PROPOSED APPROACH FOR THE GENDER DIMENSIONS OF FORCED DISPLACEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM JUNE 2021 INTRODUCTION 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS GENDER DIMENSIONS OF FORCED DISPLACEMENT THE GENDER DIMENSIONS OF FORCED DISPLACEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM IS The World Bank has embarked on a As a result of such power inequalities, PART OF THE PROGRAM “BUILDING THE EVIDENCE ON PROTRACTED FORCED partnership, in collaboration with UNHCR women lack agency in many important DISPLACEMENT: A MULTI-STAKEHOLDER PARTNERSHIP’’. and FCDO, that aims to address under areas of life, from high prevalence of researched questions about service pro- intimate partner and other forms of gen- The program is funded by UK aid from the United Kingdom’s Foreign, vision and access to health, education, der-based violence to biased laws and Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO), it is managed by the social protection and jobs in contexts of norms that prevent women from owning World Bank Group (WBG) and was established in partnership with the protracted forced displacement. property, engaging in paid work and making decisions about their own lives United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The scope Many reports about the hardships and (Klugman et al, 2014). of the program is to expand the global knowledge on forced displace- human rights violations experienced by ment by funding quality research and disseminating results for the use forcibly displaced persons highlight that This Approach Paper begins by set- of practitioners and policy makers. We further thank FCDO for addi- women and children are a highly vul- ting out the context and what is known tional funding support through its Knowledge for Change (KCP) pro- nerable group. However, to date, there about the gender dimensions of forced is a dearth of research based on repre- displacement, outlines the key research gram. This work does not necessarily reflect the views of FCDO, sentative quantitative data. This type questions to be investigated, the associ- the WBG or UNHCR. of research is needed to identify and ated data and methodologies, the pro- For more information about the GDFD research program, please understand patterns, trends and asso- posed countries and policy areas of fo- ciations between the socio-economic cus, and sets out the expected process contact Lucia Hanmer (lhanmer@worldbank.org) and Diana J. Arango characteristics of forcibly displaced and outputs. It provides an overview to (darango@worldbank.org) persons and poverty compared to host inform key stakeholders and interested communities, and to inform policy and parties, and a basis to elicit feedback on program responses. the research program. A major focus of the program is gen- For background on the World Bank’s der inequality, which will be addressed approach towards Fragility, Conflict and LUCIA HANMER, DIANA JIMENA ARANGO, through a series of new empirical analy- Violence 2020-2025, on forcible dis- AND JENI KLUGMAN ses across a range of settings which ex- amine poverty and human development placement, commitments under IDA18,1 the interested reader is referred directly Hanmer, Lucia; Arango, Diana Jimena; Klugman, Jeni (2021). outcomes, as well as gender-based to those strategy documents. Proposed Approach for the Gender Dimensions of Forced violence. Our approach goes beyond Displacement Research Program. Washington, D.C.: gender differences in outcomes (gender World Bank gaps). We approach gender inequality from the premise that it is rooted in power inequalities between women and men. 1 T  he International Development Association (IDA) is the part of the World Bank that helps the world’s poorest countries. As part of IDA 18 replenishment of $75 billion, a $2 billion window was created to invest in durable solutions for host and forcibly displaced populations. 4 The shifts often include: for example due to care responsibilities, 5 • C  hanges in household demographics and lack of formal documentation for with the broader absence of men from the work. Women carry most of the respon- THE WORLD BANK GROUP GENDER DIMENSIONS OF FORCED DISPLACEMENT home and often higher dependency ratios sibility for caring for children and elder- (UNHCR, 1981; UNHCR, 2013, Hanmer et al, 2020). ly, and the time they can devote to paid work is further constrained if the num-  isrupted livelihood opportunities, due • D ber of dependents in the family increas- to loss of assets like land, livestock and other property, non-recognition of skills es during their displacement. And when and legal prohibitions on work women are working outside the home, (World Bank, 2017). their economic activities are often low • S  pecific risk factors for men, particularly status and poorly remunerated. male youth -- witnessing and experience of childhood violence, war related violence, When paid work requires permits or and interpersonal violence including other forms of documentation, such as perpetration of IPV and sexual violence. licenses, women face particularly high • L  awlessness, lack of community and state barriers. For example, when the Govern- protection, disruption of community ser- ment of Jordan opened up employment vices, and weakened infrastructure. to Syrian refugees in 2015 very few Syri- • D  eepening of patriarchal power an women initially applied for work per- differentials and decision making that mits: 95 percent of work permits issued leaves out voices of women and girls, by 2016 were issued to men (Hanmer et especially in access to aid. CONTEXT al, 2020). In response, the government • C  hanging cultural and gender norms, which started an initiative on home-based can open up new opportunities for women, work to help women access the labor or impose larger restrictions. market, changing regulations and pro- viding information to facilitate the for- AND WHAT It appears that forcibly displaced wom- malization of home-based enterprises. en and men can face higher barriers to taking up economic opportunities and Displacement may give women and girls accessing public services than their host more access to services than in their WE KNOW communities (World Bank, 2017; Justino place of origin (Rohwerder, 2016) - for et al, 2015). At the same time qualita- example, South Sudanese women living tive, case study and anecdotal evidence as IDPs in Khartoum and as refugees suggests that the challenges and vulner- in neighboring countries report having abilities associated with forced displace- access to schools, water pumps, mar- ment are highly differentiated by gender kets and health centers (Bermudez et and age, as well as by setting (Forced al, 2014). At the same time, access to Migration Review, 2018). services will vary based on whether a We know that in all countries around the Forced displacement – both within and person is displaced into a formal camp, world, gender inequality is structured across borders -- is frequently associ- Increases in female and child head- or whether they are urban refugees into the organization of social relations ated with several shifts that would be ed households, combined with higher and IDPs seeking services on their own. in society through gender norms, the expected to affect multiple dimensions dependency ratios, mean that women’s Forcibly displaced individuals may be intra-household division of assets, work of poverty, access to services, child paid work becomes more critical for less likely than other populations to ac- and responsibility and relations of pow- outcomes and the risk of gender-based family welfare during displacement. cess services in their host locations (ODI er between men and women (Kabeer violence, as well as potential changes in However, women are also often limited Health, 2016). And during flight – move- and Sweetman, 2015; Kabeer, 2015). drivers of gender inequality. in their ability to access labor markets – ment to host location – there may be a 6 lack of gender sensitive services such displaced women and girls compares 7 as private and secure family-only and/ to GBV risks faced by local women and or women-only accommodation, girls in host communities. 2 THE WORLD BANK GROUP GENDER DIMENSIONS OF FORCED DISPLACEMENT common areas and separate Water The good news is that gender norms and Sanitation for Health (WASH) facil- are not necessarily fixed in time and ities for men and women (Rohwerder, space (Justino et al, 2016). It has been 2016). This can exacerbate the risk of widely observed that men’s absence gender-based violence. during conflict can open up opportuni- There is evidence of elevated levels of ties for women to exercise more agency gender-based violence (GBV) -- includ- in household decision making (World ing Intimate Partner Violence experi- Bank, 2017), including decisions about enced in the home, as well as sexual their labor force participation and en- violence and child marriage -- among gagement in economic activities (Buvin- the forcibly displaced. This can create ic et al, 2013; Justino, 2018). However, additional barriers to women and girl’s we know little about the extent of these ability to freely move and exercise agen- various changes, and how these can cy and can limit women’s access to paid impact different dimensions of poverty, work, services and education. However, livelihoods and the risk of gender-based little is known about how GBV in con- violence. It is interesting to assess flict-affected settings impacts women’s whether changes persist over time, RESEARCH ability to take up economic opportu- and what happens in the context of nities or its impact on child health and protracted displacement. educational attainment. Nor is much known about how GBV risk for forcibly It has been widely observed that men’s absence during conflict can QUESTIONS open up opportunities for women to exercise more agency in household The research will build the evidence base on gender specific drivers and Gender inequality refers to inequalities faced by women as compared to their decision making. vulnerabilities of forcibly displaced male peers. These inequalities stand in persons, using existing household the way of women’s achieving a better survey data. We will examine how quality of life, becoming more inde- gender inequality affects different pendent and exercising their rights as dimensions of poverty and other key citizens. Adopting a gender perspective outcomes of interest, including the means recognizing that men and wom- experience of intimate partner violence, en experience poverty differently 2 U  N and other agencies and NGOs report elevated GBV risk based on case management data and child wasting and stunting, and access and that the likelihood of being poor qualitative data. There are no comparisons of GBV incidence in host and forcibly displaced popula- to services, like schooling, with a focus is not randomly distributed throughout tions that use internationally agreed indicators derived from surveys conducted following 2013 UN Statistical Division Guidelines. on protracted displacement. the population. 8 Below we outline how this can be mea- • I PV risk/ child marriage against individual and household characteristics The key research questions related to -- for example internally displaced per- 9 sured in practice, which will vary de- GBV focus on the impact of conflict sons versus refugees in and out of camps and social norms. pending on data availability, and mean and displacement on the risks of IPV – and depending on the nature of dis- THE WORLD BANK GROUP GENDER DIMENSIONS OF FORCED DISPLACEMENT that we use more direct indicators as 3. M  odels that investigate correlations between and child marriage. Unfortunately, there placement for example its scale (whether human development outcomes and gender, well as proxies. are very few observations on FDPs in mass or relatively few and integrated), using interaction terms -- looking at poverty risk/ economic opportunities against nationally representative household location (rural vs urban and peri urban) The overarching research questions are: individual and household characteristics, survey data collected on IPV and other and length of time displaced.  ow does gender inequality affect the ex- • H interacted with gender and, possibly, indices forms of GBV following UN Guidelines tent and patterns of different dimensions of of gender disadvantage. Qualitative analysis will be undertaken in poverty in forcibly displaced populations? (UN 2014) or other internationally rec- two countries where quantitative analysis ognized protocols. Most of our analy-  ow does conflict affect the prevalence and • H Different methods will be used de- has been conducted and where face to sis will thus focus on conflict-affected nature of IPV and child marriage for women pending on the structure of the data, face data collection is possible. The goal and girls? households, providing information on for example whether repeated panels of the qualitative work is to deepen our levels of violence against women expe-  hat are the implications for the design and • W are available or whether it is possible understanding of the underlying driv- rienced before, during and after conflict implementation of policies and programs, to match samples, or whether single ers of the quantitative results. Expected and for institutional arrangements? if possible. datasets contain information on forcibly methods include structured focus group displaced and other populations. The GBV analysis will use data from the discussions divided by gender of respon- Where possible, the analysis will ex- Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) dents and stratified for different groups amine whether gender gaps and gen- In each case, we will begin with basic which are nationally representative (e.g. youth/adolescents, adults, older der-based constraints experienced by descriptive analysis documenting dif- cross-sectional household surveys. people); semi-structured key informant forcibly displaced persons differ relative ferences in the following variables for The IPV module is designed to collect interviews employing a questionnaire to host and non-conflict affected com- FDPs/IDPs, highlighting differences information in the specific country with close- and open-ended questions, munities, as well as the impact of the compared with host communities, and settings to address a range of drivers and case studies, listing and prioritiza- length of displacement. where possible pre-displacement status. and outcomes. We aim to address the tion exercises and community mapping We are capturing gender inequality 4. H  ousehold composition, including the shares following questions: exercises related to GBV risk and help in three main ways: of male and female headed households or the • W  hat is the impact of conflict on the preva- seeking. Research partnerships and or 1. D  escriptive data on FDPs which highlights shares of different household types. lence and severity of IPV? the award of contracts will be conditional difference between men and women’s access 5. G  endered and social norms, including con- • W  hat is the impact of conflict on the main on meeting all criteria for ethical research to income, access to economic opportunities trolling behaviors and measures of intrahouse- risk main risk factors associated with IPV? practices/protocols for research with and resources and to services, where possible hold disparities (e.g. educational attainment of human subjects. relative to host populations. adult males versus women in the household).  re rates of child marriage impacted in • A communities experiencing conflict? 2. M  odels that examine correlations between indicators of women’s lack of agency/ disem- 6. I ncidence and severity of Income/expenditure poverty, by household type. DATA SOURCES AND COUNTRY powerment and other observables (controlling for displacement status). For example, correla- 7. I ncidence and severity of multidimensional All the quantitative analysis will seek SELECTION to compare different types of forcibly tions between: poverty, using the multidimensional poverty The geographical focus will cover a displaced households, and between index (MPI), adapted as appropriate. range of low- and middle-income coun- • T  ypes of female headed households (wid- forcibly displaced populations and host ows, single caregivers, de jure/de facto) 8. A  ccess to education and health services, for tries in Africa, Asia, Latin America, communities and/or non-conflict af- and household characteristics, economic adults and children, sex disaggregated and the Middle East. Studies are being fected communities. Attention will be opportunities, education, women’s deci- undertaken in Colombia, Democratic sion-making power; 9. L  ivelihood opportunities – Informal versus given to sample sizes, as well as, where formal sector, wage work versus entrepre- Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Jordan, possible, the nature and duration of the • M  ale and female labor market access re- neurship, agriculture versus other sectors of Mali, Nigeria, Somalia, and Sudan. In displacement. Specific comparisons will spectively and gender norms + household employment -- how these differ by sex, skills addition, we will complete multi coun- and individual characteristics; and so on, as well as displacement experience. depend on the sample design and cov- try studies on multidimensional poverty erage of different data sources at the • R  isk and severity of being multi-dimen- 10.  The institutional and policy context relevant to analysis, and countries with multiple country and community level. Differenc- sionally poor, and gender norms and in- employment, services and entitlements, and DHS IPV modules will be examined in tra-household differences (e.g. in age protection against violence. es across FDP groups will be examined the GBV multicountry paper. and education) 10 The main criterion for country selec- tion is data availability, specifically trast them to communities that are not exposed to conflict. Kelly et al (2109) LIST OF PAPERS AND AUTHORS 11 surveys which allow for: showed that conflict-affected communi- POVERTY AND INEQUALITY Conflict, Displacement and Overlapping THE WORLD BANK GROUP GENDER DIMENSIONS OF FORCED DISPLACEMENT i.  identification of forcibly dis placed ties in Liberia faced up to 50% incidence Vulnerabilities: Understanding Risk Fac- populations and host communities; of IPV even 5 years after the second civil Differences in Household Composition: tors for Gender-based Violence among war ended. Ekhator-Mobayode (2020) Hidden Dimensions of Poverty and Displaced Women in Eastern Democratic ii.  large enough sample size compared show that in Nigeria it is possible to con- Displacement in Somalia Republic of Congo to the population of interest, and; trast communities living in close proxim- Lucia Hanmer, Eliana Rubiano-Matulev- Jocelyn Kelly, Maarten Voors, and ity to Boko Haram attacks in Northern ich, and Julieth Santamaria iii.  timing of survey fieldwork overlaps Morgan Holmes States to communities living in other with displacement waves as well as Examining the Resilience of Syrian States not affected by Boko Haram. Increased employment, increased deci- pre and post conflict events. Refugees in Jordan: taking a gender sion autonomy and increasingly unsafe: Annex 2 Table 1 presents the longer list lens to the evolution of poverty Evidence from women in Mali We expect to combine different sources of countries and data sources that were during displacement Uche Eseosa Ekhator-Mobayode, of data using innovative approaches. examined to arrive the final countries for Lucia Hanmer, Eliana Rubiano-Matulev- Jocelyn Kelly, Amalia Rubin, and Diana For example, some household surveys the IPV mutlicountry studies. ich, and Julieth Santamaria J. Arango  identify the forcibly displaced (including Multidimensional Poverty, Gender, DHS and LSMS surveys exist for sev- those living in camps) and host com- and Forced Displacement: A Multi- eral countries with forcibly displaced munities and/or include a migration persons, while the WBG has conducted Country, Intrahousehold Analysis in GENDER NORMS question that achieves this end, and this Sub-Saharan Africa several surveys which encompass FDPs Gender Norms and Gendered Education can be combined with administrative or Sabina Alkire, Sophie Scharlin-Pettee, in the survey frame. The UNHCR World and Domestic Work Outcomes: Syrian other sources. For example, UNHCR’s Julieth Santamaria, and Yeshwas Bogale Bank Joint Data Center on Forced Refugee Adolescents in Jordan registry database (ProGres) is a rich Displacement is working to anonymize Ragui Assaad, Caroline Krafft, source of information that includes data Gendered Dimensions of UNHCR data such as its refugee regis- and Isabel Pastoor  on refugee family composition and mul- Multidimensional Poverty in tration database ProGres so that it can tiple vulnerabilities, but it does not in- Contexts of Forced Displacement be put in the public domain used by Do Gender Norms Change with clude data on income and expenditure. 3 Sabina Alkire, Corinne Mitchell, Sophie the research community. Some prelim- Conflict-Induced Displacement? These data can be combined with home Scharlin-Pettee, Julieth Santamaria, inary datasets are available for WBG/ The Case of Colombia visits household survey data to produce and Yeshwas Bogale UNHCR use. By combining household Eliana Rubiano-Matulevich data on household income poverty and surveys with data about incidents of explore gender issues as done for Syrian refugees in Jordan (see Verme et al., conflict that cause displacement and GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE LIVELIHOODS AND DEVELOPMENT data on migration flows we can gain 2016; Hanmer et al., 2020). The Risk that Travels with You: insights about the relationship between The double burden of female displace- gender inequality, forcible displace- The Links between Forced Displace- Work conducted for this project shows ment: Survey data evidence on gen- ment and poverty. And we can compare ment, Conflict and Intimate Partner that is also possible to combine data dered livelihoods and welfare from impacts how gender inequality impacts Violence in Colombia and Liberia about conflict locations and events protracted forcibly displaced and forcibly displaced populations versus Jocelyn Kelly, Uche Eseosa Ekhator- with household survey data to identify host community women in El Fasher host communities Mobayode, Amalia Rubin, and conflict-affected communities and con- in Darfur, Sudan Diana J. Arango Tilman Brück and Wolfgang Stojetz Child Marriage and Conflict: Gendered Dimensions of A Multi-country Study Protracted Forced Displacement Caroline Krafft, Jocelyn Kelly, in North-east Nigeria Amalia Rubin, and Diana J. Arango Tilman Brück and Wolfgang Stojetz 3 P  roGres does not collect data on host communities; national household survey data could be used to compare refugees to host communities. Forced Displacement, Gender, and Live- lihoods: A Case of Refugees in Ethiopia Yeshwas Bogale 13 First, in the case of Syrian refugees in association with poverty and other out- 13 Jordan. The UNHCR’s ProGres data for comes, controlling for other household 2013-2014 and 2017-2018, will be com- and individual characteristics. THE WORLD BANK GROUP THE WORLD BANK GROUP GENDER DIMENSIONS OF FORCED DISPLACEMENT bined to create a panel dataset. This Third, for a set of countries for which will enable us to examine the impact of appropriate data is available – provi- forced displacement over the five-year sionally Colombia Ethiopia, Iraq, Nigeria, period, taking into account the amount Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Timor of time individuals have been displaced, Leste, Uganda – we will undertake anal- covered by both datasets. More specif- ysis to examine how measures of gender ically, building on Hanmer et al (2020) inequality are associated with the risk we will analyze the impact of protracted and severity of multidimensional pover- displacement on poverty outcomes us- ty. Methods to establish causality, which ing a gender lens. The UNHCR data also may run both ways, will be investigated. provides information that will allow us to investigate the incidence of (and chang- Fourth, data on gender roles and atti- es in) child marriage among Syrian ref- tudes can be used to explore the impact ugees and its links to poverty and other of gender norms on women and girls. household characteristics between over The impact of gender norms on adoles- the 5-year period covered by the panel. cent girl refugees can be explored using Additionally, the latest DHS survey for the Jordan Labor Market Panel Survey Jordan (2017-2018) provides information (JLMPS) 2016 data. The survey includes PROPOSED on Syrian nationals, which will allow us a sizeable sample of Syrian adolescents, to explore some of the differences in as well as data on their families’ and child health and nutrition (wasting communities’ attitudes– including to- and stunting) between refugees and wards domestic violence, women’s mo- host communities. APPROACHES bility, gender equality (in school, work, leadership, etc.), and decision-making. Second, data collected by the World These data can be used to assess girls’ Bank in Somalia, Ethiopia and Sudan own-, family, Syrian-community, and (Pape and Sharma 2019) can be used for host-community gender role attitudes multivariate statistical analysis to esti- and how they are associated with gen- mate the probability of poverty or other dered outcomes across a variety of welfare outcomes (such as child stunting developmental dimensions, including or wasting or school attendance) for There are several The methods we will apply are outlined enrollment in school, access to health forcibly displaced persons compared below with examples of countries and care, market work, and domestic work to host communities. For example, we ways to undertake datasets, with more detail available on request. The brief descriptions below may find that on average poverty rates (chores). The Colombia DHS surveys can be used to examine whether conflict-in- rigorous comparisons, are higher for displaced persons than are intended to be illustrative in order duced displacement alters gender norms for the host community. The hypothesis around women’s access to economic using multivariate to elicit feedback: tested is whether there is a significant opportunities and reproductive health difference or not between the probabil- statistical analysis. and to assess whether intra-household ity of a household being poor if forcibly bargaining power changes. These re- displaced compared to if it has not been search questions will be examined with forcible displaced, everything else being reference to the policy setting in Colom- equal. We will test whether gender of bia regarding displaced women’s access the household head has a significant to economic opportunities. 14 Fifth, comparisons can be made be- Further, one country – Mali – provides 14 15 tween households and communities that DHS data before and during the ongo- have been more exposed to conflict-re- ing Mali civil war.4 This framework allows THE WORLD BANK GROUP GENDER DIMENSIONS OF FORCED DISPLACEMENT GENDER DIMENSIONS OF FORCED DISPLACEMENT lated events that drive displacement the identification of treatment (con- (e.g. terrorist activities or attacks) and flict-affected) and control (not conflict between households in communities affected) groups before and during the that have not been exposed to such conflict, which can be exploited in a conflict-related events. Rigorous em- difference-in-difference framework to pirical comparisons between conflict examine the impact of conflict on IPV exposed individuals and households outcomes in Mali. A similar approach and their non-exposed counterparts can can be used to look at the outcome of be provided for countries with existing child marriage. household surveys collected during or Sixth, in Eastern DRC a household level after periods coinciding with episodes survey of forcibly displaced men and of conflict. GPS locations provided in women has collected data on exposure these household surveys allow the tem- to IPV, perpetration of IPV and exposure poral and spatial matching of household to conflict related violence and includes data to conflict events. A multi-level information on social norms and behav- modeling approach helps account for iors. These data can be used to exam- the nested structure of the data, with ine whether the experience of forced clustering of individuals within districts. OUTPUTS displacement has differential effects This temporal and geographic varia- depending on key individual charac- tion in conflict within the same country teristics of the survivors. The work will can allow for analyses that examine the include and analyze institutional and impact of conflict on key IPV outcomes. policy settings, and other factors that In Colombia, Liberia, Philippines, Tajik- help explain differences. istan, Uganda and other countries, the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) with the module of interest, the Domes- tic Violence (DV) module, was collected We expect to complete and publish Key outputs will aim to reach a policy- during extended conflict episodes, and about five country studies and two maker/stakeholder audience, and there- measured key GBV outcomes of inter- multicounty studies and several policy by shorter and less technical. est. This analysis will be done leveraging papers over the coming year, and the Country-level research papers for coun- DHS data from 23 countries, which have findings will be disseminated in various tries on gender, poverty and forced both the DV module and conflict-related ways, ranging from academic articles, to displacement, and multi-country papers data (Annex 2 , Table 1). policy notes and blogs. —exploring multidimensional poverty, All outputs produced under this re- as well as investigating the risk of search program will be peer reviewed gender-based violence. by the Senior Advisory Panel as well as Three thematic / policy notes which expert reviewers. Selected outputs will extract relevant findings from the coun- be submitted to publication in World try papers, grounded in the broader 4 T  he DHS DV module collected in 2006, corresponds to the period of peace before the ongoing Mali Bank Working Paper Series and aca- literature, and highlight policy implica- civil war while the DHS DV modules collected in 2012-13 and 2018 corresponds to the period during demic journals. the war tions, as well as data gaps and future research priorities. 16 Provisional topics are: Guidelines on strengthening primary 17 • G  BV incidence and impacts on conflict data collection in survey instruments – affected forcibly displaced persons with a focus on potential new standard- THE WORLD BANK GROUP GENDER DIMENSIONS OF FORCED DISPLACEMENT (a multi country comparison). ized indicators and sampling issues.  ow does gender inequality impact • H multiple dimensions of poverty in forcibly displaced populations?  ow norms and changing norms shape • H the opportunities and outcomes of forcibly displaced women and girls. GENDER DIMENSIONS OF FORCED DISPLACEMENT TIMELINE SEPTEMBER 2019 MAY 2020 JUNE 2020 Approach Paper Senior Advisory Greentree Retreat circulated Panel Meeting JULY 2020 First Authors’ Workshop AUGUST– PROCESS NOVEMBER 2020 Thematic workshops with authors DECEMBER 2020 First Draft of MARCH 2021 Research Papers Revised Research JANUARY 2021 Papers Virtual Second Authors’ Peer Review Workshop Five research partners are working with Kelly, Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, the World Bank to work on the research USA. These partners will participate in questions. These partners are: 1) Tilman a research group that will come togeth- JUNE 2021 Brück and Wolfgang Stojetz, Interna- er in July 2020 and to review the draft Final Papers Due Presentation to Senior Advisory Panel tional Security and Development Center, papers in spring 2021. Berlin, Germany; 2) Sabina Alkire and A Senior Advisory Panel on Gender and Corinne Mitchell, Oxford Poverty and Forced Displacement has been consti- JULY 2021 Human Development Initiative, Univer- World Bank tuted to review and discuss emerging Clearance Process sity of Oxford, UK; 3) Ragui Assaad, findings and to ensure that the conclu- University of Minnesota, USA (Econom- sions and recommendations are useful ic Research Consortium, Egypt) and OCTOBER 2021 and relevant to practitioners and deci- AUGUST 2021 Final Papers Submitted Caroline Krafft, St Catherine University, World Bank sion-makers. Leading experts and key Clearance Process to Working Paper Series USA (Economic Research Consortium, Forward Looking Meeting NOVEMBER 2021 DECEMBER 2021 Egypt); 4) Jeni Klugman, Georgetown agencies have agreed to join the panel. with World Bank Gender Policy Notes Guidance Notes and FCV Completed Completed Institute for Women, Peace and Secu- rity Georgetown University; 5) Jocelyn 18  lizabeth Dartnall (Research Manager, • E Sexual Violence Research Initiative) MENA Regional Office provided identify key stakeholders early in the Efforts to reach as wide an audience as 19 technical feedback and comments on timeline with the help of communica- possible will include through a combina- • R  ebeca Eapen (Senior Adviser Gender the study design and will continue tions colleagues for Africa and MENA tion of face-to-face and virtual engage- THE WORLD BANK GROUP GENDER DIMENSIONS OF FORCED DISPLACEMENT Equality, The United Nations High to provide inputs going forward in regions and reaching out to selected ments, with an emphasis on the latter Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)) collaboration with staff from the WBG’s country offices where the Bank sup- given COVID-19 restrictions. For exam- • E  lizabeth Ferris (Research Professor, Jordan office. ports programs and projects that target ple, the 2018 Fragility Forum provided School of Foreign Service, Institute for both refugee and host communities for a means to engage successfully with the Study of International Migration, The Senior Director for the Gender medium- to long-term socio-economic policy makers and country counter- Georgetown University) Group, Hana Brixi, will lead the WBG’s solutions, such as Lebanon and Jordan parts, and a panel discussion featuring quality assurance process. Peer review-  atricia Justino (Senior Research Fellow, • P in MENA and Uganda, Ethiopia and the Emerging Findings on the Impacts UNU-WIDER) ers will be selected from inside and Cameroon in Africa. of Forced Displacement: Africa, Middle outside the World Bank. • A  nne C. Richard (James R. Schlesinger Dis- East and South Asia featuring presenta- All members of the research project tinguished Professor, Miller Center, Universi- A broader group of stakeholders will tions from FCDO -sponsored Young Fel- ty of Virginia (January 2020-June 2021)) team, and the group of authors, will be be engaged through presentations lows was scheduled for the (postponed) expected to contribute to producing • B  arri Shorey (Senior Technical Director at seminars and internal events in the Fragility Forum 2020. The World Bank and disseminating findings through Economic Recovery & Development academic and research community. We Annual and Spring also provide useful Technical Unit at International Rescue blogs, presentations and multi-media will seek to present emerging findings platforms for disseminating research Committee) events as part of the wider uptake strat- at the World Bank Group’s Fragility findings to government stakeholders egy. Leveraging dissemination through • P  hillip Verwimp (Professor of Develop- Forum and events hosted by the other and civil society. ment Economics, ECARES, Solvay Brussels our research partners and their links organizations and networks, such as School of Economics and Management, with the broader academic institution A series of virtual workshops in 2020 Université libre de Bruxelles) the Joint Data Center and Households community and identifying policy mak- will be organized in collaboration with in Conflict Network and contribute to  ristin Kim Bart, Former - Senior Director • K ers and practitioners to support dissem- relevant internal and external stake- learning events with operational staff at Gender Equality, International Rescue ination will support uptake. holders. Communications and online Committee the World Bank and UNHCR. dissemination will be coordinated across The Senior Advisory Panel will be key • C  indy Huang, Former - VP Strategic Out- WBG-UNHCR-FCDO channels. reach, Refugees International* DISSEMINATION for connecting to a wider audience, identifying entry points to raising The outputs from this research pro- awareness about the work and helping There will be two convenings of the gram will be built into the wider uptake to disseminate the findings. panel in June 2020, and summer 2021 strategy for the overarching FCDO —most likely virtual in nature during the UNHCR WB Project “Building the Evi- COVID19 crisis.  The major focus of the program dence-base on Forced Displacement”, We will liaise with World Bank, FCDO and actively seek opportunities for this is gender inequality, which will be and UNHCR teams in country offices work to reach three broad audiences: where country studies are being con- those who engage in key data pro- duction (such as the LSMS and DHS), addressed through a series of new ducted to inform about the research and ensure that we are aware of relevant operational colleagues (be they in the World Bank or other agencies), and empirical analyses across a range of research and data collection initiatives. We will invite colleagues in operational policy makers (at the country level and in international organizations). settings which examine poverty and teams to informal consultations and to contribute to review processes. We have As the body of research continues to human development outcomes, as well such a mechanism in place for Syrian grow, it will be important to step up refugees in Jordan where the UNHCR communication activities. We intend to *Until February 2021 as gender-based violence. 20 BIBLIOGRAPHY Pape, J.U. and Sharma, A. (2019) Using Micro-Data to Inform Durable Solutions UNHCR (2019). Stepping up: Refugee Education in Crisis. https://www.unhcr. 21 for IDPs: Volume A: Executive Summary org/steppingup/ Bermudez, M.S., Cunial, L., & Farmer, Justino, P. (2018) “Violent Conflict and THE WORLD BANK GROUP GENDER DIMENSIONS OF FORCED DISPLACEMENT (English). Washington, D.C.: World Bank K. (2014). Life can change: Securing Changes in Gender Economic Roles: WHO (2018). 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From Commitment to I:10.1080/13552074.2015.1067965; a gender lens to the data on Syrian ref- Action: Highlights of Progress towards ugees in Jordan, Middle East Develop- ODI (2016) Health, migration and the Comprehensive Refugee Response. ment Journal, DOI: 10.1080/17938120.20 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Develop- https://www.unhcr.org/5ba109ca2d 20.1753995 ment https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org. uk/files/resource-documents/10761.pdf 22 ANNEX 1 23 Table 1: Long List of countries considered to examine the gendered effect of forced displacement on socioeconomic outcomes THE WORLD BANK GROUP GENDER DIMENSIONS OF FORCED DISPLACEMENT DATA SOURCE COUNTRY SURVEY YEAR SELECTION STATUS REASON FOR EXCLUSION COMPARATOR GROUPS OR SELECTION HFS ETHIOPIA 2017 Selected Reasonable number of host commu- Host community and refugees. nity and refugee households and/or individuals in the data. HFS NIGERIA 2018 Selected Reasonable number of host communi- Host community and IDPs. ty and IDP households and/or individ- uals in the data. HFS SOMALIA 2017 Selected Reasonable number of camp IDP Camp-IDPS, Non-Camp IDPs, Host and non-camp IDP households communities and/ or individuals in the data. HFS SOUTH SUDAN 2017 Selected Reasonable number of IDP and IDPs and non-IDPs non- IDP households and/or individuals in the data. HFS SUDAN 2017 Selected Reasonable number of IDP and IDPs and non-IDPs non- IDP households and/or individuals in the data. DHS AFGHANISTAN 2010 Shortlisted Reasonable number of displaced FDPs vs. non-displaced. households and/or individuals in the data DHS AFGHANISTAN 2015 Excluded Too few FDP households - and/or individuals identified. DHS BENIN 2017–2018 Excluded Too few FDP households - and/or individuals identified. DHS BURUNDI 2016–2017 Excluded Too few FDP households - and/or individuals identified. DHS COLOMBIA 2000 Selected Reasonable number of displaced FDPs vs. non-displaced. households and/or individuals in the data DHS COLOMBIA 2005 Shortlisted Reasonable number of displaced FDPs vs. non-displaced. households and/or individuals in the data DHS COLOMBIA 2010 Selected Reasonable number of displaced FDPs vs. non-displaced. households and/or individuals in the data DHS COLOMBIA 2015 Shortlisted Reasonable number of displaced FDPs vs. non-displaced. households and/or individuals in the data 24 DATA SOURCE COUNTRY SURVEY YEAR SELECTION STATUS REASON FOR EXCLUSION COMPARATOR GROUPS 25 OR SELECTION THE WORLD BANK GROUP GENDER DIMENSIONS OF FORCED DISPLACEMENT DHS ERITREA 2002 Excluded Data restricted. Request for - restricted data unsuccessful. DHS ETHIOPIA 2000 Excluded No direct or indirect questions - allowing for identification of FDP households DHS ETHIOPIA 2005 Excluded No direct or indirect questions - allowing for identification of FDP households. DHS ETHIOPIA 2011 Excluded No direct or indirect questions - allowing for identification of FDP households. DHS ETHIOPIA 2016 Excluded Too few FDP households - and/or individuals identified. DHS INDONESIA 2002–2003 Excluded No direct or indirect questions - allowing for identification of FDP households. DHS INDONESIA 2007 Excluded No direct or indirect questions - allowing for identification of FDP households. DHS INDONESIA 2012 Excluded No direct or indirect questions - allowing for identification of FDP households. DHS INDONESIA 2017 Excluded Too few FDP households - and/or individuals identified. DHS JORDAN 2002 Excluded Too few FDP households - and/or individuals identified. DHS JORDAN 2007 Excluded No direct or indirect questions - allowing for identification of FDP households. DHS JORDAN 2012 Excluded No direct or indirect questions - allowing for identification of FDP households DHS JORDAN 2017–2018 Shortlisted Reasonable number of displaced FDPs vs. non-displaced. households and/or individuals in the data DHS KENYA 2003 Excluded No direct or indirect questions - allowing for identification of FDP household. 26 DATA SOURCE COUNTRY SURVEY YEAR SELECTION STATUS REASON FOR EXCLUSION COMPARATOR GROUPS 27 OR SELECTION THE WORLD BANK GROUP GENDER DIMENSIONS OF FORCED DISPLACEMENT DHS KENYA 2008–2009 Excluded No direct or indirect questions - allowing for identification of FDP households DHS KENYA 2014 Excluded Too few FDP households - and/or individuals identified. DHS LIBERIA 2007 Selected Reasonable number of displaced house- FDPs vs. non-displaced. holds and/or individuals in the data. DHS MALI 2018 Excluded Too few FDP households - and/or individuals identified. DHS NEPAL 2001 Excluded No direct or indirect questions - allowing for identification of FDP households. DHS NEPAL 2006 Excluded No direct or indirect questions - allowing for identification of FDP households available. DHS NEPAL 2011 Excluded Too few FDP households and/or - individuals identified. DHS NEPAL 2016 Excluded No direct or indirect questions - allowing for identification of FDP households available. DHS NIGERIA 2018 Excluded Too few FDP households and/or - individuals identified. DHS PAKISTAN 2006–2007 Excluded No direct or indirect questions - allowing for identification of FDP households available. DHS PAKISTAN 2012 Shortlisted Reasonable number of displaced FDPs vs. non-displaced. households and/or individuals in the data DHS PAKISTAN 2017 Shortlisted Reasonable number of displaced FDPs vs. non-displaced. households and/or individuals in the data DHS PHILIPPINES 2017 Excluded Too few FDP households and/or - individuals identified. DHS TANZANIA 2015 Excluded Too few FDP households and/or - individuals identified. DHS TURKEY 2003 Shortlisted Reasonable number of displaced FDPs vs. nondisplaced. households and/or individuals in the data 28 DATA SOURCE COUNTRY SURVEY YEAR SELECTION STATUS REASON FOR EXCLUSION COMPARATOR GROUPS 29 OR SELECTION THE WORLD BANK GROUP GENDER DIMENSIONS OF FORCED DISPLACEMENT DHS TURKEY 2008 Shortlisted Reasonable number of displaced FDPs vs. nondisplaced. households and/or individuals in the data DHS TURKEY 2013 Shortlisted Reasonable number of displaced FDPs vs. nondisplaced. households and/or individuals in the data DHS UGANDA 2000 Excluded No direct or indirect questions - allowing for identification of FDP households available. DHS UGANDA 2006 Excluded Too few FDP households - and/or individuals identified. DHS UGANDA 2011 Excluded No direct or indirect questions - allowing for identification of FDP households available. DHS UGANDA 2016 Excluded Too few FDP households - and/or individuals identified. LSMS IRAQ 2012 Shortlisted Reasonable number of displaced FDPs vs. non-displaced. households and/or individuals in the data LSMS NEPAL 2010–2011 Excluded Too few FDP households - and/or individuals identified. LSMS NIGERIA 2015–2016 Excluded Too few FDP households - and/or individuals identified. LSMS NIGERIA 2018–2019 Excluded Too few FDP households - and/or individuals identified. LSMS TIMOR-LESTE 2008 Shortlisted Reasonable number of displaced FDPs vs. non-displaced. households and/or individuals in the data LSMS UGANDA 2010–2011 Shortlisted Reasonable number of displaced FDPs vs. non-displaced. households and/or individuals in the data LSMS UGANDA 2011–2012 Shortlisted Reasonable number of displaced FDPs vs. non-displaced. households and/or individuals in the data LSMS UGANDA 2013–2014 Shortlisted Reasonable number of displaced FDPs vs. non-displaced. households and/or individuals in the data LSMS UGANDA 2015–2016 Shortlisted Reasonable number of displaced FDPs vs. non-displaced. households and/or individuals in the data 30 ANNEX 2 31 Table 1: Countries Eligible for GBV Outcomes Analysis THE WORLD BANK GROUP GENDER DIMENSIONS OF FORCED DISPLACEMENT COUNTRY DHS SURVEY YEAR WITH UCDP DATA RANGE COUNTRY DHS SURVEY YEAR WITH UCDP DATA RANGE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE MODULE (NUMBER OF EVENTS) DOMESTIC VIOLENCE MODULE (NUMBER OF EVENTS) AND GPS AND GPS ANGOLA 2015-16 (GPS available) 1989-2018 (1978) KENYA 2003, 2008-09, 2014 1989-2018 (916) (GPS available) ARMENIA 2015-16 (GPS available) 1992-2018 (42) MOZAMBIQUE 2011-DHS, 2015 AIS 1989-2018 (338) (GPS available) BANGLADESH 2007 (GPS available) 1989-2018 (601) MYANMAR 2015-16 (GPS available) 1989-2018 (2593) BURUNDI 2016-17 (GPS available) 1990-2018 (1512) NEPAL 2011, 2016 (GPS available) 1990-2009 (5654) CAMBODIA 2000, 2005 (GPS available) 1989-2012 (546) PAKISTAN 2017-2018 (GPS available) 1989-2018 (5754) CAMEROUN 2004, 2011 (GPS available) 1990-2018 (619) PERU 2004-08, 2009, 2010, 2010, 1989-2017 (878) 2011, 2012 (GPS available for CHAD 2014-2015 (GPS available) 1989-2018 (356) only 2004-08, 2009) COLOMBIA 2000,2005,2010 1989-2018 (4632) PHILIPPINES 2008, 2013, 2017 1989-2018 (3608) (GPS for 2010 only) (GPS for 2008 and 2017 only) CÔTE D’IVOIRE/ 2011-2012 1990-2016 (359) RWANDA 2005, 2010, 2014-15 1990-2018 (653) IVORY COAST (GPS available) (GPS available) EGYPT 2014 (GPS available) 1990-2018 (773) SOUTH AFRICA 2016 (GPS available) 1989-2016 (2814) ETHIOPIA 2016 (GPS available) 1989-2018 (1989) TAJIKISTAN 2012, 2017 (GPS available) 1992-2018 (290) GUATEMALA 2014-15 (GPS available) 1989-2015 (478) UGANDA 2006, 2011, 2016 1989-2018 (1667) (GPS available)