and any other interested party, what the farmers and technicians involved in agriculture and envirormental monitoring of these Eastern Caribbean countries see as priorities in these areas and bow USAID and others may help them. This paper will review the current setting in each island. The Executive Summary sumnarizes these findings and provides a series of practical recommendations which must be undertaken if the management of pesticides is to be achieved and if a better understanding is to be obtained as to what is happening to pesticides and other pollutants once they enter into the environment. 1.2 CURENT SETT 1.2.1 Pesticide slation. As the result of assistance from the English based Tropical Produce Institute, now the Overseas Development and Natural Resources Institute, pesticide legislation was adopted -by all of the Eastern Caribbean Islands in the 1970's. Each island has a Pesticide Control Act. All of the Windward islands except St. Vincent have pesticide labeling and registration regulations. The Leeward countr ies lack regulations to the pesticide control acts which qive the respective pesticide control board in each country the authority to control the importation, sale and distribution of pesticides. This information is summarized in each country level analysis. Copies of each country's legislation are contained in accompanying attachments. Although, similar because of a comnon origin, they were all drafted by different indIviduals and therefore some appear do be more detailed than others. There appears to be a major need to harmonize this legislation between countries in a manner that the best of each country's legislation is brought into a anon document that can be adopted, with minor modification along the lines of fisheries legislation that has been harmonized and adopted by all of the Eastern Caribbean countries. Of critical importance for the monitoring of pesticides and other environmental parameters, is the need to build into pesticide and other appropriate legislation a way to generate income through charges to the natural resource users for the privilege of access to these resources. This same requirement may be needed for adoption of water add sewage legislation in which user fees are charged to permit the monitoring of drinking water quality and coastal water quality (Swimmable waters) for public health purposes. Innovative ways, such as a tourist conservation tax, need to be investigated as a means of covering operational costs of envirortental monitoring. 4 - 1.2.2 Pesticide Control Boards (PCB). Pesticide Control Boards are doing an excellent Job of cntrolling the entry of pesticides in St. Lucia, Grenada and Dominica. Through the help of the Inter-American Institute For Cooperation On Agriculture (IICA) annual meetings are held of the Windward Island's pesticide control boards to aid in networking and exchange of information. St. Vincent is just beginning to make its PCB functional with help form St. Lucia's PCB. A major problem with the functional PCB's is the lack of or the need for more Pesticide Inspectors to control what happens to the pesticides once they are in the country (storage, labeling, distribution, application and disposal). This is a major shortcoming that St. Lucia and Grenada are beginning to address. 7here is little or no control over the importation of pesticides in the Leeward Island countiies and a major need to see the PCB's of Antigua, St. Kitts/Nevis and Montserrat become more operational. 1.2.3 Pesticide Importations. Pesticide importations by country, pesticide and quantity are contained in Tables 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4. Information on importations in Antigua is available purely on a qualitative basis and even this may not be entirely accurate (Table 1.5). Pesticides classified as USEPA Restricted (Highly Toxic to Humans) imported by country are contained in Table 1.6. A number of these USEPA Restricted pesticides are also very toxic to wildlife (Attachment XV). Pesticide imports in the Eastern Caribbean can be sunmarized as follows: Country Number of Pesticide Imports Number Of USEPA Importers Restricted Pesticides St. Lucia 15 Jan 1-Oct. 32, 1989: 759,182 lb 13 Grenada 14 1988: 224,488 lb 20 St. Vincent 9 1988: 906,679 lb 10 Dominica 9 1988: 2,345,712 lb 11 based on Pesticide Control Board Stats. or 847,076 lb based on Dominica Banana Marketing Corp. Statistics Antigua 9 Minimum 1988: No Quantitative Records 12 Minimum St. Kitts/Montserrat: Needs To Be Investigated. It is estimated that there are between 4-7 pounds active ingredient of pesticide applied annually per acre in production on the Windward islands compared to 23 pounds active ingredient of pesticide applied annually per acre in production in can Joaquin County, California, known as one of the most intense areas fc- pOsticide use in the world (Table 1.7). 5 The banana producing Windward Islands are much heavier users of pesticides than the Leewards who are gradually noving away from agriculture and more into ! urism as their major employer and major ~cnomic sector . It is estimated that the banana industry in the Windward countries uses 99 percent of the imported pesticides and 99 percent of the USEPA restricted Pesticides, primarily to control the fungus, Yellow Leaf Spot (Yellow Sigatoka), nematodes and weeds. Many of the pesticides used for controlling leaf spot in bananas are applied aerially and include: *Benlate (Benomyl) *Calixin (Tridemorph) *SIGM (Thiophanate methyl) *Tilt (Propiconizole) Many experts in the Windwards are concerned about the aerial drift of these pesticides into water catchiments resulting in the -ontamination of drinking water. Highly toxic nematocides used in the banana and vegetable industries include the USEPA Restricted (Because of Human Health Toxicity) Furadan (Carbofuran), Mocap (Ethoprop) and Vydate (Oxamyl). Gramxone (?araquat) another USEPA Restricted herbicide is used in tremendous quantities throughout the banana indusLry. 1.2.4 Pesticide operator Certification And Pesticide Certification Of armers. Although the Pesticide Control Boards with their limited means and in some cases the Ministry of Health have held training sessions with farmers, all parties interviewed felt that the level of effort and the available teaching materials were grossly inadeaiate. A number of persons felt that the method of lecturing to the farmer in a class room setting was not appropriate nor successful. More innovative means of developing teaching materials are required such as popular theater and videos in order to keep the farmers' attention. It is believed that this training should not only be aimed at the farmer but the children of farmers. FAO will soon be sponsoring a short term training program for a person from each Eastern Caribbean country who works with the rural conunity. They will be trained in video production as a teaching tool. They will then return to their country with videos, recorders, TV's etc. and begin developing appropriate materials (e.g. making videos of popular theater productions). It is believed that most people will come from the Ministry of Agriculture Conmunication Unit of each country. Dominica will be established as the focal point for this activity. Additionally, many of the grass roots NGO's and farmers organizations located in the Eastern Caribbean (See Interviews) are beginning pesticide awareness programs for farmers and the general public. 6 1.2.5 Analytical Capabilities For Pesticides And Other Environmental Parameters. 1.2.5.1 Pesticide Residue Monitoring. The establishment of pesticide residue monitoring capabilities has been tried in the past ot failed as evidenced by the existence of non-operating gas chromatographs on St. Lucia, Grenada, Dominica and Antigua. Someone forgot to look at the generation of long term operational expenses and the topping off of salaries of highly skilled technicians trained in pesticides monitoring who flee the governent ranks to the higher paying private sector. Each country with a non-operating gas chromatograph has a highly trained technician available including: *Dr. Benry Lubin, St. Lucia *Dr. Guido Marcell, Grenada *Mrs. Claudia Bellot (MSc.), Dominica *No lab, St. Vincent *Dr. Hayden Thomas, Antigua Each of these individuals has the responsibility of overseeing the ooeration of the entire laboratory and fells the need to have one chemist trained whose major role would be to conduct routine pesticide analyses. There is a strongly felt need by all parties interviewed to see their labs develop in house capabilities at a national level to analyze pesticides. The Caribbean Environmental Health Institute (CEHI) is the only regional laboratory capable of currently measuring pesticide residue levels. It was established by CARICOM to coordinate environmental monitoring in the Eastern Caribbean. It is understaffed, underfunded and thus unable to operate at its necessary potential. It receives some support from UNEP in Jamaica. At the 1989 meeting of Windward Island Pesticide Control Boards, it was decided that CEHI should serve as a focal point for quality control. In the October 1989 meetLfg held by the OEr-S on hazardous and industrial chemicals, it was decided that CEHI should serve as the key link between labs. However, only one person is trained in pesticide analysis and he also must serve as administrator and fund raiser. This appears to take up most of his working day, leaving little time to actually conduct research. Because CERI is located on St. Lucia, it tends to conduct mostly project funded analyses of pesticides for the country of St. Lucia (e.g. It has studied coastal pesticide pollution in St. Lucia, and will soon begin monitoring mothers milk and potable water for pesticides on St. Lucia). Conducting these studies for St. Lucia although a valuable service, is really not the role of CEHI, who should spend most of its time advising and training cheilists and biologists from St. Lucia and the other Caribbean countries to set up environmental monitoring programs"of their own. Once these country level monitoring programs have been established, CERI's major role should then be to provide coordination, technical advise and to act as a quality control base for the English speaking Caribbean 0 yoden V V 0.03 eI 180 0 ID 0.04 0 04 u 7 9 0 5l C,Ingrg,iOOftll V 1.5 *2 60 0 02 CA M/A 911A cyanine y 9.0 IA LA ND NE PA VT 7 00 0 40 M 600 1 00 11N 2 90 0 Ni p y V 0.02 CA AZ 0 02 001 a 1 00 WA IVg y 402 00 l 70 ID 0.76 0 02 nhelhal y 3500 M tom9 00 109 lainino 063 mg 478.00 162 00 CA WA WA ie~g, y 9.0 C? e 1 10 0 60 10 0 49 0 02 11 TX 0 o 0 66 Dieldrin V 0.00219 • )M 0 02 0 02 10 009 0.01 K6 0 is Uynose6 y V 7.0 NR M Ny 6 70 0 70 nburm 14 CA N/A N/A ae * V 0.00' CA C0AMNMWA 1400 090 WR 5 70 0 82 NEo a 10 40 0 10 KB 006 004 n0.013 CA WA 11A m 170 -/A * iI IA t 0 90 0 10 y 0076 •0 002 002 K 00 0 lut S 210 t 9 0 600 TE 1.8 Oonfinned Peticides Detected in Graud Water Due to Agricultural Use and Point-Source coitamlnation , United States Mot1uI tie (Cte'qn,y 5) 90lnt Gource (Category ) Unknadn Origin Ceelled Anayte MoI.th_____ -______ ___ ___ or In misory MxIm ~Ikn Nmimm »d Miu *din ctw'mal Beverely I6's " Lewl *" Staltø with (~non. Conen ""a AtI" with c.n rcoc. "" Stetes with Ccen Cc~i• Nm erctd(p) Deteetlonm (M4»i (R*h» fbptecrt ionm (irrb) (Rib) Detect1on (ppb) (Iedi} Lin~4ns y T 0.02 KI Wr 47 00 0 10 ID 0 06 0 08 1.i4t (n 1 11 1 70 1 9I Mltilhin m si00 41 50 10 5 20 0 01 Mm' 2 20 0 26 *6.thambindwnis 10 5o 4 m M4ho.ylT 175 N 9 00 t4/A Mpihyi perathien y 2 0 M 2,> 00 8 40 in 0 01 0 01 MeilnoiIor y 10 CT IA IL ý'A MI P? 0 0 40 AR KS NY TX VT 112 00 4 60 M NI PA 48 00 0 61 VMitmrin y 115 IA It. Kg l 6 90 0 60 11 2 10 I t4 u INI 05 0 21 Tay9 V 175 m mN Mi 95 00 4 0 ne10 0272 0 02 T 220 1i1 0 05 0 01 mm M 149 00 9 44 raraMnhin 0 04 0 01 viot~ 490 W m vI 49 00 1 40 % 7<16 0 40 uS 1l ND 2 80 1 40 rt~lnl T 100 TX 29 60 16 60 PrNIc It0 50 0 15 Prelffano y 14 Ne PA 0 20 0 20 KS 2 50 M/A Siv V y 52 10 0 62 0 01 9iatin y 135 CA CT9 M NMJ PA VT 9.10 0 10 m Ph 3 40 0 ?? I>lprooøl IA l 40 1 40 TM y T 0.031 m 6 20 4 80 , p n 1 49 10 00 2 0 0 00 ?t ln late 0*9 009 TrIf Suta1In M JO slU 2 20 0 40 N0 03 03 R 5 40 09 l ue ff.ei rø #e,g b~ed en f 10-6 risk ol chningcanr Source:USEPA. 1988. Pesticides in ground water data base 1988 interim report. Office of unneP« Netlride iv . Pesticide Programs, Environmental Fate & Effects Division, Environmental Fate ••• Prope1 LlfetI.S MeIth YIsory tve & Ground Water Branch, USEPA. •. 4a of the cncentrimdn of Positive detetios for mil cøenf Irei stti. Ilf a particulat chemical 1e r~po18 a niglrq pnsItivØ weI, than the averg cmnc~ntral ien repnfted for that well Is gi~ TABLE 1.9 LABORATORY AND FIELD EUIPIENT RECOMMENDED TO BOL.STER ME ENVIRONMENTAL AND' WTER QUALITY ONIITORING CAPABILITIES OF THE CEHI WATER AND SEWERAGE/HEALMTH LABORATORIES IN THE EASTERN CARIBBEAN 1. HACH DREL Water Quality Monitoring Lab 220 Vo1t/32 Volt equipped to measure for five years of sampling: Nitrate/Nitrite, mg/1 as N Amonia mg/1 as N Tntal Kjeldahl Nitrogen, mg/1 as N Total Phosphate Phosphorous, mg/1 as P Orthophosphate Phosphorous, mg/1 as P Hardness, mg/i as CACO3 PH 2. Drying Oven, Muffle Furnace, Analytical Balance, 0.45 micron millipore filters, and dessicating dish, goouch crucibles to conduct total suspended solids and organic matter estimates as mg/i 3. Secchi Disk 4. Kemmerer Bottle 6. Pygmy Flow Meter 7. Millipore pre-mixed materials to analyze for total caliform, fecal coliform and fecal strep bacLeria for five years. Other materials depending on the individual needs of each lab. 20 I2.0 PESTICIDE AND ENVIRCnMTAL MONII IN ST. IUCIA 2.1 Introduction St. Lucia. Interviews were held with persons involved in and concerned about pesticide and agrochemical use in St. Lucia (Attachment I). Agencies interviewed included the Caribbean Envirormental Health Institute (CEHI), Caribbean Agriculture and Research Development Institute (CARDI), The St. Lucian Pesticide Control Board (PCB), The Oroanization of American States (OAS), Inter-American Institute For CocY ration In Agriculture (IICA) and the National Farmers Association. The year 1989 is the Year of the Environment in St. Lucia. The month of October was Pesticide Awareness month. This has brought on an increased awareness of all concerned parties over the dangers to man and the envirorment from the misuse of agrochemicals (See newspaper clippings, Attachment I). 2.2 Pesticide Legislation consists of the following (Attachment II): a. Pesticides Control Act of 1975, establishing the Pesticide Control oard (PCB) and antrolling the manufacture, importation, sale, storag and use of pesticides. b. Pesticides Control (Labelling of Pesticides) Regulations, No 70 of 1987. Requirements and forms (Attachment III) for U approval and import/sales of pesticides are provided. C. Pesticides Control Amendient Act, No. 27 of 1988/89 concerns offences and penalties, and establishes from where members of the PCB shall be drawn. 2.3 Pesticide Control Board St. Lucia, (PCB). Within the last year the PCB has becaye recognized by all importers and is finally obtaining the much needed collaboration of Customs in controlling pesticide imports. Five forms are required to be filled out by all prospective iWgorters in order to obtain permission to inport (Attachment III): a. Form A-1, AMlication For Approval which requests details on origin of pesticide, and toxicological information. b. Form A-2, Application For Licence To Import/Manufacture A Pesticide which requires that a statement be made as to whether or not the pesticide is p-raitted for use in the country of manufacture. c. Form A-3, Permit/Licnae To Import/Manufacture A Pesticide which is the form frcm which information on quantities of pesticides imported can be obtained. d. Form B-2, Notice of Inpetion of premises where pesticides are stored, packaged or sold. e. Form C, Purchase Of A Restricted Pesticide, which all pesticide dealers must fill out when a restricted pesticide is sold. 21 The Pesticide Control Board appears to function adequately in controlling the import of pesticides. Bowever, it has only one part time pesticide inspector to verify what happens to pesticides once they arrive in St. Lucia. The members of the PCB feel that this is very inadequate and that at least two full time inspectors are needed. 2.4 Pesticide Importations St. Lucia. A review of approved pesticides (Table 2.1) and of pesticides imported in 1989 indicates that two USEPA cancelled pesticides and eleven USEPA restricted pesticides are being imported into St. Lucia (Table 1.6). Large quantities of USEPA Restricted, paraqat and furadan, are being used by the banana industry. Most of the other restricted pesticides appear to be used in small quantities in a aontrolled setting by an ornamental plant grower. Experts interviewed feel that since 1966, the quantity of pesticides imported into St. Lucia has increased ten fold. 2.5 Pesticide Operator Certification And Pesticide Certification Of Farmers St. Lucia. In all but two exceptions, pesticides are classed as USEPA Restricted because of their toricity to man. Interviews and reports indicate that farmers are inadequately trained to handle, apply and to dispose of pesticides. Protective clothing is rarely worn. Farmers have been seen to mix pesticides with their bare hands/arms, and to use pesticide ccntainers as drinking jugs. In most cases they e unable to read the pesticide label which comes with the purchase of the product. The misuse of pesticides jeopardizes not only the health of fari workers and sustainable agrialltural production, but potable groundwater anm surfacewater supplies. wildlife, and the touristically important coastal zone along with its fragile eczsystems such as xral reefs and grass beds. A program called Outread Training is being established by the MOA to work with farmers on pesticide selection and use. 2.6 Analytical Capabilities For Pesticides and Other Environmental Parameters St. Lucia. The following laboratories exist in St. Lucia: a. Caribbean Environmental Bealth Institute, CEHI. Currently, because the CARICOM sponsored Caribbean Environmental ealth Institute (CEI) is in St. LL:ia, the Government of St. Lucia appears to be relying largely on CERI to conduct pesticide and other pollutant monitoring. There is a project in which CEHI will begin monitoring pesticides in mothers' milk and in drinking water. CEBI has already conducted studies of coastal pollution in St. Lucia., however their findings have not been released. CERI is slowly helping the Departments' of Water in each country begin Monitoring water quality in the cadtal zone including total coliform, fecal coliform, fecal strep, oxygen, temP and pE. CARICOI has designated CERI as the regional facility in the Caribbean to develop envirormental nitoring capabilities among the english speaking Caribbean countries. It has a staff of one PhD chemist, a marine biologist, a bacteriologist and some lab technicians. It appears to be underfunded, getting some support from UNEP in Jamaica. It has a very important role to play and needs bolstering. TABLE 2.1 PESTICIDES CONTROL BOARD . APPROVED PESTICIDES INSECTICIDES ST Lucia Tr4jDE NLT; Cil'0ti ftE FORIVtATION USES 8asudin 800 EC Dlizinon 60% W/V Emulsiflable concentrate Vegetable pests Sherpa Cypermethrin 250 ps/L Emulsifiable concentrate Lepldgpterous and DIpterous pests Karate 2.5 E.C Lamda Cyhlothrin 25g/ Emulsifiable concentrate LeplOptrous pesti. leaf minor Primicid 50 E.C PIr4!phos-ethyl 500g/L EmulsiM bie.concentrate Banana root borer Actellic SOEC Pirimiphosmethyl 500g/L Emulsifiable concentrate Pubtic ,esith Insecti. Metasystox R 250 EC Oxydemeton-metyl Emulsifae concentrateSucking nsects sa es nd, - - . spider mites. . Volato" 5% GR *. Phoxim * Granular Termites, white grybsi cut- wormws Daygon EC 20 Propoxur Household End mpubIIc bests Shultz - Instant Plant and Pyrethrin Liquid Insects on Indoor andlut- Garden Sprty oor ornamentfi plant Mostyn 10 EC Permethrin 10% W/W Emulsifiable concentrate Effective against a w)de range of Insects and UN t- able for use on most ps Mostyn DM 2.5 EC -ermethrin 2.5% W/V igC 44 4 EmulsMTable concentrate As above LanwP Methomyl 4.t4etbWater soluble posder TABLE 2.1 (Cont.) PESTICIO.S CONTROL. BOARD APPROVEO PESTICIDES INSECTICIDE$ St. Lucia T4D.0E 14N13E ^M100f i.E FORHULAT ION USES .annate Methomyl Water soluble powder For control of insect e.g. aphids, leaf miner beetles, Cutworms etc. Malathlon Mulathlon 21.3W/I Emulsifiable concentrate Used against a wide range of pests on vegetables, fruit crops and flowers Liquid Derris Rotenone Emulsifiable concentrate Used :gainst a wide range of pste of flowers, fruit and vegetables T4036 440 EC 3rofenctos 401 W/V Imulsiflfiable concentrate Control of diamond cyperathrin 4% WI/V back moth, cattrillars, Inert 56% W/V 04i0tes and lef Ole Longlest D6methoste 5.9% W/W Emulstiable concentrate To be used on fiqers fruit Permethrin 0,951 W/W and vegetables for insect and mite control. Anti-Ant Duster Pyrethrum Powder In duster pack Controls ants - all types. plo Sprayday Permethrin L.quid,concentrite Controls biting and sucking Insect. (Indoors and out- door s) Dipul eci Ilus thorlngtenss Wettable powder Vydate L xamy[ water soluable Jiguid r control of soil insect and nematodes. . *- TABLE 2.1 (Cont.) PESTICIDES CONTROL BOAAD APPROVED PESTICIDES St. Lucia FUNGICIDES TEADE H:4.E CC04 NGE FORIMILATION USES Tilt 250 EC Propiconazole Emulsifiable concentrate Si ian leaf spot PldcAiI MZ 58 WP Mancozeb 485 W/V Wettable powder Downy r1ldew on vegetables Metalaxyl 10 U/V '4ldomb 5 G Metalaxyl S% W/V Granules Sol$ diseases in citrus and avocadoes Sigma Thiophanate-methyl Oil suspension concentrate Leaf spot In bananas Cupravit blue Copper hydroxide Wettable powder Fungul diseases Calixln TrIdemorph Emulsifiable concentrate Leaf spot on bananas Bravo 500 Chlorothalonil 40% Wettable powder Non-systemic fungicide used against diseases on plants especially vegetables. Daconll 2787 Chlorothalonll 75% Wettable powder A non-systemic fungicide. used against many diseases on crops. Manzate 200 OF Mancozeb 83% Dispensible granules In water For control of many Important plant diseases. n 1 lAPO GD Beonomyl 55% Oil dispensible powder A systemic fungicide used to control black and yellow Sigatoke leaf spots on banana TABLE 2.1 (Cont.) PESTICIDES CONTROL BOARD APPROVED PESTICIDES St. Lucia FUNGICIDES 1R.0JE WL-E CGTA( WEJE FOMULATION USES Daconil 2787 EC Chlorothaloni Emsulsifiable concentrate Used against a wide variety of fungus diseases affectiig . vegetables agrONIC Crops and ornamentals. Alliette Aluminlm,ethyl phosphite Wettable powder For use against Phytophthers d' and P thtud sp. psesn Soth upw and downward activity. Alliette CO WP Fosetyl Al. 84.2% Wettable powder Cont.r(.1 ofungut in pint- fulsifier 3.01 a pies, citius ard avocadoes. Crrier 5.3% Dispensant 3.01 Wetting agent. 3.0g 0n 0hta p osetn TABLE 2.1 (Cont.) PESTICIDES CONTROL BOADO APPROVED PESTICIDES HERBICIDES St. Lucia 1CO.,D".E Ko k!J.E F0.1iTULTION USES Gesatop I Simazine Liquid paste Weeds in bananas 500 FW (Monocots + Ocots) Gesapax 500 FW Ametryne Liquid paste Weeds In bananas (Monocots + Olcots) Gramoxone Super Paraquat 0.5g/L Emulsiffable concentrate Non-selective Stenching Agent 5g/1 contact weed killer Blue Colourant 2g/L +crop desicant, Emetic 0.5g/L Stabilisers 0.5g/L Regione DIquation 200g/L, Fertilizers/ Emulsifiable concentrate To control weeds In most Nutrients at * 3g/L crops Round Up 41% Isopropylamine salt of Glypho- Liqqid water soluble To control annual and pere- sate nial grasses. Fusflade 2000 Fluazifop-P-Butyl 125g/L Emulsifiable concentrate Selective post-emergent herbicide for controlling grasses in broad leaved crops. Dalapon Dalapon sodium salt Wettable powder For control of annual and perenial grasses in fruit trees. Dacthal W-75 Dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate Wettable powder Pre-emergence application 75% for the control of annual and broad leaf weeds in vegetables. TABLE 2.1 (Cont.) PESTICIDES CONTROL BOARD APPROVED PESTIrFS St. Lucia HERBICIDES TRADE IV; CE .Pi'E FORULATION USES Malora fo Daconate Methanearsonate 35% Liquid A po&t-emergence herbicid the control of weeds In tropi Cal fruit crops, and sugar- cane. rromacil 8S% Wettable powder To control most weeds and HyvarX Brmaci 85%undesirable woody plants. Kaloran Chlorobromuron Wettable powder Selective heribcIde for usi in bananas against broad leaf weeds,. annual and pere nMal grasses. Paraquat Emulsifiable concentrate For non-selective weed con- Herbquat Parquattrol In cotton, sugarcane, and bananas. Talent - Asulam Aqueout solution To control weeds In bananas, Paraquat coffee, cocoa, and coconuts. Velpar liexazinone 93% Wettable pcwder Weed and tywh control. Inert 7% Gramoci I IParaquaL 2 0 all . - Aqueous tuspensibn Non selictlve herbicide used o Diron 100 g/1 Concentrate wpbds th plantalh and fruit crops. Lawn Weed Killer : 240 Liquid concentrate Controls major weeds on Dicaba a triethanolamine salt an TABLE 2.1 (Cont.) PESTICIDES CONTROL 8OAkQ APPROVED PESTICIDES St. Lucia fEMATICIDES Mira 10 . IsazFORs 1 IION USE Neatodes in bananas. vege- tables and for soil insects. fdr -10 14R AfJ t Granules To control nematodes in bananas, vegetables. /Granule For control of nematodes and soil insects bananas. Furadan 100 Carbofuran Granules To control banana nematodes and soil pests. TABLE 2.1 (Cont.) PESTICIDES CONTROL BOARD APPROVED PESTICIDES St. Lucia MDLLUSCICIDE Trt.DE -.E Cri4(W' W; E FOULATION USES Mesurol Snail Bait Metrocarb Bait (RD) Sucking and biting Insect pests, spider mites, slugs and snails, and repelling deprating birds Unicrop 6% Metaldehyde Pelleted bran balt For control of slugs and snalis. slugil, liquid Methaldehyde 20. Aqueous 'oiution Cortrol slugs and snails Attractanti 80% Aw. S ... I TABLE 2.1 (Cont.) PESTICIDES CONTROL BOARD APPROVED PESTICIDES St. Lucia RDDENTICIDES TrADE N;.;.E W0k0' NTE F014ULATION USES Drat Chlorophacinone 0.25% W/W; Yellow Crystalline Anticoggulant, Red dye 0.3% SolidChronic poison Klerat Pellets Brodifacoun 0.00% W/W Edible Pellets To kill rodents Solvents 0.435% WIW Palatable Agents 2.5% W/ Dye 0.05% /W* China Clay 2% W/W Edible Agents 100% W/W Klerat Wax Blocks Brodifacoum 0.005% W/W Wax Blocks To Kill rodents Solvents 0.40% W/W Dyes 0.08% W/W Edible Agents and Palatable Agents 69% W/ Wax 100% Racumin Ready Made Bait Coumatetralyl Bait (RB) Rats and house mice Racumin Tracking Powder Coumatetralyl Tracking Powder (TP) Rats and house mice Ramik green tiphacinc(re 0.00t% Pe!lets Control of Norway, rocf rats Inert Grain sweeteners arid house mice. Flavouring agerts 99.995% eS & t TABLE 2.1 (Cont.) PESTICIDES CONTROL BOARD APPROVED PESTICIDES St. Lucia TICKICIDES T.DE P..E 1 ' :E FORiULAT ION USES Bayticol Pour on 1% Flumethrin Oil base Ticks on livestock Bayticol EC 61 6% Flumethrin Emulsifiable concentrate Ticks and lice on livestock pe TABLE 2.1 (Cont.) * ' PESTICIDES CONTROL BOARD APPROVED RESTRIKTED PESTICIDES St. Lucia TRADE NAME COR"IN NAME FORULATION USES REMARKS ursban (It) IE Chlorpyritos Emulsifiable Public Health This insecticide is INsECT IC IDE) concentrte Insects restricted to the Stevens Yachts area at Rodney Bay (Castries) yandotteoruated solvent Non crop Psts. Restricted for use at tFOGIG NSCTCIE)based pesticide Mosquitoes, Heineken Brewery Factory (FOGGING INSECTICIDE)etc. (Vieux Fort) VA~~ Sdiu MehylLiquid To control weeds and soil Vdi crmte borne diseases. *Dithlocarbamate Torpedo Permethrin 25.6% Emulifiable Control Insects and ter- Inert 74.4% Concentrate mites Demon Cypermethtin 40% we,table powder Control of cockroaches ard ln(rt to% other household Insects. Furcide Resme'hrin Hydrocarbon Insecticide for dom,estic FOlbated and industrial pests. Obas se oRestricted to tf e Heineken Brewery (Vieus Fort) 22 b. Ministry of Agriculture Produce Laborator. This laboratory is basically not farctional due to a lack of funds. It has a non-operating gas chromatograph and a produce ]* Cone. Ditto. Other finertel 64.4% DEMON NP Cypermethrin 40% Wettable powder Ditto, Other finertel 60% DEmlON P in /* Cypermethrin 35.6% Wettable powder Ditto. Otherilnertel 64.4% MAYTECOL POUR-ON t% FlunethrinIA.t. IOM Pour-on Local label being used shcjld be regletered. 10% 2-Octy2dodecanot 75% Liquid paraffin 14% water1d*eineral1zed1 BAYTECOL C 6% 6% FIlumethrin 1A.I. 100% Emuleiflable Cone. L", tto. 12% Emuleogen EL 6% Tetreprpylenebentol Sultonic Acid Calclum ealti 76% Solvevoo 200 NARFARIN (TRAK M Narterin 13le-Ac,tonyl- Dry meal forms - Benzill4 Nydroxicouserin 0.025%; Corn meal and wheat grains. LASER Tetromethrin 0.325% Aerosol D-Phenothrin 0.035% PO0 1.625% Perfume 0.225% Odorleas mineral spirits 31.790e% Butane propellant 60.0% CHAMPION NP Copper Hydroxid* 77.0% Wettable powder Inorganic Sulphatee and Phosphatee 5.5% Diluent, surfactants and wetting agents 12% Moleture 5.5% KELTHANS 1.1 8islChlorophenyll- Emulsifiable Conc. Beans, tomatoes and other fruits to be sprayed 2.2,2-trichloroothanol up to fertilization but before fruiting. 18.5%: Xylene 73%: lnerts 6.5% NON-SELECTIVE N/A Liquid NOT for use on crope. Use on roadways only. BASAMID Tetrehydro-3.5-Dimethyl Gran Only for use on nu**ry beds ltreatment). -2H-l.3,3-Thiadiazine- 2-Thione 99.0% 25 b. water Commission Laboratory. This is a small wet laboratory with one technician who has ahighschool degree. The technician was trained by CENI. This lab is currently involved in coastal zone monitoring for bacteria, oxygen, temperature and pH. Under the USAID Grand Anse Sewerage project, this lab is to be expanded so as to cnduct water quality and biological monitoring of the Grand Anse outfall and of Grand Anse Bay. It will also monitor the St. Georges raw sewage outfall. Like the Produce Lab, this lab has a non-operating gas chromatograph. It has been suggested that the Produce Lab's gas chromatograph be given to the water Commission's lab and that they be made operational in the expansion of the lab. c. Science and Technology Council. This statutory body has a small lab that currently is not functional in a condemned building (ceilings are failing). Currently, they have some bacteriological materials that are not operational. The hope is that eventually all of the labs in th- country can be combined into a central lab under the Science and Technology Council so that limited manpower and resources can be used to the maximn benefit of all parties. This was recomended in a report written by OAS consultant Dr. E.A. Comissiong from Trinidad. Apparently, both Trinidad and Antigua have combined labs under the Ministry of Agriclture that serve all brarches of the Government and the private sector. All persons interviewed believed that this was an excellent idea but was at least 5 years away due to the excessive expense of constructing a building. In the mean time they all felt that modilar labs (Eisting Conditions) were adequate if improvements in equipnent and short term training could be obtained. Even with the modular approach, manpower and analytical capabilities are shared between labs. d. Soils Lab and Plant Diagnostic Lab at irabeau. 'These were not visited. According to Dr. Pitt of the Science and Technology Council, the soils lab is under utilized. much of its instrumentation could also be used to conduct water quality analyses if there was a central lab. e. medical Laboratory, Ministry of Health. This was not visited. It is believed they can undertake routine monitoring such as blood ounts, urinalysis, etc. As can be seen, currently there are no analytical capabilities in the country for the analysis of pesticides although there are at least two chemists trained in pesticide residue analysis and two gas chromatographs which are not operational. Envirornental monitoring based on water quality is very limited and restricted primarily to bacteriology. There are no capabilities to assess the degree of farm worker contamination by pesticides, nor of drinking water or other food such as bush meat (monkey, agouti, oppossom) or fish. All parties cuntacted believed that --he development of these capabilities at all levels should be a priority or Grenada. 26 3.7 ecomndKed Actions Grenada. Since the needs of all Eastern Caribbean cuntries are simlar, Sections 1.2 through 1.5 of the Executive Summary adequately express the areas where donors, the Peace Corps or other similar organizations, the USEPA and regional organizations (e.g. CARDI, IICA, Caribbean Law Institute, UWI, CEHI) can help develop the ability of these auntries to begin training people and to begin quaitifying to what degree pesticide residues and other pollutants are a problem on crops, in the enviroment or in people. 27 4.0 PESTICIDES AND ENVIRENfUAL PINIORIN3 IN ST. VINT. 4.1 Introduction St. Vincent. St. Vincent was visited fron November 9-13, 1989. Interviews are contained in Attadnent VII. Meetings were held with personnel fram the Pesticide Control Board including the inistry of Agriculture, Ministry of Health and the Enviroment, Water and Sewage Authority. Meetings were also held with farmers organizations. 4.2. Pesticida Legislation St. Vincent. A Pesticide Control Act of 1973 exists. There are no amendaents or regulations to give the Pesticide Control Board authority to deal with the control of import, distribution and use of pesticides. Mr. Isaacs, Secretary of the PCB, explained that they were seeking support to have a legal draftsman help them prepare the necessary legislation to make the PCB more operational. It is possible that the Caribbean Law Institute could help in this area. 4.3 The Pesticide Control Board St. Vincent. The Pesticide Control Board cnsists of a multidisciplinary representation of Goverranent and private sector persons including: *Lenmx Daisley, Oiairman of the PCB, Chief Agricultural Officer *Philmore Isaacs, Secretary and Bead of the Plant Protection Unit of the Ministry of Agriculture. *Dr. Anne Eustace, Senior Medical Officer, MOB *Mrs. Lesline Bess, hairman St. Vincent Banana Growers Association *Winston Davis, West indian Tobacco Co. *Ivo Sanson, Businessman The PCB has just recently been revitalized and is receiving advisory support fra St. Lucia. They have little cr no control currently over the import, distribution or use of pesticides in St. Vincent. 4.4 Pesticide In2rtations St. Vincent. A quantitative estimate of pesticides imported into St. Vincent is contained in Table 1.3. There are no approved pesticides. There are no forms to register, to be granted permission to import, nor control over the distribution of restricted pesticides. There are two USEPA cancelled and eight USEPA restricted pesticides imported into St. Vincent (Table 1.6) of which Mocap, Paraquat (Graunoxone) and Furadan constitute the most important pesticides by quantity. The PCB of St. Lucia needs major support in organizing to cntrol pesticides. The quantity of pesticides in Table 1.3 is only an estimate based upon the Secretary requesting importers in mid-1989 to indicate the quantity by pesticide brought into St. Vincent. Six importers responded and about six failed to respond, including one of the major importers, OR. Of grave concern is the apparent tremendous increase in pesticides between 1988 and 1989. In 1988 records show that 906,679 pounds of pesticides were imported by the six responding importers. The St. 28 Vincent Banana Growers Association in 1989 alone brought in 1,211,452 pounds of Furadan, Vydate and Mocap. If this is any indication of the overall increase for the island, pesticide inports for 1989 could easily exceed 2 million pounds, the majority of the tonnage consisting of USEPA Restricted Pesticides. 4.5 Pest OperAtor Certification and Pesticide Certification Of Farmers St. Vincent. There is little being done in this area, but it is felt to be a major need. 4.6 Analytical Capabilities For Pesticides An Other Envirorental Parameters St. Vincent. Unlike the other Windward Islands, St. Vincent does not have a Produce Laboratory nor any chemists trained in the analysis of pesticides. Mr. Isaacs, the Secretary of the PCB, explained that given their cur rent state of analytical capabilities, it would be advisable to have someone trained in pesticide extraction and rely on CEHI for analysis in the early years of such a program. It is possible that with the advent of a Standards Bureau to ccntrol the quality of exports, an operational laboratory would eventually become available with analytical capabilities for pesticides. The other operational laboratory is the wet laboratory at the Department of Water which CEHI has helped to set up. This laboratory can analyze water for fecal coliform, fecal strep., total coliform, oxygen, te=perature and salinity. USAID as part of the Diamond Hill Estates environmental assessment has promised to help expand upon the analytical capabilities of this laboratory to analyze for nutrients, suspended solids, and to process extracted pesticides from samples so as to be sure that the drinking water from the Montreal Watershed is safe. Technicians on the island are very concerned about pesticide contamination of drinking water due to the drift of pesticides from aerial spraying and frcm pesticides entering directly as the result of small farmers encroaching on the watershed from which mud of the country's potable water supply is derived. Montreal watershed is at. the headwaters of the esopotania Valley, the most developed watershed in St. Vincent for bananas and other produce. Concern has also been raised about the bioaccumulation of pesticides in seafood and the need for monitoring this. The persons associated with the CIDA forestry project would like to collaborate with USAID. They are trying to control what is happening in the Montreal and and one other watershed, the major sources for St. Vincent's potable water supply. If USA.ID would help the Central Water and Sewerage Authority expand its monitoring capabilities, then pollutant loading rates in the rivers draining these watersheds and pollutant levels in drinking water could be measured over time to help determine the effectiveness of watershed management. Eventually this could be expanded to other important watersheds. They will contact USID on this matter and other issues such as pesticide legislation and involvement of Peace Corps. 29 * 4.7 ,Fanended Actions St. Vincent. Since the needs of all of the ) Eastern Caribbean countries are similar, Sections 1.2 through 1.5 of the Executive Sunmary adequately express the areas where donors, the Peace Ocrps, the USEPA and regional organizations can help develop the ability of St. Vincent to begin training people and to begin quantifying to what degree pesticide residues and other pllutants are a problem on crops, in the environment'and in people. 30 5.0 PESTICIDE AND ENVIROMENTAL ONIVXIORI2 IN DOMINICA 5.1 Introduction Dominica. Dominica was visited from November 14-16, 1989. A summary of interviews is contained in Attachment IX. 5.2 Pesticide Legislation Dominica. Pesticide legislation was adopted in 1974. Subsequently, regulations were passed with regards to labeling in 1986, an amendment to the act in 1987 concerning offences and penalities, and in 1987 regulations pertaining to licencing and registration of pesticides. This legislation is contained in Attacbment X. 5.3 Pesticide Control Board Dominica. The Pesticide Control Board meets monthly aid consists of : Claudia Bellot, Chairman and Produce Chemist IDA Dr. Ed Watty, Pathologist Dr. Green, Chief medical Officer (Retired, slot vacant) Andrew Royer, Farmer Errol Harris, Chief Technical Officer A Tdnical Subomittee also exists that meets on an as needed basis to discuss pesticide registration. Members include: Urvan Martin, IICA Mr. Rhodes, Plant Pathologist, CARDI Dr. Pascal, Medical Officer Michael Thomas. Part Time Pesticide Control Inspector, Full Time Plant Quarantine Officer. These persons are appointed annually by the Ministry of Agriculture. The main role of the PCB and its subcannittee is to control through registration what pesticides come into the country. As part of the 1987 licencing and registration regulations a series of forms must be filled out to obtain permission to import a pesticide (Attachment XI): *A pesticide registration Form I must be filled out and subitted for approval by the PCB. *Form 2 gives official approval for registration of a pesticide for import. Once registered, a pesticide can be brought in by importers for a period of 3 years. *Form 3 is a request by the importer to obtain approval to import a certain quantity of a partiaular pesticide *Form 4 gives the importer a licence to import the requested quantity of pesticide. This licence is valid for 3 months. 31 5.4 Pesticide Importations Dominica. A list of approved pesticides is ) contained in Table 5.1. This list is from an IICA publication provided by the chairman of the PCB. It does not appear to be official or definitive as indicated by the title, but certainly covers the majority of the imported pesticides. Pesticides imported by quantity from 1986-August 1989 are contained in Table 1.4. The following quantities of pesticides were imported into Dominica based on official statistics provided by the Pesticide Control Board: Units 1986 1987 1988 Jan-Aug 1989 Pounds 157,345 1,045,503 2,345,712 475,196 Note:** There is a descrepancy between official PCB figures and the Daninica Banana Marketing Corporation import figures. If DBIC figures are used, the 1988 estimate becomes 847,067 pounds. Mocap and Furadan made up 99.4 % by weight of all pesticides imported in 1988. Of the total quantity of pesticides imported, the Dominica Banana Marketing Corporation accounted for 99.96% by weight in 1988. A total of three cancelled and eight USEPA restricted pesticides are imported into Dminica (Table 1.6). 5.5 Pesticide Operator Certification and Certification Of Farmers . Doinica. Up until this year the PCB has held annual pesticide workshops for farmers. The Small Projects Assistance Team (SPAT), a nongovernmental organization has hel3 one workshop for rural women on pesticides. . They have also made a video on pesticide use in Dominica. The Camunications Unit of the MDA is in the process of making a video on pesticide misuse and solutions, for farmer education. most persons feel that there is a real need to expand upon the education of farmers in this area. 5.6 Analytical Capabilities For Pesticides And other Envirornental Parameters Dminica. 5.6.1 Pesticides. Claudia Bellot, the Produce Chemist has a masters degree and is trained in pesticide analysis. She needs a second demist trained in this analysis and f-eeds to find a way of covering operational expenses and of topping off the salaries of her highly trained technicians as an incentive to remaining with the Produce Lab. She estimates that each pesticide analysis costs 60 BD. She has a gas chromatograph given to her in the early 1980's by FAO. She had a chemist trained in the United States but he left tc wrk for the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Mrs. Bellot also had someone from the University of Miami train a technician at the Bospital to conduct cholinesterase monitoring but this was not continued due to the overloaded nature of the hospital lab. TABLE 5.1 SOME IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF THE MORE COMMON PESTICIDES USED IN DOMINICA Cf sAo /DC NAt IAA(3 9A0 CLMICAL CA I(0AP Low om5/g -iya~na#t $k d__ _ 1iasti tih on L thmnmx urtanophophaIe tC/ni Aphade, Dimottiate Rogor urgenoIpnospIt e LI/w Scales,, Mely éugo OraIS Cortbaryl Sav an Carbeato ti4 1 dm1s ties Milthaon Melsthion Urganophospheste i sol 4 day# Caterpil- Mkthomyl t ennt* Carbömate te ffi l4 dayo I:r, Ante, f lueroprop Karate yrathrojd tC H Reet le Deltaemothrin Decas a,rethroad KV/t C/t v SH Periathr n Ambugh Vyrethirojd i' 5H 5 dSy 1411. Oxemyi Vydete L Ctrefate 7-21 day& en Carbofuran cJurdwn Mthyl Carbmote @dec$i rhlorpyrjfon Lreaben utoa ptnph11et. 14 Grb , Cut Pitasiphosthyl worms, Mol# Prialcid SIrgnoposphate tC 4 cricketio itM Copper Copper eupric hulpite MH W 7 amys Mancoseb Munrdte isdithiocrbate kr SH daya lIiih, Genomyl flenist BenzialaSe as SH doy¥ Sear pol, Chtorotholonlv tr.vo, Chloronetrobanuene •$/fiumbi S19H 1 dyl Mel tien Deconol atpper Copper Luprac iilpnate Þ 4 esen Mtalaeayi Nidomy 5 AI.nin,e if14 FDot Hot, Itridiesub lerläkul Ihlud11180 9I eoller Rot Walto 4 .III0 t * I. aIs M m%lng ~.sYI k dale e f 14a t 001 1e c s;yl, ligni Klo,