E981 v. 5 BENIN FINAL DRAFT REV 1 Environmental Impact Assessment West African Gas Pipeline i i i Ii I I i I I i ii BENIN FINAL DRAFT REV 1 Environmental Impact Assessment West African Gas Pipeline Prepared for West African Pipeline Company June 2004 West Afncan Gas Pipeline Envi ronmental Impact Assessment Suite of Documents Environmental Impact Appendices Assessments __ i s Volume 1: L Regional Report 1 1-A EIA Terms of Reterence iOne Sor Each Country) 1 *B Local and Internation mentallons a Nigeria OnlyS Benin 1 2A I APr Pollularit aina Greenhouse Gas Analysi .82A . Natiual Gas Sources and Translsssion Infrastructure {-.h ;2 F: WAGP Waste Eshm31es 2-C Onshrjre l aOshore Commissioiling Procedurers on Reelrca Nigeria | 2 i Potlential Hazardous Maierials __ __= _ ': SPI SudV RPpor Togo | S-D StaV:eholder Consulalabons (One tor Each Country) li-A Anchor Handling _ 1 _ e ~~~~~~~~~6- B Air Oualily Impact Assessmen? 6-E OLuablative Risk Assessme-nl, -A Measures for Baobab Tree in Tpma i Ghana Only). 7 -B HIV'AIDS Policy |Volume 2: ', A Firsl Season Ensironmenial Baseline Survey 5-B Secorld Season Environmnerial Baseine. Survesy__ Volurne 3: 8 -A Project Execulion Plan Chapler 15 HSE Plan |8 E; Operational Conmrols- |.3 C Environmental and Social Advisory Panel Terms of Reference Resettlement Action Plans (Referenced as Appendix BB-3. 1) | Benin j L Ghana |Nigeria . _~~~og Disclosure Locations Venues at which the Environmental Impact Assessments, Appendices, and Resettlement Action Plans - and Other Documents Supporting the West African Gas Pipeline Project - have been Disclosed to the Public are as Follows: Country Venue Location UNITED STATES World Bank Offices Washington, DC MIGA Washington, DC NIGERIA WAGP EA Rep Office Lagos Lagos State Ministry of Environment Lagos __Ogun State Ministry of Environment Abeokuta Liaison Office Federal Ministry of Environment Lagos Liaison Office Federal Ministry of Environment Abeokuta Badagry Local Government Office Badagry Ado Odo Ota Local Govemment Office Ado Odo Ota Ifo Local Government Office Ifo Ogun State Ministry of Lands and Housing Abeokuta Lagos State Lands Bureau Lagos Federal Ministry of Environment Abuja TOGO WAGP EA Rep Office Lome Ministere de l'Environnement et des Ressources Forestieres Lome Gbetsogbe Palace Gbetsogbe Domocile du chef traditionnel Gbetsogbe Baguida Baguida Ministere de l'Energie et des Ressources Hydrauliques Lome Ministry of Land Affairs Lome BENIN WAGP EA Rep Office Cotonou Documentation Center of the Ministry of Environment, of Cotonou Habitat and Urbanism (MEHU) Beninese Agency for Environment (ABE) Cotonou Documentation Center of Ministry of Mines, Energy and Cotonou Hydraulic (MMEH) Mayoralty of Abomey-Calavi Abomey-Calavi Mayoralty of Ouidah Ouidah Institute of Endogenous Development and Exchanges (IDEE) Ouidah Documentation Center of the University of Abomey-Calavi Abomey-Calavi GHANA WAGP EA Rep Office Tema EPA Library Accra Greater Accra Regional Coordinating Council Accra EPA Greater Accra Regional Office Amasaman Accra Metropolitan Assembly Accra Shama Ahanta East Metropolitan Assembly Sekondi EPA Central Regional Office Cape-Coast Central Regional Coordinating Council Cape-Coast Westem Regional Coordinating Council Sekondi EPA Zonal Office Tema Tema Municipal Assembly Tema EPA Western Regional Office Sekondi Volta Regional Coordinating Council Ho EPA Volta Regional Office Ho Ghana EPA Accra Table of Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations Authors and Contributions Ac nowledgements Executive Summary ..................................... ES-1 Project Benefits ..................................... ES-1 Project Description ..................................... ES-4 Pipeline and Facilities ..................................... ES-4 Construction ..................................... ES-6 Alternatives ..................................... ES-6 Baseline Information ..................................... ES-7 Natural Environment ..................................... ES-7 Human Environment ..................................... ES-10 Impacts and Mitigation ..................................... ES-I 1 Impacts ..................................... ES-1 I Direct Negative Impacts ..................................... ES-11 Emergency and Upset Conditions ..................................... ES-14 Secondary and Cumulative Impacts ..................................... ES-14 Mitigation ..................................... ES-15 Results ..................................... ES-18 Management and Monitoring Plan ..................................... ES- 18 Summary and Conclusion ..................................... ES- 19 Chapter 1 Introduction ..................................... 1-1 1.1 Project Overview ..1-1 1.2 Project Justification ..1-9 1.2.1 WAGP Benefits for Togo .1-9 1.2.2 Project Implementation .1-17 1.3 Legal and Policy Framework .1-18 1.3.1 Summary of the Relevant Togolese Laws .1-19 1.3.2 Institutional Framework .1-25 1.3.3 International Conventions and Treaties .1-26 1.3.4 Relationship of Project to World Bank Safeguard Policies and OPIC Prohibitions .1-26 Chapter 2 Project Description ........................... 2-1 Summary for WAGP in Togo ........................... 2-1 2.1 General Layout and Physical Description . .2-2 2.2 Natural Gas Sources ("Upstream of WAGP") . .2-10 2.3 Natural Gas Consumption ("Downstream of WAGP") . .2-13 2.4 Facility and Process Description ..2-15 2.4.1 Alagbado "Tee" .2-15 2.4.2 Onshore Mainline in Nigeria .2-15 2.4.3 Lagos Beach Compressor Station and Primary Control System 2-15 2.4.4 Offshore Main Trunk Line and Laterals .2-15 Table of Contents 2.4.5 R&M Stations and Onshore Portions of Laterals and Trunk .......... 2-18 2.5 Solid and Hazardous Waste from Pipeline Operations . ...................... 2-29 2.5.1 Domestic Solid Waste ..................................................... 2-30 2.5.2 Non-Hazardous Industrial Solid Waste .......................................... 2-30 2.5.3 Hazardous Waste ..................................................... 2-30 2.5.4 Semi-Solid Waste ..................................................... 2-31 2.6 Operational Control and Safety Systems .................................. 2-31 2.6.1 Operational Control Systems ..................................................... 2-31 2.6.2 Fire and Gas Detection and Protection Systems ............................. 2-32 2.6.3 Emergency Shutdown Systems ..................................................... 2-33 2.6.4 Venting, Flaring, and Blowdown .................................................... 2-36 2.7 Design and Other Pre-Construction Activities . ............................ 2-38 2.7.1 Front End Engineering Design (FEED) .......................................... 2-38 2.7.2 Design Basis: Philosophy and Standards ........................................ 2-39 2.7.3 Other Pre-construction Activities ................................................... 2-41 2.8 Construction ..................................................... 2-43 2.8.1 Alagbado "Tee" ...................................................... 2-43 2.8.2 Onshore Lateral and Marshalling Yards ......................................... 2-44 2.8.3 Lagos Beach Compressor Station and Primary Control System .... 2-52 2.8.4 Shore Crossings ..................................................... 2-53 2.8.5 Offshore Main Trunk and Lateral Lines ......................................... 2-59 2.8.6 R&M Stations ..................................................... 2-62 2.8.7 Weight Coating Plant ..................................................... 2-63 2.9 Commissioning ..................................................... 2-63 2.9.1 Flooding, Cleaning, Gauging, and Reflooding ............................... 2-64 2.9.2 Hydrostatic Testing ..................................................... 2-65 2.9.3 Dewatering and Drying ..................................................... 2-65 2.9.4 Air Expulsion and Nitrogen Packing .............................................. 2-66 2.9.5 Hiring and Training ..................................................... 2-66 2.9.6 Ongoing Maintenance and Testing ................................................. 2-67 2.9.7 Regulatory Review and Participation ............................................. 2-67 2.10 Start-up ..................................................... 2-67 2.10.1 Line Fill with Gas ..................................................... 2-67 2.10.2 Ongoing Maintenance and Testing ................................................. 2-67 2.10.3 Regulatory Review and Participation ............................................. 2-67 2.11 Pipeline Operations .................................................. 2-68 2.12 Decommissioning and Abandonment .................................... 2-69 2.12.1 Alagbado "Tee" ...................................................... 2-69 2.12.2 Onshore Pipeline ..................................................... 2-69 2.12.3 Compressor Station ..................................................... 2-69 2.12.4 Offshore Pipeline ..................................................... 2-69 2.12.5 R&M Stations ..................................................... 2-69 2.13 Remaining Uncertainties ..................................................... 2-70 Chapter 3 Project Alternatives ..3-1 3.1 Introduction .3-1 3.2 Project Alternatives .3-2 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 Table of Contents 3.2.1 World Bank Regional Energy Sector Project Alternatives ............... 3-2 3.2.2 EIA Project-Level Alternatives ....................................................... 3-3 3.3 World Bank Regional Energy Sector Alternatives Analysis ........................ 3-4 3.4 EIA Project-Level Alternatives Analysis . ..................................................... 3-6 3.4.1 No-Project Alternative ....................................................... 3-9 3.4.2 The Proposed Project Alternative: Developing a Gas Pipeline and Piping Gas from Nigeria to Benin, Togo, and Ghana ................ 3-9 3.4.3 Power Generation and Delivery Alternative: Developing Gas- Powered Electricity Generating Stations in Nigeria, and Transmitting the Electrical Power to Benin, Ghana, and Togo ...... 3-10 3.4.4 Natural Gas Fuel Export Alternative: Converting the Gas to LNG or CNG and Exporting via Tanker or Road from Nigeria to Benin, Togo, and Ghana ....................................................... 3-11 3.4.5 Renewable Fuels Alternative: Meeting Electricity Generating Demands in Benin, Ghana, and Togo with Renewable Resources (Hydropower, Solar, Wind, Agrofuels) .......................................... 3-12 3.4.6 Project-Level Alternatives Rankings .............................................. 3-13 3.5 Overall Pipeline Routing Options ....................................... 3-18 3.5.1 Onshore Option ....................................................... 3-20 3.5.2 Offshore Option ....................................................... 3-21 3.5.3 Onshore/Offshore Option - Selected Overall Routing Option ....... 3-21 3.5.4 Comparison and Selection of Proposed Option .............................. 3-22 3.6 Conclusion ....................................................... 3-23 Chapter 4 Project Design Alternatives. . . 4-1 4.1 Introduction ...........................4- 1 4.2 Evaluation Criteria for Alternatives .. ........................ 4-1 4.3 Routing Options from Existing Gas Transmission Network to Coastal Compressor Station ..4-5 4.4 Onshore Lateral and R&M Station Alternatives . .4-5 4.4.1 Onshore Lateral and R&M Station Alternatives in Benin .4-5 4.4.2 Onshore Lateral Alternatives in Togo .4-5 4.5 Design Considerations ..4-5 4.5.1 Sizing of Offshore Pipeline and Midline Compression Facilities ....4-5 4.5.2 Future Compression Facilities at Takoradi .4-9 4.6 Construction ..4-9 4.6.1 Pipeline Construction Methods .4-9 4.6.2 Equipment Transport to Compressor Station .4-10 4.6.3 Ancillary Facility Construction .4-10 4.7 Commissioning and Start-up ..4-10 4.7.1 Treatment of Hydrotest Water prior to Discharge . 4-10 4.7.2 Discharge of Hydrotest Water .4-11 4.8 Project Operations ..4-11 4.8.1 Liquid Storage Tanks . 4-11 4.8.2 Waste Management .4-11 4.8.3 Sanitary Waste Water Disposal .4-11 4.8.4 Stormwater Management .4-12 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 iii Table of Contents 4.8.5 Utilities ..................................... 4-12 Chapter 5 Existing Situation ..................................... 5-1 Overview ....................................... 5-1 Natural Environment ..................................... 5-1 Onshore Environment ..................................... 5-1 Offshore Environment .. ................................... 5-2 Human Environment .. ................................... 5-3 5.1 Existing Environment and Resources ..5-4 5.1.1 Onshore Environment .5-5 5.1.2 Offshore Environment .5-38 5.1.3 Ecologically Sensitive Areas .5-77 5.2 Existing Socioeconomic Situation ..5-77 5.2.1 Data Sources and Socioeconomic Methodology. 5-77 5.2.2 Background and Geographic Detail .5-79 5.2.3 Macroeconomic Overview - Togo . -81 5.2.4 Population and Demographics - National, Regional, and Local .... 5-81 5.2.5 Ethnic and Cultural Background .5-83 5.2.6 Historical and Cultural Resources .5-85 5.2.7 Infrastructure and Quality of Life .5-85 5.2.8 Education .5-88 5.2.9 Land Tenure and Residential Ownership .5-89 5.2.10 Land and Water Use .5-90 5.2.11 Energy Consumption .5-91 5.2.12 Microeconomic Situation .5-92 5.3 Existing Public Health Situation .. 5-100 5.3.1 Health Infrastructure .5-101 5.3.2 Health Indicators .5-104 5.3.3 Food and Nutrition .5-105 5.4 Existing Safety Situation ..5-106 5.5 Stakeholder Consultations ..5-107 5.6 Regulatory Oversight .. 5-109 Chapter 6 Impact Assessment ..................................... 6-1 Overview ....................................... 6-1 Beneficial Impacts ...................................... 6-1 Direct Negative Impacts ..................................... 6-2 Emergency and Upset Conditions ..................................... 6-4 Secondary and Cumulative Impacts ..................................... 6-5 6.1 Introduction ..6-6 6.2 Project Activities and Affected Media ..6-8 6.2.1 Project Activities .6-8 6.2.2 Affected Media .6-8 6.3 Comprehensive Impacts Identification/Screening . .6-11 6.3.1 Overview . 6-11 6.3.2 Impact Identification Process .6-11 6.3.3 Impact Screening/Identification of Focus Areas .6-12 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 iv Table of Contents 6.3.4 Impact Screening Results .............................................. 6-13 6.4 Impact Severity Assessment Methodology . ............................... 6-19 6.4.1 Significance Criteria .............................................. 6-19 6.4.2 Likelihood Criteria .............................................. 6-29 6.4.3 Severity Matrix and Conclusions .............................................. 6-29 6.4.4 Application of the Severity Assessment Methodology ................... 6-30 6.4.5 Uncertainties .............................................. 6-32 6.5 Beneficial Impacts ............................................... 6-33 6.5.1 Beneficial Environmental Impacts .............................................. 6-34 6.5.2 Beneficial Socioeconomic Impacts .............................................. 6-35 6.5.3 Community Development/Health and Safety Benefits ................... 6-40 6.6 Potential Onshore Impacts ............................................ 6-42 6.6.1 Site Preparation and Construction .............................................. 6-46 6.6.2 Commissioning and Start-up .............................................. 6-107 6.6.3 Operations and Maintenance .............................................. 6-111 6.6.4 Decommissioning and Abandonment ........................................... 6-119 6.7 Potential Offshore Impacts ........................................... 6-122 6.7.1 Site Preparation and Construction .............................................. 6-125 6.7.2 Commissioning and Start-up .............................................. 6-149 6.7.3 Operations and Maintenance .............................................. 6-153 6.7.4 Decommissioning .............................................. 6-155 6.8 Emergency and Upset Conditions ..................................... 6-156 6.8.1 Controlled Gas Release ..................................... 6-156 6.8.2 Uncontrolled Gas Release ..................................... 6-156 6.8.3 Fire ..................................... 6-160 6.8.4 Explosion ..................................... 6-161 6.8.5 Offshore Fuel Spills ..................................... 6-163 6.9 Secondary and Cumulative Impacts .. ........................ 6-164 6.9.1 Environmental Secondary Impacts ..................................... 6-164 6.9.2 Socioeconomic Secondary Impacts ..................................... 6-165 6.9.3 Upstream and Downstream Development Impacts ....................... 6-166 6.9.4 Health and Safety Secondary Impacts ..................................... 6-170 6.9.5 Cumulative Impacts ..................................... 6-170 Chapter 7 Mitigation and Amelioration Measures . .7-1 7.1 Introduction . 7-1 7.2 Required General Mitigation Measures .7-3 7.3 Required Specific Mitigation Measures .7-3 Chapter 8 Health, Safety, and Environmental Management Plan . . .8-1 8.1 Health, Safety, and Environmental Management System . .................... 8-3 8.1.1 Operational Controls .......................................... 8-5 8.1.2 Change Management .......................................... 8-11 8.1.3 Biological and Cultural Resource Chance Finds ............................ 8-13 8.2 Monitoring .......................................... 8-14 8.2.1 Performance/Implementation Monitoring ...................................... 8-14 8.2.2 Empirical Monitoring .......................................... 8-14 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 v Table of Contents 8.2.3 Monitoring Oversight Responsibilities ........................................... 8-20 8.3 WAPCo Human Resources, Roles, Responsibilities, and Authority .......... 8-20 8.4 EPC Contractors .................................................. 8-25 8.5 Government Regulatory Agencies ...................................... 8-27 8.6 Financial Resources ................................................... 8-28 8.7 Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building . ......................... 8-30 8.8 Reporting .................................................. 8-30 8.9 Health, Safety, and Environment Management Plan Sections ................. 8-32 8.9.1 Land Use .................................................. 8-32 8.9.2 Topography, Geology, and Soils .................................................. 8-36 8.9.3 Habitats, Biological Resources, Water Resources, and Hydrology .................................................. 8-41 8.9.4 Air Quality .................................................. 8-49 8.9.5 Solid, Liquid, and Hazardous Waste ............................................... 8-54 8.9.6 Cultural-Conditions .................................................. 8-58 8.9.7 Socioeconomic Conditions .................................................. 8-62 8.9.8 Public and Worker Health and Safety ............................................. 8-67 8.9.9 Emergency Preparedness and Response ......................................... 8-71 Chapter 9 Benin Conclusion .9-1 References Appendices Appendix 1-A: EIA Terms of Reference Appendix 2A-1: Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Analyses Appendix 2A-2: Natural Gas Sources and Transmission Infrastructure ("Upstream of WAGP") Appendix 2-B: WAGP Waste Estimates Appendix 2-C: Onshore-Offshore Commissioning Procedures and Specifications List Appendix 2-D: Potential Hazardous Materials Appendix 5-A: First Season EBS Appendix 5-B: Second Season EBS Appendix 5-C: SPI Study Report Appendix 5-D: Stakeholder Consultations Appendix 6-A: Anchor Handling Appendix 6-B: Air Quality Impact Assessment Appendix 6-C: Qualitative Risk Assessments Appendix 7-A: Mitigation Measures for Baobab Tree in Tema Appendix 7-B: HIV/AIDS Policy June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 vi Table of Contents Appendix 8-A: Project Execution Plan Chapter 15: HSE Plan Appendix 8-B: Operational Controls 8B1.0 Tier 1: WAGP HSE Policy Statement 8B2.0 Tier 2: WAGP HSE Management System Procedures 8B2. 1 WAGP External Communications Procedures (To Be Developed) 8B2.2 HES Training 8B2.3 HES Audit Protocol 8B2.4 WAGP Management of Change 8B2.5 WAGP Compliance and Permitting Plan 8B2.5.1 WAGP Project Authorizations 8B2.5.2 WAGP Pipelines Hydrotesting Discharge Ecotoxicity Testing Plan (Rev A) 8B2.5.3 WAGP Waste Water Discharge Controls (To Be Developed) 8B2.5.4 WAGP Stormwater Management Plan 8B2.5.5 WAGP Air Emissions Management Procedure 8B2.5.6 WAGP Project Execution Plan Chapter 21: Operations Plan 8B2.6 WAGP Waste Management Plan 8B2.7 Emergency Response 8B2.7. 1 WAGP Spill Prevention and Control Procedure 8B2.8 WAGP Habitat, Biological, Cultural Resource Management Procedures 8B 2.8.1 ROW Reinstatement Criteria 8B 2.8.2 Proposed Wetland PL Construction Methods Study 8B 2.8.3 WAGP Sea Turtle Nesting Protection Procedure 8B 2.8.4 WAGP Chance Finds and Archeological Salvage Procedure 8B 2.8.5 WAGP Anchor Handling 8B 2.8.6 WAGP Procedure for Preventing Salt Water Intrusion into Fresh Water Lagoons and Creeks 8B2.9 Incident Investigation Procedure 8B3.0 WAGP Land Acquisition and Right of Way (ROW) Management Procedure 8B3.1 WAGP Resettlement Action Plan 8B3.2 WAGP ROW Access Policy 8B4.0 Risk Management 8B4. 1 Onshore Pipeline and Facilities Design Basis 8B4.2 WAGP Environmental Design Basis 8B4.3 WAGP Loss Prevention Design Basis 8B4.4 Onshore-Offshore Technical Specifications List 8B5.0 WAGP Contractor Management Procedures 8B5.1 Exhibit F: HSE Standards 8B5.2 Exhibit N: WAGP Security Plan 8B5.3 Exhibit K: Drugs Standard-IFT Appendix 8-C: Environmental and Social Advisory Panel Terms of Reference June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 vii Table of Contents Appendix 1-A: EIA Terms of Reference Appendix 1-B: Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Analyses Appendix 2-A: WAGP ROW Access Policy Appendix 2-B: WAGP Waste Estimates Appendix 2-C: Onshore-Offshore Technical Specifications List Appendix 2-D: Onshore-Offshore Commissioning Procedures and Specifications List Appendix 2-E: Potential Hazardous Materials Appendix 5-A: First Season EBS Appendix 5-B: Second Season EBS Appendix 5-C: SPI Study Report Appendix 5-D: Socioeconomic Report Appendix 5-E: Stakeholder Consultations Appendix 6-A: Anchor Handling Appendix 6-B: Air Quality Impact Assessment Appendix 6-C: Qualitative Risk Assessments Appendix 7-A: HIV/AIDS Policy Appendix 8-A: Project Execution Plan Chapter 15: HSE Plan Appendix 8-B: Operational Controls 8B 1.0 Tier 1: WAGP HSE Policy Statement 8B2.0 Tier 2: WAGP HSE Management System Procedures 8B2. 1 WAGP External Communications Procedures (To Be Developed after FID) 8B2.2 HES Training 8B2.3 HES Audit Protocol 8B2.4 WAGP Management of Change 8B2.5 WAGP Compliance and Permitting Plan 8B2.5.1 WAGP Project Authorizations 8B2.5.2 WAGP Pipelines Hydrotesting Discharge Ecotoxicity Testing Plan (Rev A) 8B2.5.3 WAGP Waste Water Discharge Controls (To Be Developed after Ecotoxicity Assessment) 8B2.5.4 WAGP Stormwater Management Plan 8B2.5.5 WAGP Air Emissions Management Procedure 8B2.5.6 WAGP Project Execution Plan Chapter 21: Operations Plan 8B2.6 WAGP Waste Management Plan 8B2.7 Emergency Response 8B2.7. 1 WAGP Spill Prevention and Control Procedure 8B2.8 WAGP Habitat, Biological, Cultural Resource Management Procedures 8B 2.8.1 ROW Reinstatement Criteria June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 viii Table of Contents 8B 2.8.2 Proposed Wetland PL Construction Methods Study 8B 2.8.3 WAGP Sea Turtle Nesting Protection Procedure 8B 2.8.4 WAGP Chance Finds and Archeological Salvage Procedure 8B 2.8.5 WAGP Anchor Handling 8B 2.8.6 WAGP Procedure for Preventing Salt Water Intrusion into Fresh Water Lagoons and Creeks 8B2.9 Incident Investigation Procedure 8B3.0 WAGP Land Acquisition and Right of Way (ROW) Management Procedure 8B3.1 WAGP Resettlement Action Plan 8B3.2 WAGP ROW Access Policy 8B4.0 Risk Management 8B4. 1 Onshore Pipeline and Facilities Design Basis 8B4.2 WAGP Environmental Design Basis 8B4.3 WAGP Loss Prevention Design Basis 8B4.4 Onshore - Offshore Specifications List 8B5.0 WAGP Contractor Management Procedures 8B5.1 Exhibit F: HSE Standards 8B5.2 Exhibit N: WAGP Security Plan 8B5.3 Exhibit K: Drugs Standard-IFT Appendix 8-C: Environmental and Social Advisory Panel Terms of Reference June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev I ix Table of Contents List of Figures Figure ES-1 West Africa Gas Pipeline Project Area ................................................ ES-2 Figure 1.1-1 West African Gas Pipeline Project Route ................................................ 1-2 Figure 1.1-2 WAGP Onshore Route in Togo ................................................ 1-3 Figure 1.1-3 WAGP Reserved Capacity - "With VALCO" Scenario ............................ 1-7 Figure 1.1-4 WAGP Reserved Capacity - "No VALCO" Scenario ............................... 1-7 Figure 1.1-5 WAGP Reserved Capacity (Togo) - "With VALCO" Scenario ................ 1-8 Figure 1.1-6 WAGP Reserved Capacity (Togo) - "No VALCO" Scenario ................... 1-8 Figure 2.1 -1 Proposed Pipeline Route ................................................ 2-3 Figure 2.1-2 Overall WAGP System Schematic Diagram .............................................. 2-7 Figure 2.4-1 Lome R&M Station ................................................ 2-21 Figure 2.8-1 Pipeline Installation Methods in Uplands: Trenching .............................. 2-48 Figure 2.8-2 Pipeline Installation Methods for Road Crossings: Thrust Boring ........... 2-49 Figure 2.8-3 Typical HDD Operation ................................................ 2-53 Figure 2.8-4 Shore Crossing by HDD ................................................ 2-57 Figure 3.5-1 Overall Routing Options ................................................ 3-20 Figure 4.4-1 Displacement of ROW in Togo ................................................ 4-7 Figure 5.1 -1 Location of the WAGP Project Within Togo ............................................. 5-6 Figure 5.1-3a The Beach Rock at Gbetsogbe (view from shore) .................................... 5-12 Figure 5.1-3b The Beach Rock at Gbetsogbe (view from top) ........................................ 5-13 Figure 5.1-3c The Beach Rock at Gb6tsogbe (close view) ............................................. 5-13 Figure 5.1-4a Occurrence of Grain Coarseness lcm to 15cm Deep in Togo - Dry Season EBS ................................................ 5-14 Figure 5.1-4b Occurrence of Grain Coarseness 15cm and 50cm in Togo - Dry Season EBS . 5-15 Figure 5.1-5a Total Organic Matter (TOM) and TOC Concentrations in Soil Samples 1-15cm Deep in Togo - Dry Season EBS . 5-17 Figure 5.1-5b Total Organic Matter (TOM) and TOC Concentrations in Soil Samples 15-SOcm Deep in Togo - Dry Season EBS . 5-17 Figure 5.1-Sc Organic Matter Content Removable by Pentane (MOEP), 1-l5cm in Togo - Dry Season EBS . 5-17 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 x Table of Contents Figure 5.1-5d Organic Matter Content Removable by Pentane (MOEP), 15-50cm in Togo - Dry Season EBS .................................................... 5-18 Figure 5.1-6a Total Hydrocarbon (THC) and PAH Content, 1cm to 15cm in Togo - Dry Season EBS .................................................... 5-18 Figure 5.1-6b THC and PAH Content, 15cm to 50cm in Togo - Dry Season EBS ........ 5-18 Figure 5.1-7a Correlation Between Total Soil Hydrocarbons Content and Total Organic Matter Content, Ocm to 15cm In Togo - Dry Season EBS ......... 5-19 Figure 5.1-7b Correlation Between Total Soil Hydrocarbons Content and Total Organic Matter Contents, 15cm to 50cm in Togo - Dry Season EBS ..... 5-19 Figure 5.1-8 Distribution of Trace Metals in Soil Samples in Togo ............................. 5-20 Figure 5.1-9 Number of Species Per Family of the Most Common Plant Families Along the Coastline - Dry Season EBS .................................................... 5-23 Figure 5.1-10 Photo of Market Garden Tending .................................................... 5-24 Figure 5.1 -11 Relative Composition of the Flora by Life Form of Species Found in the Survey in Togo - Dry Season EBS .................................................... 5-25 Figure 5.1-12 Composition of Soil Microbial Community (30°C) in Togo - Dry Season EBS .................................................... 5-29 Figure 5.1-13 Evaluation of the Microbial Flora of Composite Samples C4 and C5 (Ocm to 15cm) Between 30m and 230m from the Beach - Dry Season EBS .................................................... 5-30 Figure 5.1-14 Evaluation of the Microflora of Composites C4 and C5 (15cm to 50cm) Between 30m and 230m from the Beach in Togo - Dry Season EBS ................................................... 5-30 Figure 5.1-15 Microbiological Analysis of Sand Samples: Evaluation of Microbial Flora, Ocm to 15cm depth (Total Germs 30°C) - Wet Season EBS ................................................... 5-31 Figure 5.1-17 Offshore Stations' Surface Water Metal Concentrations .......................... 5-42 Figure 5.1-18 Offshore Stations' Surface Water Nutrient Concentrations ...................... 5-42 Figure 5.1-19 Offshore Stations' Surface Water Alkalinity and COD Concentrations ................................................... 5-43 Figure 5.1-20 Distribution of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons for Station TO1C in Togo .......... 5-44 Figure 5.1-21 Comparison of Mean PAHs Across Togo Sampling Locations ............... 5-45 Figure 5.1-22 Distribution of Total Phytoplankton Abundance at Sampling Stations Off Togo (cells/m3) ................................................... 5-49 Figure 5.1-23 Distribution of Total Zooplankton Abundance at Sampling Stations Off Togo (cells/m3) ................................................... 5-50 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 xi Table of Contents Figure 5.1-24 Distribution of Species Richness (S) by Country - Wet Season EBS ..................................................... 5-51 Figure 5.1-25 Benthic Macrofauna Distribution on the Main Pipeline Route in Togo ..................................................... 5-52 Figure 5.1-26 Offshore Benthic Macrofauna Diversity Index Distribution on Main Pipeline Route in Togo ..................................................... 5-52 Figure 5.1-27 Benthic Macrofauna Distribution Along the Togo Lateral ....................... 5-53 Figure 5.1-28 Offshore Benthic Macrofauna Diversity Index Distribution Along the Togo Lateral ..................................................... 5-53 Figure 5.1-29 Occurrence of Dominant Sedentary Polychaetes Across Countries ......... 5-54 Figure 5.1-30 Occurrence of Dominant Errant Polychaetes Across Countries ............... 5-55 Figure 5.1-31 Occurrence of Dominant Sedentary Polychaetes for the Entire Offshore Study Area ..................................................... 5-55 Figure 5.1-32 Occurrence of Dominant Errant Polychaetes for the Entire Offshore Study Area ..................................................... 5-56 Figure 5.1-33 Offshore Benthic Macrofauna Distributions Along Main Pipeline Route of Togo - Wet Season EBS ..................................................... 5-57 Figure 5.1-34 Offshore Benthic Macrofauna Diversity index Distribution Along the Main Pipeline Route of Togo - Wet Season EBS .............................. 5-58 Figure 5.1-35 Offshore Benthic Macrofauna Distribution Along the Togo Lateral - Wet Season EBS ..................................................... 5-59 Figure 5.1-36 Offshore Benthic Macrofauna Diversity Index Distribution Along the Togo Lateral - Wet Season EBS ..................................................... 5-59 Figure 5.1-37 Occurrence of Dominant Sedentary Polychaetes Across Togo - Wet Season EBS ..................................................... 5-60 Figure 5.1-38 Occurrence of Dominant Errant Polychaetes Across Togo - Wet Season EBS ..................................................... 5-60 Figure 5.1-39 Catch Rates Along Pipeline in Togo ..................................................... 5-61 Figure 5.1-40 Catch Rates at Indicated Depth Ranges Along the Laterals ..................... 5-62 Figure 5.1-41 Catch Rate of Stations Along the Main Pipeline Route in Togo .............. 5-62 Figure 5.1-42 Shannon Diversity Index of Fisheries Species Along the Laterals (individual countries) and Main Pipeline (all countries) .......................... 5-63 Figure 5.1-43 Occurrence of Common Species in Offshore Togo Waters ...................... 5-63 Figure 5.1-44 Calculated Values of the Shannon Diversity Index - Wet Season EBS ..................................................... 5-65 Figure 5.1-45 Catch Rates at Stations Off Togo - Wet Season EBS .............................. 5-66 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 xii Table of Contents Figure 5.1-46 Catch Rates at Stations Along Main WAGP Pipeline Route - Wet Season EBS ................................................... 5-67 Figure 5.1-47 Catch Rates by Depth Range on the Laterals - Wet Season EBS ............ 5-67 Figure 5.1-48 Black Tern ................................................... 5-68 Figure 5.1-49 RoyalTem ...................................................T. 5-68 Figure 5.1-50 Black Tern ................................................... 5-69 Figure 5.1-51 RoyalTem ...................................................T. 5-69 Figure 5.1-52 Humpback Whale ................................................... 5-70 Figure 5.1-53 Humpback Whale Breaching ................................................... 5-71 Figure 5.2-1 Gbetosgbe Village in 1986 ................................................... 5-87 Figure 6.1 -1 Impact Assessment Methodology ................................................... 6-7 Figure 6.4-1 Severity Matrix ................................................... 6-30 Figure 6.6-1 Proposed Onshore Facilities ................................................... 6-47 Figure 6.6-2 Location of Port of Lome Relative to R&M Station Site ......................... 6-61 Figure 6.7-1 Multi Person Fishing Boat Typical of Nearshore Area .......................... 6-127 Figure 6.7-2a Distribution of Total Phytoplankton Abundance at Sampling Stations Offshore Togo During the EBS (Dry Season) (number of organisms/mi3) ................................................... 6-129 Figure 6.7-2b Distribution of Total Zooplankton Abundance at Sampling Stations Offshore Togo During the EBS (number of organisms/mi3) ................... 6-129 Figure 6.7-3 Photo of Beach Rock in Nearshore Area of Beach Crossing .................. 6-133 Figure 6.7-4 Documenting Water Quality (Color) During First Season EBS ............. 6-137 Figure 6.7-5 Lome Port Map ................................................... 6-143 Figure 8.3-la WAPCo HSE Organization Chart ................................................... 8-20 Figure 8.3-lb WAGP Construction Management Agreement Organization .................. 8-21 Figure 8.3-Ic WAPCo O&M Organization, Phase 4/5 .................................................. 8-21 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 xiii Table of Contents List of Tables Table ES-I Summary of WAGP Project High and Moderate Severity Impact by Project Activity, Planned Mitigation, and Residual Impact Severity ES-20 Table 1.2-1 Basic Development Indicators ................................................... 1-9 Table 1.2-2 Value of Global Warming Damages Avoided .......................................... 1-13 Table 1.2-3 Estimated Air Pollutant Emission Reductions due to WAGP .................. 1-14 Table 1.2-4 Current and Projected Electric Power Gaps (MW) ................................... 1-14 Table 1.3-1 Summary of Laws Relevant to the Republic of Togo ............................... 1-18 Table 1.3-2 International Conventions and Treaties ................................................... 1-27 Table 1.3-3 WAGP and World Bank Safeguard Issues ............................................... 1-30 Table 1.3-4 WAGP and OPIC Prohibitions ................................................... 1-36 Table 2.1-1 Pipeline Lengths and Lateral Sizes ................................................... 2-9 Table 2.1-2 Ancillary Systems and Facilities and Their Locations ............................. 2-10 Table 2.2-1 Predicted Fuel Gas Compositions ................................................... 2-12 Table 2.2-2 Predicted Fuel Gas Property ................................................... 2-12 Table 2.2-3 WAGP Gas Pipeline Receipt Gas Quality Specification .......................... 2-12 Table 2.3-1 Expected Gas Delivery Demand ................................................... 2-13 Table 2.3-2 High-Case Demand and Maximum Capacity of Pipeline ......................... 2-14 Table 2.3-3 Foundation Customer Developments ................................................... 2-14 Table 2.4-1 Offshore Pipeline ................................................... 2-16 Table 2.4-2 Lome R&M Station and Future Compressor Station Site ........................ 2-19 Table 2.6-1 Blowdown Volume and Rates for All Segments ...................................... 2-37 Table 2.7-1 Preliminary Engineering Phase Reviews .................................................. 2-39 Table 2.7-2 Design Codes for Major Pipeline Components ........................................ 2-41 Table 2.8-1 Raw Materials Required for Installation of Onshore Pipeline .................. 2-52 Table 2.8-2 Raw Materials Required for Installation of Shore Crossings by HDD ..... 2-59 Table 2.8-3 Raw Materials Required for Installation of Offshore Pipeline ................. 2-62 Table 2.8-4 Raw Materials required for Construction of R&M Station ...................... 2-63 Table 2.9-1 Location and Volume of Water Displacement/Discharge ........................ 2-64 Table 2.9-2 Location and Volume of Hydrotest Water Discharge ............................... 2-66 Table 2.13-1 Remaining Uncertainties ................................................... 2-70 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 xiv Table of Contents Table 3.3-1 World Bank Draft EFA Summary of Alternatives ..................................... 3-7 Table 3.4-1 Cost Comparison of Fuels .................................................... 3-13 Table 3.4-2 Comparative Assessment of Project-Level Alternatives .......................... 3-14 Table 3.4-3 Comparative Evaluation of Project-level Alternatives ............................. 3-19 Table 3.5-1 Overall Routing Options - Critical Factors .............................................. 3-22 Table 4.1-1 Overview of Alternatives Relating to Design Aspects ............................... 4-2 Table 5.1-1 Sampling by Habitat in the Wet Season EBS ............................................. 5-8 Table 5.1-2 Monthly Average Rainfall Distribution (mm) Along the Coast ............... 5-10 Table 5.1-3 Monthly Temperature Readings (°C) Along the Coast ............................ 5-10 Table 5.1-4 Wind Speeds at Lome-Airport (1986-1995) ............................................. 5-11 Table 5.1-5 Levels of Organic Materials, Hydrocarbons, and PAHs - Dry Season EBS . 5-16 Table 5.1-6 Evaluation of Gas Emitted into the Atmosphere Per Type of Source in 1995 .................................................... 5-22 Table 5.1-7 Quantity of Greenhouse Gas from 1994 to 1998 in the Energy Sector .... 5-22 Table 5.1-8 Land Mammal Species Observed - Dry Season EBS ............................... 5-26 Table 5.1-9 Coastal Bird Species Observed - Dry Season EBS ................................... 5-27 Table 5.1-10 Bird Species Noted During the Wet Season EBS ..................................... 5-28 Table 5.1-11 Reptile Species Observed - Dry Season EBS in Togo .............................. 5-28 Figure 5.1-16 Microbiological Analysis of Sand Samples: Evaluation of Total Germs, 15cm to 50 cm depth (30°C) - Wet Season EBS ......................... 5-31 Table 5.1-12 Soil Macroorganisms Observed in the Dry Season EBS in Togo ............ 5-32 Table 5.1-13 Site and Sample Characteristics, Arthropods Found ................................ 5-33 Table 5.1-14 Diversity and Relative Abundance of Organisms Identified - Wet Season EBS .............................................. 5-35 Table 5.1-15 Average Density of Animal Species Attached to Beach Rock ................. 5-36 Table 5.1-16 Beach Rock Fauna .............................................. 5-37 Table 5.1-17 Harbor Traffic at the Port of Lome, 1995-2003 ....................................... 5-40 Table 5.1-18 Summary of Offshore Sediment Physicochemical Measurements, All Countries ....................................... 5-46 Table 5.1-19 Rapid Field Assessment of Sediment - Togo Stations .............................. 5-47 Table 5.1-20 Dominant Species Recorded Along the Togo Lateral and Main WAGP Pipeline Route and their Catch Rates - Wet Season EBS . 5-65 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 xv Table of Contents Table 5.1-21 Protected Marine Mammal Species in Togo ............................................. 5-70 Table 5.1-22 Marine Mammal Sightings During the October 2002 Geophysical Survey .......................................... 5-71 Table 5.1-23 Marine Mammals Observed During the Wet Season EBS ....................... 5-72 Table 5.1-24 Sea Turtle Nesting Occurrence in Togo, 2001-2003 ................................ 5-73 Table 5.1-25 Evidence of Sea Turtles Observed - Wet Season EBS ............................. 5-74 Table 5.1-26 Live Individuals and Shells Inventoried During the 2001-2003 Seasons. 5-74 Table 5.1-27 State of Knowledge of Sea Turtle Presence in the Project Area and Environs ................................................ 5-75 Table 5.1-28 Officially Protected Species Known to Occur in the Project Area ........... 5-76 Table 5.2-1 The Age Structure in Gbetsogbe ................................................ 5-82 Table 5.2-2 Marital Status ................................................. 5-83 Table 5.2-3 Migratory Status of Residents ................................................ 5-83 Table 5.2-4 Ethnic and Language Composition of the Gbetsogbe Village .................. 5-84 Table 5.2-5 Number of Buildings By Type ................................................ 5-87 Table 5.2-6 Household Distances to School ................................................. 5-89 Table 5.2-7 Residential Status of Households ................................................ 5-89 Table 5.2-8 Land and/or Water Ownership Immediately Adjacent to Homes in Gbetsogbe .............................................. 5-90 Table 5.2-9 Land and Water Uses in Gbetsogb6 .............................................. 5-91 Table 5.2-10 Electricity in Gbetsogb6 .............................................. 5-91 Table 5.2-11 Employment Distribution by Type of Employer in Gbetsogbe ............... 5-93 Table 5.2-12 Employment Distribution by Occupation in Gbetsogbe (aged 14 and older) .............................................. 5-93 Table 5.2-13 Animals Owned by Households .............................................. 5-95 Table 5.2-14 Fishing Methods .............................................. 5-96 Table 5.2-15 Income Earners in Households in Gb6tsogb6 ........................................... 5-98 Table 5.2-16 Household Annual Income Distribution .............................................. 5-99 Table 5.3-1 Household Sources of Water in Gbetsogbe ............................................ 5-101 Table 5.3-2 Sanitation: Human Waste Disposal Methods ......................................... 5-102 Table 5.3-3 Sanitation: Non-Human Waste Disposal Methods ................................. 5-102 Table 5.3-4 Household Health Care Utilization by Type of Provider ........................ 5-103 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 xvi Table of Contents Table 5.3-5 Household Health Care Utilization by Type of Facility/Location .......... 5-104 Tables 5.3-6 Incidence of Illness and Disease in Households in 2002 ........................ 5-105 Table 5.3-7 Weekly Consumption of Fish Products (Percent) ................................... 5-106 Table 5.5-1 WAGP Stakeholder Consultation Summary-All WAGP Countries ....... 5-107 Table 5.5-2 WAGP Stakeholder Consultation Summary-Togo ................................. 5-108 Table 5.5-3 WAGP Consultation Summary of Stakeholder Group and Number of Consultations - Togo .. 5-108 Table 5.6-1 Government Agencies and Responsibilities for Regulatory Oversight in the Four Countries ................................ 5-109 Table 6.2-1 General On- and Offshore Project Activities ................................ 6-9 Table 6.2-2 Initial Screening List of Affected Media ................................ 6-10 Table 6.2-3 Post Screening List of Affected Media ................................ 6-10 Table 6.3-1 Screening Results: Togo Environmental, Socioeconomic, and Health and Safety Impact Focus Areas (March 2003) . 6-14 Table 6.3-1 Screening Results: Togo Environmental, Socioeconomic, and Health and Safety Impact Focus Areas (March 2003) ..................................... 6-18 Table 6.4-1 Negative Impact Significance Levels and Criteria ................................... 6-23 Table 6.4-2 Likelihood Criteria ..................................... 6-29 Table 6.5-1 Local Content Value in Millions of Dollars (and as percentage of total project capital cost) . 6-36 Table 6.6-1 Severity Assessment: Togo Environmental, Socioeconomic, and Health and Safety Impacts ..................................... 6-43 Table 6.6-2 Description of Land Cover Along Proposed ROW .................................. 6-49 Table 6.6-3 Construction Equipment Noise Levels ..................................... 6-56 Table 6.6-4 Estimated Total Air Emissions for Site Preparation and Construction Phase (metric tons for entire phase) . 6-77 Table 6.6-5 Diesel Exhaust Emissions Arising from Truck Movements to and from ROW Construction Sites . 6-79 Table 6.6-6 Diesel Exhaust Emissions Arising from Mobile Generator Operation at ROW Construction Sites . 6-80 Table 6.6-7 Diesel Exhaust Emissions Arising from Truck Movements to and from R&M Station . 6-82 Table 6.6-8 Diesel Exhaust Emissions Arising from Mobile Generator Operation at R&M Station . 6-83 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 xvii Table of Contents Table 6.7-1 Severity Assessment: Togo Environmental, Socioeconomic, and Health and Safety Impacts .................................................... 6-123 Table 6.7-2 Air Emissions per Day per Offshore Fleet .............................................. 6-140 Table 6.7-3 Air Emissions per Day per Nearshore Fleet ........................................... 6-141 Table 6.8-1 Possible Causes of an Uncontrolled Gas Release ................................... 6-157 Table 6.8-2 Receptors Potentially Affected by Gas Release ...................................... 6-158 Table 6.8-3 Possible Causes of Fire .................................................... 6-160 Table 6.8-4 Receptors Potentially Affected by Fire ................................................... 6-161 Table 6.8-5 Receptors Potentially Affected by Explosion ......................................... 6-162 Table 6.9-1 Foundation Customer Development .................................................... 6-168 Table 6.9-2 Other Potential Induced Development .................................................... 6-170 Table 7.2-1 Required General Mitigation Measures by Impact Category and Potential Impact ................................................. 7-4 Table 7.3-1 Required Specific Mitigation Measures by Impact Category ................... 7-10 Table 8-1 [Impact] Section of the WAPCo HSEMP ................................................. 8-3 Table 8.2-1 Summary of WAPCo Empirical Monitoring ............................................ 8-15 Table 8.9-la Land Use Section of the WAPCo HSEMP ............................................... 8-33 Table 8.9-lb Land Use Section of the WAPCo HSEMP ............................................... 8-34 Table 8.9-2a Topography, Geology, and Soils Section of the WAPCo HSEMP .......... 8-37 Table 8.9-2b Topography, Geology, and Soils Section of the WAPCo HSEMP .......... 8-39 Table 8.9-3a Habitats, Biological Resources, Water Resources, and Hydrology Section of the WAPCo HSEMP . 8-42 Table 8.9-3a Habitats, Biological Resources, Water Resources, and Hydrology Section of the WAPCo HSEMP .................................................... 8-45 Table 8.9-4a Air Quality Section of the WAPCo HSEMP ............................................ 8-50 Table 8.9-4b Air Quality Section of the WAPCo HSEMP ............................................ 8-52 Table 8.9-5a Solid, Liquid, and Hazardous Waste Section of the WAPCo HSEMP .... 8-55 Table 8.9-5b Solid, Liquid, and Hazardous Waste Section of the WAPCo HSEMP .... 8-56 Table 8.9-6a Cultural Conditions Section of the WAPCo HSEMP ............................... 8-59 Table 8.9-6b Cultural Conditions Section of the WAPCo HSEMP ............................... 8-60 Table 8.9-7a Socioeconomic Conditions Section of the WAPCo HSEMP ................... 8-63 Table 8.9-7b Socioeconomic Conditions Section of the WAPCo HSEMP ................... 8-64 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev I xviii Table of Contents Table 8.9-8a Public and Worker Health and Safety Section of the WAPCo HSEMP ............................................... 8-68 Table 8.9-8b Public and Worker Health and Safety Section of the WAPCo HSEMP ............................................... 8-69 Table 8.9-9a Emergency Preparedness and Response Section of the WAPCo HSEMP ............................................... 8-72 Table 8.9-9b Emergency Preparedness and Response Section of the WAPCo HSEMP ................................................ 8-73 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 xix Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronym or Abbreviation Meaning American Association of Highway and Transportation AASHTO Officials ABE Benin Environmental Agency ABS American Bureau of Shipping AC Alternating Current acfh Actual Cubic Feet per Hour ACI American Concrete Institute AES Engineering Company Ag Silver AGI Above Ground Installation AID Agency for International Development AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AISC American Institute of Steel Construction AIT Auto Ignition Temperature AIW Atlantic Intermediate Water Al Aluminum ALARP As Low As Reasonably Practical AML Approved Manufacturers List ANSI American National Standard Institute API American Petroleum Institute As Arsenic ASCE American Society for Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASNT American Society of Non-Destructive Testing ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials atm Atmosphere AVR Automatic Voltage Regulation AWS American Welding Society Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronym or Abbreviation Meaning B Boron Ba Barium BA Breathing Air BAT Best Available Technology Bbl API Barrel Bcf Billion cubic feet BDV Blowdown Valve BHP Break Horse Power BME Benin Ministere de l'Environnement BMP Best Management Practice BOD Biological Oxygen Demand BP Best Practice BPT Best Practicable Control Technology Br Bromine BS British Standard BS EN British Standard Euro-Norm Btu British Thermal Units C Celsius °C Celsius Ca Calcium CaCO3 Calcium Carbonate CADD Computer Aided Design and Drafting CAE Computer Aided Engineering CAPEX Capital Expenditure CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBO Community Based Organization cc Cubic centimeter CCR Central Control Room CCTV Closed Circuit Television June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 AA-2 Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronym or Abbreviation Meaning Cd Cadmium CDC Centralized Dispatch Center CDM Clean Development Mechanism (Kyoto protocols - Greenhouse Gas Reduction) CEB Communaute El6ctrique du B6nin CEDA Center for Environment and Development in Africa CFA Communaute Financiere Africaine (African Financial Community) CFAF Communaute Financiere Africaine Franc CFC Chlorofluorocarbon CFR Code of Federal Regulations CFU Colony Forming Unit CH4 Methane CIA Central Intelligence Agency CII Construction Industry Institute CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered CITES Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Cl- Chloride cm Centimeters CMMS Computerized Maintenance Management System CMS Consortium Electric Power CMT Consortium Management Team CNG Compressed Natural Gas CNL Chevron Nigeria Limited CO Carbon Monoxide CO2 Carbon Dioxide COD Chemical Oxygen Demand COLREG Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea CP Cathodic Protection CPDEP ChevronTexaco Project Development and Execution Plan June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 AA-3 Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronym or Abbreviation Meaning CPI Chemical Process Industries CPT Cone Penetration Test CPU Central Processor Unit CPUE Catch per unit effort Cr Chromium CR Critically Endangered CRA Corrosion Resistant Alloy CRT Cathode Ray Tube CSC Convention on the Continental Shelf Cu Copper CWAG Chevron West African Gas D Normal Outside Diameter dbh Diameter Breast Height dB Decibels dBA Decibels weighted to 'A' scale DC Direct Current DCS Distributed Control System DD Due Diligence DDET Department of Properties, Registration and of Stamps DGPS Digital Global Positioning System DIN Deutsche Industrie-Norm (German Industrial Standard) DNV Det Norske Veritas DO Dissolved Oxygen DOI Declaration of Isolation DP Dynamic Positioning DPR Department of Petroleum Resources DPS Dynamic Positioning System DSC Decision Support Center E East June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 AA-4 Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronym or Abbreviation Meaning EA External Affairs EAP Environmental Action Plan EBS Environmental Baseline Survey EC Electrical Conductivity ECC Equatorial Counter Current ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EEMUA Engineering Equipment and Materials Users EEMUA ~~~~~Association EFAT Emergency First Aid Teams EFD Engineering Flow Diagram EGASPIN Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria EG&S Environmental Guidelines and Standards EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIS Environmental Impact Study EJMA Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association ELP Escravos - Lagos Pipeline EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility EMP Environmental Management Plan EMS Environmental Management System EN Endangered EN Euronorm EPA Environmental Protection Agency EPC Engineering, Procurement, Construction EPZ Export Processing Zone ER Emergency Response ERML Environmental Resources Managers Limited ERP Emergency Response Plan ERT Emergency Response Team ESD Emergency Shutdown June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 AA-5 Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronym or Abbreviation Meaning ESDV Emergency Shutdown Valve ESI Environmental Sensitivity Index ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESL Environmental Solutions, Ltd. ESS Emergency Support System et al. Et alli (and others) ETZ Eastern Tropical Zone F Fahrenheit F&G Fire and Gas F&S Fire and Smoke FAO Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations FAT Factory Acceptance Testing FAU Formazin Attenuation Unit FBE Fusion Bonded Epoxy FC Fail Closed FCA Failure Characteristic Analysis Fe Iron FEED Front End Engineering Design FEL Front End Loading FEPA Federal Environmental Protection Agency FID Final Investment Decision FIN Facilities Information Network FMEA Failure Mode and Effect Analysis FMEnv Federal Ministry of the Environment FMOE Federal Minister of the Environment FO Fail Open FOB Free on Board FOS Federal Office of Statistics June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 AA-6 Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronym or Abbreviation Meaning FRP Fiber Reinforced Plastic Ft Feet G Gram Gal Gallon GC Guinea Current GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Fund GEPA Ghana Environmental Protection Agency GEST Ghana Ministry of Environment, Science, and Technology Gg Gigagram GHG Greenhouse Gas GIEC International Group of Experts on the Climate GNPC Ghana National Petroleum Corporation GOg LME Gulf of Guinea Large Marine Ecosystem GPHA Ghana Ports and Harbors Authority GRE Glass Reinforced Epoxy GRP Glass Reinforced Plastic GSS Ghana Statistical Service GTA Gas Transportation Agreement GTG Gas Turbine Generator H2CO3 Carbonic Acid H2S Hydrogen Sulfide ha Hectare HAT Highest Astronomical Tide Hazard Analysis - (A formal procedure used to identify HAZAN hazards, quantify their impact, and analyze problems associated with a given process) HAZID Hazard Identification June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 M-7 Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronym or Abbreviation Meaning Hazard and Operability Study - (A formal procedure HAZOP used to identify hazards and operability problems associated with a given process) HAZOPS Hazardous Operations HCO3 Hydrogen Carbonate HDD Horizontal Directional Drill He Helium HFE Human Factors Engineering HFIP Human Factors Implementation Plan Hg Mercury HIC Hydrogen Induced Cracking HIPP High Integrity Pressure Protection HIPPS High Integrity Pressure Protection System HIPS High Integrity Protection System HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HMI Human Machine Interface HOA Heads of Agreement HOCNS Harmonised Chemical Offshore Notification Scheme HP High Pressure HP High Power hp Horsepower hr Hour HR Human Resources HRc Hardness Rockwell (C Scale) HSE Health, Safety, and Environmental HSEMP Health, Safety, and Environmental Management Plan HSEMS Health, Safety, and Environmental Management System HV High Voltage HVAC Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning I/C Interconnect June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 AA-8 Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronym or Abbreviation Meaning I/O Input and Output IBCG Industrie Beninoise des Corps Gras IC Institute of Corrosion ICEA Insulated Cable Engineers Association, Inc. ID Inside diameter IEC International Electrotechnical Council IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IESNA Illuminating Engineering Society of America IFA Issued for Approval IFC International Finance Corporation IFD Issued for Design IFH Issued for HAZOP IFI International Finance Institution IFO Incident Free Operations IGA Inter Government Agency IGN Etablissement Geographique National IITA International Institute of Tropical Agriculture IM Information Management IME Integration Management Entity IMO International Maritime Organization in Inches International Convention on the Establishment of an IOPCFund International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage IPA International Project Agreement IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IRI Industrial Risk Insurers IRR Internal Rate of Return IRRR Impoverishment Risks and Reconstruction IS Intrinsically Safe June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 AA-9 Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronym or Abbreviation Meaning ISA Instrument Society of America ISO International Organization for Standardization ISSER Institute of Statistical, Social, and Economic Research IT Information Technology ITB Invitation to Bid ITCZ Inter-tropical Convergence Zone ITD Inter-tropical discontinuity ITF Inter-tropical front IUCN The World Conservation Union JHA Job Hazard Analysis J.O.R.T. Official Journal JVA Joint Venture Agreement K Potassium kg Kilogram khz Kilohertz km Kilometers km2 Kilometer Squared KO Knock Out KP Kilometer Post kW Kilowatt kWh Kilowatt Hour L Liter LAN Local Area Network LAT Lowest Astronomical Tide lb pound lbs/MWh Pounds per Megawatt Hour LC50 Lethal Concentration, 50 Percent LCN Local Country Nationals LCO Light Crude Oil June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 AA-10 Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronym or Abbreviation Meaning LCR Local Control Room LDC Local Gas Distribution Company LEL Lower Explosive Limit LFL Lower Flammability Limit. LGAs Local Government Areas Li Lithium LME Large Marine Ecosystem LNG Liquid Natural Gas LOI Letter of Intent LP Low Pressure LPG Liquid Petroleum Gas LPP Low Point of Paving LR Lower Risk LV Low Voltage LVB Land Valuation Board m Meter m2 Square meter m 3 Meter Cubed M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MAC Manual Alarm Call MARPOL Marine Pollution Convention MAOP Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure MC Metal Clad MCC Motor Control Center MCDA Multi-Criterion Decision Analysis MCR Main Control Room MDAs Ministries, Departments, and Agencies MDT Mean Down Time MEHU Ministry of the Environment, Housing, and Town Planning June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 AA-1 1 Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronym or Abbreviation Meaning mEq milliequivalent Mg Magnesium mg Milligram mg C/mi/day mg carbon per square meters per day MIGA Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency MIS Management Information System mL Milliliter mm Millimeter Million when used in the context of gas flow or heating MM value. Thus MMBtu implies million Btus. MMm3D Million meters cubed per day MMcmd Million cubic meters per day MMS Maintenance Management System MMscfd Million Standard Cubic Feet per Day MMTPA Million Metric Tons per Annum Mn Manganese Mo Molybdenum MOC Management of Change MoLGRD Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development MOU Memorandum of Understanding MP Medium Pressure Ms Millisecond MSC Ministerial Steering Committee MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet MTons Million tons MTBF Mean Time Between Failure Mtpa Million Tons per Annum MTTR Mean Time To Repair mV millivolt June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 AA-12 Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronym or Abbreviation Meaning MV Medium Voltage MVAR Mega Volt Amps Regulation MW Megawatts MWh Mega Watt Hour N Naira N Newton N Nitrogen N North N°2 Main coastal road in Togo Na Sodium NACE National Association of Corrosion Engineers NaCl Sodium Chloride NADMO National Disaster Management Organization NADW North Atlantic Deep Water NAFDAC Nigeria National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control NAPCA National Association of Pipe Coating Applicators NB Nominal Bore NDPR Nigeria Federal Department of Petroleum Resources NDT Non Destructive Testing NE North East NEC National Electric Code NEMA National Engineering Manufacturers Association NEPA National Electric Power Authority NFME Nigeria Federal Ministry of Environment NGC Nigerian Gas Company NGO Non-Government Organizations NH3 Ammonia Ni Nickel June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 AA-13 Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronym or Abbreviation Meaning NISER Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research nm Nanometer NNPC Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation NO2 Nitrite NO3 Nitrate NOx Nitrous Oxides NOEC No Observable Effect Concentration NPA Nigerian Ports Authority NPDES National Pollution Discharge Elimination System NPS Nominal Pipe Size NPV Net Present Value NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Units NW North West O&M Operations and Maintenance OAU Organization of African Unity OD Operational Directive ODS Ozone Depleting Substance OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer OILPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil OJT On-the-Job-Training OP Operational Policy OPEX Operating Expenditure OPIC Overseas Private Investment Corporation ORP Oxygen Reduction Potential OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSPARCOM Commissions of Oslo and Paris OTC Overhead Traveling Crane OTP L'Office Togolaise des Phosphates P Phosphorus June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 AA-14 Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronym or Abbreviation Meaning P&ID Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams PAA Project Affected Area PAGA Public Address/General Alarm PAH Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PALL Pressure Alarm Low Low PAP Project Affected People PAR Pre-assembled Piperack PAS Process Automation System Pb Lead PCBs Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls PCS Process Control System PDP Public Display Package PEP Project Execution Plan PES Project Execution Strategy PFD Process Flow Diagrams PFP Passive Fire Protection PHA Process Hazards Analysis PI Profitability Index PIC Project Implementation Committee PID Proportional Integral Derivative PLC Programmable Logic Controller PLE German Engineering Company - Feasibility study PM10 less than or equal to 10 micro meters P04 Phosphate POB People on Board POP Persistent Organic Pollutants PNDCL Provisional National Defense Council Law PP&E Protecting People and the Environment - CT Policy 530 ppb Parts Per Billion June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 AA-1 5 Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronym or Abbreviation Meaning PPE Personal Protective Equipment ppm Parts Per Million PSI Pounds per square inch PSIA Pounds per Square Inch Absolute psig Pounds per Square Inch Gauge PSS Plant Safeguarding System PSV Pressure Safety Valve PVC Polyvinyl chloride PWHT Post Weld Heat Treatment QA Quality Assurance QC Quality Control QRA Quantified Risk Assessment R&M Stations Regulating and Metering Stations RAM Reliability, Availability, and Maintenance RAP Resettlement Action Plan RBI Risk Based Inspection RCM Reliability Centered Maintenance Redox Reduction/Oxidation RF Raised Face RFQ Request for Quotation RGPH Recensement General de la Population ed de L'Habitat ROV Remotely Operated Vehicle ROW Right of Way RP Recommended Practice RPD Redox Potential Discontinuity RTD Resistance Temperature Device RTJ Ring Type Joint RV Relief Valve RVP Reid Vapor Pressure June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev I AA-16 Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronym or Abbreviation Meaning S South s Seconds SACW South Atlantic Central Water SAEMA Shama-Ahanta East Metropolis Area SAFE Safety Analysis Function Evaluation Chart SAFOPS Safety and Operability Studies SAS Statistical Analysis System SAZOF Societe d'Administration des Zones Franches SBC Structured Breakdown of Costs SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Scf Standard cubic foot SDV Shut Down Valve Se Selenium SE South East Sec Seconds SHE Safety, Health and Environment Si Silicon SIA Socioeconomic Impact Assessment SID Safety In Design SIL Safety Integrity Level SIMOPS Simultaneous Operations SiO2 Silicate oxide SIS Safety Instrumented System SIT Systems Integration Test SMC Sponsor Management Committee SNGL Shell Nigeria Gas Limited SO2 Sulfur Dioxide S04 Sulfate SO, Sulfur Oxides June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 AA-17 Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronym or Abbreviation Meaning SoBeBra Societe Beninoise des Brasserie SOBEGAZ Societe Beninoise de Gaz S.A. SOE Sequence of Events Protocol Relating to the International Regulations for SOLAS PROT the Safety of Life at Sea SOP Standard Operating Procedure SOTOGAZ Societ6 Togolaise de Gaz S.A. SPDC Shell Petroleum Development Company SPI Sediment Profile Images SPM Single Point Mooring SPPM Safe Practices and Procedures Manual SPSS Statistics Package for the Social Sciences Sr Strontium SSS Safety Shutdown System SST Sea Surface Temperature SSW South-Southwest STD Sexually Transmitted Disease STWC Standards of Training Certification and Watch-keeping for Seafarer SW South West TBA To Be Advised TBD To Be Determined TCA Total Corrosion Allowance TCN Third Country Nationals TDC Tema Development Corporation TEG Tri-ethylene Glycol TEMA Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, Inc. THC Total Hydrocarbons THPS Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium Sulfate TLV Threshold Limit Value June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 AA-18 Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronym or Abbreviation Meaning TMA Tema Municipal Authority TME Tema Municipal Executive TMERF Togo Ministere de l'Environnement et des Ressources Forestieres tn ton TNT Tema New Town TOC Total Organic Carbon TOM Total Organic Matter TOR Terms of Reference TPM Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons TQM Total Quality Management TSS Total Suspended Solids TSW Tropical Surface Water TTC Tema Traditional Council TTPP Takoradi Thermal Plant TVP True Vapor Pressure Il.tg microgram 1J,m micrometer pLS/cm MicroSiemens per centimeter UBC Uniform Building Code UES Uniform Effluent Standards UJV Unincorporated Joint Venture UL Underwriters Laboratory UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization UNO United Nations Organization UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply US United States June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 AA-19 Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronym or Abbreviation Meaning USEPA United States Environment Protection Agency V Vanadium V Volt VAC Volts Alternating Current VALCO Volta Aluminum Company VDC Volts Direct Current VDU Video Display Unit VES Vertical Electrical Sounding VIP Value Improvement Practices VRA Volta River Authority VSAT/SCADA Very Small Aperture Terminal/Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition VSDS Variable Speed Drive System VU Vulnerable W West WAGP West African Gas Pipeline WAGPA West African Gas Pipeline Authority WAPCo West African Pipeline Company WAPP West African Power Pool WB World Bank WD Water Depth WHRU Waste Heat Recovery Unit WHO World Health Organization WMP Waste Management Plan WP Whispering Palms WT Wall Thickness yr Year ZH Hydrographical zero Zn Zinc June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 AA-20 Benin Environmental Impact Assessment Authors and Contributors Benin Sikirou K. Adam Geomorphology, Land Use, Study Coordinator Jacques Adjakpa Ornithology Akpovi Akoegninou Vegetation Therese Ali Biology Michel Boko Climate, Meteorology Clement Bonou Plankton Moussa Boukari Hydrogeology Emile Fiogbe Marine Biology and Oceanography Lazare Gnonlonfin Oceanography Constant Houndenou Climate, Air Quality Marc Oyede Geology, Pedology Nestor G. Sakiti Mammals, Reptiles, and Amphibians Henri Soclo Chemistry Alphonse Tchabi Mammals, Reptiles, and Amphibians Zephirin Acakpo Survey Specialist Brice S. Adigbonon Survey Specialist Bernadette Ahouantchede Survey Specialist Amour Assou Survey Specialist Adrien Biaou Survey Specialist Sylvain H. Boko Socioeconomic Study Coordinator Jacques I. Boni Survey Specialist Comlan B. Codjo Survey Specialist Corneille Dessouassi Survey Specialist Darius Dessouassi Survey Specialist Castule Djenontin Survey Specialist Chantal Dossou-Yovo Field Controller Virginie Gnansounou Survey Specialist Crespin Guidi Survey Specialist Assogba Hodonou National Supervisor Pierre Hodonou Field Controller Hilaire Houeninvo Survey Specialist Toussaint Houeninvo National Supervisor Rubens Laourou Survey Specialist Emile L. Mensah Survey Specialist N'Dah P. Ntounti Survey Specialist Jerome Oza Field Controller ~~I I I II Authors and Contributors Benin Philippe Sededji Field Controller Nicole Tchokpon Survey Specialist Mathieu Zinsou Survey Specialist Therese Zounon Survey Specialist United States Henry Camp Existing Condition, Offshore and Onshore Environment, Impacts Analysis Ed Carr Air Quality Modeling Marlene Cole Senior Ecologist Theodore Coogan Geographic Information Systems James Gardiner Engineering Author William Gibson Habitats, Biological Resources, and Environmental Management Sakina Khan Socioeconomic Impact Analysis, Reviewer Johanna Kollar Coastal Zone Management, Wetlands Ecology, and Hydrology J. Renee Morin Environmental Impacts Analysis, Editor Walter Palmer Technical Director/Reviewer and Socioeconomics Kathy Thrun Program Director, Chemistry May 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 AC-2 Ac nowledgements The West African Gas Pipeline (WAGP) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) team wishes to acknowledge and thank the West African Pipeline Gas Company Ltd. (WAPCo) and their WAGP engineering and front end engineering design (FEED) (Paragon and PCS Engineering) teams for their support throughout this project and, in particular, for providing the technical and project planning information necessary to produce a sound EIA for the proposed WAGP. We particularly wish to thank Mr. John Cormwell of WAPCo for his continuous guidance and encouragement. We were fortunate to receive constructive contributions and comments from a large number of West African and international agencies and organizations; we offer our deep appreciation to: Benin Agence Beninoise pour L'Environnement Ministere des Mines, de l'Energie et de l'Hydraulique Ministere de L'Environnement de L'Habitat et de L'Urbanisme Office Beninois de Recherches Geologiques et Mineres West Africa Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) International World Bank World Bank Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) United States of America The United States Agency for International Development and their technical support contractor, Nexant l I E ecutive Summary The proposed West African Gas Pipeline (WAGP) will transport natural gas from Nigeria to Benin, Ghana, and Togo by way of a newly constructed 620 kilometer (km) (385 mile) long pipeline. The proposed pipeline will originate in Itoki, Nigeria, where it will connect to an existing natural gas system at the Alagbado "Tee" facility, traverse to the Nigeria coastline, and then run offshore to a distribution point near Takoradi, Ghana. Lateral branches will bring the gas to onshore distribution points near Cotonou, Benin; Lome, Togo; and Tema, Ghana to supply industrial and commercial gas customers, including electric power utilities. The map provided as Figure ES-I shows the overall project area and the pipeline route. The WAGP project proponent is the West African Gas Pipeline Company Limited (WAPCo), an incorporated joint venture partnership formed in May 2003 between an affiliate of Chevron Nigeria Limited (CNL), Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), an affiliate of The Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited (SPDC), Societe Beninoise de Gaz S.A. (SOBEGAZ), Societe Togolaise de Gaz S.A (SOTOGAZ), and a subsidiary of the Volta River Authority (VRA). The total capital investment for WAGP, estimated at US$500 million, is being financed by the joint venture partners, each holding a percentage of the shares in the project. WAGP will be a gas transportation facility and WAPCo will neither own nor sell the product moved through WAGP, but will instead charge tariffs to its customers who move gas through WAGP. The primary anticipated gas transportation customer is another incorporated joint venture, N-Gas Limited (N-Gas), which is owned directly or by other affiliates of NNPC, CNL, and SPDC. The natural gas to be moved through WAGP will primarily come from the Niger Delta and will consist of associated and non-associated gas from various gas fields in the Delta region. In order to maximize gas transport capacity, the great majority of the WAGP system will be a high-pressure system. Gas transport capacity of WAGP as initially built is 190 million standard cubic feet per day (MMscfd) and the project design capacity with all planned compressors, including a midline compressor in Togo, would be 578MMscfd. The actual rate of gas transport through WAGP will depend on end-user customer demand for natural gas. Project Benefits WAGP has the potential to bring about social and economic benefits at the global, regional, national, and local levels. From a global perspective, the WAGP project represents a major investment in infrastructure in a region that is one of the least developed in the world. Development of regionally integrated energy infrastructure and clean, reliable energy sources is vital to the economic development of the region. WAGP will provide another important global benefit by providing a means for bringing to market currently flared gas in the Niger Delta. In doing so, WAGP will contribute to the Global Flare Reduction Initiative, an initiative led by the World Bank that seeks to eliminate gas flaring worldwide. Elimination of gas flaring has many potential benefits, including reducing air pollution, and related impacts on communities; capturing and providing fuel for power and industry; Figure ES West Africa Gas Pipeline Project Area 4 2 * IfI*O'* Yc,.n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ t~N' o ~~o ma 50 Gulf o eters Legmd ~ OW June204 Bein FialSDrft Ea)RevPoem- Executive Summary spurring economic development; and, at the global level, reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and combating global warming (Appendix 2A- 1 describes expected reductions in GHG emissions). WAGP will also provide additional reduction in GHG emissions and associated global warming impacts by inducing a switch to gas fuel from other fossil fuels (primarily light crude oil) among end-user gas customers. WAGP is a major initiative to integrate the regional energy sector and there is evidence that such regional integration provides benefits of increased flexibility, resilience, distribution, abundance, and diversity of energy supplies. The development of WAGP to date has broken new ground in bringing together governments and private sector enterprises and generally enhancing regional collaboration in the four countries. The project has started Benin, Ghana, Nigeria, and Togo on a path of extensive economic cooperation and energy integration, as well as cooperation and harmonization on many levels. Once approved, built, and put into operation, WAGP will become a permanent basis for cooperation among the countries and one that has the potential to lead to broader economic cooperation and development. By supplying gas to regional power providers, WAGP will support the West Africa Power Pool (WAPP), another regional energy sector initiative that will also bring about substantial cooperation and integration. The natural gas source provided by WAGP will allow the WAPP to make reliable electricity available to many more areas and customers in the region, allow migration to cleaner gas-fired power generation to satisfy regional power demand, and cut power generation costs roughly in half. Switching from more polluting fuels to natural gas by end-user gas customers in Benin, Ghana, and Togo will bring about a substantial reduction in air pollutant emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulates. WAGP will provide a number of important benefits at the local and national level for the people of Benin, Ghana, Nigeria, and Togo. WAGP provides a clean, reliable energy source for expanding power generation in Benin, Ghana, and Togo and thus reduces the energy supply gaps in these countries. Monetary benefits to the countries are also realized through taxes paid by WAPCo. The gas producers will realize additional revenue from the sale of gas transported by WAGP. Local economies will benefit from WAPCo's commitment to hiring employees and contractors from surrounding communities to staff construction and operations workforce (total workforce estimated at more than 1,000); from WAPCo's commitment to purchase 15 percent of supplies and materials locally; and from planned community development programs. WAGP will have a number of positive impacts in Benin that provide a clear justification for the project and in certain respects offset some of the negative impacts. These include environmental and socioeconomic benefits during the construction as well as the operation and maintenance periods, and those associated with WAGP's Community Development Program. Reduced GHG emissions are expected to occur as a result of WAGP and represent an environmental - specifically, global climate change - benefit as a result of fuel-switching that will occur in the power and commercial/industrial sectors when natural gas is used in Benin. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 ES-3 Executive Summary The majority of beneficial impacts associated with WAGP are socioeconomic effects. The project will provide an abundant, relatively clean, relatively low-priced source of energy. Additionally, taxes paid by WAPCo to Benin will help strengthen the national economy and support economic development. Total tax benefits received by Benin over the lifetime of the project are expected to be in the range of US$158 million to US$198 million (WAGP, 2004). More socioeconomic benefits - both direct and indirect - will be generated through Benin's limited participation in the pipeline project and return on equity investments and infrastructure improvements. To involve and benefit local communities, WAPCo has made a commitment to purchase 15 percent of all goods and services required during construction from local businesses. This "local content" value for all construction procurement in Benin (onshore and offshore) is estimated at US$4.3 million. Short-tern employment income - perhaps the largest contribution to socioeconomic benefits at the local level - will be generated in communities surrounding WAGP as local jobs are created both temporarily during construction and permanently throughout the operation and maintenance of the project. Workers from surrounding communities will be hired by contractors for several aspects of construction. In general, increased employment levels are expected to boost personal income and strengthen the local economy. Moreover, payments for local contract work will be substantial, generating direct, indirect, and induced benefits for the surrounding communities. Community Development and Health and Safety Benefits will occur through WAGP's planned Community Development Program and improved infrastructure. This program will target education and healthcare support during the construction period. Participatory needs assessments have identified future opportunities in terms of income generation and capacity building that can be incorporated into later year operations. Secondary benefits will be realized through new industrial development and the associated creation of employment opportunities and income facilitated by the availability of reliable energy transported through WAGP. Industrial development may also spur economic and land development, particularly in areas around major towns and cities. Local businesses such as food markets and household goods stores may see secondary benefits resulting from spending of wages earned in jobs directly and indirectly created by the project. Project Description Pipeline and Facilities The main feature of WAGP is the 620km (385 mile) natural gas pipeline itself. The pipeline will connect to the existing Escravos-Lagos Pipeline (ELP) at the existing Alagbado "Tee" facility near Itoki, Nigeria. From there, a 30 inch (in) (76.2 centimeter (cm)) diameter pipe will traverse 56km to a new compression facility near Badagry Beach, termed the Lagos Beach Compressor Station. A 20in (50.8cm) diameter pipe will be routed from the compression facility to the sea and run offshore for more than 500km (311 miles), terminating near Takoradi, Ghana. Lateral branches off the main offshore line will bring the gas to new onshore distribution points near Cotonou, Benin; Lome, Togo; and Tema, Ghana. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 ES-4 Executive Summary Sources of available natural gas volumes from existing oil and gas operations in Nigeria have been identified to provide the initial pipeline system capacity of 190MMscfd (Appendix 2A- 2 describes natural gas sources and transmission infrastructure "upstream of WAGP"). Most of this available natural gas is "associated gas" (i.e., produced with oil from the same reservoir or wellhead source), which is currently flared. "Non-associated gas" will also be produced as needed to supply WAGP, particularly as associated gas supply sources decline over time. The demand for WAGP gas is expected to increase with time and WAPCo plans corresponding increases in system capacity with the installation of additional compressors. The WAGP Treaty and International Project Agreement (IPA) give exclusive transport rights to the NNPC, CNL, and SPDC joint ventures for the first 200MMscfd of capacity for 10 years and make provisions for development of open commercial access above these limits. Sources for gas volumes above 200MMscfd are not specifically known at this time and could involve existing or new oil and gas facilities. The existing ELP system can deliver up to 200MMscfd of natural gas to the Alagbado "Tee" without a need for upgrades or repairs. WAPCo is conducting a joint, due diligence assessment to ensure that the ELP can transport gas volumes up to the WAGP design capacity. The Alagbado "Tee" is the point where the WAGP transmission system is connected to the ELP transmission system. The Alagbado "Tee" will be improved to integrate WAGP and provide custody transfer, metering, and monitoring of the natural gas. WAGP will begin at the connection at the Alagbado "Tee" and extend southwesterly approximately 56km (35 miles) to the Lagos Beach Compressor Station in Nigeria. The route will either share or run adjacent to an existing natural gas pipeline Right of Way (ROW) for the first 36km (22 miles) and then continue on land previously unoccupied by or adjacent to any pipeline ROW. Natural gas will be transported from the Alagbado "Tee" under low pressure to the planned Lagos Beach Compressor Station to boost gas pressure for transmission offshore. The compressor station will be built on an 8.5 hectare (ha) site west of the village of Ajido, located approximately 12km (7.5 miles) east of Badagry, Nigeria and approximately 0.85km (0.53 mile) north of Badagry Creek. The compressor station will be one of two locations for system controls and the Emergency Shutdown (ESD) systems, the other located at WAPCo headquarters. Gas compression will initially occur only in Nigeria but provisions are being made in the design of the transmission system for expansion of compression capability in the future through the possible installation of midline compression facilities at Lome, Togo, as well as additional compressors at the Lagos Beach Compressor Station. Should requirements necessitate extending the pipeline past Ghana, future compression facilities can be installed at the Takoradi location. Compressed natural gas will be sent from the Lagos Beach Compressor Station via a 20in (50.8cm) pipeline for 567km (352 miles) to the Takoradi Thermal Power Plant. At three points along the pipeline route, tie-ins will be made for laterals to extend from the main offshore trunk line to distribution points near Cotonou, Benin; Lome, Togo; and Tema, June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 ES-5 Executive Summary Ghana. The pipeline route does not cross any shipping lanes and avoids passing through anchorage areas. Regulating and metering (R&M) stations at the end point of the offshore laterals in Benin, Togo, and Ghana as well as the terminus of the main trunk line at Takoradi, Ghana are where the WAPCo transmission system will end and customer usage and/or local gas distribution by local gas distribution companies will begin. Pipeline pressure is reduced at the station and custody transfer and metering of the natural gas from WAPCo to the customer or local gas distributor will occur. A link line will extend 9.5km (5.9 miles) from the Benin R&M station to a relocated electric power facility at Maria Gleta. The link line is considered in this Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) because WAPCo will build it, but it may be permitted separately from the rest of the pipeline. Construction The pipeline itself will be constructed by linking 12 foot (ft) (3.7 meter (m)) sections of steel pipe having a wall thickness of approximately 0.5in (1.3cm), coated on the outside for corrosion protection. An external concrete weight coating is added to the pipeline where the pipeline is installed in saturated or marsh environments. The onshore pipeline will be installed in an excavated trench within a 25m (82ft) ROW to a nominal depth of 0.9m (3.0ft) in upland areas, wetlands and marshes, and stream crossings. Onshore pipeline construction activities in Benin are expected to last 2 months and involve approximately 50 workers. Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) techniques will be used to install the pipeline at the Benin shore crossings. The Cotonou R&M station will be constructed over a period of 4 months with an average workforce of 50 to 100. The offshore pipeline will be placed directly on the seafloor in water depths in excess of 8m (26ft). In sections of the route where the water depth is less than 8m, the pipeline will be buried below the seafloor as a result of either HDD or trenching. This design alternative was selected given that it would reduce the impact to the benthic environment, among other reasons. For the great majority of its route, the pipeline will lie in waters 30m to 50m (98ft to 164ft) deep; the deepest point will be 70m (230ft) below sea level. Commissioning of the pipeline segments will involve flooding with water; cleaning, gauging, and reflooding with chemically treated water to prevent corrosion; hydrostatic testing; dewatering and drying; and air expulsion and nitrogen packing. Water for hydrostatic testing will be drawn from surface water bodies. Any biocides used for corrosion protection will be neutralized prior to discharge into the ocean. Alternatives The need for alternative energy supplies in Benin, Ghana, and Togo is established by the coincidence of future energy deficits forecast in these countries and the comparatively high cost of thermal electricity generation using imported fuels. This need, together with the supply of natural gas, the requirement to reduce gas flaring in Nigeria, and the technical feasibility of delivering natural gas from Nigeria to Ghana, Togo, and Benin, provides a June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 ES-6 Executive Summary compelling rationale to proceed with the WAGP project. Even while using different approaches, both the World Bank's draft Economic and Financial Analysis (EFA) and WAPCo's project alternatives analysis conclude that the proposed WAGP design is the optimal solution. The World Bank's draft EFA identified alternatives as part of a regional energy sector optimization strategy and studied domestic power development alternatives (hydroelectric, oil and gas, coal, nuclear, wind, and solar), power importation alternatives (Cote d'Ivoire, Nigeria), and gas resource and transportation alternatives (gas source other than Nigeria, Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) or Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) transportation, alternate routes for the pipeline). The project alternatives considered in this EIA reflect the business capabilities and objectives of WAPCo and a limited number of competing power options and/or alternative energy resources. Besides the No-Project and Proposed Project Alternatives, the EIA evaluated a select number of alternate scenarios. Two alternatives considered - developing gas-fueled power generation and export stations in Nigeria and exporting natural gas as LNG - meet some of these objectives but do not provide comparable benefits. These alternatives would produce more substantial environmental and socioeconomic impacts than WAGP, do not provide as timely a solution, and/or incur higher costs and the same benefits as WAGP. A renewable fuels alternative does not contribute to flare reduction in Nigeria and presents challenges in terms of reliability, security, and feasibility for Benin, Ghana, and Togo. In addition, it is doubtful that the renewable fuels alternative could provide sufficient power for industrial uses. Alternatives for the pipeline routing were considered: onshore/offshore, onshore, and offshore. The selected option, a combination of onshore and offshore routes, provides the greatest benefits at the lowest level of environmental and socioeconomic impacts and least cost. The EIA considered design alternatives for nearly every aspect of the project. Selection of preferred alternatives when devising, considering, and choosing between design options were based on a number of factors including: overall safety of the public and workers; environmental impact; potential impacts to communities; acceptance by stakeholders; best available practicable technologies; feasibility of construction, operation, and maintenance; and cost of construction, operation, and maintenance. Final design of the pipeline route was given considerable attention due to the linear nature of the project and the extensive overall length. Within the preferred Onshore/Offshore Option, more specific routing options were considered and chosen in order to minimize environmental and socioeconomic impacts. Alternate construction techniques for installing the pipeline across the shorelines were considered. In Benin, HDD was selected as it created the least disturbance at the shore crossing. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 ES-7 Executive Summary Baseline Information Natural Environment The climate in the area is tropical with alternating rainy and dry seasons. Air quality is generally poor, largely attributable to the transportation sector (motorbikes); air quality criteria are not being met in Cotonou. Estimated greenhouse loading was 17,179 tons per year from 1994 to 1999. Air quality in the rural areas is generally good, while air quality in the cities is poor. Onshore Environment Satellite images of the onshore pipeline ROW proposed in each of the four countries, including Benin, are shown in the oversized maps attached at the end of the Regional EIA report. The proposed high-pressure lateral crosses the shore near Hio Houta west of Cotonou, passing through a barrier island, a lagoon fringed with mangrove, a saltwater marsh with occassional hummocks of mangroves, and an ancient beach ridge that supports supports shrubby savanna vegetation and palm oil trees. It ends in a freshwater marsh vegetated by herbaceous vegetation. Rising inland from this marsh, the ROW enters a geomorphological feature called a glacis that has a yellow sand substrate and is vegetated by shrubby savanna interspersed with patches of cultivated crops. The location of the proposed R&M station is on this upland area, bordered by the Interstate Cotonou-Lome railway. Across the adjacent Lome-Cotonou highway, the proposed low-pressure link line ROW passes around the edge of a major plantation area. From this plantation to Maria Gleta, the route continues along the edge of a fresh/brackish marsh. When the ROW reaches the high-voltage electrical transmission lines, it bends southeast and runs parallel to the transmission corridor until it reaches the site of a future power plant at Maria Gleta, to be relocated from downtown Cotonou by CEB. The barrier island is used largely for small-scale agriculture and coconut plantations. The beach intertidal zone is sandy with no vegetation, while the upper beach has patchy grasses and coconut trees. Fecal coliform bacteria was detected on the beach, most likely due to human use. Gray and brown sands are found along lagoon depressions, with increasing clay content along the depressions. At the lagoon edge, there are organic soils that are seasonally saline and open to colonization by mangrove; less saline soils are vegetated with grasses. The mangrove system around the coastal lagoon is an ecologically sensitive area. Surface water becomes increasingly acidic and turbid moving inland from the lagoon to the saltwater marsh and finally the freshwater marsh. The dissolved oxygen content in the lagoon is low, possibly due to dumping of household waste in the lagoon (the household waste presumably contains organic compounds that are easily degraded by bacteria, resulting in uncontrolled growth of bacteria and the subsequent reduction of dissolved oxygen). The inland areas along the proposed ROW are characterized by poor, ferric, unsaturated clayey-sandy soils. Plant community types include fallow land (degraded coastal thicket with shrubs and herb stratum), degraded swamp forest (trees, shrubs, and herbs), thicket (fallow oil palm plantation overgrown with weedy shrubs), swampy grassland (degraded mangrove habitat with sparse shrubs and herbs), mangrove (in peaty brackish conditions June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 ES-8 Executive Summary along the coastal lagoon), coastal coconut plantation (sandbar between the lagoon and the Gulf), and coastal grassland (small patches). A number of plant species are used for medicinal purposes. Soils in the study area are generally free from metals contamination. There are two main aquifers above the 200m (656ft) depth: a homogeneous upper aquifer Im to 3m (3.3ft to 9.8ft) below the surface between the coast and the boundary of the coastal plane and a heterogeneous lower aquifer separated from the upper aquifer by a clayey layer about 20m (66ft) thick. The lower aquifer is fresh and potable. Soil Organism Abundance and Diversity Abundance and diversity of soil organisms tended to be low in very sandy soils and saturated soils and higher in upland soils with diverse vegetation cover. Plankton community samples indicate that the brackish waters have high productivity. All the major macroinvertebrate groups were represented in the salt and freshwater marshes. The finfish fauna reflects the mixed nature of the water environment comprising marine, brackish, and freshwater species. The relatively high number of intermediate and top predatory fish species indicate generally healthy onshore aquatic environments. A wide variety of birds, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals inhabit the area, particularly the mangrove. Urbanized areas, like the coastal coconut plantation near Cococodji, support few animals (some squirrels and rats). Protected species include bush pig (Potamochoerus porcus) and the red-bellied monkey (Cercopithecus erythrogaster), which was observed in the study area. A Ramsar wetland of international significance (Ramsar 1017 Site) is located in Benin, but is well outside the project area. Offshore Environment The offshore region is classified as a Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) by the United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development. The northern portion is thermally unstable and undergoes intensive seasonal upwellings; the southern portion is thermally stable and depends on the nutrient input from land drainage, river flows, and wave turbulence. These characteristics make the area highly productive and rich in fishery resources and biological diversity. The shoreline segment where the pipeline lateral will cross, between Djegbadji and Adounko-Plage, is generally a stable area, although some areas (near Togbin for example) are susceptible to erosion. A reef of dead madreporarian coral (stony, reef-building corals) lines the seaward edge of the continental shelf throughout the project area. While there are some living corals at the present time, these are soft gorgonian corals, mostly sea fans. There is no evidence of living reef-forming corals in the project area. Species diversity and abundance of plankton is linked to seasonal variation of the oceanographic regime and the rapid development of plankton has a rippling effect on fish populations. Fish production in the Gulf of Guinea is high and the migration of important fish stocks (e.g., herrings, shads, mackerels, tunas, and jacks) is dependent on upwelling events and the movement of climatic fronts and ocean currents. The rich fishery resource June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 ES-9 Executive Summary supports artisanal fisheries, local industrial fleets, and large international commercial offshore fishing fleets. Shrimping grounds cover 470 square kilometers (180 square miles) off Benin, representing an important export species. Physicochemical properties of the water column in the ocean indicate a healthy marine environment. Turbidity is generally low in the offshore, oceanic waters; however, there is a coastal zone of turbid, greenish water, which meets the clearer oceanic water 6km to 8km (3.7 to 5.0 miles) from the coast. On the seabed, the benthic communities are mature and in equilibrium with local physical conditions indicating little disturbance; biological composition of the benthos is generally homogeneous. Concentrations of metals and hydrocarbons were similar to region-wide averages, indicating little or no contamination. Elevated levels of hydrocarbon and lead were found in some sediment samples, suggesting localized areas of contamination related to port activities. Olive ridley, green, and leatherback turtle nests have been reported on Benin sandy beaches and specimens of hawksbill have been recorded in the literature off Benin. Other marine species of concern include cetaceans (whales) and dolphins. Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) have been observed recently off the coast of Benin. Human Environment Surveys were carried out in 13 villages representing rural fishing and urban/semi-urban communities. Along the proposed ROW, community sizes range from a cluster of a few houses to complete towns. Approximately 2,270 people live within 200m (656ft) of the proposed ROW centerline between the seashore and the proposed R&M station. An additional 25,750 people live within 200m of the ROW centerline along the link line from the R&M station to Maria Gleta, although the populations within the proposed ROW are low. Facilities identified (within 200m but outside the 25m (82ft) ROW) during the surveys included a school at Akadjamey, a church at Vinawa Adjovicodjii, and a recreational facility and church at Hio Houta. The proposed pipeline route and link line will cross coconut plantations, cultivated palm tree stands, cashew nut farms, tomato farms, cornfields, cassava fields, roads, railroad track, many footpaths, private lands, and sections of swampland and lagoons. The shoreline crossing point of the pipeline is close to several villages and within a few kilometers of tourist activities and infrastructure including hotels, guesthouses, restaurants, picnic areas, and art displays along the beach. A sacred water site is also located near the village of Hio Houta, at a distance more than 100m (328ft) from the ROW. Transportation in the project area tends to be by motorcycle or canoe. Residents in the 200m survey zone regularly cross the proposed pipeline area and link line in order to conduct daily activities. The most common form of energy for domestic needs is fuel wood, with petroleum products being a secondary source. The ethnic composition of the communities tends to be dominated by Fon, Goun, and Oueme socio-cultural groups. The major languages spoken are Fon and Adja/Mina. Residents in the rural non-fishing and urban/semi-urban communities indicated higher education levels than those in the rural fishing communities. Some residents are well educated, due to the nearby June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 ES-10 Executive Summary university (Abomey-Calavey campus) and research institution (IITA). Many commute to Cotonou for work. A higher percentage of households own property in rural non-fishing and urban/semi-urban communities than in rural fishing communities. Most of the rural fishing and non-fishing communities in the pipeline project area lack basic infrastructure such as electricity, running water, roads, or telephones. Households in the urban/semi-urban communities generally have electricity and some have running water. Construction of dwellings range from bamboo and palm branches with thatched roofs, to mud and/or cement brick with corrugated aluminum roofs. The economy of the rural non-fishing villages is centered on trade and commerce. The economy of the urban/semi-urban communities consists mainly of trade, various cottage industries, and services industries. Fishing is the main economic activity in rural fishing communities. Most diets consist of cereals, tubers, vegetables, and fish. Along the proposed WAGP pipeline and link line, about 77 percent of the population have access to potable water. Wells within the survey area are generally open-air, hand-dug deep wells, typically not equipped with pumping or purification systems. Sanitation is substantially better in urban and rural non-fishing areas than in rural fishing areas. Most human and household wastes are disposed in waterways, marsh areas, around dwellings, and into the ocean. In the Atlantique region there are a few health clinics and two hospitals. The most common disease in the Lower Benin zone is malaria. Health Centres at Cococodji and Pahou (administering first aid) are the closest to the WAGP ROW. Hospitals in Cotonou would be required for any serious injuries and/or emergencies. The closest sites with fire fighting capability are St. Jean, Calavi, and Agla. Impacts and itigation Impacts Initial screening was conducted to identify impacts that affect environmental and socio- economic conditions. WAPCo participated in this initial step to identify impacts and issues that may affect project implementation or siting; cycle these back to the project design engineers; and recognize impacts that may warrant mitigation measures. A methodical and rigorous impact assessment was conducted to establish severity levels of specific project activities on each of the potentially affected environmental media and socioeconomic aspects. This resulted in 506 potential impacts being evaluated (46 activities, 11 impact media) using the methodology described in Chapter 6 of this EIA report. The impact assessment process took into account information on mitigation measures that was available at the time and was described in the project design specifications. When potential impacts were initially judged to be high or moderate even with the implementation of planned mitigation measures, additional measures were recommended to reduce the anticipated impacts to lower levels. In assessing socioeconomic impacts, it was assumed that the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) would be properly implemented. The RAP intends to June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 ES-11 Executive Summary mitigate displacement of current land and reduction in means of livelihood for people affected by the project. Direct negative impacts associated with the WAGP project include potential onshore and potential offshore impacts to the environment, socioeconomic conditions, and health and safety of workers and members of the general public. Onshore Environmental Impacts Thirty-two different activities were evaluated in detail across five categories of potential environmental impacts: land use; habitat and biological resources; soils, topography, and geology; water resources and hydrology; and air. Of the 160 impact possibilities that were assessed, 104 (65 percent) were determined to be of negligible concern and 45 (28 percent) were evaluated as being of low or moderate severity because they are short-term in duration, reversible, localized in area affected, and/or unlikely to occur given planned management practices. Many possible high severity impacts have been entirely avoided through the alternatives review and selection process, described in Chapter 4. However, some environmental impacts are inevitable with a project of this nature and scale. As explained in this chapter, the potential environmental impacts of greatest concern in Benin involve the following. * The conversion of farmland to pipeline ROW for the project duration and perhaps longer. This would include a 25m by 400m (1.Oha) stretch on the barrier island that is currently used as a coconut plantation. Another 12.5ha of agricultural land would also be taken within the 14.6km pipeline ROW in upland areas. * Disturbance of habitats and possible changes to hydrology as a result of trenching to install the pipeline in wetlands areas. Approximately 1.4km (0.9 mile) of the pipeline route onshore in Benin will cross streams and pass through wetland areas. * Disturbance of lagoon bottom habitat as a result of trenching to install the pipeline across the lagoon separating the barrier island from the mainland near Adjahedji. This stretch across the lagoon is approximately 455m (1,493ft). Even these impacts, however, would be limited to the small areas noted above and should not pose any concern at a national or regional level. Moreover, the areas affected by pipeline trenching will be reinstated to the extent possible and should not exhibit long-term impacts. Overall, the environmental assessment indicates that adverse impacts to individual species, including species of conservation concern (e.g., sea turtles), are not likely. During the course of this assessment, as activities of potentially high concern were identified, already-proposed mitigation and monitoring measures were strengthened (e.g., WAPCo Turtle Impact Monitoring and Mitigation Plan for Construction and Maintenance Operations), or entirely new measures developed (e.g., WAGP Storm Water Management Plan, Air Emissions Management Procedure, Spill Prevention and Control Procedure, and Procedure for Preventing Salt Water Intrusion into Fresh Water Lagoons and Creeks). Implementation of these measures will minimize, and in some cases prevent, potential June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 ES-12 Executive Summary adverse impacts identified in this assessment. See Chapters 7 and 8 for additional details regarding these mitigation measures. Onshore Socioeconomic and Health and Safety Impacts The WAGP project is expected to result in the following categories of negative socioeconomic impacts to varying degrees: transportation and other infrastructure; social and cultural conditions; access to goods and services; means of livelihood; and public/worker health and safety. These impacts are evaluated and assessed in detail, with all impacts considered to be of low to moderate severity and occurring during the construction phase. There are no anticipated socioeconomic impacts of high severity associated with the project in Benin. The influx of workers and equipment for the onshore pipeline (including the link line) and for the R&M station may increase the pressure on existing infrastructure systems, particularly transportation. Transport of pipe and other construction-related materials from the port at Cotonou to the pipeline construction sites will require a total of 200 truck trips (160 for pipe and 40 for other materials) over a 2 month pipeline construction period, or roughly 4 to 5 truck trips per workday. Transport of skid-mounted construction equipment from the port at Cotonou to the R&M site will require a total of 60 to 100 truck trips over a 3 to 4 month construction period - or an additional 1 to 2 truck trips per day on average. Various mitigation measures are planned by WAPCo that will ameliorate impacts on transportation infrastructure, such as delivery of material during off-peak times and avoidance of congested roads. In terms of social and cultural conditions, the influx of construction workers at the pipeline and R&M station construction sites has the potential to result in impacts such as social unrest due to differentials in incomes and price inflation for surrounding communities. These effects are expected to be moderate in severity but will be localized to construction areas and of relatively short duration at any one site. There is also the potential for disruption of community access to goods and services as the influx of construction workers places strains on services and results in price inflation and as the increased construction traffic impedes access. For both the pipeline construction areas and the R&M station area these impacts are expected to be minor, however. Means of livelihood may be moderately impacted by the influx of construction workers, by construction traffic, and by road/pathway obstruction, all of which have the potential to disrupt economic activity in communities. The clearing of land and preclusion of farming and other economic activity on the ROW and R&M station footprint is also expected to result in some economic displacement. Impacts of economic displacement will be mitigated through the framework of the RAP. As trenching takes place in wetland areas and across the lagoon, minor impacts to fisheries and loss of economic activity may occur. The termination of construction may also cause moderate economic dislocation, both from job losses and the removal of markets for goods and services. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 ES-13 Executive Summary The increase in accident and illness rates associated with the transportation of equipment poses a potential impact on public health and safety. Mitigation measures include driver training and avoidance of congested roads. The influx of construction workers could also result in increased incidence of life-threatening or incurable illnesses such as HIV/AIDS, although this increased risk is very low because the project will cause few workers or drivers to make overnight stays or trips. Potential impacts of HIV/AIDS transmission will be ameliorated by targeted mitigation measures such as HIV/AIDS awareness programs for workers. Accidents also pose a potential impact on worker health and safety due to higher exposure of occupational risk during construction activities, particularly from earthmoving equipment. However, these risks are mitigated through overt environmental, safety, and health management system requirements of the Engineering, Procurement, Construction (EPC) contractors. Offshore Environmental, Socioeconomic, and Health and Safety Impacts The 20in (50.8cm) main pipeline will enter the territorial waters of Benin (from the east) continuing into the waters of Togo, with the 8in (20.3cm) lateral branching onshore west of the Cotonou port. The total offshore pipeline main trunk length in Benin waters is approximately 106km (65.8 miles). None of the activities associated with the offshore pipeline is expected to result in high severity environmental, socioeconomic, or health and safety impacts. Activities of most concern include the passive installation of the pipeline in water that is greater than 8m (26ft) deep (i.e., the pipeline will be laid on the sea floor in waters this deep), the movement of barges and vessels near the shoreline and ports, and discharge and treatment of hydrotest waters used in the commissioning of the Benin lateral. The receptors primarily affected by these activities are benthic habitats, water quality, and fishing resources. Overall, 14 offshore activities over the life of the project were analyzed for Benin across 11 different potentially affected media. Of these 154 media and activity combinations, 129 activities (84 percent) were found to have no impacts, 17 (1 I percent) low severity impacts, and 8 (5 percent) moderate severity impacts. None of the proposed offshore activities are expected to cause high severity impacts. Emergency and Upset Conditions Emergency and upset conditions may, in a low probability, high consequence worst-case scenario, lead to events with a potential for impact to human and environmental receptors. The most serious possible events are: * Controlled gas release: Blow-downs and other controlled gas releases may occur at the Cotonou R&M station. Because controlled blow-downs are expected to be very infrequent and will be conducted at rates that will ensure effective dispersion, the impacts to environmental receptors and to the health and safety of workers and the general public are expected to be minor, if any. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev I ES-14 Executive Summary * Uncontrolled gas release: Uncontrolled gas releases may occur anywhere along the pipeline due to a rupture or at WAGP facilities due to a rupture of piping or poor maintenance. The WAGP pipeline and facilities have been designed with safeguards to prevent uncontrolled releases and with mitigation measures to minimize their impacts, should they occur. * Fire: The potential sources of fires include the uncontrolled release of gas or the ingress of air into piping containing gas. Since the WAGP facilities have been designed to avoid fire hazards, the likelihood of a fire occurring is considered low to very low. The significance of any resulting impacts would vary with the size and duration of a fire, if one occurs. Worst-case conditions could involve impacts to some workers but could affect members of the general public only in the very unlikely event of a fire extending beyond the R&M station boundaries. * Explosion: The likelihood of an explosion arising from the buried (or submerged), corrosion-protected pipeline is very low. Also, equipment in the facilities will be spark-proof in areas where the risk of explosion is high in order to minimize the likelihood of explosion. Nevertheless, in the unlikely event of a large explosion, public health and safety would be of highest concern at the R&M station, given its proximity to residential and industrial buildings. There also could be a variety of socioeconomic effects from an explosion. WAPCo has conducted studies to maximize the safety of the WAGP pipeline and facilities and is developing an emergency-response strategy and system safeguards. Secondary and Cumulative Impacts In addition to the primary, direct impacts, there are various indirect consequences that may occur. These indirect impacts may occur in areas beyond the immediate influence of the WAGP Project, at an undetermined time in the future, or as a result of complex pathways (second- or third-level impacts). Secondary impacts affect the same qualities identified for direct impacts (e.g., land use, water quality, livelihood, etc.). Many secondary effects were not considered to be significant. Several identified secondary impacts attributable to the proposed WAGP project include the following: in the onshore environment, change in land use within the vicinity of the R&M station, potential for incremental changes in ecology due to solid waste generation, changes in wetlands vegetation, and decrease in groundwater quality; and in the offshore environment, the potential for a localized increase in fisheries production. Secondary downstream impacts associated with induced development are also addressed, including the planned relocation of the CEB power station from Cotonou to Maria-Gleta. Cumulative impacts are the incremental effects of proposed development activities evaluated in tandem with pre-existing or additional proposed development activities. They may be considered distinct from direct (primary) and indirect (secondary) impacts from the proposed project in that cumulative impacts may occur when a receptor is already impacted by existing sources and/or from other separate, planned sources. Benin has few existing industrial development projects that are currently additive to any direct WAGP project impacts. Therefore, few cumulative impacts have been identified; the ones described in this report June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 ES-15 Executive Summary consist of short term increased marine traffic and a strain on waste management infrastructure (more so during construction rather than operations). It is not possible to assess cumulative impacts from downstream development at this time, other than the CEB plant relocation and a qualitative projection of other power generation or industrial development. itigation The following general mitigation principles were applied to address the linear nature of the design and construction of the onshore pipeline installation. * Avoid sensitive receptors in site and route design. Observe protective perimeters around steep and erosion-sensitive gradients, water supply basins, and wet areas. * Avoid deforestation or other vegetation losses. * Minimize the footprint in site and route design. Limit the expropriation of ROW, fragmentation of properties, and agricultural and forestry areas. * Conserve and reuse topsoil during the burial of the pipe, coordinate the work with other land users. * Control access to work sites, use adequate road signs on the routes leading to the work sites. * Establish adequate human and environment protection personnel training. * Perform reinstatement at the end of the work to clean and return the elements of the environment that were affected to their original condition. * Formnulate an emergency action plan in coordination with the interested authorities in the event of an accidental spill during the construction and operational phases. * Develop and maintain alignment sheets that reduce impacts by making all relevant operational control information available by operation and geographic location. * Compensate for major residual impacts. Wastes generated during construction could include vegetation removed during clearing and minimal amount of fluids related to equipment operations. Mosquitoes will be controlled in the areas of construction operations by limited spraying of pesticides. Potential impacts from any hazardous materials and wastes are mitigated by adherence to the Hazardous Materials Management Plan and a Spill Prevention and Control Plan. The project has the potential to impact land use, habitat and biological resources, topography and soils, water resources, and air quality. For the most part, these impacts are expected to be minor and limited to the immediate vicinity of the project. A few potential impacts were assessed to be of moderate or high severity, but these can be adequately mitigated as described below and should not pose any concern at the regional level. The mitigation and monitoring in place to minimize the potential environmental impacts includes: June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 ES-16 Executive Summary * Clearly defining the cut zones in order to limit deforestation and establishing protective perimeters around productive habitats such as wetland areas and spawning beds. * Restoring vegetation at end of the work. * Avoiding deforestation and destruction of bordering vegetation, including clearing the ROW in such a way that trees fall within the ROW and refraining from disturbing mangrove trees and vegetation outside the ROW. * Not working in breeding grounds during breeding seasons. * Scheduling work and setting the calendar of activities taking into account the use that wildlife makes of the land. * Protecting known productive habitats, wet areas, and spawning beds. * Developing and maintaining policies and related training programs regarding fishing, hunting, and tree harvesting. * Developing and maintaining effective protection of sea turtles during the construction at the shoreline crossing. Potential impacts in the social and economic aspects are related to loss of land or land use, interruptions to means of livelihood (farming and fishing), disturbances to cultural resources, and influx of workers. The project has developed plans to mitigate these potential impacts that include: * Providing for a work schedule that will avoid disturbing the traditional life of communities (e.g., sowing, growing, and harvesting seasons in or adjacent to cultivated lands or festivals and other celebrations in the places they are held). * Establishing a communication program to inform communities of on-going work and establish appropriate measures to minimize the disturbance caused by the work. * Guaranteeing access to private property and the safety of residents and passersby during the course of the work by enacting appropriate measures (fencing, guards, etc.). * Minimizing service interruptions during the work by notifying the concerned jurisdictions and taking the appropriate measures to keep interruptions to a minimum for the residents of the affected area. * Minimizing disruption to road traffic, farming, fishing, forestry, tourist, and other community activities by avoiding blocking public access, including blocking access to fishing when crossing inland surface water. * Developing and maintaining an external communication procedure that minimizes impacts through proper training, public notices, designations on nautical maps, etc. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 ES-17 Executive Summary * Reducing depletion of energy resources and creation of pollution by maintaining transportation vehicles, compressor engines, and power generators in good working order. * Following the maintenance approach in the previous item for all other equipment and machinery needing periodic inspection and maintenance to attain optimal efficiency and reduction in fuel consumption. * Conducting regular and frequent HIV/AIDS awareness training for construction workers, with more frequent and focused training for workers with higher risk (truckers, offshore crew change, etc.). * Avoiding impacts to archaeologic resources by completing a literature review for such resources, conducting an archaeologic walk-through, implementing a chance finds procedure throughout the construction phase (adherence to this procedure will be an explicit term of construction contracts), and providing appropriate training to construction workers. Public and worker health and safety is a central concern for all project activities and was given a high degree of attention in the assessment of potential impacts and development of the following mitigation measures and plans: * Heightening the safety of workers and of the surrounding communities by establishing safety and emergency action plans and related training programs. * Ensuring that all employees adhere to the safety program. * Providing for the establishment of emergency plans and action plans in the event of fire, accidents causing injury, accidental spills of contaminants, or gas leaks. Results The result of the assessment was that no potentially high severity impacts (as defined by the methodology) would remain after the planned mitigation measures are applied in accordance with current commitments and plans. All of the residual impacts become either moderate or low severity. Those that were initially ranked high and moderate are presented in Table ES-1 with the residual severity after application of the planned mitigation. anagement and onitoring Plan A comprehensive Health, Safety, and Environment Management Plan (HSEMP) has been established to achieve regulatory compliance, institutional responsibilities (e.g., World Bank Safeguard Policies and Guidelines), and other related commitments. For each potentially severe impact (high or moderate severity), the HSEMP identifies and describes the linkage between: * Regulatory requirements, institutional responsibilities and other commitments; * WAPCo operational controls (e.g., best management practices (BMPs), construction and operation specifications, procedures, and work instructions); June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 ES-18 Executive Summary Table ES Summary of WAGP Project High and oderate Severity Impact by Affected Country, Project Activity, Planned itigation, and Residual Impact Severity Impact Category/Potential Impact Project PlannedMitigation Residual Impact IActivity Plne iiainSeverity High Severity Impacts Conversion of current land use Construction Perform reinstatement and at the end of the work - clean and Moderate within pipeline ROW and facility return the elements of the environment that were affected to their footprints original condition. Conserve and reuse topsoil during the burial of the pipe, coordinate the work with other land users. Implement appropriate operational controls/procedures (such as ROW Access Policy). Compensate for major residual impacts (as described in the RAP). Impacts to wetlands, forests, streams, Construction Avoid sensitive receptors in site and route design. Observe Low lagoons, barrier island, and gulf protective perimeters around steep and erosion-sensitive gradients, waters habitats water supply basins, and wet areas. Avoid deforestation or other vegetation losses and/or reinstate vegetation. Conserve and reuse topsoil during the burial of the pipe, coordinate the work with other land users. Perform reinstatement and at the end of the work - clean and return the elements of the environment that were affected to their original condition. Implement appropriate operational controls/procedures, such as Compliance and Permitting, Turtle Nest Protection, Wetland Construction Methods, and Prevention of Salt Water Intrusion. Moderate Severity Impacts l Changes in air quality, noise and Construction, Train staff in human and environment protection. Low vibration Operation Implement appropriate operational controls/procedures (such as Air Emissions Management, Contractor Management, Compliance June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 ES-19 Executive Summary Table ES Summary of WAGP Project High and oderate Severity Impact by Affected Country, Project Activity, Planned itigation, and Residual Impact Severity Impact Category/Potential Impact Activity Planned Mitigation Residual Impact and Permitting) Incidental destruction or alteration of Construction Train staff in human and environment protection. Low significant cultural, historical, or Avoid disruption of known or potential cultural or archeological archeological sites sites. Implement appropriate operational controls/procedures (such as Chance Finds and Archeological Salvage). Disruption of community activities, Construction Minimize disruption to road traffic, farming, fishing, forestry, Low impairment of maritime traffic, and tourist, and other community activities perturbation of fishing Implement appropriate operational controls/procedures (such as External Communications and Contractor Management). Strains on infrastructure, social and Construction Recruitment of labor from surrounding communities, as Moderate cultural conditions, access to goods appropriate. and services and means of livelihood Presence of workers during working hours only and for limited due to influx of construction workers construction period. Maintenance of closed construction camps (as appropriate) and restriction of access to camps and work locations to authorized personnel only. Implementation of HIV/AIDS awareness programs for workers. Development of special service facilities by work crews and contractors to meet worker service needs. Improvements to local infrastructure such as transportation upgrades in order to improve worker access. Compensate for major residual impacts (as described in the RAP). June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 ES-20 Executive Summary Table ES Summary of WAGP Project High and oderate Severity Impact by Affected Country, Project Activity, Planned itigation, and Residual Impact Severity Impact Category/Potential Impact Project Planned Mitigation Residual Impact Activity Plne iiainSeverity Adverse health risk to general Construction Formulate an emergency action plan in coordination with the Low population and construction workers interested authorities in the event of an accidental spill during the due to hazardous material spill in a construction and operational phases. densely populated area or from other Train staff in human and enviromnent protection. mishaps associated with installation Implement appropriate operational controls/procedures (such as of pipeline External Communications, Emergency Response, Spill Prevention and Control, Loss Prevention Design Basis, and Contractor Management). Adverse health risk to general Operation Same as immediately above. Low population and construction workers due to gas leak from the pipeline Adverse health risk to general Construction Same as immediately above. Low population and construction workers due to presence, movement, and anchoring of barges in Gulf waters and general operation of vessels and equipment June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 ES-21 Executive Summary * Monitoring approach; mitigation and regulatory role; and * Mitigation measures. The HSEMP describes an HSE organization and outlines approaches for training, auditing, independent reviews, waste management practices, emergency response, construction activities, contractor requirements, air emissions, preventive maintenance, and change management. WAPCo has developed roles, responsibilities, and authorities and committed the financial resources to implement the HSEMP. Potential socioeconomic impacts will be addressed through the RAP prepared by WAPCo. The RAP will ensure that affected peoples receive compensation for lost land and resources. Summary and Conclusion For Benin, WAGP has the potential to bring about social and economic benefits at the global, regional, national, and local levels. For a project of its size and complexity, after application of appropriate mitigation measures, WAGP's potential negative impacts are relatively minor and the project is largely benign from the standpoint of environmental and socioeconomic impacts. Thus the potential benefits of the project substantially outweigh the potential negative impacts. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 ES-22 Chapter Introduction Project Overview The West Africa Gas Pipeline (WAGP) project proposes to construct and operate a natural gas transmission pipeline to transport natural gas from Nigeria to three other West African countries: Benin, Ghana, and Togo. WAGP will originate at a connection to an existing natural gas pipeline just west of Lagos in Itoki, Nigeria, and extend 620 kilometers (km, or 385 miles), predominantly offshore in the Gulf of Guinea, to a point near Takoradi, Ghana. Lateral pipelines will branch off along this route to transport gas to locations near Cotonou, Benin; Lome, Togo; and Tema, Ghana. The proposed overall pipeline route is presented on a map in Figure 1.1-1. The Benin portion of WAGP includes: * The main trunk line as it passes through Benin territorial waters, running roughly parallel to the shoreline at a distance of approximately 15km (9.3 miles) from shore; * The Benin offshore lateral, running north from the subsea tie-in with the main trunk line, for 14.7km (9.1 miles) to the beachhead at Ahoungbagbe, about 10km (6.2 miles) west of Cotonou; * The onshore high-pressure line, extending north from the beachhead for a distance of about 5.1km (3.2 miles) to the regulation and metering (R&M) station, located adjacent to the Lome-Cotonou highway approximately 28km (17.4 miles) west of Cotonou; * The R&M station; and * The onshore low-pressure link line, running from the R&M station, under the Lome- Cotonou highway and northeast for a distance of 9.5km (5.9 miles) to a future Communaute Electrique du Benin (CEB) facility at Maria Gleta (relocated from its existing location in Cotonou). A map of the WAGP route onshore in Benin is presented in Figure 1. 1-2. The WAGP project proponent is the West African Gas Pipeline Company Limited (WAPCo), an incorporated joint venture between an affiliate of Chevron Nigeria Limited (CNL), Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), an affiliate of The Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited (SPDC), and a subsidiary of the Volta River Authority (VRA). In addition, two companies incorporated in Benin and Togo, respectively Societe Beninoise de Gaz S.A. (SOBEGAZ), and Societe Togolaise de Gaz S.A. (SOTOGAZ), have options to participate in the ownership of WAPCo. Chapter 1 Figure West African Gas Pipeline Project Route Nw11 Offs hor1 Pip -11 n ______ - - ___________ ________ - Atlantic Ocean Junei2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-2 Figure 1.1-2 WAGP Onshore Route in Benin w~ E] l ~W+E v Limit of Availablet Satellite Coverage - - 14._ I~ r <, Z~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ilomtr 0 0.5 1 1.5 2io etr June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-3 Chapter 1 This page is intentionally left blank June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-4 Chapter 1 WAPCo was formed in May, 2003 specifically to construct, maintain, and operate WAGP. Prior to that time, development of WAGP was carried out by an unincorporated joint venture of these companies referred to as the "Joint Venture" or the "Commercial Group." The project has been and will continue to be financed by the joint venture participants, with each participant originally holding a percentage of the project and now holding a percentage of the shares in WAPCo. The total capital investment for WAGP is estimated at US$500 million. WAGP will be a gas transportation facility. WAPCo will not sell the product moved through WAGP, but will instead derive revenue by charging tariffs from its customers for moving their gas through WAGP. The primary anticipated gas transportation customer is another incorporated joint venture, N-Gas Limited (N-Gas), which is owned directly by, or by other affiliates of NNPC, CNL, and SPDC. The natural gas to be moved through WAGP will primarily come from the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, and will consist of associated gas from various oil fields and non-associated gas from various gas fields in the Delta region. Associated natural gas shipped via WAGP is currently being flared at its point of origin. N-Gas will transport natural gas from the Delta region to the Alagbado Tee via the existing Escravos-Lagos Pipeline (ELP), which is owned by NNPC and operated by the Nigerian Gas Company (NGC), a subsidiary of NNPC. Anticipated end users of the natural gas transported through WAGP include electric power utilities and industrial and commercial gas customers in the three receiving countries. In Benin, the primary "foundation" gas customer is a relocated electric power station proposed by CEB at Maria Gleta, Benin. The power plant will have a 25 megawatt (MW) gas turbine, and may possibly add another 25MW gas turbine and steam tail for a combined cycle operation with a total capacity of 75MW. Other potential customers currently use oil to fuel their furnaces or boilers. This secondary network of gas customers is sensitive to price competitiveness. In Cotonou, possible industrial users include: * Societe Beninoise des Brasserie; * Societe Beninoise des Textiles; and * Industrie Beninoise des Corp Gras. Another possible industrial user is SCO Lafarge Kiln Clinker in Onigbolo (with later expansion to Porto Novo). However, this would require substantial production growth since the distance from the WAGP delivery point is about 100km (62 miles). The great majority of the WAGP system will be a high-pressure system in order to maximize gas transport capacity. A compressor to be built in Nigeria, the Lagos Beach Compressor Station, will pressurize the gas. WAPCo has made provision for the installation of up to six compressors at Badagry, and for the eventual construction of a midline compressor station in Lome, Togo to enhance the capacity of the system. This additional compressor capacity will be installed/built some time in the future (i.e., after the initial construction stage of the project), once growing demand for natural gas from WAGP justifies the increase in system capacity. Gas transport capacity of WAGP as initially built is expected to be 190 million standard cubic feet per day (MMscfd, or 5.3 million cubic meters per day (MMcmd)). The system June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-5 Chapter 1 design capacity assuming additional compressors installed near Badagry will be 462MMscfd (13.1MMcmd), at a maximum operating pressure of 153 barg. Ultimate system capacity would be 578MMscfd (16.4MMcdm) with midline compression at Lome. The actual rate of gas throughput by WAGP will depend on end-user customer demand for natural gas. There is some question, for example, as to whether the Volta Aluminum Company (VALCO) aluminum smelter in Ghana will continue operation. This smelter would purchase substantial amounts of electric power from the VRA Takoradi power plants, which are a key WAGP foundation customer. The question of VALCO's continued operation therefore has a significant bearing on the demand for gas from WAGP - as will be shown in data presented below. Projected WAGP reserved capacities (throughput capacity reserved by customers) under various scenarios are presented in Figures 1.1-3 and 1.1-4. These projections are based on two main scenarios: the "with VALCO" scenario, in which the VALCO smelter is assumed to continue in operation (resulting in higher demand for natural gas-fueled power generation - Figure 1.1-3); and the "no VALCO" scenario, in which the VALCO smelter is assumed to cease operation (resulting in lower gas-fueled power demand in the near term - Figure 1.1-4). Within each of these two main scenarios, low, high, and mid-range gas demand projections are presented, termed respectively the Pgo, Plo, and P50 projections.' Figures 1. 1-5 and 1.1-6 break out the reserved capacity projections for Benin for the "VALCO" and "no-VALCO" scenarios respectively. The reader should note that the vertical scale for Figures 1. 1-5 and 1. 1-6 is different than that in Figures 1. 1-3 and 1. 1-4. 1 The Pl0 demand projection is a high-end projection and is considered to have a 10 percent chance of being equaled or exceeded. The P90 demand projection is a low-end projection and is a level considered to have a 90 percent chance of being equaled or exceeded. The P50 demand projection is a mid-range projection that is considered to have a 50 percent chance of being equaled or exceeded. These projections are from Purvin and Gertz (2003). The Purvin & Gertz report is an independent market analysis commissioned by the West Africa Gas Pipeline Authority and WAPCo to establish a mid-market forecast as an input to determining the gas pipeline tariffs. In the remainder of this chapter emission reductions and other economic benefit projections that are based on gas demand are all based on mid-range demand projections. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-6 Chapter 1 Figure WAGP Reserved Capacity - With VALCO Scenario 800 _ _ _ 1 -P50 Reserved Ca-pacity I P P10 Reserved Capacity 700 P90 Reserved Capacilty 600 - ': - - J,~~~~~~~~~~A 500 40 300 er 200 . >. . ^* I ",, ;s ; - - - 100 - 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 Figure WAGP Reserved Capacity - No VALCO Scenario 8 - -P50 Reserved Capaciy - 70 -P10 Reserve-i Capacl it / -; '' ; - 7 P90 Reserved Capacly 600 500 300 200 7/ 100~ 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-7 Chapter 1 Figure WAGP Reserved Capacity Benin - With VALCO Scenario 90 u-Plo Reserved Capacity 80 70 60 m 50 40 30 20 10 0 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 Figure WAGP Reserved Capacity Benin - No VALCO Scenario 100- -.--... 90 - |- P50 Reserved Capacily 90 PI O eservecf Capacdyi 80 70 60 1050 40 30 20 10 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-8 Chapter 1 Project ustification WAGP has the potential to bring about significant benefits well beyond the financial returns for its shareholders. These include substantial social and economic benefits for society at large at the global, regional, national, and local levels. The WAGP Regional Final Draft Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Rev 1 details beneficial and detrimental project impacts at the global and regional level and summarizes impacts at the national and local level. That report indicates that for a project of its size, complexity, and potential benefits, WAGP's negative environmental and socioeconomic impacts are relatively benign (after application of appropriate mitigation measures) and that overall the significant potential benefits of the project substantially outweigh the potential detrimental impacts. This Benin EIA report focuses on the positive and negative impacts of WAGP in Benin. The potential negative impacts, and the corresponding mitigation measures, are addressed in detail in the remainder of this volume. The ultimate conclusion of this analysis is that within Benin, the project is also largely benign from the standpoint of environmental and socioeconomic impacts and that the significant potential benefits of the project to Benin substantially outweigh the potential negative impacts. Potential benefits of the project to Benin are summarized in the following subsections. WAGP Benefits for Benin The WAGP project represents a significant investment in infrastructure development in Benin, which by most economic and social indicators is among the less-developed countries of the world (see Table 1.2- 1). Based on World Bank's World Development Indicators (World Bank, 2004), Benin falls within the lowest income group among countries worldwide, with a per-capita gross national income (GNI) of US$380, compared to the global average of US$5,120. Benin's and the West Africa region's energy sector is considered among the least developed in the world (Yartley, 2003). Development of regionally integrated energy infrastructure and clean, reliable energy sources is widely viewed as vital to the acceleration of overall economic development in Benin and all countries in the region (WEC, 2003). Table Basic Development Indicators Country/Region GNI per capita Life Expectancy (US$, Atlas method) (Years) Benin 380 52.7 Sub-Saharan Africa 450 45.8 World 5,120 66.7 European Union 20,320 78.3 Source: World Bank, 2003. All data are for 2002. Clearly, significant investment in infrastructure development, particularly in the energy sector, is highly desirable in this region of the world and in Benin. Such investment has the June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-9 Chapter 1 potential to contribute to general economic growth, general improvement in social indicators, and stability in Benin and the region. The following subsections summarize additional specific benefits for Benin that will be brought about by WAGP. Enhanced Integration into the Regional Economy It has long been recognized that cooperation among the countries of West Africa is key to accelerating the rate of development in the region and can yield benefits to all countries involved, including Benin. To this end the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) was formed in 1975 with the objective of increasing economic cooperation among the countries of the region, and it continues to work toward that goal. It is clearly to Benin's benefit to participate as fully as possible in an integrated regional economy. In the energy sector, there is strong evidence that regional integration of energy development provides many benefits in terms of increasing the flexibility, resilience, distribution, abundance, and diversity of energy supplies, and also in enhancing regional collaboration and increasing economic inter-dependence among countries of a region (WEC, 2003). As stated above, development of regionally integrated energy infrastructure is recognized as a vital step in the acceleration of overall economic development in the West Africa region (ibid). This understanding has led to two major initiatives for energy integration in West Africa: * WAGP; and * The West Africa Power Pool (WAPP), an initiative to develop integrated electric power infrastructure throughout the West Africa region (discussed in more detail below). The development of WAGP has broken considerable new ground in bringing the government and private sector enterprises in Benin together with those in the other three WAGP countries. It has brought about unprecedented collaboration among the energy planners and economic policymakers from all four WAGP countries, initiated formally with the signing of a Heads of Agreement (HOA) among the governments of the four countries in 1995 mapping out plans for the commercial development of WAGP. Intensive, collaborative planning since that time among the involved governments and the Commercial Group of WAGP partners has resulted in comprehensive joint plans for project development, and further formalized agreement among the WAGP countries. The Governments of the WAGP countries signed the Treaty On The West African Gas Pipeline Project in January 2003, which: * Established the WAGP Authority, an administrative body to act on behalf of the four WAGP countries to oversee the regulation of WAGP, together with associated governance and appeal processes; and * Laid the groundwork providing for a harmonized investment regime to apply to WAGP in all four countries. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-10 Chapter 1 Comprehensive provisions setting out the detail of the fiscal, legal, regulatory, and pricing regimes to apply to the project were agreed in a formal agreement, the International Project Agreement (IPA), signed in May of 2003 by the four Governments and WAPCo (World Bank, 2004c). The Treaty and IPA provide for the WAGP Authority to have jurisdiction across all four countries, as the oversight agency for WAGP.2 WAPCo itself, formed in 2003, represents an international partnership of private sector entities and government corporations that is unique in the region. The project has therefore started Benin on a path of extensive economic cooperation and energy integration with Ghana, Nigeria, and Togo, as well as cooperation and harmonization on many levels. Once approved, built, and put into operation, WAGP will become a permanent basis for cooperation among the four WAGP countries, and one that has the potential to lead to broader economic cooperation and development benefits in Benin and the region. Contribution to WAPP As stated above, WAPP will also bring about substantial energy cooperation and integration in the region. It will provide the infrastructure for electrical cooperation among 14 West African nations. WAPP will make reliable electricity available to many more areas and customers in the region, allow for the migration to cleaner hydropower and gas-fired power generation for much of the region's power generation, and cut power generation costs roughly in half compared to current costs (World Bank, 2004a). The scheme will be dependant on two primary energy sources (WEC, 2003): * Hydropower, mainly on the Niger (Nigeria), Volta (Ghana), Bafing (Mali), and Bandama (C6te D'Ivoire) Rivers; and * Natural gas for thermal power stations - including Nigerian gas delivered by WAGP to power plants in Benin, Togo, and Ghana. In view of the substantial potential benefits WAPP will bring to Benin, WAGP objectives complementing WAPP's represent a benefit of WAGP for Benin. Income Ta es Benin will benefit from income taxes from WAGP. After a 60-month tax holiday, WAPCo will pay a 35 percent income tax in all four WAGP countries. In accordance with the IPA, WAPCo income taxes will be apportioned to each WAGP country according to a formula that takes into account the pipeline length in each country (45 percent) and the capacity reservations for delivery in each country (45 percent), with a small portion of the income tax 2 Note that environmental oversight for WAGP, including approval of the country-specific EIAs, remains with the national environmental authorities June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-11 Chapter 1 (5 percent) shared equally. Projected income taxes to be paid by WAPCo to Benin over the lifetime of the project is in the range of US$158 million to US$198 million3 (WAGP, 2004). Revenue Benefits Benin will benefit indirectly from WAGP through the possible equity investment in the pipeline of SOBEGAZ. Possible business revenues from local organizations (e.g., Societe B6ninoise des Brasserie, Societe Beninoise des Textiles, Industrie Beninoise des Corp Gras, and SCO Lafarge Kiln Clinker in Onigbolo), facilitated by WAGP gas, will also benefit Benin through increased economic prosperity and revenues. Environmental Benefits WAGP will provide an important environmental benefit to Benin and globally by providing a means for bringing currently flared gas in the Niger Delta region to markets. In doing so, WAGP will contribute to the Global Flare Reduction Initiative, a worldwide initiative led by the World Bank that seeks to eliminate gas flaring worldwide. Promoters of the Global Flare Reduction Initiative indicate that the greatest challenges for flare reduction worldwide are in the lesser-developed countries that carry out significant flaring, including Nigeria. A key to success of the initiative in less developed counties is increased investment in energy infrastructure aimed at bringing flared gas to markets and enhancing gas market efficiency (Kaldany, 2001). WAGP constitutes precisely this kind of investment in one of the countries and regions of the world that presents the greatest challenge for flare reduction and therefore most needs this type of investment. WAGP will provide additional reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and associated global warming impacts by inducing a switch to natural gas fuel from other fossil fuels (primarily light crude oil) among end-user gas customers in Benin, Ghana, and Togo. The use of natural gas fuel results in approximately 20 percent lower GHG emissions per unit of energy than does the use of other liquid fossil fuels. Benin will participate in the global benefits associated with these GHG reductions. Table 1.2-2 presents the economic value4 of projected GHG emission reductions brought about by WAGP over the project's lifetime, considering reductions associated with both flare reduction in Nigeria and fuel switching in the other three WAGP countries. The estimated value of GHG emission reductions worldwide, and Benin's share of this benefit, are presented. 3Undiscounted nominal 2003 US$; not adjusted for inflation. Based on mid-level gas demand projection (modified P50). Low and high values reflect "no VALCO" and "with VALCO" scenarios respectively. 4 This is an estimate of the net present value of global climate change damages that will be avoided as a result of the GHG emission reductions achieved by the project. The values are not based on global GHG trading market values, but rather on an evaluation of damages caused by global climate change. The high-end and low-end estimates of the value of these damages are presented in the Asian Development Bank workbook: Economic Evaluation of Environmental Impacts - A Workbook (ADB, 1996). The first two rows of data in Table 1.2-1 present estimated values of damages avoided globally due to the project's GHG reductions. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-12 Chapter 1 Table Value of Global Warming Damages Avoided Due to WAGP GHG Emission Reductions (Million US$) Worldwide Low value 224.6 High value 505.4 Benin's Share Low value 0.30 High value 0.67 Notes: 1. Discounted at 12% 2. Based on P50 gas demand projection and maximum baseline scenario 3. Benin's share of benefits based on ratio of Benin's population to world population (CIA, 2004) WAGP will bring about additional environmental benefits to Benin in the form of reduced emissions of specific air pollutants. Emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and suspended particulates (expressed here as the respirable fraction, PM1o) will be reduced in Benin due to fuel switching by power utilities and industrial and commercial customers to gas fuel from more polluting energy sources (Jet-A fuel in the case of the BEC powerplant, and light crude oil (LCO) for other industrial and commercial customers). This represents an important environmental benefit in terms of improved air quality, associated human health benefits, and reduced air pollutant-related property damage. Emissions of S02, NO,, and PM1O will also be reduced in Nigeria, Ghana, and Togo as a result of WAGP, due to fuel switching at power plants and industrial and commercial facilities in Ghana and Togo, and due to a reduction of gas flaring in Nigeria. Reductions in S02, NO,, and PM1o emissions in Nigeria, Togo, and Ghana will benefit Benin because these atmospheric pollutants not only affect areas immediately surrounding their emission points, but can also be transported long distances in the atmosphere and can affect air quality far from the point of origin (EPA, 2004). Reduction in the regional load of these pollutants will benefit overall regional air quality - including that of Benin. Table 1.2-3, presents the S02, NO,, and PMIo emissions reductions expected to be brought about by WAGP over the lifetime of the project. 5 See Appendix 2A-1 for details regarding assumptions and C02eq emission reduction estimates used in deriving the values in Table 1.2-2. Emission reduction estimates have been adjusted to reflect declining associated gas input to WAGP over project lifetime. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-13 Chapter 1 Table Estimated Air Pollutant Emission Reductions due to WAGP (thousand tonnes over 20 years) Country SO2 NO. PM10 Benin 123 62.7 2.5 Ghana 571 297 1.9 Nigeria 0.42 27.3 3.8 Togo 147 66.8 12.8 Total 842 454 21.0 Source: Appendix 2A- 1 Notes: 1. Country numbers may not add up to total due to rounding. 2. Based on P50 gas demand projection and maximum baseline scenario. See Appendix 2A-1. eeting Energy Demand in Benin Electricity consumption is the primary driver of energy demand growth in the WAGP project region. Availability of reliable, reasonably priced electric power is seen as a vital key to economic growth in the region. Power demand can be expected to increase with economic development in a mutually sustaining upward spiral - as long as primary energy delivery infrastructure expands to meet demand. Extensive analysis of project alternatives has determined that - regardless of the other socioeconomic and environmental benefits associated with WAGP - delivery of natural gas by WAGP is the most cost-effective means of providing the primary energy needed to fuel power stations and satisfy the growing demand for electric power in Benin, as well as Ghana and Togo. Natural gas delivered by WAGP will help to alleviate already existing and rapidly expanding energy gaps in these countries. Electricity demand in the three WAGP end-user countries is presented in Table 1.2-4. These demand levels already exceed generation capacity. Without rapid development of new generation capacity, the energy gaps in these three countries will continue to expand to levels that will have serious implications for economic growth. Table Current and Projected Electric Power Gaps W Current Forecasted Demand Demand (2004) 2015 2025 Benin 211 450 952 Ghana 1,150 1,989 3,473 Source: WAGP (2004) WAGP-delivered natural gas will also allow for increased stability in electrical power supplies. Much of the current power generation in the end-user countries relies on hydroelectric power generation (for example, Benin obtains electrical energy from Ghana and 65 percent of Ghana's installed power generating capacity is hydroelectric). Due to fluctuations in the amount of rain and water available to these hydroelectric facilities, these June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-14 Chapter 1 sources have historically been unreliable, resulting in power blackouts. Availability of a stable natural gas fuel supply will help to alleviate this situation. Fuel Cost Savings As a result of WAGP, fuel cost savings will be realized in the power, industrial, and commercial sectors in Benin. These savings result from the price differential between the natural gas delivered by WAGP and the fuels currently used in these sectors. Projected fuel cost savings over the lifetime of the project are expected to be between US$94 million and US$109 million, based on the mid-level gas demand projection (modified P50) (WAGP, 2004).6 obs and aterials Procurement WAPCo is committed to maximizing the hiring of employees and contractors from surrounding communities, for both construction and operation of WAGP. The terms of the IPA formally commits WAGP to a minimum "local content" requirement of at least 15 percent of the total capital cost. It is anticipated that this requirement will be easily met through construction labor hiring, selected services contracts, and materials procurement from surrounding communities. The total value of labor and materials procurement in Benin during the construction of WAGP is projected to be US$4.3 million (WAGP, 2004). With regard to labor, WAGP has contractual requirements and will strongly influence its Engineering, Procurement, Construction (EPC) contractors to hire construction crewmembers from communities local to the construction sites to the extent practicable. Contractors will also draw labor as needed for both construction and operation from larger population centers and cities within each WAGP country. The majority of the jobs created by WAGP will be shorter-term jobs during the construction phase. Opportunities for employment of people from the local area during the WAGP operational phase are more limited, although a small number of long-term jobs will be created by WAGP. Job creation has benefits at the local and national levels that go well beyond welfare improvements for employees themselves. Infusion of cash into the local communities has a ripple effect throughout the local economies, resulting in increased demand for goods and services and secondary and tertiary opportunities for business, employment, or income improvement. Employment in Benin on the level anticipated by WAGP has the potential to bring about some economic development within the affected Benin communities. Sourcing of certain materials from within Benin will also benefit local businesses and their employees. As with local hiring, the infusion of cash to local communities associated with materials procurement will have a ripple effect throughout the local economies and has the potential to bring about some degree of economic development within these Benin communities. 6 Discounted real US$; not adjusted for inflation. Range based on with-VALCO and no-VALCO scenarios. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-15 m~~~~~~ l l Chapter 1 Community Development In order to support WAPCo's role and efforts with regard to corporate responsibility to the communities in which it operates, WAPCo intends to establish a community development program. This program is carried out at the sole discretion of WAPCo, in consultation with the surrounding communities, and supplements compliance requirements to address socio- economic impacts of the project. The community development program will emphasize capacity-building, training, and institutional strengthening. The overall objective will be to help communities increase their productivity and competitiveness in the marketplace so that they can make long-term social and economic improvements. WAPCo has developed a list of priority community development areas via a participatory needs assessments (PNA) process (Terra, 2003). WAPCo has also encouraged community members to identify and rank in order of priority their own needs, and these have then been assessed and ranked in order of priority by WAPCo based on greatest impact on health, education, income generation, etc. The results of the PNA work and community consultations indicate the following initial priority areas for community development in Benin during WAGP construction and in the first few years of operation (Ibid): * Adult literacy training; * Preventive health education and support; * School transport support; * Micro-enterprise support; * Boreholes; and * Education infrastructure support (books and supplies, teacher training). WAPCo's focus during this initial timeframe will be on education and healthcare support and overall fixed budget commitments towards these objectives are being finalized. The PNA work also identified future opportunities in terms of income generation and capacity building that can be incorporated into later year operating budgets. Distribution of benefits will be based on a geographic allocation in terms of "community impact" of WAGP operations, initially established as follows: * 20 percent Benin * 20 percent Ghana * 10 percent Togo * 50 percent Nigeria Implementation plans are being developed, with initial efforts scheduled for before and after the Final Investment Decision. This voluntary community development program will provide direct benefits to communities in the WAGP countries, in terms of quality of life improvements, and long-term social and economic improvements. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-16 Chapter 1 Enhancement of Environmental nowledge Base An additional benefit already provided by WAGP is a significant contribution to the scientific knowledge about the terrestrial environment in Benin and the marine environment in Benin's territorial waters. The environmental baseline survey (EBS) conducted in support of this EIA included extensive sampling and analysis of sediment, water, soil, and biota along the entire onshore and offshore WAGP route in Benin over both of the two main climatic seasons. Thousands of samples were collected and analyzed and the results have been catalogued and entered into databases. These data represent a significant resource for understanding and managing the related areas. Project Implementation On 5 September 1995, the HOA was signed by the Countries to construct a pipeline to transport natural gas from Nigeria to Ghana through Benin and Togo. The HOA required that an independent feasibility study be conducted to determine the viability of the pipeline. The Engineering Feasibility Study was carried out by Pipeline Engineering GmbH of Germany and documented in a report issued in March 1999. This study determined that WAGP was technically and commercially feasible, pending additional evaluation. In a formal Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) dated 11 August 1999, the Countries appointed a consortium known collectively as "the Commercial Group" to be the Project Developer for WAGP. At that time the Commercial Group included CNL, the Ghana National Petroleum Company (GNPC), NNPC, SPDC, SOBEGAZ, and SOTOGAZ. In May 2001, VRA replaced GNPC as a member of the Commercial Group. In the MOU, the Countries confirmed the exclusive designation of the Commercial Group as the Project Developer. This definitional phase was intended to fully establish the commercial viability of the pipeline and execute certain technical studies, including a detailed EIA. On 31 January 2003 in Dakar, Senegal, the Countries signed the WAGP Treaty, which will operate under international law. This treaty commits the countries to establishing a harmonized investment regime for WAGP across the four countries and sets up a single regional entity (the WAGP Authority) with administrative authority, under the control of the states, to regulate pipeline construction and operation. Functionally, the WAGP Authority will report to the relevant Energy/Petroleum Ministries in each of the four countries. On 19 May 2003, the four funding sponsors signed a Shareholders Agreement forming WAPCo. On 22 May 2003, WAPCo executed an IPA with the governments of Benin, Ghana, Nigeria, and Togo. The IPA sets out the commercial and regulatory structure applicable to the project, to be harmonized across all four countries, consistent with the intentions of the WAGP Treaty. WAPCo is the legal entity that will build, own, and operate WAGP in all four countries. The Countries are currently proceeding with the legal and administrative steps necessary to ratify the WAGP Treaty and introduce WAGP-specific legislation as required by the IPA. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-17 Chapter 1 These activities need to be completed before WAPCo takes a Final Investment Decision to build the pipeline. The current objective for implementation of the WAGP project is completing the current pre- development activities, such as the front-end engineering design (FEED), that will be approved by the Countries. Once the design and Pipeline Development Plan are approved, licenses to construct the pipeline shall be granted by each relevant Energy/Petroleum Ministry, based on a recommendation from the WAGP Authority. Along the same schedule, the EIA is being submitted for public disclosure and then finalized upon receipt of and response to public comments. WAPCo forecasts pipeline construction activities commencing in 2004 and for "first gas," or gas delivery, to occur in 2006. Legal and Policy Framewor In Benin, several legislation and regulations guide the operations of the oil and gas industry. These regulations include local laws as well as some international treaties, acts, and conventions. In this section, an overview of the laws pursuant to the WAGP project is presented. Table 1.3-1 present local and national legislation for Benin. A more detailed discussion of local and national legislation is included in Section 1.3.1. Table 1.3-2 contains a synopsis of international legislation relevant to air, water, and land-based environmental issues and is discussed in Section 1.3.2. In addition to conforming to each country's regulations, policies, and guidelines that are applicable to the project, this EIA must also adhere to World Bank and the U.S. Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) policies because the project proponent may apply for multilateral institutional loan guarantees or funding. The World Bank's environmental and socioeconomic safeguard policies, and OPIC prohibitions, and their implications for the WAGP project are discussed in more detail in Section 1.3.3. Summary of the Relevant Environmental Laws in Benin Many laws and regulations have been passed by the Government of Benin to protect the quality of the national environment: Loi Fonciere (Land Act), Loi de la Vaine Pdture, la Garde des Animaux Domestiques et la Transhumance (Law on Common Grazing, Ownership of Domestic Animals, and Seasonal Migration), the Public Hygiene Code, the Water Code, and the Forest Code, etc. Constitutional provisions (Articles 27, 28, 29, 74, and 98 of the Constitution of 11 December 1990) as well as the provisions of the Loi-Cadre sur l 'Environnement (Principal Law on the Environment) are illustrations of the political commitment of the Republic of Benin to ensure good management of its environment. That political commitment is shown in Article 27 of the Constitution that states: "All people have the right to a clean, satisfying, and sustainable environment and have the right to defend it. The Government ensures protection of the environment." A careful observation of the various laws on the protection and management of the environment shows that many sectors have been taken into account although some are more favored than others. The coastal environment is one of the favored sectors in Benin because it is recognized for its diversity, complexity, and frailty. A total of some forty regulations on June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-18 Chapter 1 local as well as coastal environments, together with almost twenty international agreements, treaties, and conventions, have been signed, ratified, and implemented by Benin to date. These laws help to improve the management and protection of the general environment and, more specifically, protection of the coastal area due to its strategic position. Benin has adopted an Environmental Action Plan (EAP) that is part of the overall development policy of the country. The first application of that plan is the promulgation of the Principal Law on the Environment and the creation of Benin Environmental Agency (ABE) that is in charge of implementing an effective environmental policy. This is proof that people and authorities of Benin are willing to make the environment one of their priorities. Recent regulations addressing management of the environment include the following: * The Principal Law on the Environment, recently passed; a The Loi d'Orientation Fonciere (Land Orientation Act), whose objective is to reform the legal and development framework; * The Loi d'Urbanisme (Urban Planning Law), Loi Littorale (Coastal Law); • Decree Number (N°) 2001 - 1 10 of 4 April 2001 on air quality standards in the Republic of Benin; and * Decree N°2001 - 190 of 19 June 2001 on the organization of the public hearing procedure in the Republic of Benin. The Principal Law on the Environment is a national legal instrument; therefore, it is important to outline its content by presenting briefly its main titles. • Title I defines and standardizes the key environmental concepts in order to avoid interpretation difficulties. * Title II defines methods for the protection of receiving environments such as soil, groundwater, air, and the continental and seawaters against any form of degradation, as well as guidance for wise management of such environments. * Title III contains provisions for the protection and sustainable management of wildlife and flora in order to preserve biodiversity. * Title IV, "pollution and nuisance," outlines major provisions regarding waste management and key rules on the control and management of business or industrial companies that are potential threats, either for security or health, in the neighborhood. * Title V describes major administrative tools for environmental management. It outlines four key tools: o An environmental impact assessment procedure; o An environmental audit; June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-19 Chapter 1 o A public hearing procedure on the environment; and o Emergency plans. The last two Titles (VI and VII) are respectively devoted to sanctions and final provisions of the law. EIA Guidelines in Benin According to Articles 28, 29, and 98 of the Constitution of 11 December 1990, the National Assembly has the power to orient and define the general policy and legal framework and to control the protection of the environment and natural resources. The Economic and Social Council, created in accordance with Articles 139, 140, and 141 of the Constitution and the Organic Law N°92-10 of 1 July 1992, provides a political support to the actions of the ministry of the environment. The Ministry of the Environment, Housing, and Town Planning (MEHU), created by Decree N°92-27 of 28 January 1992, defines and implements the policy of the Government in the fields of environment, housing, and town planning and seeks to protect the natural environment. For a better-integrated management of the coast, the MEHU has established a Technical Committee for Coastal Management, which is primarily charged with designing and implementing a development program for the coastal environment. Finally, ABE, created in 1995 by Decree N°95-047 of 20 February 1995, is a public institution with legal status and financial autonomy and its mission is to support the national policy in the field of environment protection. Five sectoral guides provide support for the implementation of the Principal Law on the Environment published by ABE: * The guide on environmental impact assessment; * The sectoral guide on the environmental impact assessment of gas pipeline projects; * The sectoral guide on the environmental impact assessment of water supply projects; * The sectoral guide on the environmental impact assessment of road projects; and * The sectoral guide on the environmental impact assessment of forests, protected areas, and development projects. The most relevant document for the WAGP project is the guide on gas pipeline projects. Through this document, ABE defines the EIA as the first stage of the environmental assessment, which is a combination of procedures that contribute to the design, implementation, and monitoring of programs, projects, and activities in accordance with established environmental standards. An EIA allows for prior identification of negative and positive impacts that proposed projects may have on the environment and for the development of appropriate mitigation measures. It serves as a planning instrument that takes into account all significant environmental factors and focuses on the interests and expectations of stakeholders so as to enlighten choices and June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-20 Chapter 1 decision-making. ABE has defined procedures and steps to be followed while conducting an impact assessment. It has also formulated specific indications related to gas pipeline projects. The monitoring program should document: * Evolution of erosion phenomena and the restoration of natural draining before and after the laying and burying of the pipes; * Re-vegetation of restored cultivation areas; * Effectiveness of measures taken to cross sensitive areas (rivers, peat bogs, and marshes) and to avoid protected natural sites during the construction phase; * Invasion of sensitive areas by exotic plants; * Use of the corridors by wildlife; * Short- and long-term impact on regional development and human populations moved or significantly affected; * Frequency of gas leaks and their impact on the environment; and * Impact on biodiversity and use of natural resources by local population following increased access to new areas. A comprehensive listing of the local and national laws, regulations, and treaties that have been adopted or ratified by Benin is presented in Table 1.3- 1. Short descriptions of the regulations are included in the table when available. Summary of the Relevant Regional and International Regulatory Instruments The regional and international guidelines in Table 1.3-2 are treaties and conventions the country of Benin has ratified. More specifically, regulations such as: the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (Rio de Janeiro, 1992); the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn, 1979); the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar, 1971); the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) (Montego Bay, 1982); and International Convention on the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 (Marine Pollution Convention (MARPOL) 73/78) are cited among the World Bank's list of key international agreements on environment and natural resources (Environmental Assessment Sourcebook Update, Number 10, Environment Department, World Bank). In addition to Benin's laws, regulations, and international treaty commitments, this EIA is also structured to address the World Bank's environmental and socioeconomic safeguard policies and the U.S. Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) prohibitions. Their applicability to the WAGP project is discussed in more detail in Section 1.3.3 below. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-21 Chapter 1 Table National Regulations on the Environment Signed by Benin Regulations Date of Institution in Components Objectives/Key Provisions of the Regulations (type, reference, years) l Adoption Charge Covered Vegetation Law N° 93-009 02/07/1993 PRIMDR/MJL Forest | Forest regulations in the Republic of Benin Copy Resources Management Law N° 87-016 21/09/1987 DNPS Water * Water Code Copy Ministry of Health Interdepartmental Order N° 09/10/1953 MDR River and sea * Setting of boundaries between sea and river waters in 2470 IM waters Porto-Novo Lagoon Land Decree-Copy 24/07/1906 MDR Land use * Organization of Land Ownership in West Africa JOAOF 1906 Decree-Copy 08/10/1925 MDR Land use * Method of recording land ownership in French-speaking JOAOF 1925 West Africa (AOF) Decree-Copy 29/09/1928 MDRJPR/MI Land use a Regulation of the public domain and public utility JOAOF 1928 easement in AOF Decree-copy 25/11/1930 MDR/MI Land use * Regulation of expropriation for public purposes and temporary occupation of the domain Decree-Copy 02/09/1936 MDR/MI Land use * Constitution of public utility easement Decree 15/05/1941 MDR/MI Land use a Visibility servitude Decree N°55-490-copy 15/05/1955 MDR/MI Land use * Regulation of the domain and public utility servitude Decree N°55-580-copy 20/05/1955 MDR/MI Land use * Land and estate reorganisation in AOF Order N° 223-copy 16/02/1937 JOAOF 1937 Land use * Land regulation, alienation, leasing, and expropriation in Dahomey Decree N° 422F 19/03/1943 JOAOF 1943 Land use * Condition of land alienation, leasing, and expropriation in Dahomey Water and Sea Management Ordinance N° 68-38/PR/ 18/06/1968 MTPT/DMM Sea/territorial * Merchant Navy Code/regulation of fishing and the MTPT waters Merchant Navy Ordinance N° 68-49/PR/ 09/06/1968 MTPT/DMM Sea/territorial * Amendment N° 68/38 to the Merchant Navy Code MTPT waters June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-22 Chapter 1 Table National Regulations on the Environment Signed by Benin Regulations Date of Institution in Components Objectives/Key Provisions of the Regulations (type, reference, years) Adoption Charge Covered Ordinance N° 75-13/PR/ 25/02/1975 MTPT/DMM Sea/territorial * Ratification of the convention on the prevention of sea MTPT-copy waters pollution resulting from waste disposal Decree N° 74/PR/MTPT 07/03/1968 Ministry of Delimitation of transports Dahomey territorial waters Decree N° 172/PR/MTPT 18/06/1968 MTPT/DMM Sea/territorial * Creation of the Department of the Merchant Navy waters (DMM) Decree N° 76-92/PR/MTPT 02/04/1976 MTPT/DMM Sea/territorial * Extension of Benin territorial of Benin over 200 nautical waters miles and fishing regulation * Article 1: distance from territorial waters Interdepartmental order N° 09/10/1953 Sea and river * Definitions of the boundaries between sea and river 24 70 IM waters waters Order N° 22/MTPT/MM 13/06/1970 MTPT/DMM Sea/territorial * Regulation of the extemal signs on trade and fishing waters vessels Order N° 3 1/MTPT/MM 09/06/1970 MTPT/DMM Sea/territorial * Regulation of navigation police in Dahomey maritime waters areas Order N° 0053/MET/DGM/ 13/11/1989 MTPT/DMM Sea/territorial * Regulation of maritime navigation DEP/DMM/SRD waters * Article 1 and 2: conditions of issue of validity of free pass Order N° 0055/MET/DGM/ 13/11/1989 MTPT/DMM Sea/territorial * Regulation of maritime navigation DEP/DMM/SRD waters * Article 1, 2 and 3: conditions and modalities of issue of navigation licenses Order N° 0056/MET/DGM/ 13/11/1989 MTPT/DMM Sea/territorial * Regulation of the navigation of canoes and trawlers in DEP/DMM/SRD waters Benin * Conditions and modalities of registration of canoes and trawlers in Benin Convention coastal fishing 02/04/1969 Dahomey/ Sea/territorial * Convention on economic and commercial feasibility in Dahomey France waters studies of the creation of a semi-public coastal fishing . company in Dahomey June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-23 Chapter 1 Table National Regulations on the Environment Signed by Benin Regulations Date of Institution in Components Objectives/Key Provisions of the Regulations (type, reference, years) Adoption Charge Covered Ordinance N°20/ PR/ 25/04/1966 MDR/ MJL Fishing products * General regulation on fishing in the continental waters of MDR/SP JORD 1966 and aquatic Dahomey wildlife Ordinance N° 73-40 05/05/1973 MDR/MF/MPT/ Fishing products * Organization and status of the fish trader's profession MJL/PR (fish trade) Order N° 207 EF/APA 30/01/1950 MDR/MI Natural aquatic * Prohibition of the use firearms or explosives as fishing environment means and aquatic fauna Order N° 5/MDRAC/MEF 16/01/1974 MDRAC/MEF Fishing * Regulation of fishing and marketing of lagoon and lake products: shrimps in Dahomey shrimps Ordinance August 1961 AOF Sea * Regulation of sea and coastal management Administrative Code Decree N° 86-516 15/12/1986 MTPT/PAC Coast * Definition of liabilities related to coastal management du 15/12/1986 Order N° 0014/MET/DGM/ 05/05/1987 MET Coast * Organization and management of the Fonds C6tier DEP of 5/12/1987 (Coastal Fund) Law N° 98-030* 12/02/1999 JORB All aspects of * The Principal Law on the Environment has 123 articles (April 1999) the environment and 7 titles. It defines the basic environmental principles and endeavours to solve problems resulting from the existence of various and scattered sectoral regulations. Decree N° 2001 -1 10 04/04/2001 PR Air quality * Setting of air quality standards in the Republic of Benin Decree N° 2001-190 19/06/2001 PR Public Hearing * Organization of the public hearing procedure in the I__ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ __I__ _ _ Republic of Benin June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-24 Chapter 1 Table International Conventions and Treaties on the Environment Signed by Benin Regulations Date and Institution in Effective Date Components (type, reference, years) Adoption Charge in Benin Covered Objectives/Key Provisions of Regulation Convention on Wetlands of 24/11/1999 Ramsar 24/11/2000 Wetlands * Promote the rational use of wetlands International Importance Convention * Integrate the convention of wetlands to especially as Waterfowl Bureau, development plans Habitat (Ramsar Switzerland * Create reserves of wetlands Convention) Gulf of Guinea Large Project, not GEF/UNDP December 1999 Marine a The objective of the project is to improve the Marine Ecosystem Project enforceable environment marine environment along the western coast (GOG-LME) treaty of Africa that is influenced by the Guinea current. Goals such as assessing and mitigating the pollution of the environment, and improving the biodiversity of the ecosystem are two focal points of the project. Bamako Convention on 11/01/1991 16/10/1997 Hazardous a Strictly control the cross-border movements Hazardous Wastes Bamako wastes of hazardous wastes * Reduce the quantities of hazardous wastes produced from their production source a Manage hazardous wastes in an ecologically approprate manner Convention on 13/06/1962 United 11/07/1996 U Fight against desertification Desertification and Drought Rio de Janeiro Nations Mitigate the effect of drought in countries Organization severely affected by drought, especially in (UNO) Africa, and shall be done in accordance with the provisions of chapter 12 of Agenda 21 Fight against Water Vienna ONUDI 1995 Coastal Zone Definition of measures to mitigate the Pollution and Conservation 1992 pollution of water and measures to prevent of Biological Diversity in degradation and conserve marine ecosystem the Great Marine Ecosystem of the Gulf of Guinea GOG- LME June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-25 Chapter 1 Table International Conventions and Treaties on the Environment Signed by Benin Regulations Date and Institution in Effective Date Components (type, reference, years) Place of Charge in Benin Covered Objectives/Key Provisions of Regulation United Nations (UN) 13/06/1992 UNO 30/06/1994 * Conserve biological diversity and define the Convention on Biological Rio de Janeiro sustainable use of its elements and the Diversity equitable and fair sharing of benefits deriving from the exploitation of genetic resources UN Framework Convention 13/06/1992 30/06/1994 * Stabilize the concentrations of flaring gas in on Climate Change Rio de Janeiro the atmosphere at a level which can prevent any kind of hazardous anthropic disturbances of the climatic system in accordance with relevant provisions of the convention, food production should not be threatened and the economic development should be sustained Montreal Protocol (1987) on UNEP 16/03/1993 * Conserve biological diversity and define the Ozone-Depleting Substances sustainable use of its elements and the including London equitable and fair sharing of benefits Amendment (1990) deriving from the exploitation of genetic resources. * International Head Office of the Convention Montreal, Quebec Montreal Protocol on 1987 16/03/1993 Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer Vienna Convention on the 1985 16/03/1993 Ozone Layer . June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-26 Chapter 1 Table International Conventions and Treaties on the Environment Signed by Benin Regulations Date and Institution in Effective Date Components Objectives/Key Provisions of Regulation (type, reference, years) Adoption Charge in Benin Covered Convention of Fisheries 1991 Cooperation among African States Bordering the Atlantic Ocean International Convention on 29/11/1969 International 30/01/1986 Sea waters * Ensure an adequate compensation to victims Civil Liability due to Brussels Maritime of damage caused by pollution deriving from Hydrocarbons (and Organization leak and spill of hydrocarbons from ships amendments) (IMO) and harmonise the procedural rules * Article 3: liability of the ship owner * Article 4: joint liability of owners of two or several ships which have caused damages * Article 7: ships carrying more than 2,000 tonnes of hydrocarbons must be insured * Article 8: 3 to 6 year limits for the rights of action * Article 11: warships are not covered International Convention on 29/11/1969 IMO 30/01/1986 Sea waters * Allow countries to take measures on the Intervention on Open Seas Brussels open sea in case of accident entailing or likely to entail the hazard of sea or coastal pollution by hydrocarbons without affecting the principle of freedom on the open sea * Article 1: the parties can take preventive measures on the open sea, the coastal State must in any case protect human lives and assist persons in danger * Article 5: measures must be proportional to damages June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-27 Chapter 1 Table International Conventions and Treaties on the Environment Signed by Benin Regulations Date and Institution in Effective Date Components Place of..ObetvsKyPoiinofRglin (type, reference, years) Adoption Charge in Benin Covered Objectives/Key Provisions of Regulation Treaty Banning Placement 11/01/1971 United States 07/07/1986 Seafloors * Exclude from the arms race, sea and oceanic of Nuclear Arms and Other London, of America, floors as well as their subsoil Weapons of Mass Moscow United * Article 1: parties are agreed not to place any Destruction on or in the Sea Washington Kingdom, nuclear weapons or other weapons of or Ocean Floor Northem massive destruction on sea or ocean floor Ireland, * Article 2: the limit of the seafloor USSR corresponds to 12 miles * Article 3: right of any party to verify the activities of others on the seafloor Convention on the 23/06/1979 Federal 01/04/1986 Migrating Conservation of Migratory Bonn Republic of wildlife Species of Wild Animals Germany species June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-28 Chapter 1 Table International Conventions and Treaties on the Environment Signed by Benin Regulations Date and Institution in Effective Date Components (type, reference, years) Adoption Charge in Benin Covered Objectives/Key Provisions of Regulation International Convention for 02/11/1973 IMO 01/11/1985 Sea * Prevention of marine environment through the Prevention of Pollution London total elimination of intentional pollution by from Ships (MARPOL hydrocarbons and other harmful substances 73/78) [note: supercedes * Protocol 1: reports on incidents relating to OILPOL, 1954] damaging substances * Annex 1: regulation of the prevention of pollution caused by hydrocarbons * Annex 2: regulation of the fight against pollution caused by random harmful liquid substances * Annex 3: regulation for the prevention of pollution caused by harmful substances carried offshore * Annex 4: regulation for the prevention of pollution caused by waste water from ships * Annex 5: regulation for the prevention of pollution caused by garbage from ships Convention on International 03/03/1973 Switzerland 28/05/1984 Fauna and * Protect some endangered species through a Trade of Endangered Flora Washington flora: system of importation and exportation and Fauna Species endangered license species * Article 1: covers all animals and plants, dead or living and concerns all their recognisable parts or derivatives * Article 3 and 4: importation and exportation certificate United Nations (UN) 10/12/1982 UNO 30/08/1983 * Addressed rules of use for the oceans and Convention on the Law of Montego Bay their resources. Gives coastal states the Sea (UNCLOS) sovereign rights over the continental shelf extending 200 nautical miles from the shore. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-29 Chapter 1 Table International Conventions and Treaties on the Environment Signed by Benin Regulations Date and Institution in Effective Date Components (type, reference, years) Placedof Charge in Benin Covered Objectives/Key Provisions of Regulation Adoption Chre iBei Cord Convention of United 16/11/1972 UNESCO 14/09/1982 Nations Educational, Paris Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) on the Protection of the World Cultural and National Heritage Convention on Intemational 23/03/1981 Ivory Coast * Definition of diplomatic measures for the Co-operation in Protection Abidjan joint protection of West African shoreline and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment in West and Central Africa (WACAF) Protocol Concerning 23/03/1981 Ivory Coast * Definition of measures of community Cooperation in Combating Abidjan emergency plans in case of unusual disasters Pollution in Cases of Emergency in the West and Central African Region International Convention for 1974 United * Measures for the protection and safeguard of the Safety of Life at Sea London Kingdom human being at sea (SOLAS) June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-30 Chapter 1 Table International Conventions and Treaties on the Environment Signed by Benin Regulations Date and Institution in Effective Date Components (type, reference, years) Adoption Charge in Benin Covered Objectives/Key Provisions of Regulation African Phytosanitary 13/09/1967 Organization 01/04/1974 Flora * Combat and eliminate plant diseases in Convention Kinshasa of African Africa and prevent the appearance of new (ZAIRE) Unity (OAU) diseases * The parties agree to: o Control plant importation; o Take quarantine measures, certification or inspection in connection with living organisms, plants, vegetative material, seeds, soils, composts or packaging material; and o Take measures to effectively treat plant diseases and parasite insects. Convention between France 02/04/1969 Dahomey, 02/04/1969 * Economic and commercial study of the and Dahomey Cotonou France possibilities to create a semi-public fishing company in Dahomey Intemational Convention for 14/05/1968 Food and 02/07/1968 Sea fauna: * Campaign against the destruction of the the Conservation of the Rio de Janeiro Agricultural tuna and Atlantic tuna and related fish Atlantic Tuna Organization related * Article 1: conducted in all Atlantic and of the U.S. species adjacent waters (FAO) * Article 3: creation of the intemational commission for the conservation of the Atlantic Tuna * Article 4: commission in charge of monitoring fish abundance, ecology, and biometry * Article 8: recommendations for the conservation of thomidae populations June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-31 Chapter 1 Table International Conventions and Treaties on the Environment Signed by Benin Regulations Date and Institution in Effective Date Components (type, reference, years) Adoption Charge in Benin Covered Objectives/Key Provisions of Regulation Memorandum of 29/05/1999 UNEP/CMS 01/07/1999 Marine * Endeavour to put in place measures for the Understanding Concerning Abidjan, Cote Turtles conservation and, where necessary and Conservation Measure for d'lvoire appropriate, strict protection of marine turtles Marine Turtles of the at all stages of their life cycle (including Atlantic Coast of Africa eggs, hatchlings, juveniles, sub-adults and adults) through national legislation, implementation of the Conservation Plan, exchange of information June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-32 Chapter 1 Relationship of Project to World Ban Safeguard Policies and OPIC Prohibitions In this section the features of the overall WAGP project are compared to the specific provisions of the World Bank's environmental and socioeconomic safeguard policies and to the OPIC prohibitions. The results of this comparison are presented in Tables 1.3-3 and 1.3-4. Table WAGP and World Ban Safeguard Issues World Bank Policy I WAGP Response GENERAL POLICY POINTS The Bank requires an environmental This EIA document constitutes the EA for the assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank WAGP project. It contains an assessment of all financing to ensure they are environmentally of the specified points, as follows: sound and sustainable, and thus improve a) Risks and impacts evaluation - Chapter 6; decision-making. The EA: b) Project alternatives analysis - Chapters 3 a) Evaluates a project's potential and 4; and environmental risks and impacts in its c) Mitigation measures and enviro.nental area of influence; management plan - Chapters 7 and 8. b) Examines project alternatives, aaeetpa hpes7ad8 identifies wayseof impv project The Terms of Reference for this EIA are identifies ways of improving project peetdi pedxIA selection siting, planning, design; and c) Proposes implementation by preventing, minimizing, mitigating, or compensating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts; includes mitigating and managing adverse environmental impacts throughout project implementation. EA takes into account the natural environment; This EIA takes into account all of these aspects, human health and safety; social aspects; and in the following sections: transboundary and global environmental a) Natural environment - Sections 5.1, and aspects. Sections 6.5 - 6.8; b) Health and safety and social aspects - Sections 5.2, 5.3 and 6.5-6.8; c) Transboundary effects - Section 6.6; and d) Global effects - Chapter 1 of the Regional EIA report provides a general discussion and Appendix 2A-2 of this EIA report provides a greenhouse gas analysis. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-33 Chapter 1 Table WAGP and World Ban Safeguard Issues World Bank Policy WAGP Response Borrower is responsible for carrying out the This EIA has been carried out by ICF EA. The borrower retains independent EA Consulting, an independent consulting firm of experts not affiliated with the project to carry EA experts under contract to WAPCo and by out the EA. Advisory panel of independent local EIA experts subcontracted by ICF experts. Consulting. The Bank advises the borrower on the Bank's World Bank action item. EA requirements. The Bank reviews the findings and recommendations. The Bank may, if appropriate, require additional EA work, including public consultation and disclosure. The Pollution Prevention and Abatement This EIA describes all emissions associated with Handbook describes pollution prevention and WAGP and the emission levels (Chapter 2), abatement measures and emission levels that assesses associated impacts (Chapter 6), and are normally acceptable to the Bank. The EA presents justification for these emission levels report must provide full and detailed (Chapters 7 and 8). justification for the levels and approaches chosen for the particular project or site. Depending on the project, a range of The Regional EIA for WAGP satisfies this instruments can be used to satisfy the Bank's requirement. The WAGP EIA summarizes 4 EA requirement. OP 4.01 Paragraph 7 requires separate, country-specific EIAs, this being one a Regional EA for projects spanning several of those four. The project is further supported countries. by four country-specific Resettlement Action Plans. When the borrower has inadequate legal or This EIA addresses Bank Policy by identifying technical capacity to carry out key EA-related key government institutional roles with respect functions (EA review, monitoring, and to the oversight and management of WAGP, and inspection) the project should include government agencies currently responsible for components to strengthen that capacity. these roles in the WAGP countries. Any additional Institutional Assessment is not applicable to WAPCo as a private investor. The borrower consults project-affected groups A comprehensive program of stakeholder and local non-governmental organizations consultation has been carried out in conjunction about the project's environmental aspects and with WAGP and this EIA. See Chapter 5 for a takes their view into account. summary of this program for details. For meaningful consultation, the borrower Throughout the stakeholder consultation process provides relevant material in a timely manner information has been provided to stakeholders prior to consultation and in a form and by WAPCo in a timely manner as specified language that are understandable and accessible (Chapter 5). to the groups being consulted. The borrower provides for the initial Information has been provided in the initial consultation a summary of the proposed stages as specified (Chapter 5). The draft EIA, projects objectives, description, and potential including a summary, will be made available in impacts, and for consultation after the draft EA, publicly accessible places. a summary of EAs conclusions and the draft available in a public accessible place. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-34 Chapter 1 Table WAGP and World Ban Safeguard Issues World Bank Policy WAGP Response The executive summary is distributed to the World Bank action item. executive directors and makes the reports available through the Infoshop. During project implementation, the borrower The Environmental Management Plan (Chapter reports on compliance, status of mitigation 8) specifies a plan for status and compliance measures, findings of monitoring programs. monitoring and reporting. NATURAL HABITATS (OP 4.04, September 1995) Bank does not support projects that involve the WAGP will not result in the significant significant conversion of critical natural conversion of critical natural habitat, as indicated habitat. in Chapters 5 and 6 of the EIA. Projects are sited on land already converted Significant care was taken in siting WAGP when feasible. onshore components to use existing pipeline ROWs or land already converted. This was done wherever feasible. Siting considerations and assessment of siting altematives are presented in Chapters 2, 3, and 4. If natural habitats would be significantly Every effort was made to avoid habitat loss in converted, acceptable mitigation measures are the design and siting of WAGP (Chapters 2 included in design: minimizing habitat loss and through 4). Mitigation measures have been establishing and maintaining ecologically adopted to mitigate any minimal habitat loss similar protected area. associated with the project as specified in Chapter 7. Institutional capacity of implementing WAPCo is a private sector entity and a member organization should be taken into account. of the regulated community, and is not in a position to propose changes to govemment regulatory bodies or regulations. Project needs to take into account the views, A comprehensive program of stakeholder roles of affected groups (NGOs, communities) consultation has been carried out in conjunction in project design/implementation. with this EIA. Views expressed by stakeholders were taken into account in the design of WAGP (Section 5.5). PEST MANAGEME NT (OP 4.09, July 1996) In Bank financed public health projects, the NA - WAGP is not a public health project. Bank supports controlling pests primarily through environmental methods. Where environmental methods alone are not effective, the Bank may finance use of pesticides for control of disease vectors. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-35 Chapter 1 Table WAGP and World Ban Safeguard Issues World Bank Policy WAGP Response Use of a pesticide is contingent on an WAGP will limit its use of pesticides to the assessment of associate risks (made in context control of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne of project's EA) taking into account proposed diseases during the construction phase. Pesticide use and the intended users. The following Management Plan policy requirements are met criteria apply to the selection and use of via mitigation measures and operational controls pesticides: a) have negligible adverse health as described in this EIA (Chapters 7 and 8). effects, b) effective against target species, Herbicides will not be used to remove or control c) minimal effect on non target species and enionet d .tksit con edt vegetation in the pipeline ROW. This is an prenvient, d)vmesntof accounte inpeeto explicit term of ROW clearing and maintenance prevent development of resistance in pests. cnrcs contracts. Pesticides must be manufactured, packaged, Pesticide Management Plan policy requirements labeled, handled, stored, disposed of, and are met via mitigation measures and operational applied in acceptable standards. controls as described in this EIA (Chapters 7 and 8). INVOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT (OP 4.12, 2001) The objective of the Bank's resettlement policy A comprehensive WAGP Resettlement Action is to ensure that the persons displaced by a Plan (RAP) is being prepared to supplement project benefit from it. WAGP land acquisition procedures. This plan details measures to ensure that all project- affected people will be addressed properly. Involuntary resettlement should be avoidable or Involuntarily resettlement has been avoided to minimized where feasible. the extent possible in the planning of WAGP. Extensive measures were taken to avoid displacement of people or other resettlement impacts, particularly in the routing of the pipeline and siting of ancillary facilities (Chapters 2 and 3). Involuntary resettlement for WAGP is considered minimal. Where displacement is unavoidable, A comprehensive WAGP RAP is being prepared resettlement plans should be developed to: to supplement WAGP land acquisition 1) Compensate for losses; procedures. This plan details measures to ensure 2) Assist with the move and support during that project-affected people are: the transition period; and 1) Compensated for losses; 3) Assist in their efforts to improve or at 2) As determined, assisted with any move least to restore earning capacity and and supported during the transition production levels. period; and 3) As determined, assisted in their efforts to improve or at least to restore earning capacity and production levels. Community participation in planning and Comprehensive community consultation is being implementing resettlement. carried out in conjunction with the development of the RAP. This is detailed in the RAP. A participatory approach is being used in development of the RAP. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-36 Chapter 1 Table WAGP and World Ban Safeguard Issues World Bank Policy WAGP Response Resettlers should be integrated. Physical displacement is low to non-existent. To the very limited extent that resettler integration will be required; the RAP provides measures to ensure that resettlers will be integrated into host communities. Land, housing, and infrastructure compensation The project will not resettle or displace or affect provided to adversely affected population, any indigenous populations or ethnic minorities. indigenous groups, ethnic minorities (where The RAP details plans to provide compensation appropriate). and/or in-kind restitution to all project-affected people. Resettlement plan, timetable, and budget. The RAP will provide a detailed schedule and budget for resettlement associated with WAGP. Content and level of resettlement plan: The WAGP RAP reflects this organization and a. Organization responsibilities will provide all content specified. b. Community participation and integration with lost population c. Socioeconomic surveys d. Legal framework e. Altemative sites and selection f. Valuation and compensation for lost assets g. Land tenure, acquisition, and transfer h. Access to training employment and credit i. Shelter infrastructure and social services j. Environmental protection and management k. Information schedule PROTECTION OF CULTURAL PROPERTY (OP NOTE 11.03, Sept. 1996) The WB general policy is to assist in WAGP will affect very few known cultural preservation and to avoid elimination: properties or sites. * The Bank declines to finance projects * WAGP will not significantly damage non- that will significantly damage non- replicable cultural property; and replicable cultural property; * WAPCo will have a Chance Finds * The Bank will assist in the protection and procedure in place throughout the enhancement of cultural properties in construction phase and adherence to this WB financed projects; procedure will be an explicit term of * Deviation justified only where project construction contracts. WAGP does not benefits are great and unavoidable; and and will not deviate from the WB policy on . Policy pertains to any WB project. the Protection of Cultural Property. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-37 Chapter 1 Table WAGP and World Ban Safeguard Issues World Bank Policy WAGP Response Management of cultural properties is the Reconnaissance has been performed by responsibility of government: engineering, environmental baseline, estate, and * Need to determine what is known about socioeconomic survey teams, which have cultural properties; and surveyed all construction sites in detail. Based * Reconnaissance survey is to be on this reconnaissance and on consultation with undertaken. stakeholders in and around the project footprint, WAPCo has identified a limited number of cultural properties on the surface (which are listed in Chapter 5 and are being addressed by the RAP). WAPCo is in the process of conducting a literature review for archaeologic resources. This literature review will be followed by an archaeologic walk-through, which is scheduled to be completed in July 2004. WAPCo also will have a Chance Finds procedure in place throughout the construction phase (adherence to this procedure will be an explicit term of construction contracts), and will provide cultural properties protection training to construction workers. PROJECTS ON INTERNATIONAL WATERWAYS (OP 7.50) The Policy applies to projects on bodies of WAGP does affect international waterways; in- water on their tributaries that form a boundary country regulatory approvals will be obtained. between or flow through two or more states. World Bank advises that (1) the Policy is It sets out notification requirements. triggered by WAGP and (2) the WAGP Treaty satisfies the notification requirements of OP 7.50 because all four of the affected Riparian states are party to the Treaty and therefore specific notification and details about the Project would be redundant. PROJECTS ON DISPUTED AREAS OP 7.60) Is there any dispute among Riparian including WAPCo is not aware of any Riparian disputes demarcation of sea (continental Shelf, in the proposed project area. economic exclusive zone or other)? June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-38 Chapter 1 Table WAGP and World Ban Safeguard Issues World Bank Polic I WAGP Res onse DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION WAPCo and the WAGP project team will disclose this EIA in conformance with the World Bank Disclosure Policy and with the legally required EIA public notice and review procedures in each state. Disclosure implementation steps include: * Providing copies of earlier EIA drafts to relevant stakeholders (completed following submittal of the Preliminary Draft EIA report in March, 2003); • Advertisements in newspapers and print media, particularly in Project Affected Areas, announcing the project and the availability of this Final Draft EIA; • Placement of the draft EIA in town halls, libraries and other public facilities of Project Affected Areas; * Stakeholder consultations in Project Affected Areas to present and discuss the EIA content prior to legally required Public Hearings; and a Public hearings. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-39 Chapter 1 Table WAGP and OPIC Prohibitions OPIC Prohibition WAGP Response I. Infrastructure and extractive projects located WAGP will not traverse or result in in primary tropical forests. Extractive increased human access to otherwise projects include oil, gas, mineral resources, inaccessible areas of primary tropical steam/geothermal and surface resources forests. such as timber. Infrastructure refers to roads, pipelines, and, in some cases, transmission lines, to the extent that these provide human access to otherwise inaccessible areas. II. Projects involving the construction of "large Not applicable. WAGP will not involve dams" that significantly and irreversibly: the construction of dams. (A) disrupt natural ecosystems upstream or downstream of the dam, or (B) alter natural hydrology, or (C) inundate large land areas, or (D) impact biodiversity, or (E) displace large numbers of inhabitants (5,000 persons or more) or (F) impact local inhabitants' ability to eam a livelihood. III. Projects involving the commercial Not applicable. WAGP will not involve manufacturing of ozone-depleting the commercial manufacturing of ODS or substances (ODS) or the production or use the production or use of POPS. of persistent organic pollutants (POPS) that are banned or scheduled to be phased out of production and use by international agreement during the life of the project. A list of these substances and chemicals can be obtained from OPIC on request. The ODS list is defined by the Montreal Protocol as amended and US implementing regulations. The POPs prohibition refers to 12 products whose ban and phase out are currently subject to negotiation leading to an internationally legally binding agreement by the year 2000. OPIC's prohibition is consistent with the position of the U.S. government in these negotiations with respect to the various categories of POPs, which include pesticides, industrial chemicals and unintentional by-products. IV. Projects that require resettlement of 5,000 or WAGP will not require resettlement of more persons. 5,000 or more persons. V. Projects in or impacting natural World WAGP is not located near and does not Heritage Sites (areas of significant affect any World Heritage sites. ecological value that have been internationally recognized as necessary for strict protection by members of the World Heritage Convention). June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-40 Chapter 1 Table WAGP and OPIC Prohibitions OPIC Prohibition WAGP Response VI. Projects in or impacting areas on the United Based on available information WAGP Nations List of National Parks and Protected will not be located near or affect any areas Areas. on the 1997 United Nations List of National Parks and Protected Areas. VII. Extraction or infrastructure projects in or Based on available information WAGP impacting: protected area Categories I, II, will not be located near or affect any III, and IV (Strict Nature protected area Categories 1, II, III, IV, V, Reserve/Wilderness Areas and National or VI. Parks; Natural Monuments and Habitat/ WAGP will not be located in or near any Species Management Areas), as defined by areas protected by the Ramsar Convention. the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Projects in IUCN Categories V (Protected Landscape/Seascape) and VI (Managed Resource Protected Area) must be consistent with IUCN management objectives. Areas protected by the Ramsar Convention are considered within the appropriate IUCN Category to which they are assigned. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 1-41 Chapter Project Description Summary for WAGP in Benin West African Gas Pipeline (WAGP) facilities and installations in Benin will consist of: Facilities and Installations Construction Summary Offshore main line o Duration: 6-8 months (for all mainline to Ghana) A weight-coated pipeline of diameter 20 o Workforce: 300 to 920 inches (in) (50.8cm) or 18in (45.7cm)and o Fleet Size: 14 to 18 vessels length 567km lying on the ocean floor o Accommodation: onboard vessels carrying gas from a compressor station in the vicinity of Ajido, Nigeria to Takoradi, Ghana (Section 2.4.4). Lateral pipeline (offshore portion) o Shore-crossing method: Horizontal Directional A weight-coated pipeline of diameter 8in Drilling (20.3cm) and length 14.7km lying on the o Duration: 4 weeks ocean floor carrying gas from the main o Workforce: 270 to 380 trunkline onshore to the Cotonou regulating o Fleet Size: 7 to 9 vessels and metering (R&M) station (Section 2.4.4) o Accommodation: onboard vessels Lateral pipeline (onshore portion) o Footprint: 35ha (86 acres) A subterranean pipeline of diameter 8in o Duration: 2 months (20.3 cm) and length 5.1km (3.2 miles) o Workforce: 50 carrying gas from the offshore main o Installation methods: trenching (uplands), push- trunkline onshore to the Cotonou R&M method trenching (wetlands), thrust boring (road station (Section 2.4.5). crossings), o Crossings: 1 road and rail, 6 wetland or water-body o Staging Area: temporary area adjacent to Cotonou R&M Station (about 25 percent of the size of the ROW station o Accommodation: homes and hotels Cotonou R&M station o Footprint: 3.3ha (8.1 acres) A facility for regulating and metering gas o Duration: 4 months prior to delivery to future customers o Staging Area within Right of Way (ROW) marshalling yard o Workforce: 50 to 100 In addition, a 9.5km-long ROW will be required for a future link line to a future Communaute El6ctrique du Benin (CEB) facility at Maria Gleta. The Offshore mainline and Cotonou lateral segments will be commissioned and started-up by: * Flooding, cleaning, gauging and reflooding; * Hydrostatic testing; * Dewatering and drying; and Chapter 2 * Air expulsion, nitrogen packing and fill with natural gas (start-up). For the offshore mainline pipeline, the source of flood water will be the Badagry Creek and the source of reflood water will be the Atlantic Ocean. For the Cotonou lateral, the source of flood water and reflood water will be the Atlantic Ocean. Flood water will be filtered but not chemically treated; reflood water will be treated with a biocide to prevent corrosion. Flood and reflood water from the offshore mainline will be discharged at the offshore pipeline terminus near Takoradi, Ghana. Flood and reflood water from the Cotonou lateral will be discharged at the beach at Cotonou. Gas transport capacity of WAGP as initially built is expected to be 190 million standard cubic feet per day (MMscfd, or 5.3 million cubic meters per day (MMcmd)). The system design capacity assuming additional compressors installed near Badagry will be 462MMscfd (13.1MMcmd), at a maximum operating pressure of 153 barg. Ultimate system capacity would be 578MMscfd (16.4MMcdm) with the planned midline compression at Lome, Togo. Detailed plans for facility decommissioning, abandonment, and facility and ROW reinstatement will be developed towards the end of the lifetime of the project. General Layout and Physical Description The West African Pipeline Company (WAPCo) has proposed a pipeline route that extends from a connection at an existing Escravos-Lagos Pipeline (ELP) junction at the Alagbado "Tee" near Itoki, Nigeria to a beach head in Ajido, Nigeria (near Badagry, Nigeria) and, from there, offshore to the Takoradi Thermal Plant at Takoradi, Ghana. (The ELP is owned by Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) and operated by the Nigerian Gas Company (NGC), a subsidiary of NNPC.) Lateral connections will extend from the offshore trunk to intermediate locations in neighboring countries: Benin, Ghana, and Togo. Figure 2.1 -1 illustrates the proposed pipeline route. WAPCo will provide the connection to the ELP at the Alagbado "Tee." From the WAPCo connection, a 30in (76 centimeter (cm)) pipeline will extend southwesterly approximately 56 kilometers (km) (35 miles) to Lagos Beach in Nigeria where the gas will be compressed on land for transmission offshore. Between the Alagbado "Tee" and Agbara Estate, a distance of approximately 36km (22 miles), the first 4km of the onshore pipeline route will share an existing ROW with NGC and Shell Nigeria Gas. For 3lkm (19 miles) of the next 32km the WAGP ROW will run adjacent to the Shell Nigeria Gas pipeline ROW for the first 4km (2.5 miles). For lkm (0.6 mile) of these 32km (20 miles) there will be a 25m (82 feet (ft)) separation between the two ROWs to allow for installations for construction in this wetland stretch. From the point where the WAGP and Shell Nigeria Gas pipeline route diverge to the Lagos Beach Compressor Station, a distance of about 18km (11 miles), and proceeding from there 2km (1.2 miles) to the shoreline downstream of the compressor station after crossing the lagoon, the pipeline will be constructed on land previously unoccupied by or adjacent to any pipeline ROW. A compressor station to be known as the Lagos Beach Compressor Station will be built at Ajido, near Badagry to boost gas pressure for transmission offshore. Gas compression will initially occur only in Nigeria, but provisions are being made in the design of the June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-2 Chapter 2 Figure Proposed Pipeline Route This figure is an oversized plate. It is included in the Regional Final Draft EIA Rev 1, and will be included here when the report is final. J June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-3 Chapter 2 This page intentionally left blank June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-4 Chapter 2 transmission system for expansion of compression capability in the future through the possible installation of midline compression facilities at Lome, Togo as well as additional compressors at the Lagos Beach Compressor Station. Should requirements necessitate extending the pipeline past Takoradi, Ghana, future supplementary compression facilities can be installed at Takoradi. While the initial design calls for a compression station at the Lagos Beach station, a temporary bypass pipeline will be installed around the compressor station to expedite initial gas deliveries to customers while the construction of the permanent station bypass and compressor station is completed. This will allow a minimal flow of gas to downstream customers. Based on anticipated delivery rates and pressures from the upstream ELP system, delivery rates in the range of 30 million standard cubic feet per day (MMscfd) to 60MMscfd will be possible without compression. Initial pipelines capacity with compression at Lagos Beach will be 1 90MMscfd. From the Lagos Beach Compressor Station, the gas will be transmitted through a 20in or 18in (50.8cm or 45.7cm) pipeline offshore a distance of approximately 15km (9 miles). There the route will turn west and extend through the territorial waters of Benin, Ghana, Nigeria, and Togo, terminating at Takoradi, Ghana. The offshore pipeline will be placed on the seafloor in 24m to 72m (78 ft to 236ft) water depths, its distance from shore varying between approximately 15km and 25km (9 miles and 15 miles). At three locations, connections will be made in the main offshore trunk to 8in to 18in (20.3cm to 45.7cm) laterals, which will transmit the gas to targeted delivery points at Cotonou, Benin; Lome, Togo; and Tema, Ghana. These laterals are in addition to the main trunk line terminus at Takoradi, Ghana. Table 2.1-1 summarizes the pipeline lengths and diameters between the various points along the pipeline system. Figure 2.1-2 is an engineering schematic of the whole system. Table 2.1-2 shows the ancillary systems and facilities of the WAGP. Shore crossings to all onshore destinations will occur through directionally drilled boreholes from onshore drilling sites or by conventional trenching methods where directional drilling methods are not possible. For example, this could be due to the hardness of the rock at the site of the shore crossing. Section 2.8.4 explains those circumstances in more detail. The laterals will extend onshore a distance of 0.5km to Ikm (0.3 mile to 0.6 mile) except in Benin where the lateral will extend a distance of approximately 5.0km (3.1 miles) to the R&M station. A link line will extend 9.5km (5.9 miles) from the Benin R&M station to a future Communaute Electrique du Benin (CEB) facility at Maria Gleta and 0.8km (0.5 mile) from the Togo R&M station to an existing CEB facility across the Lome-Cotonou road. These link lines are considered in this EIA because WAPCo will build them, but will be permitted separately from the rest of the pipeline. At the R&M stations, the gas will undergo heating (to prevent hydrate formation), pressure reduction, and sales metering and custody transfer to customers and/or local gas distribution companies (Table 2.1-2). The description of the WAGP project given in this chapter is as thorough a description as can provided at this time, prior to detailed design and engineering. However, there are a number of aspects of the WAGP system design and construction where WAPCo will choose from several existing options, depending on further site investigation and construction contractor preferences. These options are described in the appropriate subsections of Chapter 2 (where the facilities themselves are described) and summarized in Table 2.13-1 in Section 2.13. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-5 Chapter 2 Table Pipeline Lengths and Lateral Si es Segment Type From To Length Diameter Onshore Mainline ELP Badagry Beach 56.0km 30in (76.2cm) (Nigeria) Cotonou 20in 5.c)bscs Badagry Beach Offshore Subsea 86.0km or 18in (45.7cm) Tie-in or 8in (45.7cm) OfhrCoooOfsoe Lr6Offshore 106.6km 20n (50.8cm) basecase Mainline Subsea Tie-in Subsea Tie-in or l8in (45.7cm) Mainline Lome Offshore Tema Offshore 153.4km 20in (50.8cm) basecase Subsea Tie-in Subsea Tie-in or 18in (45.7cm) Tema Offshore Takoradi Shore 221.Okm 20in (50.8cm) Subsea Tie-in Crossing Offshore 567.0km Mainline Subtotal . . Cotonou Offshore Cotonou Shore 14.7km 8in (20.3cm) Subsea Tie-in Crossing Offshore Lome Offshore Lome Shore 18.3km 10in (25.4 cm) base case Laterals Subsea Tie-in Crossing or 18in (45.7cm) Tema Offshore Tema Shore 16.4km 18in (45.7cm) Subsea Tie-in Crossing Offshore Laterals 49.4km Subtotal Offshore Total 616.4km Cotonou Shore Cotonou R&M 5.1km 8in (20.3cm) Crossing Station Lome Shore Lome R&M 0.25k 10in (25.4 cm) base case Onshore Crossing Station .2m or 18in (45.7cm) Laterals Tema Shore Tema R&M 0.52km 18in (45.7cm) Crossing Station Takoradi Shore Takoradi R&M 20in (50.8cm) basecase Crossing Station or 18in (45.7cm) Onshore Lateral 6.77km Subtotal Cotonou R&M Site of Future 0n254mbaecs Station ~CEB Facility at 9.5km lorin (250.4cm)baecs Link Lines Station Maria Gleta or 8in (20.3cm) Lome R&M Station CEB power plant 0.32km 8in (20.3cm) base case or lOin (25.4cm) Link Lines 9.82km Total GVrand Total _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ 689km _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-6 Fgure 2.1-2 OvuA WAGP Systm S&on* Diagmra TMO~I OWA1~A GA LOWIE. T00OGO 1N AO. 4Om LAGOS NIGEA l j |RESTIATiNG ANiD I~ STATIONh| | R(GULA1NG AND MEEiG STAiON | | REGIIATNG AND MEii[NG STAD | |TTION REGULATM AND EERfG STATiON C0UPSSOR STATION ALAALDo TE (PS-5) I UA*OTVra"IT7N wuxN N m SAIONII il 10 iili 0 i 10 ii iI!v Ieq IL --I I ; ;-1 i I I I I I I r eiI LL1 L _ui _ ~ 1L F- -.4 I-- Iin u-~~~~~i iiL_S 12- i _ -P-P-XA-Z0>120221 1P L Eenin Fmal Drafl EIA Rev 1 2-7 --I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ __ __ _ I . --I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~m LP PARAGON ~RA _______ _____ ________ ____________________ ~~~~~~~__iR~ P-P-OXA-ZOO-20-2O020-1_ ' Jane 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-7 Chapter 2 This page intentionally left blank June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-8 Chapter 2 Table Ancillary Systems and Facilities and Their Locations Alagbado Lagos Beach Delivery Point R&M Ancillary System "Tee" Compressor Station Stations Control Room/Facilities, X X including Supervisory Main Facility SCADA control facility Control and Data X Back-up SCADA control at WAPCo headquarters Acquisition (SCADA) and system (Accra, Ghana) Communications Center Workshop, Offices, X X X Sanitary Facilities Gas Filtration, Cleaning, X X X Scrubbing Equipment Midline compressors Compressor(s) X possible at Lome subject to gas demand Fuel Gas Supply System (for compressors, gas X X X heaters, generators, and Except at Takoradi instrumentation, etc.) Air Compression X For Instrumentation Gas Coolers x If Midline Compressors are Installed at Lome Gas Heaters X x Electrical Systems X _ x Emergency Shutdown, Flare/Vent, Fire & Gas X X X Detection Systems Gas Metering Run X u X (frcontrol purposes) Gas Quality Measurement (as required by X X X Transportation Agreements) Pressure Regulating Run X X X Odorization Groundwater Wells and X X X Water Treatment Plant X = To be installed after additional design and analysis. Natural Gas Sources Upstream of WAGP The initial pipeline capacity, following construction and startup, of WAGP is expected to be 190MMscfd (5.3 million cubic meters per day (MMcmd)) with compression, with an initial delivery volume of 140MMscfd. The ultimate system design capacity is for 462MMscfd (13.1MMcmd) with supplementary compression at Takoradi and a maximum operating pressure of 153 barg for the 20in mainline. The initial delivery volume rate and the ultimate June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-9 Chapter 2 system design capacity are based on an assumed demand scenario. The actual rates, up to the ultimate design capacity, will depend on market demand. To support this initial capacity and some of the expected future gas demand, WAPCo has identified available gas volume sufficient for the transport of up to 200MMscfd (5.7MMcmd) from existing oil and gas operations in Nigeria. Most of this available natural gas is "associated gas" (i.e., produced with oil from the same reservoir or wellhead source). The utilization of this gas after transporting it through WAGP will contribute to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions as most of the associated gas is currently flared. Appendix 2A- 1 provides details on greenhouse gas emission reductions calculations and assumptions. As gas demand increases and the WAGP system is expanded via additional compressors, associated gas reserves may become depleted or may not be able to completely provide for the increased demand. Subsequent delivery requirements are likely to be supplemented with non-associated gas. The ability to eventually increase the volume of gas transmitted to serve a potentially larger customer base has been incorporated in the design of the proposed system up to a design capacity of 462MMscfd (13.lMMcmd). The project design calls for up to 6 compressors to be installed at the Lagos Beach location over time. Oil and gas facilities associated with the available gas volume identified above 200MMscfd (5.7MMcmd) are already in place or are expected to be installed before the end of WAGP construction. Consequently, no new field or well developments are envisaged for the initial WAGP supply, even though minor existing facility upgrades may occur within facility footprints to ensure a reliable supply (e.g., new compressors replacing older compressors). The sources for gas volumes above 200MMscfd (5.7MMcmd) are not specifically known at this time and could involve existing or new oil and gas facilities. Appendix 2-A-2 provides additional information regarding oil and gas facilities operated by the Chevron Nigeria Limited (CNL)-NNPC and Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC)-NNPC operating joint ventures, who, per the WAGP Treaty and International Project Agreement (IPA), have an exclusive right to transport their gas up to a volume of 200MMscfd or 10 years, which ever occurs first. Meeting either criterion, the WAGP Treaty and IPA also dictate the gas transport would then convert to an "open access" system, where gas transport from any source could occur if certain technical and economic criteria are met (criteria to be developed via an Access Code agreed to between the States and WAPCo). There is little to no information at this time regarding potential "open access" gas sources outside of the CNL- NNPC and SPDC-NNPC operating joint ventures. WAGP gas from the CNL-NNPC and SPDC-NNPC operating joint ventures will be delivered to the Alagbado "Tee" via the existing Escravos to Lagos Pipeline (ELP) system without a need for upgrades or repairs to the ELP system to meet a WAGP demand of up to 200MMscfd. Information regarding this system can also be found in Appendix 2A-2 of the Regional EIA Report. Currently, WAPCo and NGC are conducting a joint, due diligence assessment to ensure that the ELP can transport gas volumes up to the WAGP design 1 Greenhouse gas emission reduction estimates in Appendix 2A-I have been adjusted to reflect declining associated gas input overtime. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-10 Chapter 2 capacity of 462MMscfd. The predicted gas composition and other properties are listed in Tables 2.2-1 to 2.2-3. Table Predicted Fuel Gas Compositions Components Mole Fraction Methane 88.75 percent Ethane 5.93 percent Propane 1.28 percent i-Butane 0.26 percent n-Butane 0.26 percent i-Pentane 0.09 percent n-Pentane 0.06 percent Hexanes 0.06 percent Heptane+ 0.10 percent CO2 2.55 percent N2 0.66 percent Table Predicted Fuel Gas Property Properties Values Molecular Weight 18.46 Lower Heating Value (mass) 19,770btu/lb Lower Heating Value (volume) 962btu/scf Wobbe Index 1,205 Modified Wobbe Index 50.0 (at 120° Fahrenheit (F)) Fuel Volume Ratio 1.013 Fuel Mass Ratio 1.09 Table WAGP Gas Pipeline Receipt Gas uality Specification Parameter Limitations H2S, Maximum 4ppmv Total Sulfur Maximum 28ppm C02, Maximum 4.0 volume percent N2, Maximum 3.0 volume percent 02, Maximum 10ppmv Total Inert (CO2 + N2), Maximum 5.0 volume percent Solid, Dust, Gums, Other Solids Free by normal commercial standards Water Content, Maximum 71b/MMscfd Under the International Project Agreement (IPA) for WAGP, there is a provision for "open access" (i.e., that access to the pipeline is available to other producers and consumers). For total sales volume requirements below 200MMscfd, gas supply is reserved for Nigerian sources. For total incremental sales volumes above 200MMscfd, gas supply may come from any source along the pipeline route up to the tie-in with WAPCo if the appropriate June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-11 Chapter 2 contractual relationships are in place between gas sellers, shippers, and users and WAPCo. These contractual relationships include facility interconnection agreements, gas composition, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) requirements, up to the tie-ins, etc. - with WAPCo. This EIA addresses the environmental impacts associated with all potential rates of gas transport, from the minimum viable rate to the design capacity of 462MMscfd (13.IMMcmd). WAPCo intends to address any project expansion over 462MMscfd (13.1 MMcmd) via a supplementary EIA. Natural Gas Consumption Downstream of WAGP Electrical power producers and industries with the capability to use natural gas are the primary consumers that could benefit from the construction of the pipeline. According to a recent market report, close to 80 percent of potential natural-gas demand would come from the modification of existing power-generation plants or from new power-generation plants. Negotiations have started with potential gas sales and purchase customers, and to date the Takoradi Thermal Plant in Ghana and CEB in Cotonou, Benin and Lome, Togo have signed letters of intent with the WAGP consortium to purchase natural gas. In terms of industrial use of natural gas the Tema oil refinery in Ghana and L'Office Togolaise des Phosphates (OTP) in Togo appear to be the most significant industrial users (Purvin and Gertz, 2003). Table 2.3-1 shows the expected gas delivery volumes based on current market analyses (WAGP, 2002b), when gas demand reaches the 462MMscfd (13.1MMcmd) design capacity. Table E pected Gas Delivery Demand Outlet Anticipated Delivery ,Cotonou, Benin 27MMscfd (O.76MMcmd) Lome, Togo 57MMscfd (1.61MMcmd) Tema, Ghana 252MMscfd (7.14MMcmd) Takoradi, Ghana 126MMscfd (3.58MMcmd) Total 462MMscfd (13.lMMcmd) The WAGP system can be configured to deliver higher or lower volumes to individual customers, based on the maximum hydraulic design capacity of each individual lateral, and the system hydraulic relationships between the laterals (i.e., higher demand in Benin and/or Togo would reduce the capacity for Tema due to pressure drops). The total capacity of the system, however, is designed to deliver 462MMscfd. The high-case demand forecast, based on current market analyses and future installation of midline compression facilities at the Lome R&M station site (beyond the initial design capacity) is provided in Table 2.3-2, below. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-12 Chapter 2 Table High Case Demand and a imum Capacity of Pipeline Segment Demand Forecast Maximum Capacity 34MMscfd 100MMscfd Cotonou Lateral (0.962MMcmd) (2.83MMcmd) 57MMscfd 105MMscfd Lome Lateral (1.61 MMcmd) (2.97MMcmd) 333MMscfd 342MMscfd Tema Lateral (9.43MMcmd) (9.68MMcmd) 126MMscfd N/A Takoradi (3.58MMcmd) 550MMScfd 578MMscfda Total (15.6MMcmd) (16.4MMcmd) a Total system capacity would be 578MMscfd (16.4MMcdm) with a 20in diameter mainline and midline compression at Lome. A future system incorporating these elements is beyond the scope of this EIA other than the initial land use impacts associated with acquiring the future Togo compressor station site. The development activities encouraged by the WAGP project and taken on by the initial foundation customers (Volta River Authority (VRA) in Ghana at Takoradi and CEB in Togo and Benin) are summarized in Table 2.3-3. Other additional gas consumers have not been definitively identified at the time of this EIA, nor has the scope of local distribution systems to deliver gas to future customers. Foundation customers and induced developments are described further in Section 6.9.2.2. Other than the specific Beninese and Togolese link lines to CEB referenced in this EIA, future local distribution systems would not be constructed or operated by WAPCo. However, the R&M stations have been located in as optimal a manner as possible to minimize future impacts from downstream gas transmission facilities (Section 6.9). Table Foundation Customer Developments Location Developments Relocation of CEB power plant from Cotonou to Maria Gleta - 25 MW gas Mari Gleta . Benin turbine, possible later addition of a 25MW gas turbine and steam tail for Maria Gleta, Benin combined-cycle operation with total capacity increasing to 75MW. The proposed site for relocation would have a footprint of 20ha. Currently, these facilities use light crude oil (Bonny Light from Nigeria) in 4 gas turbines and will switch to natural gas as fuel. A steam tail will be added Takoradi, Ghana to two of the turbines to generate additional power via combined cycle operations. Anticipated expansion is within the current footprint. WAPCo R&M station located on plant property. (Purvin and Gertz, 200 1) Retrofit the single 25MW gas turbine (nominal capacity at Lome) currently fueled by jet kerosene, with the possibility of installing an additional 25MW Lome, Togo gas turbine and steam tail for 75MW total generating capacity from com- bined cycle operations. (Purvin and Gertz, 2002). Anticipated expansion/ upgrades will occur on plant property, within the existing footprint. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-13 Chapter 2 Facility and Process Description This section describes the major permanent facilities making up the WAGP transmission system, the major components of those facilities, and their operation. In this section, less emphasis is placed on construction of the facilities and their components. Section 2.8 deals with construction aspects of the WAGP transmission system. The principal facilities of the proposed transmission system are as follows: * Alagbado "Tee;" * Onshore pipeline in Nigeria; * Lagos Beach Compressor Station and primary control center; * Offshore main trunk and lateral lines; * R&M stations and onshore trunk and lateral lines; * Backup control center located at WAPCo Headquarters. The facilities that will operate in Benin are: * Offshore main trunk and lateral line; and * R&M station and onshore lateral and link line. The following subsections describe the location, processes, and emission inventories expected during facility operation. Alagbado Tee The Alagbado "Tee" is described in Section 2.4.1 of the Nigeria Final Draft EIA Rev 1 (Nigeria 2.4.1). Onshore ainline in Nigeria The onshore pipeline between the Alagbado Tee and the Lagos Beach Compressor Station is described in Section 2.4.2 of the Nigeria Final Draft EIA Rev 1 (Nigeria 2.4.2). Lagos Beach Compressor Station and Primary Control System The Lagos Beach Compressor Station is described in Section 2.4.3 of the Nigeria Final Draft EIA Rev 1 (Nigeria 2.4.3). Offshore ain Trun Line and Laterals Table 2.4-1 provides an overview of the Offshore Pipeline. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-14 Chapter 2 Table Offshore Pipeline Aspect Description Figures/Further Descriptions Location _From Ajido, Nigeria to Takoradi, Ghana Figure 2.1-1 Site Area 567km (352 miles) Figure 2.1-1 The purpose of the offshore pipeline is to Section 2.4.4.2.1 carry the compressed natural gas between the Lagos Beach Compressor Station and Purpose Takoradi R&M station and along the laterals to the intervening R&M stations in Benin, Ghana and Togo. 20in or 18in (50.8cm or 45.7cm) Section 2.4.4.2.1 Concrete Weight Coated Main Trunk Main Equipment Line and Laterals (various widths) Subsea Lateral Take-Off and Provision Section 2.4.4.2.2 for Temporary Line Pig Launcher Monitoring and Corrosion Protection System Section 2.4.4.2.3 Control Systems Facility Location The pipeline will be placed directly on the seafloor and, for certain shore crossings, in jetted trenches a distance of 567km (352 miles) from the Lagos Beach Compressor Station to the Takoradi Thermal Plant. At three points along the pipeline route, ties will be made for laterals to extend from the main offshore trunk line to Cotonou, Benin; Lome, Togo; and Tema, Ghana; in addition to the terminus of the main trunk line at Takoradi, Ghana. Figure 2. 1-1 illustrates the offshore pipeline route. It is currently envisaged that the diameter of the line pipe comprising the mainline will be 20in (50.8cm). Even with a pipe diameter of 20in midline compressor facilities may be required at Lome sometime during the middle of the life of the project as the market demand increased (Chapter 4). The diameter of each lateral is given in Table 2.1-1. Process Description The offshore transmission system components to be installed include: * 20in (50.8cm) concrete weight-coated main trunk line and laterals; * Subsea lateral line take off and provision for temporary installation of a pig launcher; and * Corrosion protection system. The following paragraphs explain the function of the significant offshore pipeline components. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-15 Chapter 2 in cm Concrete Weight Coated ain Trun Line and Laterals various widths The purpose of the offshore pipeline is to carry the compressed natural gas between the Lagos Beach Compressor Station and Takoradi R&M station and along the laterals to the intervening R&M stations in Benin, Ghana, and Togo. The maximum allowable operating pressure between these points will be 153 barg. In addition, the offshore pipeline will be entirely coated with concrete to overcome buoyancy forces as well as lateral drag force due to waves and currents. The thickness of the cement coating will be determined during detailed design, but is anticipated to average 3in (7.6cm) as described further in Section 2.8.7.2 of the Ghana Final Draft EIA Rev 1 (Ghana 2.8.7.2). The offshore pipeline will be placed directly on the seafloor in water depths in excess of 8m (26ft). In sections of the route in Benin that are less than 8m (26ft) deep the pipeline will be either buried below the seafloor using horizontal directional drilling (HDD) (for the shore crossing) or covered with concrete mats, such as in areas of hard bottom substrate. Section 2.8.5 describes the basis for these specifications and other aspects of the offshore pipeline construction in more detail. The preferred minimum depth for unburied (or uncovered) line pipe is 8m below sea level. An alternative, deeper minimum depth of 30m (98ft) is discussed in Chapter 4. For the great majority of its route, the pipeline will lie 30m to 50m (98ft to 164ft) below sea level. At the deepest point it will be 70m (230ft) below sea level. The pipeline route does not cross any shipping lanes and avoids passing through anchorage areas. Lateral Line Pig Launcher To facilitate the maintenance and inspections of the lateral lines, flanges capable of accepting pig launchers will be installed at each subsea tie-in approximately lOkm to 16km (6 miles to 1O miles) offshore. The pig launchers will be attached when needed to the flange assemblies by divers. The pig launchers will normally not be attached unless maintenance or inspection activities are underway. The laterals will be pigged as needed on the basis of the results of any pigging of the mainline - the need for pigging the mainline being determined on the basis of pigging the Alagbado to Lagos Beach stretch annually for the first five years and then adjusted as necessary thereafter depending on quantities of liquids and solids removed. Corrosion Protection System All offshore line pipe will be coated externally with a fusion bond epoxy (FBE) coating by an FBE coating vendor. The FBE is intended to provide the first line of corrosion protection in the subsea environment. Like the onshore pipeline, shrink-wrap sleeves will be applied at the weld joints as the line pipe is being assembled. Furthermore, all 20in line pipe downstream from the Lagos Beach Compressor Station will be coated internally with an FBE. In addition to the physical protection methods described above, the offshore line pipe will be protected by a sacrificial-anode cathodic protection system, in which a sacrificial zinc/aluminum anode will be attached to the offshore line pipe at a frequency of one anode for every 25 joints (approximately 305m or 1OOOft) of line pipe and corrode in preference to June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-16 Chapter 2 other metal components of the line pipe. Cathodic protection potential measurements can be performed on the onshore pipeline ends on a periodic basis to ensure the cathodic system is protecting the pipeline. (The onshore portion of each lateral will also be protected by sacrificial galvanic anodes.) Facility aterial anagement Summary With the exception of an upset condition such as during a leak or rupture, there will be no emissions including those from solid or liquid sources from the operation of the offshore pipeline. A small amount of gas will be released from the subsea pig launcher each time it is disconnected from the subsea tie-in during pigging, approximately 0.34m3 to 1.27m3 (12ft3 to 45ft3). R Stations and Onshore Portions of Laterals and Trun An R&M station will be installed onshore at: Cotonou, Benin; Lome, Togo; and Tema, Ghana, and Takoradi, Ghana, the terminus of the main offshore trunk. With few exceptions, resulting mainly from capacity variation, all R&M stations will be designed, constructed, and operated the same. Equipment sizing will be different from one station to the next and will be proportional to the anticipated delivery rates to each (Table 2.3-1). Primary power for the Cotonou R&M stations will be provided by natural gas-fueled generator. Table 2.4-2 summarizes the main aspects of the Cotonou R&M station. Facility Location in Benin The Cotonou R&M station is located west of Cotonou, approximately 28km (17 miles) from the city center. The facility will be 150m by 220m (492ft by 721ft) and occupy 3.3ha (8.1 acres). A 25m (82ft) buffer zone will surround the facility. Figure 2.4-1 is a site location map for the Cotonou R&M station. Access to the facility will be from the Cotonou to Lome highway; the adjacent railway may also be used to transport goods to the site during construction. To the south of the station, a 25m ROW approximately 5km (3.1 miles) in length, is required for the onshore portion of the lateral linking the R&M station to the offshore mainline. To the northeast of the R&M station, a 25m ROW approximately 9.5km (5.9 miles) in length, is required for a lateral to a future CEB facility at Maria Gleta. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-17 Chapter 2 Table Cotonou R Station Aspect Description Figures/Further Descriptions Location 28km west of Cotonou, Benin Figure 2.4-1 Site Area 3.3ha (8.1 acres) Figure 2.4-1 The R&M stations are: (1) the end point of the offshore laterals in Togo, Benin, and Ghana as well as the terminus of the main trunk line at Takoradi, Ghana; (2) the points where the WAPCo transmission system ends and Purpose customer usage and/or local gas distribution by local gas distribution companies begins. Their purpose is to reduce pipeline pressure and provide custody transfer and metering of the natural gas from WAPCo to the customer or local gas distribution company. Section 2.4.5.3 Gas Scrubber Section 2.4.5.3.1 Liquid Storage Tanks Section 2.4.5.3.2 Gas Heater Section 2.4.5.3.3 Main Equipment Pressure Reduction Valve Section 2.4.5.3.4 Custody Transfer and Metering Section 2.4.5.3.5 Vent System Section 2.4.5.3.6 Pig Launcher/Receiver Section 2.4.5.3.7 Fuel and Instrument Gas Systems Sections 2.4.5.3.8 and 2.4.5.3.9 Onshore Portion of Lateral For most of their route, the onshore portions of the laterals and trunk will be buried to a depth of lm (3.3ft) and 1.2m (4ft) at road crossings.2 The WAPCo ROW Access Policy (Appendix 8B33.2) will govern access to the ROW by the local population. In view of the onshore length of the Benin lateral, there will be a temporary marshalling yard site to stage and dispatch equipment and materials used in onshore pipeline construction and provide temporary field office locations for the construction contractors. This staging yard will be adjacent to the Cotonou R&M station. The construction of the pipeline and temporary facilities is described in more detail in Section 2.8.2. The transmission system components to be installed in the onshore pipeline include: * 8in pipe (with corrosion protection coating and cement weight coating in wetlands, seasonal swamps, or marshes, possibly also in river crossings) within a pipeline ROW with an average width of 25m; * Corrosion protection system; and 2 Per API recommended Practice 1102. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-18 Figure 2.4-1 Cotonou R&M Station N $ W+E Limit of Available Satellite Coverage Fl~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~q Benin _'knos A ize.mxd Last Edited: 51512004 7:18:41 AM _ ________________Kilometers 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-19 Chapter 2 This page intentionally left blank June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-20 Chapter 2 * Temporary marshalling yard. The following paragraphs explain the function of the significant onshore pipeline components. in Pipe Cement Weight Coated in Wetlands or arshes The onshore lateral pipeline will provide the connection from the shore crossing to the R&M station. The following areas, through which the onshore pipeline will pass, warrant special consideration during the construction phase: * Streambeds/river crossings; * Road crossings; and * "Significant wetlands" areas. An inventory of each of these areas is given in Section 2.8.2.2 where they are discussed further. Corrosion Protection Systems All onshore line pipe will be externally coated with a FBE coating. This will be applied at a coating yard likely to be located outside of West Africa and thus aspects of the FBE coating operations are not within the scope of this EIA. The FBE is intended to provide the first line of corrosion protection for all line pipe, simply in the form of a barrier. Shrink-wrap will be applied on all weld joints as the line pipe is being assembled at the installation site as further corrosion protection. In addition to FBE coating and shrink-wrap, added corrosion protection will be achieved electrochemically by means of impressed-current cathodic protection systems in which a low voltage DC current is applied to counterbalance the corrosion process. The components of these systems will be a transformer rectifier unit (to transform AC to DC) at the "Tee" and the compressor station and impressed current groundbed anodes to transmit current across pipeline, preventing external corrosion from occurring and maintaining pipeline integrity. Water and Waste Water Onshore Lateral and ROW There will be no consumption of water and no sources of process waste water during the operation of the onshore portions of the laterals and trunk themselves. Nonetheless, incremental stormwater run-off may occur until reinstatement of the ROW is complete (Section 2.8.2.3). Solid and Ha ardous Waste Onshore Lateral and ROW During the lifetime of the transmission system, the wastes to be removed and disposed of during maintenance of the 25m (82ft) wide ROW would be overgrowth and illegally dumped wastes. Vegetation clearance will be performed four times a year by hand. No herbicides will be used for vegetation clearance. For the Benin lateral, it is expected that local June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-21 Chapter 2 inhabitants would remove overgrowth debris from this maintenance for use as a fuel source. Provisions will be made for the management of this overgrowth debris, including possibly accumulation and burning. Other wastes would be managed off-site in accordance with local regulations and an approved waste-management plan. Hazardous wastes will not be generated by operation of the onshore pipeline. An explanation of how wastes will be managed is provided in Section 2.5. Onshore Lateral and ROW aterial anagement Summary Under routine operations there will be no emissions to the atmosphere other than incidental fugitive emissions at valves or flanges or waste water discharges. As a highly implausible worst-case scenario, all of the vegetation cleared along the ROW would require disposal four times per year. In Benin this would be an area of 35ha. Assuming an average height of lm and four times per year, the "worst-case" waste volume requiring a landfill would be 0.14 million cubic meters per year (Mm3/yr). Process Description The R&M station is the end point of the offshore laterals in Benin and is the point where the WAPCo transmission system ends and customer usage and/or local gas distribution by local gas distribution companies begins in Benin. Its purpose is to reduce pipeline pressure and provide custody transfer and metering of the natural gas from WAPCo to the customer or local gas distribution company. The major components of the R&M station will be skid- mounted under roof and installed in two parallel equipment runs to provide 100 percent, uninterruptible operational back up, accompanied by single installation of non-operationally critical components (i.e., no spare or redundant equipment). The station will be manned 24 hours a day, seven days a week. The facility will also have 24-hour security. Figure 2.4-1 is the site plan view illustrating the R&M station configuration. The components of the R&M station are as follows: * Filter/separators/liquids knockout vessels; * Over-pressure protection (e.g., relief valves, excess pressure control valves, etc.); * Under-pressure protection; * Low pressure protection against air ingress; * Automated shut down valves; * Safety and emergency shutdown (ESD) system; * Custody transfer metering; * Gas pre-heater module; * Pressure regulation/reduction system; * Process pressure and temperature measurement; * Pig receiving traps/barrels from lateral line; * Venting system for sectional and complete station de-pressurization; * Venting/blowdown of a section of the lateral line at the R&M station; * Fuel gas system; * Fuel gas scrubber; * Vent header, vent scrubber, and vent stack system; * Pipeline liquids handling tank; June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-22 Chapter 2 * Metering runs; * Instrument gas system; * SCADA/Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) operating systems; * Corrosion protection system; * Offices and control room; * Cathodic/corrosion protection system; * Waste management compound; and * Sanitary septic system. The following paragraphs explain the function of the significant R&M station components. Gas Scrubber As with other transmission system scrubbers, undesirable solids or liquids, if any, from upstream sources will be first removed at a gas scrubber and drained to the facility liquids handling tank via a pressurized drain system. Liquids from the scrubber are expected to consist of water and gas condensates, and the solids are expected to consist of pipe scale solids. As entrained solids and liquids will be present in the gas only during upset conditions, the quantities involved are expected to be incidental and may accumulate very slowly over time, although liquid evaporation is more likely. The scrubber will be vented through the vent system. All accumulated liquids will be sent via a gravity and pressurized drain to a liquid tank and managed as hazardous waste. Li uid Storage Tan s Removed liquids and entrained solids at the gas scrubber or other facility drainage points will be pressure and gravity drained via a header system and vent stack to a 16,OOOL (4,200gal) liquids handling tank. The liquids handling tank will be placed in a secondary containment vault. At the tank, liquids will await periodic removal by a local waste removal contractor. The liquids handling tank will be equipped with a high-level gauge and will be vented to the atmosphere. The secondary contaminant vault will be equipped with a drain valve that will be operated normally closed. Gas Heater One of the primary functions of the R&M station is to depressurize the natural gas. However, reducing the pressure of natural gas also lowers its temperature. The inlet temperature of the gas at the R&M station is expected to be approximately 14.40 Celsius (C) (57.9°F), the average ambient offshore water temperature. Allowing the temperature of the natural gas to fall below this temperature could lead to the formation of ice-like methane hydrates if any water is present in the gas. It is important to prevent this from happening because hydrates can block system lines and interrupt equipment functions. To prevent hydrate formation the gas will be passed through a heat exchanger to be warmed before being depressurized (Section 2.4.5.3.4). The heat exchanger is a vessel in which hot water circulates in pipes. Incoming natural gas will come into contact with these pipes and is warmed. The water in the pipes will be potable water, which is heated by natural gas fuel and maintained at the required temperature. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-23 Chapter 2 As a worst-case alternative, corrosion inhibitor and biocide will be added. The power rating of the heat exchanger is 1150 kilowatts (kW). Pressure Reduction Valve Pressure control valves will be used to reduce the pressure of the natural gas between the upstream transmission side of the system and downstream customer side of the system. The process has the potential to result in the creation of significant, continuous noise; however, the control valves will be designed so that the noise level will be less than 55 decibels (weighted to "A" scale) (dBA) at the property line and less than 85dBA in the R&M station building. Custody Transfer etering Custody transfer metering runs and associated equipment will be installed to gauge and record gas pressure, temperature, and volumes transferred at the R&M station. All R&M stations will have auto samplers and a dew-point measurement system; in addition to this, Takoradi will have a gas chromatograph. The metering system will consist of two parallel meter runs sized to cover the entire range of design flow rates. These meter runs will be skid mounted and uncovered and will be connected to the vent system. Vent System In response to start-up, emergency, or upset conditions and to allow for system blowdown during these and other events, all pressurized vessels, lines, and operating components at the R&M station will be connected to the R&M station vent system. The R&M station vent system will consist of a relief header, vent scrubber, and vent stack designed to be capable of gathering and disposing of hydrocarbons released during the largest single contingency relief or blowdown event at the facility when operating at design capacity. The largest blowdown event for the R&M station will involve the blowdown of gas contained within the offshore lateral leading to the R&M station and the R&M station itself (Section 2.6.4.1). In an upset condition, the R&M station lateral will be isolated from the R&M station by a valve using the ESD system. A subsea valve can be used in isolating the lateral and metering station from the main line. At a release rate of lOOMMscfd (2.83MMcmd) a controlled blowdown of the lateral would release 4.8MMscf (0.136MMcm) of gas and last 1.2 hours. Blowdown of the R&M station by itself would result in the release of no more than 40m3 of gas and take only a few minutes. A complete description of blowdown events and the ESD system to control such events is provided in Section 2.6. All relief valves shall discharge into the relief header with released gas routed to the vent scrubber. Carryover and flashed liquids collected in the vent scrubber shall gravity flow to June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-24 Chapter 2 the non-pressurized sump tank and be commingled with the liquids from the atmospheric drains system.3 Though the vent will normally not be operating at the R&M station, to prevent "backflash" from an unplanned ignition, a small amount of purge gas will be continuously injected into the vent header piping at the extremities to ensure that the header system remains free of oxygen. Purge gas velocity will be approximately 0.05ft/sec (0.0OSm/sec). The R&M station will have a lOin (25.4cm) vent header, which will yield purge gas at a rate of approximately 155 actual cubic feet per hour (acfh), equivalent to approximately 0.003 percent of initial pipeline capacity. Purge gas shall be metered and reported for mass balance documentation. Pig Launcher Receiver To enable removal of liquids as well as to monitor pipeline integrity, the R&M station will be equipped with a pig receiver to accept pigs launched from the offshore subsea tie-in. The laterals will be pigged as needed on the basis of the results of any pigging of the mainline - the need for pigging the mainline being determined on the basis of pigging the Alagbado to Lagos Beach stretch annually for the first five years and will be adjusted as necessary thereafter depending on quantities of liquids and solids removed. Accumulated liquids from pigging operation between the main trunk liner and the R&M station will be managed at the R&M station. The pig receiver will be vented to the facility vent stack. Instrument Gas Each pneumatic user (instrument) should use approximately 1 scfm. With this estimate, it is expected that the pneumatic users should use approximately 20scfm at the R&M station. Unlike at the Lagos Beach Compressor Station there are few enough pneumatic users to justify the installation of flameproof equipment rather than air compressors for an instrument air system. The fugitive emissions are not expected to exceed 5 percent of the usage rate. Natural gas will be taken from the system at the R&M station to be used as the control medium for pneumatic instrumentation, pumps and some valve actuation. Fuel Gas System Gas will be taken from the system at the R&M station to provide fuel for gas-powered electrical generators and gas heaters. Fuel gas consumption is expected to total 1.5MMscfd. Fugitive emissions are not expected to exceed 5 percent of this figure. Water and Waste Water Normally the R&M station will be manned only by a small security team (1 to 2 people) but other workers will occasionally be present to maintain the SCADA and VSAT systems housed there. Consequently, a domestic water source will be provided for occasional use by 3See WAGP-P-P-SA-00 17, Functional Specification for Drain Systems. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-25 Chapter 2 up to four workers. This will necessitate the sinking of a well, most likely before construction. Groundwater will be treated in an on-site treatment plant (including chemical treatment systems, filtrations systems, and reverse-osmosis modules) to applicable treatment standards suitable for its intended use. The estimated expected daily use of water from each well is 159L (42gal) per day per person. No firewater will be provided at the R&M station at Cotonou. Sanitary waste water from occasional usage by up to four workers will be treated through a septic tank system that is capable of collecting and holding the waste water. The design of the sanitary waste septic system will be done in accordance with the design parameters contained in the environmental standards adopted for this project and applicable local requirements. It will be sized to cope with six facility operators (i.e., 1,135L (300gal) per day). The preferred option for disposing of treated sanitary waste water is discharge into the soil by means of a properly designed and sized drainage field. Other options for disposing of treated sanitary waste water are: * Discharging into nearby receiving waters; and * Hauling off-site for disposal. Although the facility will require no process water and thus produce no process waste water, other waste water sources will exist, including equipment washdown water and incidental process-area stormwater that may come into contact with operating equipment. To minimize the latter, system components subject to maintenance will be placed under a roof to limit exposure to stormwater. Waste water from these sources will be gathered beneath the system components on drip pans and drained via gravity drains to the liquids handling tank where it will await removal be a waste vendor. Non-contact stormwater will not be collected and allowed to flow freely from the facility. Solid and Ha ardous Waste See Section 2.5 for complete description of the sources of solid and hazardous waste at the various WAPCo facilities and explanation of how they will be managed. Rates and volumes for wastes generated during operations (including accumulated in the liquids-handling tank) are given in Appendix 2-B. Electrical Power Two 40kW, 230V natural gas-powered generators with an emergency 20kW, 230V diesel generator backup system will provide primary electrical power to the R&M station. The emergency diesel power plant will be provided with a 159L (42gal) diesel supply tank, sufficient to maintain the R&M in continuous operations for 24 hours. Other Facility Components Other significant components of the R&M stations include: * Security gate house; June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-26 Chapter 2 * Equipment and control room; * SCADA/Distributed Control System (DCS)/VSAT system; * Fire detection; and * Corrosion protection system consisting of sacrificially corroding galvanic anodes and sacrificially corroding "coupon" corrosion indicators (Section 2.4.4.2.3). Facility aterial anagement Summary Rates and volumes for wastes generated during operations (including liquids accumulated in the liquids-handling tank) are given in Appendix 2-B. Sanitary waste water is discussed in Section 2.4.5.3.10. Solid and Ha ardous Waste from Pipeline Operations Solid waste generated at the R&M station can be divided into the following categories: * Domestic solid waste; * Non-hazardous industrial waste; * Hazardous industrial waste; and * Semi-solid waste. These wastes will be generated during the construction and operation phases, although the quantities generated in the operations phase will be much less. This section outlines the types and quantities of waste generated in the operations phase. The quantities and types of waste generated are described in Appendix 2-B. WAPCo's Waste Management plan is described in Appendix 8B2.6. WAPCo has identified existing waste management facilities that will be audited. These facilities will be audited and formally approved by WAPCo prior to use. In cases where audits identify the potential for mismanagement of wastes, WAPCo will consider one or more of the following: * Work with proposed waste management facility to correct identified deficiencies; * Consider alternative in-region waste management facilities, including those used by WAPCo Sponsors; and * Consider out-of-region waste management facilities or consider development of on- site waste management facilities at WAPCo facilities in accordance with World Bank requirements. WAPCo will assume its responsibilities as a waste generator, from the generation to ultimate disposal. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-27 Chapter 2 Domestic Solid Waste Included in this type of waste are food scraps, pruning, grass or tree clippings, paper, cardboard, wood scraps, and all other biodegradable refuse that is generated in facilities such as offices and eating facilities at the site. This domestic waste may be stored in properly labeled plastic or metal drums located at strategic locations at the site. Domestic waste at the facility will be disposed of at an approved off-site landfill by waste carriers and operators who have been duly authorized by appropriate environmental authorities. Non Ha ardous Industrial Solid Waste Included in non-hazardous solid waste are waste materials generated in operating or maintenance areas that did not come in contact with hydrocarbons, solvents, etc. This non- hazardous waste will be stored in properly identified plastic or metal drums that are strategically located throughout the facility. Non-hazardous waste will be periodically collected and taken to a designated waste material storage location on-site. Non-hazardous waste materials will be used and/or recycled as much as possible and any remaining non- hazardous wastes will be occasionally transported by an approved waste carrier for disposal or recycling at a to-be-determined approved off-site disposal or recycling facility. Ha ardous Waste Hazardous wastes are typically identified via laboratory testing of hazardous characteristics or are "designated" as hazardous by local regulations. For WAGP, these wastes are likely to include sediment sludge, packing, belts, hoses, fireproofing, paint cans, activated carbon filters, mineral wool, grease, rags, gloves, oakum and other materials commingled with oil, hydrocarbons, solvent, paint, and any other material that contains hydrocarbon residue including pigging wastes. Hazardous waste will be stored in properly labeled and sealed plastic or metal drums that are strategically located throughout the facility where this waste may be generated. Pigging fluids will be contained in the liquids handling tank, awaiting removal by a waste removal vendor. Periodically, the hazardous waste will be collected and taken to hazardous waste temporary storage locations on-site. The temporary hazardous waste storage facility will have a concrete floor and a continuous concrete barrier approximately six inches high around the perimeter of the concrete floor. The storage site will contain a roof to protect the drums from the weather. The storage site will also be lighted and contain adequate ventilation. Hazardous waste carriers and operators, who have been duly authorized by appropriate environmental authorities, will perform the treatment and final disposal of this hazardous waste at a to-be-determined, approved off-site treatment plant or disposal location. Appendix 2-D lists potentially hazardous materials. Semi Solid Waste Semi-solid waste generated will include sludge from the sanitary and industrial waste water treatment plants. Sludge from the industrial waste treatment plant shall be periodically June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-28 Chapter 2 extracted and placed into properly identified and sealed metal or plastic drums or vessels. Semi-solid waste shall be treated and disposed of at an approved off-site treatment plant not yet identified. Operational Control and Safety Systems Operational Control Systems WAGP facilities will be capable of continuous and automatic operations across the entire pipeline system. Pipeline and facilities control will primarily be from a Central Dispatch Center (CDC) located at the Lagos Beach Compressor Station and, in event of an emergency situation, from a backup CDC co-located with WAPCo Headquarters. The CDC shall be capable of complete pipeline and facility operation, start-up, shutdown, and initiation of emergency shutdown and blowdown systems. All information necessary to achieve these requirements shall be available within the CDC and at the backup CDC. R&M stations will be monitored and controlled from the CDC or backup CDC with the ability to be controlled locally. Gas compressors will have a local control station at Lagos Beach, which will be linked to the CDC. Pipeline, plant facilities, and personnel shall be protected from hazardous conditions by appropriate safety devices and procedural controls. The Process Control System (PCS) will serve as the central point for the process control operations at the Alagbado Custody Transfer Station, the Lagos Beach Control and Dispatch Center (CDC), and at each of the four R&M stations. The backup CDC located within WAPCo Headquarters will have the ability to perform identical functions. The PCS shall provide the following functions as a minimum: * Centralized control of the process facilities from each site's control room; * Remote control of process valves, motors, compressors, etc.; * Interface with other plant systems which include, but are not limited to, the Safety Shutdown System (SSS), compressor control panels, and SCADA system; * Continuous capacity and pressure control of the control loops defined in the piping and instrument diagrams and cause and effect diagrams; * Measurement and calculations associated with gas flow, volumes, and composition; and * Sequencing, configuration, and logic control of all control sequencing and control loops (control sequencing includes the necessary logic to accomplish all Level 2 and Level 3 shutdowns of the process system controlled and sequenced by the PCS). The control system will consist of three tiers: June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-29 Chapter 2 * Primary and backup SCADA computers located in the central control center at the Lagos Beach Compressor Station. The main function of the SCADA system will be operational interface to support operation of the complete pipeline network. The SCADA system will report pipeline system status to the control center, showing normal, abnormal, or alarm conditions, so operators can monitor and take action if needed. Remote terminal units at each field compressor, metering, or pigging station will receive and execute commands from the control centers. * Communications/control computers also located in the dispatching and backup dispatching centers for the purpose of communications and issuing control commands and initiating corrective actions. Operators will be able to view the entire system and ensure that the demand for product flow is met and that pipeline-operating conditions are safe and optimized. Corrective actions can be initiated, either automatically or with operator over-ride, if necessary. The backup dispatch center will be located at WAPCo Headquarters. * The remote stations will have a degree of local automation and control which will ensure safe and continuous operation of the station independent of whether the operator is present on-site and whether he will take the required corrective action. Similarly, the individual stations will be able to operate safely with or without communications from the central dispatch or backup dispatch centers. * Local control of the facilities from the plant for at least maintenance purposes. The SCADA system will provide the mechanism by which the data will be collated, transferred, and stored and will utilize VSAT telecommunications technology for data transmission and voice communications as it provides the lowest total cost of ownership. The system will be designed to serve only the pipeline's telecommunications needs. VSAT facilities will be located at each pressure reduction, metering, and compressor station. Local and international communications system where available will also be utilized as a back up. Voice Communication from the R&M stations to customers' facilities will be provided by line of sight radio link. Fire and Gas Detection and Protection Systems The Fire and Gas Detection and Protection System (the "F&G" system) will provide a common central facility for all fire and gas detection and protection equipment and will be dedicated only to the detection of and protection against fire and gas. No other monitoring control or shutdown function shall be incorporated into this stand-alone system. It will be designed to operate under normal conditions with minimum operator interface. The process and essential-services areas within each WAGP site will be continually monitored by detectors that initiate alarms upon detection of a hazard. All F&G detection equipment will be provided with line monitoring facilities on both input and output circuits. Common facilities such as power supplies will be duplicated, but the system shall be designed utilizing simplex fail-safe input and output (I/O) units and functional logic modules. The F&G System will operate normally from an external 24 volts direct current (VDC) June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-30 Chapter 2 system with a backup battery within each panel for four hours of operation. The F&G system will be capable of operating for up to eight hours without air conditioning in an ambient temperature of 40°C. The F&G system shall have the capability to annunciate two different types of alarm tones. One alarm tone shall alert the operator of confirmed fire detection within the perimeter of the facility. A different alarm tone will alert the operator of confirmed high-gas detection within the perimeter of the facility. The F&G system will generate a low-level gas-detected alarm at 20 percent of the lower explosive limit (LEL) and a high-level gas-detected alarm at 60 percent LEL. Actions resulting from detection of fire or gas will result in alarms, equipment shutdown, or facility shutdown, depending on the level of the alarm and its location. Fire detection will employ various detection methods including UV detectors, heat detectors, smoke detectors, and rate of rise detectors - depending on application or location. Gas detection will employ conventional point detection methods; open path line-of-sight gas detectors will be utilized within the Lagos Beach Compressor Station. Outputs from the F&G system will be processed in the SSS for executive actions. Depending on location and application, suppression systems may include handheld fire extinguishers (either CO2 or dry powder), trolley-mounted extinguishers (dry powder), hose reels, fixed monitors, and inert-gas suppression systems. No Halon will be used in WAGP facilities. The fire fighting system for the compressor station is described in Section 2.4.3.2.7 of the Nigeria Final Draft EIA Rev 1 (Nigeria 2.4.3.2.7). Emergency Shutdown Systems All WAGP sites shall include ESD systems to alarm and shut down systems in the event of process upsets, power failures, and emergencies such as fires or accidental releases of flammable vapors. These ESD systems shall be independent of PCSs described in Section 2.6.1. Emergency Shutdown and Control of WAGP Facilities will be managed by two separate systems: the SS4 and the PCS.5 The principal aims and objectives of the SSS and the PCS are to minimize the consequence of an incident, hazard, or accident, in order to ensure the following: * Protection of personnel and public; * Minimization of potential for adverse environmental impact; * Protection of the installation, equipment and facilities infrastructure; and * Maintain safe operations compatible with business requirements. 4 Described in WAGP Technical Specification WAGP-P-I-SA-0070 - ESD System Specification. 5 Described in WAGP Technical Specification WAGP-P-I-SA-0073 - Process Control System Specification. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-31 Chapter 2 Safety Shutdown System SSS The SSS for WAGP facilities will be designed for high integrity operation. It shall be a stand-alone system that initiates the shutdown and blowdown/depressurization of systems and facilities during upset or abnormal conditions. The system components, such as sensors, logic, actuators, etc., shall be designed to operate independently of other control and monitoring systems. Since reliability of safe operation is of primary importance, the system shall be designed on an inherently "fail-safe" principle. The WAGP facilities will have four levels of shutdown. Starting with the highest, these are: * Manual Emergency Shutdown - shutdown, isolation and depressurization of all WAGP facilities; * Level 1 - for localized shutdown, isolation, and depressurization of the relevant facility; * Level 2 - for localized shutdown and isolation without depressurization of the relevant facility; and * Level 3 - for localized individual equipment shutdown and isolation without depressurization at the relevant facility. A Level 3 shutdown may result in escalation to a Level 2, which in turn to may escalate to a Level 1 shutdown. This is called "cascading" when one executive action initiates further higher level shutdowns. anual Emergency Shutdown Manual ESD is the highest level of shutdown. ESD activation will result in the shutdown, isolation, and automatic depressurization of all process and utility systems throughout the WAGP system. This will include electrical isolation of non-essential equipment to minimize the potential for ignition sources. This will normally be initiated at either of the CDCs by Operator intervention and only in extreme circumstances. It will result in the following: * Shutdown and isolation of gas feed from the ELP and closure of ESD valves at Alagbado "Tee" facility; * Equipment shutdown, closure of ESD valves, and depressurization of facilities via flare system at Lagos Beach; * Equipment shutdown, closure of ESD valves, and facilities depressurization via vent system at the R&M stations; * Electrical isolation of all non-essential equipment; and June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-32 Chapter 2 * Activation of audible and visual alarms located around the facility such that in event of an ESD, personnel will be alerted to the situation. These alarms will be specific to a Manual ESD. Level Shutdown Ala2bado "Tee" The events that will initiate a Level 1 Shutdown at Alagbado "Tee" are described in Section 2.6.3.1.2 of the Nigeria Final Draft EIA Rev 1 (Nigeria 2.6.3.1.2), as are the resulting actions. La2os Beach Compressor Station The events that will initiate a Level 1 Shutdown at Lagos Beach Compressor Station are described in Section 2.6.3.1.2 of the Nigeria Final Draft EIA Rev 1 (Nigeria 2.6.3.1.2), as are the resulting actions. R&M Stations A Level 1 shutdown at an R&M station will be initiated by the following events: * Manual initiation (from the local station control room); * Receipt of an ESD signal from Lagos Beach or the backup CDC; * Fire detection inside hazardous area; and * Total loss of instrument electrical power. A Level 1 shutdown at an R&M station will result in the following actions: * Equipment shutdown, closure of ESD valves, and facilities depressurization via vent system at the R&M stations; * Isolation of electrical power to non-essential equipment; and * Activation of audible and visual alarms located around the facility such that in event of a Level 1 shutdown, personnel will be alerted to the situation. These alarms will be specific to a Level 1 shutdown. Level Shutdown - All Facilities A Level 2 shutdown at any facility will be initiated by the following events: * Manual initiation (from the local station control room); * High liquid level in the gas scrubbers/vessels; * Complete loss of backup power from the Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS); and June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-33 Chapter 2 * Failure of any equipment or process system that results in the complete loss of gas feed to the facility or the ability to control it. A Level 2 shutdown at any facility will result in: * A complete localized plant shutdown, and will cause the entire process to shutdown, rotating equipment to stop, and heaters to be shutdown; * Level 2 shutdown functions are limited to "blocking in" the affected system; * Manual depressurization may be initiated from the local control room; and * Each process and utility subsystem will be capable of being shutdown from the local control room. Level Shutdown - All Facilities * Level 3 shutdown refers to automatic equipment shutdowns resulting from protection of individual equipment items or process trips (e.g., air compressor, generator, etc.) shutdown by equipment protection systems supplied as part of equipment package; * Each unit of electrical equipment package shall also have a local push-button for shutdown; and * Alarms will be built into control loops to sound audible warnings for deviation from operating conditions for those controlled variables that will give the operator sufficient time to take remedial action. Venting, Flaring, and Blowdown Depressuri ation Events Worst-case depressurization events in Benin are outlined in Section 2.4.5.3.6. Flaring will not take place in Benin. The overall philosophy is to isolate and depressurize equipment and facilities using the SSS and PCS functions as outlined in Section 2.6.2. A table of rates and volumes for the blowdown of each segment is given in Table 2.6-1. Depressuri ation of Onshore Line in Nigeria The depressurization of the onshore line in Nigeria is described in Section 2.6.4.1.1 of the Nigeria Final Draft EIA Rev 1 (Nigeria 2.6.4.1.1). Depressuri ation of Lagos Beach Compressor Station The depressurization of the Lagos Compressor Station is described in Section 2.6.4.1.2 of the Nigeria Final Draft EIA Rev 1 (Nigeria 2.6.4.1.2). June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-34 Chapter 2 Table Blowdown Volume and Rates for All Segments Blowdown Interval (Hours) at: Blowdown Interval (Days) at: Section 50 75 100 50 75 100 Volume Released MMscfd MMscfd MMscfd MMscfd MMscfd MMscfd Onshore Pipeline Alagbado "Tee" to Midline valve 8.4 5.6 4.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.496Mcmd Midline valve to Lagos Beach 8.4 5.6 4.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0. 496Mcmd Alagbado "Tee" to Lagos Beach 16.8 11.2 8.4 0.7 0.5 0.4 35.0 MMscfd Offshore Pipeline (18in Case) Lagos Beach to Takoradi (without laterals) 311.6 207.7 155.8 13.0 8.7 6.5 r 184Mcmd Lagos Beach to all R&Ms (with spurs) 341.2 227.4 170.6 14.2 9.5 7.1 72011MMsd Offshore Pipeline (20in Case) Lagos Beach to Takoradi (without laterals) 384.7 256.4 192.3 16.0 10.7 8.0 22.7Mcmd Lagos Beach to all R&Ms (with laterals) 421.2 280.8 210.6 17.5 11.7 8.8 24.8Mcmd Lagos Beach to Takoradi (without laterals) 81.5 54.4 40.8 3.4 2.3 1.7 170 MMscfd (40 barg initial pressure) 1 4.8 Mcmd Lagos Beach to all R&Ms (with laterals) 89.3 59.5 44.6 3.7 2.5 1.9 186 MMscfd (40 barg initial pressure) 5.27Mcmd Laterals Cotonou Lateral 2.4 1.6 1.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 4.8 MMscfd ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ___ 0.l136M M cm Lome Lateral 3.5 2.3 1.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 06.85MMcm 16.3 1MMscfd Tema Lateral 8.8 5.9 4.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 | MMcm June ______________________________ 2004____ F _______ D_______ E_______ ___1_2-350.46IM M cm June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-35 Chapter 2 Depressuri ation of Offshore ainline including Laterals The offshore section, including laterals, can be manually depressurized under controlled conditions at Lagos Beach Compressor Station. Should the Lagos Beach Compressor Station facility be unavailable for depressurization, the stack at Takoradi has been designed to accommodate a controlled manual depressurization of the offshore section including laterals. Depressurization of the offshore line is a highly unlikely occurrence and would in all probability be carried out to facilitate major repairs to the offshore line. This would be a planned and controlled event (Section 2.4.3.2.4 of the Nigeria Final Draft EIA Rev 1 (Nigeria 2.4.3.2.4)). Depressuri ation of Laterals R&M laterals can be manually depressurized under controlled conditions by closing the Subsea valve, which would require intervention either by diver or remotely operated vehicle (ROV) and venting at the R&M station (Section 2.4.5.3.6). Depressuri ation of R Stations R&M stations can be individually depressurized by closing the inlet and outlet ESD valves and releasing the contained volume of the station to the vent stack (Section 2.4.5.3.6). Depressuri ation E uipment Performance The vent scrubbers shall be designed to remove 99.9 percent of entrained liquid droplets 450 microns or larger from the hydrocarbon gas streams prior to releasing the gas to the vent stack. The minimum design pressure for vent system piping and equipment shall be 10.3 barg. Design and Other Pre Construction Activities Front End Engineering Design FEED WAPCo began a number of technical studies following the August 2002 Preliminary Commercial Evaluation. Immediate efforts focused on risk reduction (e.g., geotechnical and geophysical surveys and the EIA). Concurrent with this phase, Front End Engineering Design (FEED) is being conducted in Houston, Texas USA. In this phase of the engineering, the design was driven through the development of the following: * Process designs; * Piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&ID's); * System safety systems designs; * Project equipment specifications as described above; * Preliminary drawings; * Design reports; * Alternatives analysis for issues likely to be considered significant in this EIA; and * Other key project documentation. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-36 Chapter 2 During this phase, WAPCo proactively solicited stakeholder input and evaluated Best Available Technology (BAT) for incorporation into the designs, to ensure that the project minimizes health, safety, and environmental (HSE) impacts. Several detailed reviews were conducted during the preliminary engineering phase including those in Table 2.7-1. Table Preliminary Engineering Phase Reviews Review Item Week of Week of Week of 11 November 2002 27 January 2003 2 June 2003 Hazard Identification (HAZID) X Follow Up Process Flow Diagrams (PFD) X Updates Updates if any Facility Route and Siting Preliminary Survey Results Conceptual Safety Evaluation Design Basis Updates if any Studies/Reviews Documents Qualitative Risk Assessment Training X Drawing Reviews, including P&ID X As changes occur Project Specifications List As needed Preliminary * Instrument Protective Function SD/Control Update (IPF) Classification Philosophy Update * HAZARDS ANALYSIS (follow-up to HAZID & Training X Qualitative Risk Assessment) Preliminary Conceptual and FEED Level ____X____ * Equipment Layout X Changes * Hazardous Area Classification X * Fire & Explosion Study X * Fire Protection Analysis X Update * Escape/Evac/Rescue - X X indicates review took place that week During these and other reviews, representatives from EIA and permit/license approval agencies in each of the countries participated to provide relevant input and guidance on regulatory compliance issues and prudent protective measures. Development of the detailed information to support the EIA process was a critical engineering and FEED activity to ensure timely EIA approval before the start of construction. An iterative process of stakeholder input, design adjustment, impact analysis, and follow-up stakeholder consultations was used to develop the FEED and a detailed HSE plan (WAGP, 2002b). The HSE plan developed at this stage will be ultimately incorporated into the EIA Environmental Management Plan. Design Basis: Philosophy and Standards Design, fabrication, and construction of the transmission system is being done in accordance with the requirements of the environmental laws and regulations of the host country; WAGP regulations; approved, certified design and specification documentation; and restrictions imposed by the environmental management plan of the final EIA. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-37 Chapter 2 Design Philosophy A number of design philosophies were observed throughout the design of the transmission system. These were: * Protection of personnel and public; * Minimization of potential for adverse environmental impact; * Protection of the installation, equipment, and facilities infrastructure; and * Maintain safe operations compatible with business requirements. Since reliability of safe operation is of primary importance, the system was designed on an inherently "fail-safe" principle. This section of the EIA will summarize the elements of the design that were incorporated to achieve that principle. Ultimately, in order to uphold the design philosophy tenets, the design process included the development of documented design basis criteria that will be observed throughout construction, start-up, and operation of the transmission system. These documents are available at the WAPCo Operations Office for inspection. Design Standards The technical standards for the engineering, design, and construction of the WAGP system are proposed to be based on the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), and American Petroleum Institute (API) systems. The primary design code of reference will be the ANSI/ASME B3 1.8 "Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems" design code. The ANSI/ASME B3 1.8 design code is the only general pipeline code that covers both onshore and offshore gas pipeline systems as well as metering and compressor stations. The B31.8 code is the most widely used design code in the industry for natural gas pipelines and is the predominant code of reference for WAGP installations. The components of the pipeline system will be designed and installed using API, ASME, or ANSI design codes that are specific for the component. Listed below in Table 2.7-2 are the design codes for major pipeline components as agreed to between the States and incorporated into the IPA: Table Design Codes for ajor Pipeline Components Pipeline Component Design Codea Onshore/Offshore Pipeline Design ANSI/ ASME B3 1.8 (including Materials) Offshore Pipeline Construction API RP 1111, Det Norske Veritas (DNV) OS-F 101 Line Pipe Specification API Spec 5L Pipeline Welding Specification API Stand 1104 Corrosion Protection National Association of Corrosion Engineers Corrosion Protection (NACE) RP0675, NACE RP0169 Other Pipeline Components (Valves, API 6D ASME B16.5 ASME 16.9 Flanges, Fittings) , , June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-38 Chapter 2 Table Design Codes for ajor Pipeline Components Pipeline Component Design Codea Process Piping Welding Spec ASME Sec IX (Boilers & Pressure Vessels) Compression Spec API Spec 617 Gas Measurement Spec API MPMS Spec 14.3 or ISO 5167 Safety System Spec API RP Spec 14C Power Turbines API 616 Fire protection National Fire Protection Association Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society, Instrumentation API RP 551, International Electrotechnical Council (IEC), NEMA Pressure Vessels ASME VIII Dl API RP 540/IEC International Electrotechnical Electrical systems Commission, British Standards, IEC, International Electrical systems Organization for Standardization (ISO) CENELEC, National Engineering Manufacturers Association Buildings Local Building Codes Civil Works British Standards, Euronorm, ISO a The above listed design codes are being established as the minimum design standards for the WAGP system. However, ISO, DNV, or other high quality equivalent specifications may be substituted if warranted. The technical specifications devised by WAGP are listed in Appendix 8B-4.4. Other Pre construction Activities In addition to design activities, WAPCo conducted the activities described in Sections 2.7.3.1 through 2.7.3.5 and these activities are integrated with the EIA processes and deliverables. Routing and Siting Surveys Onshore engineering surveys were conducted to determine ELP tie-in, pipeline routing, Lagos Beach Compressor Station, and R&M locations in Benin, Ghana, and Togo. Offshore surveys were conducted to determine appropriate marine routing of the pipeline. Relatively non-invasive survey techniques were utilized, although soil and seabed coring operations were used for geotechnical evaluation in both the onshore and offshore environments. WAPCo coordinated External Affairs, Engineering, and EIA consulting resources in implementing the surveys to ensure that all issues and impacts associated with routing and siting were comprehensively and consistently identified. An appropriately scoped HSE Management plan was prepared prior to routing and survey work to minimize the impacts of these activities. Local communities and other stakeholders were advised of the survey activities prior to commencement. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-39 Chapter 2 Estate Surveying and Identification of Real Estate Titles These activities will determine land tenure aspects of the project for the Nigerian onshore portion of the project and gas delivery points in Benin, Ghana, and Togo. This determination will include assessments of land ownership and other existing rights associated with potential routing or siting options for the pipeline and facilities. The results of these activities will be incorporated into a Resettlement Action Plan following World Bank requirements. Land and ROW Ac uisition Land and ROW acquisition activities started via the Estate Survey process described above. Based on this work, WAPCo will negotiate the acquisition of permanent land rights (for facilities such as the compressor and R&M stations) and ROWs (for the pipeline itself). Other temporary and permanent estate acquisitions (camps, staging areas, roads, etc.) will be pursued either directly by WAPCo or through contractors or other third parties, with appropriate compensation guidelines established. WAPCo was advised that legal ownership and control of the offshore area, which the pipeline will traverse, is vested in each of the countries on the national government. Accordingly, WAPCo will negotiate for ROWs over these offshore areas with the governments concerned. Compensation for acquisition of permanent land rights and ROWs will be in accordance with local and international best practices. WAPCo will deal closely with appropriate government, community, and traditional leaders during negotiations to acquire land or ROWs. WAPCo expects to find few resettlement issues associated with the construction of the pipeline, particularly physical dislocation of people affected by the project. Resettlement plans, which are a World Bank requirement, however, will be provided as a supplement to this EIA Report. WAPCo also recognized that initial land and ROW target areas might not be suitable at the time of construction and that alternative routes should be considered as a contingency. Proposed and alternative sites and routes were pursued in a manner consistent with the description above, and all agreements included terms and conditions such as ".... acquisition contingent on EIA approval, Permit issuance..." etc. aterial Procurement, Staging, and Transportation The line pipe itself, along with compressors, vessels, meter runs, and pressure-regulating equipment will be fabricated at off-site fabrication yards. The fabrication yard(s) will be located outside West Africa. The location of staging areas is discussed in Section 2.8. Other Activities Additional Safety and Operational Reviews with EIA and Permitting Agencies will occur during project implementation including: * Critical safety equipment and quality assurance inspection and testing; and June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-40 Chapter 2 * Functional testing of corrosion and fire protection equipment. Other activities include logistical planning, contracting for construction, and cost minimization studies. Prior to commencing construction, WAPCo and/or the construction contractors will obtain the necessary access permits and approvals in line with the legal framework described in Chapter 1. Construction This section describes the major construction and installation aspects of the WAGP transmission system. The principal elements of the proposed transmission system and major associated temporary facilities are as follows: * Alagbado "Tee;" * Onshore pipeline (including onshore laterals) and marshalling yards; * Lagos Beach Compressor Station and primary control complex; * Concrete batch plant (likely to be located adjacent to the Lagos Beach Compressor Station); * Offshore main trunk and lateral lines; * R&M stations; and * Weight coating plant. The facilities that will be constructed and installed in Benin are: * Offshore main trunk and lateral line; and * R&M station and onshore lateral and link line. The following subsections describe major aspects associated with the construction and installation of each of these elements. Alagbado Tee The construction of the Tee is described in Section 2.8.1 of the Nigeria Final Draft EIA Rev I (Nigeria 2.8.1). June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-41 Chapter 2 Onshore Pipeline and arshalling ards obili ation, Labor, Duration Pipeline lengths and construction equipment will be transported by truck to wherever they are needed on the ROW. Each truck can carry three pipeline lengths. There will be only one crew of 50 people in Benin who will be housed locally. Duration of installation (including the link line to the site of the future CEB facility) is expected to be two months. The main plant equipment to be installed is listed in Section 2.4.5.2. Construction equipment andfacilities will include: * Earth moving equipment; * A temporary office; * Temporary sanitation facilities (for 50 people); and * A 500kW diesel-fueled generator. Onshore Pipeline Installation ethods The onshore pipeline will be installed in an excavated trench within a 25m (82ft) ROW to a nominal depth of lm (3.3ft), and 1.2m (4 ft) at road crossings or, for certain wetlands and marshes, in directionally drilled horizontal boreholes. The majority of the onshore pipeline will be in upland areas; the theoretical maximum ROW acreage in Benin is 35ha (based on a length of approximately 14km, and average width of 25m). The pipe itself will consist of 12m (40ft) lengths with wall thickness ranging from 0.469in (1.19cm) to 0.562in (1.43cm) that have been pre-coated with a FBE for corrosion protection and weight coated in saturated or marsh environments. Plastic sheeting and hay bales will likely be used to control rainfall runoff until all earth work is completed. Washdown areas will be designated and controlled for concrete trucks utilized for foundation slab pours. Sanitation waste similar to that for normal operations is expected. Biocide use will be limited to common pesticides (e.g., diazinon), to be used to control mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases within the construction zone. Pipeline Installation ethods Uplands The main method that will be used to install the pipeline in upland terrain is trenching. Thrust boring, similar to horizontal directional drilling (HDD) (Section 2.8.2.3.3) will be used to cross major roads, the railroad, and the Lome-Cotonou road for the link line lateral to CEB. Trenchin2 The following is a summary of the basic steps undertaken to install a pipeline in upland terrain by trenching. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-42 Chapter 2 Onshore pipeline construction will typically begin with the surveying or staking of the construction ROW. After surveying is complete, the construction crew will perform the following operations: clearing, grading, fencing (as necessary), digging of trench, stringing, bending, welding, pipe coating, lowering-in, backfilling, hydrostatic testing, and cleanup and restoration. Areas that typically require special construction techniques may be one or more of the following: agricultural areas; crossings including road, railroad, or foreign lines (pipelines or utilities); water bodies and wetlands; unusual topographies such as unstable soils and trench conditions; residential or urban areas; and areas requiring rock removal. Surveying This step involves identification of the ROW, determining its legal location (as described in Section 2.7.3.3) and performing soil evaluation. Normal modes of transportation are used to the locations for these activities. Along remote pipeline routes, visual inspection may be done by air. Land survey crews will mark by flags or stakes the boundaries of the construction ROW and extra workspaces to show the approved work areas. Also, areas to be avoided, such as wetlands, cultural resource sites, and sensitive species habitat, will be marked with appropriate fencing or flagging based on environmental and archaeology surveys. The centerline for the pipeline will be marked at 61m (200ft) intervals, at known crossings of foreign pipelines (pipelines owned by other operators), and at points of intersection, where the line changes horizontal direction. Pipeline locators and other methods will be used to identify these crossings. Clearing and Grading The construction ROW will be cleared and graded to remove brush, trees, roots, and other obstructions such as large rocks and stumps. Crops and other non-wooded vegetation may be mowed while other crops, such as grain, may be left in place to limit soil erosion. The construction ROW will be graded in some places to create a safe working area, accommodate pipe-bending equipment and allow the operation and travel of construction equipment. The natural drainage will be preserved to the extent possible. If necessary, a fence crew, typically operating in conjunction with the clearing crews, will cut and brace fences that intersect or cross the proposed route. Fences may be installed to keep livestock out of the working area. Where necessary, temporary gates will be constructed to allow landowners to move livestock from pasture to pasture, and to allow construction crews access along the ROW. Timber will only be removed when absolutely necessary for construction purposes. Commercially saleable timber may be cut and removed from the ROW. Timber that is not merchantable and other vegetative debris may be chipped, burned, or disposed of according to the landowner's wishes. Burning, if used, will be conducted in compliance with local regulations and also performed in a manner to minimize fire hazard and prevent heat damage to surrounding vegetation. Stumps may be buried only in non-tilled land on the construction ROW and only with the agreement of the landowner. Stumps and other timber considered to be non-merchantable may be used to construct off-road vehicle barriers at the request of the June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-43 Chapter 2 landowner. Disposal of materials taken off-site will be done at facilities or locations approved by WAPCo. After the ROW has been cleared and the stumps removed, grading may be necessary. Minimum grading will be required in flat terrain. In areas with steep terrain, more extensive grading may be required. A maximum of 12in of topsoil will typically be removed or stripped and segregated. Topsoil that has been removed or stripped will typically be stored on the spoil side (i.e., opposite of the working side of the trench) of the construction ROW. However, circumstances may require the topsoil be stored or placed on the working side adjacent to the ditch or at the edge of the construction ROW. Digging of Trench The pipe trench will be dug using track mounted trenchers or backhoes from the working side of the ROW. Excavated spoils will be placed on the non-working side of the excavation for reuse. Backhoes, rotary wheel ditching machines, or rippers will be used to excavate the trench. The depth of the trench will vary depending on soil type and the class of pipe being buried. Typically when backhoes are used, the trench will be excavated before the welding of the pipe. On the other hand, when rotary wheel ditching machines are used, the trench will be excavated after the welding of the pipe and shortly before the pipe laying. If backhoes are used to excavate, the trench will typically be wider than a rotary wheel ditched trench due to the trench being open for a longer period of time and due to soil stability concerns. Measures will be taken to minimize free flow of water into and through the trench. Ditch plugs, or areas that are not trenched, will be left in place on either side of an approach to a stream crossing or wetland crossing, or to provide free-range to livestock. Road and certain river crossings may be done through thrust boring (in which a bore is drilled from the end of a trench dug on one side of the road through to the end of another trench dug on the other side) or directionally drill boreholes. Other river crossings may be done by conventional open cut methods, particularly if they can be done during low flow or dry season time frames. Where they are to be trenched, construction through water bodies will be scheduled so that the trench is cut just prior to pipe-laying activities. Where fluming or other similar measures are used to maintain stream flow during construction, the crossing will be designed to pass high flows and prevent excessive scouring. Trenching across rivers and streams will be performed in accordance with all applicable country requirements. Pipe Stringing Prior to construction, the pipe will be moved into the project area by barge, rail, or truck and placed in pipe storage yards. Within Benin, most likely, the majority of the pipe will be stored at a marshalling yard adjacent to the Cotonou R&M Station site. The pipe laying or stringing operation involves transporting pipe sections (joints) from pipe storage yards into position along the prepared ROW. Typically trucks or other vehicles will travel along the ROW and string the individual joints parallel to the centerline of the trench so they are easily June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-44 Chapter 2 accessible to construction personnel. The joints are usually strung on the working side of the trench for bending, welding, inspection, coating, and lowering-in operations. Bending, Welding, Coating, and Lowering-in Typically, pipe will be delivered to the construction area in straight sections where it is bent to conform to changes required for pipeline alignment and to conform with natural ground contours. Track mounted hydraulic pipe-bending machines perform bending of the sections. Alternatively, some of the special bends may be performed ahead of time, at the pipe factory. After the pipe has been bent, it is aligned and welded. Typically, the joints will be welded together with assistance of line-up clamps. As each weld is completed, the pipe will be placed on supports adjacent to the trench. Each weld will be inspected visually and via X-ray (or some other non-destructive test method) by qualified inspectors. All bending, welding, and coating in the field shall comply with industry and company standards and specifications. All pipes will be protected with an external coating designed to protect the pipe from corrosion. Except for a small area at the end of the pipe joint, coating will be applied at the pipe mill before shipment to the site. After welding together in the field, pipe joints are coated with similar or compatible materials. Before lowering-in, the pipe coating will be inspected for defects called holidays, with special attention given to all field applied coatings. In compliance with construction specifications, all holidays will be repaired prior to lowering-in. To avoid kinks, up to three cranes are positioned along the working pipeline spread and used to lower the pipeline into the excavation. Side boom tractors will also be used to lower the pipe into the trench (Figure 2.8-1). The ditch will be free of debris and foreign material. If the bottom of the trench is rocky, the pipe may be lowered onto sandbags or support pillows. Alternative sources of padding for pipe in rocky soil may be sand, gravel, or screened soil, excluding topsoil. In areas where the excavated trench material may damage the pipe, the pipe will be protected with a protective wrap of rock shield. The pipe is placed in the ditch so as to conform to the alignment of the ditch and to prevent damage to the coating. Wherever rain or groundwater has infiltrated the trench, the trench will be dewatered in order to prevent the pipe from floating and also to enable inspection of the pipe in the trench. Usually the dewatering will be accomplished with a portable pump, and the outlet will be placed near the edge of the ROW to prevent backflow into the ditch, while minimizing erosion of surface soils. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-45 Chapter 2 Figure Pipeline Installation ethods in Uplands: Trenching DITCH SPOIL D\ PIPLR _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~~~~~~~~~20., SPOIL SIDE r IHG SIDE 250 RIGHT OF MY Hydrotesting As part of the commissioning process the onshore pipeline will be hydrotested (Section 2.9). Backfilling Once the pipe is in the trench, the trench is backfilled using a bulldozer, backhoe, or other suitable equipment. Backfill usually consists of the material originally excavated from the trench. However, in some cases additional backfill from other sources may be required. Any excess excavated materials or materials unsuitable for backfill will be spread evenly over the ROW or disposed of in accordance with reasonable landowner requests. In areas where topsoil has been segregated, the subsoil will be first placed in the trench and then the topsoil will be placed over the subsoil. Backfilling will occur to grade or slightly higher to accommodate any future soil settlement. During backfilling and final grading, measures will be taken to minimize erosion, restore the natural contour of the ground and restore surface drainage patterns as close to pre- construction conditions as practicable. In order to minimize the possibility of subsurface water flow on slopes along the pipeline trench, sand bags or foam-type trench breakers will be placed across the trench prior to backfilling. In other areas like terrace, levee, and stream crossings and the banks at streams and ditch crossings, the trench backfill will be solidly compacted. When the trench crosses streams, wetlands, or groundwater, trench plugs may be used to minimize the flow of water from the intersected body to and from the trench. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-46 Chapter 2 Clean-up and Restoration After the completion of backfilling, all disturbed areas will be finish graded and any remaining trash and debris will be properly disposed of in compliance with country and local regulations. After construction is completed, the entire ROW will be protected by the implementation of erosion control measures, including the site-specific contouring, permanent slope breakers (low profile berms constructed diagonally across the ROW to divert runoff), mulch and reseeding, or sodding with soil holding grasses. Contouring will be accomplished using acceptable excess soil from construction. The erosion control measures used will comply with country regulations or guidelines. Cathodic Protection Test, Bonding Leads, and Facilities Cathodic protection test stations, rectifiers, block valves, and pipeline markers will be located along the ROW as per Company requirements. Line Markers and Signs After construction is complete, line markers indicating the content of the pipeline will remain at each road and river crossing as well as every 2km (6,560ft) along the entire onshore pipeline ROW. Crossings with Roads and Other Pipelines Thrust Borine Method Thrust boring is a hydraulic push method used to drive a pipeline under a road or railroad and avoiding open trenching through the road. Thus, where the thrust-boring method is used, traffic will not be disrupted. Figure 2.8-2 illustrates a typical thrust-boring operation. Surveying The surveying is the same as for the trenching method. Clearing Trenches will be dug either side of the road in the direction of the ROW. No clearing is needed for this method except at the entry point and the exit point. However, extra workspace will be needed to string the welded pipe. If any excavation is done in preparation of equipment then proper erosion control measures will be followed. Setup Drilling Equipment The footprint required for the thrust-boring entry location is typically 50m (164ft) by 30m (98ft), located in the approach trench. The drilling equipment, comprising a cutter head attached to flighted auger shafts, is set up in the approach trench. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-47 Chapter 2 Figure Pipeline Installation ethods for Road Crossings: Thrust Boring tEXISTING a RAILROAC LIMITS X I ORAINAOE DITCH DISTLIMANCE l l I . I F ILTER FENCE SPOIL PILE I i rTY . I T . l llaRE PIT l 1 . .g REcEIVING PIT l iT TEMP-ORARY CL'LVERT _ __ IC e = EIIUIPIIENT 1-KIN o C ssua ITVP. _ Drill Pilot Hole The cutting head drills horizontally under the road or railroad and exits with high accuracy near the pre-determined exit point in the trench on the other side. The auger pushes the soil fragmented by the cutter out of the hole. The distance limitation of the drill is based upon the size of the pipe and the composition of the substrate to be drilled but these road and rail crossings, typically a few meters long, will be well within that limit. String the Pipe The pipe is pre-welded, inspected, and staged at the exit in a string as long as the thrust-bore hole. Depending upon the diameter of the pipe, the hole may need to be reamed to a larger diameter before the pipe string is pulled. Pull the Pipe The pipe is then attached to the drill string and is then pulled back through the hole by the drill rig. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-48 Chapter 2 Clean-up and Restoration, Reclamation of Surface Pits After the completion of horizontal drilling, any remaining trash and debris will be properly disposed of in compliance with country and local regulations. The site will be cleaned, restored, and reinstated. The mud pits will be leveled and remediated. Backfill within the boundary limits of a road crossing will be carried out in controlled layers of not more than 15cm thickness. Each layer will be thoroughly tamped and consolidated (using mechanical rammers) to the satisfaction of a WAPCo representative and the Road Authorities concerned. Any culverts and drainage ditches shall be restored to their original profile and condition. Line Markers and Signs Markers will be placed at the crossing on either side of the road or railroad. The cost, specialized equipment needed, and potential for environmental harm in getting the special equipment to isolated jobsites would outweigh the temporary ecological benefits of using the thrust-bore method for small, infrequently used road crossings, which can be crossed easily by normal, open-cut trenching and quickly re-instated. Road and Railroad Crossings A preliminary survey of the onshore route in Benin has identified one road and one railroad crossing for the link line running from the R&M station to Maria Gleta. Both will be thrust bored. Temporary arshalling ards In view of the onshore length of the Benin lateral and link line extension, there will be a temporary marshalling yard site to stage and dispatch equipment and materials used in onshore pipeline construction and provide temporary field office locations for the construction contractors. This staging yard will be adjacent to the Cotonou R&M station site (Section 2.8.6.1) and will be a temporary, incremental footprint of about 25 percent the size of the R&M station itself. Pipeline Installation ethods Wetlands Some of the pipeline route onshore in Benin will cross streams and pass through wetland areas. Installation at those locations will be in excavated trenches using a traditional "push" method or, as an alternative method, through directionally drilled boreholes. Both methods are described below. To overcome buoyancy forces in those areas, concrete weight-coated pipe will be used. Application of the weight coating, which will take place in Ghana and Nigeria, is explained in Section 2.8.7 of the Ghana Final Draft EIA Rev 1 (Ghana 2.8.7). Similarly, all shore crossings will be provided by means of directionally drilled boreholes or, if found to be technically unfeasible, in excavated trenches. Horizontal methods are preferred in these settings. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-49 Chapter 2 Push Method6 The push method of constructing a pipeline through a wetland has many of the same steps as constructing a pipeline on dry land. The main differences are that the heavy equipment may have to be supported by mats or on a barge depending upon depth of water on the working side of the ROW, and the pipe floated into place over the trench before installation rather than lifted over the trench with cranes. The main steps are described below. Surveying This is essentially the same as on dry land, except special modes of transportation, such as all-terrain vehicles or airboats, may have to be used to transport the surveyors and survey equipment. Clearing This too is essentially the same as on dry land except that if the wetland is forested, the tree stumps and root mass from all plants will be left intact on the non-working side of the ROW. Trenching The pipe trench will be dug using trenchers or backhoes on mats or pontoons or from barges. For wetlands with saturated soils, or very shallow standing water, this equipment may have to be supported on timber mats or on prefabricated equipment mats. If the ROW extends over wetlands or open water, construction of a barge canal may be required and excavation conducted from a barge. Long trenches may be excavated in spreads to minimize caving of the trench wall prior to pipeline lowering. Spoil from the trench will be stored within the ROW on the non-working side of the ROW. Topsoil will be stored separately in zones where there is no standing water or saturated soils. There, filter fences will be installed to control sediment runoff from spoil storage areas along the work corridor. Stockpiling of soil will be interrupted at intervals to prevent change of sheet flow. Figure 2.8-3 illustrates a typical trenching operation in wetlands. 6 In accordance with WAGP specification WAGP-P-Z-CA-0002-0. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-50 Chapter 2 Figure Typical Trenching Operation in Wetlands 501Kr SIE (m. vIJ x111,~~~~l 1W1, P11.1FFER I1W. Su NM ~ ILL SEE .10~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~$EEM SEDIkENT PM114 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~EfWSEc *0 1PAM PAST !3tLM Xc SECATED VEb. AS s. lL 1EIcu LIK Ml'_ RI Wu m2u If there is reason to believe the bottom of the pipe trench is at a lower elevation than the wetland, a permanent trench plug of impervious clay will be placed into the trench at the wetland boundaries. Trenching will be conducted in a manner that does not significantly impact hydrology or surface water flow of streams or wetlands and in a manner that will not result in saltwater intrusion to a stream or wetland. A spoils management program will be developed and implemented for temporary spoils storage and a monitoring program will be implemented to ensure that significant impacts do not occur, as approved by the government agencies. Pipe Welding and Inspection The welding and non-destructive inspection (e.g., X-raying) of the pipe will be performed in the uplands or on a barge. Once welded, tested, and approved, a shrink-wrap is applied to each joint and the pipe lowered into the excavation with cranes. Add Floats and Push Pipe into Place A series of floats, such as drums welded onto brackets, will be attached to the pipeline. For short wetland crossings, the pipe string can then be pushed across the wetland. For longer June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-51 Chapter 2 crossings, a cable is also attached to the lead pipe and the pipe string is pushed and pulled across the wetland. Pipe Lowering Once the pipe is in place above the pipe trench, the floats are removed and the pipe is allowed to sink in place. The ends of the pipe segment are capped, pending hydrostatic testing and tie-in with the upland portions of the pipeline. Backfill To stabilize the pipeline, the trench will be backfilled as soon as possible. Excavated wetlands will be backfilled with either the same material as removed or a comparable material that is capable of supporting similar wetland vegetation. Original marsh elevations will be restored. Adequate material will be used so that following settling and compaction of the material, the proper pre-project elevation is attained. If excavated materials are insufficient to accomplish this, material with similar grain size will be purchased locally and utilized in situ to restore the trench to the required elevation. After backfilling, erosion protection measures will be implemented where needed to prevent fish and wildlife habitat degradation and loss. The spoils management program mentioned in the trenching step above will also describe how all spoils will be used, giving preference to the use of spoils for backfill and determining the source of additional backfill material in the event of a spoils shortage, and will provide for the disposition of excess spoils materials. Line Markers and Signs Markers and sign boards will be placed at the ends of the wetlands. The above steps outline the basic push-method. There may be some variations made depending on the type of wetland or water body being crossed. These variations are described in Section 2.8.2.2.5. Horizontal Directional Drilline (HDD) Method7 HDD is a pipeline installation method to minimize surface disturbance to ecologically sensitive areas, such as wetlands, stream crossings and beach crossings. For WAPCo it is the preferred method for shore crossings (Section 2.8.4). This method has been proven to be the best for having little or no effect upon these environments. The drilled crossings will eliminate the wave or storm action on the pipe and reduce the time of installation compared to the conventional method of sheet pilling, excavating and backfilling. The HDD construction technique has distance and soil limitations and has its own types of negative impacts; thus the HDD method may not be suitable for all wetlands crossings. The basic steps of an HDD pipeline installation are given below. Figure 2.8-4 illustrates a typical HDD operation. 7 In accordance with WAGP specification WAGP-P-Z-CA-0002-0. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-52 Chapter 2 Figure Typical HDD Operation I.D.1. Pilot Hole I~~~~~~~ w e^ m1"* I D 2. Preream 1033. Pullback _ . _ _ . 4 P ^ ~ -d-~: Surveying The surveying is the same as for the push method. However, if it is known early enough that this method will be used, the survey points for surface locations only apply to the entry and exit points. Survey points through the wetland would not be needed. Clearing No clearing is needed for this method except at the entry point and the exit point. However, extra workspace will be needed to string the welded pipe. If any excavation is done in preparation of equipment then proper erosion control measures will be followed. Setup Drilling Equipment The footprint required for the HDD operations is expected to depend on the contractor and final design but could be up to 50m by 500m, located in the adjacent upland. An onshore pipeline access and egress ROW is also required. The drill site would require leveling, fill, and compaction in order to support the drilling equipment. Typically up to thirty large truckloads of equipment and supplies are required at each HDD site. The driller will need to excavate a bore pit for the entry hole. Non-hazardous bentonite (montmorillonite clay) will be used as the drilling medium. The water source will be determined by the contractor at each site. The driller will also install a lined "return" pit to collect the slurry of muds and cuttings circulating back to the surface and prevent them from being washed into the wetland June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-53 Chapter 2 by stormwater runoff. The slurry is then pumped to a lined "settling and containment pit" which is typically larger and varies in size. The slurry is then passed through shaking sieves and/or hydrocyclones, which separate the drill cuttings from the slurry before being recycled in the drilling operation. Mobile diesel generators provide power to the operation. Depending upon available living accommodations, drilling crews may require temporary living and sanitary facilities. Drill Pilot Hole The drill string drills an arc under the wetland or beach crossing and exits with high accuracy near the pre-determined exit point. The distance limitation of the drill is based upon the size of the pipe and the composition of the substrate to be drilled. A maximum distance of 1,500m (4,921 ft) with a corresponding depth of 30m (98ft) is typical. String the Pipe If the HDD exits on land, the pipe is pre-welded, inspected, coated and staged at the exit in a string as long as the HDD hole. Depending upon the diameter of the pipe, the hole may need to be reamed to a larger diameter before the pipe string is pulled. Pull the Pipe The pipe is then attached to the drill string and is then pulled back through the hole by the drill rig. Recover the Drilling Muds The drilling muds that were returned to the mud pit are then reclaimed into a tank and taken off-site for disposal. Typically the used muds are recycled for the next HDD, if possible. However, final disposal does not typically require much treatment, because the slurry of muds and cuttings are primarily native soils, water, and bentonite clay. Bentonite clay is a naturally occurring clay and is non-toxic. The disposal of the slurry will be performed in accordance with a waste-management plan. Typically, the slurry is disposed of by evacuation to an approved land dump site or spread onto the land for water retention improvement. The amount of slurry requiring disposal is not expected to exceed 3800L (lO0Ogal) per HDD operation. Clean-up and Restoration, Reclamation of Surface Pits After the completion of HDD any remaining trash and debris will be properly disposed of in compliance with country and local regulations. The site will be cleaned, restored, and reinstated. The mud pits will be leveled and remediated. Line Markers and Signs Markers and sign boards will be placed at the ends of the wetlands. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-54 Chapter 2 If the need to minimize surface disturbance is strong enough and the distance exceeds the technically feasible drill distance for the diameter of pipe, the drill rig can be moved near the first exit hole and the HDD process can be repeated. For shoreline approaches and to cross the beach at the landfalls for each country, where it is technically feasible, the HDD process will be used to minimize impact to the shallow water, beach, and dunes habitats. Use of the HDD method is recommended for other isolated wetlands or fringe wetlands along lagoons or rivers only if the ecological value of the wetland is verified as a regional or international wetland (e.g., a Ramsar site). The cost, needed specialized equipment, and potential for environmental harm in getting the special equipment to isolated jobsites would outweigh the temporary ecological benefits of using the HDD method at small, isolated wetlands. Crossing Wetlands and Water Bodies Table 2.8-1 shows the wetland crossings identified by a preliminary survey of the route of the pipeline lateral along the proposed ROW from the onshore/offshore interface tie-in to the station inlet pipeline pig receiver at the Cotonou R&M station. Six wetland crossings have been identified for the lateral and one for the link line. It is expected that these will be trenched using the push method. (The same is the case for the lagoon, which WAPCo believes can be trenched duing the dry season.) Table Occurrence of River, Stream and Wetland Crossings Along Pipeline Lateral ROW in Benin CIL CIL Station Station Length Area Begina End (m) (m) Description Category 585 1040 455 11,375 Mansrove Swamp Perennial Swamp (PS) 1203 1750 547 13,675 Swampy Area PS 2111 2160 49 1,225 Swampy Area PS 2311 2353 42 1,050 Swampy Area PS 2548 2690 142 3,550 Swampy Area PS 3551 3739 188 4,700 Swampy Area PS a Survey marker, in relation to Benin Shore Crossing. Additionally a swamp crossing approximately 800m (2,624.7ft) in length and 2ha in area has been identified for the link line from the R&M station to Maria Gleta. Perennial Swamp Trenching in these areas can be performed by backhoes and thus barge-mounted equipment is not expected to be required. La2oons The other significant water body to be crossed is the lagoon south of the R&M station in Benin. The lagoon is approximately 800m (0.5 mile) to lkm (0.6 mile) wide. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-55 Chapter 2 HDD of the lagoon would possibly take only eight days since the 8in (20.3cm) diameter pipe could be narrow enough for reaming not to be required. If reaming were required, then the duration would be expected to be 15 days. However, WAPCo will use push-method trenching to cross the lagoon as WAPCo believes that it would not result in significantly worse inputs than HDD if it were performed during the dry season. Re Instatement Reinstatement will be undertaken to return the physical environment to a state similar to that in which it was found in order to prevent erosion, encroachment by undesirable vegetation, and damage to the pipeline from root systems of unplanned, colonizing plants or trees. Potential land uses of the pipeline ROW area, such as farming or public space, will be considered during reinstatement planning, as these may affect the level or type of appropriate reinstatement. All construction related materials (e.g., timber riprap, prefabricated equipment mats, geotextile fabric) will be removed upon completion of construction. In upland areas, the ROW will be restored by replacing stockpiled topsoil and excavated sediment. This material will be compacted to limit erosion. Excess soil will be re-graded to conform to the surrounding terrain and to limit erosion by wind and running water. The gradient of slopes should not exceed 2:1. The graded surface will be planted with native grasses only and routinely mowed to minimize tendency for natural reforestation throughout the life of the project. The site to be reinstated will be scarified (ripped and disked to a depth of 6in) and immediately broadcast seeded. Where the pipeline trench may drain a wetland, trench breakers will be installed and/or the trench bottom sealed as necessary to maintain the original wetland hydrology. A permanent slope breaker will be installed at each wetland crossed, along with a trench breaker at the base of the slopes near the boundary between the wetland and the adjacent upland areas. Fertilizer, lime, or mulch will not be used in the ROW within a wetland, nor immediately upslope from a wetland. Species suitable for seeding wherever brackish water is present will be used wherever that is required. For all forested wetlands (mangrove swamp) affected native trees will be planted to ultimately restore the temporary construction ROW and the non-maintained portion of the permanent ROW to its pre-construction state. Native shrubs and herbaceous species will also be planted to re-vegetate a 9m wide portion of the permanent ROW, which for maintenance purposes will not be allowed to revert to forested wetlands (mangrove) for the life of the project. Revegetation will not occur on portions of land required for maintenance roads.or fire-breaks. Onshore Pipeline Construction aterial anagement Summary The precise quantities and types of raw materials will not be known for certain until the construction contract has been awarded and construction planning and procurement is undertaken. However, Table 2.8-2 provides a summary of estimated raw materials. 8 Reinstatement is described further in WAGP specification WAGP-P-Y-SA-0078-1. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-56 Chapter 2 Table Raw aterials Re uired for Installation of Onshore Pipeline not including shore crossings Type Quantity 12m 8in/lOin line pipe sections 416/792 joints Food and Bottled Water Daily supplies for 50 workers Construction Water (possibly purchased 1,500L/day (400gal/day) from local wells) Diesel Fuel for Generators and Construction 5,OOOL/day (1,320gal/day) Equipment Solvents, Lubricating Oils, Greases, etc. Incidental volumes Paint, Coatings, Welding Materials, Piping Quantities sufficient for approximately Materials, Electrical Materials 1,125*12m lengths of pipe Pesticides (e.g., diazinon) Small volumes Drilling Muds 800 m3 Details of types and estimated quantities of wastes and waste water generated are presented in Appendix 2-B. Wastes will be treated and disposed of according to an approved waste management plan. They are expected to consist principally of cleared vegetation from the ROW (i.e., the vegetation cover of an area of 35ha in Benin). Vegetation wastes will first be made available to the local population as a fuel source and, secondarily, disposed of by incineration (burnt on-site). Lagos Beach Compressor Station and Primary Control System The construction of the Lagos Beach Compressor Station is described in Section 2.8.3 of the Nigeria Final Draft EIA Rev 1 (Nigeria 2.8.3). Shore Crossings Construction Activities Shore crossings may be performed either by horizontal direction drilling (HDD) or if that provides unfeasible, by open-cut trenching. WAPCo prefers HDD. Open-cut trenching is described in Section 2.5.4.2.2 of the Regional Final Draft EIA Rev 1. With HDD, a temporary work staging and construction area will be established for approximately four to seven weeks. One or two drilling units will be brought in by truck as discrete, land-transportable skids, requiring ten truck movements. Operations will be performed on 24-hour basis. Once the shore crossing is completed and the equipment has been removed, the area will be remediated. The base case is that HDD for the shore crossing will be performed from the main land beach location out to sea. The HDD method has been previously described in Sectio 2.8.2.2.4. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-57 Chapter 2 This page intentionally left blank June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-58 Figure 2.1-: Shore Crossing by HDD - - - - - - PROF1.IL5E0 7000 1007 007~~~~IW& -~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~T -f - -i - - - DETA,L D L 043' W TRANSITION DETAIL V O T 5 a \ ISlo SCALEjN.T 5 June 2004 Benin\Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-59 o57 t5TE Y~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~90 100 00 0000 870007 0700 ,0,i Sf AI£: YYIZXJNrS 1 l5Xo ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ 7 50 W1f P0707 7000707000001307701000 , 9~~~~~~~~000 0000007000*0*0 "00777070 000 04O .7"5 70707 0 0ll0 N 0 70_Y 0J00e00000 Bei Fia-IatEI e 125 Chapter 2 This page intentionally left blank June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-60 Chapter 2 aterials anagement Summaries The precise quantities and types of raw materials will not be known for certain until the construction contract has been awarded and construction planning and procurement is undertaken. However, Table 2.8-3 provides a summary of estimated raw materials. Table Raw aterials Re uired for Installation of Shore Crossings by HDD Type Quantity Food and bottled water Daily supplies for 10 workers Diesel fuel for generators and construction 190L/day (5Ogal/day) equipment Solvents, lubricating oils, greases, etc Incidental volumes Welding materials, piping materials, Quantities sufficient for approximately electrical materials 100*12m lengths of pipe Drilling muds for the crossing (estimated 1,700m3 length 1,200m) Construction water (possibly purchased 1 ,700m3 from local wells) I Details of types and estimated quantities of wastes and waste water will be presented in Appendix 2-B. Cuttings are expected to be approximately 5,400m3 and will be managed via the waste management plan. (It is expected that solids will be buried but that liquids will have to be drawn off and disposed of separately.) Offshore ain Trun and Lateral Lines obili ation The offshore pipeline will be installed from a lay barge possessing an anchoring or dynamic positioning system (DPS). A pipe barge, supply vessel, and anchor handling vessel will support the anchoring lay barge, which will mobilize from the selected contractor's nearest port of availability. The vessels will arrive with all the equipment they need. It is expected that smaller support vessels such as the survey vessel, dive support vessel, and supply boats would mobilize from Tema, Warri, or Port Harcourt. For the laying of the 20in trunk, the fleet will consist of: * Eight to ten cargo barges plus a tug (five crew members each); * One or two lay barges (200 to 400 crew members each); * Two or three anchor handling tugs (five crew members each); * A supply boat (five crew members); * A dive support vessel (25 crew members); and * A survey vessel (25 crew members). For the laying of the lateral lines, the fleet will consist of: June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-61 Chapter 2 * One to two cargo barges plus a tug (five crew members each); * One small lay barges (100 to 200 crew members); * Two or three anchoring tugs (five crew members each); * A supply boat (five crew members); * A dive support vessel (25 crew members); and * A survey vessel (25 crew members). The same supply boat, dive support vessel, and survey vessel will be used in each fleet. The lay vessel of the lateral fleet will be used to support the HDD shore crossing. The lay barges are not expected to require any port visits during the duration of the WAGP work. (Lay vessels do not come into port unless required by mechanical repairs, vessel overhauls, or lack of work.) Due to the length of time that the lay barge will be in operation, there will be a need for offshore bunkering (refueling). The bunkering procedures will be consistent with standard international practice. The Engineering, Procurement, Construction (EPC) contractor will have a spill prevention and response plan that will meet or exceed industry code requirements. The pipeline equipment to be installed consists of weight-coated pipeline lengths and lateral tie-ins. Installation equipment includes lifting gear, welding equipment, and generators. Typical fuel consumption rates are 2,000gal/day to 2,500gal/day for the range of proposed WAGP lay vessels. All needed consumables (food, fuel, and water) will be provided by supporting supply vessels. Water consumption is expected to be 12L/person/day (3gal/person/day). A typical supply vessel can transfer up to 90,000gal of fuel. Supplies will be shipped from Tema. The offshore route has been previously surveyed to avoid obstacles during pipe laying. However, a second survey will be performed to ensure suitable anchorages for the vessels. Labor The crew of the fleet laying the 20in trunk is expected to number between 300 and 920 members. They will live on the vessels. Crew rotation will occur every one to three months. The crew of the fleet laying the laterals will number between 270 and 380 members. Construction ethods E uipment The lay barge will begin installation by tying the pipeline into each directionally drilled or excavated subsea exit point. From that location it will navigate along the main trunk or lateral pipeline route tending up to eight anchors, two from each corner of the vessel, a distance of up to lkm (0.6 mile) from the lay barge. An anchoring vessel will lift and place anchors in accordance with an anchoring plan along which the lay barge will navigate.9 The lay barge will guide itself forward along the tended anchor lines with a global positioning satellite system. 9 In accordance with WAGP specification WAGP-R-X-SA-1OI 1-0. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-62 Chapter 2 Installation will occur on a 24 hours per day, seven days per week schedule. Assembly and installation begins with the offloading of waiting pipe using self-contained overhead cranes from the pipe barge to the lay barge. Line pipe will be staged and assembled along an assembly line of welding, coating, and inspection process. Throughout the process, the pipeline is continually advanced toward the stem of the vessels as the lay barge makes way along the pipeline route. The ends of the line pipe will be aligned and joined by an automatic welder, which when advanced, a weld bead is applied at four separate welding stations. The welds will be inspected via non-destructive techniques (X-Ray or ultrasonic testing (UT)) when the weld is complete and any out of code defects repaired. Also much like the onshore process, each approved weld joint is protected with "shrink wrap sleeve." An additional coating of poly foam injected into a bladder is placed over the shrink-wrap and will be added to the joint to prevent it from catching on conveyor apparatuses. As the pipeline is lowered into the water, over bend and under bend radii (arcs formed in the pipe as it exits the ship and before it comes to rest on the seafloor) are constantly observed and monitored by divers to ensure the pipeline is not overstressed during installation. A protective guard extends below the pipeline-laying vessel to a depth of 6.1m (20ft) below sea level to prevent it from becoming entangled in the nets of fishing vessels. WAGP has performed a survey of seafloor obstructions and the pipeline route is selected to avoid these features as far as possible. Occasionally, however, due to depressions in the seafloor, there may be spans where the pipeline will be unsupported by the seabed. In these instances, sandbags or concrete mats will be manually placed in the depression before being crossed by the pipeline to provide support of the span. Where the pipeline route crosses undersea cables, concrete mats will be used to achieve a 9in (23cm) separation. Much like the tie-ins to the laterals at the their subsea exit point from shore crossings, tie-ins to the main trunk line will be made by divers at preinstalled flanges on the main trunk line. If the directionally drilled subsea exit point occurs in water depths less than 8m (26ft), jet trenching will be used to ensure that the pipeline is installed below the seabed floor. The lay barge vessel will deploy water-jetting equipment to "cut" a trench on the seabed by displacing sediment after the pipeline has been laid on the sea bed. Water jets break up, remove, or liquefy the soil from under the pipeline allowing it to settle at an elevation below the seabed. The pipeline would eventually be covered due to the natural movements of the sediments on the seabed floor. The jet machine ejects plumes of fluidized soil out of the eductors on the sides of the machine to the bottom of the water column. Once a water depth of 8m is reached, the passive (non-buried) pipe laying operations as described above will resume. Duration Installation is expected to proceed at a rate of 2km to 3km (1.24 miles to 1.86 miles) per day. Installation is expected to take 6 to 8 months for the main trunk line and two weeks for each lateral and will be carried out so as to avoid the main wet season. As the shore crossing is June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-63 ~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 1 I Chapter 2 planned to be undertaken by HDD, the lateral crew will stay in place for an extra two weeks. Interruptions due to adverse meteorological conditions at sea are not expected to seriously impact the overall schedule. In the event of storms, the vessels would move into protected waters and return when the seas were safe to return to work. Demobili ation Once pipeline laying is complete the vessels depart taking their equipment with them. Offshore ain Trun Line and Lateral Lines Construction aterial anagement Summary The precise quantities and types of raw materials will not be known for certain until the construction contract has been awarded and construction planning and procurement is undertaken. However, Table 2.8-4 provides a summary of estimated raw materials. Table Raw aterials Re uired for Installation of Offshore Pipeline Type Quantity Line pipe Approximately 600km Lateral tie-ins with associated valves Three Food and bottled water Daily supplies for between 300 and 920 workers (mainline crew) and 270 and 380 workers (lateral crew) Diesel fuel for ships, generators and 7,600 to 9,500L/day (2,000 to 2,500gal/day) per ship construction equipment Solvents, lubricating oils, greases, etc. Incidental volumes Welding materials, piping materials, Quantities sufficient for approximately 600km of pipe electrical materials All wastes will be stored onboard and disposed of in accordance with Marine Pollution Convention (MARPOL) 73/78. R Stations R Station Construction Activities Between 50 and 100 truck movements will be required to bring to the site the materials and equipment for construction and for operation of the R&M station. The main plant equipment to be installed is listed in Section 2.4.5.2. Construction equipment and facilities include: * Temporary office; * Temporary sanitation facilities (for 50 people, see below); and * A 500kW diesel-fueled generator. A temporary staging area equal to 25 percent of the layout area will be required. This area will be included in the approximately 3ha marshalling yard to be used in construction of the lateral. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-64 Chapter 2 Construction activities will start with excavation, clearing, and backfill of the footprint. Piling will be undertaken and concrete for the foundations will then be prepared and poured. Plant equipment will be installed and a security fence erected allowing for a 25m wide buffer zone around the facilities. A borehole to provide water will be sunk at the R&M station. Unless a determination is made at a later date that there are insufficient groundwater resources, groundwater will be used for construction purposes (dust control, freshwater make-up water for HDD, etc.). It is expected that construction of the R&M station will take four months. The number of workers involved is expected to range between 50 and 100. Workers will be transported in daily from local population centers. The construction of temporary housing facilities will not be needed. R Station Construction aterial anagement Summary The precise quantities and types of raw materials will not be known for certain until the construction contract has been awarded and work is undertaken. However, Table 2.8-5 provides a summary of estimated raw materials. Table Raw aterials re uired for Construction of R Station Type Quantity Food and bottled water Daily supplies for 50 to 100 workers Construction water (possibly purchased 1,lOOL/day to 2,200L/day (290gal/day from local wells) to 580gal/day) Diesel fuel for generators and 230L/day to 450L/day (60gal/day to construction equipment 120gal/day) Solvents, lubricating oils, greases, etc. Incidental volumes Paint, coatings, welding materials, Small quantities sufficient for piping materials, electrical materials permanent equipment Blockwall, concrete, framing lumber, Sufficient for foundations for footprint asphalt, rebar of 3.3ha (8.1 acres) Details of types and estimated quantities of wastes and waste water generated will be presented in Appendix 2-B. Weight Coating Plant The line pipe destined to lie on the sea bed or at the bottom of wetlands will be weight-coated with concrete in order to suppress any buoyancy it may have. A new weight coating plant will be built in Tema, Ghana and an existing weight coating business will be used in Choba, Nigeria. These weight coating plants are described in Section 2.8.7 of the Ghana and Nigeria Final Draft EIAs Rev 1 (Ghana 2.8.7, Nigeria 2.8.7). June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-65 l~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Chapter 2 Commissioning Commissioning will be undertaken in all WAGP pipeline segments (offshore mainline, onshore Nigeria pipeline, offshore laterals, onshore Benin, Ghana and Togo segments, and onshore Nigeria) and will consist of the following steps: * Flooding, cleaning, gauging, and reflooding;'0 * Hydrostatic testing;" * Dewatering and drying;'2 and * Air expulsion and nitrogen packing.' l It is envisaged that the main pipeline will be commissioned first and then the laterals. Flooding, Cleaning, Gauging, and Reflooding Upon completion of a pipeline segment and prior to connection with station piping, temporary pigging and testing equipment will be installed at the pipeline ends. For offshore segments, this will be done in such a way as to avoid inhibiting the normal passage of local boat traffic. A single train of pigs will be used to flood, clean, and gauge the segment. The segment will be filled with untreated water that has been filtered to remove 99 percent of particles of diameter 92 microns and larger and flushed by means of two bi-directional plain or poly pigs. The source of the water will vary according to the segment: the Nigeria lagoon for the offshore trunk and the Atlantic Ocean for the laterals. The receiving environment for discharged water from these two segments will be the Atlantic Ocean. The volumes for each portion of the pipeline are given in Table 2.9-1. Table Location and Volume of Water Displacement Discharge Segment Location Volume Discharge Rate Onshore and Offshore Mainline Takoradi Beach 106,000m3 0.376m3/sec Onshore and Offshore Mamlme T__________Beach (668,450 API Barrels (bbl)) 2.37bbl/sec Cotonou Offshore 467m3 0.027m3/sec Cotonou Beach (2,940bbl) 0. 175bbl/sec Cleaning will be done by two wire-brush pigs next in the train. Finally in the run, a gauging pig will then check the segment for dents, buckles, ovality, or other obstructions. The plate on the gauging pig will be sized to 95 percent of the segment's internal diameter and be chamfered at the leading edge. After gauging, the segment will be flooded with water into which a biocide chemical has been injected downstream of the filters. This is in order to mitigate the effects of corrosive 10 In accordance with WAGP specification WAGP-P-Y-SA-0086-0. WAGP-P-Y-SA-0087-0. 12 WAGP-P-Y-SA-0088-0. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-66 Chapter 2 anaerobic bacteria entrained within the lagoon water or seawater used for testing activities. The active ingredient of the biocide will be tetrakishydroxymethyl phosphonium sulphate (THPS), which has been chosen as it is effective, is not expected to bioaccumulate, and has superior biodegradability to other biocide active ingredients. For the lagoon water used for the offshore mainline segment, the effective concentration there will be 1 90ppm. For the ocean water used for the laterals, the effective concentration will be 1 25ppm. Hydrostatic Testing Hydrostatic pressure testing consists of verifying the integrity of the pipeline through subjecting it to increasing internal pressure from water introduced during flooding for that purpose. The testing procedure is described in detail in the WAGP technical specification WAGP-P-Y-SA-0087-0 (Appendix 8B4.4), including the precautionary measures required to avoid damaging the pipeline, e.g., supporting piping and anchoring temporary flexible hosing. Any leaks and bleeds of hydrotest water will be accounted for. At the end of successful hydrotesting, the pipeline will be depressurized to 1 barg or less. Dewatering and Drying After hydrotesting is complete, temporary pigging and testing equipment will be removed and blind flanges installed at ends until the pipeline tie-ins are ready to be installed. It could take weeks or months until tie-in occurs. After tie-ins are installed the pipeline will be ready for dewatering. This will be achieved by means of mechanical techniques using conventional bi-directional pigs with "hi-seal" facilities in one pigging cycle. Hydrotest water will be treated with a biocide whose active ingredient will be tetrakishydroxymethyl phosphonium sulphate (THPS), which has been chosen as it is effective, is not expected to bioaccummulate, and has superior biodegradability to other biocide active ingredients. WAPCo will discharge hydrotest water, at a minimum, in compliance with the effluent discharge requirements of each country, including the acquisition of discharge permits. To assure this, the THPS-containing hydrotest water will be appropriately treated with hydrogen peroxide in an onshore train of neutralization tanks. Permissible discharge concentrations will be based on the results of a suitable ecotox testing program (using local species). Nigerian Environmental Guidelines and Standards (EGAS) protocols, and The West African industry practice. Appendix 8B2.5.2 presents the WAGP Pipeline Hydrotesting Discharge Ecotoxicity Leasing Plan. Appropriate waste water discharge controls, which will be developed based on the results of the ecotoxicity and other testing, will be established as part of specific applications for discharge permits appropriate within each country, likely in the 6 month to 12 month timeframe following the Final Investment Decision. A total of approximately 130,500m3 (82 1,000bbl) of treated water will require discharge . The pig speed will be 5ft/sec and hence the volumetric rate of discharge will vary according to the diameter of the pipe. Proposed water discharge points for specific dewatering June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-67 Chapter 2 operations are shown in Table 2.9-2. These points will be 10m to l5m (33ft to 50ft) offshore below sea level. Table Location and Volume of Hydrotest Water Discharge Segment Location Volume Discharge rate Onshore and Offshore Takoradi Beach 130, 000m3 0.376m3/sec Mainline _ (818000bb) 2.37bbl/sec Cotonou Offshore Cotonou Beach 467m3 0.027m3/sec I (2,940bbls) 0.176bbl/sec Sample points will also be established at these locations. All water shall be discharged through multi-point discharges to maximize dispersion and aeration. Outlets will be below water at all times. During dewatering, the quantity of discharge water will be metered. Dewatering will be considered complete once a target volume has been reached. Dry air purging will be performed within two weeks of hydrotesting by blowing dry, filtered, compressed air through the line to thus attain a dew point of -200C (-4°F). Dryness will be verified through tests before purging is commenced. Air E pulsion and Nitrogen Pac ing After drying is complete, the air inside the pipeline must be expelled before natural gas can be introduced. Nitrogen will be the inert gas used to purge the pipeline. A temporary nitrogen generation unit will be installed on the beach (for the mainline) or on an offshore support vessel (for the laterals) and connected to the pig launcher and a hi-seal type pig will be launched to displace air. Such a nitrogen generation unit would typically consist of a 2.4m by 3.7m (8ft by 12ft) nitrogen generator, a 1.2m by 1.8m (4ft by 6ft) electrical generator, and three 2.1m by 5.8m (7ft by 19ft) air compressors, each with a 450hp diesel engine and a spark arrestor). The typical fuel requirement for each engine is 2,OOOL/day (530gal/day). Once the pig is received at the receiver, the nitrogen will continue to purge the pipeline until the gaseous mixture sampled at the receiving end meets the company specified limit of 99 percent nitrogen. The pipeline will then be packed with nitrogen up to a pressure of 0.33 barg (5 pounds per square inch gauge (psig)) in the case of the laterals and 0.5 barg (7.2psig) in the case of the mainline. All temporary equipment will be disconnected and final connections made to station piping. The contractor will then hand over the commissioning process to WAGP. Hiring and Training Hiring of commissioning contractors will commence during the latter stages of construction. The extent of personnel and other needs for commissioning will be determined during execution phase of the project. WAPCo employees will receive comprehensive training in June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-68 Chapter 2 Health, Environment, Safety (HES), specific job skills (technical and non-technical), Plant Operations, etc. This will be an ongoing process and will commence prior to start- up/commissioning. WAPCo employees will work closely with the EPC contractor, suppliers, and vendors during construction and commissioning. Ongoing aintenance and Testing Ongoing maintenance will be undertaken throughout this phase: compressors and other equipment will be lubricated, calibrated, and tested as well as all control and telecommunications including the VSAT systems. Commissioning ends and start-up will begin when the pipeline is ready for introduction of hydrocarbons. Regulatory Review and Participation EIA and Permitting Agency reviews and participation is expected to continue during the construction stage including: * Project workshops; * Training; * Joint safety inspections; * Pre start-up safety audit; and * Review of specific operating permit requirements. Start up Start-up will be undertaken by WAPCo. The main step will consist of filling the pipeline with natural gas but ongoing testing and maintenance (e.g., of compressors and control equipment) will continue from the commissioning phase. Line Fill with Gas A hi-seal pig will be inserted into the launcher and commence displacing the purge nitrogen with high-pressure natural gas. The nitrogen will be vented to a safe location. Once the pig arrives, the venting operation will cease and the pipeline will be filled up to a specified pressure with natural gas. Ongoing aintenance and Testing As with commissioning, hiring and training of start-up personnel will commence during the latter stages of construction and be completed in time to support the schedule. The extent of personnel and training needs will be determined. Regulatory Review and Participation As with commissioning, EIA and Permitting Agency reviews and participation is expected to continue during this stage including: June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-69 Chapter 2 * Project workshops; * Training; * Joint safety inspections; * Pre start-up safety audit; and * Review of specific operating permit requirements. Pipeline Operations The main pipeline operation, the transport of gas from Nigeria to Benin, Togo, and Ghana, is described in the early sections of this chapter, Section 2.1 through 2.4, particularly through the description of WAPCo facilities, Sections 2.4.1 through 2.4.5. Activities and facilities associated with health and safety of both the workers and nearby communities are listed below: * Ancillary equipment, particularly monitoring and control systems are discussed in Section 2.6.1; * ESD systems are described in Section 2.6.3; * Fire prevention, detection, and suppression systems are described in Section 2.6.2; * Gas detection systems are described in Section 2.6.2; * Waste management (sanitary, non-hazardous and hazardous) is described in Section 2.5; * Hazardous materials management (see below); * Maintenance of ROWs is described in Section 2.4.5.2.4. Access roads will be graded as required; * Corrosion control systems: cathodic protection is described in Section 2.4.4.2.3 and pigging operations (see below); and * Training of employees (see below). Regarding pigging operations, it is currently envisaged that an intelligent pig run will be performed at least once during the first five years of operation to set a baseline and verify that the corrosion mitigation program is working effectively. Subsequent intelligent pigging will be performed on the basis of the risk assessments of the Pipeline Integrity Management Plan rather than according to a pre-arranged time frame (Section 2.4.4.2.2). The transportation, storage, and use of hazardous materials will be in accordance with WAPCo HES procedures and local HES regulations. Their treatment and final disposal will be according to WAPCo's Waste Management Plan, which will conform to local HES regulations. Appendix 2-D lists the kind of hazardous materials that will be used, mostly in small quantities (i.e., not more than a few liters or kilograms and mostly much less). June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-70 Chapter 2 WAPCo employees will work closely with mentors to acquire the necessary skills required to competently operate and maintain WAPCo facilities and meet all WAPCo business requirements. Comprehensive training and development plans will be put in place as WAPCo evolves. Decommissioning and Abandonment As described in the Concession Agreement, WAPCo intends to decommission and abandon the pipeline consistent with local regulations and accepted industry practices prevailing at the time of abandonment. Detailed plans for facility decommissioning, abandonment, and facility/ROW reinstatement will be developed towards the end of the lifetime of the project. Measures for each element of WAGP are outlined below. Alagbado Tee Decommissioning of the Alagbado "Tee" is described in Section 2.12.1 of the Nigeria Final Draft EIA Rev 1 (Nigeria 2.12.1). Onshore Pipeline The 56km stretch in Nigeria and the onshore laterals in the other countries will be cut at their respective beaches, flushed, capped, and abandoned in place. If required by the regulations in force at the end of the project lifetime or by the local communities or stakeholders, then the pipeline will be removed and disposed of according to a management plan to be developed and approved nearer the time. However, it may be presumed that the impacts of disinterring an empty gas pipeline would be higher than leaving it in place. Compressor Station Decommissioning of the Lagos Beach Compressor Station is described in Section 2.12.3 of the Nigeria Final Draft EIA Rev 1 (Nigeria 2.12.3). A formal decommissioning plan will be developed at the appropriate point in time; it will adhere to the current environmental regulations and incorporate stakeholder concerns. Offshore Pipeline The offshore trunk and laterals will be cut at their respective beaches, flushed, capped, and abandoned in place. R Stations Equipment will be dismantled and removed for appropriate disposal according to a management plan to be developed and approved nearer the time. If required by the regulations in force at the end of the project lifetime, the concrete foundations will also be removed. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-71 Chapter 2 Remaining Uncertainties Table 2.13-1 summarizes the elements of the WAGP project execution in Benin that have yet to be definitively determined. These were discussed within the above text, but are reiterated here for the purpose of clarity. Decisions regarding project uncertainties at this point in time will later be confirmed at the time of the final investment decision (FID) or within 6 to 9 months from that date. Table Remaining Uncertainties __________________Onshore Laterals and R&M Stations Water Supply Sinking a well to groundwater (preferred), or Alternatives Bringing in by tanker truck Sanitary Waste Water Discharge into soil via drainage field (preferred); or Disposal Alternativesa Discharge into nearby receiving waters; or _ _ _ _ I ~~~~Hauling off-site for disposal a Chlorination not appropriate with drainage field, possibly appropriate with other two options (dependent upon local regulations and requirements). June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 2-72 Chapter Project Alternatives Introduction The purpose of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) project alternatives analysis is to provide a transparent and objective basis for identifying optimal project alternatives consistent with stakeholder, sponsor and regulatory goals. The alternatives analysis is structured to accord a high priority to environmental and social concerns in the selection process, in addition to considering technical and economic criteria. By explicitly incorporating environmental and social impacts into a high-level, early-stage evaluation of the proposed project, this analysis is expected to assist in identifying the approach to meeting project objectives that offers the best combination (i.e., the minimum) of cost and negative environmental/social impacts (World Bank, 1996). The need for alternative energy supplies in Benin, Ghana, and Togo is established by the coincidence of future energy deficits forecast in these countries and the comparatively high cost of thermal electricity generation using imported liquid fuels. This need, together with the supply of natural gas, the requirement to reduce gas flaring in Nigeria, and the technical feasibility of delivering natural gas from Nigeria to Ghana, Togo, and Benin, provide a compelling rationale to proceed with the West African Gas Pipeline (WAGP) project. This chapter details the methodology by which WAGP was assessed to be the optimal alternative to meet project objectives in separate analyses conducted by the World Bank (pending finalization) and this EIA. The following sections list alternative project options and comparatively evaluate a selection of them on a comprehensive array of criteria, spanning technical, economic, environmental and social impacts of the project. In the following analyses, project alternatives are identified by the World Bank and this EIA using two differing, but not mutually exclusive, approaches. The World Bank is preparing an Economic and Financial Analysis (EFA) analyzing project alternatives to the WAGP project. While this report has not yet been completed, a summary of an early draft of the report and its initial conclusions is provided in Section 3.3. The alternatives being assessed by the World Bank, listed in Section 3.2.1 and evaluated in Section 3.3, are an extensive range of options intended to examine alternatives across the whole energy sector and to focus on the options that maximize net regional benefits in a broader context of "project" as defined by the World Bank. On the other hand, the project-level alternatives considered in this chapter as part of the EIA for the most part reflect the business capabilities and objectives of the West African Pipeline Company (WAPCo) and its joint venture partners. The primary objective of the proposed WAGP project is to transport Nigerian-produced natural gas to commercially viable markets in Benin, Ghana, and Togo. These project-level alternatives, listed in Section 3.2.2 and Chapter 3 evaluated in Section 3.4, generally cover, and in some cases are a subset of, "project" alternatives as identified by the World Bank. Apart from differences in the approach used to identify project alternatives, the World Bank EFA and this EIA also used different methodologies in evaluating the short-listed alternatives. These methodologies are described in sections 3.3 and 3.4 respectively. Section 3.5 describes the overall pipeline routing design options considered for the WAGP project. Section 3.6 concludes. Project Alternatives As described in the introduction, project alternatives are identified by the World Bank and this EIA using differing approaches. While the World Bank identifies alternatives as part of a regional energy sector optimization strategy, this EIA focuses on project-level alternatives consistent with WAPCo's objectives. The EIA does not specifically address all the alternatives that will be included in the World Bank Study; however, certain alternatives were assessed that further validate the EFA screening conclusions as indicated below. World Ban Regional Energy Sector Project Alternatives The World Bank's EFA is studying alternatives to (i) improve the competitiveness of the energy sectors in Benin, Ghana, and Togo, and (ii) foster regional economic and political integration that would support economic growth; in particular, the development of the West Africa electricity market. As part of that study the World Bank is examining a number of project alternatives, using the No-Project Alternative as the base case. The main alternatives, and variations therein, have been grouped as follows, with cross-references provided to options separately evaluated in the EIA. (The section where the same or similar alternative was considered in this EIA is provided after the alternative in parenthesis.) Domestic Power Development Alternatives In this group the EFA examines power generation alternatives within Ghana, Benin and Togo, considering: * Hydroelectric power Alternative 1 (see also Section 3.4.5 below) * Oil and gas fired generation Alternative 1 (see also Section 3.4.2 below) * Coal-fired generation Alternative 8 * Nuclear generation Alternative 8 * Wind power Alternative 2b (see also Section 3.4.5 below) * Solar photovoltaics Alternative 2b (see also Section 3.4.5 below) June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 3-2 Chapter 3 Power Importation Alternatives In this group the EFA considers imports from: * C6te d'Ivoire Alternative 4 * Burkina Faso Alternative 5 * Nigeria Alternative 6 Gas Resource and Transportation Alternatives In this group the EFA considers: * The use of indigenous Ghanaian Alternative 2a and Beninoise gas * Natural gas imports from Cote Alternative 3 d'Ivoire * Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) Alternative 7/8 (see also Section 3.4.4 below) transportation * Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Alternative 7/8 (see also Section 3.4.4 below) transportation * Alternative pipeline routes Alternative 7 (see also Section 3.6 EIA Project Level Alternatives The project alternatives considered in this EIA for the most part reflect the business capabilities and objectives of WAPCo and its joint venture partners. In addition, a limited number of competing power options and/or alternative energy resources were also considered. The primary objective of the proposed WAGP project is to transport Nigerian-produced natural gas to commercially viable markets in Benin, Ghana, and Togo, thereby: * Providing a reliable source of energy for electrical power generation and industrial use in the three receiving countries; * Providing a commercially viable market for Nigerian natural gas produced at oil wells, reducing the need to flare this gas; and * Facilitating regional cooperation and integration of reliable energy services through a large-scale joint venture partnership among four nations in the region. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 3-3 Chapter 3 Therefore, the project options that were considered as possible technology alternatives during the planning of the WAGP project focused on alternative ways of bringing Nigerian natural gas to market, and alternative means of providing energy resources to Benin, Ghana, and Togo. The following alternatives were considered: * The No-Project Alternative; * The Proposed Project Alternative: Developing a gas pipeline (8 inch (in) to 30in diameter) and piping gas from Nigeria to Benin, Togo, and Ghana (a total distance of 691 kilometers (krn)); * Energy Generation and Delivery Alternative: Developing gas-powered electricity generating stations in Nigeria, and transmitting the electrical power to Benin, Ghana, and Togo; * LNG Fuel Export Alternative: Converting the gas to LNG and exporting it to Benin, Ghana, and Togo; and * Renewable Fuels Alternative: Meeting electricity generating demands in Benin, Ghana, and Togo with renewable resources (hydropower, solar, wind, agrofuel). Each project-level alternative is evaluated in Section 3.4. World Ban Regional Energy Sector Alternatives Analysis The World Bank's draft EFA evaluates all of the reasonable alternatives to the WAGP project. The draft EFA observes that while there are a broad range of options for delivering energy to fill the potential energy gap in the West Africa region, not all are practical or technically feasible at present. In order to focus the analysis on the most realistic options, the draft EFA employs a filter process to eliminate impractical options, comprising technical, physical, cost and implementation criteria. The draft EFA states that it seeks to meet the following two objectives: "In the context of the World Bank Group's due diligence, there are two reasons for analyzing the project alternatives. Firstly, to ensure that the Project, as formulated, represents the 'least-cost' way of bringing about the project benefits such that 'the expected present value of the project's net benefits must be higher than or equal to the expected present value of mutually exclusive project alternatives." Secondly, assuming that the Project is indeed the least-cost alternative, for the purposes of assessing the incremental net benefits of the Project, it is necessary to formulate the 'without project alternative' - the baseline against which the incremental project benefits are compared." The draft EFA considers three categories of alternatives: (i) domestic power development alternatives (ii) power importation alternatives and (iii) gas resource and transportation l World Bank Operations Policy 10.04, "Economic Evaluation of Investment Operations", September, 1994. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 3-4 Chapter 3 alternatives. Specific project options within each of these categories have been previously listed in section 3.2.1. The methodology used in the draft EFA has minor differences from that used in the analysis of WAPCo project-level alternatives later in this chapter. According to the EFA, consideration has been made to a method of differentiating energy delivery options, while: * considering the value of any supply source in a diversified portfolio of energy supply sources; * considering environmental/social impacts; and * not conducting extensive modeling of unlikely alternatives. In the draft EFA analysis, each of the energy supply options are analysed against the following criteria: * Technical Feasibility: Is it technically feasible to satisfy the development and energy policy objectives with the energy delivery option under consideration? * Physical or Resource Constraints: Are there sufficient resources to be an alternative to the delivery of natural gas from Nigeria? * Cost-effectiveness of Alternatives: Is the delivered cost of energy cost-effective in comparison with electricity generated from gas delivered by WAGP? * Implementation Constraints: Are there significant financing, regulatory, stakeholder acceptability or securitisation barriers that would prevent implementation? * Environment and Social Impacts: If the above criteria have been satisfied, what is the social and economic impact of the energy delivery methods? The draft EFA filters out projects at each stage of analysis. It does not consider the cost- effectiveness of alternatives which are not technically feasible or lack physical resources. Domestic non-gas power generation and power import options have been considered for meeting the regional power shortfall determined within the 'mid-market' case of demand forecast. (The mid-market case represents the median or 50th percentile of the modeled statistical demand distribution.) The draft EFA concludes that at an assumed load factor of 80 percent, electricity generated from WAGP gas is more cost-effective than oil-based generation or any other energy delivery option. If the capacity factor is less than approximately 65 percent (at the World Bank oil price forecast), however, then oil-based generation is more cost-effective than WAGP. A range of gas-based resource and import options were considered in relation to the oil-based scenario. The draft EFA observes that it is difficult to envisage an LNG supply scenario that would yield a full cost of supply less than the equivalent cost estimated for oil and oil- June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 3-5 Chapter 3 product consumption. Further, doubts also exist as to the supply capacity of existing regional LNG export projects. The draft EFA also observes that although the CNG option generates estimates of unit cost that are less than the equivalent cost estimated for oil and oil-product, the cost is higher than the proposed WAGP. In addition the technology is untried and this option does not have a commercial sponsor. Project-level alternatives analysis in this EIA further validates these conclusions in the context of environmental and social impacts (Section 3.4.4 below). On this basis, the draft EFA reaches the initial conclusion that pipeline delivery of natural gas is the most cost-effective means of meeting the growth in regional energy demand when the capacity factor is approximately 65 percent or greater. Substitution from oil to gas also yields environmental benefits. However, the draft EFA observes that future demand for gas-fired generation in the Ghanaian electricity market is ambiguous due to uncertainties about the future operation of the VALCO aluminum smelter. In response, the States and VALCO are finalizing "with VALCO" and "without VALCO" tariff structures, where WAGP remains the preferred alternative in either scenario. A comprehensive summary of the performance of each alternative on each criteria of interest is provided in Table 3.3-1, which is taken from a similar table in the draft EFA. More detail on the advantages and disadvantages of each alternative is available in the draft EFA. EIA Project Level Alternatives Analysis This section describes the methodology by which the project-level alternatives identified in the EIA were comparatively assessed and reports the results of these evaluations. For context, most alternatives were analyzed in terms of the primary project objective, delivery of natural gas from Nigeria to markets in Benin, Ghana, and Togo (for a detailed technical project description refer to Chapter 2, Project Description). The following aggregate criteria were considered when evaluating alternatives: * The potential for both beneficial and negative environmental and socioeconomic impacts; * Effectiveness in meeting the primary WAGP project objectives (detailed above); * Local and regional suitability, including stakeholder acceptance; * Technical feasibility; and * Costs (capital and operating). Some of these criteria were disaggregated to generate the following list of specific criteria: * Greenhouse gas emissions reduction benefits; June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 3-6 Chapter 3 Table World Ban Draft EFA Summary of Alternatives 1 ~~~ ~ ~~~~2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Traditional sources of energy Increased indigenous sources Gas imports Power imports Power Power imports Nigerian Gas Alternatives Overseas fuel imports from C6te from Cote imports from from Nigeria d'lvoire d'lvoire Burkina Faso Hydro Liquid thermal Indigenous Indigenous LNG CNG Pipeline Coal Nuclear generation generation Gas Renewables Routes Technical Feasibility Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes, in the short Physical / Resource YsesNo Site-specific No termn, subject to No Yes - gas; Yes - Gas Yes - Gas YeYsYs Availability Yes Yes significant gas transmission No - electricity No - LNG No - CNG Yes Yes Yes resources constraints Prior Long lead satisfaction of Nigerian LNG Securing Longlead ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~Nigerian export wayleaves for A nuclear time for large- No significant electricity volumes are ~~~~There are onshore programine is Implementation atime for arge- constraints No significant No significant demand lIkely alrea presently no routes wor No significant to me nta development, s N/A implementatoon N/A implementation N/A * f I o sponsors for . implementabon prmitrd pncvate fired electricity constraints constraints delay/constrain European & CNG .export significant constraints implementation appetite. the availability N. American project. delays to constraints appetite. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~of electricity buyers delivery for export New hydro is LCO is more Existing lest cost- cost-effective renewable At the current LNG is . Base load coal nucelear effective than than-WAGP up technologies are import price of unlikely to be Altemative fired generation nuclear gas-fire to apprx. 65% lss cost-6.6c/kWh is less copeitv routes are lest is less cost- gerains Cost-Effectiveness gas-faired to(W arox. 65% lessecot-v thn N/A cost-effective N/A N/A with existing N/ othan etve efetvetAGlescot from WAGP prce forecast) WAGP (wind - electricity W thc ta W(e but less cost gener~~ateP byas designed. 4.6c/kWh) WAP(prx (aprox 7 8 ffective approx. WAPgas. generatin 9 c/kWh) c/kWh) thereafter. 7.5 c/kWh) No CO2, SO2 Significant Similar savings Similar No CO2 NOx and NOx additional No damaging on CO, e per savings on Potential Emissions of and S02 emissions, but emissions greenhouse annum in the COze per negative NOx, S0o and emissions but potential relative to gas gases but power sector, annum to that impact if particulates potential resettlement of fired generation, potential loss of but no benefit of the pipeline is from coal-fired negative health EnvironmentaUSocial large numbers Gas flared: 2.7 N/A visual amenity, N/A from flaring N/A N/A proposed gas N/A routed power stations /environmental Impact of people & m tonnes CO,e aural inrso reduction orpipeline from through areas are generally impacts if negative per annum, Fuel and damage to from fuel reduced gas of high greater than exposed to impact on use: additional bird switching in the flaring and population those from gas waste material ecological 0.8 m tonnes of populations. C&l sector. from fuel density and oil-fired or following resources. CO2 e per substitution. plants. mlucin annum. malfunction. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 3-7 Chapter 3 * Environmental impact of construction; * Displacement/Land take; * Sociological/Public health impact of construction; * Economic benefits; * Effectiveness in meeting WAGP project objectives; * Local and regional suitability/Stakeholder acceptance; * Technical feasibility; and * Costs (capital and operating). All of these criteria were used when comparing project alternatives; however, some criteria were considered to be more important when comparing alternatives at the overall project design level (e.g., technical feasibility), while other criteria were considered to be more important when evaluating routing alternatives (e.g., stakeholder acceptance). The alternatives described below were initially considered during the scoping and feasibility stages of the project (1996 to 1999). Alternative assessment has continued into the current pipeline planning and design stage incorporating socioeconomic and environmental concerns, as well as investor objectives, project needs, and future gas markets. The reasoning behind the alternatives analysis is presented here. The assessment methodology employed in determining the optimal alternative relied on two distinct but related approaches: * A qualitative assessment approach was used to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each project alternative on each criterion of interest. The differential weighting of the different criteria used in the assessment methodology are not explicitly quantified. These discussions are presented in sections 3.4.1 through 3.4.5 and summarized in Table 3.4-2. * A semi-quantitative approach was used to rank the performance of the different alternatives on the specified criteria of interest on an ordinal scale. This approach is described in Section 3.4.6 and the rankings are presented in Table 3.4-3. This approach facilitates a transparent and readily accessible comparison of the different project alternatives across the different criteria. No explicit weighting methodology was used to assign differential weights to performance on each criterion; instead, each alternative's performance over the diverse criteria was aggregated using an implicit approach consistent with the values and preferences discussed in the alternatives analysis in sections 3.4.1 through 3.4.5. The final optimization and selection process used in this approach is presented in Section 3.4.6. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 3-8 Chapter 3 No Project Alternative Taking no action would, naturally, be a feasible option. Under the No-Project Alternative, gas would not be transported to markets in Benin, Ghana, and Togo. No action on any alternative would mean a lack of a viable energy solution in Benin, Ghana, and Togo, limiting economic growth. Advantages and disadvantages of the No-Project Alternative are provided in Table 3.4-2 and certain key points discussed below. Given the advantages and disadvantages summarized in Table 3.4-2, the No-Project Alternative is not the preferred option because it does not help to alleviate the immediate energy resource needs of Benin, Ghana, or Togo, nor provide a market for Nigerian natural gas, nor advance regional integration. All of the alternatives examined here but one (the supply-side management or renewables alternative) utilize the readily available gas excess in Nigeria, which would result in flare reduction and economic and industrial growth in the region. The possible energy generation scenarios that may occur if the proposed project is not implemented would not provide lower cost or cleaner fuel in a timely, efficient, or technically feasible manner. Based on current information, project alternatives exist that could be commercially and technically viable and implemented with a tolerable level of environmental and socioeconomic impacts; therefore, the No-Project Alternative was rejected from further consideration. While this No-Project Alternative does avoid the negative environmental and socioeconomic impacts associated with the other alternatives (which in the case of the Proposed Project Alternative are limited and tolerable), this does not justify foregoing the socioeconomic and environmental benefits associated with the primary project objectives achieved by WAGP. The Proposed Project Alternative: Developing a Gas Pipeline and Piping Gas from Nigeria to Benin, Togo, and Ghana The Proposed Project Alternative calls for a gas pipeline to be constructed to supply natural gas from Nigeria to markets in Benin, Ghana, and Togo. For a detailed technical project description, refer to Chapter 2. The advantages and disadvantages of this alternative are provided in Table 3.4-2 and certain key points discussed below, along with some additional specific information about the pipeline and potential demand for WAGP gas. Chapters 6 and 7 of this EIA report also provide more detail on potential positive and negative impacts and the project sponsor's commitment to reducing negative impacts. The West African Gas Pipeline Feasibility Study (PLE, 1999) fundamentally established the need for this project based on the following: * Potential demand for natural gas in Benin, Ghana, and Togo; * Technical feasibility to implement the project; * No major legal nor commercial aspects have been identified that could obstruct project implementation; and * Feasibility to implement the project in a cost effective, efficient, and timely manner. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 3-9 Chapter 3 WAPCo will meet the project objective to transport Nigerian produced natural gas to commercially viable markets in Benin, Ghana, and Togo, providing a more reliable supply of energy and feedstock for a variety of industrial processes, while accelerating regional integration and stimulating foreign investment. At the same time, natural gas currently being flared in Nigeria will be used (with a subsequent reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and reduced dependence on less environmentally desirable fuels) and provide a market and financial return. Economic growth in Benin, Ghana, and Togo is, in part, limited by the lack of a stable energy supply. Thus, this project addresses the needs of all four countries, provides natural gas to support a stable energy supply, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, and provides a revenue stream to Nigeria for natural gas currently being wasted. Finally, a new tax and tariff revenue stream would be enabled for the four countries. These benefits far outweigh the costs associated with constructing WAGP, even when the cost for mitigating any negative impacts is taken into account. The current cost of constructing WAGP is estimated at US$500-$600 million. The initial pipeline demand and capacity are expected to be about 140 and 190 million standard cubic feet per day (MMscfd) respectively. The pipeline capacity will be augmented to an ultimate design capacity of 462MMscfd with subsequent incorporation of additional compression facilities as demand for gas rises. The aggregate potential gas demand in Benin, Ghana, and Togo is forecasted to grow from 50MMscfd in 1999 to 328MMscfd in 2018, with most of the demand coming from the power sector in Ghana (West African Gas Pipeline Project, Market Report Update, 2003). Thus WAGP will meet the estimated demand, with excess capacity for future growth. First gas is expected to be delivered in 2005. Potential downstream customers for the gas, including gas-driven generating plants, are documented in Chapter 6 and further substantiate the Feasibility Study's assertion that potential demand exists and other sources of natural gas may not be available as soon as WAGP gas, and, possibly, not at a competitive cost. Power Generation and Delivery Alternative: Developing Gas Powered Electricity Generating Stations in Nigeria, and Transmitting the Electrical Power to Benin, Ghana, and Togo Table 3.4-2 provides the advantages and disadvantages associated with this alternative. Certain key points are discussed below, as well as some information about power generation and delivery. In this alternative, many of the same benefits as described for the Proposed Project Alternative are recognized in terms of reliable energy, regional integration, and reduction in natural gas currently being wasted in Nigeria (if natural gas is used as the fuel for power generation). In this alternative, natural gas would not be available as a feedstock for use by industry in Benin, Togo, and Ghana, thus limiting flexibility in end use. Other possible disadvantages include running additional transmission lines onshore with environmental and socioeconomic impacts, particularly the need for permanent land acquisition not only for incremental transmission lines, but also for possible additional generating stations or the expansion of existing power plants. Another negative factor compared to the preferred alternative is that long distance electric power transmission is less efficient due to the power June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 3-10 Chapter 3 loss in cables. There would be a substantial cost associated with construction, operation, and maintenance of onshore transmission lines and increasing and improving the reliability of the current installed capacity in Nigeria. Thus while the benefits are similar, costs may be higher than any new power generation or transmission facilities built in association with WAGP. Further, improvements to the power grids in Nigeria and the other three countries are anticipated to take longer than delivering gas to existing generating plants in each country. Nigeria has an installed capacity of about 5,800 megawatts (MW), although only about two- thirds of this capacity is currently reliable. Nigeria itself has a considerable power supply shortfall, thus additional capacity would need to be developed. There is a project to connect grids of Benin and Togo with Nigeria, with an anticipated start-up date of 2006 and secured funding, however there are concerns due to infrastructure constraints in Nigeria (West African Gas Pipeline Project, Market Report Update, 2003). This power supply shortfall indicates the need for new or expanded power plants. The objective of the West African Power Pool (WAPP) project is to integrate the West African power grid, but this will occur over several years. The World Bank is supporting the transmission infrastructure, while generating plant investment is being sought from state utilities and/or the private sector. The total investment requirements are significant, about US$13 billion over the next 20 years. Construction of transmission lines are anticipated to occur between 2003 and 2012, generation plants (mostly gas powered in Nigeria and hydropower in Guinea) between 2013 to 2018, and final organizational, regulatory, and investment activities between 2018 and 2023 (West African Gas Pipeline Project, Market Report Update, 2003). Thus, providing a complete transmission infrastructure to export power to Benin, Ghana, and Togo will take longer than the Proposed Project Alternative. The World Bank views the WAGP project as complementary to the WAPP. Natural Gas Fuel E port Alternative: Converting the Gas to LNG or CNG and E porting via Tan er or Road from Nigeria to Benin, Togo, and Ghana Table 3.4-2 provides the advantages and disadvantages of this alternative. Certain key points from that table are discussed below with some additional information about costs associated with LNG projects. In this alternative too, many of the same benefits as described for the Proposed Project Alternative are expected in terms of reliable energy, regional integration, and reduction in natural gas currently being wasted in Nigeria; however, there are a number of negative environmental impacts. These include impacts resulting from: the construction and operation of terminals needed to receive LNG tankers (these would likely be more significant than impacts from the Regulating and Metering [R&M] stations needed for WAGP), air emissions from tanker and/or road transport, marine traffic, and construction and operation of onshore pipelines to deliver either LNG or natural gas from LNG regasification facilities (similar to impacts for WAGP). Moreover, massive infrastructure and technology investments would be required for gas liquefaction, storage, and regasification facilities, as well as port upgrades, including terminals, and/or roadways. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 3-11 Chapter 3 Capital costs for LNG projects are generally higher than for CNG projects; however, LNG projects are capable of transporting more gas at a faster rate than CNG. At the same time, the payback from LNG is faster and may account for the capital costs more quickly. However, the project must be large enough for that payback, such that dedicated markets need to exist, which limits the capacity flexibility that the Proposed Project Alternative represents. For this option, the consumers in Benin, Ghana, and Togo cannot provide the initial market demand necessary. Renewable Fuels Alternative: eeting Electricity Generating Demands in Benin, Ghana, and Togo with Renewable Resources Hydropower, Solar, Wind, Agrofuels The primary advantages and disadvantages of this alternative are summarized in Table 3.4-2. Some of the key points about advantages and disadvantages, and additional information about existing hydroelectric resources and costs associated with renewable resources are provided below. Possible renewable resources include hydropower, solar, wind, and agrofuels. The benefits of renewable resources include: (i) the use of generally cleaner energy sources; (ii) a decentralized power supply that may reach domestic consumers faster; and (iii) resources that may complement power supply expansion. However, they would not provide the added benefits of reducing flaring and venting of gas in Nigeria nor provide natural gas for direct use by industrial consumers, as would the proposed alternative. Clearly these options are dependent on the availability of the resources. With the possible exception of hydropower, it is doubtful that wind, solar, or agrofuels would meet the energy demands required for the economies of these expanding, developing countries. The power sector in Ghana has developed around the Akosombo and Kpong hydroelectric stations; the Bui hydroelectric project has been under consideration for years and its earliest start-up date is 2010. But uncertainties exist, however, due to costs and environmental impacts. Benin and Togo purchase imported electricity from VRA hydro facilities in Ghana. Ghana's concerns about hydropower were exacerbated in 1997/1998 and 2001/2002 when as a result of reduced rainfall, the Volta Lake water level dropped and Ghana was left in short supply. Togo and Benin also import power from Ghana's hydroelectric plants. The main source of indigenous generation (in Benin and Togo) is the Nagbeto hydroelectric dam. Communaute Electrique du Benin (CEB) is also considering a hydroelectric station in Adjarala, however no start-up date or financing has yet been arranged. Hydro production cost in Benin and Togo is estimated between 0.600 cents/kWh and 11.131 cents/kWh; in Ghana, from 0.600 cents/ kilowatt hour (kWh) to 9 cents/kWh. New supplies are represented by the upper range of costs. By comparison, power production costs for gas turbines in Togo and Benin range from 2.225 cents/kWh to 6.602 cents/kWh, and in Ghana, 1.486 cents/kWh to 4.786 cents/kWh. According to a recent draft market study, gas-fueled thermal plants in Ghana are the most cost-effective source of supply in contrast with any new hydroelectric supplies (West African Gas Pipeline Project, Market Report Update, 2003). Hydropower typically requires extensive land taking, with the potential displacement of a large number of people. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 3-12 Chapter 3 For the purposes of comparison, costs for a Combined Cycle Plant, which uses both gas turbines and steam generators for energy generation, are provided below along with several alternative fuels (Table 3.4-1). A brief review of the costs summarized below indicate that estimated costs for gas-fueled generating plants are probably less than costs associated with renewable resources. Table Cost Comparison of Fuels Combined Solar Solar Biomass Landfill Cycle Voltaic Thermal Gasification Gas Size (MW) 400 10 5 100 100 100 Lead Time (yrs) 3 3 2 3 4 1 Capital ($/kW) 532 1,031-2,625 2,576 3,187 1,490 1,299 Fixed Operations & Maintenance (O&M) 11.73 26.41 9.97 47.40 44.81 78.58 ($/kW/yr) Variable O&M 1.95 0 0 0 5.34 10.48 ($/MwH) I 1.95 0 0 10.4 Sources: EPA, July 2003; EPA, March 2002 Project Level Alternatives Ran ings The approach in sections 3.4.1 through 3.4.5 has been to utilize a qualitative assessment methodology to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each project alternative. In some instances, criteria have been aggregated and the negative and positive effects are bundled together. While this line of reasoning leads to the clear conclusion that the proposed project alternative outranks all other options, this section attempts to provide a disaggregated semi-quantitative approach to the same problem. This section assigns explicit ranks to the performance of each project alternative on each criterion of interest using an ordinal scale. The ranks are assigned by ICF Consulting using professional judgment based on the information presented in the previous sections. This approach facilitates ready comparison of project alternatives with each other and with respect to the baseline No-Project Alternative. While this approach bears similarity to the methods of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), it must be noted that this section does not attempt to aggregate the performance scores on the diverse criteria using any of the MCDA algorithms. Instead, it relies on the same implicit system of weighting used in sections 3.4.1 through 3.4.5 in choosing the optimal alternative. The alternatives were ranked in a manner consistent with the expected impacts described in sections 3.4.1 through 3.4.5. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 3-13 Chapter 3 Table Comparative Assessment of Project Level Alternatives Project Alternative Advantages Disadvantages No-Project Land that would otherwise be occupied by the pipeline (or Lack of energy solution for Benin, Ghana, and Togo (energy other project alternatives) would continue to remain available; altematives, such as the proposed pipeline, are required for in some instances, the population employs this land for continued economic growth). income-earning activities (e.g., agriculture). No reduction in existing environmental impacts would occur. With the reduced need for land acquisition and development, Existing gas resources are being flared, and ongoing flaring the likelihood of people being displaced would be reduced. from Nigerian oil production would continue to contribute to No increase in likelihood of environmental impacts. Potential the production of greenhouse gases. Cleaner fuel (natural impacts that may be avoided if the No-Project Alternative gas) would not replace fuel oil in power plant turbines. were implemented include: Ultimately, "stopgap" solutions to the energy demands in * Habitat disruption; Ghana, Nigeria, and Togo could be expected to be developed. These solutions are likely to be less efficient and more * Contamination associated with construction; and environmentally damaging, and to have significantly lower * Resuspension of sediments (offshore) - some sediments net benefits (or even have net economic costs) for these could be contaminated. countries. The Proposed Project: Low-cost fuel solution for Benin, Ghana, and Togo Land would be acquired for the pipeline ROW, and therefore Developing a gas pipeline (Economic Implications of the West African Gas Pipeline). likelihood of people being displaced increased. Potential loss and piping gas from Nigeria . . . . . . of income-earning activities on land developed for pipeline. . ~~~~~~Reduction of associated gas flaring in Nigeria and reduction to Benin, Togo, and Ghana of greenhouse gas emissions. "Boom town" socioeconomic effects (pollution, disease, inflation) associated with construction workers. Cleaner energy matrix in three receiving countries. Potential to spur industrial development, employment Potential for water quality, ecological, and fisheries impacts, opportunities, and foreign investment (Economic Implications in particular: of the West African Gas Pipeline). * Habitat disruption; Allows flexibility in destination countries with regard to * Contamination associated with construction; and energy type; can be used as gas fuel or (potentially) feedstock or converted to electrical power. * Resuspension of sediments (offshore) - some sediment could be contaminated. Pipeline reinstatement criteria will consider multiple uses of the pipeline Right of Way (ROW). Would require construction in sensitive habitat and ecosystems (both onshore and offshore), such as wetlands, mangroves, and lagoons. Potential safety/security hazards associated with pipeline. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 3-14 Chapter 3 Table Comparative Assessment of Project Level Alternatives Project Alternative Advantages Disadvantages Power Generation and Low-cost energy solution for Benin, Ghana, and Togo Restriction in choices of energy for industry in Benin, Togo, Delivery Alternative: (Economic Implications of the West African Gas Pipeline). and Ghana, and therefore loss of the more efficient option of Developing gas-powered Reduction of associated-gas flaring in Nigeria. direct use of gas energy by end users. electricity-generating stations in Nigeria and transmitting Potential to spur industrial development, employment Electricity transmission line would probably have to run the electrical power to Benin, opportunities, and foreign investment (Economic Implications take and other impacts, emge, loss of income-eaning uses of Ghana, and Togo of the West African Gas Pipeline). land developed for transmission line. Potential displacement of people, more extensive than those associated with the gas pipeline, due to the extent of transmission lines onshore. "Boom town" socioeconomic effects (pollution, disease, inflation) associated with construction workers, comparable to gas pipeline. Potential for negative environmental impacts as described above would exist; severity dependent upon construction location and scale of project. Potential for power loss in cables. More costly, lower welfare gains compared to gas pipeline. Natural gas as a primary fuel or energy source for local (mainly industrial) consumption would not be available, and reliance on electrical power energy sources would continue, possibly limiting economic development. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 3-15 Chapter 3 Table Comparative Assessment of Project Level Alternatives Project Alternative Advantages Disadvantages Natural Gas Fuel Export Provides fuel solution for Benin, Ghana, and Togo (Economic Massive infrastructure and technology investment required for Alternative: Converting the Implications of the West African Gas Pipeline). LNG liquefaction, storage and re-gasification facilities and gas to LNG or CNG and R o a port upgrades. Terminals to receive LNG tankers do not exist exporting from Nigeria to in Benin, Ghana, or Togo. Benin, Ghana, and Togo Potential to spur industrial development, employment Onshore pipeline spurs required for gas transmission from opportunities, and foreign investment (Economic Implications ports to delivery terminals and from delivery terminals to of the West African Gas Pipeline). consumer facilities. Consequently onshore impacts associated with the Proposed Project Option not avoided under this option and local offshore impacts could be higher if the terminal is installed offshore. Local environmental impacts likely to be higher with terminal installation compared to pipelines and Regulating/Metering Stations. Tankers are slow, subject to weather-induced delays, and emit greenhouse gases. Road transport inefficient, generating greenhouse gas emissions so benefit of flaring reduction would be greatly attenuated. Similar case, but less so, for rail. Massive infrastructure investments required to upgrade roads or create rail links and develop carrier-vehicle fleets. Tanker related accidents could result in explosions, releases of large quantities of greenhouse gas into atmosphere and other high consequence events, more significant than the gas pipeline. "Boom town" socioeconomic effects (pollution, disease, inflation) associated with construction workers. Scale of onshore construction much greater than that of the pipeline option; potential for boom town effects therefore greater. Significant energy required to liquefy gas prior to transport and for regasification after delivery. Significant energy efficiency loss compared to the pipeline option. More costly energy, so lower overall economic gains, compared to gas pipeline. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 3-16 Chapter 3 Table Comparative Assessment of Project Level Alternatives Project Alternative Advantages Disadvantages Renewable Fuels Alternative: Cleaner energy for some options (reduced emissions for solar, Reliability/security issues (de-centralized power generation, Meeting electricity- wind, hydropower). demand for technically sophisticated facilities beyond the generating demands in Benin, Sutial eeomn.capability of the host countries to maintain). genewablne resourcs Ciom lemn pwersplyex Technically, not a feasible substitute for centralized, fossil- renewable resources Complement power supply expansion progress by managing fueled generation capacity expansion in developing countries (hydropower, solar, wind, electricity demand. with rapidly increasing energy demands (World Bank, 1996). agro fuels) Decentralization of power supply may increase the speed in whichenery reches omesic cnsumes (vrsusPotential for hydro, wind development dependent upon wind, which energy reaches domestic consumers (versus water resources, which are not available or sufficient in all manufacturing), countries. Extensive land take requirements for hydro, solar, or agro fuels options. Potential displacement of people can be a severe negative impact relative to other options. Generally higher energy production costs compared to the proposed Project Option. Massive infrastructure investments required for hydropower. Ongoing flaring from Nigerian oil production would continue to contribute to the production of greenhouse gases. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 3-17 Chapter 3 The following reasoning was used to identify the proposed pipeline project as the optimal alternative: * As may be observed in Table 3.4-3, it is evident that the proposed pipeline project outranks or is equal in performance to the power generation and delivery alternative in every criterion. * Similarly, the proposed pipeline project outranks or is equal in performance to the natural gas fuel export alternative in every criterion. * The proposed pipeline project is marginally inferior in performance to the No-Project Alternative (which envisages expansion of current oil-based power facilities to meet power demand) in terms of environmental impact of construction, displacement/land- take, sociological/public health impacts, and cost. However, the proposed pipeline project is far superior in terms of greenhouse gas reduction benefits, economic benefits and meeting WAGP objectives. Given that the environmental and social impacts of the proposed alternative are relatively minor, and considering the dominance on the economic benefits and greenhouse gas emissions reduction criteria, the proposed project is considered superior to the No-Project Alternative. It is unclear if the proposed pipeline project is inferior in performance to the renewable fuels alternative in terms of environmental impact of construction, displacement/land-take, and sociological/public health impacts. If the renewable fuels mix were to include an incrementally larger hydroelectric component via new dam construction, it may involve a far higher displacement/land-take and sociological cost component than the proposed alternative. Regardless, the proposed pipeline project is far superior in terms of greenhouse gas emissions reduction benefits, economic benefits, meeting WAGP objectives, technical feasibility and cost. Given that the environmental and social impacts of the proposed alternative are relatively minor, and considering the overwhelming dominance on the economic benefits, greenhouse gas emissions reduction, cost and technical feasibility criteria, the proposed project is considered superior to the renewable fuels alternative. Overall Pipeline Routing Options WAPCo investigated three Overall Routing Options for feasibility: the "Onshore Option," the "Offshore Option," and a hybrid "Onshore/Offshore Option." These options are illustrated in Figure 3.5-1. The main objective of the initial route selection process was to identify the lowest-cost option that meets the safety requirements of both the general public and pipeline workers while minimizing impacts to the environment and surrounding communities (PLE, 1999). The three options are described in turn in sections 3.5.1 through 3.5.3 and then compared according to evaluation and selection criteria in section 3.5.4. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 3-18 Chapter 3 Table Comparative Evaluation of Project level Alternatives Criteria Scores Local and Greenhouse Sociological/ Effectiveness Regional Gas Environmental Public Health in Meeting Suitability/ Project Reduction Impact of Displacement/ Impact of Economic WAGP Stakeholder Technical Alternative Benefits Construction Land Take Construction Benefits Objectives Acceptance Feasibility Costs No-Project --- 0/- 0/- 0/- + ++ 0/- Proposed Pipeline ++ - - - ++ +++ + ++ Project Power Generation ++ + ++ + and Delivery Natural Gas ++ + ++ + FuelExport I + I -I-I-I I I Renewable 0/- 0/-/-- 0/-/-- +/0/- Scale: +++ Considerable positive impact ++ Significant positive impact + Marginal positive impact 0 No expected impact - Marginal negative impact -- Significant negative impact --- Considerable negative impact I Indicates Uncertainty Range June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 3-19 Chapter 3 Figure Overall Routing Options * .- Option I Existing Infrastructure and Onshore Route * * Option 2 Existing Infrastructure and Offshore Route '. *Option 3 Existing Infrastructure and Onshore/Offshore Route (Selected Option) Onshore Option The existing Escravos-Lagos Pipeline (ELP) would supply the proposed natural gas pipeline to the connection at Alagbado "Tee." The proposed pipeline would then traverse west through Nigeria to the border with Benin. Offtakes would supply gas to the Cotonou (Benin), Lome (Togo), Tema (Ghana), and Takoradi (Ghana) consumer areas3. The proposed pipeline would be approximately 758km long. Compressor stations would be located at Alagbado (Nigeria), west of Cotonou in Benin, and at Tema in Ghana. R&M stations would be located at Alagbado and at offtake delivery sites throughout the pipeline, including locations in Benin, Ghana, and Togo. Potential impacts associated with onshore routing, as identified during preliminary project planning in the West African Gas Pipeline Feasibility Study (PLE, 1999), would be the disruption of areas of high ecological value, habitat destruction, and potential sabotage due to social and ethnic tensions. Since the publication of the Feasibility Study, the potential for 2 Source: PLE, 1999. 3At the time of the pipeline routing study was carried out, the pipeline route terminated in Effasu, Ghana (as illustrated on Figure 3.5-1), rather than Takoradi, Ghana. Due to commercial and other considerations, the proposed project, as analyzed in this EIA, now terminates in Takoradi, Ghana. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 3-20 Chapter 3 negative environmental and socioeconomic impacts associated with onshore pipeline construction and operations have been further considered (please refer to Chapter 6). Similar to the proposed onshore/offshore hybrid option, an onshore pipeline route should maximize the use of the existing ELP pipeline system, thereby minimizing the length of new construction (PLE, 1999). Offshore Option The proposed natural gas pipeline would be supplied by the existing ELP at Escravos. The pipeline would originate in the Niger Delta, traverse west for a short distance onshore from the gas processing plant to reach landfall, and then head offshore in a southwesterly direction, eventually turning northwest to follow the Nigerian coastline. As the pipeline traverses westward, offtake spurs would supply consumer areas in Cotonou (Benin), Lome (Togo), Tema (Ghana), and Takoradi (Ghana). The proposed pipeline would be approximately 1,01 6km long. Compressor stations would be located at Escravos Beach and on an offshore platform near Lagos, both in Nigeria. R&M stations would be located at Escravos Beach and at offtake delivery sites throughout the pipeline in Benin, Ghana, and Togo. Anywhere from 20km to 50km of onshore pipeline upgrades or new installation in the Warri-Escravos area, upstream of the compressor, might also be required. One of the significant potential impacts from offshore pipeline installation is the resuspension of bottom sediments, particularly in areas where sediments could be contaminated (e.g., zones around major cities and harbors). This movement could disturb sediments and cause them to become suspended in the water column. However, the width of the continental shelf allows for the proposed route to be installed a sufficient distance away from nearshore areas, thus minimizing potential disturbance to contaminated sediments that may occur near industrialized areas (PLE, 1999). Onshore Offshore Option - Selected Overall Routing Option In this scenario, the pipeline would run onshore in Nigeria before running offshore in the waters of Benin, Ghana, and Togo. The pipeline would be supplied by the existing ELP at Alagbado "Tee" before running 56km southwesterly to the coast at Lagos Beach in Nigeria. It would then transverse westward offshore for approximately 616km, running parallel to the coasts of Benin, Ghana, Nigeria, and Togo. Offtake spurs would supply consumer areas in Cotonou (Benin), Lome (Togo), Tema (Ghana), and Takoradi (Ghana). The offshore section of the pipeline would be approximately 616km long and the onshore sections of the pipeline would total approximately 73km (including the onshore lateral spurs). A compressor station would be located at Lagos Beach in Nigeria. R&M stations would be located at the compressor station and at offtake delivery sites in Benin, Ghana, and Togo. As with the all-offshore pipeline route, specific routing around areas of potentially contaminated sediments would minimize offshore impacts from pipeline resuspension. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 3-21 Chapter 3 Comparison and Selection of Proposed Option From an economic standpoint, the Onshore/Offshore Routing Option emerges as the least costly option and is technically feasible. The additional cost of the Offshore Routing Option vs. the Onshore/Offshore Routing Option ranges between two and eight cents/Million British thermal unit (MMBtu) for three different demand scenarios and the additional unit cost of the Onshore Routing Option vs. the Onshore/Offshore Routing Option is on average 20 cents/MMBtu considering the same three demand scenarios (PLE, 1999). The Onshore/Offshore Routing Option is also preferred over the Onshore Routing Option because an offshore pipeline (for the preferred option, 616km of a total of approximately 689km) results in a lower level of significant impacts such as habitat destruction and displacement of people when compared to onshore pipeline construction activities. The potential for negative environmental and socioeconomic impacts resulting from onshore construction activities will be minimized since the majority of the onshore pipeline in Nigeria makes use of an existing pipeline ROW (see Chapter 4). Of the criteria listed in Section 3. 1, the potential for negative environmental and socioeconomic impacts, stakeholder acceptance, and economic costs were considered most important when weighing the overall routing options (PLE, 1999). Overall, the selected option is preferred over the two other options because it has a lower level of anticipated impacts, and is also the least expensive of the three options (Table 3.3-1). Chapter 4 provides detailed routing and design information on this option. Table Overall Routing Options - Critical Factors Critical Factors Onshore/Offshore Onshore Offshore (Selected Option) Onshore.Offshore Enviromnental Minimal disruption of Potential disruption of Minimal disruption of Onshore - terrestrial habitat onshore ecologically significant terrestrial habitats Terrestrial Habitat because of minimal habitat because pipeline onshore because of onshore corridors, near would require over minimal onshore and/or within existing 758km of onshore ROW corridors, near and/or ROWs. corridor. within existing ROWs. Environmental Minimal to moderate: Significant Minimal Onshore - Other Onshore sections are Onshore Impact short but may affect sensitive environments. Environmental Moderate potential Not Applicable Moderate potential Offshore - impact on marine habitat. impact on marine Marine Habitat Impacts localized, mostly habitat, mostly short short-term. tern and localized. The greater offshore impact than selected option due to greater offshore length. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 3-22 Chapter 3 Table Overall Routing Options - Critical Factors Critical Factors Onshore/Offshore Onshore Offshore (Selected Option) Environmental Moderate potential Not Applicable Compared to selected Offshore - impact resulting from option, greater potential Sediment habitat disruption, e.g., for suspension of benthic smothering. contaminated sediments Possible suspension of during construction, due potentially contaminated to greater offshore sediments during length. construction. Socioeconomic - Minimal to moderate. Significant resettlement Minimal resettlement of Resettlement Some resettlement may of people from areas of people required because be required along the construction of onshore construction. short onshore pipeline (particularly in Benin, route sections. Some Ghana, and Togo). land take and socioeconomic disruption likely. Socioeconomic - Moderate to significant. Significant due to great Minimal risk of Sabotage Less than for Onshore onshore length. sabotage for offshore due to shortness of pipeline, potential still onshore sections. exists for onshore portions but reduced due to shortened length. Economic Cost Least expensive, due Most expensive due to Between Onshore and largely to easier land acquisition needs. Onshore/Offshore. installation and minimal land acquisition requirements. Conclusion WAGP provides substantial benefits relative to the other options, including providing a reliable source of energy to Benin, Ghana, and Togo; providing a viable market for Nigerian natural gas produced at oil wells, thus reducing the need to flare this gas; and facilitating regional cooperation and integration of reliable energy services through a large-scale fuel delivery project among the four nations in West Africa. Two other alternatives considered -- developing gas-powered electricity generating stations and transmitting the electrical power, and exporting natural gas as LNG -- meet some of these objectives but do not provide comparable benefits. They either represent more substantial environmental and socioeconomic impacts than WAGP, do not provide a timely solution, and/or incur costs beyond the benefits. The renewable fuels alternative does not eliminate the flaring of gas in Nigeria and represents some challenges in terms of reliability, security, and feasibility for all three countries. In addition, it is doubtful that the renewable fuels alternative could provide sufficient power for industrial uses. The No-Project Alternative avoids the environmental and socioeconomic impacts associated with WAGP, but meets none of the project objectives. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 3-23 Chapter 3 If no project were selected, then short-term, unsustainable solutions to energy demands could be undertaken that could represent less efficient and more environmentally damaging solutions with fewer net benefits to the four countries. As described in this chapter, both the World Bank's draft EFA and this EIA conclude that WAGP is the optimal project alternative. Three options were considered for the pipeline routing: onshore/offshore, onshore, and offshore. The selected option, a combination of onshore and offshore routes, provides the greatest benefits at the lowest level of environmental and socioeconomic impacts and least cost. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 3-24 Chapter Project Design Alternatives Introduction Chapter 2 presents a technical description of the Selected Project Alternative. The range of alternatives from which the Selected Project Alternative was chosen is discussed in Chapter 3. This chapter discusses, in more detail, alternatives related to specific aspects of the design of the Selected Project Alternative (e.g., pipeline routing, construction methods) that the West African Gas Pipeline Company (WAPCo) considered, especially those that WAPCo rejected or (where uncertainty remains about the implementability of the desired alternative) disfavor. Selected alternatives, and those that WAPCo favors pending final determination of their implementability, constitute part of the technical project description and, thus, are described in Chapter 2. Table 4.1.1 provides an overview of WAPCo's alternatives of each design aspect, highlighting WAPCo's selected alternative and WAPCo's reasons for selection. Evaluation Criteria for Alternatives The basic criteria used by WAPCo when devising, considering, and choosing between design alternatives were the following: * Overall safety of the public and workers; * Environmental impact; * Potential impacts to communities (e.g., businesses, transportation, etc.); * Acceptance by stakeholders; * Best available/practicable technologies; * Feasibility of construction, operation, and maintenance; * Cost of construction, operation, and maintenance; * Future use of natural gas in the West Africa Region; * Monitoring requirements; and * Institutional requirements. As discussed in the sections below, additional criteria or more specific aspects of the above criteria were used to evaluate different components of the overall West African Gas Pipeline (WAGP) design. Chapter 4 Table Overview of Alternatives Relating to Design Aspectsa Selected (or Preferred) Alternatives and WAPCo's Design Aspect Rejected Alternatives and Reasons for Reection Reason for Selection (or Provisional Selection) Onshore 30 inch East-of-Lagos West-of-Lagos A (in) Pipeline (Route approaches north bank of Lagos Lagoon from a (Route approaches north bank of Badagry Creekfrom Routing Options position east of Lagos) a position west of Lagos) (Section 4.3; o Less economic than the West-of-Lagos alternatives * More economic than East-of-Lagos Figure 4.3-1 ) o Land east of Lagos is swampy limiting road access * Better road access than with East-of-Lagos West-of-Lagos Route B * Location of compressor station better than with (Route approaches north bank ofBadagry Creek from a West-of-Lagos Routes B or C position west of Lagos) o Location of compressor station sub-optimal * West-of-Lagos Route C o Location of compressor station sub-optimal * Benin Alternative 1 (Continuation of West-of-Lagos A, compressor station at Krake) * Benin Alternative 2 (Continuation of West-of-Lagos B, compressor station at Krake) Benin alternatives both excluded because, relative to the Nigeria-only onshore alternatives, they involve greater: o Risk management (to protect safety of workers) o Negative impacts to land use and habitats (including outside existing Rights of Way [ROWs]) o Cost Design alternatives that primarily involve one or more of the other three countries are discussed in Chapter 4 of the Regional Final Draft EIA Rev. I. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 4-2 Chapter 4 Table Overview of Alternatives Relating to Design Aspectsa Selected (or Preferred) Alternatives and WAPCo's Design Aspect Rejected Alternatives and Reasons for Rejection Reason for Selection (or Provisional Selection) Onshore Lateral * Original Base Case Option 4b and Regulation and (R&M station at the Beach and low pressure distribution line (R&M station west of Cococodji; Link Line to Maria Metering (R&M) to the existing Communaute Electrique du Benin (CEB) plant Gleta) Station in Benin at Vedeko) Options 4a and 4b preferred to Options I through 3 (Section 4.4. 1; o Potential coastal erosion threat at beach and Base Case for reasons given. However, spur line Table 4.4-1; o Limited options for installing future gas distribution preferred to electrical transmission line (and hence Figure 4.4-1) routes Option 4b preferred to Option 4a) because of: o Distribution line passes through area that, though sparsely * Greater flexibility in supply habited, is experiencing high population growth * Smaller ROW requirement * Option I * CEB plant can be more easily expanded at Maria (R&M and relocated CEB plant at Gbodje, east of Gleta than at existing Vedeko site Cococodji; new electrical transmission line to Maria Gleta) . No power loss in electrical cables o Relatively high resettlement impacts beyond R&M station due to installation of transmission line to Maria Gleta * Option 2 (R&M and relocated CEB plant at Gbodje; spur to Maria Gleta) o Relatively high resettlement impacts beyond R&M station due to installation of high-pressure link line to Maria Gleta * Option 3 (R&M at Gbodje; spur to CEB at Vedeko) o Relatively high exposure of local population to safety risks from spur passing through built-up area * Option 4a (R&M and relocated CEB plant west of Cococodji; electrical transmission line to Maria Gleta) o Preferred to above options for reasons given above but not to Option 4b for reasons given in adjacent column June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 4-3 Chapter 4 Table Overview of Alternatives Relating to Design Aspectsa Selected (or Preferred) Alternatives and WAPCo's Design Aspect Rejected Alternatives and Reasons for Rejection Reason for Selection (or Provisional Selection) Sizing of Offshore * 1 8in (45.7 centimeter (cm)) diameter pipeline 20in diameter pipeline (midline compressor station Pipeline and (midline compressor station under mid-case demand under high-case demand scenario) Midline scenario) * Greater capacity than 1 8in pipeline Compression o Lower capacity than 20in (50.8cm) diameter pipeline * Midline compressor station is required only under Facilities o Midline compressor station required (in Togo) under mid- high-case demand scenario. (Section 4.5.1) case demand scenario (A midline compressor station would require a supplemental Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for impacts beyond what is described in this EIA. However, land take for a future midline compressor station is accounted for in this EIA.) Offshore Pipeline * Pipeline buried or covered in waters shallower than 30 Pipeline buried or covered in waters shallower Burial Depth meters (m) (98.4 feet (ft)) than 8m (Section 4.6.1.1) o More sediment suspended than with 8m (26.2ft) * Less sediment suspension altemative * Lower costs/tariff impact. o Trenching required for part of Benin and Togo shore crossings o Insufficient information that additional burial will definitively protect fishing operations, especially in view of high-energy sediment transport and coastal erosion Wetland Crossings * Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) Push-method trenching for wetlands (Section 4.6.1.2) o Higher probability of operational failure than with push- * Better cost-benefit than HDD method trenching * Lower negative impacts associated with o Higher costs mobilization for short wetland crossings June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 4-4 Chapter 4 Table Overview of Alternatives Relating to Design Aspectsa Selected (or Preferred) Alternatives and WAPCo's Design Aspect Rejected Alternatives and Reasons for Rejection Reason for Selection (or Provisional Selection) Lagoon Crossings * Push-method trenching (Badagry Creek) HDD for Badagry Creek (Section 4.6.1.3) o Significant negative environmental impacts * Avoids negative environmental impacts * HDD (Benin Lagoon) Push-method Trenching for Benin Lagoon o More expensive than push-method trenching without * Does not result in significantly worse impacts if offering relative advantage if crossing undertaken in performed during dry season optimal dry season Transport of Heavy * By water through Badagry Creek to a purpose-built dock Still under consideration: Equipment to within ROW and then along a purpose-built access road * By road from Port of Lagos widening roads where Compressor Station o Longer access road 900m (2,952.8ft) entailing higher necessary (Section 4.6.2) negative environmental impacts in wetlands * By water through Badagry Creek to a purpose-built * Construction of bypass road around Ajido connecting an dock 200m (656.2ft) from compressor station and existing road to the compressor station site then along a purpose-built access road o Likely environmental impacts to wetlands north of Ajido * Along existing roads from Port of Cotonou via Badagry o Risk of disruption due to border closures Accommodation for None Off-site local accommodation preferred, i.e. Construction commuting from home (for local workers) or hotels Workers * Provisions to be made for camp facilities for (Section 4.6.3.4) Nigeria onshore ROW and compressors station Treatment of a No treatment Treatment with biocide Hydrotest Water o Risk of corrosion in event of water being left in pipe for a * Prevents pipe corrosion in event of water being left (Section 4.7.1) significant period. in pipe for a significantly long period Discharge of a Onshore disposal Offshore disposal Hydrotest Water o Impractical due to large volume involved: limited onshore * Likely low impact from offshore disposal (Section 4.7.2) disposal capacity * Treatment with H202 prior to discharge prevents undesirable effects when water is no longer needed June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 4-5 Chapter 4 Table Overview of Alternatives Relating to Design Aspectsa Selected (or Preferred) Alternatives and WAPCo's Design Aspect Rejected Alternatives and Reasons for Rejection Reason for Selection (or Provisional Selection) Liquid Storage a Underground Aboveground Tanks o Risk of leaks to soil and groundwater * Can easily provide secondary containment (Section 4.8.1) * Open pits and sumps * Ease of maintenance and inspection o Risk of leaks to soil and groundwater Sanitary Waste * Septic tank system and discharge into receiving waters Septic tank system and discharge into soil via Water Treatment o Impact on surface water suitably prepared drainage field (preferred) and Disposal * Septic tank system and hauling offsite for disposal Cost-effective and least associated impacts to (Section 4.8.3) .environ ment o Associated environmental and cost impacts Stormwater * Separate stormwater collection systems including oil-water No oil-water separators Management separators Process areas will be covered, limiting the amount of (Section 4.8.4) o Stormwater collection facilities for sheet runoff will not stormwater contact. Site drainage piping will be such be installed due to low probability of contact with that if stormwater comes into contact with operating pollutants (and low concentration of pollutant contact) equipment it will drain into facility process liquids- handling tanks and handled as a single waste stream. Appropriate grading of the facilities will address non- point source (sheet runoff). Power Supply * None On-site fossil-fuel generators at other facilities with (Section 4.8.5.1) solar-power back up at "Tee" and other R&M stations. Water Supply * Desalination Groundwater wells (preferred) (Section 4.8.5.2) o Cost Purchasing and trucking may be used at "Tee" if sinking well proves impossible. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 4-6 Chapter 4 Routing Options from E isting Gas Transmission Networ to Coastal Compressor Station Selection Criteria for Onshore In addition to the evaluation criteria listed in Section 4.2, the following criteria were considered in the selection of specific onshore routing options: * Avoidance of area of high population density; * Availability of a ROW; * Distance/length of pipeline; and * Suitability of sites for a compressor station. Onshore Routing Options within Nigeria Onshore routing options within Nigeria are described in Section 4.3.2 of the Regional and Nigeria Final Draft Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Rev 1 (Regional 4.3.2, Nigeria 4.3.2). They are known as the "East-of-Lagos" and "West-of-Lagos Route A, Route B and Route C" options. The two options that would involve the mainline passing onshore into Benin (described in Section 4.3.3) are based on West-of-Lagos Route A and West-of-Lagos Route B. E tending Pipeline Onshore for Gas Delivery to Benin After selecting the Onshore/Offshore Route as the Overall Routing Option (Section 3.5), WAPCo considered modifying it to reroute the planned onshore section of pipeline through both Benin and Nigeria and locate the compressor station in Krake, Benin, instead of limiting the onshore section of the pipeline to Nigeria and locating the compressor station near Ajido at Badagry Creek, Nigeria. In this permutation, WAGP would thus move offshore in Benin rather than in Nigeria, and Benin would not be supplied by a spur from the offshore pipeline (WAGP, 2002). The main reason for running the pipeline to Benin onshore would be to consolidate facilities and simplify the overall construction of WAGP. The compressor station facility would be combined with the construction of the R&M station already planned as part of the Onshore/Offshore Overall Routing Option, thus eliminating facilities at Badagry Creek and minimizing the number of construction sites (WAGP, 2002). Two revised options for delivering gas to Benin were thus compared against the original options. Benin Onshore Alternative 1 is a modification of West-of-Lagos Route A (Section 4.3.3.1). Benin Onshore Alternative 2 is a modification of West-of-Lagos Route B (Section 4.3.3.2). Benin Onshore Alternative WAGP would begin at Alagbado "Tee" and run parallel to an existing Nigerian Gas Company pipeline to Ewekoro; this section would be contained partially within the ROW of June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 4-7 Chapter 4 the existing pipeline. WAGP would then cross out of that ROW into a ROW parallel to another existing pipeline, that of Shell Petroleum Development Company and Shell Nigeria Gas Limited (SPDC/SNGL), and run alongside the SPDC/SNGL pipeline until it neared Agbara, where it would then turn southwesterly and proceed towards a point near Anos Gas Station and then continue onshore to a compressor station located in Krake, Benin (Figure 4.3-1) and then run offshore. This option would lengthen the onshore section of the Onshore/Offshore Overall Routing Option by approximately 34km (21.1 miles) and shorten the offshore section by 30km (18.6 miles) (WAGP, 2002). Benin Onshore Alternative WAGP would initially follow the route of Benin Onshore Alternative 1 but would turn southwest just south of the Modern Gas Station at Igboloye. From there it would continue in a straight line to a compressor station located in Krake, Benin (Figure 4.3-1), and then run offshore. This option would lengthen the onshore section of the Onshore/Offshore Overall Routing Option by approximately 29km (18.0 miles) and shorten the offshore section by 24km (14.9 miles) (WAGP, 2002). Evaluation of Benin Onshore Alternatives The advantage of onshore routing to Benin would be the reduction in personnel requirements that could result from the combination of the compressor station facility and the R&M station into a single location in Krake, rather than having a compressor station at Badagry Creek and an R&M station for the Cotonou spur (from the offshore pipeline). However, the complexity of the compressor station design would increase as a result of interstage draw-off to meet demand in Benin. On one hand, this would reduce the need for compression for the entire system downstream of Benin and would improve energy efficiency. On the other hand, this would increase the risk management required to protect the safety of workers. Furthermore, locating the compressor station at Krake rather than Badagry Creek would increase the length of the onshore pipeline and reduce that of the offshore pipeline. As well as requiring a greater land-take, a longer onshore pipeline might have implications for ease of access for construction and maintenance and for potential disruption to habitats. Furthermore, both Onshore Benin Alternatives would require land outside of existing ROWs. Overall costs would be expected to increase by about US$9 million for both Benin Onshore Alternative 1 and Alternative 2. Also, there is an existing employee base in Nigeria with experience in gas compression, regulation, and monitoring. The benefit of operational experience of Nigerian personnel could thus be lost if the compression station is moved to Krake (WAGP, 2000). Therefore, on the basis of ease of operation of the system and consequent safety considerations, minimizing potential environmental impacts, and cost advantage, the option of retaining the proposed compressor station at Badagry Creek, and not extending the onshore section of pipeline into Benin, is preferred. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 4-8 Figure 4.3-1 Benin Onshore Routing Alternatives N Figure 4.3-1 A P~~~ojeo,o~~~~~ UTM 7~~~~~ 319 0 4.000~~~~~~ 8,000 16,000 24,00 32 000. .-4 P...jre.oo Meth,4. T.~~~~~~~~~,,.,e N4~~~~or 'Meters West African Ga~~~~~~~~~~ Pipeline~0 ~ ol ooevS'So. 94 etmee qal ,uo m tr;igr .- MLPj.td rg. UTM.-31000000N 0 4008 0 1,0 400 3,0 Longiw&d Ofigo. 3.uOOODOOOODOOOOuOOE peo8 y Benin F.l.o E.Aing so9w0000r P____p____r____d___By:____ finn N.O.nlin: O heroTeac S.ki FnSo 0.9996 Chevro nTexac.o GISIRS Te- F, ,a.2,o 080 SF8 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 4-9 Chapter 4 This page intentionally left blank June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 4-10 Chapter 4 Onshore Lateral and R Station Alternatives Onshore Lateral and R Station Alternatives in Benin In general, the routes of the offshore and onshore portions of the laterals and trunk pipelines are determined by the location of the R&M station site, which has been located as close as possible to known end-users of natural gas (usually power stations). In Benin, WAPCo is considering supplying a CEB future power plant in Maria Gleta near Tankpe. Such a plant would have implications for both the onshore ROW and the R&M station location. The original pipeline routing plan for gas delivery to Benin terminated on the landward (beach) side of the pipeline shoreline crossing. This option was deemed infeasible due to the potential for negative secondary impacts. These impacts could result from future construction activities (not part of the proposed WAGP project) arising from the need for a connection of the pipeline stub to power plants and other industrial gas purchasers. Therefore, in Cotonou, five options for extending the onshore delivery pipeline lateral (from the offshore section of the pipeline) and locating the R&M station closer to end-users were considered; these are known as the Base Case and Options 1 through 4 and are shown in Figure 4.4-1 and outlined in Table 4.4-1. (The Base Case and Options 1 through 3 are the subject of another detailed existing study (WAGP, 2002).) The following criteria were used for assessing which of these five options should be selected: * Environmental and land-use impacts; * Accessibility to customer locations/premises; * Available land for R&M station; * Availability of line of sight and ROW between proposed metering station site and customer premises; * Safety of personnel and the public; * Ease of access to site; * Ease of construction of pipeline and associated facilities; and * Potential impacts to communities (e.g., those to businesses, transportation). The Original Base Case The R&M station would be located at the shore crossing; a low-pressure onshore pipeline would then extend for approximately 12km (7.5 miles) across the lagoon and marsh areas of Cotonou to the existing CEB power plant at Vedeko within Cotonou. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 4-11 Chapter 4 This page intentionally left blank June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 4-12 Figure 4.4-1: Options for Spur at Cotonou on the Basis of R&M Station Locations N J L /ABOq N ABO ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Legend W E s - WAGP ROW 9 -& ;1 4 < / Jl = Cotonou Customer Delivery Line Highway * I, ^'1 1__\ \ / \ J|Road - Primary *__ ARoad - Secondary > ~ / sMana Gleta l\ *-- Power Line - High Tension Populated Place Lokagbe * *Adjaka, / Agrigulture t/ _ a Tchangbe\ Beach Z!BUbankJnhou Womey \. \{ _ Ocean/Water feature Agonigessa ou ;, .Houindohou- Mangrove Forest Wetlands Cemetary ^ goanhouhot*{_ Route Options Hounguetome J Base Option -- - -_ 2Option 1 Option 2 T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~Option 3 - =7 - Option 4 _- . . :Possible Future Extension Kilometers 0 1 2 3 4 5 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 4-13 Chapter 4 This page intentionally left blank June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 4-14 Chapter 4 Table Options for Benin Onshore Pipeline Spur- Critical Factors Critical Factors Base Case Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option 4 Impact on the Significant: Spur Moderate: Spur Moderate to Moderate to Moderate to environment and passes through passes through 4.5km minimal: Spur passes minimal: Spur passes minimal: Spur land use in the project 12.5km (7.8 miles) (2.8 miles) of through 4.5km of through 4.5km of passes through 4.5km area of potentially potentially sensitive potentially sensitive potentially sensitive mainly agricultural sensitive wetland wetland habitat. wetland habitat and wetland habitat but land but requires a habitati Twice the ROW then 5km (3.1 miles) then 7km (4.3 miles) longer lagoon habitat. required through through agricultural through built-up area. crossing agricultural land for land through which (approximately 500m electrical transmission access road is (1,640.4ft)) than other line to Maria Gleta, as required. options. for extended spur of Option 2. Accessibility to Poor: Spur goes to Good: CEB Good: Spur leads to Poor: Spur goes to Good: Alternatives customer locations/ existing power plant transmission line relocated CEB power existing power plant are for CEB to run a premises site at Vedeko rather leads from relocated plant at site of site at Vedeko rather transmission line from than to site of CEB power plant at proposed major than to site of relocated power plant proposed major Gbodje to site of transmission site at proposed major at Gbodje to Maria transmission site at proposed major Maria Gleta, rather transmission site at Gleta, or else WAPCo Maria Gleta. transmission site at than to existing power Maria Gleta. to extend the spur Maria Gleta rather plant at Vedeko. from Gbodje to than to existing power relocated power plant plant at Vedeko. at Maria Gleta. Land Availability Poor: Existing power Poor: New site to be Poor: New site to be Poor: New site to be Good: New site to be for R&M station plant to be used, but used; necessary to used; necessary to used; necessary to used. Resettlement space at Vedeko is relocate planned relocate planned relocate planned issues to be limited thus international trade international trade international trade determined but restricting future fair. fair. fair. Link line to expected to be lower expansion of the existing power plant than for other options. power plant. at Vedeko, where limited space restricts future expansion of the power plant. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 4-15 Chapter 4 Table Options for Benin Onshore Pipeline Spur- Critical Factors Critical Factors Base Case Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option 4 Line of sight and Good: Potentially Poor: Potentially Good: Potentially Good: First 4.5 km Good: Potentially ROW availability available. available, but twice available. (2.8 miles) potentially available. between proposed the ROW required for available. metering station site electrical transmission Final 8.5km (5.3 and customer line to Maria Gleta as miles) available as premises for extended spur of part of CEB ROW. Option 2. Relative exposure to Relatively Low: Relatively Low: Relatively Low: Relatively High: Relatively safety risks of Minimal exposure for Minimal exposure as Relatively low Greatest exposure as Moderate: Pipeline personnel and the spur passing through spur passes through exposure: spur passes pipeline passes passes through public largely uninhabited largely uninhabited through largely through agricultural land but area, but not known area. uninhabited area then approximately 7km R&M station to be whether noise levels through agricultural (4.3 miles) of built-up sited in less densely at expanded CEB land. area. Furthermore, populated area than plant would be not known whether Options I & 2. acceptable. noise levels at expanded CEB plant would be acceptable. Ease of access to Relatively Difficult: Relatively Easy: Relatively Difficult: Relatively Easy: Relatively Easy: site Spur passes through Spur passes through Spur passes through Spur passes through Spur passes through 12.5km (7.8 miles) of only 4.5km (2.8 only 4.5km of 4.5km of wetland, 4km (2.5 miles) of wetland. Access to miles> of wetland. wetland, then 5km then through a built- agricultural land and R&M station on the (3.1 miles) of up area for 8.5km (5.3 1km (0.6 miles) of beach is along a agricultural land miles). wetland or lagoon. coastal road that may through which access become damaged by road required. erosion. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 4-16 Chapter 4 Table Options for Benin Onshore Pipeline Spur- Critical Factors Critical Factors Base Case Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option 4 Ease of Relatively Difficult: Relatively Easy: Moderate: Spur Moderate: Spur Relatively easy: Spur construction of Spur passes through Spur passes through passes through 4.5km passes through 4.5km passes through 500m pipeline and 12.5km (7.8 miles) 4.5km (2.8 miles) of of wetland, then 5km of wetland then (1,640.4 miles) of associated facilities wetland. wetland; electrical (3.1 miles) of [8.5km (5.3 miles)] lagoon and a similar transmission line agricultural land. through a built-up stretch of wetland, needed. Villages may need to area. then 4.5km of be traversed. agricultural land. Potential impacts to Significant: 50 Minimal to Minimal to Moderate: Spur will Minimal: Spur has communities, e.g., houses and a church moderate: Spur will moderate: Spur will pass through built-up purposely been routed those to businesses, under construction lie pass over agricultural pass over agricultural area but along to avoid villages and transportation, etc. on this route as it land. land. existing road. settlements to greatest passes through extent possible, Cotonou and may especially when need to be demolished compared to all other and the inhabitants options. resettled resulting in significant socio- economic impacts. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 4-17 Chapter 4 Option The onshore pipeline lateral would extend almost directly north to the village of Gbodje, about 200m (656.2ft) east of the town of Cococodji. The R&M station would be located just outside of Gbodje. Access to the facilities would be from the Cotonou to Lome road. In a secondary development, the CEB plant would eventually be relocated to be adjacent to the R&M station. (This is a development that would be undertaken by CEB and downstream of the R&M station and so is not assessed in this EIA other than for Secondary Impacts as described in Section 6.9.) CEB would then run an electrical transmission line from Gbodje to Maria Gleta near Tankpe to tie into existing distribution systems. CEB is considering making the Maria Gleta location a major transmission station in its future development plans. Option Similar to Option 1, the R&M station would be located just outside Gbodje. Access to the facilities would be from the Cotonou to Lome road. In a secondary development beyond the scope of the WAGP project, the CEB plant would then be relocated to Maria Gleta near Tankpe, rather than Gbodje, and WAPCo would run a spur extension, known as a "link line," from the R&M station to Maria Gleta. With regard to the location of the R&M station, this option has the same advantage of ease of access as Option 1. However, access to the CEB plant at Maria Gleta would not be easy and would require the construction of a 5km (3.1 miles) access road; the transport of construction materials for the gas-delivery line may also necessitate the traversing of villages. Conversely, the ROW required for a gas-delivery line from Cococodji to Tankpe would be shorter than that of an electrical transmission line. Option Option 3 would extend the onshore pipeline section to Gbodje first, with an additional alternate delivery line to the existing power plant at Vedeko. Similar to Options I and 2, the R&M station would be located near the town of Gbodje. However, the CEB power plant would remain at Vedeko and the two would be linked by an additional 13.5km (8.4 miles) gas-delivery line. Option The pipeline would come ashore 5km (3.1 miles) west of the other previously described options and would run north to a point just south of the railway line that runs parallel to the Cotonou to Lome road and just west of Cococodji. The R&M station would be situated at this point. Access to the facilities would be from the Cotonou to Lome road. Two alternatives for secondary development from this location are expected. The first, Option "4a," is similar to Option 1: CEB would relocate their power plant from Vedeko to be near the R&M station and then run an electrical transmission line from there to link with the Benin electricity grid. The second, Option "4b," would be similar to Option 2: WAPCo June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 4-18 Chapter 4 would construct a link line from the R&M station to Maria Gleta, where the Vedeko plant would be relocated. Selected Option - Option b Option with spur e tension After considering the above factors, a decision was made to implement Option 4. This decision was further supported by a combined consideration of environmental and socioeconomic factors, cost analyses, and process simulations, which showed that Option 4 offered the optimal combination of cost, impacts, and process engineering. In particular, the resettlement impacts associated with it are very significantly lower than for all the other options. Rather than CEB running a transmission line from the R&M station to the future power station site, WAPCo will link the two by means of a pipeline spur, which may be diverted from its planned route to avoid a coconut plantation just north of the R&M station. A link line is preferred over an electricity transmission line because of: * Greater flexibility in supply; * Smaller ROW requirement; * Greater room for expansion of a power plant at Maria Gleta than at R&M station site; and * Lack of power loss in electricity cables. The spur extension from Cococodji to Maria Gleta was selected to avoid areas of high population and the need to demolish properties to accommodate the pipeline. Additionally, part of the route will share a 1.6km (1.0 mile) ROW with the CEB power line on the approach to Maria Gleta, thereby taking advantage of previously developed lands. Onshore Lateral Alternatives in Togo Onshore lateral alternatives in Togo are described in Section 4.4.2 of the Regional and Togo Final Draft EIAs Rev 1. Design Considerations Si ing of Offshore Pipeline and idline Compression Facilities The alternatives for the diameter of the offshore pipeline were 20in (50.8cm) and 18in (45.7cm). The 20in pipeline alternative has been selected as it has a greater capacity than the 1 8in and requires no midline compression, based on the mid-case gas demand forecast. If the 1 8in alternative were to have been selected and implemented, then a midline compression facility similar to the Lagos Beach Compressor Station (Section 2.4.3 of Nigeria Final Draft EIA Rev 1) would have had to be installed at Lome (Section 2.4.5 of Togo Final Draft EIA Rev 1) in order to meet the demand for the mid-case gas reserve forecast. This midline June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 4-19 Chapter 4 compressor station would not have been built until at least 13 years after the beginning of the project. Even with a 20in pipeline, a midline compressor station will be required at Lome should gas demands meet the high-case reserve forecast. Such a compressor station would require a supplemental EIA to evaluate the associated environmental and social impacts beyond land use and other "footprint" impacts described in this EIA. (WAPCo is acquiring the land for the future midline compressor station as part of the initial development and will fence off the area pending future demand and the need for compressor station construction.) Future Compression Facilities at Ta oradi These are described in Section 4.5.2 of the Regional and Ghana Final Draft EIA Rev 1. Construction Pipeline Construction ethods Offshore Lateral Burial As stated in Section 2.4.4.2.1, the pipeline will be buried or covered to avoid exposure at water depths shallower than 8m (26.2ft). This will be done to prevent scouring from high sea currents in the shallow zones. Consistent with pipeline industry practice in the West African region, the pipeline will lie exposed on the existing seabed at water depths deeper than 8m (26.2ft). As an alternative, WAPCo considered burying or covering the pipeline in all waters shallower than 30m (98.4ft). Burying pipeline sections shallower than 30m provides the additional benefits of reducing the potential entanglement of trawlers' fishing gear and hindering sabotage. These additional benefits were not fully achieved at shallower depths and thus intermediate depths between 8m and 30m were not considered further. Changing the cutoff between exposed and buried pipeline sections from an 8m depth to a 30m depth reduces the total length of exposed pipe. Thus the total stretch of artificial reef that develops through the attraction of sessile organisms to the hard pipeline surface is also reduced. Shortening the length of the reef results in fewer marine communities in the surrounding areas. Although having fewer marine communities may be considered as a smaller environmental advantage, it would result in a smaller attraction for fishing vessels; therefore, the 30m alternative would pose a lesser risk of entanglement. Consequently, there would be a health and safety advantage for the deeper cutoff between exposed and buried pipeline sections. The 30m alternative would, however, have the disadvantage of suspending more sediment and smothering more benthos because trenching would be required over a longer distance at Tema and Takoradi. Furthernore, trenching would be required for part of the shore crossings at Cotonou and Lome because the distance from the shoreline to a point where the ocean depth of 30m is too great for horizontal directional drilling (HDD) alone. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 4-20 Chapter 4 WAPCo rejected the 30m alternative on the basis of the above considerations. Options for protecting the offshore pipeline are discussed further in Chapter 7. Wetland Crossings WAPCo considered HDD as an alternative method to push-method trenching for crossing larger or more sensitive wetland areas and perennially flowing streams. In the case of the wetland areas, HDD would cause less of an impact overall because it would bypass the wetlands. In the case of perennially flowing streams, HDD would be easier to perform. However, WAPCo deemed that those advantages were not enough to warrant the extra cost of HDD or offset the higher probability of operational failure with HDD and so decided to use push-method trenching. Lagoon Crossings WAPCo's favored alternative for the lagoon crossing in Nigeria is HDD, as described in Section 2.8.2.2.5, because HDD would avoid impacts to the lagoon by bypassing it. Nonetheless, push-method trenching may have to be used if it is found that the soil conditions are not suitable for HDD. In Nigeria, the possibility exists for the lagoon crossing to be combined with the shore crossing (i.e., HDD from north shore of lagoon out to the ocean thus bypassing the barrier island); however, this alternative may prove technically infeasible and a decision is pending until further detailed analyses are completed. In Benin, WAPCo's preferred alternative is to use push-method trenching rather than HDD to cross the lagoon because WAPCo believes that it would not result in significantly worse impacts than HDD for this lagoon if it were done in the dry season. Nearshore Trenching and Shore Crossings Nearshore trenching and shore crossing alternatives arise in Ghana and are discussed in Section 4.6.1.4 of the Ghana Final Draft EIA Rev 1. E uipment Transport to Compressor Station Transport along existing roads from the Port in Cotonou via Badagry was rejected because of the risk of disruption due to sudden border closures. The two options under consideration for the transport of heavy equipment to the compressor station site occur entirely within Nigeria and are discussed in Section 2.8.3.1 of the Regional and Nigeria Final Draft EIA Rev 1, namely transport: * By road from the Port of Lagos; and * By water through Badagry Creek to a purpose-built dock 200m (656.2ft) from the compressor station site and then along a purpose-built access road to the site. WAPCo also considered but rejected: June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 4-21 Chapter 4 * Construction of a temporary dock in the lagoon within the ROW (with an associated access road); * Construction of a bypass road around Ajido connecting an existing road to the compressor station site; and * Transport along existing roads from the Port of Cotonou via Badagry. Ancillary Facility Construction Weight Coating Plant s Alternatives regarding weight-coating operations are discussed in Section 4.6.3.1 of the Regional, Ghana, and Nigeria Final Draft EIAs Rev 1. arshalling ard s in Nigeria * Alternatives regarding marshalling yards in Nigeria are discussed in Section 4.6.3.2 of the Regional and Nigeria Final Draft EIA Rev 1. Concrete Supply for Compressor Station Alternatives regarding the supply of concrete for the construction of the Lagos Beach Compressor Station are discussed in Section 4.6.3.3 of the Regional and Nigeria Final Draft EIA Rev 1. Construction Camps WAPCo anticipate that it may not be possible to house all workers involved in construction of the compressor station in existing local accommodations so provisions will be made for "closed" camp facilities in the vicinity of the compressor station. Similarly, as stated in Section 2.8.2.1, provision will be made for a camp to accommodate construction workers working on the onshore Nigeria segment although WAPCo's preference is to use existing local off-site accommodations for workers who do not commute from their own homes locally. No other construction camps are planned, as fewer workers will be required at other construction sites and they will be recruited locally and lodged in local accommodations. Commissioning and Start up Treatment of Hydrotest Water prior to Discharge It is currently envisioned that, once hydrotesting is complete but prior to discharge, hydrotest water will be treated with hydrogen peroxide in an onshore train of neutralization tanks that has not yet been designed. However, other alternatives may emerge as a result of the ecotox testing program and review of West African industry best practice that WAPCo intends to undertake. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 4-22 Chapter 4 The alternative of not treating the hydrotest water was considered and rejected because of the risk of corrosion occurring if untreated water were left in the pipe for a significant period. A possible scenario for water being left in the pipe would be a delay in the construction of the offshore pipeline leading to a delay in the discharge of hydrotest water from the onshore mainline. Discharge of Hydrotest Water Hydrotest water will be discharged offshore in compliance with the effluent discharge requirements of each country. The distance offshore of discharge will be determined after ecotox testing, possible dispersion modeling, and stakeholder consultations as well as permitting requirements. (In any case, the distance will be sufficient for the discharge to remain offshore whatever the tide.) WAPCo rejected the alternative, onshore disposal, as impractical considering the volumes involved (Section 2.9.3), the lack of treatment and disposal capacity in-country, and the likely low impact of offshore discharge. Project Operations Li uid Storage Tan s WAPCo has decided that there should be no buried storage tanks because of the risk of leaks to soil and groundwater resources, e.g., in Lome where there is a shallow aquifer used by local market gardeners. WAPCo has decided to use aboveground tanks, which are easier to maintain and inspect, and for which secondary containment can be provided. Open pits and sumps have been rejected for the same reasons. Lined sumps and pits were considered but rejected due to the greater environmental risks and the higher construction costs compared to tanks, particularly in light of the small liquid volumes expected. Waste anagement Waste disposal is discussed in Section 2.5 and Chapter 8. One management option, on-site incineration, has been rejected on grounds of potential impacts from atmospheric emissions. Sanitary Waste Water Disposal The general options for sanitary wastewater disposal at the Alagbado "Tee," Lagos Beach Compressor Station and Control Center, and the R&M Stations are as follows: * Treatment in a septic tank system and discharge into soil via a suitably prepared drainage field; * Treatment in a septic tank system and discharge into receiving waters; and * Treatment in a septic tank system and hauling off-site for disposal. WAPCo has not yet finally decided which option(s) to use. The first option is WAPCo's preferred option because it has the least associated impacts to the environment and is cost- June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 4-23 Chapter 4 effective. The second option does have an associated impact to surface waters and, in any case, is not feasible at all sites (e.g., Lome). The third option would have environmental and cost impacts associated with the transport of the wastewater along roads (Section 2.4.5.3.10). Stormwater anagement WAPCo considered installing oil-water separators but rejected this alternative as unnecessary on the grounds that process areas where stormwater could come into contact with operating equipment will be covered and any stormwater (or washwater) from this area will drain to the facility liquids-handling tanks (Section 2.4.5.3.10). Low stormwater volumes collected with industrial process water would then be handled as industrial wastewater and disposed off- site. Stormwater collection facilities separate from the facility liquids-handling tanks were also considered, but this design was rejected because the volume of collected stormwater is likely to be low due to the covering of operating equipment. Utilities Power Supply The "Tee," the compressor station, and all the R&M stations except Takoradi will be supplied by fossil-fuel generators. Power supply for the Takoradi R&M station will come from the electrical grid. The following alternatives were considered for energy supply to WAPCo facilities: * Fossil-fuel use (on-site natural-gas and back-up diesel generators); * Connecting to existing power grid; and * Off-grid solar power. Each has its own merits but WAPCo judged that only a fossil-fuel generator would provide a secure, sufficient, autonomous power supply. The costs of connecting to a local power grid would be low, but WAPCo has judged that this alternative grid supply would be reliable enough for operational and long-term needs only at the Takoradi R&M station. Off-grid solar power would provide an autonomous power supply with low environmental impacts. At the Lagos Beach Compressor Station the cost of solar power would be prohibitive due to the size and number of battery storage facilities and size of solar panel equipment. However, solar power will be used as a partial back-up supply at the Alagbado "Tee" and R&M stations. Water Supply Desalination to meet water needs was considered but rejected on cost-benefit grounds for all WAPCo facilities, particularly in light of relatively low volume needs for operations. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 4-24 Chapter 4 Instead, wells will be sunk to groundwater at all WAPCo facilities except at the Takoradi R&M, which will be tied into the existing Volta River Authority water system. There remains a doubt as to whether sinking a well will be feasible at the "Tee;" should that prove to be the case, water will be purchased locally and trucked in. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 4-25 I i I I Chapter E isting Situation Overview This chapter describes the existing environment and resources as relevant to the EIA. The project study area includes both the onshore and offshore environments in Benin that could potentially be impacted by the proposed West African Gas Pipeline (WAGP) project. The proposed offshore section of the proposed pipeline extends about 1 00km along the coast of Benin, with an offshore lateral approximately 15km long (see Figure 5.1-1). The proposed onshore section of the pipeline in Benin runs approximately 5km from the beach near Hio Houta to the proposed regulating and metering (R&M) station (high-pressure lateral), and approximately 1 Okm farther inland (low pressure link line) to the site of the future Communaute Electrique du Benin (CEB) facility near Maria Gleta (see Figure 5.1-2). Natural Environment The climate in the area is tropical with alternating rainy and dry seasons. Air quality is generally poor, largely attributable to the transportation sector (motorbikes); air quality criteria are not being met in Cotonou. Estimated greenhouse loading was 17,179 tons/year from 1994 to 1999. Air quality in the rural areas is generally good, while air quality in the cities is poor. Onshore Environment The proposed high pressure lateral crosses the shore near Hio Houta west of Cotonou, passing through a barrier island, a lagoon fringed with mangrove, a saltwater marsh with occasional hummocks of mangroves, and an ancient beach ridge that supports supports shrubby savanna vegetation and palm oil trees. This ends in a freshwater marsh vegetated by herbaceous vegetation. Rising inland from this marsh, the Right of Way (ROW) enters a geomorphological feature called a glacis that has a yellow sand substrate and is vegetated by shrubby savanna interspersed with patches of cultivated crops. The location of the proposed R&M station is on this upland area, bordered by the Interstate Cotonou-Lome railway. Across the adjacent Lome-Cotonou highway, the proposed low pressure link line ROW passes around the edge of a major plantation area. From this plantation to Maria Gleta, the route continues along the edge of a fresh/brackish marsh. When the ROW reaches the high voltage electrical transmission lines, it bends southeast and runs parallel to the transmission corridor until it reaches the site of a future power plant at Maria Gleta, to be relocated from downtown Cotonou by CEB. The barrier island is used largely for small-scale agriculture and coconut plantations. The beach intertidal zone is sandy with no vegetation, while the upper beach has patchy grasses and coconut trees. Fecal coliform bacteria was detected on the beach, most likely due to human use. Gray and brown sands are found along lagoon depressions, with increasing clay content along the depressions. At the lagoon edge, there are organic soils that are seasonally 0 Chapter 5 saline and open to colonization by mangrove; less saline soils are vegetated with grasses. The mangrove system around the coastal lagoon is an ecologically sensitive area. Surface water becomes increasingly acidic and turbid moving inland from the lagoon to the saltwater marsh and finally the freshwater marsh. The dissolved oxygen content in the lagoon is low, possibly due to dumping of household waste in the lagoon (the household waste presumably contains organic compounds that are easily degraded by bacteria, resulting in uncontrolled growth of bactaria and the subsequent reduction of dissolved oxygen. The inland areas along the proposed ROW are characterized by poor, ferric, unsaturated clayey-sandy soils. Plant community types include fallow land (degraded coastal thicket with shrubs and herb stratum), degraded swamp forest (trees, shrubs, herbs), thicket (fallow oil palm plantation overgrown with weedy shrubs), swampy grassland (degraded mangrove habitat with sparse shrubs and herbs), mangrove (in peaty brackish conditions along the coastal lagoon), coastal coconut plantation (sandbar between the lagoon and the Gulf), and coastal grassland (small patches). A number of plant species are used for medicinal purposes. Soils in the study area are generally free from metals contamination. There are two main aquifers above the 200m depth: a homogeneous upper aquifer lm to 3m below the surface between the coast and the boundary of the coastal plane and a heterogeneous lower aquifer separated from the upper aquifer by a clayey layer about 20m thick. The lower aquifer is fresh and potable. Soil Organism Abundance and Diversity Abundance and diversity of soil organisms tended to be low in very sandy soils and saturated soils and higher in upland soils with diverse vegetation cover. Plankton community samples indicate that the brackish waters have high productivity. All the major macroinvertebrate groups were represented in the salt and freshwater marshes. The finfish fauna reflects the mixed nature of the water environment comprising marine, brackish, and freshwater species. The relatively high number of intermediate and top predatory fish species indicate generally healthy onshore aquatic environments. A wide variety of birds, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals inhabit the area, particularly the mangrove. Urbanized areas, like the coastal coconut plantation near Cococodji, support few animals (some squirrels and rats). Protected species include bush pig (Potamochoerus porcus) and the red-bellied monkey (Cercopithecus erythrogaster), which was observed in the study area. A Ramsar wetland of international significance (Ramsar 1017 Site) is located in Benin, but is well outside the project area. Offshore Environment The offshore region is classified as a Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) by the United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development. The northern portion is thermally unstable and undergoes intensive seasonal upwellings; the southern portion is thermally stable and depends on the nutrient input from land drainage, river flows, and wave turbulence. These characteristics make the area highly productive and rich in fishery resources and biological diversity. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-2 Chapter 5 The shoreline segment where the pipeline lateral will cross, between Djegbadji and Adounko-Plage, is generally a stable area, although some areas (near Togbin for example) are susceptible to erosion. A reef of dead madreporarian coral (stony, reef-building corals) lines the seaward edge of the continental shelf throughout the project area. While there are some living corals at the present time, these are soft gorgonian corals, mostly sea fans. There is no evidence of living reef-forming corals in the project area. Species diversity and abundance of plankton is linked to seasonal variation of the oceanographic regime and the rapid development of plankton has a rippling effect on fish populations. Fish production in the Gulf of Guinea is high and the migration of important fish stocks (e.g., herrings, shads, mackerels, tunas, and jacks) is dependent on upwelling events and the movement of climatic fronts and ocean currents. The rich fishery resource supports artisanal fisheries, local industrial fleets, and large international commercial offshore fishing fleets. Shrimping grounds cover 180 square miles off Benin, representing an important export species. Physicochemical properties of the water column in the ocean indicate a healthy marine environment. Turbidity is generally low in the offshore, oceanic waters; however, there is a coastal zone of turbid, greenish water, which meets the clearer oceanic water 6-8km from the coast. On the seabed, the benthic communities are mature and in equilibrium with local physical conditions indicating little disturbance; biological composition of the benthos is generally homogeneous. Concentrations of metals and hydrocarbons were similar to region- wide averages, indicating little or no contamination. Elevated levels of hydrocarbon and lead were found in some sediment samples, suggesting localized areas of contamination related to port activities. Olive ridley, green, and leatherback turtle nests have been reported on Benin sandy beaches and specimens of hawksbill have been recorded in the literature off Benin. Other marine species of concern include cetaceans (whales) and dolphins. Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) have been observed recently off the coast of Benin. Human Environment Surveys were carried out in 13 villages representing rural fishing and urban/semi-urban communities. Along the proposed ROW, community sizes range from a cluster of a few houses to complete towns. Approximately 2,270 people live within 200m of the proposed ROW centerline between the seashore and the proposed R&M station. An additional 25,750 people live within 200m of the ROW centerline along the link line from the R&M station to Maria Gleta, although the populations within the proposed ROW are low. Facilities identified (within 200m but outside the 25m ROW) during the surveys included a school at Akadjamey, a church at Vinawa Adjovicodjii, and a recreational facility and church at Hio Houta. The proposed pipeline route and link line will cross coconut plantations, cultivated palm tree stands, cashew nut farms, tomato farms, cornfields, cassava fields, roads, railroad track, many footpaths, private lands, and sections of swampland and lagoons. The shoreline crossing point of the pipeline is close to several villages and within a few kilometers of significant tourist activities and infrastructure including hotels, guesthouses, June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-3 Chapter 5 restaurants, picnic areas, and art displays along the beach. A sacred water site is also located near the village of Hio Houta, at a distance more than 100m from the ROW. Transportation in the project area tends to be by motorcycle or canoe. Residents in the 200m survey zone regularly cross the proposed pipeline area and link line in order to conduct daily activities. The most common form of energy for domestic needs is fuel wood, with petroleum products being a secondary source. The ethnic composition of the communities tends to be dominated by Fon, Goun, and Oueme socio-cultural groups. The major languages spoken are Fon and Adja/Mina. Residents in the rural non-fishing and urban/semi-urban communities indicated higher education levels than those in the rural fishing communities. Some residents are well educated, due to the nearby university (Abomey-Calavey campus) and research institution (IITA). Many commute to Cotonou for work. A higher percentage of households own property in rural non-fishing and urban/semi urban communities than in rural fishing communities. Most of the rural fishing and non-fishing communities in the pipeline project area lack basic infrastructure such as electricity, running water, roads, or telephones. Households in the urban/semi-urban communities generally have electricity and some have running water. Construction of dwellings range from bamboo and palm branches with thatched roofs, to mud and/or cement brick with corrugated aluminum roofs. The economy of the rural non-fishing villages is centered on trade and commerce. The economy of the urban/semi-urban communities consists mainly of trade, various cottage industries, and services industries. Fishing is the main economic activity in rural fishing communities. Most diets consist of cereals, tubers, vegetables, and fish. Along the proposed WAGP pipeline and link line, about 77 percent of the population have access to potable water. Wells within the survey area are generally open-air, hand-dug deep wells, typically not equipped with pumping or purification systems. Sanitation is substantially better in urban and rural non-fishing areas, than in rural fishing areas. Most human and household wastes are disposed in waterways, marsh areas, around dwellings, and into the ocean. In the Atlantique region there are a few health clinics and two hospitals. The most common disease in the Lower Benin zone is malaria. Health Centres at Cococodji and Pahou (administering first aid) are the closest to the WAGP ROW. Hospitals in Cotonou would be required for any serious injuries and/or emergencies. The closest sites with fire fighting capability are St. Jean, Calavi, and Agla. E isting Environment and Resources This section discusses the onshore and offshore environments of the WAGP project within Benin. Figure 5.1-1 shows the proposed offshore pipeline route in Benin; Figure 5.1-2 shows the proposed onshore pipeline route in Benin. A First (dry) Season Environmental Baseline Survey (EBS) was conducted in December 2002, during the dry season, while a Second (wet) Season EBS was conducted during the dry season in July 2003. Results o fieldwork June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-4 Location of the WAGP Project in B3en in +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~hpe 5Niei 549 '549~~~~~~~~~*3 -91$ .5' .1464 X X o et 4 " - -tus ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-1&29 |L.gend t g ~~~~~June 2004 -e- in Fia Drf EIA' ReI - g - - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~n 2 k~~~~~~~~~~ Chapter 5 This page intentionally left blank June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-6 i~~~~~~~~~~ - - - Figure 5.1-2 WAGP proposed ROW in Benin N Legend W E- WAGP ROW Wt - \2 4o /) ^ = Cotonou Customer Delivery Line 9 \ _ l ,'44 ^ v // { 2 -Highway Road - Primary .9~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~M Road - Secondary Power Line - High Tension Maria Gelt Populated Place Agriculture * Adjakanme 4 Beach Lokag 5 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ocean/water feature Sa ; TLc°houan99bbee / g \ \\';;7 ^ -! ; Mangrove i _ SahoU /?b3~~~~~nk2nhn..p - Wmey'. Agon essd Hojindohou ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Forest -+o,vethehou K odl sav J \ ~ * !H° Jlndohou Wetlands To;4 EH ome HomeGbod cemetary Ag Asogan ou ou|!t xv I s ~~~~~~~~~~~~zours _ " Akpagbegon, Thai¢ zu ~~ _ Q Ahadjame_ _ = Hounguelome rgt )i AgbokFpanm Togbindenou Ado Linko 2 i,1Aonko I Tog Dinda _,4* J__________________________________ ~Kilometers O 1 2 3 4 5 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 57 Chapter 5 This page intentionally left blank June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-8 Chapter 5 discussed below come from the dry season EBS unless otherwise noted. Details of these two studies can be found in the First Season EBS Report (Appendix 5-A), which documents the dry season results, and the Second Season EBS Report (Appendix 5-B), which documents the wet season results. The EBS reports document in detail the scientific collections and analyses performed for baseline purposes, scientific, and regulatory data collection expectations of the host countries, and/or in the event of future liability challenges. Liability challenges could include charges of pollution and or ecological impacts resulting from WAGP construction or operations. Quantitative data are compared, where possible, to relevant reference levels (including regulatory standards) in order to provide the reader with an understanding of the current overall quality of the existing environment and resources. As directed by the legal authorities identified in Chapter 1 (Section 1.3), certain impacts that are relevant to the proposed gas pipeline are identified and assessed in this document (see Chapter 6). The review of existing conditions is in accordance with the laws, regulations, and other guidelines of Benin, as well as international guidelines. Onshore Environment The overall project area in Benin with the proposed pipeline ROW is shown in Figures 5.1-1 and 5.1-2. The proposed ROW passes through the beach intertidal zone, a sandy beige- colored upper beach with patchy grasses and coconut trees, a road commonly called the "fishermen's road," and a coconut plantation. Approximately 480m from the shoreline, the land slopes downward towards a brackish lagoon. Between the coconut plantation and the lagoon are wetlands used to grow market vegetables and for salt winning (extraction) during the dry season. A mangrove area runs along the south edge of the lagoon. On the north side of the lagoon, the sandy substrate slopes gently upward and is vegetated by coconut trees and understory herbaceaous plants. Farther inland it becomes a brackish saltmarsh with occassional hummocks of mangroves. The ROW next passes through the last of the onshore ancient beach ridges, which supports shrubby savanna vegetation and oil palm trees. The ROW ends in a freshwater marsh vegetated by herbaceous plants. Rising inland from this marsh, the ROW enters a geomorphological feature called a glacis that has a yellow sand substrate and is vegetated by shrubby savanna interspersed with patches of cultivated crops. The location of the proposed R&M station is on this upland area, bordered by the Interstate Cotonou-Lome Railway. Across the adjacent Lom6-Cotonou highway, the ROW passes around the edge of a major plantation area. From this plantation to Maria Gleta, the route continues along the edge of a fresh/brackish marsh that lies adjacent to the southernmost edge of the Allada plate, which has a red clayey sand substrate. In this most inland portion of the route there is a marshy forest interspersed with patches of recently planted oil palm groves. When the ROW reaches the high voltage electrical transmission lines it bends southeast and runs parallel to the transmission corridor until it reaches the site of a future power plant at Maria Gleta, to be relocated from downtown Cotonou by Communaute Electrique du Benin (CEB). Table 5. 1-1 provides an estimate of the length in meters and area in hectares (ha) of each habitat/land cover type within the proposed ROW. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-9 m m m~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Chapter 5 Table 5.1-1 Land Cover Estimates for the Proposed ROW in Benin Habitat/Land Cover Total Length (m) Area (ha) Beach 68 0.2 Salt/Brackish Marsh 648 1.6 Coconut 1,112 2.8 Savanna 4,623 14.5 Savanna Bordering Wetlands 6,301 15.8 Freshwater Forested Wetlands 144 0.4 Freshwater Marsh 1,232 3.0 Lagoon 300 0.8 Mangrove 164 0.4 Road 8 0.0 Total 14,600 39 Physical Environment Climate The climate in the Gulf of Guinea and Central Eastern Atlantic is strongly influenced by inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) weather patterns. Maritime tropical air masses, characterized by warm, humid southwesterly winds, and the continental air mass, characterized by hot, dry northeasterly winds, converge in the ITCZ. The alternating dry season and dry season phenomenon is determined by the north-south oscillation of air masses in the ITCZ. Winds from the southwest and south-southwest blow year round with monthly averages between 2 meters per second (m/s) and 4m/s. While there are two main seasons during the course of the year, the annual weather patterns are somewhat more complicated due to a short break in dry season in August. The typical weather is as follows: * Long, summer rainy period stretches from April to July and starts with storms and strong, humid southwesterly winds. There is an upwelling event along the shoreline in July; * Short dry period occurs in August as rainfall amounts suddenly decline about 75 percent; * Short rainy period is associated with decreasing winds and a weak upwelling during October and November. Ocean surface temperatures increase during September, reaching 28 degrees Celsius (°C); and * Long dry season stretches from December to March and is characterized by persistent Harmattan winds, which derive from anticyclone systems in the north. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-10 Chapter 5 The mean annual rainfall in the region ranges from 500 millimeters (mm) to 2,000mm. During the dry season, rainfall events can be as much as 140mm per day. Along the coast, the mean annual rainfall ranges between 920mm and 1491mm. As one would expect near sea level in the equatorial zone, temperatures are high and only vary approximately 8°C throughout the year. Maximum temperatures are 32°C during the dry season (February, March), and a minimum of 22°C often occurs in August. Land Use Small-scale agriculture is common in the project area. However, for most farms, productivity is limited by arid conditions and poor soil. Cultivation on the barrier islands consists predominately of large-scale, privately owned, coconut plantations. These plantations provide relatively substantial incomes to the landlords, most of whom are absent, or else devote their time to fishing in the lagoons or sea. The lagoon is a privileged place for small-scale fishing by women and old men who are not able to go to the sea. Along both inland margins of the lagoon, vegetables, grains, and pulses (e.g., cassava, maize, and cowpeas) are grown. From the lagoon area, towards the north, stretches a sandy strip covered with coconut plantations before reaching the brackish marsh. From there to the R&M Station, bordered by the railway, there are a variety of swampy grasslands, fallow lands, and lands on which food crops are grown. From the railway to the northern upland swamps, land use includes primitive housing interrupted by bush (on the outskirts of Cococodji City), food crop farms, upland swampy grassland, and degraded swamp forests. Cultural Resources While there are no cultural sites located within the immediate vicinity of the WAGP project, numerous plant species used by local residents for medicinal purposes are found in the region. Out of 171 different plants that grow in the region, 22 are used to treat 23 ailments. Table 5.1-2 presents a summary of information on local use of medicinal plants. Table Use of edicinal Plants NO Species Part Used Diseases Treated and Abundance of N0 Species Part Used ~~~Modes of Preparation the Species I Abrusprecatorius Leaves Cough + (Fabaceae) The liquid obtained by boiling Alchornea cordifolia together with the leaves of 2 (Euphorbiaceae) Leaves Ocimum basilicum is + administered orally in the treatment of drepanocytosis. 3 Annona senegalensis Roots Used in the treatment of snake Annonaseae) n Roots bites and insect stings June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-11 Chapter 5 Table Use of edicinal Plants NO Species Part Used Diseases Treated and Abundance of Modes of Preparation the Species The liquid obtained by boiling Asystasia gangetica together with the leaves of 4 Asystasca gangetica Fresh leaves Croton zambesicus is + administered orally for the treatment of gonorrhea The liquid obtained by boiling 5 Brideliaferruginea Bark and roots is used for the treatment of ++ (Euphorbiaceae) ar an roo oedema and irritability among children The liquid obtained by Byrsocarpus coccineus Leaves and maceration is used for the 6 (Connaraceac) stem treatment of oligospermia, ++ sexual weakness (asthenia), sterility and gonorrhea 7 Carissa edulis Roots Maceration in alcohol is used ++ (Apocynaceae) as an aphrodisiac Cassia occidentalis The liquid obtained by boiling 8 Caesalpiniaceae) Whole plant is used for the treatment of ++ malaria and soar throat Cassia ro.undifola .The liquid obtained by boiling 9 (Caesapiniaceae) Leaves is used for the treatment of ... ( as p i a malaria 10 Cassythafiliformis Whole plant Its ground form is used in the ++ (Lauraceae) treatment of oligospermia 11 Centella asiatica Whole plant Used for the treatment of cough + (Apiaceae) and leprosy 12 Cocos nucifera Root The liquid obtained by boiling ... (Arecaceae) _____________ reduces jaundice The liquid obtained by boiling 13 Croton lobatus Leaves together with Xylopia ... (Euphorbiaceae) aethiopica is used against high blood pressure Flacourtiaflavesens The liquid obtained by boiling 14 .Flacourtiaceae) Leaves is used in the treatment of ++ diarrhea, dysentery and cough 15 Hybanthus enneaspermus Whole plant Eases childbirth + ____(Violaceae) 16 Mangifera indica Bark The liquid obtained by boiling + (AllaCardiaceae) is used against anemia 17 Morinda lucida Leaves and Used in the treatment of + (Rubiaceae) roots malaria and inguinal hernia 18 Phyllanthus amarus Whole plant Malaria and stomach troubles + 18 (Euphorbiaceae) W 19 Rauvolfla vomitoria Roots Used to soothe nervous pains + (Apocyanaceae) June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-12 Chapter 5 Table Use of edicinal Plants NO Species Part Used Diseases Treated and Abundance of Modes of Preparation the Species 20 Remirea maritima Whole plant The liquid obtained by boiling ... (Cyperaceae) facilitates dentition 21 Sorindeia warneckei St Its brush is used against tooth + (Anacardiaceae) em_decay Uvaria chamae The liquid obtained by boiling 22 (Annonaceae) Root is used for the treatment of ... +: low abundance; ++: average abundance; +++: high abundance Geology and Hydrogeology The formation of the coast of West Africa dates back to the Cretaceous Era with the formation of the Atlantic Ocean when the coasts of South America were separated from the coasts of West Africa. During the Tertiary Era, clayey-sandy deposits formed the present continent adjacent to the Gulf of Guinea. This plateau, between 20m and 60m high, became interspersed with rivers during the Pleistocene Era. The Pleistocene deposits constitute the layers underlying the present coastal sands. The glacial era brought about a 100m drop in sea level and led to increased river cutting. During the Inchirian encroachment (Mid-Pliocene in Europe), sea levels rose above current levels, reshaped the deposits of the continental terminus, and created cliffs. Sea levels later subsided during the Ogolian period (Preflandrian in Europe). During the last major Nouakchottan encroachment (Flandrian in Europe), approximately 6,000 years ago, the sea invaded the continent inland approximately 2.5km. Sandbars resulting from coastal drift closed the elongated depressions to create lagoons. In the area of study, there are two main aquifers above 200m depth: * A homogeneous upper aquifer about Im to 3m below the surface that is 1Om to 20m thick between the coast and the boundary of the coastal plane; and • A more or less heterogeneous lower aquifer with a captive water table separated from the upper aquifer by a clayey layer about 20m thick; its substratum has not been reached by existing surveys. The porosity of the aquifer reservoirs (more or less gravelous or clayey-silty sand) ranges between 34 and 40 percent for the overall porosity and 7 to 20 percent for the useful porosity (SGI, 1981 and Serhau-Burgeap, 1989). The hydraulic conductivity ranges between 10-4m/s and 10i3m/s. The upper water table in the coastal plane is highly mineralized. The conductivity ranged from 200 to 600 microsiemens per centimeter (S/cm). Near the shore the conductivity rises June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-13 Chapter 5 above 600jiS/cm. The groundwater is vulnerable to contamination because of its proximity to the surface. The lower water table can exhibit conductivity as low as 100 gS/cm. The water is fresh and potable. Soils and Terrain Topography The pipeline ROW crosses three bands of upland with intervening depressions. From the south of the shore crossing to north, they are as follows: * Pipeline ROW o A narrow brown sandbar that stretches parallel to the sea. Its plane morphology exhibits intertwining ripples on a local scale. o An initial depression that becomes a lagoon, such as the one south of Togbin and Adounko villages. o A gray sandbar, 2m to 4m high, such as that which lies between the Wegba depression in the north and the coastal lagoon in the south. The edge of the lagoon is made up of wetlands and sandy spits. The area can become nearly flooded during the wet seasons. o A second depression named Wegba, such as that between Godomey and Dekoungbe. This depression is connected to Lake Nokoue. * R&M Station o A "yellow sandbar" such as that which lies between Ouidah and Cotonou. Its height usually varies from 5m to 6m, with some ridges reaching 7m high. * Link Line to CEB o A third depression, which is about 400m wide, stretches along the south edge of the plateau. Known as the Djonou depression, it extends from Cococodji to Godomey. The Towo, Todouba, and Date Rivers, tablelands en route to Lake Nokoue, contribute to its flowing water. o A plateau with altitudes reaching 40m to 50m in the southern part of Abomey Calavi. There are poor, ferric, unsaturated clayey-sandy soils with fairly well- develped sediment profiles toward here along the continental terminus. The glacis, which is of the Ogolian age, is comprised of yellow sands. According to Volkoff (1976) and Agassounon (2002), these are average to fine-grained sands with small amounts of clay (i.e., less than 10 percent). They are very poor soils with very low cation exchange and water retention capacity. As a sand bar, it has a lateritic-clay-sand formation and a well- pronounced sedimentology. The pH of these soils tends to be basic and under the influence of the sea. The adjacent lagoon environment tends to be slightly acidic. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-14 Chapter 5 As indicated above, the gray and brown quartzite sands, which are average to coarse in texture, are found in the depressions. They are increasingly mixed with clay toward the bottom of the depression. The clay content generally varies between 5 and 25 percent. The soils at the lagoon edge, occupied by mangrove, are gley, hydromorphic, organic soils. They are seasonally salty and therefore open to colonization by mangrove. The soils are slightly acidic, pH 6 to 7, and contain some sulfuric acid. Upon drying in the laboratory, the soil can have a pH of less than 4. The less salty soils in this same area are usually vegetated with grasses (Paspalum vaginatum) rather than mangrove. Soil Chemistry All concentrations of trace metals measured during the dry season EBS were lower than United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Generic Soil Screening Levels (see Table 5.1 -3a). A number of heavy metals, including Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn, were higher during the wet season than the dry season (Table 5.1-3b). The higher wet season concentrations of some heavy metals may be due to the force of increased surface waters, causing migrations, as well as the acidity of the rains. Concentrations of heavy metals were generally lower than European standards, except for mercury in certain sandbar soil samples, which had concentrations up to 12 parts per million (ppm), compared with the UK Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment (CLEA) Soil Guideline Values (SEVs) standard of 8 ppm for residential soils use including gardening (Table 5.1-3a). Concentrations of certain chemicals measured, including nitrites and nitrates, were reasonably lower during the wet season EBS due to the dilution resulting from higher precipitation rates. Other parameters, including pH, redox potential, sulfates, and TSS did not vary substantially between the two seasons. Microbiology Soil microbiology was investigated during the dry season EBS. Soil samples taken at 18 sample points arranged along five transects were cultured in the laboratory for total bacteria counts, counts of yeasts and molds, coliform bacteria, and sulfite reducing bacteria. The soil microbial communities included coliform bacteria in the beach sand samples. This is likely to be a result of intense use of this area by humans. Detailed results of the soil microbiology investigation are provided in the First Season EBS Report, and show no significant microbiological issues. Similar results can be seen in the Second Season EBS Report for the wet season. Distinct Watersheds and Water uality Surface water in the Benin project area is considered relatively good; however, due to salt water mixing, it is not typically sought for drinking water (Sirkou Adam, personal communication, 29 April 2004). For the context of the project, the elongated depressions in the topography, arranged parallel to the coastline, are occupied by open lagoons or saltwater or freshwater marshes. The surface water becomes increasingly acidic and turbid as one moves inland from the lagoons to the freshwater marshes. Measurement of physico-chemical June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-15 Chapter 5 Table a Result of Heavy etal Analysis of Soil Dry Season EBS Pb Fe Cd Cr Ni Al Cu Hg V Zn Ingestion 400 NA 78 390 1600 NA NA 23 550 23000 Sample Longitude Inhalation NA NA 1800 270 13000 NA NA 10 NA NA Groundwater DAF*=1 NA NA 0.4 2 7 NA NA 0.1 300 620 Migration DAF*=20 NA NA 8 38 130 NA NA 2 6000 12000 Latitude: ppm ppt ppm p!m ppm ppt ppm ppm ppm ppm BIB <10.0 <4.0 <0.8 6.1 <4.0 3.5 4.5 <1.0 <0.04 7.8 BIB 02015'25.4" 06022'55.1" <10.0 <4.0 <0.8 6.1 <4.0 3.2 2 <1.0 <0.04 5.9 BI 02015'24.8" 06022'55.1 " <10.0 <4.0 <0.8 12.1 <4.0 3.2 4.5 <1.0 <0.04 10.3 BI 02015'25.4" 06022'55.7" <10.0 <4.0 <0.8 7.3 <4.0 1.9 2.9 <1.0 <0.04 5.5 BIC 02015'25.4" 06022'54.4" <10.0 <4.0 <0.8 8.5 4 2.3 3.7 2.3 <0.04 19.2 BIC 02015'25.4"' 06022'54.4" <10.0 <4.0 <0.8 8.5 <4.0 8.7 2 <1.0 <0.04 10.9 BIE 06022'55.1" <10.0 <4.0 <0.8 9.7 <4.0 2.6 2.9 1.3 <0.04 59 B3B 02015'22.7" 06022'12.1" <10.0 <4.0 <0.8 5.6 <4.0 6.8 2 1.3 <0.04 4.3 B3B 02015'22.7" 06022'12.1" <10.0 <4.0 <0.8 7.3 <4.0 <0.2 2 <1.0 <0.04 4.3 B3 02015'22.1" 06022'12.1"I <10.0 <4.0 <0.8 6.7 <4.0 2.3 <2.0 <1.0 <0.04 5.2 B3 02015'22.7" 06022'12.7" <10.0 <4.0 <0.8 8.5 <4.0 2.6 3.7 3.3 <0.04 <2.0 B3C 02015'22.7" 06022'11.3" <10.0 <4.0 <0.8 13.8 5.5 6.8 4.5 4.1 <0.04 9.7 B3C 02015'22.7" 06022'11.3" <10.0 12.2 <0.8 6.1 <4.0 1.8 2.1 1.3 <0.04 4.3 B3E 02015'23.3" 06022'12.1" <10.0 <4.0 <0.8 7.9 <4.0 3.5 3.7 2.5 <0.04 3.9 B6B 02015'17.5" 06020'46.8" <10.0 <4.0 <0.8 6.7 <4.0 1.8 2.9 <1.0 <0.04 3.6 B6B 02015'17.5" 06020'46.8" <10.0 <4.0 <0.8 13.8 4 6.5 3.7 12 <0.04 11.3 B6 02015'17.0" 06020'46.8" 13.4 8.7 <0.8 16.1 5.5 3.8 4.5 1.5 <0.04 1.6 B6 02015'17.3" 06020'47.3" <10.0 9.7 <0.8 7.9 <4.0 3 3.7 <1.0 <0.04 11.9 B6C 02015'17.1" 06020'46.1" 12.1 7.7 <0.8 22.1 6.3 3 7.7 <1.0 <0.04 18.5 B6E 02015'17.9" 06020'46.8" _ <10.0 17.8 <0.8 9.6 <4.0 3.8 3.7 <1.0 <0.04 8.1 * DAF dilution attenuation factor June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5.16 Chapter 5 Table b Comparisons of Heavy etal Analyses of Soil Between the Dry and Wet Season EBSs Sampling Sampling Location Season Metal B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 Pb (ppm) < 10 < 10 < 10 < 10 13.40 < 10 Fe (ppt) < 4 <4 <4 9.7 8.7 < 4 Mg (ppt) Cd(ppm) <0.8 <0.8 <0.8 <0.80 <0.8 <0.8 Cr (ppm) 6.1 - 12.1 7.9 7.3 - 8.5 7.90 16.10 6.7 - 13.8 December 2002 Ni (ppm) < 4 < 4 4.00 < 4 5.50 4 Al (ppt) 3.2 3.50 1.9 - 8.70 3 3.80 1.80 - 6.50 Cu (ppm) 2.00 - 4.50 3.70 2.00 - 3.70 3.70 4.50 2.90 - 3.70 Hg (ppm) < 1 2.50 1.00 - 2.30 < 1 1.50 1 - 12 V (ppm) < 0.04 < 0.04 < 0.04 < 0.04 < 0.04 < 0.04 Zn (ppm) 5.90 - 10.30 3.90 5.50 - 19.20 11.90 1.60 3.60 - 11.3 Pb (ppm) < 20 < 20 < 20 < 20 < 20 20.00 -40.00 Fe (ppt) 8.00 3.61 3.09 - 4.48 2.83 - 10.58 1.29 - 5.16 3.09 - 9.54 Mg (ppt) 0.1 Cd (ppm) < 0.80 < 0.8 < 0.8 < 0.8 < 0.8 <0.8 Cr (ppm) 35.42 20.57 < 21.71 - 26.0 9.14 - 28.57 11.43 - 25.14 11.43 - 54.85 July2003 Ni(ppm) 18.60 9.92 9.13- 11.8 5.58- 16.74 4.00- 10.54 7.44-31.62 Al (ppt) 3.78 2.57 4.58 - 5.52 1.58 - 4.60 1.94 - 6.47 2.28 - 7.65 Cu (ppm) 9.01 3.63 3.01 - 9.69 4.24 - 10.90 3.03 - 4.24 4.24 - 30.30 Hg (ppm) V (ppm) 0.04 0.04 <0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 - 0.08 Zn (ppm) 32.61 19.76 24.07 - 37.19 17.77 - 36.57 14.02 - 34.74 36.27 - 57.90 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-17 Chapter 5 parameters for the coastal lagoon, a salt marsh, and a freshwater marsh in Benin was conducted by the dry season EBS and wet season EBS. The water temperature varied between 26.4°C and 32.3°C in the lagoon, 30.1°C and 36.1PC in the salt marsh, and 28.1°C and 31.2°C in the freshwater marsh. Average temperatures tended to be higher at the surface than at greater depths, and higher during the dry season than during the wet season, on the order of a 5°C difference. Dry season EBS values of dissolved oxygen (DO) ranged between 0.98 parts per million (ppm) and 10.08ppm of water, with those values ranging from 0.14ppm to 6.17ppm in the wet season EBS. This variation in oxygen content depends on the temperature, atmospheric pressure, and abundance of phytoplankton. The lagoon increasingly serves as a dumping ground for household waste, which also plays a major role in decreasing DO. In the dry season EBS, the pH range in the lagoon was 7.73 to 7.95, between 7.78 and 8.03 in the salt marsh, and between 6.16 and 6.51 in the freshwater marsh. The values of water electrical conductivity varied from 5992 jS/cm to 6043pS/cm in the coastal lagoon, 18,930pS/cm to 26,900,S/cm in the salt marsh, and 686gS/cm to 838gS/cm in the freshwater marsh, which all indicate a functional marsh environment. While during the dry season EBS, salinity was higher in the brackish marsh than in the lagoon, during the wet season EBS, this trend was reversed. In general, there was decreased conductivity, salinity, and total dissolved solids (TDS), while biological oxygen demand (BOD), turbidity, total organic carbon (TOC), and primary production increased from the dry to wet season EBS. Table 5.1-4 shows the surface water chemical analysis results for nutrients and total suspended solids (TSS) in the dry season EBS. The nitrite and nitrate concentrations tended to be low in all three water bodies. Conversely, ammonia nitrogen and phosphate concentrations indicated nutrient-rich conditions. TSS were also high. During the wet season EBS nitrogen oxides tended to be higher on average in those habitat types measured in both seasons. P04 was higher in the Second than First Season, except in the freshwater marsh, while DO was lower in certain habitats in the coastal area. More detail can be found in the Second Season EBS Report. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-18 Chapter 5 Table Surface Water Chemical Analysis Results for Nutrients Dry Season EBS Parameters Sites Coordinates N02- N03- NH4 P043 TSS LC1 0.04 1.83 18.43 0.095 12.50 LC2 0.05 1.81 19.01 1.10 15.00 LC3 0.05 1.85 18.3 1.10 10.00 Coastal Lagoon LC4 N 6020'87 5" 0.07 2.04 21.2 1.40 7.50 (LC) ~ LC5 E 0051." 0.071 1.93 20.97 1.40 17.50 (LC) ~~LC6 E 0o51.~ 0.069 1.87 20.5 1.30 21.25 LC7 0.03 1.79 17.02 0.09 3.75 LC8 0.032 0.97 18.2 0.087 10.75 LC9 0.029 1.01 17.3 0.083 7.50 MARI. 1 0.39 1.49 15.8 0.96 22.50 _MARI.2 0.37 1.52 16.02 1.13 27.50 Salt Marsh N 6022'45 9" (MARI) MARI.3 E 0053." 0.37 1.47 16.11 0.91 24.25 (MARl) ~MARIA E0 1 0.41 1.50 15.9 0.91 20.25 MAR1.5 0.40 1.52 15.8 0.89 25.50 MAR2.1 0.45 2.96 22.01 0.087 33.00 Freshwater MAR2.2 N 6020'87.8" 0.48 3.01 21.96 0.09 1 31.75 Marsh (MAR2) MAR2.3 E 002015' 8.4" 0.39 3.0 22.00 0.10 32.50 MAR2.4 0011." 0.44 2.95 20.98 0.13 31.00 ____________ MAR2.5 _______ 0.46 3.04 22.06 0.11 37.75 Distinct Airsheds and Air uality In Benin, nitrogen oxides have been increasing since at least 1994 (Ajavon et Amegankpoe, 1998) and, at present, air quality on the coastal plain in cities like Cotonou is very poor. Pollution loading is from transportation, industry, domestic cooking, and bush fires. The transportation sector alone now produces 45 percent of the air pollution (Adjavo, 1997). In Cotonou, on the coastal plain, air quality criteria are not being met (Communication Nationale Initiale du Benin, 2001). A recent study coordinated by the World Bank to evaluate air pollution (Clean Air Initiative in Sub-Saharan African Cities) indicates that Benin has major air quality concerns, particularly in Cotonou. In the study, concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), lead (Pb), volatile hydrocarbons (HC), and ozone (03) exceeded European air quality standards. The study indicated that increased economic expansion, particularly as it relates to transportation, is largely behind the degrading air quality (World Bank, 2001). An estimate of greenhouse gas (GHG) and trace gas loading in Benin by the International Group of Experts on the Climate (GIEC) and the 1996 revised version of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), is 17,179 ton/year during the period from 1994 to 1999 (Figure 5.1-3a). June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-19 Chapter 5 Figure a Emissions of Various Air Pollutants in the Coastal Plain 120000 100000- c 80000 - c 60000- - 40000 - 20000- 0- 49 Polluants atmosph6riques NO, concentrations have been increasing since 1994 and are expected to continue to increase between 2004 and 2010 (Figure 5.1-3b). Figure b easured and Estimated Annual NO Emissions Ajavon et Am gan po, 70 60.15 60 - 50 42.68 40 _ 40 32.07 30 23.32 26.72 20 10 0 1994 1997 1999 2004 2010 Year In Cotonou, on the coastal plain, air quality criteria are not being met (communication Nationale Initiale du Benin, 2001). As a result, city dwellers may develop acute respiratory diseases, which occurred at a rate of 5.11 percent in 1999. The costs of respiratory diseases are estimated to be 600,000 African financial community francs (CFA) per year. The air pollution cost in Cotonou takes 1.2 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) (Tractebel, 2000). June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-20 Chapter 5 Noise There are no data available that pertain to noise in the project area in Benin. Biological Environment Vegetation Vegetation (trees, shrubs, and understory) composition, abundance, and diversity was sampled during the dry season EBS at 18 sample points arranged along five transects. The transects sampled from Djokpotomegon up to Ahouangagbe near the sea represented the following plant community types described in more detail below: fallow land, degraded swampy forest, thicket, swampy grassland, mangrove, and coastal coconut grove. Species richness represents the number of species present. The Shannon Diversity Index combines measures of species richness and relative abundance to identify situations in which there may be large numbers of species, but only a few make up the greatest numbers of individuals. Plants identified included 171 species in 136 genera and 55 families. Herbaceous species dominate the vegetation with 117 (68.42 percent) of the species. Shrubs and trees are represented by 34 species (19.88 percent) and 20 species (11.70 percent), respectively. The families with the largest representation by species are, in decreasing order: Poaceae with 24 species (14.03 percent), Fabaceae with 21 species (12.28 percent), Cyperaceae with 18 species (10.52 percent), and Rubiaceae with 7 species (4.09 percent). Two families possess 5 species each (2.92 percent). Abundance parameters and diversity indices are provided in the First Season EBS Report. The vegetation community results reported here represent the dry season EBS, which were comparable to the wet season EBS, except where otherwise noted. Results from the wet season EBS can be seen in detail in the Second Season EBS Report. Overall, in the wet season EBS (which was conducted during the dry season) there were 222 species from 61 families, clearly dominated by the 150 herbaceous species. Shrubs and trees were represented by 47 and 26 species, respectively. The most represented families with regard to the number of species in descending order are: Poaceae with 36 species (16.22 percent); Fabceae with 24 species (10.81 percent); Cyperaceae with 22species (09.91 percent); Rubiaceae with 15 species (06.76 percent); Euphorbiaceae with 9 species (04.05 percent); Mimosaceae with 7 species (03.15 percent); and Commelinaceae with 6 species (2.70 percent). The other families were represented with 1 to 4 species. Except in the mangrove and grassland, species richness was higher during the wet season EBS than the dry season EBS. Many plant species were observed only during the wet season EBS, while a smaller number was observed only during the dry season EBS. Fallow Land (2ha) The fallow land habitat derives from degraded coastal thicket, which was derived from degraded coastal forest. The structural profile has two strata. One is a shrub stratum, from I m to 2m in height, with an average cover of 20 percent. The most frequent species are: wild custard apple (Annona senegalensis), Lonchocarpus cyanescens, African serpentwood (Rauvolfia vomitoria), Clerodendrum capitatum, Uvaria chamae, Dalbergia setifera, June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-21 Chapter 5 Trichoscypha oba, and Psorospermum senegalense. The other is an herb stratum, from Om to Im in height, with an average cover of 75 percent. It is made up of many species. The most dominant are: yellow bristlegrass (Setaria pumila), Wynn's cassia (Cassia rotundifolia), whorled dropseed (Sporobolus pyramidalis), Perotis indica, Cyperus margaritaceum, and crimson bluestem (Schyzachyrium sanguineum). Trees with diameter at breast height (dbh) of 7.5cm are absent in this habitat. The density of shrubs of dbh less than 7.5cm and with a height greater than Im is 6,700 individuals per hectare. The species richness is 53. The Shannon Diversity Index, calculated for the shrub stratum and herb stratum is 1.54, and 2.88, respectively. Degraded Swamp Forest (O.5ha) The degraded swamp forest habitat has three strata. The tree stratum, from 4m to 8m in height, has an average cover of 15 percent. It is characterized by coconut (Cocos nucifera), ear pod wattle acacia (Acacia auriculiformis) and Syzygium guineense var. coastale. The shrub stratum, from Im to 4m in height, has an average cover of 63 percent. The most predominant species are Mussaenda isertiana, water tree (Tetracera alnifolia), Alchornea cordifolia, and Syzygium guineense var. littorale. The herb stratum, from Om to Im in height, with an average cover of 65 percent, is made up of many species. The most predominant are Fuirena (=Scirpus) umbellata, Eleocharis complanata, Scleria achtenii, and southern cut grass (Leersia hexandra). The density of shrubs with dbh less than 7.5cm and heights greater than Im is 4,100 individuals per hectare. The species richness is 55. The Shannon Diversity Index for the trees, shrubs and herbs is 0.35, 0.32, and 2.34, respectively. Thicket (Mha) The thicket habitat develops in areas where oil palm plantations are left fallow and become overgrown with weedy shrub species. There are two distinct strata. The shrub stratum, Im to 2m in height, has an average cover of 70 percent. The predominant species are Uvaria chamae, artar root (Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides), elende or lihandjo (Cnestisferruginea), Agelaea obliqua(=pentagyna), Rhaphiostylis beninensis, water tree, Rourea coccinea, Olax scorpioides, white rubber vine (Landolphia owariensis), Sorindeia warneckei, velvet tamarind (Dialium guineense), Diospyros tricolor, Flacourtiaflavescens, kisni (Bridelia ferruginea), Carpolobia lutea, and Lannea nigritania. The herb stratum, Om to lm in height, with an average cover of 87 percent, is made up of many species, most predominantly Perotis indica, love vine (Cassythajfiliformis), Pseudovigna argentea, and flattop mille graines (Oldenlandia corymbosa). Fig trees (Ficus spp.) are sparsely distributed. The density of shrubs with dbh less than 7.5cm and height greater than lm is 35,700 individuals per hectare. This very high stem density results in a closed shrub canopy. Species richness is 78. The Shannon Diversity Index of trees, shrubs, and herbs is 0. 19, 2.27, and 3.54, respectively. Swamov Grassland (6ha) The swampy grassland habitat derives from mangrove habitat that has degraded. The shrub stratum, which is very open and lm to 2m in height, has an average cover of 2 percent. The characteristic species are golden leather fern (Acrostichum aureum) and coinvine (Dalbergia June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-22 Chapter 5 ecastaphyllum). The herb stratum, Om to Im in height, has an average cover of 73 percent. The most predominant species include seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum), Fuirena umbellata, gotu kola (Centella asiatica), and Guinea rush or jointed flatsedge (Cyperus articulatus). There are no trees (dbh greater than 7.5cm). The density of shrubs with dbh less than 7.5cm and height greater than Im is 220 individuals per hectare. The species richness is 19, the dominant species belong to the Cyperaceae and Poaceae families. The dominance of these two families explains the "prairie" nature of this formation. The Shannon Diversity Index for shrubs and herbs is 0.22 and 0.72, respectively. Mana!rove Mangrove habitat is situated along the coastal lagoon, inland from the coastal coconut plantation habitat. The mangrove has three strata. The woody stratum, with a height of 6m and a more closed canopy along the lagoon, has an average cover of 60 percent. Red mangrove (Rhizophora racemosa) is the dominant species. Pterocarpus santalinoides has been planted along the edges of the mangrove. The shrub stratum, I m to 2m in height, has an average cover of 20 percent. The most predominant species are red mangrove along the lagoon and black mangrove (Avicennia germinans), golden leather fern, coinvine, Cassipourea barteri, reticulated leaf-flower (Phyllanthus reticulatus), and Syzygium guineense in the background of the red mangrove strip. The herb stratum, which is from Om to lm in height, has an average cover of 85 percent. The predominant species include seashore paspalum, manyspike flatsedge (Cyperus polystachyos), scallion grass (Eleocharis mutata), Hale's pentodon (Pentodon pentandrus), and Fuirena umbellata. The topography shows that the mangrove habitat is made up of two parallel units: a non-specific plantation for red mangrove along the lagoon and a mixed plantation of black mangrove and golden leather fern behind the red mangrove plantation. Mangrove trees with dbh greater than 7.5cm have been cut for firewood in the production of salt. The density of shrubs with dbh less than 7.5cm and height greater than lm is 17,500 individuals per hectare. The species richness is 26. The Shannon Diversity Index is 0.21 for trees, 0.88 for shrubs, and 1.51 for herbaceous plants. This low diversity is explained by the fact that few species are adapted to live in peaty, brackish conditions, typical normal conditions of the mangrove environment. During the wet season EBS, many of the saplings of black mangrove, red mangrove, and ear pod wattle acacia observed in dry season were dead, decreasing their density from 17,500 to 1,103 stems/ha. Coastal Coconut Plantation (1.5ha) The coastal coconut plantation habitat occupies a sand bar that lies between the lagoon and the Gulf. Coconut trees are the only tree species, except for rare shoots of neem tree (Azadirachta indica) and ear pod wattle acacia, which occur in the areas where coconut trees have been cut. The average height of coconut trees is 12m. The shrub stratum, lm to 2m in height, has an average cover of 30 percent. The predominant species are neem tree and Uvaria chamae. The herb stratum, which is less than lm in height, has an average cover of 50 percent. The predominant species include common periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus), tephrosia (Tephrosia purpurea), three-awn grass (Aristida adscensionis), Wynn's cassia, fiddleleaf morning glory (Ipomoea stolonifera), love vine, cactus tuna (Opuntia tuna), Spermacoce stachydea, and lobed croton (Croton lobatus). The density of trees with dbh June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-23 Chapter 5 greater than 7.5cm is 1 .44m2 per hectare. The density of shrubs with dbh less than 7.5cm and heights greater than Im is 3,400 individuals per hectare. The species richness is 32. The Shannon Diversity Index is 0.55 for trees, 0.52 for shrubs, and 2.42 for herbaceous plants. The wet season EBS also noted the presence of maize (Zea mays), which constituted 50 percent of the herb stratum. Coastal Grassland (0.06ha) There are also small patches of coastal grassland habitat in the study. The grassland has an average cover of only 30 percent. Only three species were found there: West Indian sedge or beachstar Remirea maritima (the most dominant), seashore dropseed (Sporobolus virginicus), and Cyperus maritimus. The Shannon Diversity Index is 0.84. Terrestrial Fauna and Wildlife There have been few systematic scientific studies of terrestrial wildlife in Benin. Therefore, the results of the dry season EBS are an important contribution to describing the existing conditions. The dry season EBS included a census of amphibians, reptiles, and mammals in the study area. Table 5.1-5 lists species, by scientific and common name, and relative abundance of animals encountered during the dry season EBS. Also provided are bird censuses by habitat (in the vicinity of Adjahindji, Hio Houta, Vinawa, and Akadjame villages) for degraded swamp forest, swamp grassland, coastal coconut plantation, crop fields on sandy soil, and crop fields on poorly developed soil (Tables 5.1-6 through 5. 1-10). Table Wildlife Census Results anuary Local Common Name Scientific Name Abundance Crapaud Bufo regularis ++ Grenouille Dicroglossus occipitalis +++ Rainette Hyla sp. ++ Ptychadena Ptychadena spp. ++ Python royal Python regius + Python de Seba ou faux boa Python sebae + Vipere Causus rhombeatus + Naja Naja nigricollis + Mamba Dendrospis viridis + Couleuvre Philotamnus heteropidotus ... Lezard Varanus niloticus ++ Crocodile Crocoyilus niloticus + Tortue terrestre Kinixys belliana ++ Tortue d'eau douce Pelusios subniger ++ Tortue luth (marine) Dermochelys coriacea + Tortue imbriqu&e (marine) Erectmochelys imbricata + Tortue verte (marine) Chelonia mydas + Cameleon Chameleon sp. ++ Sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei + Potamochere Potamochoerus porcus ++ June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-24 Chapter 5 Table Wildlife Census Results anuary Local Common Name Scientific Name Abundance Porc-epic Hvstrix cristata + Guib harnache Tragelaphus scriptus + Ecureuil (arbre) ++ Ecureuil sol Xerus erythropus ++ Rat de Gambie Cricetomys gambianus ... Aulacode Thrvonomis swinderianus ++ Lievre Lepus crawshayi D Vervet Cercopithecus aethiops + Singe A ventre rouge Cercopithecus erythrogaster D +: Rare ++: Present +++: Abundant D: Declining Severely Table Results of the Bird Census in the Degraded Swamp Forest anuary Local Common Name Scientific Name Number Cormoran africain Phalacrocorax africanus 1 Heron crabbier Ardeola ralloides 7 Heron garde-bwuf Ardeola ibis 25 Heron A dos vert Butorides striatus 1 1Heron pourpre Ardea pururea I Heron cendre Ardea cinerea 3 Aigrette garzette Egretta garzetta 3 Dendrocygne veuf Dendrocygna viduata 8 Sarcelle A oreillons Nettapus auritus 10 Elanion blanc Elanus caeruleus I Milan noir Milvus migrans 5 Busard des roseaux Circus aeruginosus I Jacana Actophilornis africana 26 Chevalier sylvain Tringa glareola 3 Vanneau teme Vanellus lugubris 24 Emerauldine A bec rouge Turtur afer 2 Tourterelle maillee Streptopelia senegalensis 5 Coucou de levaillant Clamator levaillantii I Coucal du senegal Centropus senegalensis 3 Martinet des palmes Cypsiurus parvus 9 Martin-chasseur A tete grise Halcyon leucocephala 8 Martin-chasseur du Senegal Halcyon senegalensis 4 Martin pecheur pie Ceryle rudis 7 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-25 Chapter 5 Table Results of the Bird Census in the Degraded Swamp Forest anuary Local Common Name Scientific Name Number Petit martin-pecheur huppe Alcedo cristata 1 Guepier nain Merops pusillus 13 Guepier A gorge blanche Merops albicollis 6 Hirondelle A ventre roux Hirundo semirufa 6 Bulbul A bec grele Andropadus gracilirostris 2 Bulbul commun Pycnonotus barbatus S Soui-manga brun Anthreptes gabonicus 1 Pie-grieche fiscale Lanius collaris 2 Spermete nonnette Lonchura cucullata 32 Spermete pie Lonchura fringilloides 13 Table Results of the Bird Census in the Swamp Grassland anuary Local Common Name Scientific Name Number Cormoran africain Phalacrocorax africanus 3 Heron crabbier Ardeola ralloides 9 Heron garde-bcuf Ardeola ibis 29 Heron A dos vert Butorides striatus 1 Heron pourpre Ardea purpurea 4 Heron cendre Ardea cinerea 2 Aigrette dimorphe Egretta gularis 3 Aigrette garzette Egretta garzetta 17 Grande aigrette Egretta alba 6 Aigrette intermediaire Egretta intermedia 1 Dendrocygne veuf Dendrocygna viduata 3 Elanion blanc Elanus caeruleus 1 Milan noir Milvus migrans 2 Busard des roseaux Circus aeruginosus 2 Balbuzard pecheur Pandion haliaetus 1 Hibou des marais africain Asio capensis 1 Rale noir Limnocorax flavirostra 2 Poule d'Allen Porphyrio alleni 1 Poule sultane Porphyrio porphyrio 6 Petite poule d'eau africaine Gallinula angulata 1 Jacana Actophilornis africana 11 Echasse blanche Himantopus himantopus 4 Oedicneme du Senegal Burhinus senegalensis 2 Grand gravelot Charadrius hiaticula 1 Chevalier aboyeur Tringa nebularia 4 Chevalier sylvain Tringa glareola 4 Chevalier guignette Actitis hypoleucos 6 Emerauldine A bec rouge Turtur afer 3 Tourterelle maillee Streptopelia senegalensis 1 Martinet des palmes Cypsiurus parvus 8 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-26 Chapter 5 Table Results of the Bird Census in the Swamp Grassland anuary Local Common Name Scientific Name Number Martin-chasseur a tete grise Halcyon leucocephala 2 Martin-chasseur du Senegal Halcyon senegalensis I Martin pecheur pie Ceryle rudis 10 Petit martin-pecheur huppe Alcedo cristata 1 Guepier nain Merops pusillus 2 Guepier a gorge blanche Merops albicollis 7 Rollier varie Coracias naevia 2 Rolle africain Eurystomus glaucurus 4 Hirondelle de rivage Riparia riparia 2 Hirondelle a ventre roux Hirundo semirufa 14 Alouette sentinelle Macronyx croceus 2 Bulbul a bec grele Andropadus gracilirostris 2 Bulbul commun Pycnonotus barbatus 4 Cisticole roussatre Cisticola galactotes 2 Cisticole a tete rousse Cisticola ruficeps 3 Camaroptere a dos gris Camaroptera brachyura 2 Gobemouche caroncule a collier Platysteira cyanea 2 Pie-grieche fiscale Lanius collaris I Telephone tchagra Tchagra senegala 1 Spermete nonnette Lonchura cucullata 10 Table Results of the Bird Census in the Coastal Coconut Plantation anuary Local Common Name Scientific Name Number Heron crabbier Ardeola ralloides 2 Heron garde-bceuf Ardeola ibis 8 Milan noir Milvus migrans 4 Buse unibande Kaupifalco monogrammicus I Emerauldine a bec rouge Turtur afer 1 Tourterelle vineuse Streptopelia vinacea 2 Tourterelle maillee Streptopelia senegalensis 11 Coucal du sen&gal Centropus senegalensis 3 Martin-chasseur a tete grise Halcyon leucocephala 4 Martin-chasseur du Senegal Halcyon senegalensis 2 Moqueur Phoeniculus purpureus 2 Pic a dos vert Campethera cailliautii 2 Pic gris Mesopicos goertae 4 Alouette sentinelle Macronyx croceus 2 Bulbul a bec grele Andropadus gracilirostris I Bulbul commun Pycnonotus barbatus 35 Grive kurrichane Turdus pelios 2 Camaroptere a dos gris Camaroptera brachyura I Gobemouche caroncule a collier Platysteira cyanea I Soui-manga a poitrine rouge Nectarinia senegalensis I June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-27 Chapter 5 Table Results of the Bird Census in the Coastal Coconut Plantation anuary Local Common Name Scientific Name Number Soui-manga brun Anthreptes gabonicus 1 Soui-manga A ventre jaune Nectarinia venusta I Soui-manga A ventre olive Nectarinia chloropygia 2 Soui-manga cuivre Nectarinia cuprea 3 Soui-manga eclatant Nectarinia coccinigaster 2 Corvinelle Corvinella corvina 6 Telephone tchagra Tchagra senegala 2 Gonolek de barbarie Laniarius barbarus 5 Piac - piac Ptilostomus afer 6 Moineau gris Passer griseus 1 Tisserin gendarme Ploceus cucullatus 32 Amarante commun Lagonosticta senegala 5 Joues oranges Estrilda melpoda 1 Table Results of the Bird Census in the Crop Fields on Sandy Soil anuary Local Common Name Biological Name Number Heron garde-bceuf Ardeola ibis 15 Elanion blanc Elan us caeruleus 2 Milan noir Milvus migrans 3 Emerauldine A bec rouge Turtur afer 3 Tourterelle maiIlee Streptopelia senegalensis 5 Coucou de levaillant Clamator levaillantii 1 Coucal du senegal Centropus senegalensis 6 Martin-chasseur A tete grise Halcyon leucocephala 5 Martin-chasseur du Senegal Halcyon senegalensis 3 Bulbul commun Pycnonotus barbatus 15 Soui-manga brun Anthreptes gabonicus 1 Pie-grieche fiscale Lanius collaris 4 Corvinelle Corvinella corniva 8 Telephone tchagra Tchagra senegala 1 Gonolek de barbarie Laniarius barbarus 2 Spermete nonnette Lonchura cucullata 32 Merle metallique A oeil blanc Lamprotornis splendidus 4 Moineau gris Passer griseus 2 Moineau - tisserin Plocepasser superciliosus 5 Tisserin gendarme Ploceus cucullatus 100 Tisserin noir de vieillot Ploceus nigerrimus 2 Travailleur A bec rouge Quelea quelea 1 Amarante commun Lagonosticta senegala 5 Joues oranges Estrilda melpoda 5 Sperm&te pie Lonchura.fringilloides 13 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-28 Chapter 5 Table Results of the Bird Census in the Crop Field on a Poorly Developed Soil anuary Local Common Name Scientific Name Number Heron garde-bcruf Ardeola ibis 11 Elanion blanc Elanus caeruleus 1 Milan noir Milvus migrans 1 Epervier shikra Accipiter badius 3 Buse unibande Kaupifalco monogrammicus 1 Crecerelle Falco tinnunculus 1 Francolin commun Francolinus bicalcaratus 4 Vanneau teme Vanellus lugubris 16 Emerauldine A bec rouge Turtur afer 2 Tourterelle A collier Streptopelia semitorguata 1 Tourterelle maillee Streptopelia senegalensis 8 Inseparable A tete rouge Agapornis pullaria 2 Touraco gris Crinifer piscator I Coucou de levaillant Clamator levaillantii I Coucal du senegal Centropus senegalensis 8 Martin-chasseur A tete grise Halcyon leucocephala 6 Martin-chasseur du Senegal Halcyon senegalensis 4 Petit barbu de vieillot Lybius vieilloti 1 Pic A dos vert Campethera cailliautii 2 Pic gris Mesopicos goertae 2 Bulbul commun Pycnonotus barbatus 29 Grive kurrichane Turdus pelios 1 Gobemouche caroncule A collier Platysteira cyanea 1 Soui-manga A poitrine rouge Nectarinia senegalensis 1 Soui-manga brun Anthreptes gabonicus I Soui-manga A ventre jaune Nectarinia venusta 1 Soui-manga A ventre olive Nectarinia chloropygia 1 Soui-manga cuivre Nectarinia cuprea 2 Soui-manga eclatant Nectarinia coccinigaster 2 Pie-grieche fiscale Lanius collaris 1 Corvinelle Corvinella corniva 8 Telephone tchagra Tchagra senegala 1 Gonolek de barbarie Laniarius barbarus 6 Corbeau pie Corvus albus 2 Merle metallique A ceil blanc Lamprotornis splendidus 4 Moineau gris Passer griseus 2 Moineau - tisserin Plocepasser superciliosus 5 Tisserin gendarme Ploceus cucullatus 50 Tisserin noir de vieillot Ploceus nigerrimus 2 Travailleur A bec rouge Quelea quelea 2 Amarante commun Lagonosticta senegala 9 Joues oranges Estrilda melpoda 2 Veuve dominicaine Vidua macroura 2 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-29 Chapter 5 Fallow Land, Dearaded SwamD Forest. Thicket, and Swamp Grassland A number of habitats are reverting after abandonment of use by humans. They stretch from the north of Adjahindji through Vinaura to Akadjame. These include patches of fallow land, swamp grassland, and thicket. The patches are scattered over a large sandy area, crossed by small streams, where people once caught fresh water turtles. Rats, squirrels, monkeys, grass snakes, and land turtles are found in this habitat. Other abandoned habitat types in the area include palm groves and cashew plantations. They provide habitat for squirrels, ground squirrels, monkeys, grass snakes, cobras, porcupines, and other animals. Furrows, fields, and market gardens, also in the area, provide habitat for rats, grass snakes, pythons, and some amphibians. Mangrove The mangrove provides habitat for a variety of animals. The most common are reptiles, e.g., royal python (Python regis), African rock python (Python sebae), Nile monitor lizard (Varanus niloticus), spitting cobra (Naja nigricollis), and Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus). Mammals are represented by bush pig (Potamochoerus porcus). This habitat supports populations of bush pig and red-bellied monkey (Cercopithecus erythrogaster). Other monkey species have been extirpated. Coastal Coconut Plantation There are very few animals in this habitat, most have dispersed because of the urbanization in Cococodji. However, it still supports squirrels, rats, and other animals that use the coconut trees as habitat. Coastal Grassland This habitat is a stretch of grass along the sea vegetated with West Indian sedge and seashore dropseed. Green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) and olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) are reported to visit this habitat to lay eggs. Soil Organisms Soil organisms were investigated during the First and Season EBSs. Soil samples taken at 18 sample points arranged along 5 transects were extracted using a Berlese funnel and identified to either species, genus, or family. Abundance and diversity of soil organisms tends to be low in very sandy soils and in water-saturated soils. Table 5. 1-1I1 shows the organisms that were found during the dry season EBS, mostly in upland soils with diverse vegetation cover. Results of the wet season EBS were not inconsistent with the dry season results. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-30 Chapter 5 Table Soil Organisms Found - Dry Season EBS anuary a Mallophages Lepidoptera Haematomyzidae Papilionidae Hymenoptera Arachnida Formicidae Pisauridae Myrmicidae Mollusks Dorylidae Arca afra Heteroptera Cardita tankervillei Plesiocoris sp. Dreissena africana Capsidae Tellina nymphalis Orthoptera Donax pulchellus Acridoidea Veneridae Tettigonioidea Pitaria tumens Coleoptera Ungulinidae Hydrophilidae Diplodonta diaphana Dermestidae Crustacea Silphidae Portunidae Annelida Ocypoda africana Achetes a Species names are italic, genus names are regular, and family names are bold. Hydrobiology and Fisheries The First Season EBS characterized the benthic macroinvertebrates for onshore water bodies. The main taxa found were insects (Diptera, Plecoptera, Tricoptera, Heteroptera, Coleoptera, Odonates, Ephemeroptera, and Arachnida). Also found were mollusks (gastropods and bivalves) and planarians. All the major macroinvertebrate groups were represented in the salt and fresh water marshes. Complete lists of benthic macroinvertebrates are provided in the First Season EBS Report. Mussels (Mytilusperna), venus clams (Pitaria tumens), ungulinid clams (Diplodonta diaphana), tellinid clams (Tellina nymphalis), ligar turritella (Turritella ligar), and projecting turritella (Turritella torulosa) were dominant species. Crustaceans, such as those from the families Corophidae and Haustoridae, were also present in the lagoon during the dry season EBS. Macroinvertebrates observed during the wet season EBS included comparatively fewer mollusks and crustaceans in the lagoon. The wet season in the freshwater marsh differed from the dry season in that stoneflies (plecoptera), but no caddisflies (trichoptera) or beetles (coleoptera) were observed. In the brackish marsh, fewer mollusks and true flies (dipteran) taxa were observed during the wet season EBS, while more crustaceans and polychaetes were observed compared to the dry season EBS. Plankton assemblages were similar between the dry season and wet season EBSs. However, in the freshwater marsh approximately 25 percent fewer taxa were observed. Furthermore, in both the brackish marsh and the lagoon, approximately 25 percent more taxa were observed during the wet season EBS compared to the first season EBS. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-31 m 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Chapter 5 Fisheries The EBS relied on a recent study conducted between March 2000 and September 2001 in the Benin coastal zone by A. Adite. One of the eight sites sampled (Hio) is located in the WAGP area. Overall, 7,894 individual fishes comprising 51 species and belonging to 26 families were collected. The most species rich families were Eleotridae (7 species), Cichlidae (5 species), and Mugilidae (5 species). The families Eleotridae, Cichlidae, Mugilidae, Cyprinotontidae, Gerreidae, and Clupeidae dominated the sample in abundance and accounted for 92.96 percent. In terms of species, six dominated the sample and accounted for 80.27 percent: Kribia nana, blackchin tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron), flagfin mojarra (Gerres melanopterus), bonga shad (Ethmalosafimbriata), banded jewelfish (Hemichromisfasciatus), and banded lampeye (Aplocheilichthys spilauchen). Blackchin tilapia, alone, constituted 28.98 percent of the total sample followed by Kribia nana (15.19 percent), banded lampeye (13.71 percent), flagfin mojarra (12.90 percent), bonga shad (4.84 percent), and banded jewelfish (4.65 percent). The remaining (19.73 percent) was shared by 45 species and none of them had an individual relative abundance more than 2.65 percent. In term of biomass, the 7,894 fishes collected weighed 95. lkg. Blackchin tilapia, Kribia nana, banded lampeye, flagfin mojarra, bonga shad, and banded jewelfish constituted 79.11 percent of the total biomass. Blackchin tilapia, alone, constituted 46.66 percent of the total biomass. The remaining 20.89 percent was shared by 43 species, none of which had a biomass of more than 3.62 percent (Table 5.1-12). Table Fish Catch Data from ultiple ethods of Fishing, Coastal Benin Fiogbe et al, Total SL SL Mean Weight Weight Total Species Family Number Range (g) Range Mean Weight (mm) (g) (g) (9) Belonidae Strongylura sene alensis 6 | 242-275 257.3 | 25-33 |28.5 171 Bothidae Citharichthys stampflii 86 30-130 79.7 0.5-50 10.8 933 Carangidae Caranx hippos 88 50-82 64.6 2-50 7.6 671 Cichlidae Sarotherodon melanotheron 2288 8-189 72.1 0.1-220 19.3 44375 Tilapia zillii 109 47-175 83.1 4-250 31.5 3440 Tilapia guineensis 180 13-220 56.6 0.25-455 12.1 2182 Hemichromisfasciatus 367 15-158 74.1 0.1-150 16.5 6088 Hemichromis bimaculatus 102 21-67 36.3 0.3-15 2.5 253 Clariidae Clarias arie inus 5 215-440 279 65-520 203.6 1018 Claroteidae Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus 107 62-275 118.7 4-420 41.5 4446 Clupeidae Ethmalosafimbriata | 382 | 49-130 76.8 | 2-48 i 10 | 3832 Pellonula sp. 209 29-95 71 0.15-10 5 1061 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-32 Chapter 5 Table Fish Catch Data from ultiple ethods of Fishing, Coastal Benin Fiogbe et al, Total SL SLMa Weight Weight Total Species Family Totalr SLng Mean Range Mean Weight Numbers Rangey (mm) (g) (g) (() Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus sene alensis 2 313-315 314 86-94 90g 180 Cyprinodontidae Aplocheilichthys spilauchen 1082 14-83 31.4 0.1-51 1068 Epiplatys sp. 2 19-26 22.5 0.1-0.1 0.1 0.2 Eleotridae Kriba nana 1199 19-80 51.8 0.2-13 3.8 4650 Dormitator lebretonis 39 21-65 35 0.3-9 1.4 56 Dormitator pleurops 30-30 30 0.8-0.8 0.8 0.8 Eleotris daganensis 2 93-93 93 21-25 23 46 Eleotris vitatta 7 78-155 97.8 9-100 54.5 205 Eleotris senegalensis 6 29-105 48.6 0.3-34 7 42 Eleotris sp. 77 30-180 85.8 0.5-190 24.2 1867 Elopidae Elops lacerta 36 100-190 136.7 10-90 30.5 1101 Elops senegalensis 5 131-176 155.2 24-50 37.2 186 Gerreidae Gerresmelanopterus 1018 7-118 59.8 0.1-30 6.2 6388 Gerres nigri 2 74-89 81.5 9-17 13 26 Gobiidae Oxyurichthys occidentalis | 87 | 43-130 | 95.2 2-31 | 12.5 | 1091 Progobius schlegeli 25 40-99 72.5 1-22 9.1 228 Lutjanidae Lutianus goriensis 11 30-118 62.4 3-70 14.7 162 Lutianus agennes 4 48-72 57.7 4-13 6.5 26 Lutjanus sp. 4 60-114 83.5 5-144 20.3 81 Mochokidae Synodontis Sp. 1 93-93 93 14-14 14 14 Monodactylidae Psettia sebae 9 27-55 41.6 2-15 9 81 Mugilidae Lizafalcipinnis 179 23-195 100.1 0.4-135 27.8 4979 Mugil curema 62 52-160 101.8 3-92 24.5 1521 Mugil bananensis 2 102-255 178.5 21-240 130.5 261 Mugil cephalus 163-163 63 92-92 92 92 Mugil sp. 25 77-162 102.7 9-76 24.5 612.5 Liza sp. 22 15-29 22.4 0.2-0.4 0.28 6.2 Ophichthyidae Myrophis plumbeus 395-395 395 46-46 46 46 Dalophiss sp. 1 475-475 475 32-32 32 32 Ophiocephalidae Parachana obscura 240-240 240 220-220 220 220 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-33 Chapter 5 Table Fish Catch Data from ultiple ethods of Fishing, Coastal Benin Fiogbe et al, Species FamilyTotal SL SL Mean Weight [Weight Total Species Family Number Range RangeSL Mean Weight _____ ~(mm) (g)(g Polynemidae Galeoides decadactylus | 2 | 50-78 [ 64 3-10 [ 6.5 | 13 Pomadasydae (Haemulidae) Pomadasysjubelini 4 84-145 116 12-80 50 200 Pomadasys peroteti 1 92-92 92 13-13 1 3 13 Pomadasys sp. 1 1 57-113 83.4 6-40 l 16.1 117 Protopteridae Protopterus annectens 1 340-340 340 | 165-165 | 165 T 165 Scombridae Cybium sp. 14 88-120 108.2 8-20 14.8 7 208 Serranidae Epinephelus aeneus 2 145-250 197.5 68-340 204 408 Syngnathidae Microphis brachyurus | . Aculeatus sp. 5 100-116 108.2 0.5-3 15 Sphyraenidae Sphyraena guachancho 12 60-98 80 7-34 19.9 239 Total Number of Families 26 Total Number of Species 51 Total Number of Individuals 7894 Species richness and species diversity for the mangrove fish, caught from March 2000 to September 2001, in the Benin estuarine/coastal zone. Site 1 = Aido; Site 2=Djondji; Site 3=Djegbame; Site 4=Grand-Popo; Site 5=Onkuiwe; Site 6=Hio; Site 7=Togbin; Site 8=Djegbadji. The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index, which measures species richness and relative abundance, at the mangrove sites ranged from 0.108 to 2.206 (mean = 1.444). Diversity was lower at degraded sites, and higher at less degraded sites. A restored mangrove site had a high species diversity of 2.087 and species richness (37) (Table 5.1-13). Table Trophic and Commercial Characteristics of Estuarine Fish in Benin Adite, (J: Juvenile; A: Adult; HC: Highly Commercial; MC: Moderately Commercial; NV: No Value) Relative Percent Life Fisheries Trophic Category/Species Abundance of Total History Importance (percent) Weight Stage I Detritivores Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus 1.35 4.66 J/A HC Dormitator lebretonis 0.49 0.06 Ji MC Dormitator pleurops 0.01 0.0008 J MD Ethmalosafimbriata 4.84 4.03 J/A HC June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-34 Chapter 5 Table Trophic and Commercial Characteristics of Estuarine Fish in Benin Adite, (J: Juvenile; A: Adult; HC: Highly Commercial; MC: Moderately Commercial; NV: No Value) Relative Percent Life Fisheries Trophic Category/Species Abundance of Total History Importance _______ ______ ______ ______ ___ (percent) W eight Stage Liza falcipinnis 2.27 5.23 JlA HC Liza sp. 0.29 0.007 J HC Mugil curema 0.79 1.60 J/A HC Mugil bananensis 0.02 0.27 A HC Mugil cephalus 0.01 0.1 A HC Mugil sp. 0.32 0.64 J/A HC Sarotherodon melanotheron 28.98 46.66 J/A HC Synodontis sp. 0.01 0.01 A MC Planktonovores/microcarnivores Aplocheilichthys spilauchen 13.71 1.12 J/A NV Epiplatys sp. 0.02 0.0002 J ND Gerres melanopterus 12.90 6.12 J/A HC Gerres nigri 0.02 0.03 A HC Kriba nana 15.19 4.89 J/A HC Oxyurichthys occidentalis 1.10 1.12 J/A HC Pellonula sp. 2.65 1.12 J/A MC Herbivores Tilapia guineensis 2.28 2.29 J/A HC Tilapia zillii 1.38 3.62 J/A HC Intermediate carnivores Caranx hippos 1.11 0.71 J/A HC Citharichthys stampflii 1.09 0.98 J/A MD Clarias gariepinus 0.06 1.07 A HC Cynoglossus senegalensis 0.02 0.19 A MC Dalophis sp. 0.01 0.03 A MC Elops lacerta 0.46 1.16 A HC Elops senegalensis 0.06 0.20 A HC Hemichromis bimaculatus 1.29 0.27 J/A MC Microphis brachyurus Aculeatus 0.06 0.005 A NV Myrophis plumbeus 0.01 0.05 A MC Pomadasysjubelini 0.05 0.2 J/A HC Pomadasys peroteti 0.01 0.01 J/A HC Pomadsys sp. 0.14 0.12 A HC Protopterus annectens 0.01 0.17 A MC Progobius schlegeli 0.32 0.24 JIA HC Predators Cybium sp. 0.18 0.22 J/A HC Eleotris daganensis 0.02 0.05 A MC Eleotris senegalensis 0.08 0.04 J/A MC Eleotris sp. 0.98 1.96 J/A MC June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-35 Chapter 5 Table Trophic and Commercial Characteristics of Estuarine Fish in Benin Adite, (J: Juvenile; A: Adult; HC: Highly Commercial; MC: Moderately Commercial; NV: No Value) Relative Percent Life Trophic Category/Species Abundance of Total History Fisheries (percent) Weight Stage Importance Eleotris vitatta 0.09 0.22 J/A MC Epinephelus aeneus 0.02 0.43 J/A MC Hemichromis-fasciatus 4.65 6.40 J/A HC Galeoides decadactylus 0.02 0.01 J MC Lutjanus agennes 0.05 0.03 J/A HC Lutjanus goriensis 0.14 0.17 J/A HC Lutianus sp. 0.05 0.09 J/A HC Parachana obscura 0.01 0.23 A MC Psettia sebae 0.11 0.09 J/A MC Strongylura senegalensis 0.08 0.18 A MC Sphyraena guachancho 0.15 0.25 J/A MC TOTAL INDIVIDUALS 7,894 Of a total of 51 fish species gathered from the coastal zone (Anato 1990), only 11 species (20 percent) originated from the inland water. The remaining (80 percent) originated from the marine or estuarine environment. Consequently, fish composition tends to be greatly dominated by marine-estuarine fishes, whereas the number of inland (rivers) fish species was lower. This situation is likely due to the relatively new water quality and hydrological regimes caused by the construction of the hydroelectric dam of the Mono River. Distribution of the Fishes in the Habitats The species richness for the four habitat categories: adjacent open water, mangrove fringe, channel, and adjacent marginal vegetation were 38, 30, 16, and 19, respectively (Adite, 2002). Within the mangrove fringe, the families such as Cichlidae, Mugilidae, Elopidae, Cyprinotontidae, Claroteidae, Cynoglossidae, and Clariidae were best represented; while Cichlidae, Gerreidae, Eleotridae, Bagridae, Clupeidae, Belonidae, Carangidae, and Gobiidae were most prevalent in adjacent open water. The jewel cichlid (Hemichromis bimaculatus), occurred in the shallow environments, including the vegetation, channel, and mangrove roots system where water can become turbid. Though occurring in the four habitats, banded jewelfish and banded lampeye tend to be more abundant at the mangrove fringe. Blackchin tilapia is always abundant in all habitats. This species occurs abundantly in most of the brackish water of Benin such as Lake Nokoue, Porto-Novo Lagoon, and Lake Aheme, where blackchin tilapia is always the first dominant species (Van Thielen et al., 1987). According to Gbaguidi and Pfeiffer (1988), blackchin tilapia accounts for about 30 percent of the annual total catches. The species Kribia nana, bonga shad, and flagfin mojarra, while present at all sites, were more abundant in the adjacent open water. In particular, Kribia nana occurred primarily in open water during flooding. During both the dry and wet seasons, this species inhabits muddy, vegetated environments and mangrove root systems. The relatively high June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-36 Chapter 5 abundance of banded jewelfish at the mangrove fringe, compared to the other habitats, may indicate a relatively high predation in and around the mangrove forest. Primarily a freshwater resident, Pellonula sp. usually occurred in the Mono River mouth where salinities are always low. The First Season EBS Report contains data on the species composition and abundance by habitat in the mangrove zone only. Adjacent open water and mangrove habitat exhibited higher species abundance and species richness than the channel and adjacent marginal vegetation, where mangrove has been destroyed. Trophic Structure of Fish Composition The mangrove fish community (Adite, 2002) was dominated in abundance by detritivores (39.4 percent) and planktonivores/microcarnivores (45.6 percent). Though not numerically important, the intermediate carnivores (4.7 percent) and the top predators (6.6 percent) comprised a relatively high species number of 15 each. Herbivore species including Guinea tilapia (Tilapia guineensis) and redbelly tilapia (Tilapia zillui), comprised 3.67 percent. In terms of biomass, detritivores dominated the sample (63.3 percent of the total biomass) due to the predominance of blackchin tilapia, which constituted 46.66 percent of the total biomass. The intermediate carnivores and the top predators, despite their number (30 species), had a relatively low biomass proportion (5.5 percent and 10.4 percent, respectively). Relative to economic value of the fish species, fish were classified into three categories according to their commercial value: (1) fishes of high commercial value (HC), (2) fishes of moderate commercial value (MC), and (3) fishes with no commercial value, including those not utilized as food nor sold in the fish market (NV). Of the fish sampled, about 74 percent had a high economic value, from which 74 percent were juveniles and adults. Only three species, including banded lampeye, killifishes (Epyplatys sp.), and pipefish (Microphis brachyurus aculeatus), had no commercial value when they are of small size. This indicates that the mangrove zone is a multi-species fishery where about 94 percent of the fish species are exploited. Table 5.1-13 lists the trophic categories, relative abundance, and fisheries importance of the fish caught on the Benin estuarine/coastal zone. Detritivores and planktonivores dominated the sample. Size Structure Overall, fish size (total length) in the mangrove zone ranged from 7mm (flagfin mojarra) to 440mm (sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus), with corresponding weights of 0.1 g and 525g, respectively. Larger fish were found in the adjacent open water and at the mangrove fringe. Larger sizes were found among Cichlidae, Mugilidae, Clariidae, Elopidae, Belonidae, Bagridae, and Cynoglossidae. Smaller fish (banded lampeye, Kribia nana, Epyplatys sp.) and pellonula (Pellonula sp.) were found in the channel and vegetation. In particular, trends of size by habitat type for dominant species are as follows: smaller sizes of blackchin tilapia were found in vegetation, mangrove and open water; while larger sizes tended to be associated with colonization of the mangrove fringe. Smaller sized Kribia nana occurred in vegetation, whereas larger individuals were prevalent in open water. Flagfin mojarra and June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-37 Chapter 5 bonga shad occurred in open water regardless of size. Smaller sized individuals of banded jewelfish occurred in channels and vegetation whereas larger individuals were found in mangrove. Banded lampeye were found in all habitats regardless of size. Kribia nana, blackchin tilapia, flagfin mojarra, bonga shad, banded jewelfish, and banded lampeye showed unimodal size distributions as dominant species. In general, small individuals inhabit calm and shallow environments to avoid strong currents. Fish sizes are generally relatively small in the Benin mangrove-lined estuary, possibly due to high fishing effort and overexploitation. Offshore Environment Physical Environment Climate The offshore climate is similar to that discussed for the onshore environment in Section 5.1.1.1. Bathymetry and Coastal Geology The project area from Nigeria to Ghana lies along the Gulf of Guinea shelf, which is part of the narrow protrusion of the Equatorial Atlantic shelf. The continental shelf is narrow in the project area, ranging from 1Okm to 90km in width. The Benin continental shelf covers an area of 3,100km out to the lOOm isobath. Its average width is 27km, and its length is 121km between neighbouring countries (Nigeria and Togo). The shelf breaks into the slope at approximately the 1OOm isobath. A reef of dead madreporarian coral (stony, reef-building corals) lines the seaward edge of the continental shelf throughout the project area. While there are some living corals at the present time, these are soft gorgonian corals, mostly sea fans. There is no evidence of living reef-forming corals in the project area. Along the coastline currents move sands from west to east, forming a barrier beach system along much of the coastline. Currents and Tidal Patterns The Guinea Current (GC) is the dominant circulation feature in the Gulf of Guinea. It is fed by the North Equatorial Counter Current off the Liberian coast, and flows eastward along the coastlines of Benin, Ghana, Nigeria, and Togo. The concave topography of the Gulf of Guinea causes the GC to jackknife back towards the west as the South Equatorial Current. Seasonal upwelling occurs from June to late September along the coast. The upwelling weakens in September. Coastal configuration is generally west to east. Generally, the waves approaching the coastline of the Gulf of Guinea are produced by the south-southwesterly winds, which are most pronounced during the rainy months of May to July. These winds produce southwesterly swells. The waves break obliquely on the western barrier coast, thereby generating west-to-east longshore currents. The currents sweep sediments along the west coast. Velocities of longshore current as estimated by Allen (1964) ranged from 0.22m/s to June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-38 Chapter 5 1.0m/s. Waves usually break at oblique angles to the shore at angles ranging from 100 to 30°, open mostly to the east. The tides are also from the southwest and are predominantly semi-diurnal with two inequalities. Weak swells whose mean range varies between 0.9m to 1.3m occur between December and March, and those whose mean range varies from 1.6m to 1.9m occur between June and August. Larger swells, as high as 4.5m, can be observed between June and September. arine Traffic Patterns Cotonou Harbor is located on the coast east of the ROW and has a capacity of 2 million tons/year. It has a commercial quay whose length is 1 ,300m divided into six conventional stations, one containers station, and one jetty of 450m. Water uality and Water Column Characteristics Water column profiles of temperature, turbidity, chlorophyll-a, DO, pH, oxidation reduction potential, and specific conductivity were taken during the dry season EBS at 50 offshore sampling stations in the study area. Data collected during this effort are provided in the First Season EBS Report. A brief description of the data is provided below. Figure 5.1-4 shows the offshore Benin region with the locations sampled in the dry (December 2002) and wet season EBSs (July 2003). Figure Offshore Sampling Locations BnIn~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A IfthQ.. ESS S-M,iIng StMions - ~~~~~WAGP P,o"d RMftI 0 5 10 15 '0 Bathyawla In Mewths June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-39 Chapter 5 Temperature profiles taken in Fall 2002 showed a thermally stratified water column. Surface temperatures of the photic zone were similar throughout the proposed pipeline ROW area, and averaged 27.8°C. Surface waters are generally expected to be cooling in the late fall months, relative to late summer, when surface waters have reached the annual maximum. The minimum temperature on the pipeline route was 16.3°C (off Togo, bottom 65m), while the maximum was 28.8°C (off Nigeria, surface 5m). Many of the deeper sites exhibited numerous distinctly stratified thermoclines. The shallow, nearshore sites demonstrated a distinct primary thermocline with a linear temperature gradient to the bottom, indicating mixing of stratified layers already present. A strong density gradient in the euphotic zone, limiting the vertical exchange of nutrients between surface and deeper waters, is likely to exist under these conditions during the fall and winter months. Turbidity, as measured in Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTUs), was used to determine the relative ambient concentration of suspended particulate matter in the water column. In general, turbidity values were comparable throughout the proposed pipeline ROW area (both trunkline and lateral), with a slight elevation in upper surface water during the start of the down cast, decreasing in values down to the thermocline, and stabilizing toward the bottom. The general trend in turbidity was low (3 to 5 NTU range), with minor changes and low standard deviations. Chlorophyll-a concentrations ranged from 0.Oppb and 62.8ppb throughout the water column. Relatively higher concentrations were measured above the thermocline throughout most of the sampling area. A typical series of observations was 36.8ppb at the surface, decreasing by half to 18ppb at 1.5m depth. Readings dropped after the thermocline at 15m along the lateral to a stable 0.7ppb and continued to be stable at that range to a final depth of approximately 27m. Dissolved oxygen concentrations throughout the proposed pipeline route ranged from 0 to 91.6 percent saturation. The highest DO profiles observed in surface waters were close to supersaturated concentrations, with a concentration of 91.6 percent. Supersaturated conditions typically occur in shallow productive areas along the pipeline lateral, since oxygen is a by-product of both the phytoplankton photosynthesis and the physical mixing effects of wave action at the surface interface. DO values generally decreased below the thermocline. DO declined steadily with depth, reaching lower concentrations around 2 to 10 percent in the deeper waters (greater than 53m). This decline is likely due to the consumption of oxygen by fauna and bacteria and to the lack of mixing between oxygen-rich surface waters and depleted subsurface waters. Water column profiles of pH were uniform throughout the sampling area. A slight but insignificant decrease in pH was observed below the thermocline, and the lowest pH values were observed at the deeper water stations. Increased pH values were found at the primary thermocline of many stations. The station with the lowest pH value was 7.69 (depth 72m in Nigeria) and the station with the highest pH value was 8.87 (depth 2min Ghana). The overall average pH of all stations was 8.4 with a standard deviation of 0.1. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-40 Chapter 5 Oxidation reduction potential (ORP) tended to decrease from the upper surface water after the primary thermocline to the deepest points at the stations in shallow water. As station depths increased to deeper water (greater than 53m), several sites demonstrated an increase in ORP values (sometimes higher than surface water levels). The stations exhibiting this characteristic ORP profile appear to coincide with nearby steep drops in depth. Figures 5.1-5 through 5.1-7 show the results of metal concentrations, nutrient concentrations, and alkalinity and COD concentrations for surface water at the 50 offshore sampling stations. Figure Offshore Stations Surface Water etal Concentrations 1200 00-_ 1000.0 M I 2 3 4 S B 7 n s 10 II 12 13 14 15 10 17 1s 19 20 21 22 S. l P. ID Figure Offshore Stations Surface Water Nutrient Concentrations 16 _ 1, 4 08 - - - - - - - - - - 78 J | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I ! | 1 1olo NiBoge |TIPOPU(nsg/L) 0 00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 10 17 1B 19 20 21 22 SaplI. ID June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-41 Chapter 5 Figure Offshore Stations Surface Water Al alinity and COD Concentrations 180 -_ 140 X1 111 11nw 1 2 3 4 5 8 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 S-np1 ID Sediment uality and Sediment Characteri ation Sediment data collected from the offshore environmnent during the dry season EBS are presented in this section. Characterization data from the Sediment Profile Image (SPI) study is presented below, and the entire SPI Study Report can be found in Appendix 5-C. Chemical Characterization The dry season EBS analyzed hydrocarbons at each of the offshore stations for total hydrocarbons (THC), selected aliphatic hydrocarbons, and selected polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) constituents. Low levels of hydrocarbons, measured as THC, were observed throughout the entire offshore area from Ghana to Nigeria, with slightly elevated concentrations in some stations off of Benin and a select few other localized areas. Benin concentrations ranged from 11 .72ppm to 70.23ppm with a mean THC concentration of 39.06ppm (comparable to the region-wide average of 24.3 8ppm). Relatively elevated concentrations (defined as greater than the region-wide mean plus standard error, or 38.07ppm) were detected in stations off the coast of Benin along the pipeline lateral and the main line. For aliphatic hydrocarbons, relatively high levels were detected at the five stations off of Benin (average of 32.36ppm). Distribution of the targeted saturated hydrocarbons can be used to provide information about the type of source. Concentrations were plotted and evaluated to determine whether patterns could be observed. Although the pattern detected was not completely consistent across these five locations, all indicated aliphatic hydrocarbons focused in the heavy fuel oil range, from tetradecane (n-C 14) through triacontane (n-C30). The fact that heavier saturated hydrocarbons (i.e., hexatriacontane n- C36) were not detected in these five locations implies that the hydrocarbon source is June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-42 . . . . . j .~~~12 Chapter 5 primarily petroleum and not due to naturally occurring (biogenic) sources. Figure 5.1-8 presents the elevated aliphatic hydrocarbon concentrations from Station BO 1, which represents a typical location of offshore Benin. Figure Distribution of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons for Station B Analyte Profile Histogram "BI0 BOI Sediment" US _2 Co uoond. For the PAH fraction, targeted individual PAHs, and total PAHs (i.e., the sum of the targeted concentrations), were detected at low levels (Figure 5.1-9). Primarily detected were lower molecular weight PAHs (naphthalene through benzo(a)anthracene). Relatively elevated concentrations (defined as greater than the region-wide mean plus standard error, or 7.44ppm) were detected in three of ten Benin locations. On average, the detected PAHs in Benin locations were higher than the region-wide average (average total PAHs for Benin of 7.02ppm compared to region-wide average total PAH of 5. Ippm). The concentrations detected, however, remain likely negligible. Figure Comparison of ean PAHs Across Benin Sampling Locations Com parison of Benin Mean PAHs to Region-Wide Mean PAHs 7.0 6.0 . . . ' 4.0 3 0 ._-_,_,_-_._,:_._._._'_.__ 30 2.0 1.0 oO W0 _ i_JSi 1 0 0 ~ ~~~~~ Si Region-Wide Average . Ben Ag June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-43 Chapter 5 Heavy Metals and Other Elements Concentrations of 11 elements were measured and analyzed for the offshore sampling stations along the proposed pipeline route. Concentrations of all metals, except lead, were similar to average continental crust concentrations (Wedepohl, 1995). Mercury and zinc appeared to be slightly elevated over levels reported for average global continental crust (0.04ppm, and 65ppb, respectively). However, the results of analyzing quality control samples indicated a high bias for these values. Physicochemical Properties Sediment samples were analyzed for a variety of physicochemical properties to establish baseline conditions. At the time of sample collection (i.e., aboard the survey vessel), measurements of sediment pH, temperature, redox potential, and electrolytic conductivity (EC) were taken. The samples were analyzed again for pH and EC in a fixed laboratory. In addition, sediment samples were analyzed for exchangeable acidity, sulfate, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and cations (Na, K, Ca, and Mg). A summary of the results is provided as Table 5.1-14. Table Summary of Offshore Sediment Physicochemical easurements for All Countries Parameter pH EC Exch. Acid S042- Total P a r a e P ( m ~ic ro Si em en s /c m) (m Egq/ 100g) pm pm Mean 8.25 16.38 0.38 1051.64 130.24 Minimum 7.60 7.79 0.10 175.11 3.97 Mean 8.70 42.40 0.80 _ 4038.71 1304.69 Parameter Total-N Na K Ca Mg Parameter___ (percent) (mEg/lOOg) (mEg/lOOg) (mEg/100g) , (mEg/100g) Mean 0.14 28.45 1.75 7.33 9.58 Minimum 0.03 0.90 0.09 1.87 0.71 Mean 0.52 87.64 5.12 16.54 27.01 * milliequivalents per lOOg of sediment Physical Characterization The bulk properties of the sediments were measured by analysis for TOC and grain size. These physical parameters influence the chemical distribution and benthic community structure of the sediment and are important for the interpretation of data. Sediment samples were primarily sand, with over half of the samples comprised of greater than 70 percent sand. Another large percentage of samples was comprised of sand mixed with clay. Distributions of sediment types over the study area varied as would be expected considering the large area evaluated. Additional sediment physical characterization from the SPI data is discussed later in this section. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-44 Chapter 5 Total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations ranged from 0.08 percent to 5.09 percent and averaged 1.09 percent. More than 90 percent of the samples had a moderate TOC concentration (less than 3 percent) with notably higher concentrations at some stations outside of Benin. Sediment Profile Imagery As part of offshore survey, a sediment profile imagery (SPI) survey was conducted to provide a rapid assessment of sediment features such as sediment grain size, depth of the redox potential discontinuity (RPD), and biological community type. The results of the analysis were used to assist in decisions concerning number and location for grab sampling stations. In addition, the analysis provides additional physical, chemical, and biological data collected which are presented here. During the survey, team scientists made visual assessments by examining the individual images using a light table with a film magnifying loupe. The results from the rapid field assessment are presented in Table 5.1-15. One representative image from each location was selected for complete image analysis. The results from this comprehensive analysis provide the basis for the spatial characterization of the sediments and benthic habitat presented below. Sediment Grain Size and Bottom Kinetic Gradients The sediments throughout the entire pipeline ROW area surveyed range from fine-grained silt-clays (representing low-energy, depositional environments) to coarse sand or granules on rippled bottoms or with shell lag deposits at the sediment-water interface (representing high- energy, sediment transport zones). Water depths throughout the area surveyed ranged from approximately 14m to 77m. While there were a few exceptions, most fine-grained stations occurred at depths exceeding 37m. However, in this nearshore, relatively shallow, and generally high-energy regime parallel to the coast, sediment type is more a function of kinetic gradients resulting from a combination of bottom currents, shoreline slope, and transport patterns than of water depth. Sandy and/or hard cobble/ancient, fossilized coral bottoms were found throughout the entire depth range sampled. These are probably more a factor of geographic location in relation to longshore transport and wave energy profiles in the nearshore zone. Regional patterns of bottom kinetic gradients indicate that as one moves in toward shore along the perpendicular transects sampled in each of the countries under study (two transects in Ghana, one each in Benin, Nigeria, and Togo), the sediments along all five show evidence of either active or aperiodic sediment transport. All of the stations sampled along these five shoreward transects have either sandy sediments or hard, cobble bottom reflecting the relatively high energy regimes in these areas. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-45 Chapter 5 Table Rapid Field Assessment of Sediment, Benin Stations Station Position Description B1O C Silt clay, very little sand, Stage 3, extensive bioturbation S Pure silt clay, no sand, Stage 3 .______ N Silt clay, Stage 3, deep reworking B9 C Silt clay, Stage 3, extensive reworking S Silt clay, Stage 3, deep reworking N Silt clay, Stage 3, extensive reworking B8 C Silt clay, Stage 3 S Silt clay, Stage 3 N Silt clay, Stage 3, minor sand fraction B7 C Sandy muds, Stage 3 S Silt clay, Stage 3 N Muddy sands, rippled bottom B6 C Sandy bottom, sand waves E Sandy bottom, sand waves W Sandy bottom, sand waves B5 C Sandy bottom, medium sand, rippled bottom E Sandy bottom, medium sand, rippled bottom W Sandy bottom, medium sand, rippled bottom B4 C Sandy mud, Stage 3 E Sandy mud, Stage 3 W Sandy mud, Stage 3 B3 C Medium sand, low penetration, rippled bottom S Medium sand, low penetration, rippled bottom N Medium sand, low penetration, rippled bottom B2 C Sandy mud, Stage 3 S Sandy mud, Stage 3 N Sand B1 C Silt clay, Stage 3, healthy bottom S Silt clay, Stage 3 N Silt clay, Stage 3 Bottom Hazards and Areas of Existing Pollution The entire pipeline length was examined with sidescan sonar, to 500m on either side, for bottom characteristics, including bottom hazards. Where significant bottom hazards were detected, the pipeline location was shifted around the obstacle. There are two categories of bottom hazards related to the hard sea floor: * Bottoms with gorgoniani coral located at less than 15 m of depth to the east of Grand- Popo and close to Godomey. Some places are partly covered by microconglomerates with iron-containing clay cement of fossilized gorgonian coral. Beyond 1 5m to the fossilized coral barrier, they remain in isolated patches. Gorgonian coral is a category of hexacorallian, or soft coral. Gorgonian corals do not build reefs. Species present in the project are largely sea fans. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-46 Chapter 5 Ancient, fossilized madreporarian coral bottoms, represented by a coral barrier, which is present between Ouidah and Cotonou in 52m to 56m water depth. Going from the barrier up to the edge of the shelf, there are many pointed rock peaks. These ancient coral formations probably date back to the Holocene, similar to those studied in Nigeria (Allen and Wells, 1962). The potential threat of pollution in the marine environment is mainly from industrial, agricultural, and domestic sources. There is evidence of heavy metal concentrations, as well as increasing effects of DDT, aldrin, heptachlor, and tributylin in the coastal waters of Ghana (Ihenyen, 1998; Biney, 1986; Joiris et al., 1997; Nyarko and Evans, 1997). In addition, the relatively recent increase in human population levels in the coastal areas has been accompanied by fecal and nutrient-pollution of the marine environment (e.g., Afoakwa et al., 1988; Wiafe and Quist, 2002). Biological Environment Plan ton Microalgae or phytoplankton, grouped as diatoms, dinoflagellates, and coccolithophores, are microscopic and range between 30ptm and 60,um in size. Their occurrence is limited to the euphotic zone of the pelagic environment. Species diversity and abundance is linked to seasonal variation of the oceanographic regime; namely, high diversity and low abundance during thermal stratification, and low diversity but high abundance during upwelling periods (Wiafe, 2002). The explosive development of these plankton groups in the offshore and inshore locations has a rippling effect on the development of the fishery of the nearshore and adjoining coastal water bodies, as this large production is made available to the fishery of the nearshore habitats. The dry season EBS investigated abundance and diversity of plankton in the offshore environment. Twenty-five plankton samples were collected from the upper 20m to 30m column of the sea, and the zooplankton species identified were predominantly epipelagic. It has been observed that a thermocline exists between 30m and 40m of the water column in the project area during this season (Bainbridge, 1972). This serves as a barrier to the zooplankton during vertical migration. In all, 69 taxa (mostly species) of phytoplankton and 52 taxa of zooplankton were identified. The phytoplankton community was dominated by Chaetoceros spp. Penilia avirostris dominated the zooplankton, which may have been a result of planktonic responses to seasonality of the hydrographic regime (e.g., Wiafe, 2002). Among the phytoplankton species identified in the samples was Dinophysis acuta, which is a harmful microalga with the potential to cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning in bloom condition. At concentrations above 500x10 plankton counts per cubic meters (mi3), Dinophysis acuta is considered as being in bloom condition (Anderson et al., 2001). For the samples analyzed, peak abundance of Dinophysis spp. did not exceed lOxlOm3 at any station and is not currently harmful to the fisheries. The distributions of total phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance across sample stations in Benin are presented in Figure 5.1-10 and 5.1-11, respectively. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-47 Chapter 5 Figure Distribution of Total Phytoplan ton Abundance at Sampling Stations Off Benin cells m 160,000 / - 140,000 - / _ ,. 120,000 / 100,000 80,000 / - . v 60,000 ,- 40,000 , 20,000 , . _ p B01PHY B02PHY B03PHY B04PHY BO5PHY Figure Distribution of Total ooplan ton Abundance at Sampling Stations Off Benin cells m 8,000 7,000- 6,000- 5,000- - -, 4,000- 3,000-/_ 2,000 ' 1,000 p 0 - BO1ZOO B02ZOO B03ZOO B04ZOO B05ZOO June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-48 Chapter 5 Wet Season EBS Plankton Results In the wet season EBS, a total of 63 phytoplankton, 63 zooplankton (oblique tow) and 65 zooplankton (vertical haul) taxa were identified in the samples. The phytoplankton community was dominated by Chaetoceros spp., while Penilia avirostris, Temora stylifera, and Para-Clausocalanus2 spp. dominated the zooplankton community. The density of zooplankton obtained by oblique and vertical tows was higher in the latter. P. avirostris ranked highest, in terms of abundance, in the oblique tow but was second highest in the vertical haul. This species is mostly epipelagic (Bainbridge, 1972), and the oblique tow, by its design, samples the upper water column. Species diversity for phytoplankton and zooplankton collected with oblique tows was highest off Ghana (Stations GO 1 and G02), while species diversity for zooplankton collected with vertical tows was highest off Benin (Figure 5.1-12). Note, however, all samples off Benin were collected at depths less than 25m, which may have contributed to the high diversity recorded off Benin. Figure Distribution of Species Richness S by Country Wet Season EBS 50 ,- 45 3 _ _ _ _ _ ^ 40- .- - _ un 35 W __ 30 . - .25- ' 'A20 P" tlz10- U io-~~U- o-4 -- Ghana Togo Benin Nigeria E Phytoplankton * Zooplankton (oblique) o Zooplankton (vertical)1 Primary production is linked to the amount of inorganic carbon assimilated by phytoplankton via the process of photosynthesis in a given volume of water or an area over a given time period. Typically, productivity in offshore ecosystems range from 10-100 mg carbon/m2-day' in terms of volume, or from 75-1,000mg C/m2.dayI in terms of area. Thus, the values obtained for the project area (i.e., 4,305-5,956mg C/m -day') indicate a system of high productivity. This is not surprising since the coastal ecosystem of the Project area undergo seasonal upwelling commencing every July. It should be noted that the samples 2 Para-Clausocalanus is a combined name for Paracalanus and Clausocalanus. The two genera cannot be separated using the dissecting microscope. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-49 Chapter 5 were collected in July and thus coincided with the period for the commencement of the upwelling. The wet season EBS results of primary productivity for Benin are shown in Table 5.1-16. Table Results of Primary Productivity Recorded at Stations Along the WAGP Pipeline in uly, Country mean productivity 4 Country Station (mg C/M2-day') Standard error (mg C/m2.day1) 2B01 5011.6 2B02 4176.4 Benin 2B03 5011.6 4374 d483 2B04 5104.4 2B05 2564.4. Benthic Organisms The benthic macrofauna within inshore habitats have been described by Bassindale (1961), Buchanan (1957), Edmunds (1978), and Evans et al. (1993). The organisms include polychaetes, arthropods, mollusks, bryozoans, and echinoderms. Edmunds (1978) recorded 68 taxonomic families of mollusks. Some species appear to be declining in abundance (e.g., Cymbium spp, a gastropod; and Panulirus spp., the spiny lobster), while others have disappeared altogether (e.g., Astropecten spp., a sea star). Offshore benthic organisms have been described by Buchanan (1957, 1958). They include a range of polychaete worms, ribbon worms, amphipods, bivalves, gastropods, and decapod crustaceans. Across all stations sampled during the dry season EBS (62 benthic samples representing 50 offshore locations from Nigeria to Ghana), 1,264 individual benthic organisms were identified. Approximately 220, were polychaete and crustacean species. Other species include ophiuroids, bivalves, gastropods, sipunculids, and oligochaetes. See Appendix 5-A for a complete list of species observed. The number of species and the diversity indices calculated per station for all countries along the main pipeline route and the lateral are presented in Figures 5.1-13 through 5.1-16. Stations are arranged from west to east along the main pipeline route and from south to north (generally corresponding to a trend of deeper water to shallower water) on the laterals. The diversity indices calculated included species richness (d), Pielou's evenness (J'), and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H' loge). Species richness (as per Margalef) is a measure of the number of species present, taking into account the number of individuals present. Pielou's evenness index is a measure of equitability; a measure of how evenly the individuals are distributed among the different species. These are useful quantitative tools for establishing baseline conditions of community properties. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-50 Chapter 5 Figure Benthic acrofauna Distribution on ain Pipeline Route in Benin EAST 60 50- 40 o30- 20- 10 o 0 05. Stations |Total Species *Polychaeta [oCrustacea QOthers| Figure Offshore Benthic acrofauna Diversity Inde Distribution on ain Pipeline Route in Benin 12 10 Ž6- 4 - 2 -LvLiL 0 -- B01-C B02-C B03-C B07-C B08-C B09-C B1O-C Station MMargalefs richness (d) EPielou's evenness (J) 3Shannon-Wiener index (H) June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-51 Chapter 5 Figure Benthic acrofauna Distribution Along the Benin Lateral 60 100 80 40 -~ 60 S 30- Z 10 - ----20 B04-C B03-C B05-C B06-C .Rtstian Total Species Polychaeta Crustacea r Others -u-Depth (m) Figure Offshore Benthic acrofauna Diversity Inde Distribution Along the Benin Lateral 12 10 2 0 B04-C B03-C B05-C B06-C Station *Margalefs rchness (d) EPielou's ewenness (J') 0 Shannon-Wiener index (H') June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-52 Chapter 5 With regard to Benin, 72 taxonomic groups were identified, made up of 50 polychaete species, 12 crustacean species, and 10 species classified as 'others.' Seven stations were sampled along the main pipeline route off Benin and four stations were sampled along the laterals off Benin. The main pipeline route off Benin ranges in depth from 50m to 70m. The number of species per station showed a gradual decline westward, though Station B07-C, which is centrally placed, exhibited the lowest number of species. Polychaete species were dominant in all the stations sampled. No crustaceans were observed at Stations BO 1-C and B07-C (Figure 5.1-13). The diversity index also showed a trend similar to the number of species. Species evenness (J') was fairly constant across the stations along the main pipeline route. The number of species recorded along the lateral (Figure 5.1-1 5), Station B06-C, which was closest to land, exhibited the lowest count for total species observed and polychaetes. Stations B03-C and B05-C, on the other hand, exhibited the highest numbers for the total species observed and the number of polychaetes observed. The species richness (d) and Shannon-Wiener index showed distributions similar to the number of species counted for each station. The evenness data as shown is similar for the four stations off the lateral (Figure 5.1-16). In the dry season EBS, polychaetes were the dominant organisms of benthic infauna. Polychaetes occur in two basic forms, errant and sedentary types, based on habits. Errant types are generally mobile predators with jaws for catching prey. Sedentary types are tube dwellers and generally are detritivores or filter feeders. A total of 625 individual polychaetes belonging to 38 families were recorded in the offshore waters. Of this number, a total of 237 individuals (38 percent of the polychaetes by number) belonging to 14 families were errant polychaetes, while sedentary polychaetes included 388 individuals (62 percent of the polychaetes by number), comprising 24 families. Polychaete families with counts exceeding 20 individuals were classified as dominant. Based on this classification the dominant families among the errrants were the Eunicidae, Nephtyidae, and Glyceridae, which comprised 72 percent of the entire errant forms. Among the sedentary types, the dominant forms included the Maldanidae, Spionidae, Orbinidae, Cirratulidae, Lumbrinereidae, Onuphidae, Capitellidae, and Ampharetidae. They constituted 62 percent of the sedentary forms. The relative occurrence of the dominant errant and sedentary polychaetes is presented in Figures 5.1-17 and 5.1-18. Figures 5.1-19 and 5.1-20 also show the hierarchical dominant errant and sedentary families for the entire offshore study area. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-53 Chapter 5 Figure Occurrence of Dominant Sedentary Polychaetes by Country 100 80- 60- g 40 -K 20 I- -r 0 _ Ghana Togo Benin Nigeria Country M Maldanidae o Spionidae o Orbinidae * Cirratulidae * Lumbrinereidae * Onuphidae a3Capitellidae aAmpharetidae Figure Occurrence of Dominant Errant Polychaetes by Country 100 -_- 8 80- 60 40- Ghana Togo Benin Nigeria Country *Eunicidae Q]Nephtyidae DGIyceridae June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-54 Chapter 5 Figure Occurrence of Dominant Sedentary Polychaetes Across All Countries 100 80 - 40 - 20 - 0 - Eunicidae Nephtyidae Glycerdae Family Figure Occurrence of Dominant Errant Polychaetes Across All Countries 20 - 80 - m 0 6 - 020 - c,, 0 0 0 E E E Family June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-55 Chapter 5 Wet Season EBS Benthic Results During the wet season EBS, in which 75 benthic samples were analyzed, a total of 3663 individual organisms were identified throughout the WAGP study area. These include polychaetes, crustaceans, mollusks, and species grouped as "others," a category that included such organisms as echinoderms, oligochaetes, and sipunculids. Overall, polychaetes were the most dominant taxonomic group, contributing 65.30 percent, followed by the crustacean (18.90 percent); and "others" (12.70 percent). Mollusks were the least abundant group, constituting 3.10 percent. One hundred ninety-three taxa were identified in Benin during the wet season EBS, including 135 polychaete species (438 individuals), 26 crustacean species (90 individuals), 11 molluscan species (7 individuals), and 21 species classified as 'others' (154 individuals were sampled). Seven stations were sampled along the main pipeline route off Benin, and four stations along the laterals. The number of species and the diversity indices calculated per station in Benin along the main pipeline route and the lateral are presented in Figures 5.1-21 to 5.1-24. Stations are arranged from west to east along the main pipeline route, and from south to north (generally corresponding to a trend of deeper water to shallower water) on the lateral. Main Pipeline Route Figures 5.1-21 and 5.1-22 show the number of species and the diversity indices estimated for the stations off the main pipeline route during the wet season EBS. The main pipeline route off Benin ranges in depth from 50m to 70m, From the graph, the number of species per station showed a fluctuating trend. There was a gradual increase westward up to station 2B03-C, then another increase eastward from Stations 2B10-C to 2B08-C. Station B07-C, which is centrally placed, exhibited low number of species. Polychaetes were dominant in all the stations sampled. Only at Stations 2B03-C and 2B08-C were molluscan species observed. The diversity index showed a trend similar to the number of species. Lateral Route The number of species recorded along the lateral (Figure 5.1-23) show that Station 2B06-C, which was shallowest and closest to land, recorded the lowest count for total species observed and polychaetes, and no value for the mollusk group. Stations 2B03-C on the other hand recorded the highest numbers for the total species observed and the number of polychaetes observed as well as the other groups. The species richness (d) and Shannon- Wiener Index showed distributions similar to the number of species counted for each station (Figure 5.1-24). June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-56 Chapter 5 Figure Offshore Benthic acrofauna Distribution Along the ain Pipeline Route of Benin - Wet Season EBS 60 50- 40 - o30 E 20 - z 10 . 0 I 2 B01 -C 2B02-C 2 B03 -C 2B07-C 2 B08-C 2609-C 2B10-C Station |t Total numberof species u Polychaeta o Crustacea o Mollusca u Others Figure Offshore Benthic acrofauna Diversity Inde Distribution Along the ain Pipeline Route of Benin - Wet Season EBS 12 - 10- n8 - Ž6- 2 - o _ o 0 0 ; m m mC m m m m (N c N (N C Station U SPECIES RICHNESS * SHANNON DIVERSITY June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-57 Chapter 5 Figure Offshore Benthic acrofauna Distribution Along the Lateral of Benin - Wet Season EBS 60 45 40 50 - En ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~35 105 40 - 30 25~ 0 30 20 _ . EA20 - 15 10 - 5 0 0 2 B04-C 2 B03 -C 2 B05-C 2 B06-C Station Tol number of species c Polychaeta Crustacea Mollusca Others -.- Depth Figure Offshore Benthic acrofauna Diversity Inde Distribution Along the Benin Lateral - Wet Season EBS 12 ,,- 10 6 - 0 2 B04-C 2 B03 -C 2 B05-C 2 B06-C Station m Speccies richness m Shannon dhrit June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-58 Chapter 5 Sampliniz Replication In addition to standard sampling, replicate benthic sampling and analyses were performned at four randomly chosen stations (2G 19-C, 2G06-C, 2T03-C, 2BO 1-C) in the wet season EBS to assess the overall repeatability of results. Two stations, 2G06-C and 2BO 1 -C, were shown to have a very high repeatability using multivariate techniques. The highest similarity in station replicates was recorded at Station 2BO 1-C which exhibited a Bray-Curtis similarity of 99 percent. The stations with lower similarity scores were 2G19-C and 2T03-C, with Bray- Curtis similarity of 91 percent, which is still appreciably high. The results of this replication suggest that the results of the survey are highly repeatable and can be used to evaluate the benthic community. Fisheries The composition and abundance of demersal fish fauna on the continental shelf and slope of the western Gulf of Guinea change with depth (Williams, 1968). Environmental factors are known to determine what demersal fish occur in an area in the Gulf of Guinea (Longhurst and Pauly, 1987; Koranteng, 2001). These include the amount of organic mud in the bottom deposits, the occurrence of isolated patches of rocky bottom, the occurrence of estuarine conditions associated with lagoons and rivers, and the nature of the oceanic water masses lying over the continental shelf. As these factors vary from area to area, as do species compositions, catch rates, and diversity of species. The dry season EBS investigated the species composition, catch rates (kg/haul), and numbers of individual species by stations for Ghana, Togo, Benin, and Nigeria. A total of 52 species belonging to 33 families were recorded off Benin during the survey. There were 8 crustaceans, 2 mollusks, 3 invertebrate species, and 39 finfishes. The crustaceans consisted of true crabs and shrimps, while mollusks consisted of cuttlefish and squid. Common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis), Guinea flathead (Grammoplites gruveli), Syacuim micrurum (channel flounder), Trigla lyra (piper gurnard, a sea robin), and Citharus linguatula (Atlantic spotted flounder) occurred at almost all the stations. The most abundant species were jellyfish (2.08kg/haul), common cuttlefish (0.71kg/haul), Guinea flathead (0.67kg/haul), piper gumard (0.46kg/haul, Atlantic spotted flounder (0.31 kg/haul), and channel flounder (0.1 Okg/haul). The catch rates in Benin and elsewhere varied with depth. In general, the catch rate increased with increasing depth (1 5m to 45m), followed by a decrease at greater depths (50m to 54m). The most productive area occurred around the 45m depth contour. Note that the station with the highest catch rate was related to a high catch of jellyfish, which contributed over 50 percent of the total catch at that station. Figure 5.1-25 shows the variation among catch rates along the laterals. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-59 Chapter 5 Figure Catch Rates at Indicated Depth Ranges Along the Laterals 30 25 Takrad T1-40 Togo4 enn igri The calculated values of the Shannon Diversity Index on the laterals in each country and along the main pipeline are presented in Figure 5. 1-26. The figure shows that species diversity was highest off the Nigeria lateral followed by the Tema lateral. The species diversity was lowest along the Benin and Takoradi laterals. Figure Shannon Diversity Inde of Fisheries Species Along the Laterals, By Country, and ain Pipeline All Countries 4 2 x 3 - *15 t2 - .0 - 'II 0~~~~~~~~e0 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-60 Chapter 5 Common cuttlefish was present in most trawl hauls offshore Benin but, unlike the main pipeline, West African goatfish (Pseudopeneus prayensis) was the least dominant (Figure 5.1-27). Bigeye grunt (Brachydeuterus aurita) was not represented. Figure Occurrence of Common Species in Offshore Benin Waters 100- - - -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ l -80 6O - d mI 0 ig 20 o_ n9 E X~ X .g co > 2 2 n i :3 b a. -~~~c cfl Fish Species Wet Season EBS Fisheries Samplinz Results In total, 124 fish and invertebrate species from 71 families were represented in the wet season EBS trawl sampling. A total of 63 species belonging to 43 families were recorded off Benin during the wet season EBS. The total included: 8 crustacean, 5 mollusk, 7 other invertebrate and 43 fish species. The dominant species were smoothback angelshark (Squatina oculata; 2.13kg/haul), streaked gurnard (Chelidonichthys lastoviza; 1.98 kg/haul), Guinea flathead (0.80kg/haul), common cuttlefish (0.72kg/haul), Ghanean comber (Serranus accraensis; 0.72kg/haul), African sicklefish (Drepane africana; 0.44kg/haul), and brown ray (Raja miraletus; 0.42kg/haul). The dominant species, recorded along both the Benin lateral and the entire mainline route, together with the catch rates are presented in Table 5.1-17. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-61 Chapter 5 Table Dominant Species Recorded Along the Benin Lateral and ain WAGP Pipeline Route and their Catch Rates - Wet Season EBS Catch rate Lateral Species (kg/haul) Drepane africana 0.73 Chelidonichthys lastoviza 0.47 Grammoplites gruveli 0.43 Cotonou Raja miraletus 0.37 Galeoides decadactylus 0.33 Fistularia petimba 0.23 Brachydeuterus auritus 0.2 Chelidonichthys lastoviza 1.21 Squatina oculata 1.12 Sepia officinalis 0.95 Main Pipeline Route Syacium micrurum 0.95 Pseudupeneus prayensis 0.84 Grammoplites gruveli 0.72 Serranus accraensis 0.61 Eight fish species dominated overall survey catches in terms of numbers and frequency of occurrence in the hauls. When ranked by catch rate in the whole region, streaked gumard emerged as the most abundant and Ghanean comber the least abundant of the eight species. The species composition varied among the four countries, with the highest number of species recorded in Ghanaian waters. The number of species also varied among laterals, with the highest number observed on the Tema lateral. Five out of the 8 dominant fish species found in the entire region (common cuttlefish, channel flounder, Guinea flathead, streaked gumard, and West African goatfish) were present in the hauls made off Ghana and 3 each off Benin, Nigeria, and Togo. The following species occurred at almost all the stations on the mainline: streaked gurnard, common cuttlefish, African squid (Alloteuthis=Loligo africana), West African goatfish, Guinea flathead, channel flounder, and sea star (Astropecten sp.). Species diversity, as measured by the Shannon Diversity Index, was highest off Lagos and Tema, and lowest off Takoradi and Cotonou (Figure 5.1-28). June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-62 Chapter 5 Figure Shannon Diversity Inde - Wet Season EBS 3.2 2.8- 2.41 _ Lagos Cotonou Lome Tema Takoradi Main Line The catch rates, hence abundance of the demersal species, were highest on the laterals off Ghana (Tema and Takoradi), followed by Togo (Lome), Nigeria (Lagos), and Benin (Cotonou). For each lateral, catch rates varied with depth. The highest catch rate off Lagos was recorded in the inshore waters (21 m to 40m). Mean catch rates also correlated with depth, with the highest values recorded in deep waters off Ghana, Togo, and Nigeria (whereas in Benin the catch rates were highest in inshore waters). Figure 5.1-29 gives the catch rates along the Benin stations. Figure 5.1-30 gives the catch rates by depth range along the mainline. Figure 5.1-31 shows the catch rates along all of the laterals, according to depth category. The highest catch rates were recorded in coastal waters off the Takoradi and Cotonou laterals (i.e. Om to 20m) (Figure 5.1-31), while that off Tema and Lome were recorded in deep waters (41m to 70m). Figure Catch Rates at Stations Off Benin 45 E35- 30 - 20 2 215 - 10 - I 10 T06(13 m) T07(21 m) T05(46 m) T09 (50 m) Stations June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-63 Chapter 5 Figure Catch Rates at Stations Along ain WAGP Pipeline Route - Wet Season EBS 50 45 - 40 - a 35- 30- 25- 20- 10 T04 T05 T09 T1O T14 T15 T19 T20 T21 T24 T26 Stations Figure Catch Rates by Depth Range on the Laterals - Wet Season EBS 50- 45 40- co 35- 3O 0- a~25- 20- 1 0 5 Takoradi Tema Lome Cotonou Lagos * 0-20 * 21-40 0 41-70 Laterals arine Birds, ammals, Reptiles, and Amphibians The aquatic birds of the Gulf of Guinea comprise two distinct groups: creek birds (waterfowl, waders, and fish-eating birds) and oceanic birds that are rarely seen near the seashore (shearwaters, storm petrels, tropicbirds, frigatebirds, gannets, and boobies). These oceanic birds do not appear to be as abundant in the Gulf as the coastal species. For instance, records dating back to the 1960s reveal only limited sightings of a few species (Elgood et al., 1994). June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-64 Chapter 5 The rarity of oceanic birds may be attributable to the absence of suitable breeding sites (e.g., remote islands and rocky cliffs) in the Gulf of Guinea. During the dry season EBS fisheries survey, the survey crew recorded several sightings of black terns (Chlidonias niger) and royal terns (Sterna maxima) as illustrated in Figures 5.1-32 and 5.1-33. (Note: the photographs shown are representative of the species and were not taken during the survey.) Figure Blac Tern J-WI Figure Royal Tern During the wet season EBS, the survey crew recorded several sightings of black terns (Chlidonias niger) (Figure 5.1-34), royal terns (Sterna maxima) (Figure 5.1-35), common tern (Sterna hirundo), and a few sandwich terns (Sterna sandvicensis). The black terns were recorded mainly at offshore locations close to estuaries and/or lagoons (e.g., 2G02, Keta lagoon; 2G03, Volta estuary; and 2GI3, Korle Lagoon; all in Ghana). These species leave the onshore areas to feed at sea during the afternoon. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-65 Chapter 5 Figure Blac Tern Figure Royal Tern On 10 December 2003, at 7:45 AM, two humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) and a calf were sighted approximately one kilometer off the bow of the RNV GeoExplorer at N5' 41.78' EO0 53.3216', Ghana. Figures 5.1-36 and 5.1-37 provide representative photographs of the species (not taken by survey personnel). Table 5.1-18 lists other marine mammal sightings during the dry season EBS. In addition to the four species of cetaceans inventoried in the dry season, Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera edeni), humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), and common dolphin (Delphnis capensis), the wet season EBS resulted in the addition of the pan-tropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata) and the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncates). Of these two new species, the pan-tropical spotted dolphin was accidentally captured in fishermen's nets on June 6, 2003. As part of the wet season EBS, on 16 July 03, at 1330 and 30 July 03, three unidentified whales were sighted at approximately 1.2km and 1.0kmn, respectively, off the bow of the RIV GeoExplorer at N04 58.77.7, WOOO 50.27.0 (near G17, some 80km southwest of Tema) and trawl station 2T23 (off Ghana, about 20km southeast of Takoradi), respectively. On 20 July 03, at 0535, four common dolphins were spotted at Station 2T06C (off Togo, about 12km south of Lorn6). June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-66 Chapter 5 Figure Humpbac Whale Figure Humpbac Whale Breaching Table arine ammal Sightings During the October Geophysical Survey I Date INumber of Individuals I Species 22October 2002 2 Unidentified Whale 23 October 2002 1 Unidentified Whale 28 October 2002 2 Unidentified Whale The Gulf of Guinea serves as an important migration route, feeding ground, and nesting site for marine turtles. Six species have been identified: loggerhead (Caretta caretta); olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea), Kemp's ridley (Lepidochelys kempii), hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata), green (Chelonia mydas), and leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-67 Chapter 5 (Armah et al., 1 997a). While they all have international protection status (e.g., Table 5.1-19), populations have decreased due to poaching and habitat destruction. Table State of nowledge of Sea Turtle Presence in the Project Area and Environs Species Common Name Benin Caretta caretta Loggerhead Chelonia mydas Green Nests in country Dermochelys coriacea Leatherback Nests in country Eretmochelys imbricata Hawksbill Found in waters of country Lepidochelys kempii Kemp's Ridley _ Lepidochelys olivacea Olive Ridley Nests in country Sea turtles nest on sandy beaches, in the spray zone and grassy areas beyond the high tide mark. Since they always return to the same area to nest, it is important that such beaches are protected from human activities. The young turtles hatch from eggs from their nests in the sand, endeavor to reach the water, and swim away in the sea. In Benin, sandy beaches constitute most of the coastline, and much of it could serve as prime turtle nesting sites. The nesting period stretches from July to December, with a peak in November (Armah et al., 1997b). The young turtles begin to appear in the sea in April. The gravid female turtles lay their eggs in burrow-nests along the sandy beaches during a particular period of the year, usually starting in the month of August. There are recent reports of the olive ridley, green, and leatherback nesting on beaches in Benin (Fretey, 2001). Olive ridley specimens frequent the waters off Benin and are often caught by fishermen. A specimen of hawksbill was recently captured near Hocognoncodji in Benin. Loggerhead turtles have been caught off of Guinea Bissau, more than a 1600km to the west, but they have not been found nesting there nor have they been observed in Benin. Likewise, there is no record of Kemp's ridley populations in Benin (Fretey, 2001). Additional background on these species may be found in published literature (Fretey, 2001; Biogeography and Conservation of Marine Turtles of the Atlantic Coast of Africa. UNEP/CMS Secretariat). No marine reptiles were observed during the dry season EBS, though the survey work did not occur during the time of year (August through November) in which sea turtles are generally present in this region. An onshore sea turtle survey was conducted as part of the wet season EBS, which employed a simple random sampling methodology (Appendix 5-B). No sea turtles were observed onshore in Benin or offshore during the wet season EBS offshore sampling. Species and Habitats of Conservation Concerns There are no designated habitats of special concern in the project area. A Ramsar wetland of international significance (Ramsar 1017 Site) is located in Benin, but is well outside the project area. The mangrove ecosystem is a transit zone for numerous fish species and migratory birds. It is a special habitat for animals such as the royal and African rock June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-68 Chapter 5 pythons, the Nile monitor, spitting cobra, Nile crocodile, and the red-bellied and many other monkeys. Multiple conventions and treaties, as well as organizations, exist to aid the protection of species of conservation concern. Some of these include the African Convention on Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, the Berne Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species, and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN; today, the World Conservation Union). There are no designated habitats of special concern in the project area. A number of species in the region have international conservation status. Some of these protected animals have been observed in the study area (Tables 5.1-5 through 5. 1-10). The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which deals only with organisms involved in international trade, lists species of concern into three categories, Appendices I through III, with Appendix I species being the most imperiled by trade. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Reserve (IUCN; today, the World Conservation Union) evaluates the endangerment of taxa (regardless of trade), placing species of concern into three categories on its so-called Red List (starting with the most imperiled): critically endangered (CR), endangered (EN), and vulnerable (VU). Table 5.1-20 lists the terrestrial species observed in the project area that have conservation status under IUCN and/or CITES. Many of the marine species listed in the table are known through IUCN to exist in the waters off Benin. Most marine fish on this list were obtained from IUCN information; while most marine mammals were obtained from the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS). Sea turtle information is discussed in the section above. According to the CITES database, two species of coral, northern star coral (Astrangia poculata) and an oculinid coral (Schizoculinafissipara), occur in Ghana. They are presumably listed due to their harvesting for the aquarium trade. Both of these species can occur throughout the coast of Central West Africa and are restricted to rocky shores and jetty pilings. While none of the surveys encountered any coral in the project area, if these species do occur in the project area, they would be limited to the relatively shallow (less than 35m deep), rocky areas. Table Species of Concern nown to Occur in the Project Area IUCN CITES Scientific Name Common Name Red List Status Status BIRDS ._. Accipiter badius shikra II Ardea cinerea grey heron Ardea purpurea purple heron Butorides striatus green-backed heron 3 http://seamap.env.duke.edu/ June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-69 Chapter 5 Table Species of Concern nown to Occur in the Project Area IUCN CIE Scientific Name Common Name Red List CITES Status Sau Egretta garzetta little egret III Elanus caeruleus black-shouldered kite II Falco tinnunculus common kestrel II Francolinus bicalcaratus double-spurred francolin Lonchura cucullata bronze manikin III Milvus migrans black kite II Ploceus cucculatus village weaver III Streptopelia semitorguata red-eyed dove Turtur afer red-billed wood dove III - k -IC i- I Feresa attenuata Pygmy killer whale DD Lagenodelphis hosei Fraser's dolphin DD Sousa teuszii Atlantic hump-backed dolphin DD Stenella clymene Atlantic spinner dolphin DD Trichechus senegalensis West African manatee VU II Cercopithecus erythrogaster red-bellied monkey EN II Cricetomys gambianus giant rat Hystrix cristata North African crested porcupine LR Potamochoerus porcus bush pig Tragelaphus scriptus bushbuck Traa ela hus s ekei bushbuck LR III Chelonia mydas green sea turtle EN I Dermochelys coriacea leatherback sea turtle CR I Eretmochelys imbricata hawksbill sea turtle CR I Lepidochelhwv olivacea olive ridlev sea turtle EN TERRESTrRIA-L REPTILES---___ Crocodylus niloticus Nile crocodile I & II Kinixys homeana hinged tortoise DD 11 Naja nigricollis spitting cobra Python regis royal python III Python sebae rock python II Varanus niloticus Nile monitor II BONY ANJYCARTI1A?MOUSSSHES , ; 7 i . ' -r5.;. Aetobatus narinari spotted eagle ray DD Carcharhinus leucas bull shark LR Carcharhinus limbatus blacktip shark LR Carcharhinus longimanus oceanic whitetip shark LR Carcharhinus plumbeus sandbar shark LR Carcharias taurus grey nurse shark VU Carcharodon carcharias great white shark VU June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-70 Chapter 5 Table Species of Concern nown to Occur in the Project Area IUCN CITES Scientific Name Common Name Red List Status Status Centroscymnus coelolepis Portuguese dogfish NT Dalatias licha kitefin shark DD Epinephelus itajara goliath grouper CR Epinephelus marginatus dusky grouper LR Heptranchias perlo one-finned shark NT Hippocampus algiricus West african seahorse DD Isurus oxyrinchus shortfin mako LR Leptocharias smithii barbeled houndshark LR Mycteroperca rubra mottled grouper DD Prionace glauca blue shark LR Pristis pectinata smalltooth sawfish EN Pristis pristis common sawfish CR Raja clavata thornback skate LR Rhincodon typus whale shark VU Rynchopsflavirostris African skimmer LR Sphyrna lewini scalloped hammerhead LR Squalus mitsukurii green-eye spurdog DD Sterna balaenarum Damara tern LR Thunnus alalunga albacore tuna DD Thunnus obesus bigeye tuna VU Xiphias gladius swordfish DD Ecologically Sensitive Areas As mentioned above, the Ramsar 1017 Site is not within the region of the WAGP project and is not expected to be impacted in any way. E isting Socioeconomic Situation Introduction on Data Sources and SIA ethodology The socioeconomic impact assessment in Benin is based on a detailed examination of the existing social and economic situation in the 13 communities near the proposed pipeline route in the Atlantique Department of the country. The framework developed for the study uses primary and secondary data sources to obtain information about demographics, health, employment, income, education, infrastructure, and sources of energy. Primary data were collected through conducting household and community surveys. Secondary sources, including a variety of existing country literature and data sources, were used to supplement the survey information. International secondary sources included the World Bank, the United Nations, and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) World Factbook. These secondary sources provided the best available socioeconomic data, which allowed for June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-71 Chapter 5 consistency and comparisons across countries. Whenever possible, however, the results of the household and community surveys form the primary basis for the analysis. With respect to the survey methodology, the study focuses on the project area in and around the proposed high-pressure pipeline route from offshore, the R&M station near Cococodji, and the low-pressure link line near Maria Gleta. The Socioeconomic Impact Assessment (SIA) household survey was carried out in 13 villages4 representing rural fishing, rural non- fishing, and urban/semi-urban communities. Of the 13 villages surveyed, two are classified as rural fishing villages: Hio-Houta and Hio-Houegbo. Five villages are classified as rural non-fishing communities: Awake, Heloutoto, Sodo, Vinawa, and Zoketomey. Six villages are urban/semi-urban communities: Agbogboville, Akouehonou, Gankon, Gbodje, Maria Gleta, and Womey Sodo. In general, community sizes vary greatly along the ROW in Benin, ranging from a cluster of a few houses to full-fledged towns. All villages along the proposed pipeline route, especially those along the link line portion, are growing due to the region's rapid urban development.5 Table 5.2-1 shows the list of the communities where the household survey was conducted, including the number of households surveyed by village and community type. The proportion of households sampled varied according to community size. For example, since Hio-Houta is a much larger community than Hio Houegbo, 77.2 percent of households were sampled compared to 22.8 percent in the smaller community. Additionally, community surveys were held in the same communities. The survey included communities located within 200m of both the lateral pipeline and link line. Overall, the survey is considered representative of the pipeline corridor as a whole. Table Distribution of the Survey Households by Village and Community Type Community Type Village Percent of Community Type Village Households Surveyed Rural Fishing Hio-Houta 77.2 Hio Houegbo 22.8 Total 100.0 Rural Non-fishing Awake 28.2 Heloutoto 14.1 Sodo 25.4 Vinawa 17.5 Zoketomey 14.7 Total 100.0 4The term "village" refers to a settlement and is not an administrative definition. 5 This growth could result in changes to the economic, social, and safety conditions of the project area. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-72 Chapter 5 Table Distribution of the Survey Households by Village and Community Type Community Type Village Percent of Households Surveyed Urban/Semi-urban Agbogboville 19.1 Akouehonou 17.2 Gankon 15.9 Gbodje 17.2 Maria Gleta 12.7 Womey Sodo 17.8 Total 100.0 Source: ICF Household and Community Survey, 2003 Household Survey The survey was conducted over a period of 10 days. Each questionnaire took about 60 to 90 minutes to complete. The questions in the household survey focused on: * Household description; * Sources and levels of household income; * Spending patterns; * Existing economic activities; * Access to healthcare facilities and their utilization; * Access to education and education levels; and * Energy needs and fuel usage. There are approximately 1,000 to 1,500 households and 5,500 people living in the surveyed communities. A random sample of 426 households was selected for interviews for the household survey. In each of the 13 villages, at least 20 households were surveyed. Based on these figures, the survey team sampled a statistically significant number of households from each of the subpopulations (i.e., the three community types), as well as from the overall population. The conclusions and assessments of the existing situation reflect the interpretation of responses from the surveyed households and individuals in the surveyed communities. A sufficiently large number of households and individuals were surveyed so that the results are likely, with a 95 percent confidence level, to reflect that of the population of the project area as a whole. This statistical confidence is due to the randomness of the sample selection, which attempted to ensure that no bias was introduced, as well as to the relatively large number of households and individuals surveyed. Community Survey The community surveys were conducted in the same communities where household surveys were held. A diverse group of community members was invited to participate in the activity. The groups generally consisted of 10 to 20 people, covering a wide range of occupations and educational levels. Groups were usually mixed in terms of gender, though there were June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-73 Chapter 5 instances when social norms required otherwise. In those cases, the survey team determined that it was best to collect information by separating the groups along gender lines. At the community meetings, the survey team explained the purpose of the meeting and asked if residents would be willing to answer questions about existing conditions in the community and about the potential impacts of the pipeline project on the community. Although a questionnaire was used as a guide by the team, questions were open-ended rather than multiple choice, which allowed community members to provide free responses. In contrast to the household surveys (which focused on household-level data) the community surveys had a broader scope of inquiry and gathered key consensus information about aspects of the community, such as infrastructure and microeconomic trends. The questions in the community survey covered the following areas: * Community infrastructure, including markets, transportation, communications, education, and health care facilities; * Social and cultural institutions; * Gender issues; * Economic and social trends (past five years); and * Input on possible mitigation measures. Upon completion of the household and community surveys, the local team entered the collected data into a database. Non-parametric and parametric analyses of the data sets were performed using Statistics Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and the Statistical Analysis System (SAS). The output of the analysis is presented in the text and tables of this chapter. Percentages from the survey were calculated among the total number of responses, including responses that were invalid. Because the invalid responses are not displayed, some of the tables might not total 100 percent. These invalid responses do not change the overall results. In addition, percentages from the survey were rounded to the nearest tenth. Thus, rounding could also be the reason why some of the tables do not total 100 percent. Secondary Sources Beyond the primary household and community survey data, additional information was obtained from existing regional data sources, including the BenInfo project. The project is a database which presents information on social development indicators (e.g., access to health and sanitation facilities) that is organized by gender, geographic area, time period, and various other categories. Bac ground and Geographic Detail The data provided in this report are at the national and departmental (Provincial) levels, and, whenever possible, at the local level as well. Benin is divided into 12 separate government entities called "departments." All communities represented in the survey are within the Atlantique Department of Benin. The departments are further subdivided into communes. All communities represented in the survey are within two communes, Abomey-Calavi and June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-74 Chapter 5 Ouidah. Due to its proximity to the project area, in some cases the data provided cover the area of Cotonou, the economic capital of Benin. Cotonou constitutes its own department called the Littoral. The "Lower Benin Zone," which refers to a wider set of provinces than the SIA covered, is used only in absence of local level data. The proposed pipeline will have an R&M station delivery point at a location west of Cotonou and will extend south of the railway line and the Lome road (also known as the Benin- Nigeria highway), 4.5 km from the proposed R&M station to Hio Houta at the coast. To the north of the R&M Station, a low-pressure link line will be installed. This link line will extend approximately 9.5 km, with the terminal point located in the community of Maria Gleta. The 13 surveyed villages range in size from six households to over 200 households. The communities have been classified into rural fishing communities, rural non-fishing, and urban/semi-urban. There are an estimated 5,500 people living in the surveyed communities, including 795 people residing along and around the first 1.6km of the pipeline, 568 residing near the section 1.6 km to 3.2 km from the beach, and 910 people residing along the section stretching 3.2 km from the beach to the R&M station site. The remaining 3,227 residents in the surveyed communities live along the northern 9.5 km link line portion of the pipeline between the R&M station site and Maria Gleta. There are approximately 1,000-1,500 buildings, including residential houses, within the surveyed communities. At the shore, the proposed ROW passes through an upper beach area with patchy grasses, a coconut plantation, and wetlands used for growing market vegetables and for salt winnowing. The village of Hio Houta, about 500m to the west, is an established, dense, walled fishing village predominantly consisting of cinderblock houses with metal roofs. From the beach area, the ROW crosses the lagoon, and runs through an open marshy area with scattered high ground to the proposed R&M station. This area contains shrubby savanna interspersed with patches of cultivated crops (primarily on the higher ground). Two villages are close to the proposed ROW. Homes in Adjhedji (near the lagoon) is the more rural of the two. Akadjame is a larger, walled, dense village. Houses in both villages consists predominately of cinder block with metal roofs. There are no homes near the R&M station. From the R&M station north of the railroad and highway, the ROW passes close to only two houses before reaching the edge of an extensive wetland. On the southern side of this wetland, there are scattered cinder block residences, primarily along roads not in proximity to the ROW. The ROW then crosses the wetland. On the northern side of the wetland, the ROW passes through an area of small villages, connected mainly by footpaths, interspersed with farmland. Where the ROW reaches the transmission line and turns toward the southeast, there are more farm plots beneath the transmission line. The Maria Gleta area around the proposed CEB site is relatively densely populated. Based on a population density survey conducted by the West African Gas Pipeline Company (WAPCo), facilities within 200m of the proposed lateral ROW (but outside of the actual 25m ROW) include a school at Akadjamey, a church at Vinawa Adjovicodji, and a recreational facility and church at Hio Houta. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-75 Chapter 5 The proposed pipeline route, including both the lateral and link line also crosses coconut plantations, cultivated palm tree stands, cashew nut farms, tomato farms, cornfields, cassava fields, many roads, a set of railroad tracks, many footpaths, private lands and sections of swampland and lagoons. The shoreline crossing point for the pipeline in Benin is along a beach to the west of Cotonou, near Hio Houegbo (Figure 5.1-2). The area is close to several villages and within a few kilometers of significant tourist activities and infrastructure including hotels, guesthouses, restaurants, picnic areas, and art displays along the beach. These facilities cater to both local and international tourists. This area is currently the closest "pristine" beach area to Cotonou. The following map shows the beach crossing point (Figure 5.2-1). Figure Beach Crossing Point Y j d b sk ok ,LPAdounko * T bin T i/ Most of the rural fishing and non-fishing communities in the pipeline project area lack basic infrastructure such as electricity, running water, and roads. Dwelling building materials generally range from bamboo and palm branches covered with thatched roofs to mud and/or cement brick covered with corrugated aluminum roofs. The economy of the rural non-fishing villages is centered on trade and commerce. In the rural fishing villages, the main economic activity is fishing. Although men and women are both involved in this activity, the majority of those fishing are men. The women who participate in fishing tend to assist in pulling in the nets from shore. Fish that are caught are usually sold to the women in the village, who then dry and sell the final product in the neighboring markets. The next group of villages consists of urban/semi-urban communities (Figure 5.2-2). Households in these areas generally have electricity and some have running water. The economy consists mainly of trade, various cottage industries, and service industries, which includes employment in mechanics, hair braiding, and tailoring. Due to the proximity of the urban/semi-urban areas to the country's major university (Abomey-Calavi campus), as well as to a major research institution (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture), some of the residents of these communities are well educated and have middle to upper class incomes. Many of these individuals commute to Cotonou for work. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-76 Figure 5.2-2 Communities Along the Proposed WAGP ROW in Benin Limit of Available 4 ' Satellite Coverage Ai- N <~~~~~~~~~~gl Kilometers 0 05 1 15 2 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-77 Chapter 5 This page intentionally left blank June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-78 Chapter 5 acroeconomic Overview - Benin Benin's economy is dependent on subsistence agriculture, cotton production, and regional trade. In 2002, the country's real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita totaled US$439, an increase of 5.3 percent over 2001. The percentage contributions from agriculture, industry, and services value-added6 to GDP were 36 percent, 14 percent, and 48 percent, respectively. Benin's gross domestic saving rate of 9.8 percent of GDP in 2002 is less than a third of the average for all of Africa. However, gross domestic investment, which equalled 17.8 percent of GDP, is much closer to the 21.5 percent average for Africa. Inflation in Benin, which averaged 4.3 percent over the period from 1995 to 2002, is quite moderate (World Bank, African Development Indicators, 2004; CIA, 2002a). Restructuring of the nation's external debt was recently completed under the World Bank/IMF Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative.7 Benin's external debt in 2002 was approximately US$272 per capita and the nation debt service payments totaled US$60 million (World Bank, African Development Indicators, 2004) Population and Demographics - National, Regional, and Local Population Benin's population is estimated to be 6.55 million, and the population growth rate (average annual percent change) was 3.0 percent in 2002 (World Bank, African Development Indicators, 2002a). In 2001, 43 percent of the population was urban (World Bank, 2002d). The United Nations estimates that the country's urban population will have an average annual growth rate of 4.53 percent between 2000 and 2005, while the rural population is projected to grow at a rate of 1.45 percent. The population of Abomey-Calavi Commune is about 150,000, and that of the Ouidah Commune is about 75,000. All villages along the proposed pipeline route, especially those along the link line portion, are growing. This growth is due to the region's rapid urban development that is being induced by Cotonou. Based on a population density survey conducted by WAPCo, approximately 2,270 people live within 200m of the ROW centerline along the lateral pipeline route from the seashore to the R&M station. An additional 25,750 people live within 200m of the ROW centerline along the link line from the R&M station to Maria Gleta. Demographics The surveyed communities have a relatively young population (27.4 percent are less than ten years old) in which females constitute a slight majority (51 percent). The majority (87 percent) of the household heads are married, with few widowed (6 percent) and single (6 6 Value-added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. 7 The HIPC initiative is aimed at providing debt relief, within an overall poverty reduction strategy, to the world's poorest and most heavily indebted countries. A total of 42 countries qualify for relief under the HIPC initiative-34 of these nations are in Africa. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-79 Chapter 5 percent), and even fewer divorced (1 percent). There are some minor differences across community types. The prevalence of married heads of households is highest in rural non- fishing (92 percent) and lowest in rural fishing communities (80 percent). Compared to urban/semi-urban and rural non-fishing communities, the rural fishing communities tend to have a higher proportion of both unmarried and migrant males. The combination of these demographic markers might indicate that the residents of the rural fishing communities are typically more transient. Overall, the survey communities have a similar age, marital, and migrant profile (see Appendix 5-A for age distribution by community type and gender). In the rural fishing areas, about 25 percent of the population is less than ten years old, and 49.8 percent are in the age group 10 to 39 years. The populations of the rural non-fishing and the semi-urban part of the project area are even younger. In the rural non-fishing areas 31.1 percent are less than ten years old and in the semi-urban areas, 27.3 percent are less than ten years old. These observations are in line with the national population and demographic trends. In terms of gender, males constitute a slight majority in rural fishing (51.8 percent) and urban/semi-urban areas (51 .1 percent). Better labor and employment opportunities associated with fishing and urban/semi-urban areas could be a factor in the higher distribution of males observed in these types of communities. A sizeable number of residents in the rural fishing communities and nearly 80 percent of the residents in the urban/semi-urban communities in the Atlantique Department are migrants. Migrants tend to change the social structure and bonds in communities by injecting new ideas, languages, and cultures. Many in the permanent populations view the migrants with suspicion. Migrants from other communities tend to form the majority in rural non-fishing and urban/semi-urban communities, while in the rural fishing communities 62 percent of the people are originally from that community. Overall, only 31 percent of the population in the entire survey area is living in the community in which they were born. In the urban/semi- urban area, less than 12 percent of residents are from their original communities (Table 5.2-2). Table igratory Status of the Population in the Survey Communities Origin (P rcent) A Different The Same Community Type Community in the Another The North of Community Southern Region Country the Country Currently Living In Rural Fishing 35.9 2.2 - 62.0 Rural No-fishing 61.7 3.4 3.4 31.4 Urban/Semi-urban 83.2 1.3 3.9 11.6 All Community Types 64.0 2.4 2.8 30.8 Source: ICF Household and Community Survey, 2003 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-80 Chapter 5 Ethnic and Cultural Bac ground Ethnic Groups The population in the Atlantique-Littoral zone are socially, culturally, and linguistically distinct from other parts of the country. The population in the proposed project zone consists of Toffin, Fon, Yoruba, Gun, Ouatcchi, Wla, Popo, Mina/Ewe, and Pedah sociocultural groups. Although no single ethnic group dominates at the national level, the dominant ethnic group in all of the communities in and around the proposed ROW is the Fon group (Table 5.2-3). No "indigenous" populations (as defined by World Bank) live in the region of the proposed pipeline. Non-Beninese residents or migrants (mainly fisherman of Ghanaian origin and Nigerian businessman) represent a small portion of the population in the Lower Benin zone. Table Ethnic Composition of Survey Communities Community Type Ad*I Percent of Communitv ja/ Bariba Dendi Fon/Goun/ Yoruba/ Other Mina O_ _ _ Oueme Nagot/Holi Rural Fishing 4.2 0.0 12.6 79.0 0.0 4.2 Rural Non-fishing 17.7 0.0 4.7 62.9 4.7 10.0 Urban/Semi-urban 16.4 0.6 8.2 69.8 2.5 2.5 All Community Types 14.2 0.2 7.8 69.1 2.8 5.9 Source: ICF Household and Community Survey, 2003 The major languages spoken in the survey communities are Fon and Adja/Mina. At least 76 percent of the respondents speak Fon at home and it is the native language of 67 percent of the respondents. In this case, language corresponds with ethnicity. The following table (Table 5.2-4) presents the ethnic composition of the communities surveyed in terms of household and native language. Table Distribution of the Population by Language Language Spoken at Home Native Language Language (Percent of Households) (Percent of households) Adja/Mina 11.6 15.1 Bariba 0.5 0.7 Dendi 5.9 7.6 Fon 76.6 67.8 Yoruba 1.4 2.4 Other 4.0 6.4 Source: ICF Household and Community Survey, 2003 Certain families in the fishing villages are descendents of slaves who migrated into the area with the founding fathers of the villages. These families are perceived to hold a slightly lower social status than the rest of the families in the villages. In addition, some households June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-81 Chapter 5 in the surveyed communities include house servants known as "Vidomegons." These servants are generally responsible for all household chores, including caring for the children in the households. They tend to work long hours and receive little to no pay. Vidomegons generally form a vulnerable group in terms of their socioeconomic status (LARES, 2002). Household Characteristics and Structure Although men are typically the head of the household in the surveyed communities, females head nearly 40 percent of households (Table 5.2-5). Among community types covered by the survey, rural fishing communities are least likely to have a female head of household (under 28 percent). This is due to the more traditional social structure of fishing villages. People in the other two types of communities tend to be more educated and more liberal about male- female roles. Table Gender of the Head of Households in Survey Communities Community Type Gender (Percent) Female Male Rural Fishing 27.5 72.5 Rural Non-fishing 41.9 58.1 Urban/Semi-urban 41.3 58.7 All Community Types 38.5 61.5 Source: ICF Household and Community Survey, 2003 The average size of households in the surveyed communities is approximately 4.7 persons, with some variation across community types (see Appendix 5-E for breakdown by community type). Rural non-fishing communities have the highest average household size, while rural fishing communities have the lowest. Households often include immediate and extended family members and, in many cases, servants. In general, men are expected to be the providers in all communities, and women are expected to be in charge of raising children and making everyday household decisions with respect to food, clothing, health, education, and other matters. In Benin, where polygamy is a common practice, men may have several wives. Results of the community surveys indicated a perception among many women in the surveyed communities that the men failed to provide sufficient resources for their families. Despite traditional roles, in a depressed economy it is frequently the women who tend to take charge as both the providers and the decision-makers in the households. In the traditional rural areas, women are tradition-bound to assume these dual roles without seeking to disrupt their marital situation. However, when the newer rural communities and urban areas where tradition is important combined with generally higher levels of educational attainment for women, the result is a higher percentage of female- headed households (note that these females are not necessarily divorced from their husbands). June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-82 Chapter 5 Leadership Structure and Governance As with all twelve of the departments in Benin, the Alantique Department is subdivided into communes. All communities represented in the survey are located within one of two communes (Abomey-Calavi or Ouidah). Communes have legal status and financial autonomy. Each commune has an elected council which, in turn, elects the mayor, who serves as the chief executive officer of the local government. The communes are further subdivided into arrondissements. Each arrondissement is headed by an assistant mayor entitled "Chef d'Arrondissement" who is named by the communal council from the elected councilors of that arrondissement. Within the arrondissement are villages and urban neighborhoods, which are the smallest administrative units in each department. On occasion, the Head of the Arrondissement will preside over an arrondissement council made up of Heads of Villages/Neighborhoods. All villages and urban neighborhoods have a council with advisory powers, which is headed by a chief, called "Chef de Village." Village/neighborhood councils choose their chiefs. These chiefs are responsible for administration of the village/neighborhood and thus oversee those affairs of residents within their village/neighborhood that come within the mandate of the communal council. The chiefs also hold judicial and security responsibilities within the villages. Arrondissement chiefs may manage funds received from the communal council. The council is funded through the tax system. In Benin, communes are supposed to benefit from taxes on the value of land and built property, although this system is only functional in the larger urban areas. These funds have been be used for building primary health care and kindergarten and primary education facilities; social and cultural centers; providing water supply; car parks and boat piers; building and repairing local roads; drainage works; parks; markets; and slaughter houses. The mayor is allowed to delegate the management of some of the commune's income to the local chiefs of the villages/neighborhoods for funding activities that are within the mandate of the local authorities. Some confusion exists regarding representation at both the arrondissement and village/ neighborhood levels. For example, laws governing the election of the advisory councils do not yet exist. However, the election of village/neighborhood councils on a quota basis (which ensured representation of younger people, women, etc.) was abolished in 1990 and new elections were held. The heads and councils elected at that time are still in place, although many councils are no longer functional. Another area of confusion is that many of the elected chiefs are members of the families who are the customary landholders, or wealthier farmers or traders, in the village. Although the chiefs are responsible for all residents of their village, in some villages there are newcomers who are not a part of the traditional structure that the chief represents. In some cases, the newcomers do not participate in the community meetings set up by the chiefs and they have organized their own form of governance. These are usually in the form of homeowner associations. For example, in Akajamay, which is on the lateral pipeline route, the chief's sphere of influence includes both long-term residents (mostly the descendants of the same family) and lands that were subdivided and sold to people moving out from Cotonou. The new residents are distinguished from the older residents because they are homeowners, not landowners. They tend to own individual plots of land (often 20m by 25m). Since they do not feel fully June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-83 Chapter 5 represented by the chief, the newcomers in Akajamey have organized a homeowners association to defend their rights within their new homes. Considerable tension has emerged within this particular community related to the proposed pipeline. As the administrative head of the village, the Chief of Akajamey has been in greater contact with WAPCo and others representing the pipeline. When visitors from the WAGP project come to discuss the pipeline, the chief receives them. However, the newcomers live much closer to the ROW than the rest of the village (the ROW passes through some of their lands) and the newcomers do not feel that the chief represents them or fully communicates information regarding WAGP . The newcomers have therefore organized within their homeowners group a separate entity for dealing directly with WAPCo on matters regarding the proposed pipeline. The problem of representation has also been raised in Akouehonou, a community that is on the link line, where the Tchadean-European alliance and their allies are challenging the chief's authority to enter into agreements in their names. Likewise, in Zokotomey, which is also on the link line, there are indications of similar representation issues. Religious and Cultural Groups Benin has a mix of religious beliefs. The greatest proportion of individuals (50 percent) in Benin practice indigenous beliefs, followed by Christianity (30 percent) and Islam (20 percent) (CIA, 2002a). However, particularly in the area around the pipeline, many people who say they are Christians also practice traditional religions. Historical and Cultural Resources No known important religious and/or ancestral sites exist within or near the WAGP project footprint. The fishing villages along the pipeline route were established as a result of the communities' ancestors fleeing the Abomeyian wars that ravaged the inner and coastal areas of Benin in the 1 700s and 1 800s. Abomey was the capital of the then powerful kingdom of Danhomey, which ruled over the central and much of the Southern part of present day Benin for centuries until its demise with colonization in late 1800s and early 1900s. As a result of this history, most of the families in the fishing villages are descendents of the same lineage. They have carved out certain sites as sacred, such as a water area near the village of Hio Houta. This particular sacred site, from which visitors are prohibited, is located more than l 00m from the ROW. The survey did not reveal historical or cultural resources in communities along the link line. Infrastructure and uality of Life Many of the communities in and around the proposed pipeline route and link line lack access to basic social and communal infrastructure, such as electricity, running water, health centers, schools, public transportation, and adequate roads to access markets (LARES, 2002). In the rural fishing and non-fishing communities, there is a complete absence of basic amenities such as electricity, running water, and roads. In the urban/semi-urban areas, electricity and June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-84 Chapter 5 sometimes running water are generally available to households. Although the level of infrastructure is relatively better in urban/semi-urban communities, it is still generally poor. The only major community infrastructure within a 200m distance of the proposed pipeline route are a school at Akadjamey, a church at Vinawa Adjovidcodji, and a recreational facility, church, and school at Hio Houta on the coast (WAGP, 2003a). Transportation Canoes are used in the localities that are surrounded by water. Public transport via motorcycle-taxis (zemedj ion) is also common. Private transportation (car) and walking are not prevalent because most residents consider motorcycles and canoes to be more practical. With the exception of the localities situated along the Lome highway, very few roads are adequate and accessible all year round in the Atlantique Department, particularly in rural areas (LARES, 2002). This is true of the survey communities. The proposed link line route crosses the Nigeria-Benin-Togo highway, which is a major thoroughfare linking the three countries (RNIE 1). The highway is located just to the north of a railroad that also crosses the proposed link line route, and north of the proposed R&M station. In order to access the highway, members of the coastal villages must take a boat across the lagoon and sometimes other waterways between the coast and the villages further inland (north). The proposed pipeline route enters the Benin project area near a beach at Hio Houta and crosses the coastal road. This road is very important for residents, since it is the only direct route into Cotonou. Community residents further west who do not have access to the highway must rely on crossing the lagoon in small canoes to reach other roads, which they can use to reach Cotonou. Residents in the survey zone regularly cross the proposed pipeline area and link line. People in the villages of Akadjamey, Vinawa, Sodo, and Maria Gleta travel across the proposed pipeline route to reach jobs, markets (such as the large ones in Cococodji and Pahou), Cotonou, schools, relatives, and friends. Telecommunications Very few people in Benin have access to telephones, and the country's teledensity of less than one per 100 people is among the lowest in the world (World Bank/MIGA, 2002). As indicated in the following table, most rural fishing communities do not have access to public or private phone lines. This may be due to inadequate telecommunications infrastructure in these areas. In contrast, a majority of residents in rural non-fishing and urban/semi-urban communities have access to phones in public areas. The very high level of private line June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-85 Chapter 5 access in rural non-fishing areas may be attributed to the presence of wealthier residents (either landowners or newcomers) who have the means to afford this amenity (Table 5.2-6).8 Table Telecommunications (percentage of survey communities in which majorty of residents have access) Phone in Private Community Type Public Areas Phones Rural Fishing 28.6 14.3 Rural Non-fishing 60.0 100.0 Urban/Semi-urban 60.0 28.6 Source: ICF Household and Community Survey, 2003 Housing and Other Building Structures Within the survey zone of the proposed pipeline route, there are approximately 1,000 to 1,500 buildings, including residential houses. There are additional buildings and houses beyond the zone, but these are more isolated and scattered on farmlands and family lands. In addition to the infrastructure noted in Section 5.2.7, the WAGP Population Density Survey showed that on the link line route, there are 4,640 housing structures with 25,750 people within a 400m wide corridor (200m on either side of the ROW center line). The buildings along and around the pipeline are mainly constructed of cement blocks/ concrete (71 percent); coconut leaf/thatch (24 percent); and packing cases, bamboo, or other materials (5 percent) (WAGP, 2003a). The highest percentage of cement block/concrete buildings is around the portion of the proposed pipeline route just south of the R&M station, as well as along and around the northernmost section of the link line near the town of Maria Gleta. Dwellings generally range from being constructed out of bamboo and palm branches covered with thatched roofs to mud and/or cement brick covered with corrugated aluminum roofs. Few buildings constructed from packing cases/bamboo are found near the pipeline and link line. Community Amenities and Facilities Markets are one of the most important venues for activity and interaction in many of the survey communities. In addition to trading and commerce purposes, markets provide an important venue for social exchange, particularly among women (LARES, 2002). None of the surveyed communities have community centers, town halls, or entertainment halls. In general, community facilities are rare. However, among the three community types, rural fishing communities have the greatest number of community facilities. For example, the rural fishing communities are more closely knit and are more likely to view all members as 8 The survey did not differentiate between private and cell phone access. Cell phones are now ubiquitous in Benin. In rural areas, due to lack of private phone access, it is common to find residents using both public and cell phones. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-86 Chapter 5 part of the same family. They tend to enjoy getting together at such places as temples, churches, and even the chief's compound. In terms of tourism amenities, the pipeline shoreline crossing point in Benin is along a beach to the west of Cotonou. The area is near several villages and within a few kilometers of significant tourist activities and the related infrastructure mentioned above. Security Environment and Violent Crimes Based on the SIA team's knowledge and information about the project area, violent crimes are low to non-existent in the project area. In Benin, violent crimes tend to be committed in communities larger than the ones surveyed during the SIA. There was no indication during the SIA fieldwork to suggest otherwise. Education In the Atlantique-Littoral region, there is, on average, less than one school per village. Classrooms are generally in poor condition and lack basic facilities. For all communities in the Atlantique Department, more than half of the children attending school (i.e., 56 percent) must travel more than 1km. The share of students traveling less than 1km to attend school is highest in the rural fishing communities and lowest in the rural non-fishing communities. (See Appendix 5-E for breakdown on distance to school by community type.) The proposed pipeline and link line routes will intersect the route taken by a significant number of residents to travel between home and school. Of those attending school, 42 percent of the children in the survey communities cross the proposed pipeline and link line ROW on their way to school. Between 1999 and 2000 (school year), Benin's gross primary school enrollment (male and female) was 85.9 percent, and the net primary school enrollment was 70.3 percent (UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2002). In the surveyed communities, 70 percent of the school-age rural fishing population does not currently attend school. Of the almost 30 percent that do attend, less than a third are female. In the rural non-fishing and urban/semi-urban areas, school attendance, particularly the proportion of females participating, is higher (Table 5.2-7). Table School Attendance Among School Age Children by Gender and Community Type Community Type Percent of Cildren Attending School Males Females All Children Rural Fishing 38 20 30 Rural Non-fishing 40 32 36 Urban/Semi Urban 36 31 34 All Community Types 39 30 35 Source: ICF Household and Community Survey, 2003. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-87 Chapter 5 The educational outcomes in the Atlantique Department vary according to the community type and gender (see table in Appendix 5-E for breakdown of highest educational attainment by gender and type of community), reflecting national educational trends. In Benin, the educational situation is better in the urban/semi-urban areas, and the lowest educational achievement rates are generally found in the rural part of the country. Females tend to receive less formal education than males, with only a small proportion of the population achieving university-level education. The survey findings also indicated that among rural community types, the educational outcomes in rural non-fishing areas differ from those in the rural fishing areas. A higher share of the adult population has been formally educated in rural non-fishing communities compared to fishing areas. Also, women receive more formal education in rural non-fishing communities compared to rural fishing areas. Unlike the rural non-fishing and urban/semi- urban areas, virtually no fishing community residents have received university education. The official language of Benin is French, but the survey revealed that more than 63 percent of the population in the surveyed communities could not read or write in French. This is almost on par with the national-level illiteracy rate of 62.5 percent in 2000 (CIA, 2002a; World Bank, 2002e). There are some slight differences in literacy rates among community types: 50 percent in the rural non-fishing stratum and 45 percent in the semi-urban stratum. There are more significant differences in literacy rates in terms of gender at both the national and local levels. Females are less likely to speak French than males. In the surveyed communities, this is primarily attributed to the lower level of school enrollment for girls. Land Tenure and Household Ownership The WAGP Population Density Survey found that the area along and around the lateral pipeline and link line consists primarily of farming and family-based lands. Most people in the rural fishing communities (56.8 percent) live on land owned by a member of the household, compared to 11.8 percent in the rural non-fishing communities and 18.2 percent in the urban/semi-urban communities. The results also show that larger percentages of households in rural non-fishing communities (17.2 percent) and urban/semi-urban communities (18.9 percent) are owners of their places of residence, compared to the rural fishing communities (6.3 percent). These residences are constructed on land that has been given as a gift or acquired through some other type of arrangement (sharecropping, for example) that does not require cash rental payments. In all types of communities, only about 1 percent of households are currently renting from someone other than the landlord of their place of residence. The high percentage of "Does Not Know" responses could reflect that in some communities people are wary of declaring their ownership status for fear that this information might find its way to authorities and lead to unwanted consequences, such as paying property taxes (Table 5.2-8). June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-88 Chapter 5 Table Percent Household Land and or Water Ownership Type by Community Type O -z : .0. - Community Type c| z Rural Fishing 10.5 6.3 6.3 56.8 1.1 6.3 5.3 7.4 Rural Non-fishing 3.0 17.2 0.6 11.8 1.8 4.1 4.7 56.8 Urban/Semi-urban 0.6 18.9 5.7 18.2 0.0 0.0 2.5 54.1 All Community Types 3.8 15.4 3.8 24.4 1.0 3.1 4.0 44.7 Source: ICF Household and Community Survey, 2003 The proposed pipeline route will cross land and/or water belonging to 18 percent of the survey households. However, in the case of the rural fishing communities, about 49.5 percent of the households surveyed indicated that the proposed pipeline route crosses their land/water. The following table (Table 5.2-9) has a high percentage of "Does Not Know" responses. This may be due to the fact that the link line ROW physical surveys were being conducted at the same time as the household survey, and at the time of the household survey many respondents did not yet know whether the proposed route would cross their property. Table Survey Households Indicating that the Proposed Pipeline Route Crosses Their Land or Water Areas Response (Percent) Community Type Yes No Does Not Know/NA Rural Fishing 49.5 37.4 13.2 Rural Non-fishing 14.9 32.2 52.9 Urban/Semi-urban 3.3 34.6 62.1 All Community Types 18.2 34.2 47.6 Source: ICF Household and Community Survey, 2003 As the following table (Table 5.2-10) shows, household ownership levels are high (above 70 percent) across all surveyed community types. Renting is not very common, except for in the urban/semi-urban communities where 19 percent of residents rent. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-89 Chapter 5 Table Ownership Status of Residence in Survey Communities Ownership Status (Percent of Households) Resident But Housing as Does Does Not Part of Not Community Type Owner Renting Pay Rent Job Other Know Rural Fishing 84.2 - 13.7 - 2.1 Rural Non-fishing 73.5 11.8 12.9 0.6 1.2 - Urban/Semi-urban 71.5 19.0 7.6 - 0.6 1.3 All Community 75.2 11.8 11.1 0.2 1.2 0.5 Types___ __ Source: ICF Household and Community Survey, 2003. Land and Water Use The surveyed communities along the proposed pipeline ROW have a range of land uses. This includes areas of swamps and lagoons used for fishing, agricultural land used for tomato farming and other subsistence agriculture, and other land used for coconut plantations and sand winning activities. The survey reveals that 47 percent of the households in the survey zone are able to use the land directly adjacent to their dwelling for farming or grazing, and 21 percent of the households are able to use the water directly adjacent to their dwelling for fishing. In terms of land use, 42 percent of households in the survey communities use family land for subsistence farming and 12 percent of the households are able to use their family land for farming of crops. Additionally, 14.5 percent of the households are able to use their family water for subsistence fishing, whereas 11.4 percent can use their family waters for fishing for trade or sales. At the subpopulation level, about 64 percent of the rural fishing communities use their land for subsistence agriculture and 42 percent use their land for commercial agriculture. These percentages are 38 percent and 6 percent, respectively, for the non-fishing communities, and 33.5 percent and 1.3 percent, respectively, for the semi-urban communities. As for water, the majority of the households in the rural fishing communities use it for subsistence fishing purposes (57 percent), but they also use it for commercial purposes (see Appendix 5-E for tables on household land and water uses in the survey communities by community type). Energy Consumption Households in the surveyed communities primarily use the most inexpensive combination of the following principal energy sources for their domestic needs: fuel wood, petroleum products, and electricity. Among these, the most accessible, used, and reliable source of energy across all community types is fuel wood, primarily used for cooking. An estimated 61 percent of the households use fuel wood for their household needs: roughly 80 percent in the rural fishing communities, 64 percent in the non-fishing communities, and 45 percent in the urban/semi-urban communities. Approximately 43 percent of the households in the surveyed communities cross the proposed pipeline route to collect their fuel wood: 67 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-90 Chapter 5 percent in the rural fishing communities, 48 percent in the non-fishing communities, and 23 percent in the urban/semi-urban communities. Petroleum products are important secondary energy sources, and the most important kind in rural areas. Petroleum products are mainly used for cooking and lighting (kerosene lamps). Electricity is the most important secondary energy source in urban/semi-urban areas for lighting but is generally not available in the surveyed communities as a whole as indicated in the following table (Table 5.2-1 1). Table Source of Electricity in the Survey Communities by Community Type Response (Percent) Both National Electricity Grid National Does Not Community Type and Generator Generator Electricity Know/NA None Rural Fishing - 6.6 - 3.3 90.1 Rural Non-fishing 1.1 10.3 2.3 1.1 85.1 Urban/Semi-urban 0.6 7.1 40.6 - 51.6 All Community Types 0.7 8.3 15.9 1.2 73.9 Source: ICF Household and Community Survey, 2003. Where it is used, the national electricity company is the primary source of electricity. Some of the households in the fishing villages with electricity use generators to compensate for the lack of infrastructure. For both grid and generator users, however, the supply is not very reliable or consistent due to poor infrastructure and cost constraints. In the rural fishing survey communities, coconut products are preferred to other sources of energy because they are abundant, readily available at a location adjacent to the communities, and inexpensive compared to wood and charcoal. Over time, the husk (outer shell and envelope) of the coconut has become one of the main sources of cooking energy. Other less important sources for all the survey communities include charcoal and LPG. Charcoal is used for cooking, and the use is highest in the urban/semi-urban areas because it is cheaper and more accessible than some alternatives. LPG is used for both cooking and lighting on a very limited basis in all of the communities. Regarding the community perception of gas, many within the community think that gas is beneficial and has significant advantages. In the majority of localities, the populations are willing to use the products of the gas project to replace the various energy sources currently used for cooking. There is also an expectation of reduced energy costs, particularly for industry use that would foster the establishment of new industries. However, the populations also expressed concerns regarding the potential harmful consequences of gas as an energy source (LARES, 2002). June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-91 Chapter 5 icroeconomic Situation Labor Force and Employment Activities In the survey communities, 83 percent of the population aged 14 and older is currently working or economically active. The rural fishing communities have the highest number of individuals aged 14 and older (88 percent) engaged in labor, compared to the 84 percent in the urban/semi-urban communities and 80 percent in the rural non-fishing communities. Employment in many parts of the Atlantique Department, especially rural areas, tends to be informal employment or self-employment. In many instances, self-employment is not regarded as a formal source of employment. Therefore, the proportion of those reporting self-employment, as shown in the following table (Table 5.2-12), may be indicative of the level of informal employment in these communities. Community members generally expressed the perception that there are few jobs available to the young once they have finished school or training. Table Employment Distribution by Type of Employer and Community in the Survey Communities population aged and over Percent of Population Employer Rural Fishing Rural Non-fishing Urban/Semi-urban All Private 2.0 10.5 11.5 8.9 Public 1.0 5.4 6.2 4.7 Military - 0.9 0.9 0.7 Self 83.5 67.8 66.9 71.1 Other 5.0 1.5 4.0 3.3 N/A 8.5 13.9 10.5 11.4 Source: ICF Household and Community Survey, 2003. Of those aged 14 and older who are currently working, commerce and agriculture are the primary sectors of employment (except in the rural fishing villages where the main economic activity is fishing). For the rural non-fishing communities on the other hand, economic activities consist mostly of trade, followed by farming, and weaving/tailoring/hair dressing. In the urban/semi-urban areas, economic activities consist primarily of market (trade) activities, various cottage industries, and other professions that include mechanics, hair braiding, tailoring, and other (Table 5.2-13). June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-92 Chapter 5 Table Employment Distribution by Occupation and Community in the Survey Communities age and over Percent of Population Rural Rural Urban/ Occupation Fishing Non-fishing Semi-urban All Does Not Know / N/A 8.5 13.0 13.3 12.1 Animal Farming 3.5 0.6 0.6 1.3 Crop Farming 35.7 5.7 4.3 12.2 Fishing 11.6 3.6 0.6 4.3 Trade/Commerce 25.1 23.9 28.5 25.9 Carpentry/Furniture - 1.5 1.2 1.1 Clothing/Tailoring 1.5 7.0 10.5 7.0 Mechanic/Automotive 0.5 3.0 3.1 2.5 Taxi/Bus Driver 1.5 5.1 6.2 4.7 Delivery Services _ 0.6 0.9 0.6 Administrative/Managerial 1.0 7.6 8.4 6.3 Household Duties/Domestic 2.0 7.0 3.7 4.6 Worker/Laborer 2.0 6.3 4.6 4.7 Engineering _ 0.3 0.6 0.4 Constr_uction/Mason 0.5 4.8 4.3 3.6 Manufacturing 5.0 2.7 0.9 2.6 Health Care Professional _ 0.9 2.2 1.2 Professional Services - 0.3 0.9 0.5 Other 1.5 5.4 4.6 4.2 Refused to Answer - 0.3 0.3 0.2 Source: ICF Household and Community Survey, 2003. In terms of gender, men dominate craftsmanship (e.g., sewing, hairdressing, carpentry, mechanics) and administration/management. Women in the Lower Benin zone, especially in the villages along the mangrove lagoons, are typically engaged in food processing and salt production activities (LARES, 2002). Women typically carry out 60 to 80 percent of the agricultural work and conduct up to 44 percent of the work necessary for household subsistence in the rural areas of Benin (UN Food and Agriculture Organization, 1995). Although information was not captured from the household survey regarding child labor in the survey communities in the Atlantique Department, there is sufficient evidence at the national level to suggest that children are economically active in many instances. The World Bank estimated that children aged 10 to 14 years comprised 46 percent of the country's labor force in 2000. Agriculture and Fishing Agriculture and fishing are important activities in the rural communities in and around the proposed pipeline ROW and portions of the link line. However, agricultural activities have declined over time due to the degradation of the land and drought. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-93 Chapter 5 Crop Farmini! In the surveyed communities a variety of crops are grown, and the major crops vary across community types, as indicated in the following table (Table 5.2-14). This finding reflects a national trend in the agriculture sector, where a mix of crops forms the nation's agricultural base. In 2001, the major crops and products in Benin (in decreasing order of importance) were cotton, corn, cassava (tapioca), yams, beans, palm oil, peanuts, and livestock. Cotton, palm products, and cocoa are the country's major cash crops, accounting for three of the four most important export commodities (the fourth is crude oil) (CIA, 2002a). Among 91 households reporting, annual income from crop farming averaged 122,500 CFAF (range from 7,500 CFAC to 8 million CFAC). Table Crop Production Among Survey Households, by Community Type Comm nity Type (Percent of Househ Ids) Item Description Rural Rural Urban/ All Fishing Non Fishing Semi-urban Beans 29.1 13.4 8.5 14.8 Cassava 27.0 16.4 9.2 16.0 Cocoa 29.1 5.2 0.7 8.5 Cocoyam 1.1 0.6 0.7 0.7 Groundnuts 37.2 11.7 6.6 15.1 Maize 38.6 39.8 32.2 36.7 Other 44.7 5.2 2.7 12.6 Palm Oil 10.5 8.2 5.2 7.5 Plantain 18.4 13.3 3.3 10.7 Sweet Potatoes 4.6 1.7 0.7 1.9 Yams 2.3 1.2 0.7 1.2 Source: ICF Household and Community Survey, 2003. While residents in rural fishing communities are able to grow a variety of crops (such as vegetables, maize, beans, groundnuts, cocoa, and cassava) in the non-fishing and semi-urban communities, maize remains the major crop. The variability of crops grown in the fishing areas can be attributed to the considerable landmass that allows for the cultivation of many types of crops. On the other hand, the rural non-fishing and urban/semi-urban communities are faced with limited land areas. In such areas, maize is the agricultural product of choice, since it is a popular food in the south. Animal Farmin! There is a small amount of livestock agriculture in the surveyed communities, consisting mainly of sheep, goat, chicken, and pig rearing. Animals are typically raised right at home, though households that can afford increased land areas are able to raise more and larger livestock. In general, animals are raised primarily for commercial purposes and, for subsistence, to a lesser extent. Among 18 households reporting, annual income from animal farming averaged 93,000 CFAC (range from 24,000 CFAC to 1.5 million CFAC). June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-94 Chapter 5 Fishin2 The overwhelming majority of households (81.6 percent) in the rural fishing communities of Hio-Houta and Hio Houegbo have at least one member who fishes. In the non-fishing communities, less than 3 percent of the households indicated that a member in the household fishes. Fishing is a predominantly male activity (although females are also involved, particularly in other auxiliary fishing activities), and is most common among the Gun, Wla, Popo, and Minna groups, which are located directly along the coast (Table 5.2-15). In the rural fishing communities of the Atlantique Department, men principally do the fishing. Their catch is then sold to the women who dry and sell the final product in the neighboring markets. Fishing tends to be small-scale and within a distance of 3km to 5km from the coastline, using trawlers. After the catch, the fish are brought in large nets pulled onto shore by lines of men and women. In addition to sea fishing, a significant number of people in the zone also conduct freshwater fishing in the lagoons and lakes. Among 77 households reporting, annual income from fishing averaged 208,000 CFAC to 12 million CFAC). Table Fishing ethods Within Survey Rural Fishing Communities Percentage of Fishing Method Fisherfolk Hand lines 0.0 Hook Lines 0.0 Net Traps 0.0 Seine Nets 0.0 Throw Nets 1.4 Trawling parallel to shore 93.0 Trawling perpendicular to shore 5.6 Other 0.0 Source: ICF Household and Community Survey, 2003. Trade Women are the largest proportion (76 percent) of the population engaged in trade in the surveyed communities. Specifically, in the rural fishing communities, trading activity is primarily based on re-selling fresh and smoked fish and other fish products, as well as on processing and selling sea salt. In other types of communities, retail trade is most common, involving the sale of household products, groceries, clothing, and processed foods (LARES, 2002; ICF Household and Community Survey, 2003). Industry - ining and anufacturing Nationally, textiles, food processing, chemical production, and construction material production (including a major cement factory at the Onigbolo plant) are the primary industrial activities in Benin (CIA, 2002). In the Atlantique-Littoral region, mining is an June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-95 Chapter 5 important income generating activity, and there are two mines used for excavating salt and sand. Sand mining is an important source of revenues for mine owners, laborers, and local tax collectors (LARES, 2002; ICF Household and Community Survey, 2003). Locally, sand winning activities are conducted at Agboganhouhoue. Women typically engage in salt mining and have organized women's groups around this activity. There is a government policy in place to try to diversify the industrial base of the country. Currently the main cash crop is cotton, which serves as the main input in Benin's textile sector. The cotton industry is failing, however, prompting authorities and private entrepreneurs to consider alternative industrial sub-sectors, such as mining and agricultural processing (more than 70 percent of the arable land of the country remains underdeveloped due to a lack of capital investment). Additional economic activities being considered are the production of air conditioners and car parts (the latter is taking place in neighboring Nigeria), and possibly the manufacturing of other appliances. One major industrialist interviewed by the socioeconomic team (informally, not as part of the household or community surveys, and outside the survey communities) anticipates growth once cheaper natural gas from WAGP is available to fuel his factory. Government Less than five percent of the residents in all communities surveyed were employed by the public sector. The government accounts for some of the employment in administrative/managerial, health care, and engineering and professional services occupations. No information was collected on the military sector; indeed, due to the sensitive nature of such information, none is available for the survey areas. Household Income and E penditures Household Income The majority of people in the survey communities derive their living and household income from tomato farming, fishing, trading and commerce, cottage industry, and other vocational trades. There is also some minor sand winning activity around Agboganhouhoue. A sizable part of the population in the urban/semi-urban areas is also employed in the formal economy. Commerce and agriculture occupations combined provide most of the income for the majority of the people in the surveyed communities, although in the rural non-fishing and urban/semi-urban communities administrative/managerial positions, construction, and mechanic/automotive also provide a sizable amount of income. The number income earners per household ranges up to six in rural fishing and urban/semi- urban communities in the project area, and as many as eight in rural non-fishing areas. As the following table (Table 5.2-16) indicates, the majority of households across all community types have two to three income earners. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-96 Chapter 5 Table Income Earners per Household Number of Percent of Households Income Earners Rural Fishing Rural Non-fishing Urban/Semi-urban 1 17.0 6.2 17.0 2 34.0 29.0 45.2 3 36.2 48.8 28.9 4 10.6 11.7 7.4 5 1.1 3.1 0.7 6 1.1 0.6 0.7 8 0.0 0.6 0.0 Source: ICF Household and Community Survey, 2003 In 2001, the annual median income of 37 percent of the population in the general project region was below the national poverty line of 144,261CFAF (BenInfo, 2003). It should be noted that for the communities surveyed, the overall annual median household income is 320,OOOCFAF (Table 5.2-17), which is considerably above the poverty line for the country. However, community members claim that poverty has increased over the past five years and that the gap between the rich and poor has widened. The residents' perception of growing poverty may be due to any number of factors, including an increasingly unequal distribution of income. Table edian Household Annual Incomes by Community Type Community Type Town/Village Name Median, in CFAF* Rural Fishing Hio Houta 522 500 Hio Houegbo 120 000 Median Rural Fishing 400 000 Rural Non-fishing Awake 123 000 Heloutoto 990 000 Sodo 260 000 Vinawa 160 000 Zoketomey 185 000 Median Rural Non-fishing 235 000 Urban/Semi-urban Agbogboville 212 500 Akouehonou 280 000 Gankon 1 055 000 Gbodje 220 000 Maria Gleta 590 000 Womey Sodo 771 000 Median Urban/Semi-urban 450 000 All Community Types 320 000 * The official exchange rate in 2002 between the CFAF and the US dollar was 697 to 1 (African Development Indicators, 2004). Source: ICF Household and Community Survey, 2003. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-97 Chapter 5 As presented in the table (Table 5.2-18) below, the widest household income disparities were reported in rural non-fishing and urban/semi-urban communities. In these communities, the largest proportion of households has the lowest incomes, while less than 25 percent of the households are at the highest income levels. On the other hand, there seems to be less income inequality in rural fishing communities, where the greatest proportion of households are at the highest income tier, and more than half of the households are clustered in the upper half of the income bracket. Table Household Annual Income Distribution Income Groups Percent of Households (CFAF) Rural Fishing Rural Non-fishing Urban/Semi-urban <25,000 9.5 51.8 36.0 25,000-50,000 8.3 3.3 5.5 50,000-75,000 10.0 2.1 6.2 75,000-100,000 2.5 2.4 3.9 100,000-200,000 10.7 7.7 9.0 200,000-300,000 13.3 2.0 8.3 300,000-400,000 9.1 3.2 8.3 400,000-500,000 2.5 4.0 5.5 >500,000 34.0 23.5 17.1 Source: ICF Household and Community Survey, 2003. Household Consumption A survey of sample household consumer goods was taken as an indicator of the level of affluence/poverty. This showed that a majority of households in the surveyed communities own at least one bicycle, and approximately 45 percent of them have at least one television. However, very few households own a car or refrigerator/icebox. There are slight differences among the survey community types. Rural fishing communities tend to have the fewest household goods, while rural non-fishing and urban/semi-urban communities were comparatively better off. For example, only 17 percent of the households in rural fishing communities have television, compared to 45 percent across all community types. Food accounts for the largest share of household income expenditures in Benin, and food is the most important spending priority in all the community types surveyed. (See Appendix 5- E for tables on household expenditure patterns in the survey communities by community type.) Local Prices Community members indicated that the cost of living has increased over the past year without residents experiencing an increase in their revenue or income status. This trend of increasing prices is consistent with national level data; in 2002, Benin had an inflation rate of 3.3 percent. Many consumer goods and services have become more expensive, including food, fuel, education, and health. Although the national inflation rate is modest compared to the rest of Africa, such increases can create the impression of high inflation. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-98 Chapter 5 E isting Public Health Situation This section describes the public health situation in the Atlantique Department of Benin based on the ICF household and community surveys, as well as secondary sources as mentioned in Section 5.2 of this chapter. The information focuses on the health infrastructure for water, sanitation, and health care facilities. This section also discusses the incidences of illness and the diets in the surveyed communities. Where possible, the information is disaggregated by community type: rural fishing, rural non-fishing, and urban/semi-urban. As a comparative point of references for some of the existing conditions in the survey region, the following discussion also draws on national and regional level data. Health Infrastructure Water In 2001, 77.4 percent of the Benin urban population and 51.6 percent of the rural population had access to potable water. In the Atlantique Department where the WAGP pipeline and link line will be located, 77.3 percent of the total population had access to potable water in 1996. Typically the wells in the surveyed communities in or adjacent to the WAGP project footprint are open-air, hand-dug deep holes, with an elevated circular portion that allows people to draw water using a bucket, rope, and winch or pulley. Such wells are not typically equipped with pumping or purification systems, and are therefore not counted as improved water sources. In general, wells with pumps are found either in very rich communities or in communities that have benefited from some funding from such organizations as the World Bank. Wells with pumps are expensive relative to the economies of smaller villages. Wells without pumps are cheaper and maintenance costs on such wells are very low. The data in the table (Table 5.3-1) below show that the urban/semi-urban and rural fishing communities use wells without pumps at about the same rate (80 percent), and the rural non-fishing's reliance on this type of water source is slightly higher (84 percent). Table Water: Percent of Surveyed Population Relying on Each Source Type Bottled Public Water Piped/Tap - (Store- Public Purchase from Well Well Community Bought or Private Piped/Tap Vendor or Tap Surface With Without Type Delivered) Piped/Tap - Free Master Water Pump Pump Other Rural Fishing 0.0 1.4 7.0 4.6 3.0 2.3 80.6 1.0 Rural 0.4 3.3 1.6 10.7 0.0 0.0 84.0 0.1 Urban/ 0.3 5.2 2.7 12.0 0.0 1.3 80.5 0.0 Semi-urbanI All Community 0.3 3.6 3.2 9.8 0.7 1.0 81.9 0.2 Types I__ _ _ _ _ _ _ Note: The above data does not necessarily add up to 100 percent because each question was asked separately. The data displayed is the percent of respondents who relied on each source type. Source: ICF Household and Community Survey, 2003. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-99 Chapter 5 Sanitation Sanitation in Benin is substantially better in urban than in rural areas. In 1996, 5.3 percent of the rural population in Benin, 44.7 percent of the urban population, and 20.4 percent of the total population used sanitary means to dispose of human waste. In the Atlantique Department, 5 percent of the population had sanitary means of sewage disposal. A majority of the households in the rural non-fishing and urban/semi-urban communities of the Atlantique Department use pit toilets. The following table (Table 5.3-2) presents data regarding sanitary waste facilities in the surveyed communities. Table Sanitation: Human Waste Disposal ethod Percent Community Type Flush Toilet Pit Toilet Other Rural Fishing 0.0 8.1 92.0 Rural Non-fishing 5.5 64.2 30.3 Urban/Semi-urban 2.0 55.6 _ 42.4 All Community Types 3.0 35.0 62.0 Source: ICF Household and Community Survey, 2003. The "other" category listed in the above table generally refers to the use of streams, rivers, the beach or ocean, or dumpsites for human waste disposal. The exact nature of this category depends on the community and its surroundings. Typically the surveyed communities had some type of dumpsite that was also used as a human waste disposal site. The higher utilization of flush toilets in rural non-fishing villages probably reflects that such villages have a higher portion of migrants from urban areas. Such migrant households often have the wherewithal, when they move to a rural village, to build houses equipped with modem amenities, including flush toilets. However, construction of such houses in urban areas is still prohibitively expensive to many, explaining the lower use of flush toilets in urban/semi-urban villages. Since much of the area surveyed is still being settled, an adequate sewage system has yet to be constructed. Even nearby Cotonou, the largest city in Benin, continues to experience problems with its sewage system due to overpopulation and inability of the existing infrastructure to handle current demand. In the specific area surveyed there is no structured sanitation infrastructure in place. According to data from 1996, 11.4 percent of the rural population in Benin, 21 percent of the urban population, and 28 percent of the total population disposed of household garbage through sanitary means. The following table (Table 5.3-3) presents data regarding disposal of wastes other than human waste in the surveyed communities. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-100 Chapter 5 Table Sanitation: Percent of Household Non Sewage Waste Disposal ethods In the Surveyed Communities Community Government Official/ Unofficial Type Incineration Collection Compost Formal dump Dump Other Rural Fishing 0.0 0.0 9.2 12.6 58.6 19.5 Rural 7.3 1.2 7.9 4.9 57.0 21.8 Non-fishing Urban/ 4.0 3.3 2.0 4.0 70.9 15.9 Semi-urban All Community 4.5 1.7 6.0 6.2 62.5 19.1 Types I I I Source: ICF Household and Community Survey, 2003. In the above table the "other" category includes the dumping of waste in waterways, marsh areas, around dwellings, and into the ocean. Health Facilities and Personnel In 2000, there were 909 doctors in Benin, and the persons-per-doctor ratio was 6,787 to 1. Compared to the national level, the Atlantique-Littoral region, with 610 of the country's doctors, had a higher concentration of doctors per capita, with 2,154 persons per doctor. In 1997, national health expenditures per capita amounted to 1,034 CFAF. With respect to health facilities and infrastructure, there were three government hospitals, two private hospitals, one faith-based hospital, 18 dental offices, 103 private clinics, 138 birth clinics, and 36 Communal Health Centers in the Atlantique-Littoral region in 1998. However, in the Atlantique Department alone, there are only a few health clinics and a couple of hospitals. Therefore, as indicated in Table 5.3-4, the residents living in the communities in and around the pipeline ROW and link line tend to self-medicate. However, for serious medical conditions, 60.4 percent of households in these communities report having sought a doctor's help and 76.6 percent report having contacted a nurse.9 In some of the urban/semi-urban areas, private clinics are being established, which should alleviate some the health care problems experienced in these communities. 9 These health care sources are not mutually exclusive as one household may use multiple sources of health care. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-101 Chapter 5 Table Household Health Care Utili ation by Type of Provider and Community Percent of Households Rural Rural Urban/ Care Source Fishing Non-fishing Semi-urban All Doctor 65.9 53.7 64.7 60.4 Herbalist 28.6 7.5 7.1 11.9 Nurse 82.4 77.1 72.7 76.6 Other 3.9 4.1 2.2 3.3 Pharmacist 50.5 36.2 40.8 41.0 Religious leader 8.8 9.9 8.4 9.1 Self Medicate 84.6 71.4 79.7 77.3 Note: Sources not mutually exclusive; households may use multiple providers. Source: ICF Household and Community Survey, 2003. In the rural areas surveyed, 25 to 65 percent of the health care visits (depending on the type of health care accessed) require respondents to cross the proposed pipeline route. In the semi-urban communities surveyed 40 to 55 percent of health care visits require crossing the pipeline route. Table 5.3-5 indicates that in rural fishing communities, most doctors (61.8 percent) and nurses (67.8 percent) practice medicine at a hospital. Most pharmacists sell medicine at a pharmacy. Also in these communities, most religious leaders probably see their patients at a religious temple or some other house of worship (not specified). In the cases of doctors, nurses, herbalists, and pharmacists, and for all community types the category "Other" means, for the most part, a facility inside the health deliverer's home. For example, in the urban/semi-urban communities, 35.3 percent of doctors see patients at places other than a hospital or clinic, indicating that the doctors either make home visits or, more likely, see patients at their own (the doctors') homes. In all communities, the majority of herbalists will tend to see patients at the herbalists' homes, although some also make house calls. Primarily, people who self-medicate tend to do so at their own homes, although they might do so while at a relative's house or other locations (such as at an herbalist's home). Table Distribution of Health Care Utili ation by Type of Facility and Community Healthcare facilities (Percent) Community Type Your Care Source Clinic Hospital Pharmacy House Another Religious Other Rural Fishing Doctor 5.6 61.8 - - - 32.6 Herbalist - - _ 11.2 18.0 - 70.8 Nurse 17.2 67.8 _- - - 14.9 Other _- - - - 100.0 Pharmacist 1.1 50.6 _ 48.3 Religious leader I _ _ _ 1.1 7.9 91.0 Self Medicate _ _ 6.6 78.0 _ _ 15.4 Rural Non-fishing June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-102 Chapter 5 Table Distribution of Health Care Utili ation by Type of Facility and Community Healthcare facilities (Percent) Community Type Your Care Source Clinic Hospital Pharmacy House Another Religious Other Doctor 6.9 47.7 _- - - 45.4 Herbalist 0.6 _ 1.7 5.2 0.6 92.0 Nurse 25.9 46.6 0.6 - 3.4 23.6 Other - - - - 98.6 Pharmacist 0.6 35.3 0.6 0.6 - 63.0 Religious leader 0.6 - - 1.1 8.6 89.7 Self Medicate 0.6 0.6 4.0 64.9 1.7 _ 28.2 Urban/Semi-urban Doctor 7.2 57.5 - - - - 35.3 Herbalist - - 0.6 1.9 4.5 0.6 92.2 Nurse 16.3 54.9 0.7 0.7 - - 27.5 Other 0.7 - 0.7 - _ _ 98.5 Pharmacist 0.7 2.6 38.2 _ _ _ 58.6 Religious leader - - - - _ 8.4 91.6 Self Medicate 1.3 0.6 4.5 72.9 0.6 _ 20.0 All Community Types Doctor 6.7 54.3 - - - - 38.9 Herbalist - 0.2 0.2 3.8 7.7 0.5 87.5 Nurse 20.5 54.1 0.2 0.5 - 1.4 23.2 Other 0.3 0.6 0.3 _ - - 98.8 Pharmacist 0.2 1.5 39.6 0.2 0.2 - 58.3 Religious leader - 0.2 - 0.7 8.4 90.7 Self Medicate 0.7 0.5 4.8 70.7 1.0 _ 22.4 Source: ICF Household and Community Survey, 2003. Health Indicators Incidence of Illness and Disease In the Lower Benin zone, the most common disease is malaria. Other types of illnesses and diseases common to this area include skin diseases, stomachaches, diarrhea, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS), sexually transmitted diseases, and bilharziosis (Table 5.3-6) (LARES, 2002). The most common diseases and illnesses experienced by the population in the surveyed communities last year include malaria (94.5 percent), stomachaches (72.2 percent), diarrhea (45.1 percent), and skin infections (25.3 percent). June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-103 Chapter 5 Table Incidence of Illness and Disease in Households, Percent of Households Rural Rural Urban/ Ailment Fishing Non-fishing Semi-urban All Malaria 94.5 88.0 86.9 33.9 Diarrhea 45.1 28.7 33.3 24.6 Skin Infections 25.3 28.0 20.6 1.9 Bilharzias 2.2 2.3 1.3 HIV/AIDS _ __ __ STDs other than AIDS - - - Stomachache 72.2 46.3 48.4 24.7 Others 29.1 23.5 23.8 28.3 Note: Data reflects the percent of households in the surveyed communities in which any member suffered from the ailment. Source: ICF Household and Community Survey, 2003. Although the survey respondents reported no HIV/AIDS or sexually transmitted diseases infection, it remains the case that throughout the country these diseases, particularly HIV/AIDS, are an increasing health, social, and economic concern. There may be underreporting due to the sensitive nature of the question, the stigma associated with the disease, lack of awareness, and unwillingness to report or admit this type of affliction. Therefore, it is important to note that the data on HIV/AIDS and STDs presented below may not reflect the reality in the surveyed communities. In the absence of reliable local information, national information is informative. Nationwide the adult HIV/AIDS prevalence rate was 3.6 percent at the end of 2001. The number of people in Benin living with HIV/AIDS was estimated at 120,000 and the number of HIV/AIDS deaths was 8,100 (World Bank, African Development Indicators, 2004). Food and Nutrition The most commonly consumed foods include cereals such as corn and rice; tubers such as yam, cassava (and cassava based foods such as gari), and sweet potatoes; and vegetables and fish. For most people, meat, including chicken, is consumed only on special occasions. Approximately 24 percent of the population in the Atlantique-Littoral region is underweight according to the 1996 BEN-EDS96 Health and Nutrition Survey. In 1999, in the Atlantique Department where the pipeline is located, the percentages of children under five years old who are malnourished include 53 percent of the poor, 41.9 percent of the non-poor, and 48 percent of the rural population. Also, 41.4 percent of the rural populations in the Atlantique Department are behind in their normal growth process, including 20.7 percent of children under of the age of three in the Atlantique-Littoral region. The data indicates that, as expected, rural fishing communities tend to consume the most fish compared to other types of communities. The rural fishing communities do tend to produce vegetables, principally tomatoes and carrots, but they often sell these to other communities as June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-104 Chapter 5 a source of supplemental income and tend to consume less of these products than do residents of rural non-fishing villages (Tables 5.3-7 and 5.3-8). Table Food Nutrition: Average Consumption times per wee Cereals, Sweets, Vegetables, Community Grains, Dairy/Dairy Fruits Snacks, Legumes, Type Beverages Breads Products Fish and Nuts Meats Tobacco Herbs Rural 0.7 2.4 0.9 3.2 1.8 0.6 1.1 1.3 Fishing 2.5 2.1 0.7 2.0 1.0 0.8 0.7 2.9 Non-fishing Urban/ 1.6 2.5 0.8 2.7 1.5 0.9 1.0 1.7 Semi-urban Community 1.7 2.3 0.8 2.5 1.3 0.8 0.9 2.1 Types I I Source: ICF Household and Community Survey, 2003. Table Food Nutrition: Average Percentage of Diet Cereals, Fruits Sweets, Vegetables, Community Grains, Dairy/Dairy and Snacks, Legumes, Type Beverages Breads Products Fish Nuts Meats Tobacco Herbs Rural Fishing 6.8 35.0 7.2 20.9 12.8 4.0 7.7 12.6 Rural 7.3 30.4 5.0 11.0 6.7 5.2 2.7 16.2 Non-fishing Urban/ 8.2 36.5 4.4 13.0 7.6 5.9 6.8 11.4 Semi-urban All Community 7.6 34.6 5.3 14.7 8.8 5.2 10.0 12.9 T y p e s I__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I__ _ _ _ __ _ _I__ _ _ I__ _ _ _ _ _ _ Source: ICF Household and Community Survey, 2003. E isting Safety Situation Overview This section addresses the existing institutions, infrastructure, and capacity relating to health and safety, security, and emergency response in the vicinity of the proposed WAGP project site in Benin. The information in this section was obtained from the heads and representatives of the concerned organizations and provided via WAPCo External Affairs. Included in this assessment are state institutions in charge of health, security, fire outbreak, and emergency response. In the area of health, the institutions included the Ministry of Health and its various divisions, especially Health Services (DDS) and the Health Centers, and the Department of Hygiene and Basic Sanitation (DHAB). The Agencies in charge of June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-105 Chapter 5 fire outbreak and emergency response are comprised of the National Fire Service Group of Benin (GNSPB) and the Office of Prevention and Civil Protection (DPPC). In the security sector, the Armed Forces can intervene in their mission of protection of strategic infrastructures, and the police can intervene to maintain order and security of fixtures and fittings. Institutions Responsible for Health Care Delivery This assessment of institutions responsible for health care delivery focuses on sanitary education and on the DHAB. Health inistry The Health Ministry oversees the implementation of the country's health policy and education through the DDS. The system consists of private, public, and denominational providers. The Health Centers at Cocoocdji and Pahou are the closest to the WAGP project site. They are located at about 3km and 5km respectively from the proposed R&M station site. These community health centers do not provide major services, but they administer first aid. These centers would be too small and under-equipped to handle serious injury or larger emergencies. Such eventualities would have to be handled by the major and better-equipped hospitals in Cotonou, which are also relatively close to the project site. Office of the Hygiene and of Basic Sanitation DHAB The DHAB's mission is to ensure the implementation of the national sanitation policy on hygiene and basic sanitation. In this regard, it has been charged with drafting health standards for public and private establishments, developing a household hygiene regulation project, and ensuring the implementation of these policies through the office's decentralized units. The office also intervenes in cases of major emergencies with the aim of applying hygiene and basic sanitation measures. It is also charged with ensuring the compliance of wastewater with quality standards and ensuring the hygiene of drinking water. The decentralized units of the DHAB are the Departmental Services, Technical Services, and the agents of hygiene and sanitation, which are located at the community levels. In the big cities the operational branch of DHAB is the Sanitary Agency, which is staffed by hygiene and sanitation agents. Institutions Responsible for Fire Fighting The National Fire Service Group of Benin GNSPB The GNSPB is the operational branch of the Department of Prevention And Civil Protection. GNSPB is responsible for both fire fighting and emergency response. The roles of GNSPB include: * Fighting Fire; * Saving victims (of all kinds of accidents or emergencies); * Assistance to people in danger (e.g. of drowning, other types of danger); June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-106 Chapter 5 * Securing properties and people at work places and public establishments; and * Special missions. The GNSPB has decentralized services at departmental levels. Cotonou has two decentralized intervention sites located on either side of Lac Nokoue, which divides the town into two (St. Jean and Akpapka). The closest of the intervention base to the WAGP project site in Cotonou is the one of St. Jean, situated roughly at 25km from the R&M station. Two additional, very advanced intervention units are under construction at Calavi and Agla (Cotonou). The Agla unit will be located about 15km from the WAGP Cotonou R&M station and very close to the pipeline corridor. GNSPB currently has very limited resources for responding to emergencies. The commander of GNSPB has indicated that the agency has just received funding for new equipment from the national budget. The agency is prepared to gear its emergency response capability according to the emergency management plans drawn up by WAGP. The GNSPB indicated that WAGP must plan for the proper facilities and means of emergency response on site, and that GNSPB would lend support through a training agreement and rapid information dissemination (red telephone). Institutions Responsible for Disaster anagement Department of Prevention and Civil Protection DPPC Based in Cotonou with no decentralized offices, DPPC is a national body set up by the state for disaster management. Its aim, among others, is to develop, implement, and coordinate plans for intervention and assistance by all other entities in the country. DPPC developed a plan for emergencies arising from epidemics in conjunction with the Ministry of Health, and also put in place an emergency response plan for spills from hydrocarbon tanker ships in collaboration with the Ministry of Transport and Works. DPPC manages the permanent secretariat of the National Committee for Prevention and Civil Protection, gives suggestions in areas of security during the EIA of large-scale projects, controls the development of emergency plans, and creates establishments that are identified as necessary for prevention and civil protection. DPPC is also involved in disaster prevention. In case of disaster, it is responsible for disaster management, assisting victims, and restoring the environment, property, and health. To this effect, DPPC collaborates with the Benin Agency for Environment (ABE) and the GNSPB. Initial response to emergencies or disasters is organized through GNSPB. Disaster recovery and restoration of the environment is undertaken by the ABE. In times of disaster, the DPPC collaborates with the Ministries of Public and Family Health and Social Welfare to provide first aid and material assistance. The administrative procedures associated with emergency response are as follows. The Interior Minister introduces a report prepared by the DPPC to the Cabinet. Government must take a decision that an emergency response is required, and then Government proceeds to identify funds for its execution. The National Committee for Prevention and Civil Protection June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-107 Chapter 5 meets to develop the modalities for the implementations of the governmnent's decision. The implementation of the said decisions is managed and coordinated by the DPPC. In times of disaster, philanthropists and other friendly countries also generally help by donating cash and in-kind assistance. Sta eholder Consultations To date, WAPCo and the WAGP project team have conducted over 400 consultations in all four WAGP countries. Many of the earlier consultations were focused on building awareness of the project and educating stakeholders about natural gas and natural gas pipelines. Stakeholders provided their input on EIA-related concerns, issues, and on other matters outside the scope of this EIA as presented below in Table 5.5-1. Table WAGP Sta eholder Consultation Summary All WAGP Countries No. of Consultations Issue Category Where Issue Category Was Raised EIA Related Issues Awareness/Education 149 Land Acquisition/Compensation 116 EIA 79 Community Development 52 Safety 34 Community Reactions 34 Land Acquisition/RAP 32 EIA-Fishing Impacts 15 Implementation-Employment 5 Implementation-Contractors 2 Non-EIA Related Issues Advocacy 69 Gas Market 36 IPA/Regulatory 20 Permitting/FEED (Technical) 15 IPA /TREATY- Ratification 13 Other 11 WAPCo Formation 10 Tariff/Cost/etc 10 Permitting - General 7 Note that for these and subsequent tables, not all WAGP consultations have been documented or captured for analysis, although clearly the issues and concerns raised in these informal meetings follow the same trends as raised in this EIA. More specifically in Benin the issues and concerns followed similar trends (Table 5.5-2). June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-108 Chapter 5 Table WAGP Sta eholder Consultation Summary Benin No. of Consultations Issue Category | Where Issue is Raised EIA Related Issues Awareness/Education 103 Land Acquisition/Compensation 85 EIA 11 Community Development 37 Safety 8 Community Reaction 16 Land Acquisition/RAP 31 EIA-Fishing Impacts 3 Non-EIA Related Issues Advocacy 36 Gas Market 27 IPA /TREATY- Ratification 4 IPA/Regulatory 12 Other 1 Permitting - General 3 Permitting/FEED (Technical) 2 Tariff/Cost/etc. 6 WAPCo Formation 6 For Benin, in terms of the types of stakeholders engaged, Table 5.5-3 below provides a summary of stakeholder group and number of consultations. Table WAGP Consultation Summary of Sta eholder Group and Number of Consultations Benin Stakeholder Group Stakeholder Name No. of Consultations Business Stakeholders Akou&honou Community i Abomey Community 1 Acadjame Community 28 Adjahedji Community 11 Ahouehonou Community I Akouehonou Community 41 Awake Community 28 Betib Sarl 1 CEDA 2 Cococodji Community 2 Community Leaders 3 Cotonou Community 2 Fifonsi Community 2 Gankon Community 1 Communities (continued) Hio Houta Community 33 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-109 Chapter 5 Table WAGP Consultation Summary of Sta eholder Group and Number of Consultations Benin Stakeholder Group Stakeholder Name No. of Consultations Houeto Community 4 Hounmasse Community 2 Land Owners 1 Landowner 1 Landowners 2 Maria Gleta Community 14 New Palmas 1 Ouedo Community 4 Sodo Community 23 Tankpe Community 3 Togba Community 2 Togoudo Community 3 Tokan Community 2 Vinawa Community 10 Zoketome Community 10 Beninoise Parliament/Congress 1 Parliament/Administration 1 ABE 7 CEDA 2 CNCB 2 DNSP 1 Ecowas/USAID/Nexant 2 General Housing Development 1 Govt. Agencies (Ministries, Ministries of Energy, Environment 1 Local Govt., etc.) and Finance Ministry of Energy 2 Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1 Ministry of Govt Relations 1 OBRGM 4 Port Autonome 1 Protection and Health Agency 1 Betib Sarl 1 Individuals Individulas 1 SoBeGas I Journalists Local Press 2 Media Groups I APFEM 1 Benin 21 1 Benin Nature I CEVADIS 1 GRABS 1 ID Peche 1 Individuals 1 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-110 Chapter 5 Table WAGP Consultation Summary of Sta eholder Group and Number of Consultations Benin Stakeholder Group Stakeholder Name No. of Consultations NGO 1 NGO CRAPE NGO Gankon 1 Projets Verts UNAPEMAB 1 Various OPIC & NGO 1 Appendix 5-D provides a summary table of individual consultations and minutes and notes from a number of the consultations. Oversight and onitoring Agencies Table 5.6-1 identifies government agencies in Benin responsible for different aspects of environmental and socioeconomic management and oversight. Table Government Agencies and Responsibilities for Regulatory Oversight Benin Jurisdiction/Oversi ht Agency Pipeline Permitting and Licensing (including Ministere Des Mines de l'Energie et de Licensing, Design Review, Installation) I'Hydraulique Environmental Impact Assessment (Approval, Agence Beninoise pour l'Environment Monitoring) Hazardous Waste Management Agence Beninoise pour l'Environment Solid Waste Management (household and non- Agence Beninoise pour l'Environment hazardous wastes) Local Government Clean Up Standards Agence Beninoise pour l'Environment Air Quality Agence Beninoise pour l'Environment Water Quality Agence Beninoise pour l'Environment Effluent Discharge Permits (Offshore, Onshore, Agence Beninoise pour l'Environment Sanitary, Stormwater) Endangered Species Protection (including IUCN, Agence Beninoise pour l'Environment CITES, etc.) Marine Fisheries TBD* Freshwater Fisheries TBD Wetlands Protection Agence Beninoise pour l'Environment Marine Mammal Protection TBD Turtle Protection TBD Inland Waterways, Rivers and Stream Crossings Agence Beninoise pour l'Environment Port Authorities Ministere Travaux Publics and Transports Port Autonome de Cotonou Marine Safety and Vessel Inspection Benin Navy MARPOL Compliance Benin Navy June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-111 Chapter 5 Table Government Agencies and Responsibilities for Regulatory Oversight Benin Jurisdiction/Oversight Agency Archeological and Cultural Resources TBD Labor Relations TBD Public Health TBD Public Safety Ministere de l'Interieur Ministere de la Defense Occupational Safety Ministere Des Mines de l'Energie et de I'Hydraulique Office Beninoise des Recherches Geologiques ._______________________ and Minieres (OBRGM) Traffic Control TBD Hazardous Materials Management Ministere des Mines Office Beninoise des Recherches Geologiques and Minieres (OBRGM) Emergency Response-Fire National Fire Service Group of Benin (GNSPB) Emergency Response-Medical TBD Emergency Response-Oil Spill Agence Beninoise pour l'Environment Emergency Response-Disaster Management Department of Prevention and Civil Protection Land Acquisition Cabinet or Responsible Minister by decree (compulsory land acquisition; court determines compensation in event of dispute) Ministere des Finances and de l'Economie (Service des Domaines) Ministere de l'Environnement (Institut Geographique Nationale) Ministere de 1' Interieur (Service de Affaires .___ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ _ _ Domaniales des Prefectures) Building Permits TBD Public and Urban Planning (Zoning) TBD Public Lands Administration TBD Agricultural Protection Authority TBD Forestry Resources TBD Tourism TBD June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 5-112 Chapter Impact Assessment Overview The West African Gas Pipeline (WAGP) project as proposed in Benin has the potential to create a number of beneficial impacts, a few direct negative impacts that can be mitigated to low levels, some risks associated with emergency and upset conditions, and some secondary and cumulative impacts. Beneficial Impacts WAGP will have a number of significant positive impacts in Benin that provide a clear justification for the project and in certain respects offset some of the negative impacts. These include environmental and socioeconomic benefits during the construction as well as the operation and maintenance periods, and those associated with WAGP's Community Development Program. Reduced greenhouse gas emissions are expected to occur as a result of WAGP, and represent an environmental - specifically, global climate change - benefit as a result of fuel-switching that will occur in the power and commercial/industrial sectors when natural gas is used in Benin. The majority of beneficial impacts associated with WAGP are socioeconomic effects. The project will provide an abundant, relatively clean, relatively low-priced source of energy. Additionally, taxes paid by the West African Pipeline Company (WAPCo) to Benin will help strengthen the national economy and support economic development. Total tax benefits received by Benin over the lifetime of the project are expected to be in the range of US$158 million to US$198 million (WAGP, 2004). More socioeconomic benefits - both direct and indirect - will be generated through Benin's limited participation in the pipeline project and return on equity investments, and infrastructure improvements. To involve and benefit local communities, WAPCo has made a commitment to purchase 15 percent of all goods and services required during construction from local businesses. This "local content" value for all construction procurement in Benin (onshore and offshore) is estimated at US$4.3 million. Short-term employment income - perhaps the largest contribution to socioeconomic benefits at the local level - will be generated in communities as local jobs are created both temporarily during construction and permanently throughout the operation and maintenance of the project. Workers from surrounding communities will be hired by contractors for several aspects of construction. In general, increased employment levels are expected to boost personal income and strengthen the local economy. Moreover, payments for local contract work will be substantial, generating direct, indirect, and induced benefits for the surrounding communities. Chapter 6 Lastly, Community Development and Health and Safety Benefits will occur through WAGP's planned Community Development Program and improved infrastructure. This program will target education and healthcare support during the construction period. Participatory needs assessments have identified future opportunities in terms of income generation and capacity building that can be incorporated into later year operations. Direct Negative Impacts Direct negative impacts associated with the WAGP project include potential onshore and potential offshore impacts to the environment, socioeconomic conditions, and health and safety of workers and members of the general public. Onshore Environmental Impacts Thirty-two different activities were evaluated in detail across five categories of potential environmental impacts: land use; habitat and biological resources; soils, topography, and geology; water resources and hydrology; and air. Of the 160 environmental impact possibilities that were assessed, 104 (65 percent) were determined to be of negligible concern and 45 (28 percent) were evaluated as being of low or moderate severity because they are short-term in duration, reversible, localized in area affected, and/or unlikely to occur given planned management practices. Many possible high severity impacts have been entirely avoided through the alternatives review and selection process, described in Chapter 4. However, some environmental impacts are inevitable with a project of this nature and scale. As explained in this chapter, the potential environmental impacts of greatest concern in Benin involve the following. * The conversion of farmland to pipeline right of way (ROW) for the project duration and perhaps longer. This would include a 25 meter (m) by 400m (l.Oha) stretch on the barrier island that is currently used as a coconut plantation. Another 12.5ha of agricultural land would also be taken within the 14.6km pipeline ROW in upland areas. * Disturbance of habitats and possible changes to hydrology as a result of trenching to install the pipeline in wetlands areas. Approximately 1.4 kilometers (km) (0.9 mile) of the pipeline route onshore in Benin will cross streams and pass through wetland areas. * Disturbance of lagoon bottom habitat as a result of trenching to install the pipeline across the lagoon separating the barrier island from the mainland near Adjahedji. This stretch across the lagoon is approximately 455m (1,493 feet (ft)). Even these impacts, however, would be limited to the small areas noted above and should not pose any significant concern at a national or regional level. Moreover, the areas affected by pipeline trenching will be reinstated to the extent possible and should not exhibit long-term impacts. Overall, the environmental assessment indicates that significant adverse impacts to individual species, including species of conservation concern (e.g., sea turtles), are not likely. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-2 Chapter 6 During the course of this assessment, as activities of potentially high concern were identified, already-proposed mitigation and monitoring measures were strengthened (e.g., WAPCo Turtle Impact Monitoring and Mitigation Plan for Construction and Maintenance Operations), or entirely new measures developed (e.g., WAGP Storm Water Management Plan, Air Emissions Management Procedure, Spill Prevention and Control Procedure, and Procedure for Preventing Salt Water Intrusion into Fresh Water Lagoons and Creeks). Implementation of these measures will minimize, and in some cases prevent, potential significant adverse impacts identified in this assessment. See Chapters 7 and 8 for additional details regarding these mitigation measures. Onshore Socioeconomic and Health and Safety Impacts The WAGP project is expected to result in the following categories of negative socioeconomic impacts to varying degrees: transportation and other infrastructure; social and cultural conditions; access to goods and services; means of livelihood; and public/worker health and safety. These impacts are evaluated and assessed in detail, with all impacts considered to be of low to moderate severity and occurring during the construction phase. There are no anticipated socioeconomic impacts of high severity associated with the project in Benin. The influx of workers and equipment for the onshore pipeline (including the link line) and for the regulating and metering (R&M) station may increase the pressure on existing infrastructure systems, particularly transportation. Transport of pipe and other construction- related materials from the port at Cotonou to the pipeline construction sites will require a total of 200 truck trips (160 for pipe and 40 for other materials) over a 2 month pipeline construction period, or roughly 4 to 5 truck trips per workday. Transport of skid-mounted construction equipment from the port at Cotonou to the R&M site will require a total of 50 to 100 truck trips over a 3 to 4 month construction period - or an additional 1 to 2 truck trips per day on average. Various mitigation measures are planned by WAPCo that will ameliorate impacts on transportation infrastructure, such as delivery of material during off peak times and avoidance of congested roads. In terms of social and cultural conditions, the influx of construction workers at the pipeline and R&M station construction sites has the potential to result in impacts such as social unrest due to differentials in incomes and price inflation for surrounding communities. These effects are expected to be moderate in severity but will be localized to construction areas and of relatively short duration at any one site. There is also the potential for disruption of community access to goods and services as the influx of construction workers places strains on services and results in price inflation and as the increased construction traffic impedes access. For both the pipeline construction areas and the R&M station area these impacts are expected to be minor, however. Means of livelihood may be moderately impacted by the influx of construction workers, by construction traffic, and by road/pathway obstruction, all of which have the potential to disrupt economic activity in communities. The clearing of land and preclusion of farming and other economic activity on the ROW and R&M station footprint is also expected to result June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-3 Chapter 6 in some economic displacement. Impacts of economic displacement will be mitigated through the framework of the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP). As trenching takes place in wetland areas and across the lagoon, minor impacts to fisheries and loss of economic activity may occur. The termination of construction may also cause moderate economic dislocation, both from job losses and the removal of markets for goods and services. The increase in accident and illness rates associated with the transportation of equipment poses a potential impact on public health and safety. Mitigation measures include driver training and avoidance of congested roads. The influx of construction workers could also result in increased incidence of life-threatening or incurable illnesses such as HIV/AIDS, although this increased risk is very low because the project will cause few workers or drivers to make overnight stays or trips. Potential impacts of HIV/AIDS transmission will be ameliorated by targeted mitigation measures such as HIV/AIDS awareness programs for workers. Accidents also pose a potential impact on worker health and safety due to higher exposure of occupational risk during construction activities, particularly from earthmoving equipment. However, these risks are mitigated through overt environmental, safety, and health management system requirements of the Engineering, Procurement, Construction (EPC) contractors. Offshore Environmental, Socioeconomic, and Health and Safety Impacts The 20in (50.8cm) main pipeline will enter the territorial waters of Benin (from the east) continuing into the waters of Togo, with the 8in (20.3cm) lateral branching onshore west of the Cotonou port. The total offshore pipeline main trunk length in Benin waters is approximately 106km (65.8 miles). None of the activities associated with the offshore pipeline is expected to result in high severity environmental, socioeconomic, or health and safety impacts. Activities of most concern include the passive installation of the pipeline in water that is greater than 8m deep (i.e., the pipeline will be laid on the sea floor in waters this deep), the movement of barges and vessels near the shoreline and ports, and discharge and treatment of hydrotest waters used in the commissioning of the Benin lateral. The receptors primarily affected by these activities are benthic habitats, water quality, and fishing resources. Overall, 14 offshore activities over the life of the project were analyzed for Benin across 11 different potentially affected media. Of these 154 media and activity combinations, 129 activities (84 percent) were found to have no impacts, 17 (11 percent) low severity impacts, and 8 (5 percent) moderate severity impacts. None of the proposed offshore activities are expected to cause high severity impacts. Emergency and Upset Conditions Emergency and upset conditions may, in a low probability, high consequence worst-case scenario, lead to events with a significant potential for impact to human and environmental receptors. The most significant possible events are: June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-4 Chapter 6 * Controlled gas release: Blowdowns and other controlled gas releases may occur at the Cotonou R&M station. Because controlled blowdowns are expected to be very infrequent and will be conducted at rates that will ensure effective dispersion, the impacts to environmental receptors and to the health and safety of workers and the general public are expected to be minor, if any. * Uncontrolled gas release: Uncontrolled gas releases may occur anywhere along the pipeline due to a rupture, or at WAGP facilities due to a rupture of piping or poor maintenance. The WAGP pipeline and facilities have been designed with safeguards to prevent uncontrolled releases and with mitigation measures to minimize their impacts, should they occur. * Fire: The potential sources of fires include the uncontrolled release of gas or the ingress of air into piping containing gas. Since the WAGP facilities have been designed to avoid fire hazards, the likelihood of a fire occurring is considered low to very low. The significance of any resulting impacts would vary with the size and duration of a fire, if one occurs. Worst-case conditions could involve significant impacts to some workers but could affect members of the general public only in the very unlikely event of a fire extending beyond the R&M station boundaries. * Explosion: The likelihood of an explosion arising from the buried (or submerged), corrosion-protected pipeline is very low. Also, equipment in the facilities will be spark-proof in areas where the risk of explosion is significant in order to minimize the likelihood of explosion. Nevertheless, in the unlikely event of a large explosion, public health and safety would be of highest concern at the R&M station, given its proximity to residential and industrial buildings. There also could be a variety of socioeconomic effects from an explosion. WAPCo has conducted studies to maximize the safety of the WAGP pipeline and facilities and is developing an emergency-response strategy and system safeguards. Secondary and Cumulative impacts In addition to the primary, direct impacts, there are various indirect consequences that may occur. These indirect impacts may occur in areas beyond the immediate influence of the WAGP Project, at an undetermined time in the future, or as a result of complex pathways (second- or third-level impacts). Secondary impacts affect the same qualities identified for direct impacts (e.g., land use, water quality, livelihood, etc.). Many secondary effects were not considered to be significant. Several identified secondary impacts attributable to the proposed WAGP project include the following: in the onshore environment, change in land use within the vicinity of the R&M station, potential for incremental changes in ecology due to solid waste generation, changes in wetlands vegetation, and decrease in groundwater quality; and in the offshore environment, the potential for a localized increase in fisheries production. Secondary downstream impacts associated with induced development are also addressed, in particular the planned relocation of the CEB plant from Cotonou to Maria- Gleta. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-5 Chapter 6 Cumulative impacts are the incremental effects of proposed development activities evaluated in tandem with pre-existing or additional proposed development activities. They may be considered distinct from direct (primary) and indirect (secondary) impacts from the proposed project in those cumulative impacts may occur when a receptor is already impacted by existing sources and/or from other separate, planned sources. Benin has few existing industrial development projects that are currently additive to any direct WAGP project impacts. Therefore, few cumulative impacts have been identified; the ones described in this report consist of short term increased marine traffic and a strain on waste management infrastructure (more so during construction rather than operations). It is not possible to assess cumulative impacts from downstream development at this time, other than the CEB plant relocation and a protection of other power generation or industrial development. Introduction This chapter assesses potential impacts of the West African Gas Pipeline (WAGP) project. The methodology used for this assessment was designed to ensure a comprehensive and systematic evaluation of all potential positive and negative effects associated with the project. A main goal of the assessment is to identify where impact mitigation is needed so that appropriate control measures (Chapter 7) and monitoring programs (Chapter 8) could be developed to minimize adverse effects. Where different options remain under consideration for a given activity in the project, impacts have been assessed for all options to inform the decision-making. The impact assessment methodology to be used for this project consists of five major steps: * Step 1: Identification and description of project activities and their interaction with environmental media; * Step 2: Comprehensive preliminary identification of potential impacts; * Step 3: Screening, or comparative assessment of impact importance; identification of impacts that are likely to be significant (i.e., identification of focus areas for further study) through application of a basic set of impact significance criteria to the preliminary information available about each impact; * Step 4: Detailed assessment of the identified focus area impacts through modeling and other impact quantification/characterization techniques; quantification of impacts to the extent possible and rigorous qualitative characterization of impacts that can not be quantified; and * Step 5: Final assessment of the severity levels of impacts through application of the results of the rigorous quantitative and qualitative characterization of impacts developed in Step 4 to a set of objective impact severity criteria; identification of impacts warranting mitigation. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-6 Chapter 6 These steps are presented in flow chart form in Figure 6.1-1. The summary results of Steps 1 through 3 are presented in Tables 6.3-1 and 6.3-2. The results of the impact severity assessment in Steps 4 and 5 are found in Tables 6.6-1 and 6.7-1 below. Figure Impact Assessment ethodology Identify ldiaes& Step 1 ( IdenttflcaficbSaus ir g Identify Project Step 2 R s 1|I npacts I ;~~~ Identify Focus Areas S cordud < UaxIeng aid | Step 4 Aply Aditioral MNigation Inrpad~ Sweuity N ;esttM Wlwn Appicable < 2 Assess t (Resuhs inCpter7) Identify Sevedity Level Step 5 t......................... . Section 6.2, Project Activities and Affected Media, briefly describes the WAGP project activities that could potentially result in impacts to the surrounding environment. This represents Step 1 in the impact assessment process. These activities are described in more detail in Chapter 2, Technical Project Description, but are summarized here to clarify the basis for subsequent impact identification and assessment steps. Section 6.3, Comprehensive Impacts Identification/Screening, outlines the process used to comprehensively identify potential impacts associated with the WAGP project (Step 2). This section also describes the process used to screen these impacts and identify the most important impacts, or focus areas for further assessment (Step 3). Tables 6.3-1 and 6.3-2 present the results of this impact screening step. Section 6.4 describes the impact severity assessment methodology used in this EIA. A simplified set of the impact significance criteria listed in this section (i.e., areal extent, likelihood/duration of occurrence, and magnitude of the impact) were applied in Step 3 in June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-7 Chapter 6 order to screen impacts and select the focus areas for further analysis. The full impact severity assessment methodology described in Section 6.4 was applied in Step 5 to rank the importance of each impact. In addition to describing the significance and likelihood criteria that are integral to the severity assessment, Section 6.4 also explains the steps taken to expand the impacts discussion for presentation in the Final Draft EIA. Section 6.5, Beneficial Impacts, describes project-wide and Benin-specific positive impacts. Sections 6.6 and 6.7 (Onshore and Offshore Impacts) present qualitative, and where available, quantitative descriptions of each of the potential direct negative impacts identified in Section 6.3 after application of Steps 4 and 5. Sections 6.6 and 6.7 are organized according to phases of the project, from siting and construction through start-up, operation and maintenance, and decommissioning. Potential impacts from emergency situations or upsets are discussed separately in Section 6.8, and potential secondary and cumulative impacts are discussed qualitatively in Section 6.9. Project Activities and Affected edia Project Activities Table 6.2-1 provides the basic outline of project activities that have been defined using information available from the Front End Engineering Design (FEED) process (note that some of these activities are specific to certain countries and will not occur in Benin). To further focus the analysis, each of the general project activities listed below was broken down into more specific activities, as described in Chapter 2 (e.g., pipeline construction in upland areas includes such specific activities as the influx of workers, clearing of vegetation, transportation of materials and equipment to the site, etc.). These activities appear in the impact severity summary tables (Tables 6.6-1 and 6.7-1) in this chapter. Affected edia The WAGP project may potentially result in impacts on the environment, socioeconomic conditions, and/or health and safety. Table 6.2-2 lists the specific media within each of these impact categories included within the screening step of the impact assessment. The comprehensive impact identification process described in Section 6.3 was used to evaluate the potential impacts of each of the project activities listed above on the specific media listed below in order to initially screen the severity of potential project impacts. This list was later updated and revised to reflect results from the screening process and to better distinguish between project activities (e.g., hazardous waste generation and noise created by earthmoving equipment) and impact receptors within a specific medium. The revised affected media are listed in Table 6.2-3 and are addressed in the full impact assessment in Sections 6.5 through 6.9. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-8 Chapter 6 Table General On and Offshore Project Activities Project Phase General Project Activity -ONSHORE- Pipeline construction in upland areas Pipeline construction in wetland areas Pipeline construction in lagoons Pipeline construction across barrier islands, beach, and nearshore areas Construction camp/temporary on-site facility development Site Preparation and Construction Connection to "Tee" at Alagbado and related construction Compressor station construction at Badagry Beach (including concrete batching facility and heavy equipment delivery via access roads and/or Badagry Creek/Lagos Lagoon pier construction) R&M station construction (outside of Nigeria) Pipe cement coating operation (in Ghana and/or Nigeria) Onshore pipeline testing Start-up Compressor station, R&M stations, and Alagbado "Tee" Connection Compressor station, R&M stations, and Alagbado "Tee" Operations and Maintenance Connection Onshore Pipeline Decommissioning and Abandonmt Decommissioning of facilities Decommissioning and Abandonment Abnomn ofosoe ln Abandounment of onshore pipeline OFFSHORE . Site preparation and construction in offshore areas (> 8 Site Preparation aConstruction meters (m) water depth) Site preparation and construction of nearshore areas (< 8m water depth) Operations and Maintenance On and offshore pipeline testing OPigging activities Decommissioning and Abandonment Decommissioning of main trunk and laterals June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-9 Chapter 6 Table Initial Screening List of Affected edia Impact Category Specific Miedium Land Use Habitat and Biological Resources Topography, Geology, and Soils . ~~~Water Resources Environmental Air Quality Noise and Vibration Solid and Hazardous Waste Energy Resources Transportation Socioeconomic Cultural Resources . . ~~Socioeconomics Health and Safety Health and Safetya a Both project personnel and the public. Table Post Screening List of Affected edia Impact Category Specific Medium Land Use Habitat and Biological Resources Environmental Topography, Geology, and Soils Water Resources and Hydrology Air Quality Transportation and Infrastructure Cultural and Social Conditions Socioeconomic Access to Goods and Services Means of Livelihood Health and Safety Public Health, Safety, and Security Worker Health, Safety, and Security June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-10 Chapter 6 Comprehensive Impacts Identification Screening Overview This section describes the steps used for preliminary identification of potential impacts based on available information, and the screening of these impacts to identify those that warrant more detailed analysis. This initial process assisted project proponents by identifying those impacts that may warrant mitigation measures that could be incorporated into the project design during detailed engineering design, or those potential impacts that may affect project implementation or siting. The preliminary identification and screening of impacts were carried out during FEED and preliminary EIA stages consistent with the following: * Detailed screening conducted for a Preliminary Impact Assessment Report in Nigeria (DPR EGAS, 2002); * Project screening, as described in the Ghana EIA Procedures (Ghana EPA, 1999); * Requirements of the United States National Environmental Policy Act Environmental Assessment; and * World Bank's initial environmental assessment process (World Bank, 1993). Impact Identification Process Initial, comprehensive impact identification was conducted for the WAGP project using a modified Leopold matrix (Leopold, 1971). The matrix arrays project activities against environmental media, and supports a methodical, comprehensive, and objective identification of the impacts that each project activity may have on each environmental, socioeconomic, and health and safety medium. All potential environmental and socioeconomic impacts of the WAGP project were initially identified through this approach. The matrix used for this process is presented in Tables 6.3-1 and 6.3-2. The main factors used in determining whether an impact may occur at each intersection between a project activity and a specific environmental medium include: * Literature reviews; * Discussion with project proponent health, safety, and environment advisors; * Consultations with local experts; * Experience from similar projects worldwide; and * Professional judgment. '42 U.S.C. §§ 4321- 4347. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-11 Chapter 6 Table Screening Results: Environmental, Socioeconomic, and Health and Safety Impact Focus Areas arch 0 ~ ~~ ~~~~~~~ 0 General Activity Specific Activity Description D o E C D POTENTAL;LfPOS~IVE PROJECT-WIDE IMPACTS --I - : - - -:-- 4's-, ,-.',' .I Site Preparation and Construction Social Reinvestment Technology transfer and capacity __R ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ building _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Construction camp Temporary employment opportunitiesl development/occupation (for R pipeline and onshore facilities construction) :___________________________________ . Operations and Maintenance _______________ __ General operation of pipeline |Use of natural gas as analternative, I R R 1 J R [ ft R | and distribudion ofnarur3l ga, s lovxer cost energs source [ I___ j ____ I tI I___ I I____ j _____ _____ I L___I I I OrENs TilP;S r-_ V- R -PA Site Preparation and Construction PieinConstruction cam TemporCl arinyo vempoyetatin reopplortuntie roads)_. Pipeline installation at Im depth (including trenching and covering) Pipeline construction in wetland Option 1: Horizontal directional areas drilling OperationsandMaeOption 2: Trenching X X June2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-12 Chapter 6 Table Screening Results: Environmental, Socioeconomic, and Health and Safety Impact Focus Areas arch 0 0 .~~~~ o 0 0~~~~~~~* General Activil;l Specific Activity Description > z , , ,C 0 0 0 c A Site Preparation and Construction Pipeline construction in lagoons Option 1: Horizontal directional _ X drilling Option 2: Trenching of lagoon bed (including dredging of channel into X X X lagoon for access by barges) Pipeline construction across Option 1: Horizontal directional R R barrier islands, beach, and drilling nearshore areas Option 2: Trenching R R X Construction camp Land leveling and infrastructure development/occupation (for development pipeline and onshore facilities Camp operation X construction) Compressor station construction Land take (mainly in wetland) and site at Badagry Beach (including preparation access roads and concrete Concrete batching facility batching facility) Provision of aggregate and fill Transport of equipment to site Option 1: by road (including widening of existing roads) Transport of equipment to site Option 2: by barge (including dredging of barge canal) Compressor station construction June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-13 Chapter 6 Table Screening Results: Environmental, Socioeconomic, and Health and Safety Impact Focus Areas arch ~~ 0 0 o U~~0 General Activity Specific Activity Description 0 > Land clearing and preparation . _ V0) 0 Cd M 0 :3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 . 0) Transport of R&M equipment to sites o X 0 Start-up Compressor station and R&M Liquid waste generation (including stations high volumes of water from R R R hydrotesting testing of pipelines) ._._ . Gas venting/flaring R ._; R Filter waste and other solid and hazardous waste generation Pipeline "Tee" Connection at Gas venting Alagbado _ _ _ _ _ _____ ___ Rev 1 6-14 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-14 Chapter 6 Table Screening Results: Environmental, Socioeconomic, and Health and Safety Impact Focus Areas arch o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~o ~ ~ c I-~ ~ ~ ~~~I General Activity Specific Activity Description 7 >- _ ,, e 00.0.) 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~- ~~~~ 0 ) Operations and Maintenance Compressor station and R&M Solid and hazardous waste stations management (maintenance lubes, oils, chemicals, dehydrating liquid and filter wastes and refuse) Storm water runoff from impermeable surfaces Sewage disposal Provision of fresh water requirements _____ Venting/flaring Air emissions from mobile sources, back-up generators, compressor Air emissions and steam condensate emissions from glycol dehydrator _ _ _ Pigging wastes Fuel transport, transfer and storage Compressor and R&M operation Pipeline "Tee" Connection at Gas venting Alagbado Scrubber liquid wastes Onshore Pipeline Gas venting on 57km pipeline reach in Nigeria ROW maintenance __Pipeline at Im depth R June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-15 Chapter 6 Table Screening Results: Environmental, Socioeconomic, and Health and Safety Impact Focus Areas arch o r.~~~~~ 0 o 4-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- General Activity Specific Activity Description r - - -> . CZ Cd 0 4) ~~~~~~~0 C. C ;OFFSHORE' IMPACTS- -d '--v- : % ---- Site Preparation and Construction Site Preparation Trenching and covering of positioned___ pipe in nearshore shallow areas R R R R (between 8m and 30m depth) . ; _ Pipe Laying Positioning and repositioning of barge R R R R anchors . : Positioning of pipe = = . X = General barge operation Presence of barges in Gulf waters Materials/supplies/personnel shuttling between barges and shore :_. __: Sewage/runoff/liquid waste disposal .. Air emissions from barge equipment R R Solid and hazardous waste management (maintenance lubes, oils, chemicals, wastes and refus OSerations and Maintenance Potential pipeline damage due tp anchor drag, other navigational Potential pipeline breach activities or corrosion failure _ . .__ - Pipeline patrol and inspection j Regular deployment of patrol boats R = Regional issue X = Issue specific to Benin Blank = Negligible or of lower significance and screened out for further consideration. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-16 Chapter 6 Impact Screening Identification of Focus Areas Following the comprehensive identification of potential impacts, the identified impacts were screened to distinguish between impacts likely to be negligible or insignificant, and those that warrant more detailed analysis. This screening process was carried out through comparison of the preliminary information available about each impact to a basic set of impact significance criteria (defined below). Through this process, the most significant potential impacts of the project were identified as focus areas for further analysis. Sources of information about each potential impact used in the screening step while qualitatively ranking the importance of the identified impacts included: * Overlaying project components on maps of existing conditions to identify potential impact areas and environmental media and features that could be affected; * Preliminary field investigation results (e.g., environmental and socioeconomic baseline surveys); * Consultation with country and regional experts and residents; * Experience from similar projects worldwide; * Detailed discussion with design and construction contractors (FEED); * Review of published and unpublished documents providing guidance on performing impact analysis for industrial development activities. This includes sources such as: o The World Bank Environmental Assessment Sourcebook; o The EIA provisions of applicable laws and regulations in Benin; o Applicable international accords; o Authoritative texts on performing EIAs (e.g., Canter, 1996); and o Literature regarding environmental conditions in Benin and in the Gulf of Guinea; and * Professional judgment. Impacts that were not screened out as being insignificant in Step 3 were designated as focus areas for additional analysis in subsequent stages of the EIA (i.e., in Steps 4 and 5). As more quantitative and qualitative information became available regarding each impact, the severity of each impact was assessed through application of the impact severity assessment methodology described in Section 6.4 (Step 5). Quantitative information developed about each impact was compared to quantitative indicators included in the impact significance criteria, and detailed, specific information regarding impact likelihood was also compared to the likelihood criteria. This resulted in an assessment of the severity of each impact, and June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-17 Chapter 6 supports conclusions regarding the acceptability of impacts and the need for mitigation measures. It should be noted that potential impacts were assessed taking into account the mitigation measures that are part of the project design specifications (as presented in Chapter 2, Technical Project Description, and further identified in Chapter 7, Mitigating and Ameliorating Measures). These mitigation measures were assumed to be implemented as part of the WAGP project. Where no mitigation measures were specified in the project design specifications, impacts were assessed assuming no mitigation measures are applied. As the final severity of impacts was assessed in the EIA process (i.e., Step 5) some impacts were determined to be sufficiently severe to warrant further mitigation. Additional mitigation measures that were identified through the impact assessment process (and were not in the initial project design) are described in Chapter 7. Wherever additional mitigation measures are identified, the impacts were reassessed (i.e., Steps 4 and 5 were carried out again with respect to that impact) to provide a post-mitigation impact assessment. The results of post-mitigation assessments are presented in Chapter 7. Impact Screening Results Tables 6.3-1 and 6.3-2 (Screening Results: Environmental, Socioeconomic, and Health and Safety Impact Focus Areas) present the results of Step 3, i.e., the identified focus areas by project phase (e.g., Site Preparation and Construction), project activity (e.g., pipeline construction in wetlands), and affected media (e.g., Air Quality). The tables summarize the identified focus areas at the time of screening (February through March 2003) and were presented in the Preliminary Draft EIA. Focus areas are indicated by either an "R" (regional), for issues that apply to all four countries, or by an "X" for issues specific to Benin. If the row associated with a particular activity is blank, the impacts from that activity were initially considered to be negligible, or of lower significance and screened out of further consideration. However, as more project design specifications were developed, specific activities further defined, and impact receptors more clearly separated from activities, some potential impacts (not screening results) had to be re-introduced and evaluated as part of the full impact assessment presented in Sections 6.5 through 6.7. The potential impacts associated with each focus area are qualitatively, and where possible quantitatively, described and evaluated in the corresponding text under Section 6.5, Beneficial Impacts, Section 6.6 for potential negative onshore impacts, and under Section 6.7 for negative offshore impacts. Impact Severity Assessment ethodology Various impact assessment guidelines and methodologies have been developed to date and new ones are continually emerging. As clearly stated by Canter (1996), there is no universal methodology that can be applied to all project types in all environmental settings. The United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP, 1996) also emphasizes the need to use tools from existing methodologies that best suit the specific project situation. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-18 Chapter 6 These sources of information and professional experience provide a backdrop on which to apply the following impact severity assessment methodology. This methodology is based on two sets of criteria (significance and likelihood) that form the basis of the Severity Matrix (Section 6.4.3). The following sections describe the components of the impact assessment methodology in detail. Significance Criteria To objectively review those issues warranting consideration as potential impacts (previously identified as focus areas) and to determine the likely significance of those impacts when compared to baseline conditions, the general significance criteria shown in Table 6.4-1 were developed. This EIA uses the significance criteria to evaluate impacts, which enables systematic identification and focus on those resources most likely to be impacted by the proposed pipeline project. Significance criteria were established to systematically determine whether potential impacts would likely be positive or negative. Negative impacts were further classified as major, moderate, minor, or negligible. Those issues determined to be inconsequential or not applicable after mitigation were eliminated from or "screened out" from further consideration and are indicated as such in the discussions under Sections 6.6 and 6.7. This impact severity assessment takes into account three main categories of significance criteria: temporal factors, areal extent, and magnitude of the impact. The components to each of these primary criteria are described below (e.g., temporal factors include duration, frequency, and reversibility). In addition to the three main significance criteria, supplementary factors were considered as part of the overall impacts severity assessment: sensitivity of the receptor, indirect or secondary influences, and cumulative effects. Temporal Factors An assessment of certain temporal factors associated with potential impacts is presented as part of the significance criteria listed in Table 6.4-1. The relative significance level (e.g., minor, moderate, etc.) described under each affected category (e.g., environment, socioeconomic, etc.) is a combined assessment of the duration of the impact, the impact reversibility, and the frequency of the impact. Duration is defined as the time that is estimated for a population or resource to return to "baseline" (pre-project) conditions. The duration is calculated from the time the impact begins, which may coincide with the start of the activity that causes the impact. The duration of an impact may be characterized as follows: Significance Level Description Major * Long-term impact, recovery not expected to occur within five years Moderate * Moderate-term impact, recovery time between six months and five years Minor * Short-term impact, recovery time within six months Negligible * Impact or recovery is very short term or immediate June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-19 Chapter 6 Characterization of the duration of an impact as major, moderate, or minor includes consideration of the degree of reversibility of the impact.2 Impacts for which the duration is classified as major, as defined above, would be long-term impacts. Frequency is defined as the number of times an impact is expected to occur over the life of the project. The frequency3 of an impact may be characterized as follows: Significance Level Description Major * Continuous impact, impact will occur continuously throughout the life of the project Moderate * Intermittent impact, impact will occur Moderate_____________ intermittently over the life of the project Minor * Rarely occurring impact, impact will occur a very limited number of times Negligible * Very rarely occurring impact, less than twice Negligible in a period of one year Areal E tent Areal extent refers to the location of an impact in terms of the amount of area affected, i.e., localized versus widespread. In this EIA, impacts are considered "localized" if they are likely to occur only within 100m (328ft) of the impact source, which is generally pipeline or construction equipment. The extent may be quantified in units of area affected (e.g., square kilometers). The areal extent of an impact is characterized in general terms as follows: Significance Level Description Major * Impact to the national, regional, or global environment (e.g., greenhouse gas emissions) Moderate * Impact to the general vicinity of the project site or study area Minor * Impact limited to the immediate vicinity of the minor project activity Negligible * Impact limited to a very small part of the Negligible activity area and is within the project ROW agnitude The magnitude of an impact is partially quantifiable in terms of the percent of resource affected and by the relative concentration at receptor points. Percent of resource affected is defined as the quantitative intensity of the impact and can be measured as the percentage of a resource or a population within the study area that may be affected by an impact. The definitions of major, moderate, minor, and negligible with 2 Degree of reversibility refers to whether or not an adverse or negative impact is reversible or irreversible over a certain period of time (five years). 3Note that frequency of the impact is the number of repetitions within a unit of time (i.e., the life of the project); the likelihood (discussed in Section 6.4.2) is the probability of the impact occurring. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-20 Chapter 6 respect to magnitude may vary depending upon the specific receptor. The magnitude of an impact is characterized as follows for this EIA: Significance Level Description * Large amount of the resource or population is Major affected * An easily observable and measurable effect * Moderate amount of the resource or population Moderate is affected * Generally measurable and observable effect * Small amount of the resource or population is affected Minor * A low magnitude impact may be within the range of normal variation of background conditions Negligible * The amount of resource or population affected Negligible is unnoticeable or immeasurably small Concentration at receptor points may also be defined with respect to quantitative or semi- quantitative criteria, if available and applicable (e.g., noise level in units of decibels, or milligram per cubic meter (mg/m3) of an air pollutant, measured at a particular location). The identified quantitative criteria (benchmarks) would align with standard best industry standards (e.g., for noise impacts, noise exposure limits as set by international standards for worker health and safety), and/or established national standards in the project country. The concentration factor, when quantifiable, may be characterized as follows: Significance Level Description * Exceeds the quantitative or semi-quantitative Major benchmark * At or near the quantitative or semi-quantitative benchmark Moderate * Periodically and briefly exceeds this benchmark although generally within the benchmark * Generally only a fraction of (e.g., less than 75 Minor percent) the quantitative or semi-quantitative benchmark * Impact not detected or at background Negligible conditions, or well below (e.g., less than 10 Negligible percent of) the quantitative or semi- quantitative benchmark Additional Factors The following additional factors were considered while conducting the severity assessment: sensitivity of the receptor, indirect or secondary influence, and cumulative effects. Definitions of each additional factor are provided below. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-21 Chapter 6 Sensitivity of the receptor refers to economic, social, and/or environmental/ecological importance of the receptor, including reliance on the receptor by people for sustenance, livelihood, or economic activity, and to the importance of direct impacts to persons associated with the resource. Impacts that directly affect people or vital natural resources are deemed to be more important than impacts that indirectly affect people or vital resources. The sensitivity of the receptor criterion also refers to potential impacts to Environmentally Sensitive Areas and impacts to species, including loss of endangered species, effects of introduction of invasive species, and similar environmental/ecological impacts. Indirect or secondary influence of a primary impact is considered as an additional factor when assessing the significance level of a potential impact. The direct impact of an activity is assessed by applying the three primary criteria described above. An indirect or secondary influence are those reasonably foreseeable effects that are expected to be "caused" by the proposed action but occur later in time or are removed in distance, such as influences on adjacent or upstream/downstream areas. Therefore, the secondary nature of the impact is taken into account when evaluating the temporal factors, areal extent, and magnitude of the potential impact. Cumulative effects are those that result from the incremental consequences of an action when added to other past and reasonably foreseeable future actions. The cumulative effects of a particular project activity must be considered when assessing the overall significance level of that impact. These factors were not assigned specific significance values but were considered to allow for a realistic impact assessment in cases when the primary significance rankings did not provide for a complete accounting of all external influences. When the overall impact severity was adjusted to reflect the influence of one or more of these additional factors, a discussion is provided explaining the adjustment. In most cases, the additional factors did not change the impact severity level and therefore are not specifically mentioned in Sections 6.6 and 6.7. However, secondary and cumulative effects anticipated for the project are important considerations in their own right and are discussed separately in Section 6.9. Significance Levels and Criteria Table 6.4-1 is arranged to show the general media category across the rows of the table (i.e., Physicochemical Environment, Biological Environment, Socioeconomic Environment, and Health and Safety). Each significance level category is indicated by a gray separator row, beginning with negligible, then describing minor, moderate, and major negative significance. Each major significance level includes a short discussion of the specific criteria outlined above. Positive impacts are not ranked in terms of significance levels for this severity assessment. If an impact is deemed to be positive, rather than neutral or negative for any of the general media types, it is given a positive label and is described qualitatively and where possible quantitatively in the impacts discussion in Section 6.5. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-22 Chapter 6 Table Negative Impact Significance Levels and Criteria Significance Physicochemical B EnirnmntSocioeconomic Health and Safety Criteria Environment Environment (Personnel and Public) Negligible (negative) Temporal Very temporary effect, even The duration of the effect is likely Temporary influence (impact No discemable health less significant than periodic to be naturally reversible within a discemable for less than one effects for any period of stress by nature. The duration short period of time (less than one week). The effects are time. of the effect is likely to be week). The frequency of the completely reversible and of naturally reversible within a impact is extremely low (less than extremely low frequency (less short period of time (less than two times/year). than two times/year). one week). The frequency of the impact is extremely low (less than two times/year). Areal The impact to the land, air, and Some impact localized on a Localized, isolated change in No discemable health water is localized, existing only community or organismal level, socioeconomic conditions or effects in any area. within the pipeline ROW or but not distinguishable from commercial activities; not facility boundary. natural background perturbation. affecting persons other than project personnel. Magnitude Little or no change in physical Little or no change in Unlikely to have any No discemable health environment, barely measurable biodiversity, habitat availability, measurable impact. effects to any part of the above background conditions or community structure and population. (less than five percent change function in comparison to from background). background levels. Concentration at receptor points is well below (e.g., no more than ten percent of) identified industry benchmark levels or established national standards. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 11 6-23 Chapter 6 Table Negative Impact Significance Levels and Criteria Significance Physicochemical Biological Environment Socioeconomic Health and Safety Criteria Environment B Environment (Personnel and Public) Minor (negative) Temporal Measurable change lasting only Short-term (less than a few For single events, duration is For single events, duration a few days to a few months months) local change of species one week to six months, with is one week to six months, before recovery, with no or population abundance or no observable residual effects with no observable residual observable residual effects. distribution, habitat availability, outside of the duration of effects outside of the The duration of the impact is or community structure and impact. Effects are reversible duration of impact. Effects likely to be totally reversible, function. over time. are reversible over time. naturally or by intervention The duration of the effect is likely For recurrent events, duration For repurrent events, Within SiX months and have a .. . . mdrteinsix freuncy od hpav c to be totally reversible, naturally of each impact is brief (less duration of each impact is moderate frequency ime mpact or by intervention within six than two weeks) with no brief (less than two weeks) months and have a moderate observable residual effects with no observable residual frequency of impact (from twice outside of the duration of effects outside of the to five times/year). impact. Frequency of impact duration of impact. is moderate (from twice to Frequency of impact is five times/year). moderate (from twice to five times/year). Areal Localized,a relatively isolated Local change of species or Localized relatively isolated Impact is localized to change in physicochemical population abundance or change in socioeconomic project personnel and local environment. Impact distribution, habitat availability, conditions or commercial population living within consequence is realized within or community structure and activities affecting population l 00m of ROW facility 100m (328ft) of ROW or function within l00m of ROW or immediately adjacent to the boundary facility boundary. facility boundary. project boundaries. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 11 6-24 Chapter 6 Table Negative Impact Significance Levels and Criteria Significance Physicochemical B E Socioeconomic Health and Safety Criteria Environment Biological Environment Environment (Personnel and Public) Magnitude Some measurable change to the No impact at species, population, Some measurable change in Minor injury or illness affected environment, up to 10 or community level but health of socioeconomic conditions, affecting a small portion of percent increase/decrease over individual organisms is livelihood, living conditions, the affected population background conditions when negatively impacted, including or social structure likely to (< 15 percent) with some applicable (i.e., some factors do where organisms avoid project result in only minor hardships cases of very brief lost time not have associated existing area as habitat. for a small minority of the from work (one to two background levels). populations of the affected days) Concentration at receptor points communities. Effects can be . . . is generally well within (e.g., largely overcome with minor physician's care such no more than 75 percent of) existing individual or as outpatient services identified industry benchmark community resources. levels or established national standards. Moderate (negative) Temporal The duration of the effect is The duration of the effect is more For single events, duration of For single events, duration more than six months but less than six months but less than five the effect is more than six of the effect is more than than five years and reversible years and reversible within that months but less than five six months but less than within that period of time. period of time. Frequency of years, and fully reversible five years, and fully Frequency of impact may occur impact may occur from five to ten after that period of time. reversible after that period from five to ten times per year. times per year. For recurrent events, duration of time. of each event is no more than For recurrent events, a month, impacts are duration of each event is no reversible after each event, more than a month, and and frequency of impact is frequency of impact is from from five to eight times per five to eight times per year. year. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 11 6-25 Chapter 6 Table Negative Impact Significance Levels and Criteria Significance Physicochemical B E Socioeconomic Health and Safety Criteria Environment Environment (Personnel and Public) Areal Localized,a relatively isolated Local to widespread change in Impacts affecting not only Impacts affecting not only change in physicochemical habitat availability or quality, project personnel but also project personnel but also environment. Impact likely to modify abundance or surrounding population, local surrounding population consequence is realized up to distribution of species. Impact communities/public up to (public) up to 500m from 500m (1,640ft) from ROW or consequence is realized up to 500m from ROW or facility ROW or facility boundary. facility boundary. 500m from ROW or facility boundary. boundary. Magnitude Local modification of Impact evident at community or Pronounced change in Injury or illness affecting considerable severity in population level, significant socioeconomic conditions, less than half of the atmospheric, surface, or change in population density livelihood, living conditions, affected population to a subsurface conditions. (e.g., decline in fish species or social structure, likely to greater or lesser degree, Significant measurable change abundance), habitat quality, etc. result in significant hardships with a few cases requiring from baseline conditions (10 to or reduction in living hospitalization and/or 20 percent change from standards for a significant resulting in long-term baseline). Concentration at portion (but less than half) of disability. receptor points is at, near, or the affected community periodically exceeds identified population. Impacts too industry benchmark levels or severe to be overcome or established national standards. ameliorated with existing individual or community resources. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 11 6-26 Chapter 6 Table Negative Impact Significance Levels and Criteria Significance Physicochemical Biological Environment Socioeconomic Health and Safety Criteria Environment Environment (Personnel and Public) Major (negative) Temporal The duration of the effect is Long-term (greater than five The effect is long-term or Effects are of long-term long-term (greater than five years). Modification will persist likely to last more than five duration (more than five years) or is not reversible beyond the duration of the project years, or is not reversible. years) or permanent, i.e., (permanent). Frequency of the or is not reversible. Frequency of For recurrent events, duration not reversible. For impact may occur more than ten the impact may occur more than of each event is greater than a recurrent events, duration times/year. ten times/year. month, impact frequency is of each event is greater than high (more than eight a month, impact frequency times/year) and impact is high (more than eight durations may overlap. times/year) and impact durations may overlap. Areal Widespread modification of Widespread change in habitat Widespread (possibly even Impacts affecting not only considerable severity in availability or quality, which beyond study area project personnel but also atmospheric, surface, or would likely modify natural communities). surrounding population subsurface conditions. Areal abundance or distribution of (public) more than 500m extent of impact consequence is species beyond 500m of ROW or from ROW or facility realized beyond 500m (1,640ft) facility boundary. boundary; may cause of ROW or facility boundary. regional effects. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 11 6-27 Chapter 6 Table Negative Impact Significance Levels and Criteria Significance Physicochemical Bli E mnt Socioeconomic Health and Safety Criteria Environment Biological Environmen Environment (Personnel and Public) Magnitude Modification of considerable Impact to affect organisms at or Very pronounced change in Impacts affect a large severity in atmospheric, above the ecosystem level. socioeconomic conditions, portion or even the majority surface, or subsurface livelihood, living conditions, of the affected population conditions. Significant, or social structure, likely to to a greater or lesser degree, measurable change from affect the majority of people with some cases of baseline conditions (more than in the affected communities permanently disabling 20 percent change from and result in serious injury/illness; chronic and baseline when applicable). hardships, reduction in living irreversible health impacts Concentration at receptor points standards, or impoverishment. that may shorten life exceeds identified industry Impacts overwhelm the expectancy, or immediate benchmark levels or established ability of individuals or fatalities. national standards. communities to recover or overcome. a Physicochemical and Biological Impacts are considered "localized" if they are likely to occur only within lOOm (328ft} of the impact source (pipeline or construction equipment). June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 11 6-28 Chapter 6 Li elihood Criteria To obtain a measure of the severity associated with each potential negative impact, the likelihood criteria shown in Table 6.4-2 were developed. These likelihood criteria were applied to all potential negative impacts to determine whether they can be prevented, mitigated, or are unavoidable. The likelihood of the impact occurring, not the activity occurring, is evaluated here. The severity of an impact is defined by its significance (or consequence) and its likelihood of occurrence. For example, a moderate impact that has a high likelihood of occurrence would be more severe than a major impact with a very low likelihood of occurrence. Table Li elihood Criteria Likelihood Level Definition Impact has less than 1 or 2 percent likelihood of occurring; impact Very Low unknown to have previously resulted in similar circumstances in the industry. Impact highly unlikely, given the controls in place (e.g., between 2 to Low 20 percent likelihood of occurring, impact has been known to result, but only very rarely, in similar circumstances). Impact could occur infrequently during normal operations, but given a breakdown of the safeguards and controls (i.e. lack of maintenance for Medium a protecting device) it could occur more readily (e.g., between 20 to 70 percent likelihood of occurring, impact has been known to result in many similar circumstances, but does not result routinely). Given the controls in place, the impact is likely to occur during normal High operations (e.g., over 70 percent likelihood of occurring, impact has High been known to result routinely, though not necessarily in all similar circumstances). Severity atri and Conclusions The Severity Matrix presented in Figure 6.4-1 is constructed by placing the likelihood ranking on the y-axis and the impact significance ranking on the x-axis. Assigning a significance ranking and a likelihood ranking to each impact allows for semi-quantitative evaluation of the severity of the impact. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-29 Chapter 6 Figure Severity atri High o Medium Low Very Low [ Beneficial Impact Positive Negligible Minor Moderate Major Low Severity Impact Significance Moderate Severity High Severity The overall severity of an impact is defined by the magnitude of its consequence (significance) (Table 6.4-1) and its likelihood of occurrence (Table 6.4-2). Using an indication of severity (significance and likelihood) to comparatively assess and evaluate impacts enables this EIA to systematically identify and focus on those resources most likely to be at risk as a result of the proposed WAGP project. The overall impact severity level is indicated by the position on the impact severity matrix. For example, impacts placed within the red boxes have a high likelihood of occurrence and serious consequence; thus they have a high severity rating. These high-severity impacts become high priority issues for further evaluation or management action. Similarly, impacts in the yellow category are moderate impacts, with a medium priority. Impacts in the green boxes are low and are given lowest priority. Impacts identified by the white boxes indicate positive or beneficial impacts. The criteria and severity matrix set forth in this section are widely applicable to all the types of events and impacts identified. As noted above, impact severity was assessed assuming the execution of project design mitigation measures and best management practices. When potential impacts were initially judged to be high or moderate even with the implementation of planned mitigation measures, additional measures were recommended to reduce the anticipated impacts to lower levels (Chapters 7 and 8). Therefore, a high severity rating for a given impact in this chapter does not mean that the project will definitely cause that high impact, but rather the impact is potentially high and warranted additional mitigation as described in subsequent chapters. Application of the Severity Assessment ethodology In the screening stage (Step 3), project information was compared in a qualitative manner to a basic set of impact significance criteria (i.e., areal extent, likelihood/duration of occurrence, June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-30 Chapter 6 and magnitude of the impact) in order to distinguish negligible or unimportant impacts from those that are important enough to warrant more detailed analysis. The process of predicting and assessing the severity of impacts was therefore initially qualitative (Step 3), but as the focus of the assessment is narrowed to the more important impacts, increasingly rigorous, quantitative techniques were applied. In Step 5, comprehensive qualitative and quantitative information available about each impact was used, and the impact severity assessment methodology was applied comprehensively to each impact, leading to an objective, supportable conclusion regarding the severity of each impact. This in turn supported further conclusions as to the acceptability of the impact, and the need for additional mitigation measures. During Step 4 as much data as possible were collected or developed to characterize each impact with respect to each significance criteria (temporal, areal, and magnitude). Data collection focused on: project location; habitat mapping; environmental, household, and socioeconomic baseline survey results; transportation/political maps; satellite imagery; vegetation mapping; engineering data; and project design reviews. Each potential impact was quantified to the greatest extent possible, and the significance criteria were applied. When appropriate, pollutant pathways, potential for transport through environmental media, and dispersion and retention rates were evaluated. Modeling was conducted for some media (e.g., air quality). Once the potential impact was assigned a significance value (negligible, minor, moderate, or major), the likelihood of the impact occurring was assessed using available data such as engineering calculations of probability of occurrence, reported industry rates, hazard assessment modeling, and best professional judgment. The following table has been completed for each onshore and offshore activity according to the impact significance and likelihood criteria presented above. The significance level of the temporal, areal, and magnitude criteria were assessed individually as negligible, minor, moderate, or major. The average of these scores then gave the overall impact significance. Likelihood was given a value of very low, low, medium, or high. Theses two values were then matched to the corresponding overall impact severity in the matrix presented above, to give a severity level of low, moderate, or high. The resulting impact severity label and color is shown in the box on the far right, as in the example below. Temporal Moderate Impact Significance Areal Negligible Minor Magnitude Minor Likelihood Low Impacts determined to be benef cial have not been assessed in the same way for each of the significance criteria and are presented separately in Section 6.5. The combination of data, impact prediction tools, historical information from previous projects, best professional judgment, and the severity ranking matrix provided a comprehensive, objective, scientific assessment approach. Best professional judgment was June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-31 Chapter 6 used in tandem with quantitative tools such as computer modeling. Impact assessment is a tool to be used for environmental planning and decision-making to assist project proponents in focusing resources on the impacts with the potential to cause the largest negative impacts. For this Final Draft EIA, the results of Step 5 (impact severity ranking) are presented in Tables 6.6-1 and 6.7-1 by project phase and activity. The methodology outlined in Sections 6.1 through 6.4 is an iterative process and was applied on a preliminary basis and after EPC tenders were received. This methodology would be repeated as part of WAPCo's Change Management Process if the project scope or significant project implementation activities change. Uncertainties As discussed in the regional EIA, the Ghana EIA, the Nigeria EIA, and the Togo EIA supporting the WAGP project, WAPCo is still considering alternatives for some of the WAGP project details. These are mainly for details in Nigeria, although there is also remaining uncertainty regarding the identity of approved waste handling and disposal facilities to be used in Togo and identifying the water supply at all R&M stations. As a result, those other EIAs evaluated the potential impacts of all project options in order to envelop all the different ways the project may go with respect to remaining uncertainties. The only remaining uncertainties associated with the project as proposed in Benin concern the ability to use different pipeline installation methods in two areas. First, the environmentally beneficial method of horizontal directional drilling (HDD) is the proposed and preferred method for installing the pipeline in the shore crossing segment, including the stretch across the barrier island. Engineering assessment of the shoreline conditions along the proposed pipeline route indicates that HDD will in fact be feasible in this area. In the unlikely event that it is not, given some conditions that are presently unforeseen, traditional trenching along this segment would be used instead. Second, trenching is the proposed method for installing the pipeline across the lagoon located on the north side of the barrier island, where the pipeline crosses near Adjahedji. Engineering assessment also indicates that this method will be feasible, but in the unlikely event that it turns out not to be due to currently unforeseen conditions, HDD of the lagoon bed would occur instead. This EIA evaluates the impacts associated with the preferred methods of HDD in the shore crossing segment and traditional trenching across the nearby lagoon. Even though construction engineers could have to resort to alternate methods in these areas due to conditions discovered in the field, those alternate methods are considered very unlikely at this stage. Beneficial Impacts WAGP will have a number of significant positive impacts in Benin that provide a clear justification for the project and in certain respects offset some of the negative impacts. Significant positive impacts include: June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-32 Chapter 6 * Environmental Benefits o Significantly reduced greenhouse gas emissions, resulting in global climate change benefits from fuel-switching that will occur in the power and commercial/industrial sectors when natural gas is used in Benin. * Socioeconomic Benefits o The project will provide an abundant, relatively clean, relatively low-priced source of energy. Financial savings of between US$94 million and US$109 million are expected to be realized through the use of natural gas as a less expensive fuel source as compared to currently used fuels. This is expected to spur economic and industrial development and raise living standards. [Note to Reader: Fuel savings were calculated on a discounted real basis, whereas tax benefits were calculated on an undiscounted nominal basis.]. o Taxes paid by WAPCo to Benin will help strengthen the national economy and support economic development. Total tax benefits received by Benin over the lifetime of the project are expected in the range of US$158 million to US$198 million (WAGP, 2004). o Direct and indirect economic benefits will be generated for Benin from its share of participation in the pipeline and return on equity investments. o Employment income will be generated in the surrounding communities as local jobs are created both temporarily during construction and permanently throughout the operation and maintenance of WAGP. In Benin, 50 to 100 workers will be needed for onshore mainline construction and an additional 50 to 100 workers will be required to construct the R&M station near Cotonou. WAGP has a goal of hiring 50 percent of the onshore and weight coating construction labor from surrounding communities in the region, with the majority of unskilled labor from surrounding communities. It is expected that many R&M station workers will be recruited from surrounding areas. Increased employment levels will boost personal income and strengthen the local economy. o A commitment by WAPCo to purchase 15 percent of all goods and services required during construction ("local content" as currently defined in the International Project Agreement) from local businesses in surrounding communities of the four countries will contribute to regional growth and economic development. The local content value for onshore construction procurement in Benin is estimated at US$2.6 million. o Payments for contract work in Nigeria, Benin, Ghana and Togo (including both labor and local goods/services procurement) during the operation period are estimated to approach US$20 million, and will generate substantial direct, indirect, and induced benefits for the surrounding communities. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-33 Chapter 6 o Improved transportation infrastructure will result if and where WAGP upgrades existing transportation infrastructure in Benin, particularly for transportation of heavy equipment. This improved infrastructure will support economic benefits through reduced travel times and transportation costs savings. Community Development/Health and Safety Benefits o Some improvements in health, safety, and emergency management infrastructure may be realized in the areas immediately surrounding the R&M station near Cococodji, possibly through community development projects and technology transfer/ partnership between WAPCo and local authorities. O WAGP's Community Development Program will target education and healthcare support during the construction period. Participatory needs assessments have identified future opportunities in terms of income generation and capacity building that can be incorporated into later year operations. Beneficial Environmental Impacts The benefits of the WAGP project caused by the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions are derived from two sources: (1) the reduction of associated gas flaring in Nigeria; and (2) the fuel-switching that will occur in the power and commercial/industrial sectors when natural gas is utilized in the receiving countries. Under the median demand scenario (P50), greenhouse gas emissions could be reduced by as much as 85.8 million tons (MMT) of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq) over the first 20 years of WAGP. This estimate assumes that under the "no project" scenario, flaring continues to occur in Nigeria through the year 2025 for the percentage of associated gas transported by WAGP, and the P50 forecast (Purvin and Gertz, 2003) is met in Benin, Ghana, and Togo by the development of new power plants and industrial fuel users utilizing fuel oil (not burning natural ). As explained in Appendix 2A-1, it was assumed that flaring continues through 2025 (even though there is a planned 2008 flares-out policy) because "it is likely that even the gas streams that are currently flared would have begun to be used for some other purpose after that year in the absence of the pipeline, e.g., combustion elsewhere in Nigeria or another country." Also, as indicated in Appendix 2A-2, it is unlikely that flaring can be eliminated without a portfolio of gas projects like WAGP. The actual emission reduction would depend on how flaring is reduced in Nigeria (under the base case), the market demand for natural gas in the receiving countries, and the level of additional power generation and industrial development that would consume more natural gas rather than fuel oil. Beneficial Socioeconomic Impacts Substantial short- and long-term positive socioeconomic impacts are expected as a result of WAGP operations in Benin both locally and nationally. Of those benefits introduced above, the most significant are anticipated to occur through increased local employment and increased personal income and business revenues through the procurement of goods and services during both the construction and operation phases. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-34 Chapter 6 Overall, WAPCo has committed to a "local content" target of at least 15 percent in terms of the total capital cost of the project. Local businesses will be invited to qualify for all international tenders called by WAPCo; as a result, a significant portion of the goods and services used in the construction of the pipeline system will be sourced from businesses in local communities. These businesses will directly benefit from increased revenues as the project requires the purchase of construction and operation materials. Additional indirect benefits will occur as local businesses provide goods and services in support of construction, such as those involved in the production of construction material components and the supply of related mechanical and engineering services. As detailed in Chapter 8, WAGP is committed to monitoring and reporting actual local content procured by the project. As households spend income earned both directly and indirectly from the project on goods and services, various sectors in the local economies of communities immediately adjacent to the project sites and facilities may experience increases in revenue and employment (i.e., induced effects). However, the extent to which the communities immediately adjacent to the project can take advantage of these opportunities may be constrained by their economies, which are not highly developed. In the communities surrounding the ROW in Benin, crop production and/or fishing are the dominant occupations. The trade/commerce sector is characterized by small-scale establishments that provide only a limited range of goods and services. As such, businesses in the surveyed communities that are most likely to benefit from additional spending include those supplying food products and basic small-scale household items. Communities adjacent to the ROW that are more developed economically will be better suited to benefit from increased economic opportunities and will also profit from the influx of construction workers and construction-related revenues. During the construction period, key benefits are associated with increases in local employment for pipeline construction activities, resulting in increased personal incomes. Businesses in the surrounding communities are also expected to benefit from providing some material input required for many aspects of this phase. This will provide some limited business growth and revenue benefits to these communities. There will also be some indirect beneficial impacts for businesses in the surrounding communities that provide goods and services in support of direct project construction activities. In addition, the influx of construction workers and the increased income for both local workers and local businesses from the influx will temporarily create market opportunities for food and other goods and services, thereby enhancing income-earning opportunities for local residents that supply these markets. In particular, spending of income earned directly and indirectly from the R&M station and onshore pipeline construction may support limited local business growth in the immediate vicinity. The operation period will support a limited amount of longer-term employment and income opportunities for communities near the compressor station. Future local procurement of goods and services will mean long-term demand for these inputs from surrounding communities, which may have substantial economic benefits in terms of business revenue and household income. For example, WAGP intends to contract out a variety of services, including R&M station and ROW maintenance, PC support, catering, compliance training, legal, and engineering work. WAGP will also provide training to direct hires, which will provide an opportunity for technical skills to be transferred to surrounding communities, June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-35 Chapter 6 creating human capacity benefits as well as the potential for long term increases in income. In addition, infrastructure upgrades required by the project, such as road and water supply improvements (i.e., drilling of drinking water wells), may provide permanent benefits to the community. Site Preparation and Construction Period Benefits Emplovment and Income Benefits Many of the socioeconomic benefits that will be realized by local communities as a result of WAGP activities that will occur during the temporary site preparation and construction periods as a result of local procurement of goods and services. The degree to which local procurement occurs, however, varies depending on the required skills and available labor pool for each job. Specific initial estimates of labor requirements that will be filled by workers from surrounding communities are described by project category (facility/activity) in the following sections. However, final figures are not available at the time of this writing, and will become available only after the contract for this work is awarded by WAPCo. In general, however, it should be noted that, as per WAPCo's International Project Agreement with the states, local goods and services procurement (including labor) will constitute at least 15 percent of capital project costs, and in some cases a much higher percentage. As shown in Table 6.5-1, the local content value for construction work in Benin is estimated at US$2.6 million for onshore procurement, with total procurement estimated at US$4.3 million. Table Local Content Value in illions of Dollars (and as percentage of total project capital cost) Activity Benin Onshore 2.6 (2.1%) Offshore 1.7 (1.1%) Total 4.3 (1.3%) Source: WAGP, 2004. In terms of employment, WAPCo maintains as a goal that, at a minimum, 50 percent of the onshore and weight coating labor force employed in the four states (Benin, Ghana, Nigeria, and Togo) will be from those states. Moreover, it is envisioned that the majority of unskilled labor will be employed from closely surrounding communities. Preliminary information from tendering indicates that the EPC contractors will procure substantial labor and services from surrounding communities. As far as practical, all civil construction materials, such as cement, aggregate, reinforcement, and any other available materials will be locally procured. Certain construction activities such as bush clearing will be subcontracted to members of local communities as far as practical. Consumables like fuel, lubricants, industrial gas, catering, etc. will also be procured from surrounding communities. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-36 Chapter 6 Below, additional information is presented specific to each construction phase job category and the involvement of local hirees, including the expected duration of jobs and other job details (as available). Pipeline Construction Direct positive impacts will result from pipeline construction activities in Benin, requiring between 50 to 100 workers for a period of approximately six to nine months. Initial estimates received by WAPCo from the onshore EPC contractor selected to complete this work indicate that between 175 and 250 of the 450 to 750 total hired for onshore pipeline construction in all four states (Nigeria, Benin, Togo, and Ghana) will be hired locally (WAGP, 2003). This represents a possible range of roughly 20 to 50 percent hired directly from local communities. The onshore contractor will use labor from the surrounding communities for pipeline and station facilities welding and installation, driving and maintenance of vehicles and construction equipment, and for security personnel. Local contractors will also be used for port handling and customs clearances of imported materials. The line pipe contractor will use local contractors for port clearance of materials. Additional activities such as site clearing, trenching, and security services are expected to be provided entirely by locally hired workers. Indirect impacts are also expected as local businesses provide goods and services in support of construction-related activities - such as mechanical, transportation and catering services - and in support of temporarily increased population and resulting commodity demand. In the rural fishing villages of Hio-Houta and Hio-Houegbo, for example - where the majority of households have at least one member who fishes - increased prices could have positive impacts on household income. R&M Station Construction Beneficial employment and income impacts on the local communities will be similar to those described for pipeline construction, but will be smaller in magnitude; 50 to 100 people are likely to be employed for construction over a three to four month period. As with pipeline construction impacts, indirect impacts are expected to affect local businesses that provide goods and services, such as the production of construction material components and the supplying of related mechanical and other services. Spending of income earned directly and indirectly from the R&M station construction may support limited local business growth. Operation and aintenance Period Benefits The operation period will support a limited amount of longer-term direct employment and income opportunities for the communities and businesses near the pipelines facility, compressor, and R&M stations. An estimated total of 63 personnel will be directly hired by WAGP in support of annual operations across the four states, with income and benefits payments approaching US$60 million over the 20-year period (WAGP, 2004). To the extent that income is earned and used within the region (for example through spending or saving), these income payments will have substantial direct and indirect economic benefits. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-37 Chapter 6 WAGP intends to contract out a variety of services, including pipeline repair, R&M station and ROW maintenance, PC support, catering, compliance training, and legal and engineering work. Total payments for contract work (includes labor and local goods/services procurement) across the four states are estimated at US$19.3 million (WAGP, 2004), and will lead to increased incomes for households and businesses in surrounding communities, as well as the potential for new business establishment. New ventures and industries that generate employment and income may be established in response to the additional demand for locally supplied products. There may also be secondary impacts that result from the additional spending of wages earned in jobs directly and indirectly created by the project. This spending of income could benefit many types of local businesses, ranging from suppliers of food to suppliers of electrical household items. The operation period will also provide permanent benefits to the community from any and all infrastructure upgrades required by the project, such as road and water supply improvements (i.e., drilling of drinking water wells). Employment and Income Benefits Pipeline The operation and maintenance of the pipeline will lead to the creation of skilled and unskilled jobs for the surrounding communities. Skilled jobs will include pipeline inspection, maintenance, and operator jobs either from direct WAPCo employment or through regularly scheduled third-party technical services. Unskilled work will include mowing and maintaining the ROW. WAPCo will be providing training to direct hires to equip them with the necessary skills. This will provide an opportunity for technical skills to be transferred into the communities, creating the potential for long-term increases in income for those who undergo training. As detailed above, WAGP will contract out a variety of services, which will lead to increased incomes and business revenues in the surrounding communities. New ventures and industries that generate employment and income may be established in response to the additional demand for locally supplied products. The ongoing needs of the facility could also benefit the economies of surrounding communities by supporting indirect employment at businesses that support operation and maintenance activities, for example mechanical service and supply, off-site material handling, or waste management services. There may also be induced impacts that result from the additional spending of wages earned in jobs directly and indirectly created by the project. This spending of income could benefit many types of local businesses in the immediate vicinity of the project, ranging from suppliers of food to suppliers of electrical household items. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-38 Chapter 6 R&M Station The operation and maintenance of the R&M station will require a small permanent staff, providing limited jobs for the local community and beyond. WAGP may employ or contract with local third party services for both skilled and non-skilled labor to work in and around the facility. As with pipeline operation, unskilled work may include grounds maintenance, and basic maintenance of the facility. Skilled jobs will include operator and more advanced maintenance work. These more skilled jobs may only be available to members of local communities who undergo training. The ongoing needs of the facility could also benefit the local economy by supporting indirect employment at businesses that supply goods and services, such as those in the offsite material handling or waste management service sector. Improved Infrastructure There will be an increase in mobility/accessibility associated with the maintenance of a service road parallel to the pipeline, particularly from the R&M station along the link line route to Communaute Electrique du Benin (CEB) in Maria Gleta. Use of this road will be made available to the local population for limited, light transport (pedestrian, motorcycle, and in rural areas, cars and light trucks) and may allow for faster and more reliable movement of goods and people. In addition, the construction period may result in upgrades to the existing road along the beach in order to transport equipment required for the construction of the lateral shore crossing and first one to two kilometers of the onshore lateral. Since this infrastructure would remain in place after the decommissioning of the project, it would provide long-term benefit to the community. The project may also require the drilling of a water borehole in order to provide the construction process with sufficient water. Since this infrastructure would remain in place after the decommissioning of the project, it would provide long-term benefit to the community. Macroeconomic Benefits The WAGP project is also expected to confer macroeconomic benefits to Benin through tax payments to be made by WAPCo throughout the project's period of operation and through other benefits such as the value of equity investment in the pipeline. These impacts are expected to benefit many sectors of Benin's economy. Whereas the employment and related benefits presented above have predominantly local impacts, the following will be most notable at the regional level. Fuel Savings Compared to current energy sources (e.g., light crude oil, coal, A-I kerosene), the WAGP project will provide an abundant, relatively clean, relatively low-priced source of energy for Benin. Electricity consumption is the primary driver of energy demand growth in the WAGP June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-39 Chapter 6 project region. The analysis of project alternatives has determined the pipeline delivery of natural gas provided by the WAGP project is the most cost-effective means of satisfying future regional energy demand. Financial savings of between US$94 million and US$109 million (WAGP, 2004) are expected to be realized in Benin through the use of natural gas as a less expensive fuel source as compared to current use of fuels such as crude oil and coal. [Note to Reader: Fuel savings were calculated on a discounted real basis, whereas tax benefits were calculated on an undiscounted nominal basis.] The range reflects different sources and estimation methods as described in Section 6.5 of the Regional Final Draft EIA Rev 1 (Regional 6.5). These savings are expected to spur economic and industrial development and raise living standards. Taxation Benefits There will be substantial tax and tariff payments by WAPCo to the countries involved. These payments will help strengthen the economies of the counties and support development. Total tax benefits received by Benin over the lifetime of the project are expected in the range of US$158 million to US$198 million (WAGP, 2004).4 Equity Investment It can be expected that some benefits will accrue based on Benin's ownership of the pipeline. Though not a major share, Societe Beninoise de Gaz SA holds a 2.0% share of the equity investment in the pipeline. The company is also expected to develop local distribution systems for gas transported in the WAGP, which will result in economic stimulation indirectly as a WAGP operation. Community Development Health and Safety Benefits In order to support WAPCo's efforts of corporate responsibility to the surrounding communities in which it operates, a community development program will be established. This program supplements all compliance requirements to address socioeconomic impacts and is carried out at the sole discretion of WAPCo but in joint consultation with the communities as described below. It is recognized that an effective community development program will be essential to the success of WAPCo's operations and in building trust with the communities. To date, WAPCo has initiated stakeholder consultations and participatory needs assessments (PNA) using local social scientists, separate from EIA assessments, to determine an appropriate direction in line with its evolving Community Development objectives, including: * Identification of critical needs and "high-yielding" community development strategies; 4 The range cited here is based on demand scenarios discussed in Section 6.5 of the Regional Final Draft EIA Rev I (Regional 6.5). June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-40 Chapter 6 * Local self-reliance and avoidance of paternalism or dependency; * Partnerships with qualified NGOs, other private companies, international agencies, and other members of civil society who will take the lead in program execution; and * Facilitation for better service delivery to local communities from governments and development institutions. WAPCo's Community Development Program intends to emphasize capacity-building, training, and institutional strengthening rather than "bricks and mortar" projects or activities that require continued WAGP support. The overall objective is to help communities increase their productivity and competitiveness in the marketplace so as to capacitate long-term social and economic improvements. WAPCo's consultations and PNA work validate EIA socioeconomic conclusions in Chapter 5, in that WAGP faces a unique opportunity to promote effective access to clean water, elementary health, care and education for its neighbors and to improve their quality of life (Terra, 2003). WAPCo's preliminary efforts have encouraged community members to identify and prioritize their own needs. These are then filtered through a set of WAPCo "value drivers" to determine which projects will have the greatest impact on health, education, income generation, etc. This approach replaces traditional "top-down" models of assistance and corporate philanthropy, in which remote "professionals" try to guess what will be most effective or appreciated (Ibid). WAPCo value drivers include: 1. Impact Spread benefits as evenly as possible within impacted communities with an aim towards poverty alleviation through high "value added" social and economic initiatives 2. Sustainability Local "ownership" of projects, encouraging self-reliance and avoid dependency 3. Project Management Partnership opportunities, transferability, optimizing existing resources, and minimize direct WAGP involvement in implementation Consultations and the results of the PNA Work indicate the following initial priority areas during WAGP construction and in the first few years of operation (Ibid): * Youth and development (technical skill training, apprenticeships); * Scholarship programs; * Community and preventive health program (clinics and education); and * Clean drinking water (boreholes). WAPCo's focus during the initial timeframe covering the two year construction period will be on Education and Healthcare support; overall fixed budget commitments towards these June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-41 Chapter 6 objectives are currently being finalized. The PNA work also identified future opportunities in terms of income generation and capacity building that can be incorporated into later year operating budgets. Distribution of fixed budget benefits will be based on an overall geographic allocation in terms of "community impact" of WAGP operations, allotting 20 percent to Benin. Implementation Plans are currently being developed, with initial efforts before and after the Final Investment Decision focused on: * Continuing consultation, communication and feedback to WAGP communities; * Initial and Annual prioritization processes to determine specific communities who will receive that year's benefit and specific projects to implement; * Development of written agreements with communities in terms of benefits and WAPCo's conditions for the communities to receive the benefits; * WAPCo resources, administration and other infrastructure to support a sustainable Community Development program; and * Further assessment of partnership opportunities, including WAGP EPC contractors, NGO's and government in terms of general financial support as well as specific project implementation. Potential Onshore Impacts Onshore activities involve the construction of the pipeline ROW, the R&M station, and associated infrastructure. The potential impacts anticipated at the onshore locations arise from site preparation and construction, commissioning and start-up, and operation and maintenance of the facilities and pipeline. This section describes the direct negative impacts of the proposed project on onshore environmental conditions, socioeconomic conditions, and public and worker health, security, and safety in the WAGP project area in Benin. An impact severity summary table is presented for each of the activities anticipated to have more than negligible impact with all environmental factors considered. The conclusions from each of these impact severity tables are compiled into an overall impact summary table presented directly below (Table 6.6-1). Cells in this table highlighted in green indicate impacts with low severity, cells in yellow indicate moderate severity, and cells in red indicate high severity. Intersections of activities and receptors that are crossed out have not been identified as significant impacts. Most of the onshore negative impacts associated with the project are considered moderate to low, with a few high negative impacts. For instance, during the project construction stages, some moderate and high severity negative impacts are anticipated for land use, habitats and biological resources, and water resources, while most other environmental factors are of low severity. During start-up, all environmental impacts are of low severity while a couple of impacts to means of livelihood are moderate. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-42 Chapter 6 Table Severity Assessment: Benin Environmental, Socioeconomic, and Health and Safety Impacts Health and Environmental Socioeconomic Safetv Sa 0 tu Cd co~~~-. - General Activity Specific Activity Description e u e - . ~ C D ~ s -~ O~ *~ D 6.3 0 w0 C 0 c 0> >' 0 0 0 0- - " 0 0 -ONSHORE IMPACTS - .-- Site Preparation and Construction Pipeline construction in upland Influx of workers areas Clearing of vegetation, removal of structures, leveling (including accessenching of l be ___* < roads)l * /\ Transportation of materials andhazard equipment to site merials Generator operation 2 B F D A Rev 1 Operation of earthmoving equipment __X X X Pipeline installation at Im depth / __ \// - (trenching and backfilling)/\/ _\ /\ _ \ \ Thrust boring of road crossings XXX X Generation of solid and hazardous \ ^ /\ / waste and mgt. of hazardous materials /\/\/\ /\/\/\/\ Pipeline construction in wetlands TrnchingXXlXx X X Generation of solid and hazardous \ \/ 7 \/\/\/\/\/ waste and mgt. of hazardous mater-ials / / \ X X >\//\z\ Pipeline construction in lagoons Trenching of lagoon bed X L > Generation of solid and hazardous \ 1 / \ / \1/\ /\ 1 /\ waste and mgt. of hazardous materials /\ / /\ /\ / /\/ \1 Pipeline construction across -HDD of shoreline crossing 1X ` shoreline areas waste and mgt. of hazardous matefials \ \/ / \ / \ June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-43 Chapter 6 Table Severity Assessment: Benin Environmental, Socioeconomic, and Health and Safety Impacts Health and Environmental Socioeconomic Safety 0 U ~~~~~~~~~~0 - General Activity Specific Activity Description Generator~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ opraio X XX RI X 0 ~ - ~ -3 C-1 waste and m gt. 0 zd o 0~~~~ 0CY ONSHORE IMPACTS ..0 j< A. R&M station construction Influx of workers Land clearing and preparation Transport of R&M equipment to sites N / A /1 N/ / Generator operation I>< __<> < D e Operations and Maintenance _______________________ R&M station Venting of gas Operation of generators, small machinery Pigging of pipeline (wastes) Generation of solid and hazardous waste and mgt. of hazardous materials June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-44 Chapter 6 Table Severity Assessment: Benin Environmental, Socioeconomic, and Health and Safety Impacts Health and Environmental Socioeconomic Safelt *0~~~~~~~~ 0.)~~~~~~~~~~ General Activity Specific Activity Description , > - 94 0 U~~~0 ' 0.) ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 0. e- 0 Cd 3-c ~ 0 ~0 -6 . ~ E't~ ~ *~ ceo~ 00 0 ) .f' 0- ONSHORE IMPACTS . - . - - ;-. Onshore Pipeline ROW maintenance __ X l X I X X Pipeline at Im depth X X X X X | - WAGP ROW */1 \ ^ ¢ /Ns - { Cotonou Customer Delivery Line P ;\ 1t / h X / t;t _ Highway MariaxJ , _ g \ \ / )- * Road - Primary *__ \\Road-Secondary \ Ma Gleta 1 Power Line - High Tension ^ | ' \ \ w, 7 h / \ i' _ Populated Place Lokagbe AdjakarI- .-.| Agrigulture Tchangbe * U Beach /Vbankanho Womey 4 OceanNVater feature Djesa D houindohou Mangrove PAIII - 5 * ^ sJ _ Forest [ ' -_o. bme Home G b odj I , f _ _ Wetlands Ag|oganh Cemetary > ' I / _ - ~~~~~~~Zounnn 4 sAkpagbegon * Hounguetome _ : aF -- -;o~ - _ _ _ . Kilometers - 0 1 2 3 4 5 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-49 Chapter 6 This page intentionally left blank. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-50 Chapter 6 Figure ROW North of Cococodji .011 During construction and pipeline installation activities (approximately two to three months), the ROW will be continuously cleared. Post-construction, the ROW will be reinstated to fallow land with grassland cover along the entire length of the ROW. The ROW vegetation will continue to be cut back and maintained throughout the duration of the WAGP project. Access to the ROW for maintenance activities will preclude the availability of land within the ROW for future farming activities, even though the ROW will revert to some level of natural vegetal cover. No permanent fencing will be installed along the pipeline ROW. Please refer to the WAGP ROW Access Policy (Appendix 8B3.2) for more details. Because farmland will be converted to non-farmland, other than grazing, for the duration of the project, the temporal aspect of this impact is major. All pipeline installation activities and resulting land use impacts will be contained within the 36.5ha (90 acre) footprint of the ROW, of which 12.5ha is currently used for agriculture. The areal extent of the impact is therefore considered negligible. The magnitude of this impact to land use is minor due to mitigation measures that will be implemented to reinstate the ROW land back to its previous condition except for the small farm plots. The reinstated land will be open space and vegetated, rather than being occupied by residential, commercial, or agricultural development. The entire ROW is not currently farmed, and where farming uses are displaced, the surrounding areas may instead be cultivated (the project area is not urbanized). Finally, the likelihood of this impact is high since the pipeline ROW will certainly be altered from its current land use. Based on this combination of factors, the overall severity of this impact is rated as moderate. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-51 Chapter 6 Pipeline Construction - Wetlands Approximately 1.4km (0.9 mile) of the pipeline route onshore in Benin will cross streams and pass through wetland areas. In the high-pressure lateral ROW route, wetland areas occur mainly within lkm (0.6 mile) of the lagoon to the north of the shore crossing and then along a considerable stretch of the link line route, north of the Cotonou-Lome road, along the northwest edge of the proposed pipeline route. Pipeline installation at those locations will be conducted by excavating trenches and using a traditional "push/pull" method. Due to the difficulty of accessing these wetland areas, equipment and construction staff will be present for several weeks during installation activities (a small portion of the overall construction phase, which could last for up to three months). The trench will be cut, the pipeline installed, and then the area will be immediately backfilled. Because wetland areas will be reinstated and quickly revert back to natural conditions, there will be no conversion of the primary function of the habitat to a different land use. Therefore the potential land use impact is not significant. It is noted, however, that this project's ROW access polices cannot impede any future, encroaching residential development within the wetlands along the fringes of the ROW. Pipeline Construction - Lagoon The lagoon located on the north side of the barrier island is approximately 455m (1,492ft) wide where the pipeline crosses near Adjahedji. Trenching is the preferred technique for pipeline installation across the lagoon. Engineering assessment indicates that this method will be feasible, but in the unlikely event that it turns out not to be due to currently unforeseen conditions, HDD of the lagoon bed would occur. In either case, the barrier island and areas adjacent to the lagoon banks used as laydown areas during construction will not be occupied for more than several weeks, and will be reinstated and revert back to natural conditions very quickly. Because there will be no conversion of the primary function of the habitat to a different land use, the potential land use impact is not significant. PiDeline Construction - Barrier Island, Beach. Shoreline Areas HDD is the proposed and preferred method for installing the pipeline in the shore crossing segment that connects to the sub-sea main trunk pipeline. HDD for the shore crossing will be performed from the barrier island out to sea but the possibility exists for it to be performed from the north side of the lagoon directly out to sea, thus bypassing the barrier island. Engineering assessment of the shoreline conditions along the proposed pipeline route indicates that HDD will in fact be feasible in this area. In the unlikely event that it is not, given some conditions that are presently unforeseen, traditional trenching along this segment would be used instead. In either case, some area on the barrier island will be used as a temporary work staging and construction area. The exact location and size of this area will be determined by the EPC contractor, but is not expected to be larger than 50m by 500m (2.5ha). This area will not be occupied for more than several weeks, and will be reinstated once the pipeline is installed. Therefore, it is not expected to result in significant impacts to land use. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-52 Chapter 6 The pipeline ROW, however, will be kept cleared for safety reasons and to allow access for maintenance throughout the project duration. This ROW maintenance will cause some land use conversion, as described below. Conversion of current land use due to HDD pipeline construction methodfrom the barrier island to offshore. LJ'emporal Major r Impact Significance Areal Negligible Moderate Magnitude Moderate i Likelihood High At the shore crossing, a temporary work staging and construction area (approximately 50m by 30m) is needed during HDD operations. The exact location and size of this area will be determined by the EPC contractor, but it is not expected to be larger than 50m by 500m (2.5ha). If it is that large, half of the footprint of the temporary work staffing and construction area would lie within the 25m-ROW and the other half (1.25ha) would run along the outside of the ROW. This area would not be occupied for more than several weeks, and will be reinstated once the pipeline is installed. Therefore, it is not expected to result in significant impacts to land use. At the shore crossing site in Benin, the pipeline ROW stretches for a distance of 0.66km (0.41 miles) from the lower inter-tidal zone, across the barrier island to the lagoon. The onshore habitat begins in the beach inter-tidal zone, which accounts for about 20m (66ft) of the ROW and is unvegetated. Next is a sandy beige-colored upper beach, approximately 40m (131ft) across, which has patchy grasses and coconut trees. Located along the crest of the beach is an unpaved road, approximately 8m (26ft) wide, that runs from Cotonou to Ouidah, commonly called the "fishermen's road." Inland from the road is the beginning of a coconut plantation that is approximately 400m (1,312ft) from south to north. The land slopes downward from the coconut plantation toward a lagoon. The land between the coconut plantation and the lagoon contains wetlands that are used to grow market vegetables and a mangrove area, which runs along the south edge of a lagoon. The ROW, which will occupy a footprint of approximately 25m by 660m (1.7ha or 4.2 acres), will be reinstated at the end of construction, but must remain cleared for maintenance activities for the duration of the project. Please refer to the WAGP ROW Access Policy (Appendix 8B3.2-C) for more details. Because farmland will be converted to non-farmland for the operational life of WAGP (20 or more years), the temporal aspect of these impacts within the ROW is major. The areal extent of the impacts, however, is negligible. The magnitude of the impacts is moderate due to the percentage of land cover that would not be reclaimable as farmland. Finally, the likelihood of impacts to land use in the affected areas due to HDD is high. Considering all these factors together, the overall severity of land use impacts from these activities is expected to be high. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-53 Chapter 6 R&M Station Construction The proposed R&M station is sited in an upland area that is vegetated by shrubby savanna (with Annona senegalensi and Rauvolfia vomitoria), interspersed with patches of cultivated crops. It is bordered by the Interstate Cotonou-Lome railway to the north. Conversion of current land use due to land clearing for R&M station siting. Temporal Major Impact Significance Areal Negligible Minor Moderate Severity Magnitude Minor . Likelihood High Approximately 3.3ha (8.1 acres) of land area will be altered by the installation of the R&M station, buffer zone, security fence, and other infrastructure throughout the WAGP project duration. Therefore, the temporal aspect of the land use change is rated as major. The areal extent of the impact, however, is considered negligible since the area is small and will be contained within the project boundaries. The siting of the pipeline ROW and R&M station was purposely routed to take into account existing local development and will therefore affect croplands only, not any permanent residences. As a result, the magnitude of the impact is considered minor. The likelihood of this event is high since the taking of land for the installation of the permanent R&M station facility will definitely occur during the project construction phase. The overall severity of this impact is thus moderate. In addition to the R&M station itself, there will be another 3.Oha area that will be used as a temporary marshalling yard to stage equipment, materials, and temporary field offices for the construction of the onshore lateral. This yard will be next to the R&M station facility footprint. Within this yard, a 0.75ha to 0.8ha area will be used as a temporary staging yard to support the R&M station construction. Because this additional 3.Oha area will be only temporary and will be reinstated to its original land cover after construction, it is not expected to cause any significant impacts to land use. Habitat and Biological Resources Changes to land use during the site preparation and construction phase have the potential to cause adverse impacts on habitats and biological resources. For example, trenching activities in the pipeline ROW and site preparation where new facilities are to be built can have impacts, especially when sensitive biological resources are present. Noise and vibration during construction can also affect habitat negatively, as can materials transport. In many cases the impacts on habitat from site preparation and construction activities are negligible because these activities will stop and lands will revert to their original uses following construction. Overall, the environmental assessment indicates that significant adverse impacts to individual species, including species of conservation concern listed in Chapter 5 (e.g., sea turtles), are not likely. To the extent possible, the extent of habitat negatively impacted is quantified in the assessment. Construction of the pipeline and R&M station in Benin will require clearing of vegetation, removal of structures, and leveling of land for development of infrastructure. These June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-54 Chapter 6 activities may lead to the loss of natural habitat, changes in habitat quality, and/or increased disturbance of biological resources in previously undisturbed areas. The laying of the 8in (20.3cm) pipeline at a depth of lm (3.3ft) below ground surface over a distance of 5.1 km (3.17 miles) from the shore landing to the R&M station in Benin will involve clearing and preparation of the 5. 1km Beninoise ROW for the pipeline installation in fallow land, degraded swampy forest, thicket, swampy grassland, mangrove, and coastal coconut grove, and across a road and a lagoon and will result in some habitat and biological resource impacts. The link line installation from the R&M station to the future site of the CEB facility at Maria Gleta will consist of another 9.5km (5.9 miles) of pipeline and ROW clearance. The onshore pipeline will be trenched, installed, and buried at an estimated rate of approximately 7km (4.3 miles) per month. Therefore, the time it will take to construct the pipeline between the shore crossing and the R&M station will be about one month. The pipeline construction from the R&M station to Maria Gleta will take between one and two months. The construction of the R&M facility itself should take no longer than three to four months. Clearing and preparation activities involve movement by heavy equipment, clearing of trees and other vegetation, stripping of soil, and excavation of trenches. The pipeline will traverse an existing lagoon and wetlands and, if the ROW is not properly reinstated, there could be long-term degradation of biological resources in these habitats. The land area affected along the pipeline ROW from the shore crossing to the R&M station and along the link line from the R&M station to the future site of the CEB facility will be temporarily disrupted during construction activities and then reinstated and maintained as grassland after the pipeline has been installed. Although the proposed R&M station will permanently eliminate 3.3ha (8.1 acres) of habitat, the majority of habitat disruption (36.5ha (90 acres) along the combined 14.6km (9.1 mile) pipeline ROW, plus a 3ha (7.4 acres) staging area for R&M station and pipeline construction) by the project will be temporary if reinstatement is implemented properly (see Appendix 8B2.8. 1 for WAGP ROW Reinstatement Criteria). The wildlife data collected during the WAGP environmental baseline survey (EBS) is provided in Section 5.1.2.2, Biological Environment, Species and Habitats of Conservation Concern. One of the species protected under the African Convention on Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), and the World Conservation Union (IUCN) was observed in the study area (Tables 5.1-41 through 5.1-44). That species, the red-bellied monkey (Cercopithecus erythrogaster), is the only threatened species from the CITES list observed during the onshore EBS. There were no observations of endangered species from the CITES list during the baseline survey. More than half of the 20 onshore site preparation and construction activities in Benin evaluated for impacts on habitat and biological resources were determined to have negligible impact potential. All of the activities assessed as having overall low, moderate, or high impact severity are discussed below. Two activities associated with site preparation and June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-55 Chapter 6 construction, trenching to install pipeline through small areas of wetlands and trenching to install pipeline across the lagoon, may result in high-severity impacts on habitat and biological resources. Although almost certain to occur, the habitat impacts from these activities are limited in areal extent (assessed as minor) and are considered largely reversible after construction ends. The habitat areas affected, in addition to being relatively small, are not unique or rare for the region. Furthermore, as discussed in Chapters 7 and 8, detailed mitigation measures and monitoring plans have been developed to prevent these impacts where possible, and in all cases minimize them. No major country-wide impacts on habitat or biological resources were identified. Pipeline Construction - Upland Changes to existing habitat and disturbance of biological resources from the clearing of vegetation, removal of structures, and leveling of land in upland areas. Temporal Minor I Impact Significance Areal Negligible Minor M,oderate Severitv Magnitude Moderate Likelihood . Medium The onshore pipeline ROW will be cleared of vegetation and debris, covering a total land area of 36.5ha (90 acres). There will also be a temporary staging area of 3ha, adjacent to the R&M station site, to be used for both pipeline and R&M station construction activities. The 25m (82ft) wide ROW strip will be cleared of woody vegetation. Herbaceous vegetation and topsoil will also be cleared over a 15m (49ft) wide strip where the pipeline will be installed. Any additional clearing will occur only as necessary to provide marshalling areas for construction and access for construction vehicles. After construction, a 25m wide service corridor will be maintained within the upland ROW allowing for vehicle traffic, with regular brush removal to maintain herb and grass cover. The pipeline will be buried at lm (3.3ft) depth to protect it from damage, by both natural and human causes. The pipe trench will be dug using track mounted trenchers or backhoes from the "working side" (20m total, including 1Om adjacent to the 15m reserved for pipeline burial plus 1Om within the reserved 15m) of the ROW (Figure 6.6-4). Figure Pipeline Installation in Upland Areas Stiri,zjing, beizditzg arid uvi9lding the pipe. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-56 Chapter 6 The maintenance of a service corridor can affect habitat conditions (Yahner, 1988). One positive impact is the creation of edge effects, which typically result in increased abundance and species diversity of birds and other wildlife. However, clearing may also result in habitat fragmentation that adversely affects biological resources in a forest mosaic. Site clearing activities will temporarily eliminate wildlife habitat and cause migration out of the project area. It is likely that the original species will return to the area after construction. However, invasive species may instead colonize the site post-construction, displace native species, and thereby adversely affect habitat and biological resources in the project area. Vegetation clearing along the entire ROW will result in habitat and wildlife impacts and biological resource loss, e.g., timber, firewood, and non-timber products. ROW clearing will continue (for service access) for the duration of the project, but the temporal effect of maintenance is discussed in Section 6.3.1. The temporal impact during the construction phase will be short-term, six months or less (determined from the short, two- to three-month construction period, and reinstatement activities thereafter), and therefore, temporal significance is considered to be minor. Although land will be affected by ROW clearing, the impact is expected to seldom extend beyond the 25m width of cleared ROW. The pipeline will produce adverse impacts by traversing habitat, but the areal extent is considered to be negligible, since the impact will be confined to the WAPCo ROW. The magnitude of this impact to biological resources is moderate. Mitigation measures will be implemented to reinstate the ROW land back to a grassland type habitat (see Appendix 8B2.8.1 for WAGP ROW Reinstatement Criteria). In some cases, this may be similar to the original habitat, but secondary succession will not occur during the project lifespan due to continued brush clearing that is part of operations and maintenance (Section 6.6.3). Much of the upland habitat that will be traversed by the pipeline ROW is fallow land, degraded swampy forest, thicket, and swampy grassland, which are neither scarce habitats nor ones highly susceptible to disruption. No areas of conservation importance are expected to be affected. The likelihood of impacts to the habitat and species diversity during the construction of the pipeline is medium (i.e., approximately 20 to 70 percent probability to occur). Therefore, the overall severity of habitat and biological resource impacts arising from pipeline construction in upland areas moderate. Disturbance of surrounding organisms due to the transportation of materials and equipmentfrom the port to the site. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Negligible Minor Magnitude Minor Likelihood Low June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-57 Chapter 6 This page intentionally left blank June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-58 CAS,, Cote d'Ivoire, EIB, Gambia, MDB, The, Heavily indebted poor countries; Status of development; Progress reports; Debt relief; Debt service ratios; Debt-to-export ratio; Poverty reduction; Policy framework; Topping up assistance; Performance indicators; External shocks;, , accounting, Asian Development Bank, borrowing, budgetary support, cancellation, Caribbean Development Bank, Central American Bank for Economic Integration, Central Bank, central banks, civil service, clearance, Commercial Creditors, commercial credits, commercial debt, consolidation, corrective measures, Creditor, Creditors, Debt, debt obligations, Debt Reduction, Debt Relief, Debt Service, debt service payments, Debt Sustainability, debtors, Disbursements, discount rate, domestic public debt, East African Development Bank, economic programs, economic reform, Emerging Markets, European Investment Bank, exchange rates, Expenditures, exports, exposure, External Debt, financial assistance, Financial Development, Financial Management, fiscal policy, GDP, Global Development Finance, Gross Domestic Product, Heavily Indebted Poor Countries, HIPC, income, interest rates, international banking, Islamic Development Bank, macroeconomic management, macroeconomic performance, Macroeconomic Policies, macroeconomic stability, macroeconomic stabilization, moral hazard, Nordic Investment Bank, outstanding debt, overruns, participatory process, Poverty Reduction, Present Value, program implementation, Public Expenditure, Savings, Settlement, structural reforms, technical assistance, total costs In response to concerns about the sustainable impact of extractive industries (El), the World Bank Group (WBG) launched a number of reviews to help assess its best future role in the sector. It asked Dr. Emil Salim (former State Minister for Population and Environment, Indonesia) to conduct an independent consultation with stakeholders about its role (The Extractive Industries Review - EIR)'. And the WBG asked its own independent evaluation units to undertake a joint evaluation o f the outcomes o f its past activities in the sector. The Compliance and Ombudsman's Office (CAO) o f the International Finance Corporation (IFC) and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) also undertook a review o f the appraisal processes o f some more recent projects. There are large areas o f overlap in their recommendations, although, in general, those o f the EIR report o f Dr. Salim are more wide ranging. All three reports conclude that El can contribute to sustainable development if appropriate conditions are present. All three support a continued role for the WBG in the sector, and they provide recommendations as to how its contribution can be made more effective. This Management Response addresses the recommendations o f the EIR report and presents a broad overview of the WBG response in the key areas of strengthening governance and transparency, ensuring that the poor benefit from extractive industries, mitigating environmental and social risks, protecting the rights of people affected by extractive industries, promoting renewable energy and efficiency to combat climate change, improving organizational coordination, and ongoing learning and review. The Annex contains a detailed response to each o f the recommendations, grouped in the categories employed in the EIR report. Le secteur prive et le developpement: cinq etudes de cas - resultats sur le terrain Le developpement des services nationaux de recherche agricole: l'experience de l'Inde avec la Fondation Rockefeller et les lecons que l'Afrique pourrait en tirer Financiamento de proyectos privados de infraestructura: tende Financiamento de proyectos privados de infraestructura: tendencias emergentes de la experiencia de la CFI; Le financement des projets d'infrastructure prives: tendances emergeant de l'experience de la SFI developed countries, developing countries, This evaluation concludes that on balance the Bank's program over the past 11 years has been relevant to Mexico's developmental needs. The efficacy of the Bank's assistance was highest during the first years of the Salinas administration when Mexico's government technocrats and the Bank had a common vision about required reforms and Mexico needed external financial assistance. The record since FY92 has been mixed and should be considered only partially satisfactory. The beginning of the administration of President Fox presents important opportunities for the Bank to contribute more effectively to Mexico's development agenda. WORLD BANK OED Fast Track Brief Fast Track. -- Vol. 4, no. 8 (April 6, 2001). This study is a first effort by the Operations Evaluation Department (OED) to examine cultural heritage in the work of the World Bank. The purpose of the study is to identify the Bank' s past work with physical cultural property and assess its effectiveness. The study addresses three overarching questions: What has the Bank done? How well did it do it? And what lessons should be learned from the experience gained? The study examines Bank practices with respect to both " do no harm " and " do good. " It synthesizes the relevant literature inside and outside the Bank on cultural heritage and conservation, reviews the Bank's portfolio including development of a database of Bank activities in cultural heritage, and surveys Bank and borrower staff to evaluate cultural heritage activities and elicit Bank's strengths and weaknesses in the field. This Country Assistance Evaluation (CAE) assesses the Bank' s assistance program to Uganda during the period FY87-99, which has significantly contributed to the country' s development outcomes, and acted as a catalyst for other donors. The International Development Association' s (IDA) institutional development program has spanned budget reform, capacity building, civil service reform, decentralization, and governance. While the relevance of IDA' s support has been highly satisfactory for budget reform, for capacity building, and civil service reform it has only been partially satisfactory. Inadequate pay reform, and diverse reforms, and strategies gave mixed results. Only in FY99 did IDA study corruption in Uganda, and only in FY00 was it ready to fund a local government development program, to test alternative mechanisms for delivering services, and devolving the development budget. However, IDA has excelled at economic and sector work (ESW), and policy dialogue, fostering participatory processes, signaling resources mobilization, and debt relief, and has broadened involvement in aid coordination. The assessment of IDA' s portfolio indicates sixty three percent of lending was satisfactory, and a twenty five percent of lending with substantial institutional development impacts. Recommendations suggest building on the Comprehensive Development Framework, articulating strategies for rural development, gender, and regional equity to reduce poverty This brief is based on the country assistance evaluation of Kenya from 2000. The CAE finds that the economic, social, and governance conditions in that country are poorer in the 1990s than they were in the 1970s. Between 1980-96, Kenya complied only weakly with World Bank conditionality, frequently backtracking on reforms. Disappointing progress occurred under the first two structural adjustment credits, as well as in the subsequent six sectoral adjustment credits. Implementation of a new structural adjustment credit approved in FY96 has also fallen short and the second tranche release has been delayed. Slippages, as in the past, occurred in critical areas of parastatal reform, civil service reform, and in improving the composition of expenditures. New lending commitments in FY96 and FY97 and lagging disbursements have created a large undisbursed balance in the IDA portfolio. The OED overall satisfactory outcome ratio of 57 percent for Kenya was lower than that for the Africa region and Bank wide. Sustainability was likely in 21 percent, and institutional development was substantial in only 6 percent of commitments. The objectives identified in the most recent (1996) CAS were relevant, but not focused enough on governance, income distribution concerns, and the analysis of gender constraints. Given Kenya 's history of weak compliance, the current situation of poor governance, and inadequate Government commitment to resolve pending issues, only a very limited strategy for small-targeted interventions seems justified. WORLD BANK, Borrower, Bridging troubled waters : assessing the Bank's water strategy since 1993 This brief is based on the report, Bridging troubled waters - assessing the World Bank water resources strategy (rep. 24527). The report finds that the comprehensive approach advocated in the 1993 water strategy is highly relevant to the sound and sustainable management of water resources. And implementing the strategy has advanced the Bank' s corporate goals and mission, contributing to an emerging global consensus on water resource management. But that implementation, though broad, has been partial and uneven, with big differences across regions, countries, and sub-sectors. Work remains to adapt the strategy to diverse country contexts and to link water resource management to sustainable service delivery. Waters, Middle East, North Africa, Spring, This is an abbreviated version of the Country Assistance Evaluation (CAE), issued in May 2001. It examines Bank assistance to Morocco since the Country Assistance Strategy (CAS), issued in January 1997, and, concentrates on the relevance, efficiency, sustainability, and institutional development impact of the assistance program. Although major political changes occurred during this period, including public discussion of a broad range of economic, and social issues, the economic, and social indicators however, show little improvement. While lending was based on the 1997 CAS, providing investment lending - a third to be allocated for social, and rural development - and, a limited adjustment lending, the actual program differed substantially from that proposed in the CAS. The Policy Reform Support Loan (a third of the three-year lending program) was a one tranche operation with numerous actions, and, despite some progress, change has been slow in crucial areas, i.e., public sector reform, privatization, and price liberalization. Private responsiveness has been disappointing, with the exception of telecommunications. Although the proposed program was relevant to Morocco, the program as implemented was much less so, where the CAS objectives have not been met. Based on this evaluation, the outcome of the program is marginally unsatisfactory, with modest institutional development, although sustainability of the limited results achieved is likely. Recommendations include a continued support to public sector management, to basic health and education, and to rural development, including gender issues. Etude d'impact sur 1'environnement du gazoduc d' Afrique de l'ouest Figure 6.6-5 Location of Port of Cotonou Relative to R&M Station Site 1] W+ Limit of Available Satellite Coverage F .m Part of Cotonou Approximately 18 km East Kilometers 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-59 Chapter 6 This page intentionally left blank June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-60 Chapter 6 Transportation of equipment and materials to the pipeline construction sites will have little effect on the surrounding environment. The transportation of materials from the Cotonou port will likely be by truck on the adjacent Cotonou-Lome highway (see Figure 6.6-5 for location of the port relative to the project area). In some places the materials will travel along the 25m (82ft) ROW to the construction or staging site. Travel distances are relatively short, given the total pipeline length of 14.6km (9.1 miles) and the proximity of the port to the construction area (port approximately 18km (11.2 miles) from R&M station site, where pipeline staging will take place). The additional traffic on the roadway, estimated to be roughly 200 trucks total over the two- to three-month construction period, should not be an impact on traffic since the pipeline is relatively short, and the site is relatively small. However, the trucks and other equipment traveling on the ROW may cause some animals to leave the area. After the construction has been completed, and trucks are no longer traveling the ROW, the animals that have left the area should return. Since the duration of the pipeline construction is relatively short, two to three months for the entire length, the temporal impact will be minor. The ROW area will already be cleared by the earthmoving equipment, and transport will not cause a change in the relatively small affected area. Although there might be disturbances to the wildlife in the immediate ROW area, upon completion of the pipeline they should return, and therefore, the areal impact is negligible. The magnitude of the impact is considered to be minor. The likelihood of an impact is low, since the additional traffic through the ROW will only disturb the habitat for a few weeks. The overall severity of the impact is low. Disturbance to wildlife populations due to noise created by earthmoving equipment and associated machinery. Temporal Negligible Impact Significance Areal Moderate Minor Moderate Severity Magnitude Minor Likelihood Medium Earthmoving and other heavy equipment will be used for clearing of the ROW and installation of the pipeline. This equipment will be used for clearing of trees, shrubs, underbrush, and topsoil (including any grasses). The machinery is louder than the surrounding habitat and might cause an alteration in migration patterns (daily, seasonally, or yearly) of species found in the area. It could also affect the hearing of species that use sound as a manner to hunt or avoid predator detection. Earthmoving equipment and other related large machinery, which will only be used for a very short time in any one location along the pipeline, might produce noise levels as high as 91 decibels weighted to 'A' scale (dBA). Table 6.6-2 lists typical construction equipment and their associated noise levels. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-61 Chapter 6 Table Construction E uipment Noise Levels Equipment Type Noise Level at 50ft (15.2m) Backhoe 85dBA Tractor 8OdBA Trucks 91 dBA Chipper 85dBA Chain Saw 76dBA Source: Bolt, et al., 1971; Federal Transit Administration, 1995. A background noise-level study was not conducted in Benin; however, the area where the pipeline will be constructed is relatively undeveloped. Only one major developed installation will be crossed, the Lome-Cotonou highway. The major highway is the only source of noise disturbance at the current time. During construction, the machinery will produce additional noise disturbances to the surrounding habitat. To gauge the relative significance of the noise impact, an increase in noise of 5dBA over background levels is distinctly audible and is generally used as the threshold for a significant noise increase. A 1 OdBA increase is approximately a doubling of loudness. Some species are more sensitive noise receptors than others. Manci, et al. (1988) reports that at noise levels above 9OdBA mammals may retreat, freeze, or become startled. For comparison, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) consider exposure to 85dBA for eight hours or longer detrimental to human health. As another benchmark, World Bank guidelines are 7OdBA for commercial/industrial receptors outside a project's boundaries, and 55/45dBA (day/night) for residential/institutional/educational receptors outside a project's boundaries (PPAH 1998). No World Bank noise guidelines specific to habitats and biota were identified. The expected level of construction noise and associated activity could cause disturbance to animals, including birds, within and around the construction sites. Disturbance could mean that their feeding and breeding patterns are disrupted, or it could drive animals and birds away from areas adjacent to the construction location. Noise from construction equipment could scare wildlife species away from the area, while the associated vibrations could create physiological impacts to wildlife. The impacts to biological resources are reversible once the source of noise is removed. Operations in upland areas will only occur during daylight hours, and the construction sites will be constantly making linear progress along the ROW, disturbing any specific area for less than one week. The temporal significance of this impact is therefore negligible. Noise from localized sources typically falls off, but only by about 6dBA with each doubling of distance from source to receptor; therefore, organisms outside of the ROW could be affected. For instance, assuming a starting level of 83dbA, at 30.5m (lOOft) from the construction site the average noise level would be approximately 77dBA. At 61m (200ft) from the construction site, the noise levels will have dropped off to approximately 7ldBA. Beyond 100m (328ft) of the pipeline ROW, the noise levels should not be more than 67dBA. A distance of 350 to 400m is needed to reach the World Bank daytime guideline level of 55dBA for residential/institutional/educational receptors. Given the distance needed for the June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-62 Chapter 6 noise to attenuate, the areal extent affected by the increase in noise is moderate. The magnitude of the impact is minor because individual animals will avoid the area, but wildlife populations should not be affected. The likelihood that individuals will avoid the project area because of noise levels is dependent upon the receptor's threshold level and is considered medium, resulting in an overall moderate impact severity. Pipeline Construction - Wetlands Changes to current habitat quality due to trenching across wetlands. Temporal Moderate Impact Significance Areal Minor Moderate Magnitude Moderate Likelihood High The pipeline ROW will cross wetlands at various locations (wetlands are interspersed with land at higher elevations). Where trenching occurs during pipeline installation in wetlands, habitat quality may be degraded. Construction activities associated with pipeline installation that may lead to negative impacts on wetlands include soil compaction, oxidation of exposed hydric soil (or oxygen-poor wetland soil), and siltation from trenching waste overflow. These activities can alter wetland hydrology and negatively affect vegetation communities, wildlife habitat, and wetland function. Site-clearing activities and trenching will temporarily eliminate wildlife habitat and cause wildlife migration out of the project area. It is likely that the original species will re-colonize soon after construction. However, invasive species may also colonize the site, displace native species, and thereby adversely affect habitat and biological resources in the project area. Trenching and laying the pipeline will only last a few weeks; however, returning the wetlands to their original state will take more time. The ecological functions of wetlands (groundwater recharge, flow augmentation, flood attenuation, erosion control, sediment removal and/or retention, pollutant removal and/or retention, habitat for fauna and flora including rare, migratory, and usual species) will be adversely affected, at least temporarily. With proper mitigation measures, reinstatement, careful management of trenching wastes, and ongoing monitoring, impacts on habitat should be reversible within six months to a few years. The overall temporal impacts to wetland resources are thus moderate. The areal extent for the trenching method includes the 25m (82ft) ROW for the length of the individual wetlands being crossed. The wetlands area that will be affected by trenching operations is 3.5ha (8.6 acres). Some disruption of the wetlands may occur outside of the 25m ROW due to the presences of barges, mats, and overflow of trenching wastes. The overall areal impact to the wetlands is minor. A measurable change to the wetland baseline conditions is expected due to the trenching and vegetation removal. One example is the possible change in pH levels of the wetland soils June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-63 Chapter 6 due to exposure of the highly acidic soils that were previously buried. Even though the wetlands are to be reinstated and conditions are expected to return to normal, the magnitude of the impact is considered moderate. The likelihood of impacts to habitat and biological resources in the wetland areas due to trenching is high. The overall severity of these impacts is high. Pipeline Construction - Laeoon Changes in current habitat quality due to trenching across the lagoon. Temporal | Moderate l Impact Significance Areal Minor Moderate Magnitude Moderate Likelihood High Trenching across the lagoon bed in Benin will result in the loss of biological resources such as fish and benthic organisms by siltation and physical smothering. (If trenching is discovered not to be technically feasible, which is not expected, then HDD would be used; see land use discussion for pipeline construction in the lagoon in Section 6.6.1. 1.) The suspension of sediments during trenching operations will indirectly have adverse impacts on fish populations and aquatic vegetation. Increased suspended sediments can be lethal to filter-feeding organisms by clogging and damaging their feeding and breathing apparatus. Excess suspended sediments can clog the gills of young fish and limit their ability to respire, but adult fish are likely to move away from the area until water quality is restored. However, in some instances, organic material releases into the water column can represent a food source that attracts some fish species (UK Marine Special Areas of Conservation, 2003). Measurements taken in the lagoon in Benin during the second season baseline survey indicate that the average total suspended sediment (TSS) is approximately 9 parts per million (ppm). Generally, a large increase in TSS to 80ppm or more would be detrimental to fisheries habitat, but much lower TSS loads over long periods of time could be similarly detrimental (DFO, 2000). Typically, trenching activities do not generate more increased suspended sediments than normal boat traffic, bottom fishing, or severe storms. The greatest water depth of the lagoon in Benin is 1.9m (6.2ft). Given the shallow depth of the lagoon, it would be difficult to distinguish between "natural" causes of TSS and those caused by trenching operations (Thales, 2003). Furthermore, the effects of suspended sediments and turbidity are usually short-term (less than one week after the activity occurs) and localized (less than lkm from where the activity occurs). There is the potential for chemical contaminants present in sediments to be released into the water column during trenching operations. Contaminants of concern, particularly heavy metals, which can bioaccumulate in the foodchain, are reported in Chapter 5. Slightly elevated levels of magnesium and zinc were noted in the Benin lagoon in the first season EBS, but these levels were not reconfirmed during the second season EBS. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-64 Chapter 6 Trenching and laying the pipeline will take at most a few weeks, but returning the lagoon bed and creek bed to their original states may take six months to a year. Sediment churned up by pipeline installation activities will settle quickly, but re-colonization of the benthos and vegetation could take up to a year. The pipeline will be covered with the excavated sediment, so there will be no need for spoils placement within or outside the lagoon. The overall temporal impacts to the lagoon bed are moderate for this construction method. In the Benin lagoon, the areal extent for the trenching method includes a below surface ROW for the length of the lagoon, approximately 455m (1,493ft). Assuming a 25m (82ft) wide working area, the total area directly affected by the installation activities is 1 .lha (2.8 acres). Some disruption may occur outside of the 25m ROW due to the presences of barges, mats, and other equipment on the edges. The overall areal impact to the lagoon in Benin is minor. Based on the types of impacts described above, measurable change to the ecological baseline conditions is expected due to the trenching, removal of vegetation, and disruption of sediments during installation of the pipeline. The magnitude of the impact to habitat quality in and around the lagoon is considered moderate. The likelihood of impacts to habitat quality caused by the trenching is high. Thus, the overall severity of impacts to the habitat quality of the lagoon in Benin is high. Pipeline Construction - Barrier Island, Beach. and Shoreline Areas The Gulf of Guinea serves as an important migration route, feeding ground, and nesting site for marine turtles. Six species have been identified: the loggerhead (Caretta); the olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea); the kemp ridley (Lepidochelys kempii); the hawksbill (Erectmochelys imbricata); the green turtle (Chelonia mydas); and the leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) (Armah et al., 1997a). Additional background on these species may be found in published literature (Fretey, 2001). Marine turtles nest on sandy beaches above the high tide mark. Because they often return to the same area to nest, care should be taken to minimize the impact to beaches where nesting occurs. Sea turtles are a protected species under several international treaties ratified by Benin and the other three West African countries covered in this project. Notwithstanding, populations have decreased due to poaching and habitat destruction. Portions of Benin shoreline areas are known turtle breeding/nesting sites. Three species of turtles have been observed nesting on beaches in Benin, including olive ridley, green, and leatherback (Fretey, 2001). More information is available in Chapter 5. If construction activities take place during nesting season of sea turtles on beaches where the turtles are known to nest, then turtle populations could be adversely affected especially if night work takes place. Trenching and HDD activities in the beach area could also destroy existing turtle nests and the eggs therein. No marine reptiles were observed in the Benin shore crossing area during the First Season EBS, though the survey work did not occur during the time of year (August through November) in which sea turtles are generally present in this region. Additional work was June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-65 Chapter 6 conducted during the nesting season to provide more data on sea turtle nesting use within and near the project area. Results of this work are provided in Appendix 5-B of this report. Changes to current habitat due to HDD pipeline construction at the shore landing site. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Moderate Likelihood Low The clearing of habitat will be necessary at the HDD entry point and staging area onshore on the barrier island. (Based on engineering assessments already completed, HDD at this location appears technically feasible. In the unlikely event it is not, then trenching methods will be used.) The size of this temporary work staging and construction area for HDD operations will be determined by the EPC contractor, but is expected to be no larger than 50m (164ft) wide along a 500m (1,640ft) stretch of the pipeline ROW. If it is that large, the total footprint of the temporary work staging and construction area will be 2.5ha, but half of it would be within the 25m (82ft) wide pipeline ROW and the other half (1.25ha) would run along the outside of the ROW. The area will only be occupied for a few weeks, and it will be reinstated after the pipeline is installed. The drill site would require leveling, fill, and compaction in order to support the drilling equipment. For this reason, marshy areas should not be selected for HDD operations entry locations. Because the temporary drill site area will be reinstated after construction of the shoreline pipeline, the habitat will only be temporarily disturbed and should return to its pre- construction state within six months. Therefore, the temporal extent of the impact on habitat is minor. Disturbance to the immediate and surrounding habitat from the HDD drill site entry and staging area will occur over a maximum of 2.5ha, half of which is within the pre- established ROW. There will be some additional disturbance due to the transport of equipment to the site, resulting in an overall minor areal extent. The magnitude of the impacts is moderate because of the fragility of the barrier island habitat, the 24-hour HDD operations, and the possible presence of marine turtles. The likelihood of impacts to biological resources in the barrier island shoreline and beach area due to HDD is low, however, because the HDD drilling equipment and footprint will be located no closer than 50m to 100m inland from the high tide mark. Given that the beach is roughly 40m wide, the physical presence of construction equipment and pipeline installation activities should not disturb any turtle nesting sites that occur (i.e., the beach surface will be undisturbed). Moreover, the likelihood of any potential adverse impacts on turtles and nests is expected to be significantly mitigated by adherence to the WAPCo Turtle Impact Monitoring and Mitigation Plan for Construction and Maintenance Operations (see Appendix 8B2.8.3). This plan specifies daytime and nighttime beach survey procedures, as well as near-shore monitoring procedures. If pipeline construction occurs between August 1 and January 31 (includes period recognized as peak turtle nesting season), then daily visual surveys will begin two weeks prior to construction, and if turtles are observed outside this time period, the plan calls for surveys to commence at that time. Mitigation steps are spelled June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-66 Chapter 6 out in the plan for cases where turtles, turtle hatchlings, turtle nests, and turtle eggs are observed. Given the low likelihood and overall minor significance, the overall severity of impacts to the habitat and biological resources of the barrier island, beach, and shoreline areas resulting from HDD pipeline installation is low. R&M Station Construction The Cotonou R&M station is located west of Cotonou, approximately 10km (6 miles) from the city center. The facility footprint will be 150m by 220m (492ft by 721ft) and occupy 3.3ha (8.1 acres), including a 25m (82ft) buffer zone that will surround the facility components but be contained within the facility fence line. An additional 3ha area adjacent to the footprint will be used as a temporary staging area for both R&M station and pipeline construction activities. This staging area will be affected during the construction period only. Chapter 2 contains a site location map for the Cotonou R&M station. Transport of goods to the facility during the construction phase will likely be by the Cotonou-Lome highway. To the south of the station, a 25m ROW, approximately 5. 1km (3.2 miles) in length is required for the onshore portion of the high pressure lateral linking the R&M station to the offshore mainline. To the northeast of the R&M station a 25m ROW of approximately 9.5km (5.9 miles) is required for a low pressure link line to Maria Gleta. Changes to current habitat from site preparation, including clearing of land, for the R&M station construction. | Temporal Major l Impact Significance Areal Negligible Minor Nloderate Severity Magnitude Minor Likelihood High Clearing of the land for the construction of the R&M station will have a footprint of 150m by 220m (492ft by 721ft) and occupy 3.3ha (8.1 acres). This area of land will be permanently altered from its pre-construction natural state. The alteration of the area will no longer allow for native species will to inhabit this plot of land. After the construction phase of the operation, the land will be clear and will not be allowed to naturally revegetate. An additional 3ha area adjacent to the R&M station will be used as a temporary staging area for both R&M station and pipeline construction activities. This land will be reinstated post- construction. Site preparation and construction activities at the R&M station are expected to take approximately three to four months to complete. The temporal impact is expected to be major because although the disturbance created by the construction is temporary, the impact from the loss of habitat at the station will be long-term. The areal impact is negligible due to the relatively small size of the plot of land the station will occupy. The magnitude of the impact is minor since the habitat being affected is not unique or rare, and the size of the land affected will be relatively small. The likelihood of an impact is high June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-67 Chapter 6 since the cleared land will be permanently altered to allow the R&M station to be situated on the plot of land. The overall impact severity is moderate. Disturbance of surrounding habitat and biological resources from the transport of equipment from the port by existing roads. Temporal Negligible ; Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Minor Likelihood Low The temporal impact from the transport of equipment and materials to the R&M construction site from the port in Cotonou (approximately 18km away; see Figure 6.6-5) for location of the port relative to the R&M station) via the existing road network will be negligible since the time required to construct the station will only be three to four months. Areal impacts are also minor. Due to the proximity of the R&M station site to the existing road network and the short travel distance from the port, any disturbance will be localized in the vicinity of the construction site and roadways, and habitats outside of a 100m (328ft) radius would not be impacted. The magnitude of the impact from construction will also be minor since the road network traverses an already disturbed area, and the R&M station location is adjacent to an existing road. The transport will occur on existing roads that already experience traffic; therefore, the likelihood of impacts to habitat biological resources from the truck traffic is low. Over the course of four months a maximum of 100 truck trips delivering the R&M station skid- mounted modules will be delivered. Even during peak construction periods, the maximum incremental traffic is expected to be on no more than 10 trucks per day. Since the road is already heavily trafficked, additional disturbance to biological resources is highly unlikely, and the overall impact severity is therefore considered low. Disturbance to wildlife populations due to noise from earthmoving equipment and associated machinery. Temporal Negligible Impact Significance Areal Moderate Minor Moderate Severity lMagnitude Minor I Likelihood Miedium Impacts expected from noise during the R&M station construction are similar to those described under upland pipeline construction. Operations will occur 12 hours per day as necessary, and will continue for three to four months during the site construction. Earthmoving equipment will be used for clearing of trees, shrubs, underbrush, and topsoil in preparation for the R&M station installation. The machinery is louder than the surrounding habitat and might cause an alteration in migration patterns (daily, seasonally, or yearly) of species found in the area. It might also affect the hearing of species that use sound to hunt or avoid predation. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-68 Chapter 6 Earthmoving equipment, the highest noise producer (see Table 6.6-2 for dBA levels), will only be utilized for several weeks. Construction and traffic noise at the R&M station could cause disturbance to animals, including birds, within and around the construction sites. Disturbance could mean that their feeding and breeding patterns are disrupted, or it could temporarily drive animals and birds away from areas adjacent to the construction site. Noise from construction equipment could scare wildlife species away from the area, while the associated vibrations could create physiological impacts to wildlife. The impacts to surrounding organisms are reversible once the source of noise is removed. The use of the earthmoving equipment will be brief for the clearance and site preparation for the R&M station, and the entire construction period is three to four months. Thus, the temporal impact is negligible. The plot of land affected is small (3.3 ha, or 8.1 acres, plus an adjacent 3ha staging area), and the use of the earthmoving equipment will only be utilized in this space. Due to the distance needed for noise attenuation (see discussion above under upland pipeline construction), the areal extent affected by the increase in noise is moderate. The magnitude of the impact is minor because individual animals will avoid the area, but wildlife populations should not be affected. The likelihood of an impact is medium since the noise generated by the equipment will be louder than the normal decibel levels found in the undisturbed habitat and likely will cause disturbances to the wildlife. The overall impact severity is moderate. Topography, Geology, and Soils The construction ROW for both the high pressure lateral and low pressure link line will be cleared and graded to remove brush, trees, and roots, and other obstructions such as large rocks and stumps. Some crops and other non-wooded vegetation may be mowed while other crops, such as grain, may be left in place to limit soil erosion. The construction ROW will be graded in places to create a safe working area, accommodate pipe-bending equipment, and allow the operation and travel of construction equipment. The natural drainage will be preserved to the extent possible. Pipeline Construction - Upland Topsoil is the uppermost layer (first several inches) of the soil profile and generally provides the most fertile growing medium since there are more microorganisms, organic matter, and nutrients than in the subsoil. Removal of more than several inches of soil during clearing and grading activities can lead to the mixing of the subsoil with topsoil; homogenization of the soil profiles will reduce the overall soil fertility and soil structure. Soil degradation is indicated by lowered fertility status either by reduction of nutrient levels or by physical loss of topsoil. Clearing and grading the pipeline ROW can potentially lead to such changes by mixing topsoil with excavated soil, increasing soil compaction, and increasing soil erosion (Sorrell, et al., 1982). June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-69 Chapter 6 Change in soil structure due to clearing and grading activities. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Negligible Minor Moderate Severitv IMagnitude Minor Likelihood Medium The ROW will be 25m (82ft) in width, and the soil will be stripped and stored on the edge of the ROW, typically within the 5m (16ft) non-working side. When clearing vegetation and grading occurs in upland and agricultural areas, the excavated topsoil will be segregated and stored separately from the subsoil. Soil compaction will result from the movement of heavy construction equipment (e.g., bulldozer, backhoe) on the land within the ROW. Soil compaction in turn results in reduced aeration and permeability, and therefore reduced water holding capacity and plant growth. Vegetation clearing and grading activities within the ROW may also contribute to an increase in surface runoff and erosion of the soil and sediment. Upland soils that are denuded of vegetative cover and root matrices are more prone to erosion by running water and strong winds. The climate of the project area is such that erosion due to rainfall could be exacerbated in the construction area. The mean annual rainfall ranges from 500 millimeters (mm) to 2,000mm (19.7in to 78.7in). The major rainy season normally occurs between April and July while the minor season occurs in August. Soils in the ROW will be exposed to the elements (i.e., not covered with vegetation) throughout the construction phase, which will last approximately two to three months. The vegetation will then be reinstated but maintained at a short length (along the 15m maintenance corridor) for service access purposes throughout the duration of the WAGP project. Reinstated vegetation should not take longer than four months to establish roots and adequate ground cover. The temporal aspect of this impact is therefore minor. Because potential adverse impacts to soils are expected only within the 25m (82ft) ROW, the areal extent of the impact is classified as negligible. This classification is also supported by the short length of the pipeline in upland areas.. The rate of erosion is dependent upon the following: * Soil erodability factor (i.e., the cohesive of bonding character of a soil type and its resistance to dislodging and transport due to rain and overland flow); * Amount of overland flow; * Slope of the land; * Agricultural practices; and * Conservation practices. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-70 Chapter 6 Soil particle composition in Benin consists largely of yellow sand, with clay constituting less than 10 percent (Volkoff, 1976 and Agassounon, 2002). These are very poor soils with low cation exchange capacity and poor water retention. A complete discussion of the local soils is given in Section 5.1. Soils that contain high proportions of silt and very fine sand are generally the most erodable. The erodability of soils decreases with increasing clay or organic matter, but total organic carbon content of the soils in Benin was generally less than one percent. Overland flow parameters would increase due to the compaction of the soil, and could be significant during the rainy season The average slope of the land in the Benin project area is 0.13 percent or nearly flat. This was calculated based on the land elevation of approximately 1 9m (62ft) at the terminus of the link line ROW at the CEB and the distance from the shoreline to the terminus of approximately 14km (8.7 miles). Since the project area is nearly flat, with proper management during construction the magnitude of this impact to soils is minor. The likelihood of impacts to soils during the construction of the pipeline is medium. Erosion or changes in soil structure is likely to occur, especially if construction work is undertaken during periods of heavy rainfall because the soils will be exposed for approximately two to three months prior to reinstatement. Considering all of these factors together, the severity of impacts to soils arising from pipeline construction in upland areas is of moderate severity. Change in soil structure due to trenching and backfilling to install the pipeline in upland areas. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Negligible Minor Moderate Severity IMagnitude Moderate Likelihood Medium The pipe trench will be dug using track mounted trenchers or backhoes from the "working side" (the 1Om (33ft) adjacent to the 15m (49ft) reserved for permanent pipeline burial) of the ROW. Excavated spoils will be placed on the non-working side of the excavation for reuse as shown in Figure 6.6-4 above. Once the pipe is in the trench, the trench is backfilled using a backhoe or other suitable equipment as shown below. Backfill will consist of the materials excavated (spoils) that were temporarily stored in the nonworking side of the ROW. In areas where the topsoil was segregated from the subsoil, the subsoil will be used as fill material first, and then the topsoil will be placed over the subsoil backfill. Backfilling (see Figure 6.6-6) will occur to pre- existing grade or slightly higher to accommodate any future soil settlement. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-71 Chapter 6 Figure Bac filling in Upland Construction l?ckyl,ling the trench. The temporal impact is consistent with clearing and grading activities, described above. The soils in the ROW will be exposed to wind and rain throughout the construction phase, which will last approximately two to three months. The vegetation will then be reinstated but maintained at a short length (along the 1 5m (49ft) maintenance corridor) throughout the duration of the WAGP project. The temporal aspect of this impact is therefore minor. The areal extent of the impact is consistent with clearing and grading activities and is negligible. The placement or storage of soils excavated from the pipeline trench within the ROW exposes that soil to erosion. Similarly, the soils of the open-cut trench would also be exposed. Backfilling of the site and the presence of heavy equipment could result in soil compaction, thus making the soil surfaces more impermeable, increasing runoff and the erodability of the soils. While the trench is open, it functions as a drain, funneling water and thereby increasing the amount of runoff and soil erosion. Assuming proper management during construction, the soil impacts compared to the baseline conditions should not be more than 20 percent in magnitude. The magnitude of this impact to soils is considered moderate. The likelihood of the impact occurring is also consistent with general clearing and grading activities (medium). Therefore, the severity of impacts to soils arising from trenching and backfilling in upland areas is of moderate severity. Change in soil structure due to thrust boring of road crossings. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Negligible Likelihood L ow E June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-72 Chapter 6 The thrust boring method will be employed to install the pipeline underneath one road and one railroad to avoid disruption of normal traffic patterns. Trenches will be dug on either side of the road/railroad in the direction of the ROW rather than digging a contiguous open trench across the road/railroad. A 50m by 30m (164ft by 98ft) footprint for drilling equipment is required for the thrust-boring location at the entry point, with all but 5m (16ft) of the footprint within the ROW leading up to the crossing. No extra workspace will be needed to string the welded pipe. Impacts from subsoil mixing with topsoil and from soil compaction resulting from the movement of heavy equipment is the same for the equipment used during clearing and grading activities, as discussed above. The duration for thrust boring operations will be from five to 14 days for each crossing, although seven to ten days is the most common duration for this type of operation. Therefore, the temporal impact is minor. Even though the majority of the extent of this impact will be contained within the ROW, it can not occur completely within the ROW, since the ROW is 25m (82ft) wide and the footprint required is 50m by 30m; thus resulting in a minor areal significance. Because the rail and road crossings are in flat areas, erosion will be minimal and the magnitude of the impact should be negligible. Due to the short duration of the operation, the likelihood of impacts to soils during the construction of the pipeline is low. It is not likely that the soils could become saturated with water. Even if construction is undertaken during the rainy season, the drilling areas should not be susceptible to runoff given the current topography of the crossing sites. The overall impact severity is therefore low. Contamination of soils due to management of hazardous materials and the generation of solid and hazardous wastes during upland pipeline construction. It is assumed that all project-approved best management practices (BMPs) and mitigation measures will be implemented during the storage, usage, transport, and disposal of all hazardous materials and wastes. The impacts from these activities are thus evaluated for the instances where these practices may fail to protect the surrounding soils and topography, i.e., there is a very low to medium likelihood of occurrence. Management of hazardous materials and wastes and the secondary impacts to Benin's infrastructure are discussed as part of Chapter 8, Environmental Management Plan. This same approach is used to evaluate impacts under Section 6.6.1.4, Water Resources and Hydrology. Temporal 7 Negligible | Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Moderate Likelihood Low Wastes will be treated and disposed of according an approved waste management plan. They are expected to consist principally of cleared vegetation from the ROW. Other construction wastes include remnants of piping materials; electrical materials (cables, connections, etc.); incidental maintenance volumes of solvents, lubricating oils, and grease; and refuse from June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-73 Chapter 6 food and bottled water supplies for the construction workers. Wastes that could affect soil quality are primarily solvents, oils, and greases. If they occur, spills or leakage of these liquids could seep into the surrounding soil and remain for years if not attended to. Depending upon the toxicity, persistence, and mobility of the materials spilled, the effects would be reversible only with treatment. However, in the event of any spill, resulting soil contamination will be excavated from the project site and hauled to an approved disposal facility rather than treated in-situ. Assuming that spills are detected quickly, that free liquids are recovered, and that contaminated soils are managed and/or excavated, the temporal effect to the soils in the project area would be negligible, lasting for less than a few days. The WAPCo Waste Management Plan will be revised to include a specific procedure regarding the disposal of contaminated soil. The areal extent of the impact would depend on the quantity of hazardous materials spilled or wastes not properly disposed. There will not be large volumes of any one hazardous material or wastes in general stored on-site during construction. In most cases, spills would occur within the ROW or nearby the construction site (within 100m (328ft) of the ROW); therefore, the areal extent of any reasonable mismanagement scenario is considered minor. In the case of solvents, oils, or grease contamination, the existing soil composition would be contaminated by hydrocarbons in the spill area. Given the hazardous materials management methods that will be implemented during the construction phase, the magnitude of such an impact compared to baseline conditions is expected to be moderate, but would depend upon the volume spilled and resulting transport through the soil matrix. The likelihood of a spill or leak during the two to three month onshore construction period is low if proper management practices are implemented. Considering this low likelihood together with the above factors, the severity of any soil contamination is rated as low. Pipeline Construction - Wetlands Similar to the discussion of pipeline construction in upland areas, pipeline construction in wetlands can result in mixing topsoil with excavated soil, soil compaction, and increased soil erosion. In wetlands, soil exposure to oxidizing conditions, which can change the chemical composition of the soil, is an additional concern. Even though soil will be excavated and replaced in the trench, topsoil will be stored separately in zones where there is no standing water or saturated soils; subsoil that has been excavated will then be used to fill the trench first with the topsoil being replaced last. Therefore, there should be little mixing of soil organic matter with soil mineral matter. The soil composition of dredged spoils excavated from wetlands may be altered by the oxidization of the soil matter and subsequent change in soil redox state, which would then reduce the soil's ability to absorb anions, exchange cations, and enhance decomposition rates of organic contaminants. These effects will be long term but localized, and may affect the success of restoration activities post-construction. A final consideration is that while wetlands are hydraulically connected to large water bodies, they are not high-energy environments and the natural water influx to these areas June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-74 Chapter 6 may not be sufficient for natural erosional action to achieve pre-project baseline equilibrium with the project-induced additional deposition. Change in soil structure due to trenching and backf lling to install pipeline in wetland areas. Temporal Moderate Impact Significance Areal Negiigible Moderate Moderate Se%erity Mag ntude Major Likelihood Medium The potential for negative impacts to soil due to compaction is greater in wetland areas than in upland areas. Compared to a typical bulk density of 1.0 gram per cubic centimeter (g/cc) to 2.0g/cc for mineral (upland soils), wetland soils generally have a bulk density of 0.2g/cc to 0.3g/cc and a porosity of 80 percent or more compared to 45 percent to 55 percent for mineral soils (Mistsch and Gosselink, 1993). Heavy equipment for trenching (and possibly stringing and laying in the pipeline) may be used in portions or all of the 25m wetland ROW areas (the total pipeline ROW footprint estimated to cross wetlands and streams is approximately 3.5ha). Soil compaction increases runoff and greatly reduces the water-holding capacity of the wetland, which in turn can impair or destroy the ecological functions of the wetland. For example, soil compaction can alter the soil's ability to support wetland vegetation. For wetlands with saturated soils or very shallow standing water, the construction equipment will be supported on timber mats or on prefabricated equipment mats. These mats spread the weight of the construction equipment over a broad area, thereby minimizing the impacts to soil from compaction. Soils in the marshes within the project area are dominated by a clay fraction. The physical characteristics of the soil combined with the low relief of the habitat greatly reduce the potential for erosion due to runoff. The temporal nature of the impact will be moderate, since wetland reinstatement activities will extend beyond the duration of the two to three month pipeline construction phase. The areal significance will be negligible since the impacts are not expected to occur in excess of the 25m (82ft) ROW or beyond the total ROW footprint of approximately 3.5ha in wetland areas. Spoils will be stored on the non-working side of the ROW and then used as backfill. The magnitude of the impacts is major since the sensitive wetland habitat serves vital ecological functions, many of which could be eliminated by small changes in soil structure; the compounding factors described above are accounted for here (e.g., compaction to soils can lead to vegetative cover changes). Assuming the construction protocols are adhered to, the likelihood of impacts to soils in the wetland areas due to trenching the wetlands is medium. The overall severity of impacts to the soil quality of wetlands is thus rated as moderate. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-75 Chapter 6 Alteration of topography due to trenching and backf lling to install pipeline in wetland areas. | Temporal -Moderate l Impact Significance Areal Moderate Medium NModerare Severity Magnitude Major I Likelihood Medium Small changes in topography can affect sediment erosion, drainage patterns, levels of inundation and the general hydrologic functions of the wetland habitat. In fact, wetland hydrology is often sited as the primary factor influencing wetland development, function, and longevity (Gosselink and Turner, 1978; LaBaugh, 1986; Novitzki, 1989; Sharitz et al., 1990). In addition, as mentioned above, wetlands are hydraulically connected to large water bodies but are not a high-energy environment and the natural water influx to these areas may not be sufficient for natural erosional action to achieve a pre-project baseline equilibrium with the project-induced additional deposition. Spoils will be stored on the non-working side of the ROW. Piles of sediment and cleared brush could interrupt regular tidal inundation or alter regular flooding and drainage patterns in parts of the various swamps within the area. However, any additional dredged materials that are not used for backfilling or restoration activities will be disposed of properly so that spoils piles to not lead to topographical changes that could alter drainage patterns. Stockpiling of soil will be intermittent (not one contiguous pile) to prevent any change in surface water sheet flow. Oxidization of wetland soils causes compaction of the soil so that even post-restoration the design elevation objectives may not be met. However, the trench will be backfilled as soon as the pipe is laid to stabilize the pipeline placement, thereby limiting the storage of spoils outside the wetland environment. Backfill will be either the same material as excavated or a comparable material that is capable of supporting similar wetland vegetation. Provisions will be made to ensure that adequate material will be used to account for settling and compaction of the material and ensure the proper pre-project elevation is attained. The temporal nature of the impact would be moderate, since reinstatement activities will extend beyond the duration of the construction phase and settlement of soil may occur post- reinstatement as described above. The areal significance will be moderate due to impacts that can occur in excess of 100m (328ft) outside of the ROW, particularly if drainage patterns are affected and the lateral extent of the wetland is greater than 25m or is contiguous with other waterways. The magnitude of the impacts is major since the sensitive wetland habitat serves vital ecological functions, many of which could be eliminated by small changes in topography; the compounding factors described above are accounted for here (e.g., changes in topography lead to greater hydrological impacts). The likelihood of the impact occurring is medium. Given the complexity of restoring the ROW to original elevations, the uncertainty of soil settlement, and the possibility that June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-76 Chapter 6 existing drainage patterns outside the ROW may be altered during construction activities, it is likely that along more than 20 percent of the ROW, the topography will not be restored to its original condition. The overall severity of impacts to topographic changes in wetlands is therefore rated as moderate. Contamination of soils due to generation of solid and hazardous wastes or inappropriate hazardous materials management during wetlandpipeline construction. Tem oral Ne li ible Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Moderate Likelihood _ Very Low The potential for impacts due to the mismanagement of hazardous materials or the mismanagement of solid or hazardous wastes is very similar to that assessed in upland areas. Although the amount of waste generated will be less due to the size of the wetland construction sites compared to those in upland areas, the habitat is more sensitive, thus retaining a moderate magnitude of impact. However, the likelihood of impacts to wetland soils from hazardous material releases is downgraded to very low since WAPCo will minimize the amount of hazardous materials in wetland areas. There will be no fueling of construction equipment within the wetland areas and no storage of hazardous materials. The overall severity of impacts is therefore low, assuming proper BMPs are in place and followed. Piyeline Construction - La2oon Changes to sediment due to trenching and backfllling to instaUlpipeline across the lagoon. Temporal Minor I Impact Significance Areal Negligible Minor Magnitude Minor Likelihood Low The traditional push-method trenching will be used to cross the lagoon. Barges or small boats would be deployed in the lagoon and the construction equipment would operate from the barges, thereby minimizing the compaction of benthic sediment in the water body. Soil erosion in the form of sediment transport within the lagoon is not expected to be exacerbated by trenching operations. Compaction of soils is not expected to be a potential impact of concern since the heavy equipment will not be situated on the lagoon bed. The temporal nature of the impact would be minor, since construction operations will not last more than a month. Impacts to changes in the vertical sediment composition will be reversible due to the dynamic nature of the physical environment of lagoons. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-77 Chapter 6 The areal extent of any impacts will be negligible since changes are not expected to occur in excess of the 25m (82ft) ROW and the distance to cross the lagoon is approximately 450m (1,476ft). Spoils will be stored on the non-working side of the ROW and then used as backfill The magnitude of the impact is considered minor since mixing of spoils during trenching and backfilling may result in some measurable change to the affected sediment structure but should not result in significant ecological effects to the overall lagoon habitat. The likelihood of impacts to sediment structure within the lagoon is low since it appears that the sediment composition is homogenous according to sediment sampling results. Therefore, the overall severity of impacts to the sediment quality of the lagoon is low. Contamination of soils due to hazardous materials and the generation of solid and hazardous wastes to install the pipeline across the lagoon. Temporal Negligible Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Moderate Likelihood Low ' The types of impacts due to generation of solid and hazardous wastes are similar to those assessed in upland areas. Please refer to the more detailed discussion above. Pipeline Construction - Barrier Island. Beach, and Shoreline It is expected that HDD techniques will be used to install the shore crossing segment of the high-pressure lateral pipeline that connects to the sub-sea main trunk pipeline. HDD for the shore crossing will be performed from the barrier island out to sea, minimizing surface disturbance to the environment. Traditional trenching would occur only if construction engineers cannot employ horizontal directional drilling (this is not expected based on engineering assessment completed to date). In either case, the area on the barrier island used as staging areas during construction will not be occupied for more than several weeks, and will be reinstated once the pipeline is installed. The impacts to soils and topography in these locations are discussed here. Change in soil structure due to HDD operations in the barrier island area. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Negligible Likelihood Low Some area on the barrier island will be used as a temporary work staging and construction area for HDD operations. The size of this area will be determined by the EPC contractor, but is not expected to be larger than 50m (164ft) wide along a 500m (1,640ft) stretch of the ROW. If it is that large, the total footprint of the temporary work staging and construction area will be 2.5ha, but half of it would be within the 25m (82ft) wide ROW and the other half (1.25ha) would run along the outside of the ROW. The impacts at this location to soil June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-78 Chapter 6 structure will be similar to those described for thrust boring of road crossings in upland areas, described above, although drilling mud management practices may lead to slightly higher impacts in terms of magnitude. Following pipeline installation, the site will be cleaned, restored, and reinstated. The temporary mud pits used to collect slurry of non-hazardous muds and drilling fluids will be emptied, and the site will be leveled and remediated. R&M Station Construction During the site preparation and construction phase, clearing, grading, and excavation activities at the Cotonou R&M station could result in soil compaction and soil erosion. As discussed above, soil compaction increases the permeability of the land surface and increases runoff. If the excavated soil is not stored properly or disposed of off-site, it can also erode or be transported and result in siltation and sedimentation of adjacent water bodies or alter flooding patterns. It is expected that construction of the R&M station will take three to four months and the facilities will remain for the duration of the WAGP project and perhaps longer unless the concrete foundations under each piece of equipment are removed. The R&M station will be located on upland west of Cotonou, approximately lOkm (6 miles) from the city center. The facility will be 150m by 220m (492ft by 721 ft) and occupy 3.3ha (8.1 acres). The soils at the R&M station are the classic Benin "yellow sands" described in detail in Section 5.1. Change in soil surface and topographyfrom land clearing and grading activitiesfor R&M stations construction. Temporal Major Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Moderate Severity Magnitude Minor M Likelihood High Anticipated impacts include potential soil erosion, although with BMPs in place, the potential impacts of siltation and nutrient loading in adjacent water bodies (discussed below under Section 6.6.1.4, Water Resources and Hydrology) are very unlikely. The temporal extent of the alteration to the soils in the project is major. Post-WAGP, the soils will be compacted to an extent that would render them unusable for non-industrial uses and could not revert to agriculture or to wetland habitat unless all topsoil was replaced. Because soil erosion measures will be implemented and the land surface is not sloped, the impact to soils and adjacent topography will be limited to the immediate vicinity of the project (within lOOm (328ft) of the facility boundary). Therefore, the areal extent of the impact is considered minor. The magnitude of this impact is also considered minor since the soils of the existing area are of mixed-use, and the change to the local topography will be minimal. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-79 Chapter 6 Because some change in the soil surface (e.g., open land converted to compacted industrial use) and topography will undoubtedly occur due to the building of the R&M station, the likelihood of an impact is high. Considering all of these factors together, the overall severity of this impact is rated as moderate. Contamination of soils due to hazardous materials and the generation of solid and hazardous wastes during R&M station construction activities. Temporal Negligible | Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Moderate Likelihood Low The types of impacts due to generation of solid and hazardous materials and wastes are similar to those assessed in upland areas. Please refer to the more detailed discussion above. Water Resources and Hydrology Movement and alteration of soil structure during construction (as discussed in the previous section) could lead to degradation of the hydrology and/or surface water quality in the natural environment. Changes in surface hydrology can in turn adversely affect conditions that maintain healthy biological resources. Because site preparation and construction activities will occur over a limited time period and in a very localized area, however, most of the water-related impacts are negligible or low. Freshwater needs during construction will be met in a variety of ways, based upon the construction location and the availability of local water resources. Depending on the source of the water chosen and the amount extracted, there could be impacts on the quantity or quality of the resource and its availability for other uses. The option of new boreholes and extraction of groundwater to support R&M station construction has the potential to negatively impact local water supplies. However, studies will be done prior to any groundwater extraction to ensure that groundwater flows are sufficient to support both local uses and the project-related uses. If project-related groundwater withdrawals affect local supplies negatively at any location, such withdrawals will be ended and water will be trucked in to support project activities. The onshore pipeline route from the Benin shore landing traverses a barrier island that is comprised of a beach strand (roughly 40m wide), then an unpaved beach road, and next a coconut plantation that is approximately 400m (1,312ft) wide and has an herbaceous layer. The total pipeline length crossing the barrier island is roughly 0.66km (0.41 mile). From there, the land slopes downward toward a brackish lagoon; this lagoon is approximately 455m (1,493ft) wide (as measured by the engineering survey team). There are brackish saltmarsh wetlands and patches of isolated mangroves that extend for approximately l km (0.6 mile) north of the lagoon. The R&M station area is savanna and a patchwork of cultivated fields. From the R&M station north, there is a plantation area and then the ROW continues along the edge of a fresh/brackish marsh. The water resources issue of primary concern is the preservation of the proper hydrologic functioning of the brackish and freshwater marshes and the lagoon with its fringe mangroves. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-80 Chapter 6 Most of the onshore site preparation and construction activities evaluated for Benin were determined to have negligible potential impacts on water resources and hydrology. Only one of the 20 activities evaluated, trenching to install pipeline in wetland areas, has the potential to result in high severity impacts, as discussed below. A few other activities, also discussed below, were assessed as having low or moderate severity impacts. Almost all of these impacts are localized and relatively short in duration and reversible post-construction. No country-wide adverse impacts on water resources and hydrology were identified. Note that all point source discharges of sanitary, stormwater, hydrotest, or process effluents will be managed as permitted by Benin's regulations, and consistent with the more stringent of Benin's standards or applicable World Bank Guidelines (PPAH 1998), as specified in the Environmental Design Basis for this project (Appendix 8-B4.2). Pipeline Construction - Upland Water needed for upland pipeline construction activities (e.g., dust control) likely will be transported to the construction sites by truck and should not have direct impact on local water supply resources. Impacts on water resources in the project area are therefore negligible. The source of this water (e.g., purchased from local sources, obtained from the possible new R&M station borehole) is not determined at this time, but an alternative will be selected such that there will be no significant detrimental impacts on water resources outside the project area. Changes to surface water quality due to earthmoving activities. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Moderate Severity Magnitude Moderate I Likelihood Medium As discussed in the previous section (Topography, Geology, and Soil), the ROW and staging sites will be cleared of topsoil and graded, and the pipeline trench will be dug. The intent is to stockpile soil in the non-working area of the ROW during construction. After construction the stripped soil will be regarded, and the area will be reinstated with native vegetation. However, while stockpiled (since pipeline construction will progress linearly, this will be a period lasting a few weeks, not the entire pipeline construction period of two to three months), the soil is prone to storm water erosion. This would be an impact of greater concern during the rainy season. The physical impact of sediment loading to water bodies near the construction site is an increase in turbidity, biological oxygen demand, and eutrophication of the aquatic habitat. The water bodies at most risk to sediment loading from pipeline construction in upland areas are the freshwater-brackish marshes that are adjacent to the link line ROW north of the R&M station, particularly the portion of the link line that runs northeast towards Maria Gleta. The marshes are known as the Sodo Swamp, and the pipeline will be installed adjacent to the marshes over a distance of 7km (4.3 miles) (Figure 6.6-2 depicts the pipeline route and the wetlands habitat). The wetlands, while hydraulically connected to large water bodies, are not a high-energy environment, and the natural freshwater influx to these areas may not be sufficient for natural erosional action to achieve June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-81 Chapter 6 pre-project baseline equilibrium with any project-induced additional deposition (discussed in the above section, Topography, Geology, and Soil). The average slope of the land in the Benin project area, as described in the previous section, is 0.13 percent, or nearly flat. In addition, erosion control measures will be implemented to contain the cleared topsoil and debris and prevent it from entering the adjacent water bodies. Therefore, if the construction activities did not occur directly adjacent to a surface water body, no impacts would be expected, or the likelihood of their occurrence would be very low. It is the proximity of the pipeline ROW to the marsh habitat that is of concern here. If siltation of adjacent marsh complex does occur, the temporal effect would be minor; water quality should return to its previous condition within six months. If soil erosion does occur, measures will be taken to minimize it. Therefore, the impact would not continue throughout the entire construction phase. The areal extent of this impact is of minor significance, because of the localized nature of the trenching and siltation and the relatively small area involved. The level of dissolved oxygen in the northern marsh area was measured as less than lppm, which is very low. The total suspended sediment readings taken during the environmental baseline study were just above 30ppm, which is typical for a wetlands environment. The magnitude of increased turbidity is considered moderate due to the shallow water depths in the area and the low baseline dissolved oxygen levels. The likelihood of impacts to surface water quality from erosion of soils during the construction of the pipeline is medium, given BMPs and erosion control techniques to be implemented, but also taking into account the proximity of the pipeline trenching activities to the wetlands. Therefore, the severity of impacts to surface water quality arising from earthmoving activities during pipeline construction in upland areas is of moderate severity. Changes to surface and ground water quality due to generation of solid and hazardous wastes or inappropriate hazardous material management during upland pipeline construction. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Ma nitude Moderate Likelihood Low It is assumed that all project approved BMPs and mitigation measures will be implemented during the storage, usage, and transport of all wastes (see WAGP Waste Management Plan,5 Appendix 8-B2.6). Management of wastes and the secondary impacts to the country's infrastructure are discussed as part of Chapter 8, Health, Safety, and Environmental Management Plan. Wastes associated with construction activities will be managed on-site and typically disposed of off-site according to an approved waste management plan (more details provided in 5The WAGP Waste Management Plan and/or operational controls (Chapter 8 and Appendix 8B2.6) will be revised to incorporate a spoils management program to address temporary management during construction and permanent disposal as necessary. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-82 Chapter 6 Chapter 8). They are expected to consist principally of cleared vegetation from the ROW (i.e., the vegetation cover of the total pipeline ROW area of 36.5ha, or a maximum volume of 400,000 cubic meters (mi3)) and debris. Other construction wastes include remnants of piping materials; electrical materials (cables, connections, etc.); incidental maintenance volumes of solvents, lubricating oils, and grease; and refuse from food and bottled water supplies for the construction workers. An inventory of these materials is provided in Appendix 2-B. Wastes that could degrade water quality are primarily solvents, oils, and greases, when used in proximity to surface water bodies such as ponds and streams. Spills or leakage of these liquids could seep into the surrounding water bodies and remain for many years if not attended to. Very large spills or leaks of these liquids could penetrate the soil and leach into adjacent wetlands and/or groundwater, thereby causing contamination of water resources. However, for upland areas contamination would have to migrate outside of the ROW to impact waterways. Assuming the spill is identified and managed, the temporal effect to water quality would be minor because the contamination would not be from an ongoing release. Depending on the toxicity of the spilled materials, the effects would be reversible only with treatment. The areal extent of the impact would depend on the quantity spilled or not properly disposed. There will not be large volumes of any one hazardous material kept onsite during construction (please refer to Appendices 2-B and 2-F for a listing of solid and hazardous wastes associated with the pipeline construction). One to three diesel fuel trucks to supply generators and construction equipment, each capable of carrying 1 0,OOOL of diesel fuel, will move along with the linear progression of the pipeline construction activities. In most cases spills would occur within the ROW or nearby the construction site, therefore the areal extent can be assumed to be minor. In the case of solvents, oils, or grease contamination, the existing surface water quality would be adversely affected in the spill area. The magnitude of such an impact would be moderate, but would depend on the volume spilled into waterways. The likelihood of a spill or leak occurring during the two- to three-month pipeline construction period and reaching water resources is low if proper BMPs are implemented. The overall severity of impacts from solid and hazardous wastes is therefore low. Pipeline Construction - Wetlands Water needed for upland pipeline construction activities (e.g., dust control) likely will be transported to the construction sites by truck and should not have direct impact on local water supply resources. Impacts on water resources in the project area are therefore negligible. The source of this water (e.g., purchased from local sources, obtained from the possible new R&M station borehole) is not determined at this time, but an alternative will be selected such that there will be no significant detrimental impacts on water resources outside the project area. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-83 Chapter 6 Change in hydrologyfrom trenching across wetlands and streams. | Temporal Minor l Impact Significance Areal Moderate Moderate Magnitude Moderate I Likelihood High As described in Chapter 2 (Section 2.8.2.2.4), some of the pipeline routes in Benin traverse wetlands and streams. The engineering survey conducted along the ROW marked the beginning and end point of each water body within the ROW, and these results are presented in Chapter 2. In addition to the area of water bodies within the ROW (3.5ha, or 8.6 acres, of wetlands and stream crossings), the wetlands generally extend beyond the width of the ROW. Wetland habitats in the vicinity of the project area were delineated and characterized during the Second Season EBS (wet season), and the results are contained in Appendix 5-B. The method for pipeline installation is similar to that employed in the upland habitat, except for additional measures that address trenching in standing water. For wetlands with saturated soils or only very shallow water, the construction equipment will be supported on timber mats or prefabricated equipment mats - these mats distribute the weight of the equipment over a large surface area. As described in the Topography, Geology, and Soils section, even small changes in soil structure and drainage patterns in wetland habitats can disrupt hydrology, ecological function, and quantity and quality of the water resource. The spoils from trenching activities will be stockpiled on the non-working side of the ROW (Figure 2.8-3 illustrates a typical trenching operation in wetlands). In open-water situations soil will be stockpiled on barges. Stockpiles in the ROW, consisting of hydric soil mixed with unconsolidated organic material, create levies that alter hydrology. The stockpile levies can block natural sources of sediment and impede overland flow or tidal inundation. These impacts may be felt well beyond the immediate vicinity of wetlands and water bodies. Pipeline construction in wetlands has the potential to yield impacts of high severity if adequate preventive/ameliorating measures are not adopted, especially given the sensitivity of wetlands to disruption and the ecological benefits they provide. However, the WAGP EPC contractor will adhere to the following BMPs during construction: * If the bottom of the pipe trench is at a lower elevation than the wetland, a permanent trench plug will be placed in the trench at the wetland boundary; * The pipeline trench will be backfilled as soon as possible; * Original wetland hydrology will be restored; and June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-84 Chapter 6 * An approved spoils management program will be followed.6 Some BMPs (e.g., stockpiling of soil will be interrupted at intervals to prevent change in surface sheet flow) have already been identified and are discussed in Chapter 8. The temporal effect of the impacts described above is minor and should be reversible within six months after exposure, if ROW reinstatement is successfully accomplished. The areal extent is moderate due to impacts that can occur in excess of 100m (328ft) outside of the ROW, particularly if the wetland is contiguous with other hydrologic features in the area. The magnitude of the impacts is moderate because some alteration of hydrology is expected to persist indefinitely, and the Sodo Swamp complex, in particular, is linked to a larger water body in the area and supports the Benin lagoon system with freshwater inputs. The likelihood of impacts to hydrologic patterns in the wetland area due to trenching is high. Because of the complexity of restoring the ROW to its original contours and hydrology, the uncertainty of being able to restore pre-construction soil structure, and the possibility that existing drainage patterns outside the ROW will be permanently altered along close to 20 percent of the onshore wetlands ROW, the overall severity of impacts to hydrology from trenching across wetland areas and streams is high. Changes to surface water quality due to release of solid and hazardous wastes or inappropriate hazardous material management during wetland pipeline construction. Temporal Minor | Impact Significance Areal Moderate Moderate Moderate Severity Magnitude Moderate M Likelihood Low The potential for impacts due to release of solid and hazardous wastes are similar to those assessed in upland areas. Even though hazardous materials and waste volumes will be minimized in wetland areas (as discussed in the previous section), this resource is more sensitive to disruption and any spills will affect it directly. Therefore, the magnitude of impact is assessed as moderate. In the case of construction in wetlands, the areal extent of the impact is considered moderate because hazardous material or waste spills in surface water (versus upland soils) will tend to affect a larger area, even if promptly detected. The likelihood of this impact remains low, given the additional precautions to be taken with hazardous materials and wastes in wetlands areas. Assuming proper BMPs are followed, the overall severity of impacts to surface water quality from release of solid and hazardous wastes during wetland pipeline construction is moderate. 6 The WAGP Waste Management Plan and/or Operational Controls (Chapter 8 and Appendix 8-B) will be revised to incorporate a spoils management program to address temporary management during construction and permanent disposal as necessary. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-85 Chapter 6 PiDeline Construction - Lagoon Changes to surface water quality due to suspended sediment entrainment in the Benin Lagoon during trenching pipeline installation. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Moderate Severity Magnitude Minor M Likelihood High Disturbance of the lagoon bed sediment during pipeline laying operations in the lagoon will result in suspension of sediment in the water colunin, as discussed in Section 6.6.1.2. Typically, dredging or trenching activities do not generate more suspended sediments than normal boat traffic, bottom fishing, or severe storm events. The bathymetry of the entire lagoon has not been mapped, although the engineering survey measured the cross-section along the proposed ROW; the greatest water depth within the ROW at the time of the survey was 1.16m (3.8 1ft). In the shallower areas, it would be difficult to distinguish between "natural" causes of suspended sediment (e.g., wind) and those caused by trenching operations. Furthermore, the effects of suspended sediments and turbidity are usually short term (less than one week after the activity occurs) and localized (less than 1km (0.6 mile) from where the activity occurred) (UK Marine Special Areas of Conservation, 2003). Because the Benin Lagoon is not a water supply resource for local inhabitants, the adverse impact of most concern is that of habitat and biological resource degradation resulting from increases in suspended sediment in the water column (previously discussed). The temporal effect is minor, since the trenching operations will be limited to several weeks duration. The areal extent significance of the impact is considered minor, because the suspended sediment effects will be localized - within 500m (1,640ft) of the ROW, and with the effects rapidly diminishing with distance. Transport of the suspended sediment will be dependent upon seasonal and tidal influences. The magnitude is considered minor, because the sediments released into the water column do not contain anthropogenic contamination. Chemical analysis results from the environmental baseline survey (see Appendix 5-A) show only background levels of contaminants in the lagoon sediments that would potentially affect the water column quality if disturbed by trenching operations. A narrow trench will be installed (not the entire 25m (82ft) width of ROW necessary for pipeline installation in upland and wetland areas) - approximately 646m3 (170,620 gallons) of total sediment volume would be moved - and a small percentage of the moved sediment would be released to the water column. Construction equipment may operate from floating barges, depending upon the water levels at the time of construction. The likelihood of an impact occurring is high, since the water column will be impacted by disturbed sediment. However, the overall impact severity is moderate. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-86 Chapter 6 Change in hydrologyfrom trenchingpipeline installation across Benin Lagoon. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Minor I Likelihood Low The significance of potential impacts to lagoon hydrology from pipeline trenching across the Benin Lagoon is similar to that described above for wetlands. At the edge of the lagoon waterway, which is dominated by mangroves, reinstatement of soils and topography (as planned for other wetlands areas) will be necessary to ameliorate any adverse impact to fringe mangrove hydrology. In addition, protective plugs will be provided at the lagoon edge. The temporary construction plugs will not be completely removed until absolutely necessary. The open cut trench at the lagoon bank crossing will be backfilled immediately to avoid erosion and alteration of the lagoon bank. Permanent trench plugs will be installed after pipeline installation to prevent hydraulic migration of the lagoon surface waters to adjacent areas. Significant changes in the lagoon hydrology itself are not expected. Sediment suspension and changes in bottom contour should be reversible within six months, from flushing and passive redeposition of sediment. The lagoon is a relatively low-energy environment; however, the dredged material will be used to cover the pipeline once it is installed, thereby mitigating changes in bathymetry. Excedss spoils that could significantly alter the original bathymetry would be disposed of offsite. The temporal effect of the impacts described above is minor and should be reversible within six months after trenching activities, if reinstatement is successfully accomplished. The areal extent significance will be minor because only a small area of fringe wetland might be adversely affected by altered hydrology. The magnitude of the impacts is also minor because it is assumed that the original hydrology of the stream will be restored almost entirely to pre-construction conditions following reinstatement. The overall likelihood of impacts to hydrologic patterns in the lagoon area due to trenching is low, if BMPs are employed. As stated previously, restoration of wetland contours and hydrology to pre-construction conditions can be difficult, but natural hydrologic functions such as sediment transport and deposition should facilitate the process. Therefore, the overall impact to the hydrology within the lagoon is low. Pipeline Construction - Barrier Island, Beach, and Shoreline Areas The pipeline from the shore landing to an offshore subsea tie-in will be installed using HDD methods. (Based on engineering assessments already completed, HDD at this location appears technically feasible. In the unlikely event it is not, then trenching methods will be used.) The entry point for HDD operations will be 50m to lOOm (164ft to 328ft) inland from the high tide mark. Impacts to shoreline hydrology due to HDD operations are not significant since the pipeline is installed at a subsurface level and there would be no surface cuts across the shoreline. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-87 Chapter 6 Potential reduction in local water supply resources due to HDD of the shoreline. A supply of water will need to be obtained for HDD operations, primarily as make-up water for the drilling muds. Drilling muds are continuously recycled following cuttings removal, thereby minimizing water usage. Approximately 1 ,700m (449,000 gallons) of water will be used to mix the non-hazardous bentonite drilling medium. The source of this water is not determined at this time, but an alternative will be selected such that there will be no significant detrimental impacts on water resources within or outside the project area. It is likely that this water will be procured from local commercial sources and transported to the construction site by truck, or that ocean water will be used. Impacts on water resources in the project area would therefore be negligible. Changes to surface and ground water quality due to generation of solid and hazardous wastes or inappropriate hazardous material management during HDD operations. Temporal Negligible Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Minor Likelihood Low Wastes associated with construction activities will be treated and disposed of according to an approved waste management plan. The impact significance due to release of solid and hazardous wastes or materials is similar to that assessed in upland areas (not significant). However, additional wastes associated with HDD operations include spent drill cuttings and muds. The drilling contractor will install a lined "return" pit to collect the slurry of muds and cuttings, with sufficient freeboard to prevent stormwater runoff contamination. The slurry is later pumped to a subsurface containment area, which is first lined to prevent groundwater contamination. After the pipe segment is installed, the liquid cuttings will be hauled offsite and disposed of in accordance with the WAGP Waste Management Plan (Appendix 8B2.6). Non-hazardous solids remaining will be buried in place. Assuming any spills are identified and managed, the temporal effect to water quality would be negligible because the contaminant would not permeate to the groundwater table, and there are no adjacent surface water bodies susceptible to contamination. The areal extent of the impact would depend on the quantity of the release. At the HDD site, there will be no storage of hazardous materials. A diesel delivery truck will deliver fuel as needed. Given the lack of extensive use or storage of hazardous materials, spills would be contained within the HDD laydown area; therefore, the areal extent is considered minor. In the case of solvents, oils, or grease contamination, the existing soils would be adversely affected, but changes to groundwater sources would minimal (but measurable) compared to background levels. The magnitude of such an impact would be minor. The likelihood of a spill or leak occurring during the relatively short HDD operations period and reaching a waterway is low if proper BMPs are implemented. The overall severity of impacts from solid and hazardous wastes is therefore low. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-88 Chapter 6 R&M Station Construction The current plan is drill a new borehole at the site to obtain the water needed for R&M station construction activities. However, studies will be done prior to new groundwater extraction to ensure that groundwater flows are sufficient to support both local uses and the project-related uses. If project-related groundwater withdrawals from a new borehole affect local supplies negatively in the vicinity, such withdrawals will be ended and water will be purchased and trucked in to support project activities. Given the commitment to prior studies and follow-up monitoring, impacts on water resources in the project area are not expected to be significant. If it becomes necessary to truck water in, an alternative for the water source will be selected such that there will be no significant detrimental impacts on water resources outside the project area. Changes to water quality due to generation of solid and hazardous wastes or inappropriate hazardous material management during R&M station construction. | Temporal Negligible | Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Moderate Likelihood Low The volumes of vegetation debris to be disposed of will be negligible compared to the amount cleared during the pipeline ROW clearing activities. Temporary sanitation facilities (for 50 people) will be installed to treat wastewater, and sewage will be collected onsite and treated and disposed of off-site. The overall severity of this impact is considered low for the same reasons described above under Pipeline Construction - Upland. Changes to surface water quality due to earthmoving activities. Tem oral Minor Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Minor Likelihood Very Low The potential for degradation of surface water quality due to earthmoving activities is similar to that assessed above under Pipeline Construction -Upland. Even though the likelihood of erosion is low, as discussed above under Soils, Topography, and Geology, the adjacent shoreline water bodies are approximately 500m (1 ,640ft) from the proposed R&M station area (which is a savanna habitat), and therefore the likelihood of eroded topsoil affecting surface water quality is very low. Air uality Air quality can be affected by a number of activities associated with the site preparation and construction phase, including land clearing, earth moving and leveling, transport of materials and workers, mobile generation of electricity, and short-term operation of facilities producing materials (e.g., concrete) used in construction. The chief concerns for this project are dust generation and diesel engine exhaust. Concern for dust generation is much lower in wetter June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-89 Chapter 6 areas and during the rainy season, and during dry seasons dust can be controlled by watering and other management practices. Emission control measures for fugitive dust and diesel emissions are described in Appendix 8B2.5.5, WAGP Air Emissions Management Procedures. Among the 20 onshore site preparation and construction activities in Benin evaluated for impacts on air quality, most were determined to have negligible impact potential. No high severity or country-wide impacts on air quality were identified. The identified low and moderate severity impacts, which all are discussed below, generally are localized in areal extent (assessed as negligible or minor) and short-term in duration. The low severity impacts typically are assessed as having a low likelihood of causing discernible and persistent impacts on air quality, while the moderate severity impacts typically are assessed as having a medium likelihood. The estimated emissions of selected air pollutants in diesel exhaust from increased truck traffic and mobile generators during the entire site preparation and construction period were quantified as part of this assessment (see potential impact discussions below for details), and the total country-wide emissions are shown in Table 6.6-3. Most (roughly 60 to 90 percent, depending on the pollutant) of the diesel engine emissions that were estimated quantitatively are associated with truck transport of pipe and equipment. Table Estimated Total Air Emissions for Site Preparation and Construction Phase (metric tons for entire phase) Air Pollutant I Estimated Emissions - Benin Emissions from Diesel Engines (Mobile and Fixed Sourcesya Carbon monoxide 80 Nitrogen oxides 24 Hydrocarbons 6.9 Particulates 0.74 Emissions from Concrete Batching Operations (at R&M Station Construction Site) Particulates (as PM0o) <0.004 Fugitive Dust from Facility Construction, Pipe Transport, and Pipe Laying Fugitive dust (as PM,o) | 9.8 aDiesel emissions from earthmoving and other mobile construction equipment not quantified and thus not included in totals. Additional amounts of particulates will be generated locally from the various land clearing, earth moving, transport, and concrete batching operations (estimates also shown in Table 6.6-3). Greater than 99 percent of the fugitive dust emissions estimated for Benin are from the R&M site construction operations.7 Quantitative air dispersion modeling was not performed on either the diesel exhaust or particulate/fugitive dust emission estimates, so ambient concentration numbers are not 7Estimates from "West African Gas Pipeline Project Particulate Emissions from Concrete Batch Plants and from Fugitive Dust from Construction and Pipe Laying Activities," URS Corporation, December II, 2003. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-90 Chapter 6 available, but it is not anticipated that these emission levels will result in any widespread or long-term changes in ambient air quality in the country. Potential short-term, localized impacts will be managed consistent with applicable procedures and standards in the Environmental Design Basis for the project (Appendix 8B4.2). No applicable air emission standards were identified for either the fugitive dust or diesel exhaust emissions associated with the site preparation and construction activities, so direct comparisons of the emission estimates in Table 6.6-3 with applicable standards are not possible. Pipeline Construction - Upland Changes in air quality due to clearing of vegetation and leveling along ROW. Temporal Minor I Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Moderate Severity Magnitude Moderate Likelihood Medium Clearing of vegetation and leveling of soils will increase dust levels along the proposed onshore pipeline system route and access routes, especially in the dry season. However, the effects would not be substantial in wetter areas or during the rainy season. Increased dust levels will persist during most of the two- to three-month pipeline construction phase until reinstatement of vegetation is achieved. The location of construction will progress in a linear fashion along the 14.6km (9.1 miles) pipeline ROW and not remain fixed during the full time period. Because the duration of work is only two to three months and recovery will occur within six months, the temporal extent of the impact from dust creation is minor. The areal extent of impacts to air quality is three-dimensional. Dispersion of dust will increase the area affected by the increased dust levels, but dissipate the particulate matter quickly. With proper management practices in place (such as watering highly dusty areas) the areal extent should remain within 100m (328ft) of the ROW, resulting in minor significance. In the immediate vicinity of the construction, the magnitude of impacts will generally be moderate. Levels of particulate matter could be measurably elevated over background levels in some situations. The likelihood of significant impacts to air quality during construction is medium, especially if construction is conducted during the dry season. The overall severity of impacts to air quality from clearing of vegetation is moderate. Changes in air quality from transportation of materials and equipment to the various construction sites in the ROW. Temporal | Minor l Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Minor I Likelihood Low June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-91 Chapter 6 Approximately five truck trips per day on average will be necessary to deliver the pipe segments and other materials from the port at Cotonou to the appropriate construction sites along the ROW (combined 14.6km; roughly 1,300 12m pipe lengths needed). Other materials to be transported include pipe laying equipment and supplies such as diesel fuel and construction water. Both dust and exhaust emissions from vehicles will add locally to the level of air pollution. This would be a negative, but temporary effect, given air dilution capacities. Figure 6.6-5 shows the location of the port at Cotonou relative to the project area. Duration of impacts from transportation is equivalent to the duration described above for vegetative clearing and soil grading and thus can be considered minor. The areal extent of impacts extends beyond the ROW due to existing transport routes that are not contiguous with the pipe route. Along the routes used for transport, the dust and other pollutant levels produced by the truck traffic will not extend far beyond the traveled road, and thus the areal extent can be considered minor. Assuming that diesel-exhaust emissions will be comparable to US EPA standards for heavy- 8 duty trucks, emissions will be similar to those shown in Table 6.6-4. These estimates, which are based on the upper limits in U.S. regulatory standards, are provided as benchmark values. Actual emissions in Benin could be lower or higher depending on the specific trucks and fuel used, the condition of the trucks, and the operating conditions (e.g., amount of idling). Table Diesel E haust Emissions Arising from Truc ovements To and From Upland Construction Sites Hydrocarbons Carbon Nitrogen Particulates Monoxide Oxides Mass emitted per kilowatt hour (kWh) 1.74g 20.8g 5.36g 0.134g (1998 EPA limit) Mass emitted by a 1,500 kilowatt (kW) 2,610g 31,200g 8,040g 201g truck in one hour Total emissions over 4.2tn (metric) 50tn (metric) 13tn (metric) 0.32tn (metric) a two-month perioda 9,200 pounds (lbs) 1 0,000lbs 28,000lbs 710lbs aAssuming 10 trucks per day for 8 hours per day for 20 days per month for 2 months. This may represent a substantial increase on background levels for certain roads traveled in rural areas, but dissipation in the air will dilute increased concentrations very rapidly. The magnitude of this impact is therefore minor. The likelihood of a discernible and persistent impact on air quality during transportation is low. The overall severity of impacts to air quality from clearing of vegetation is low. 8 All emissions factors in this section are from US EPA, 1997, Emission Standards Reference Guide for Heavy- Duty and Nonroad Engines, EPA420-F-97-014, www.epa.gov/otaq/cert/hd-ccrt/stds-cng.pdf. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-92 Chapter 6 Changes in air quality due to the operation of mobile generators. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Negligible Minor Magnitude Minor Likelihood __ _ __ Low Operation of diesel-fueled construction equipment, including generators, will generate air emissions and will negatively impact air quality. Current estimates are for one 500kW generator to operate at various locations along the ROW. Assuming that diesel-exhaust emissions will be comparable to US EPA standards for non- road diesel emission standards, emissions will be similar to those shown in Table 6.6-5 (same source as cited above for truck emission factors). Table Diesel E haust Emissions Arising from obile Generator Operation at ROW Construction Sites Hydrocarbons Carbon Nitrogen Particulates Monoxide Oxides Mass emitted per kWh 1.3g I1.4g 9.2g 0.54g (2000 EPA limit) Mass emitted by a 500kW 650g 5,700g 4,600g 270g generator in one hour Total emissions over a 0.21tn (metric) 1.8tn (metric) 1.5tn (metric) 0.086tn (metric) two-month perioda 4601bs 4,000lbs 3,200lbs 190lbs aAssuming 1 generator operating for 8 hours per day for 20 days per month for 2 months. Duration of the impact to air quality is minor due to rapid dissipation, as described above. The areal extent for this impact is less the impact from either land clearing or transportation. Negative impacts to ambient air quality will most likely stay within the ROW and staging site boundaries, resulting in negligible areal extent. The overall magnitude of these increased levels is minor due to the continuous movement of air and the dissipation of the pollutants in a short time period. The likelihood of a discernible and persistent impact to local air quality is low. The overall severity of impacts to air quality from generator emissions is also low. Change in air quality due to the operation of earthmoving and other heavy equipment. Temporal Minor l Impact Significance Areal Negligible Minor Magnitude Minor Likelihood Low Air emissions will be generated during construction activities from operation of combustion sources, including diesel-fueled heavy construction and transportation equipment such as June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-93 Chapter 6 cranes, excavators, and other earthmoving equipment. Emissions from diesel combustion are similar to those produced from the operation of generators (see Table 6.6-5). There will also be some dust created from the excavation of land during construction. Temporal and areal impact significance are the same as for generator operation, minor and negligible. Magnitude of this impact is greater, however, due to the multiple sources and creation of dust. Overall the magnitude of this impact is minor. Similar to generator operation impacts, the likelihood of a discernible and persistent impact to local air quality is low. The severity of impacts to air quality from heavy equipment operation is low. Construction of R&M Station Change in air quality from land clearing and preparation at the R&M station site. | Temporal Minor l Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Minor Likelihood Low Clearing of this site will result in impacts to air quality similar to those from upland pipeline site clearing. Exposing dry upland areas will cause increased dust and particulate matter levels in the project vicinity. It is expected that construction of the R&M station will take three to four months. Cleared areas will be ultimately be covered with gravel to prevent dust creation during operations. The temporal extent of the impact to the air quality from increased dust levels should not last longer than six months and is minor. Plant equipment will be installed and a security fence erected allowing for a 25m (82ft) wide buffer zone around the facilities. Because increased dust levels during site preparation will most likely exceed the project boundaries to some extent, the areal impact is minor. The land occupied by the R&M station will be significantly changed from its current state, i.e., grassland removed, paved areas and gravel added, with approximately 10 percent of the footprint containing concrete foundation. Any significant levels of dust created during construction at the R&M station are expected to dissipate quickly and will be mitigated by watering of highly dusty areas. The 2003 WAGP particulate emissions study (cited in introduction to this section) estimated approximately 110 kilograms per day (kg/day) of fugitive dust emitted (as PM1o) during site preparation and construction activities. The magnitude of this impact is minor. The likelihood of discernible impacts to air quality from increased dust levels due to land clearing and preparation is low. The overall severity of impacts to air quality from site preparation at the R&M station is low. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-94 Chapter 6 Changes in air quality due to the transportation of materials and equipment to the site. Temporal | Minor _ Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Minor Likelihood Low Approximately 50 to 100 trucks (average of one to two per day) will be required to carry heavy equipment and other construction materials to the R&M station construction site (approximately 18km (11.2 miles) from the port) during the three- to four-month construction period. Both dust and emissions from vehicles will add locally to the level of air pollution. This would be a negative but temporary effect, given air dilution capacities. Duration of impacts from transportation is equivalent to the duration described above for site preparation and thus can be considered minor. The areal extent of impacts extends beyond the construction site itself due to transport occurring along various existing transport routes from the Cotonou port to the R&M station (approximately 18km; see Figure 6.6-5 for location of the port relative to the R&M station). Along these routes, the dust and emission levels produced by the truck traffic will not extend far beyond the traveled road, and thus the areal extent can be considered minor. Assuming that diesel-exhaust emissions will be comparable to US EPA standards for heavy- duty trucks, emissions will be similar to those shown in Table 6.6-6. Table Diesel E haust Emissions Arising from Truc ovements To and From R Station Hydrocarbons Carbon Nitrogen Particulates Monoxide Oxides Mass emitted per kWh (1998 1.74g 20.8g 5.36g 0.134g EPA limit) Mass emitted by a 1,500kW 2,61Og 31,200g 8,040g 201g truck in one hour Total emissions over a four- 2.1tn (metric) 25tn (metric) 6.4tn (metric) 0.16tn (metric) month perioda 4,6001bs 55,OOOlbs 14,000lbs 3501bs aAssuming total of 100 truck trips of 8 hours each over 4 months. Dissipation in the air of these emissions will dilute increased concentrations very rapidly. The magnitude of this impact is therefore low. The likelihood of a discernible and persistent impact to air quality during transportation is low given the mobile nature of the pollution source. The overall severity of impacts to air quality due to the transport of equipment and materials is low. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-95 Chapter 6 Changes in air quality due to the operation of mobile generators. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Negligible Minor Magnitude Minor I Likelihood Low Operation of diesel-fueled construction equipment, including generators, will generate air emissions and will negatively impact air quality. Current estimates are for one 500kW generator to operate during construction at the R&M station. Assuming that diesel-exhaust emissions will be comparable to US EPA standards for non- road diesel emission standards, emissions will be similar to those shown in Table 6.6-7. Table Diesel E haust Emissions Arising from obile Generator Operation at R Station Hydrocarbons Carbon Nitrogen Particulates Monoxide Oxides Mass emitted per kWh 1.3g 1.4g 9.2g 0.54g (2000 EPA limit) 500kW enerator in 1 hour 650g 5,700g 4,600g 270g Total emissions over a 0.42tn (metric) 3.6tn (metric) 2.9tn (metric) 0.17tn (metric) four-month perioda 9201bs 8,000lbs 6,500lbs 3801bs aAssuming 1 generator operating for 8 hours per day for 20 days per month for 4 months. Duration of the impact to air quality is minor due to rapid dissipation as previously described above. The areal extent for this impact is less than the impact from either land clearing or transportation. Negative impacts to ambient air quality will most likely stay within the R&M station and staging area boundaries, resulting in negligible areal extent. The overall magnitude of these increased levels is minor due to the continuous movement of air and the dissipation of the pollutants in a short time period. The likelihood of a discernible and persistent impact to local air quality is low. The overall severity of impacts to air quality from generator emissions is low. Change in air quality due to the operation of earthmoving and other heavy equipment. Temporal Minor I Impact Significance Areal Negligible Minor Magnitude Minor Likelihood Low Air emissions will be generated during construction activities from operation of combustion sources, including diesel-fueled heavy construction and transportation equipment such as cranes, excavators, and other earthmoving equipment. Emissions from diesel combustion are June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-96 Chapter 6 similar to those produced from the operation of generators (see Table 6.6-7). There will also be some dust created from the excavation of land during construction. Temporal and areal impact significance are the same as for generator operation, minor and negligible. Magnitude of this impact is greater, however, due to the multiple sources and creation of dust. Overall the magnitude of this impact is minor. Similar to generator operation impacts, the likelihood of a discernible and persistent impact to local air quality is low. The overall severity of impacts to air quality from heavy equipment operation is low. Transportation and Other Infrastructure Pipeline Construction - Upland Strains on overall infrastructure resultingfrom influx of construction workers. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Moderate Minor lloderate Severity Magnitude Minor Likelihood High A single crew of 50 to 100 workers will be used to build the pipeline. As outlined in Chapter 2, certain members of the pipeline construction crew will be recruited from nearby population centers. Some construction workers may be recruited from the communities adjacent to the pipeline ROW, while others will probably be recruited from more distant population centers (e.g., Cotonou) and transported daily to the project site. Communities adjacent to the pipeline ROW will experience the presence of workers primarily during working hours. Construction workers will return to their homes in nearby population centers at the end of each workday. Communities adjacent to the pipeline ROW will experience the presence of workers only for the period during which the pipeline is being constructed within or adjacent to their particular communities. The duration of the entire onshore pipeline construction effort (including the link line from the R&M station to Maria Gleta) is expected to be two to three months, but each community along the ROW will experience the presence of the construction crew for a shorter period during the overall two month construction period. The crew will be present in each community for several weeks, as they work on the segment of pipeline passing through or adjacent to the community. The influx of construction workers will increase the pressure on existing infrastructures including transportation infrastructure, water supply, waste and sewage disposal systems, and communication infrastructure. If this pressure increase were substantial it could potentially result in a negative socioeconomic impact to members of local communities in two main ways: June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-97 Chapter 6 * When demand for infrastructure exceeds capacity, users receive a lower level of service from the infrastructure, resulting in inconvenience and economic dislocation, and forcing changes in social patterns; * Increased demand on infrastructure can speed deterioration in the infrastructure itself, resulting in a reduction in the service provided by this infrastructure over a longer period (until repairs or replacement can be made) or permanently. Infrastructure in the communities adjacent to the pipeline ROW currently has limited capacity or is providing a low level of service (based on the ICF household and community surveys). Any additional stresses on this infrastructure associated with the influx of construction workers could result in a further reduction in the ability of infrastructure to meet demand. However, the impact of the influx of construction workers will be largely ameliorated by: * The fact that construction crews will be present in the communities only during working hours, and will be occupied on construction activities for the great majority of that time; * The fact that construction crews will be present in each community for a period of only several weeks; * Improvements to local infrastructure made by the work crews and contractors during the construction period in order to facilitate construction or to mitigate negative impacts to the local communities; and * Improvements to local infrastructure made possible through WAPCo's Community Development programs. The duration of this impact is minor as the impact in each community will be for just several weeks. The areal extent is assessed as moderate, as this impact will affect members of communities all along the ROW. The magnitude of this impact is assessed as minor in view of the stated ameliorating factors. The likelihood of this impact is high. Overall, this is assessed as a moderate level impact. Strains on transport infrastructure resulting from construction traffic (i.e., transport of equipment). Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Moderate Minor Magnitude Minor Likelihood High The increased traffic required to support pipeline construction will place some additional strains on transport infrastructure in the region. Construction traffic will consist of fairly intensive traffic for one to several days at the beginning and end of the construction phase while equipment is mobilized and demobilized. At other times during the construction June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-98 Chapter 6 phase, construction traffic will consist mainly of daily traffic transporting workers to and from the construction site, and approximately 4 to 5 trucks per day transporting pipe to the project. As a mitigation measure to reduce the negative impacts of construction traffic, WAPCo plans to schedule construction transport to avoid congested roads and periods of high traffic, particularly in Cotonou, wherever possible. This measure can reduce any effects on transport infrastructure associated with construction traffic, but may not eliminate them entirely. The temporal aspect of this impact is assessed as minor because the impact will be relatively short-term and the impacts reversible (assuming that the roads are properly repaired if there is any damage). The areal impacts will be moderate because the impacts will be felt by communities all along access routes throughout the region, but will be localized to the corridors of these roads. The magnitude is minor because the periods of equipment mobilization construction traffic will be relatively light. The likelihood of impact is assessed as high among communities immediately adjacent to key access routes. Overall this impact is assessed to be of low severity. Strains on transport infrastructure resultingfrom road andpathway obstruction from pipeline installation at Im depth. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Moderate Minor Moderate Severity Magnitude Minor I Likelihood High The pipeline will cross two major roads and a number of footpaths. Major road crossings will be accomplished using thrust boring, and the roads should not be closed at any time. Minor roads and footpaths will be obstructed for the period of time necessary to construct the pipeline across them, generally a matter of a week to several weeks. This impact will be mitigated through the provision of detours and alternate routes. Assuming construction lasts for a maximum of several weeks at each road or footpath crossing, the temporal aspect would be considered minor. The areal impact will be moderate as this impact will affect communities using the obstructed roads and pathways. The magnitude is considered minor because the use of thrust boring at larger highways crossings and the provision of detours or alternate routes at obstructed roads and footpaths will reduce the inconvenience and economic hardships to a minimum. Overall, this impact is flagged as moderate severity. R&M Station Construction Strains on infrastructure resultingfrom influx of construction workers. Temporal Minor I Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor M1oderate Sex eriry Magnitude Moderate Likelihood High June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-99 Chapter 6 Impacts on roads and infrastructure associated with the influx of construction workers for R&M station construction will be similar in nature to impacts described above with respect to influx of workers for pipeline construction. However, the R&M stations will be constructed over a relatively shorter period. The R&M station will be constructed alongside a major highway, which transports thousands of people from around the region everyday. The influx of construction workers will result in minor impacts to the infrastructure in the area. For these reasons the impacts on means of livelihood associated with the influx of R&M station construction workers are assessed to be of moderate severity. Strains on transport infrastructure resulting from construction traffic (Le., transportation of materials and equipment to the site). | Temporal Minor I Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Minor Likelihood Low The impacts on infrastructure associated with construction traffic for the R&M station will be similar in nature to the impacts described above for pipeline construction traffic. Traffic associated with the R&M station construction will be relatively low volume, and will occur for a relatively brief period. R&M station construction traffic is expected to affect fewer roads and road miles than that for the pipeline. It will primarily affect the major highway passing beside the construction site. Thus the magnitude of this impact for R&M station construction is likely to be less overall as that for pipeline construction. For these reasons the impacts on transport infrastructure associated with the construction traffic for the R&M station are assessed to be of low severity. Social and Cultural Conditions Pipeline Construction - Upland Social and cultural effects resulting from influx of construction workers. Temporal Major Impact Significance Areal Moderate Moderate Moderate Severity Magnitude Minor I Likelihood Medium The influx of non-local workers to communities adjacent to the pipeline during the construction phase could potentially result in impacts on the social and cultural conditions in the communities local to the pipeline ROW. These impacts are reduced by the fact that influx of workers will be experienced by local communities only during working hours and commuting periods, and only for the several weeks required for the pipeline to be constructed through or past each individual community. Potential sources of these impacts include: * Tensions related to the awarding of jobs with the pipeline construction project; June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-100 Chapter 6 * Potential conflict between the social and cultural traditions of outside workers and those of the local communities, resulting in disruption of the social and cultural traditions of the communities; * Introduction of a class of workers with higher incomes; * Loss of labor availability for traditional work within local communities; * Increase in the incidence of illness and disease due to introduction of same by outside workers; and * Potential increase in the incidence of crime/prostitution. It should be noted that the extent of some of the above impacts will be limited by the fact that construction workers are expected be recruited from nearby population centers rather than brought in from entirely different regions. The proximity of worker place of residence to the impacted communities means that there may be common or similar economic and social characteristics shared by the groups. As such, tensions relating to the awarding of jobs, potential conflicts between the social and cultural traditions of outside workers and those of the local communities, the incidence of illness and disease and the potential increase in crime and prostitution will be lessened. Differential incomes. Construction workers tend to have monthly cash incomes while many people in the local communities (particularly fishing or rural communities) earn their income on a seasonal basis and in-kind. In addition to cash incomes, the new workers are likely to have higher overall incomes and more disposable income than local residents. The differences in income between workers and local people could result in the construction workers purchasing and using goods within the local communities that are unaffordable to the local residents. This could produce local tensions, cause discontent among local community members, cause community members to seek to change their livelihoods or lifestyles, and cause strain the existing social conditions. Reduction in labor availability for traditional work. The lure of higher incomes in construction work (or in providing support services to the construction crews) may attract local residents away from such occupations as farming, fishing, local crafts, trade, and even teaching, thus leading to some occupation change in the area, as well as a reduction in the labor force available in the area for traditional work. As males are more likely to be attracted to the construction work, it is particularly likely that males may abandon traditional work, potentially putting a greater burden on the females of some households to carry out this traditional work formerly carried out by the males. A reduced labor force available for traditional labor, shifting gender roles, and hardship for some families would constitute significant social and cultural change. Crime and disease. The introduction of non-local workers and income disparities between construction workers and members of local communities could potentially result in increasing crime rates and prostitution within the communities adjacent to the ROW. The influx of workers could also result in a higher incidence of illness and disease among local community members, as new strains or new diseases are brought in by the workers. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-101 Chapter 6 While most of these impacts are likely to be of short duration, the increased incidence of life- threatening or incurable illnesses (e.g., HIV/AIDS) could have a long-term effect on the social conditions and of the communities and on the means of livelihood of some households. These potential secondary impacts represent potential low- to medium-severity impacts on social and cultural conditions. Summary. For impacts on cultural and social conditions, the temporal impact is major since the changes to the social fabric could potentially have lasting impacts on the surrounding communities. The areal impacts are moderate since effects can extend to communities some distance from the ROW. The magnitude is minor since impacts will be limited by the use of regional labor that has common or similar social and cultural characteristics as impacted communities. The likelihood of this impact is assessed as medium. Overall, this is flagged as a moderate severity impact. Disturbance ofphysical cultural resources due to land clearing and leveling and disruption of cultural resources due to conversion of land use. Temporal Major Impact Significance Areal Moderate Moderate Moderate Severity Magnitude Minor M Likelihood Low Physical cultural resources. The project could potentially disturb physical cultural resources located within the pipeline ROW during site clearing and trenching for the pipeline. Reconnaissance surveys of the project footprint have been carried out by engineering and design, environmental baseline, socioeconomic, and estate surveying crews. Based on these surveys and on consultation with local populations, it appears that no significant physical cultural resources exist on the surface within the project footprint. WAGP will have an archeological survey of the project footprint carried out by a qualified archeologist prior to the start of construction. The potential remains for the presence of significant physical cultural resources below the surface within the ROW. Such resources would not have been identified through the reconnaissance surveys. As outlined in Chapter 8, a comprehensive chance finds procedure will be in place during the construction phase, and adherence to this procedure will be an express condition of the construction contract. Any physical cultural resources encountered during construction will be handled in accordance with this procedure, and therefore negative impacts to any such resources (should they be encountered) would be kept to an absolute minimum. Impacts to social and cultural conditions would occur only if significant cultural physical resources were to be encountered during construction, and the chance finds procedure were to determine that the best way to deal with these resources would be to move or alter them in some way. This could result in a sense of cultural loss to the local communities. Other social and cultural land uses. Displacement of current uses of lands resulting from land clearing within the ROW (after mitigation by the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP)) are expected to result in changes in the social structure of communities as some families move to June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-102 Chapter 6 replacement land or purchase and move to new properties in new areas. This impact affects not only those communities adjacent to the ROW that lose portions of their social structure, but also more distant communities into which people may move. Any such physical resettlement is expected to be minimal however. The temporal aspect of the potential impact on physical cultural resources within the ROW is major, as disturbance of physical cultural resources could be permanent. The areal extent of this potential impact is assessed as moderate, as the impact could affect people over a significant area. The magnitude of this impact is assessed as minor, as it represents an area of lesser concern (as compared to availability of goods and services, for example) for most people. The likelihood of this impact is considered very low, or quite remote. In view of the very low likelihood, this impact is assessed to be of moderate severity. It is expected that this project will not encounter or disturb physical cultural resources at all. Disruption of social and cultural conditions by construction traffic (i.e., transport of materials and equipment). Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Moderate Minor Magnitude Minor Likelihood Low to Medium The presence of construction traffic, including large trucks on regional and local roads could potentially result in: increased noise levels; increased traffic danger; and slowing of traffic flow. Potential impacts to social and cultural conditions associated with pipeline construction traffic include: higher transportation costs or longer travel times to social/cultural events; and disturbance of community tranquility or reduction in the utility of roadside social or cultural facilities due to increased noise levels. Impacts of construction traffic will be temporary in nature, with duration depending on road locations. Roads nearest the pipeline route, serving particular sections of the pipeline will receive increased traffic for the portion of the construction period. Roads more distant from the pipeline, serving as main routes to the overall project, will receive increased traffic throughout the construction period. The impacts of construction traffic will be most noticeable in rural communities unaccustomed to frequent traffic or large vehicles. The temporal aspect of this impact is assessed as minor because the impact will be relatively short-term and the impacts reversible (assuming that the roads are properly repaired if there is any damage). The areal impacts will be moderate because the impacts will be felt by communities all along access routes throughout the region, but will be localized to the corridors of these roads. The magnitude is minor because the negative impacts on the community, after mitigation, are expected to be relatively benign in nature. The likelihood of impact ranges from low to medium among communities immediately adjacent to key access routes. The impact overall is categorized as of low severity. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-103 Chapter 6 R&M Station Construction Social and cultural disruption resulting from influx of construction workers. Temporal | Minor _ Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Minor -Likelihood Low Impacts on social and cultural conditions associated with the influx of construction workers for R&M station construction will be similar in nature to impacts described above with respect to influx of workers for pipeline construction. R&M station construction workers will be concentrated in a smaller area than is the case with pipeline construction workers, will be present for a relatively shorter period than is the case for pipeline construction workers. In addition, the R&M station site is adjacent to a major international highway, which transports thousands of people form diverse cultures through the area every day. Thus the communities near the R&M station site are less likely to be affected socially or culturally by the influx of R&M station construction workers from nearby population centers. For these reasons the impact on social and cultural conditions associated with the influx of R&M station construction workers is are assessed to be of low severity. Disturbance of physical cultural resources due to land clearing and leveling. Temporal Mlajor Impact Signiricance Areal Nloderate NModerate Nioderate Se%erity Alagnitude Minor I Likelihood Very Low The project could potentially disturb physical cultural resources located within the R&M station footprint during site clearing and trenching for the facility, as described above under pipeline construction. The temporal aspect of this impact is major, as disturbance of physical cultural resources could be permanent. The areal extent of this potential impact is assessed as moderate, as the impact could affect people over a significant area. The magnitude of this impact is assessed as minor, as it represents an area of lesser concern (as compared to availability of goods and services, for example) for most people. The likelihood of this impact is considered very low, or quite remote. In view of the very low likelihood, this impact is assessed to be of moderate severity. It is expected that this project will not encounter or disturb physical cultural resources at all. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-104 Chapter 6 Disruption of social and cultural conditions by construction traffic (i.e., transport of equipment to site). Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Moderate Minor Magnitude Minor I Likelihood Low to Medium The impacts on social and cultural conditions associated with construction traffic for the R&M station will be similar in nature to the impacts described above for pipeline construction traffic. R&M station construction traffic is expected to affect fewer roads than that for the pipeline - primarily just the national highway adjacent to the R&M station site. Thus the duration, areal extent, and magnitude of this impact for R&M station construction is likely to be less overall that that for pipeline construction. For these reasons the impacts on means of livelihood associated with construction traffic for the R&M station are assessed to be of low severity. Access to Goods and Services Pipeline Construction - Upland Increased demandfor goods and services resultingfrom influx of construction workers. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Moderate Minor Moderate Severity Magnitude Minor M Likelihood Medium The influx of non-local workers to communities near the ROW during the construction phase will potentially affect the availability of goods and services to local residents in these communities. Potential sources of this impact include: * Increased demand for food, clothing, and other essential goods and supplies, potentially resulting in shortages of or price inflation for these goods; and * Increased demand for, and consequent strains on, existing infrastructure and service facilities. Inflation or shortages. During the construction phase, communities may experience shortages of items due to higher than normal demand by construction crews. This shortage of goods may cause inflation of prices. If there is an inflation effect on essential goods such as food there will be an overall increase in the costs of living for the local community. Given that local prices for goods and services have increased significantly over the last five years (according to survey respondents), any short-term inflation will place additional burdens on household budgets that are already strained. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-105 Chapter 6 This impact will be largely ameliorated by: * The use of construction workers from nearby population centers who will be transported daily to the site. These workers will increase demand only marginally for only a limited range of goods and services (e.g., food and beverages rather than clothing) and only during working hours; * The ability of community vendors and economies to respond to increasing demand, and to source greater supplies to meet the increased demand; * Increased incomes to members of the communities benefiting from the increased commerce (particularly vendors selling items required by construction workers); and * Special supply systems established by the work crews and contractors to bring in supplemental goods from outside of the local communities to meet worker needs. Strains on services. The influx of construction workers will increase the pressure on existing infrastructures and services including transportation infrastructure, water supply, waste and sewage disposal systems, communication infrastructure, health facilities, and security services. Increased strains on transportation and other infrastructure are considered separately above (Section 6.6.1.6, Transportation and Other Infrastructure). Increased strains on and reduced access to services are considered here. Services and service facilities in the communities adjacent to the pipeline ROW currently have limited capacity or are providing a low level of service (based on the ICF household and community surveys). The additional stresses on these services and facilities associated with the influx of construction workers could result in a further reduction in the ability of the services and service facilities to meet demand. In addition, the introduction of new strains of pathogens by construction workers could cause increased incidence of illness, resulting in increased strains on health facilities by community members themselves. Any increased incidence of life-threatening or incurable illnesses (e.g., HIV/AIDS) could have a long-term effect on the demand for health services. This impact will be largely ameliorated by: * The use of construction workers from nearby population centers who will be transported daily to the site. These workers will continue to rely primarily on services near their residences, and thus will increase pressure only slightly on existing services in communities near the pipeline ROW, and only during working hours. Workers from nearby areas are also less likely to bring new pathogens or diseases into the local communities; * Development of special service facilities or systems by the work crews and contractors to provide supplemental services to meet worker needs; and * Improvements to local services, facilities, and infrastructure made possible through WAPCo's Community Development programs. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-106 Chapter 6 The risk of increased incidence of HIV/AIDS in Benin caused by WAGP is very low, for the following reasons. * Local construction workers will largely live in their homes and commute to construction sites. Few local construction workers will stay in accommodations other than their homes overnight. No construction camps will be established or used. * Materials transport for the project in Benin will not require overnight trips by truckers. Trucker will make trips of several hours duration at most, and will return to their homes at night. * No construction workers from the offshore lay barges will come ashore directly in Benin for vacations. * The risk of increasing HIV/AIDS transmission will be further ameliorated by the fact WAPCo will develop and implement a plan for the prevention of the spread of HIV/AIDS associated with project workers, including HIV/AIDS awareness programs for workers. This plan is described in Chapter 7 of this EIA. Considering potential inflation, shortages, and strains of services together; the duration of these impacts is expected to be minor as it will last in each community only for the several weeks required to construct the pipeline in or past the community. The areal impact will be moderate, as the impact will extend to all the communities along the ROW. The magnitude of the impact is assessed as minor in view of the ameliorating factors listed above. The likelihood of this impact is medium. Overall severity is assessed as moderate. Disruption of economic activity by construction traffic (Le., transport of materials and equipment). Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Moderate Minor Moderate Severity Magnitude Minor Likelihood Medium The presence of construction traffic, including large trucks, could potentially result in the slowing of traffic flow. Goods and service providers must travel to the communities near the ROW via the affected roads, and members of these communities must use the affected roads to reach certain services. Any reduction in traffic flow on regional and local roads could make all such travel more costly or time demanding. This constitutes an impact on the availability of goods and services to local communities. The impacts of construction traffic will be temporary in nature. Roads nearest the pipeline route will receive increased traffic for the portion of the construction period during which the associated sections of the pipeline are under construction. Roads more distant from the pipeline, serving as main routes to the overall project, will receive increased traffic throughout the construction period. The impacts of construction traffic will be most noticeable in rural communities unaccustomed to frequent traffic or large vehicles. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-107 Chapter 6 As a mitigation measure to reduce the negative impacts of construction traffic, WAPCo plans to avoid congested roads or periods of high traffic. While this can significantly reduce the socioeconomic impacts of construction traffic, it is not expected to eliminate them entirely. The temporal aspect of this impact is assessed as minor because the impact will be relatively short-term and reversible (assuming that the roads are properly repaired if there is any damage). The areal aspect is assessed as moderate because the impact will be felt by communities all along access routes throughout the region. The magnitude is minor, because although traffic congestion may be significant in some areas, this is expected to result in only minor impacts on the availability of goods and services to local communities. The likelihood of this impact is medium among communities immediately adjacent to key access routes. The impact is assessed as of moderate severity overall. This impact is flagged as requiring mitigation measures. Mitigation measures are described in more detail in Chapter 7. R&M Station Construction Increased demand for goods and services resulting from influx of construction workers. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Minor Likelihood L ._L _ow ___ Impacts on access to goods and services associated with the influx of construction workers for R&M station construction will be similar in nature to impacts described above with respect to influx of workers for pipeline construction. This impact is expected to be of relatively short duration, will be restricted to a smaller area, and will involve fewer workers as compared to pipeline construction impacts. For these reasons this impact is assessed to be of low severity. eans of Livelihood Pipeline Construction - Upland Economic dislocation resulting from influx of construction workers. Temporal Moderate I Impact Significance Areal Moderate Moderate 1Moderate Severity Magnitude Minor Likelihood Low The influx of non-local workers during the construction phase will potentially result in impacts on means of livelihood for members of local communities. Causes of this impact include: * Tensions related to the awarding of jobs with the pipeline construction project; June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-108 Chapter 6 * Loss of labor availability for traditional work within local communities (as local workers shift away from traditional occupations into temporary jobs with the pipeline project or ones that support the construction process); * Creation of a large differential in incomes within the community; * The potential increase in the incidence of illness and disease due to introduction of same by outside workers; and * The potential increase in the incidence of crime and related injuries/loss. It should be noted, however, that the extent of some of the above impacts will be limited by the proposal to recruit construction workers from nearby population centers rather than bring them in from entirely different regions. The proximity of worker place of residence to the impacted communities means that there may be common or similar economic and social characteristics shared by the groups. As such, tensions relating to awarding the awarding of jobs, the creation of large differential incomes and even the incidence of illness and disease will be significantly reduced. Impacts to means of livelihood will also be ameliorated by the facts that: * Construction crews will be present in the communities only during working hours, and will be occupied on construction activities for the great majority of that time; and * Construction crews will be present in each community for a period of only several weeks. Tension related to awarding of jobs. Although the creation of new jobs is a beneficial impact, it has the potential to produce local tension. Based on experiences with past projects of a similar nature, jobs created during construction phases of large projects often do not match local expectations in terms of the number of local hires relative to the total labor pool and/or the level of pay. Often, low levels of education or skilled training limit the opportunity for local worker to take advantage of the job opportunities presented by the project. Tension arises when workers from outside the community are brought in to do jobs local workers perceive themselves capable of doing. Local tension is likely to occur if expectations are not properly managed or if jobs are not distributed in a manner seen by the local communities to be equitable. Based on input received during the 2003 Household and Community Surveys, there appear to be high expectations on the part of local workers in the project area that they will be hired during the construction phase. Although the number of local people hired by the company is dependent on the company needs and the ability of the local labor force to supply these needs, the awarding of jobs - especially to non-local workers - could become a source of dispute if not carefully managed. This can result in an impact on the means of livelihood of community members when dissatisfaction, disputes, or inappropriate expectations cause community members to abandon or lose current means of livelihood but not gain equivalent employment with the WAGP construction project. This factor is expected to lead to impacts of temporary June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-109 Chapter 6 duration, localized to communities adjacent to the pipeline, and of minor magnitude and low to medium likelihood. Differential incomes. Construction workers tend to have monthly cash incomes while many people in the local communities (particularly fishing or rural communities) earn their money on a seasonal basis, and in-kind. In addition to monthly incomes, the new workers are likely to have higher overall incomes and much more money to spend than local residents. While this additional spending power may support the growth of locally owned businesses to provide goods and services, the differences in income could result in the construction workers purchasing and using goods within the local communities that are unaffordable to the local residents. This could produce local tensions, cause discontent among local community members, and cause community members to seek to change their means of livelihood or lifestyles. This factor is expected to lead to impacts of moderate duration, localized to communities adjacent to the pipeline, and of minor magnitude and low to medium likelihood. Reduction in available labor for traditional jobs in the community. The lure of higher incomes in construction work (or in providing support services to the construction crews) may attract local residents away from such occupations as farming, local crafts, trade and even teaching, thus leading to some occupation change in the area, as well as a reduction in the labor force available in the area for traditional work. As males are more likely to be attracted to the construction work, it is particularly likely that males may abandon traditional work, potentially putting a greater burden on the females of some households to carry out this traditional work formerly carried out by the males. People earning cash wages on the WAGP construction project may not use this income to support their families, with the overall effect that when some laborers leave traditional work to assume jobs with WAGP, the families may experience a change in their overall means of livelihood. This may be a temporary effect, lasting for the duration of the pipeline construction. After this period, workers may resume their previous traditional work, particularly if they have planned in advance to make this shift back to their regular means of livelihood. This factor is expected to lead to impacts of moderate duration in communities adjacent to the pipeline and possibly more distant communities, and to be of minor magnitude and medium likelihood. Increase in disease and crime. The introduction of non-local workers and income disparities between construction workers and members of local communities could potentially result in increasing crime rates and prostitution within the communities adjacent to the ROW. The influx of workers could also result in a higher incidence of illness and disease among local community members, as the workers bring in new strains or new diseases. While most of these impacts are likely to be of short duration, the increased incidence of life-threatening or incurable illnesses (e.g., HIV/AIDS) could have a long-term effect on the means of livelihood of some households. This factor is expected to lead to impacts of potentially major duration in communities adjacent to the pipeline, of minor magnitude and medium likelihood. The risk of increased incidence of HIV/AIDS in Benin caused by WAGP is very low, for the reasons described previously in Section 6.6.1.8. The risk of HIV/AIDS transmission will be further ameliorated by the fact that WAGP will develop and implement a plan for the prevention of the spread of HIV/AIDS associated with June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-110 Chapter 6 project workers, including HIV/AIDS awareness programs for workers. This plan is described in Chapter 7 of this EIA. Summary. Impacts on means of livelihood associated with the influx of workers will range from temporary to longer term in nature, as some (particularly the increased incidence of incurable disease) will have lingering effects on the community. Thus the overall temporal aspect of this impact is assessed as moderate. The areal impacts are moderate since effects will extend to communities all along the ROW. The magnitude is deemed minor for two reasons. First, the extent of impacts will be limited by the use of regional-based labor that may have similar economic and social characteristics as residents in impacted communities. Second, while impacts will be potentially serious on an individual basis, they are unlikely to affect a large proportion of residents in the communities. The likelihood is also low. Overall, this is flagged as a moderate severity impact. Displacement of economic activity on land within the ROW due to clearing and removal of structures. | Temporal Moderates a Impact Significance Areal Moderate Moderate a Magnitude Minor a Niedium Sexeriit Likelihood Medium aAfter mitigation by the RAP. At the start of the construction phase all land within the ROW will be closed for access to local residents. Residents currently using the ROW will be precluded from all use of this land (except for the use of roads and pathways across the ROW, as discussed below). Livestock grazing will be permitted on a portion of the ROW after the construction phase. All other activities will be precluded indefinitely from the start of the construction phase, and no structures will be permitted on the ROW. WAPCo is preparing a comprehensive RAP which will lay out detailed plans for compensation and restitution of means of livelihood for every person whose means of livelihood is affected by land take for WAGP. Implementation of this RAP is expected to fully mitigate the great majority of impacts on means of livelihood associated with project land take. Residual impacts on means of livelihood resulting from the displacement of current land uses within the ROW (after mitigation by the RAP) will be related to: * Changes in the economic characteristics of some communities, as some people who farmed or carried out other types of economic activity on the ROW may decide to use the money received in the sale of their lands to go into new types of business; * Greater travel times or inconvenience for community members who obtain replacement lands at a greater distance from their residences than were the lands within the ROW that they formerly used; and June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-111 Chapter 6 * Secondary reductions in economic activities for those businesses and households that depend on the production of agricultural goods in affected ROW areas for their means of livelihoods, e.g., those involved in the processing and selling of coconuts and its by-products (such as palm oil) for food and energy uses. Such secondary impacts may not be captured and ameliorated by the RAP. Although displacement of economic activity (other than livestock grazing) within the ROW will be permanent, the temporal aspects of the impacts associated with this displacement are moderate since the RAP will mitigate these impacts within a relatively short period. The areal extent of these impacts is moderate as they affect communities all along the ROW. The magnitude of these impacts is expected to be minor after mitigation by the RAP. Anticipated residual impacts are expected to be of minor significance to these communities. Likelihood of impacts is assessed as medium. Overall, this impact is flagged as of moderate severity. Disruption of economic activity by construction traffic (i.e., transportation of materials and equipment). Temporal Mlinor Impact Significance Areal Moderate Nioderate loderate Severity Magnitude Moderate I Likelihood Medium Most negative impacts of construction traffic on means of livelihood will be temporary in nature, with duration depending on proximity of affected roads and communities to the pipeline ROW. Roads nearest the ROW, serving particular sections of the ROW, will receive increased traffic for the several weeks of the construction period during which the associated sections of the pipeline are under construction. Roads more distant from the ROW, serving as main routes to the overall project, will receive increased traffic throughout the two to three month construction period. The impacts of construction traffic will be most noticeable in rural communities unaccustomed to frequent traffic or large vehicles. Because the roads in these communities are unpaved the movement of project-related traffic could generate considerable dust. This could potentially affect economic activities in these communities, such as in roadside businesses. Mitigation measures are available to reduce the negative impacts of construction traffic on means of livelihood, including: air emission and noise controls; dust suppression measures; road maintenance and repair; driver training and strict adherence to safety guidelines; possible beach road upgrade; and avoidance of congested roads or periods of high traffic. While WAPCo proposes to employ these methods, and thereby significantly reduce the socioeconomic impacts of construction traffic, these measures are not expected to eliminate these impacts entirely. The temporal impact of construction traffic on means of livelihood is minor because the impact will be relatively short-term and the impacts reversible (assuming that the roads are properly repaired if there is any damage). The areal impacts will be moderate because the June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-112 Chapter 6 impacts will be felt by communities all along access routes throughout the region. The magnitude is moderate because the negative impacts, after mitigation, are expected to have moderate effect on community members along transport routes. The likelihood of impact is assessed as medium among communities immediately adjacent to key access routes. The overall impact level is therefore assessed as moderate. This impact is flagged as requiring mitigation measures. Mitigation measures for this impact are described in more detail in Chapter 7. Disruption of economic activity due to road and pathway obstruction from installation of the pipeline at Im depth. Temporal __Minor Impact Significance Areal Moderate Minor M4oderate Severity Magnitude Minor Likelihood High Wherever the pipeline ROW crosses major highways, the pipeline will be installed using the thrust boring method. There will be no need to close these roads during construction. Traffic flow at thrust-boring crossings may be affected by increased construction traffic around the crossings (addressed above), and temporarily affected by the maneuvering of equipment at the crossing, but should never be completely obstructed. For smaller roads and footpaths, the pipeline will be installed via trenching. This will necessitate temporary closure of these roads and footpaths, which may result in disturbance to the daily activities of people in the surrounding communities. The impacts of road closings will be mitigated by providing well-marked detours, by providing advance information to affected communities about road and pathway closings, and by keeping the durations of any such closings to a minimum. Road and pathway obstruction can affect means of livelihood by: * Temporarily preventing people from reaching places of work or livelihood activity, or increasing travel times or costs for people traveling to places of work or livelihood activity, resulting in reduced net gains for time spent at livelihood activities; * Increasing time or cost in the movement of goods and passengers, resulting in costs for travelers, shippers and receivers of goods, and transport operators; and * Diverting traffic from passing in front of some places of business, causing loss of customers. A portion of the residents in the surveyed communities cross the proposed pipeline ROW in order to get to places of work or economic activity, for commercial travel in and out of the village, and to collect fuel wood, drinking water, or other resources. People in the villages of Akadjamey, Vinawa, Sodo, and Maria Gleta indicated that they would have to cross the pipeline ROW in order to get to various locations, including jobs; markets (the major markets June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-113 Chapter 6 are in Cococodji and Pahou, and in both cases residents would have to cross the pipeline ROW to get to these markets); and trips to Cotonou. The portions of residents in each community who cross the pipeline ROW to reach one of these activities are presented in Section 5 and Appendix 5-E. For communities along the coast, the coastal road south of Hio Houta offers the most direct route to Cotonou. If this road is obstructed residents further west may have to cross the lagoon in small canoes in order to reach other roads that provide access to Cotonou. In addition, there are hotels, guesthouses and restaurants located along the coastal road, which will experience a decline in revenue should road obstruction impede access to these businesses. The proposed link line route crosses the Nigeria-Benin-Togo highway, which is a major thoroughfare linking the three countries. This highway supports traffic of private motorcycles and automobiles, public buses, and commercial vehicles. The highways link Benin to neighboring Nigeria and are important routes for the movement of passengers and shipment of goods within Benin, as well as between Benin and Nigeria. Residents of the coastal villages access the highway by taking a boat across the lagoon and sometimes other waterways between them and the villages further inland (north), and the highway. While the pipeline will be installed under roads using thrust boring, there may nevertheless be some temporary disruption of traffic that results from the maneuvering of heavy equipment and leads to delays. The temporal impact is considered minor as it should be possible to limit the obstruction period for any one road or footpath to a matter of days or one to two weeks. The areal impact on means of livelihood will be moderate because this impact will be felt not only in communities near the ROW, but also in communities along the corridors of the roads and paths crossed by the pipeline. Although many economic and social activities requiring travel across the ROW by members of the surveyed communities, the mitigating factors listed above make the magnitude of this impact a minor one. The likelihood of this impact is high. Overall, this impact is flagged as moderate severity. Pipeline Construction - Barrier Island, Beach, and Shoreline Areas Reduction in potentialfor tourism due to HDD at the barrier island beach. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor itoderate Se% erity Magnitude Minor M Likelihood Niedium Construction activities on the barrier islands and beach have the potential to cause visual impacts in these areas, which in turn could reduce tourism activities. The pipeline entry point onshore in Benin is along a beach to the west of Cotonou. The area is close to several villages and within a few kilometers of significant tourist activities catering to both local and international tourists. This area is currently the closest "pristine" beach area to Cotonou. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-114 Chapter 6 Tourism activities could be affected by: * Aesthetic or visual impacts during construction. If the project footprint area becomes less attractive to tourists, this would result in reduced tourism, and reductions in income to business owners catering to tourists; * Obstruction of traffic flow along the coastal road to tourist destinations; and * Preclusion of tourism development within the ROW. Visual or Aesthetic Impacts. Visual or aesthetic impacts from construction equipment and the transport of materials are expected to be restricted to the construction period. Lesser visual impacts due to loss of coconut trees from the coconut plantation adjacent to the Beach Road will extend from the construction phase throughout the life of the project. The pipeline will be buried and the land returned to its original contour. A service road will be maintained within the pipeline corridor. This service road represents the only permanent visual alteration of the land within the ROW. The pipeline will not provide any attraction for induced development in or near the ROW. Impacts on tourism potential are expected to be minimal after the construction period. This is the case regardless of whether trenching or HDD are used. Obstruction of Tourist Traffic. Tourism may be affected temporarily by the obstruction of the coastal road. This may affect tourists who are traveling along the coastal road from Cotonou to areas beyond the pipeline ROW. This impact is will be minor or negligible however, because: * The main tourist area is between Cotonou and the pipeline ROW; few tourists will actually need to cross the construction site; * HDD will be the preferred method of pipeline installation at the shore crossing and road, meaning that pipeline installation under the coastal road will not entail closure of the road; * Even in the event that trenching is used to install the pipeline across the road, any traffic impacts will be minimized by constant provision of detours and alternate routes, which will entail minimal or negligible extra travel. Preclusion of Tourist Development Within the ROW. Long-term impact on the potential for tourism could result from the preclusion of tourism structures within the ROW itself. This impact has been addressed above (under displacement of economic activity from the ROW), and will be minor to negligible as it affects only a 25m (82ft) section of a beach that is many miles long - i.e., only a very small fraction of the available resource. As yet, no interest has been shown by local entrepreneurs in developing the area of the beach to be occupied by the ROW for tourism. The area remains in a semi-natural state, with minimal development inland of the shore road for scattered garden plots. Even in the event that future tourism development expands outward from Cotonou to reach the ROW area, and area near the ROW falls under heavy development pressure, the 25m ROW, by remaining June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-115 Chapter 6 undeveloped, can provide a natural break in the development, a remaining green area, and an accessway to the beach between developments. In other words, the ROW could as easily become an asset to tourism development as a detriment. Regardless of whether trenching or HDD are used, the temporal aspect of this impact is minor. The areal impacts are minor since any impact on tourism activities would be felt only in nearby tourism facilities and businesses that benefit from the tourist trade. The magnitude of this impact will be minor, since construction activities are not expected to significantly affect the current level of tourism visitation and associated revenues. The likelihood of the impacts occurring is medium. Overall, this constitutes a moderate severity impact. Disruption offishing activities due to HDD in the beach and shoreline areas. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Nloderate Se% eritv Magnitude Minor High Likelihood High Pipeline construction across the beach and shoreline areas may affect net fishing activities in the construction zone. As discussed in the Chapter 5 (Existing Conditions), many fishermen in this area fish using nets drawn into the beach. During the construction period, fishermen will not be able to use the stretch of beach and nearshore area within the construction zone. Any reduction in activities would lead to a reduction in incomes and economic impact among households relying directly and indirectly on fishing as a means of livelihood. The temporal impacts on means of livelihood will be minor due to the fact that any loss of economic activity will be only during the construction period. The areal impacts are minor because the fishing activities will be precluded only in the ROW itself. Fishing will still be possible on other portions of the beach. The magnitude is minor because only a small portion of the overall available beach fishing area will be affected. The likelihood of this impact is medium - while fishing activity will be precluded from the ROW area of the beach during the construction period, it is not clear that local fishermen will necessarily desire to fish at this particular location during the several-week construction period. Given this assessment, the overall impact is rated as moderate severity. R&M Station Construction Economic dislocation resulting from influx of construction workers. Temporal Minor I Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Ma nitude Minor Likelihood Low June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-116 Chapter 6 Impacts on means of livelihood associated with the influx of construction workers for R&M station construction will be similar in nature to impacts described above with respect to influx of workers for pipeline construction. R&M station construction workers will be concentrated in a smaller area than is the case with pipeline construction workers, will be fewer in number than is the case for the pipeline construction, and will be present for only several weeks. For these reasons, and for the reasons presented above with respect to the influx of construction workers for the pipeline, the impacts on means of livelihood associated with the influx of R&M station construction workers is are assessed to be of low severity. Displacement of economic activity due to land clearing within the R&M station footprint. Temp oral Moderatea Impact Significance Areal Minor Minora Magnitude Minora Likelihood High 'After mitigation by the RAP. The impacts on means of livelihood associated with displacement of economic activity within the R&M station site will be similar in nature to the impacts described in above for displacement of economic activity within the ROW. As stated above, all negative impacts on means of livelihood and standard of living associated with land take for WAGP are expected to be fully mitigated through the RAP. The R&M station will be located on land that is now being used for vegetable farming, most of which is for commercial purposes. Primary crops grown on this land are corn and cassava. Impacts on means of livelihood are restricted to the loss of the use of the R&M station footprint for farming since no people or structures will be displaced. In addition, the R&M station footprint is a relatively smaller piece of land, compared to the ROW. Thus the areal extent and magnitude of livelihood impacts associated with land take for the R&M station is significantly lower than that for the ROW. Overall, this impact is flagged as a low severity impact. Disruption of economic activity by construction traffic. Tem oral Minor Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Minor Likelihood Low R&M station construction traffic is expected to affect fewer roads and road miles than that for the pipeline, especially since the R&M station site is adjacent to the major east-west highway, and construction traffic will therefore not have to use any small community roads. Thus the magnitude of this impact for R&M station construction is likely to be the lower June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-117 Chapter 6 overall than that for pipeline construction. Mitigation measures indicated above for pipeline construction traffic impacts can also be applied for R&M station construction traffic impacts. For these reasons the impacts on means of livelihood associated with the construction traffic for the R&M station are assessed to be of low severity. Public Health, Safety, and Security Pipeline Construction - Upland and R&M Station Construction Increased incidence of sexually-related diseases due to the influx of workers. The influx of workers could result in a higher incidence of illness and disease among local community members, as the workers bring in new strains or new diseases. While most of these impacts are likely to be of short duration, the increased incidence of life-threatening or incurable illnesses, such as HIV/AIDS and other STDs, could have a long-term effect on the means of livelihood of some households. The risk of increased incidence of HIV/AIDS in Benin caused by WAGP is very low, for the reasons described previously in Section 6.6.1.8. The risk of HIV/AIDS transmission will be further ameliorated by the fact that WAGP will develop and implement a plan for the prevention of the spread of HIV/AIDS associated with project workers, including HIV/AIDS awareness programs for workers. This plan is described in Chapter 7 of this EIA. Increased accident and illness rates due to the transportation of materials and equipment to construction sites. | Temporal Moderate Impact Significance Areal Minor Moderate Mioderate Sex erity I Magnitude Moderate Likelihood Low The construction phase of the WAGP pipeline and R&M station construction will use the Lom&-Cotonou road from the Port of Cotonou to the R&M station for delivery of supplies, personnel and equipment. Pipeline construction will entail the movement of approximately 4 to 5 trucks per day during a 12 hour daily work period, for 20 days per month, for two months. The beach road will also be used to some extent to deliver lkm to 3km (0.6 to 1.9 miles) of 8in (20.3cm) pipe, HDD equipment and possibly lagoon and wetland construction equipment. If the beach road were to be used to deliver 3.2km (2.0 miles) of pipe, there would be 40 trucks total, or roughly 2 per day over the construction period. R&M station construction will entail the movement of an additional approximately two trucks daily during the 8 hour workday, for 20 days per month, for three to four months. While this is a relatively small incremental increase in traffic on larger and more heavily traveled roads (particularly the national highway that adjoins the R&M station site), it represents a significant increase in traffic on the smaller roads, particularly the beach road and footpaths leading to more rural and remote portions of the pipeline ROW. The presence of this construction traffic, including large trucks, could potentially result in an increased incidence of road-related accidents. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-118 Chapter 6 The potential for an increase in accidents is greater where roads are narrow, congested, and unpaved or of poor pavement quality. Also, adding large trucks to the current mix of vehicles and users on the road (which includes private automobiles, buses, motorbikes and pedestrians) may increase conflict between the different types of users and result in increased accident rates. The incidence of construction-related accidents will be temporary in nature, with duration depending on the proximity of affected roads and communities to the pipeline ROW. However, any injuries sustained to the public could range from temporary to permanent in nature. Roads and footpaths nearest the ROW that serve particular sections of the ROW will receive increased traffic for the portion of the construction period during which the associated sections of the pipeline are under construction. Roads more distant from the ROW, serving as main routes to the overall project, will receive increased traffic throughout the construction period. The increase in traffic related to construction will also result in reduced ambient air quality and increased dust. The severity of ambient air quality degradation associated with construction traffic has been assessed as low in the environmental impacts section. Therefore, air quality effects of construction traffic are expected to have low to minimal impacts on the incidence of respiratory illnesses for persons in communities adjacent to heavily trafficked roads. An increase in traffic will also result in increased noise levels. Mitigation measures proposed by WAPCo to reduce the negative impacts of construction traffic on health and safety include avoidance of congested roads or periods of high traffic. The temporal impact of construction traffic on health and safety is moderate because the impact may be medium to long term and irreversible if serious injuries or illnesses are sustained. The areal impacts will be minor because the impacts will be felt by communities that are within or adjacent to the relatively few construction project access routes, and will be significant mainly on those routes in rural areas. The magnitude is moderate because the negative effects, after mitigation are expected to have measurable negative effects. The likelihood of impacts (particularly long-term, permanent, or significant magnitude impacts) is low for communities adjacent to the key access routes. The overall impact is therefore assessed as moderate. Increased illness resulting from solid and hazardous waste generation. Temporal Minor _ Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Minor Likelihood Low Solid and hazardous waste generation will be handled according to an approved waste- management plan. Waste is expected to consist principally of cleared vegetation from the ROW, which is non-hazardous organic waste. Given the expected implementation of the waste management plan, it is unlikely that this activity will result in substantial health and safety impacts for the public. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-119 Chapter 6 The temporal impact of solid and hazardous waste generation is minor because the impact will be relatively short-term, during the two to three month pipeline construction period. The areal impacts will be minor because the impacts will be felt by selected communities where temporary waste collection sites are located (although most non-vegetative wastes will be collected and consolidated at the R&M station). The magnitude is minor because the negative impacts, after mitigation, are expected to have very limited effects on a few communities. The likelihood of impact is low. The overall impact level is therefore assessed as low. Wor er Health, Safety, and Security Pipeline Construction - Upland Increased accident and illness rates due to the transportation of materials and equipment to construction site. I Temporal Moderate Impact Significance Areal Minor Moderate X¶oderate Severitv Magnitude Moderate . Likelihood Medium Impacts on workers associated with the transportation of materials and equipment to the construction site will be similar in nature to the impacts described above with respect to impacts on public health and safety. Increased accident rates due to improper use of equipment (e.g., earthmoving equipment). Temporal Moderate I Impact Significance Areal Minor Moderate Mloderate Severity Magnitude Moderate Likelihood Lox Daily activities in support of the pipeline construction may pose worker safety issues if equipment is improperly handled or safety procedures not correctly followed. For example, drilling of hard rocks could result in general occupational hazards and present serious safety concerns if workers are not adequately protected. The temporal impact is moderate because the impact may be medium to long term and irreversible if serious injuries or illnesses are sustained. The areal impact is minor because the impacts will affect workers in the immediate construction site. The magnitude is moderate because although injuries sustained at work will be treated immediately in all possible cases, the magnitude of an incident involving earthmoving equipment could be more severe than the types of incidents associated with regular construction. The likelihood of impacts is low as this type of construction activity is not associated with a high incidence of injuries. The overall impact is therefore assessed as moderate. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-120 Chapter 6 Increased illness resulting from solid and hazardous waste generation. | Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Minor I Likelihood Low Impacts on workers associated with solid and hazardous waste generation will be similar in nature to the impacts described above with respect to impacts on public health and safety. Given that waste generated will be primarily non-hazardous, organic waste, the severity of this potential impact is assessed as low. R&M Station Construction Worker injury resulting from activities associated with the construction of the R&M station (e.g., earthmoving equipment). | Temporal Moderate I Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Minor Likelihood Low Construction of the R&M station, which includes a temporary office and sanitation facilities, may result in construction-related accidents. The need to move and operate earth moving equipment, a diesel fuel generator, diesel supply tank, and sanitation facilities could result in injuries to workers if equipment and materials are improperly handled. The temporal impact of the R&M station construction on health and safety is moderate because the impact may be medium to long term and irreversible if serious injuries are sustained. The areal impacts will be minor because the impacts will affect workers in the immediate construction site. The magnitude is moderate because although injuries sustained at work will be treated immediately in all possible cases, the magnitude of an incident involving earth moving equipment could be more severe than the types of impacts associated with regular construction. The likelihood of impacts is low as this type of construction activity is associated with a moderate incidence of injuries. The overall impact is therefore assessed as low. Commissioning and Start up The commissioning and start-up operations involve several steps aimed at preparing the over 600km (373 mile) long pipeline to convey natural gas from Nigeria to the Republics of Benin, Togo, and Ghana. Impacts from hydrotesting of both the on and offshore pipeline are discussed under Section 6.7, Offshore Impacts, because the hydrotest water is to be discharged offshore. After hydrotesting, the pipeline will be dried by using first air and then nitrogen gas to fill the pipeline and then evacuating it at the terminal end. Start-up will consist of filling the pipeline with natural gas and ongoing testing and maintenance (e.g., of R&M stations and control equipment) that will continue from the commissioning phase. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-121 Chapter 6 Land Use There are no anticipated negative impacts to land use from start-up activities. This assessment has been made assuming that the hydrotest water disposal transfer activities in Cotonou occur within the WAGP facility boundaries. No new land use impact is envisaged during commissioning and start-up operations. Habitat and Biological Resources Machinery movement and vehicular activities during start-up will decrease in comparison with activities during the construction phase. No new significant habitat loss or disturbance is envisaged during commissioning and start-up operations. Topography, Geology, and Soils R&M Station Testing Changes in topography and soils due to the generation of solid and hazardous wastes and hazardous materials management during commissioning and start-up at the R&M station. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Moderate Likelihood Low Various incidental volumes of lubricants and solvents will be present at the R&M station during commissioning and start-up. Similar to the analysis conducted for solid and hazardous wastes produced during the construction phase, BMPs and proper disposal practices are assumed to be in place. The impacts from solid and hazardous wastes are evaluated for the instances where these practices fail to protect the surrounding soils and topography, i.e., either a very low to medium likelihood of occurrence. Wastes that could be change soil quality are primarily solvents, oils, and greases. Any accumulated liquids from pigging operation of the Benin lateral will be managed at the R&M station. The main trunk pigging wastes will be managed at the Takoradi R&M station and are not assessed here. Liquids accumulated during the commissioning phase, other than hydrotest fluids, should be minimal. Impacts arising from the discharge of hydrotest fluids are discussed below in Section 6.7.2.4, Water Quality and Resources. Spills or leakage of these liquids could seep into the surrounding soil and remain for multiple years if not attended to. Assuming that spills are detected quickly, free liquids recovered and contaminated soils removed, the temporal affect to the soil would be minor, lasting for less than a few days. However, the effects would be reversible only with treatment. The areal extent of the impact would depend on the hazardous material quantity spilled or wastes not properly disposed. In most cases spills would occur within the boundaries of the R&M station, therefore the areal extent can be assumed to be minor. In the case of solvents, oils, or grease contamination, the existing soil composition would be greatly changed in the spill area. The magnitude of such an impact would be moderate. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-122 Chapter 6 The likelihood of a spill or leak during the few months to conduct commissioning and start- up procedures is low if proper management practices are implemented. The severity of impact of solid and hazardous wastes is low. Water Resources and Hydrology R&M Station Testiny Changes in water quality and resources due to the generation of solid and hazardous wastes and hazardous wastes management during commissioning and start-up at the R&M station. Temporal Negligible Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Moderate Likelihood Low Although the facility will require no process water and so produce no process wastewater, other wastewater sources will exist, including equipment wash down. water and incidental process-area runoff that may come into contact with operating equipment. To minimize the later, system components subject to maintenance will be placed under a roof to limit exposure to rainwater. Waste water from these sources will be gathered beneath the system components on drip pans and drained via gravity drains to the liquids handling tank where it will await removal by a waste vendor. Incidental runoff will not be collected and allowed to flow freely from the facility. Primary wastes from commissioning and start-up are solvents, oils, and greases. Surface water bodies such as ponds and streams and groundwater resources would only be affected in the case of very large spills that could then seep into the surrounding soil and possibly the groundwater table and remain for multiple years if not attended to. There are no surface water bodies in the immediate R&M station area. Assuming the spill is recovered and contaminated soils excavated, the temporal affect to water quality would be negligible because the contaminant would not permeate to the groundwater level. The areal extent of the impact would depend on the quantity of hazardous material spilled or wastes not properly disposed. In most cases spills would occur within the R&M station boundaries, therefore the areal extent is assumed to be minor. In the case of significant solvents, oils, or grease contamination, the existing groundwater quality could be affected in the spill area. The worst-case magnitude of such an impact would be moderate. The likelihood of a spill or leak during the few months to conduct commissioning and start- up procedures is low if proper management practices are implemented. The severity of impact of solid and hazardous wastes is low. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-123 Chapter 6 Air uality R&M Stations The potential sources of air quality impacts are the venting of dry air and nitrogen during air testing of the pipeline and other facilities. Approximately 100 million standard cubic feet per day (MMscfd) of first air and then nitrogen will be discharged and/or emitted on separate occasions from the R&M station during commissioning of the Benin lateral. Impacts on air quality will not be significant for this activity. The overall severity of impact will be negligible because the polluting agents have little chance of causing any changes to the existing environment due to the inertness of nitrogen. Transportation and Infrastructure No new impact on transport or other infrastructure is envisaged during commissioning and start-up operations. Social and Cultural Conditions No new impact on social and cultural conditions is envisaged during commissioning and start-up operations. Goods and Services No new impact on access to goods and services is envisaged during commissioning and start- up operations. eans of Livelihood R&M Station Testine Means of livelihood dislocation due to termination of construction workers. Temporal Nlinor Impact Significance Areal Mloderate Mlinor Moderate Severitv I liagnitude Nlinor Likelihood High Construction job terminations at the completion of the construction phase may have adverse socioeconomic impacts on households of these workers and their communities. Although the WAGP construction jobs themselves will be beneficial for the local economy, the temporary nature of these jobs, and the adjustment in the local economy required to reabsorb local WAGP construction workers back into the traditional job base after construction jobs end, will cause economic dislocation and potential hardships after the end of the construction phase and at the beginning of the commissioning phase. This impact will be exacerbated by the additional losses in jobs and revenue among services and vendors that support the construction effort during the construction phase. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-124 Chapter 6 Mitigation measures can be implemented to limit the extent of this impact, including providing full and clear information to construction workers regarding the duration of their jobs at the time of hiring, and full information to the community regarding the duration of the construction period. This impact will be further ameliorated by the facts that: * Only approximately 50 to 100 construction workers will be hired; * Since construction jobs are only temporary (2 months duration), workers are unlikely to view them as permanent, and are likely to make provisions for alternate means of livelihood at the end of the construction period; and * Construction workers will be drawn from diverse population centers, spreading the impact over a larger area and lessening the impact on any one community. The temporal aspect of this impact is assessed as minor since negative consequences are expected to begin at the time of lay-offs, and at least some workers and households are expected to go through an extended readjustment period before arranging alternate means of livelihood. The areal extent of the impact will be moderate, as it will affect the diverse population centers from which workers are hired. The magnitude of the impact is assessed as minor because due to the ameliorating factors listed above. The likelihood of this impact is high. Overall this impact is considered of moderate severity. Public Health, Safety, and Security There are no anticipated negative impacts to public health, safety, and security from start-up activities. The duration is expected to be of a very short time to be determined. Wor er Health, Safety, and Security There are no anticipated negative impacts to worker health, safety, and security from start-up activities. Operations and aintenance Land Use Onshore Pipeline Alteration in current land usefrom ROW maintenance. Temporal Major Impact Significance Areal Negligible Minor Magnitude Negligible Likelihood Low June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-125 Chapter 6 During the lifetime of the transmission system, overgrowth will be removed and disposed of during maintenance of the 25m wide ROW. Vegetation clearance will be performed four times a year by hand. No pesticides will be used. It is expected that local inhabitants would remove overgrowth debris from this maintenance for use as firewood. Nonetheless, provisions will be made for the management of this overgrowth debris, including possibly accumulation and burning. Between periods of maintenance, nearby populations may attempt to reclaim ROW land for agricultural use. While prohibited by WAPCo for public safety reasons, this type of encroachment on the ROW may occur but would be continuously disrupted by the clearing of vegetation. No new land would be occupied during the operation and maintenance phase of WAGP, and ROW land not in the 15m wide burial zone would also be open to farm animal grazing. The duration of the continued maintenance of ROW land is major and will last the lifetime of the project. The areal extent is negligible and will only affect areas within the ROW. The magnitude of the impact to current land use is also negligible because this land was previously occupied during the construction phase and no further land use changes are expected. The likelihood of additional impacts to land use during this phase is low and the overall impact severity is also low. Habitat and Biological Resources R&M Station Disturbance of nearby habitats from operation of generators and pressure valves. | Temporal Major - Impact Significance Areal Negligible Minor . Magnitude Negligible I Likelihood Low Two 40kW, 230 volt (V) natural gas powered generator with an emergency 20kW, 230V diesel generator backup system will provide primary electrical power to the Cotonou R&M station. The emergency diesel power plant will be provided with a small fuel tank. A 159L (42 gallon) diesel supply tank will be provided to store diesel fuel and to maintain 24 hours of continuous operations of the R&M station should the emergency diesel power plant be required to be operated. Noise levels from these generators can average between 75dBA to 8OdBA (Personal communication, David Poole, 20 October 2003). Sound attenuation devices may need to be employed to reduce the noise level to within acceptable ranges. The pressure control valves used to reduce the pressure of the natural gas has the potential to result in the creation of significant, continuous noise. However, the equipment is constructed in such a way that it incorporates features to mitigate this impact. The control valves will be designed so that the noise level will be in compliance with World Bank and local regulations: 55dBA/45dBA (daytime/nighttime) for residential, institutional, and educational receptors and 7OdBA at all times for noise for Industrial/Commercial receptors (located outside of the project property boundary). June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-126 Chapter 6 Even with design safeguards, both the noise from generator operation and general human activity could disturb wildlife in nearby areas. The duration of impacts to wildlife from noise and activity at the R&M station will continue for the life of the project but will be reversible immediately following the absence of noise. The temporal extent during operations and maintenance is therefore major. The areal extent of disturbance of wildlife is negligible because noise levels above 55dBA are not expected to reach areas outside of the buffer area during daytime. The magnitude of the impact from noise and activity is negligible. Any avoidance of the facility sites by wildlife will only affect individual animals, not entire populations because the noise created will not reach intolerable levels. The likelihood of measurable impacts to surrounding wildlife communities is low. The overall impact severity from noise creation from generators and pressure control valves and other R&M station activities is low. Onshore Pipeline Disturbance of surrounding wildlife due to ROW maintenance. Temporal Major Impact Significance Areal Negligible Minor Magnitude Minor Likelihood _ Low_ Routine maintenance of the servitude corridor along the pipeline ROW would require intermittent removal of vegetation above a few meters high. The effect of this is the permanent loss of the original vegetation, which may be replaced with non-native species leading to a disturbance of original habitat diversity. Also, each time such maintenance activities are being carried out, the associated noise and human presence could lead to disturbance of wildlife species in the fringing forests/bushes and their eventual migration from the area. If this is too frequent, it may lead to their total movement away from the area, leading to a modification in species composition and diversity. The onshore high pressure lateral and low pressure link line ROW's total almost 15km, and pass through sandy beach, palm forest, mangrove, marshy swamp, freshwater swamp forest, bush fallow/farmland/coastal savanna mosaic, and secondary upland forest. The presence of various species including rats, squirrels, monkeys, grass snakes, bush pig, red-bellied monkey, and land turtles have been noted along the ROW. However, the sandy beach area would not need to be cleared of vegetation, thus disturbance of native sea turtle species is not expected. The temporal extent of impacts from maintaining ROW land is major and will last the lifetime of the project. The areal extent is negligible and will only affect areas within the ROW. The magnitude of the impact to habitat and wildlife is minor as some changes in species diversity may occur. The likelihood of impacts to habitat and wildlife not previously accounted for during the construction phase is low and the overall impact severity is also low. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-127 Chapter 6 Topography, Geology, and Soils R&M Station Contamination of soilsfrom pigging wastes. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Negligible Minor Magnitude Minor Likelihood _ Low Liquids produced from pigging operations downstream of the Lagos Beach Compressor Station will be managed at the Takoradi R&M station. Maintenance pigging for the onshore line from Alagbado to the compressor station is expected to take place annually for the first five years. The type and quantity of liquids and debris from pigging would determine how frequently to pig in future years and whether or not to pig the main line downstream from the compressor station. As with other transmission systems, undesirable solids or liquids (if any) from upstream sources will be first removed at a gas scrubber and drained to the facility liquids handling tank via a pressurized drain system. Liquids from the scrubber are expected to consist of water and gas condensates, and the solids are expected to consist of pipe scale solids. As entrained solids and liquids will be present in the gas only during upset conditions, the quantities involved are expected to be incidental and may accumulate very slowly over time, although liquid evaporation is more likely. The scrubber will be vented through the vent system. All accumulated liquids will be sent via a gravity and pressurized drain to a liquid tank and managed as hazardous waste. Removed liquids and entrained solids at the gas scrubber or other facility drainage points will be pressure and gravity drained via a header system and vent stack to a 1 6,000L (4,200 gallon) liquids handling tank. The liquids handling tank will be placed in a secondary containment vault. At the tank, liquids will await periodic removal by a local waste removal vendor. The liquids handling tank will be equipped with a high level gauge and will be vented to the atmosphere. The secondary contaminant vault will be equipped with a drain valve that will be operated normally closed. Pigging wastes from the Benin lateral will be received at the R&M station. Waste volumes are expected to be minimal due to the short length of pipeline for the on and offshore lateral and gas treatment operations at the Lagos Beach Compressor Station in Nigeria. Because pigging wastes are held in handling tanks, the risk of spill or leaks of these wastes to soils is minimal. Normal handling of these wastes should not result in an impact to surrounding areas. If a leak or spill does occur, the duration of the impact would be minor assuming proper and prompt clean up procedures. The areal extent would be negligible and not exceed facility boundaries. The magnitude of the impact would be minor considering the nature of wastes generally created from pig runs. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-128 Chapter 6 The likelihood of a spill or leak resulting in adverse impacts to soil from pigging wastes is low over the life of the project. The overall severity of the impact is low. Change in soils due to hazardous materials management and the generation of solid, hazardous wastes, gray water, and runoff Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Sloderaie Severity Magnitude Minor Likelihood Medium The operation and maintenance of the R&M stations could result various impacts to soil quality. Solid and hazardous waste management (e.g., maintenance lubes, oils, and filter wastes and refuse) may have impacts to soil and associated biological resources, if not properly handled and disposed. There will be no stormwater accumulation from process areas except for minimal amounts of sheet runoff from the covered facilities. However, other non-point sources of runoff could impact soil resources near the R&M station. In addition, the sanitation system for the permanent workers could cause soil contamination from sewage, and gray water if these wastes are not handled properly. The quality of soil may degrade as a result of improper solid waste disposal from the operation of the R&M station. At the R&M station, sanitary wastewater from occasional usage by up to four workers will be treated through a septic tank system that is capable of collecting and holding the wastewater. The design of the sanitary waste septic system will be done in accordance with the design parameters contained in the environmental standards adopted for this project and applicable local requirements. It will be sized to cope with up to six facility operators i.e., 1,135L (300 gallons) per day. The preferred option for disposing of treated sanitary wastewater is discharge into the soil by means of a properly designed and sized drainage field. Other options for disposing of treated sanitary wastewater are discharging into nearby receiving waters or hauling offsite for disposal. Although the facility will require no process water and will not produce any process wastewater, other wastewater sources will exist, including equipment wash down water and incidental process-area runoff that may come into contact with operating equipment. To minimize the latter, system components subject to maintenance will be placed under a roof to limit exposure to rainwater. Wastewater from these sources will be gathered beneath the system components on drip pans and drained via gravity drains to the liquids handling tank where it will await removal be a waste vendor. Incidental facility runoff will not be collected and allowed to flow freely from the facility. With the proper BMPs and disposal practices in place, impacts to soils at the facilities should be minimal. As described under site preparation and construction, there is a risk of unintentional spills and leaks of liquid wastes as well as failure of the septic/sanitary system. The impacts to soil are assessed for runoff, spill, or leaks of other liquids. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-129 Chapter 6 Impacts from leaks or spills greatly depend on the quantity of liquid involved and the toxicity of spilled materials. There will not be large volumes maintenance fluids or lubricants stored at the R&M station. Spills would therefore have a negligible impact on soil quality if properly excavated and hauled offsite. Untreated non-point surface runoff from access roads (dirt or gravel) and other compacted facility surfaces could contaminate surrounding soils if not properly treated. Accumulation of oils and greases from vehicles and other machinery could penetrate surrounding soils and take several months to reverse impacts. The temporal extent of impacts to soil from possible spills and leaks and runoff is minor. The areal extent is also minor and should not affect soils more than 100m from the facility boundaries. Magnitude of such an impact to soils could vary depending on the liquid type and quantity. Most any of the possible fluids mentioned above would cause measurable change in soil chemistry above normal background conditions. However, as mentioned above, volumes are expected to be very low. The magnitude of the impact is therefore, minor. The likelihood of a hazardous material spill or leak during the lifetime of the project is higher than that during the construction phase due to the longer time period being assessed. Over an approximate 20 year span, the likelihood of an impact to soil quality from liquid waste contamination is medium. The overall severity of this impact is moderate. Water Resources and Hydrology R&M Station A domestic water source will be provided for occasional use by up to four workers. At the R&M station, this will necessitate the sinking of a well, most likely before construction. Groundwater will be treated in an onsite treatment plant (including, filtration systems and reverse-osmosis modules) to applicable treatment standards suitable for its intended use. The estimated expected daily use of water from the well is 159L (42 gallons) per day per person. No firewater will be provided at the R&M station. There will be no significant impact to water resources during normal operation and maintenance conditions. Changes in water quality from pigging wastes. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Negligible Minor Ma nitude Minor Likelihood Low See description of possible spills and leaks under Section 6.6.3.3. Contamination could occur in the rare instance of direct contact with surface water (e.g., wetlands) or from seepage from soil into groundwater. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-130 Chapter 6 Changes in water quality from hazardous materials handling or generation of solid and hazardous wastes, gray water, and runoff Tem oral Minor Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Minor Likelihood _ Low Similar to the soil quality issues mentioned above, runoff from impermeable (or gravel and compacted soil) surfaces at the R&M station could also impact surface water and groundwater. Water contamination from sewage and gray water as described above, could also occur. The quality of water may degrade as a result of improper solid waste disposal, particularly from maintenance operations. Risk of impacts to water quality from spills or leaks are described under Section 6.6.3.3. The low quantities of liquids and hazardous materials stored at the R&M site are listed in Appendices 2-B and 2-F. Surface water contamination would be very unlikely because the only nearby water body (lagoon) is several kilometers from the R&M station, however groundwater contamination is more likely to occur (although still a low likelihood) due to the shallow water table in coastal Benin. Air uality R&M Station Changes in air quality due to the venting of gas at the R&M stations. Temporal Negligible Impact Significance Areal Minor Negligible Magnitude Negligible Likelihood Low Though the vent will normally not be operating at the R&M station, to prevent "backflash" from an unplanned ignition, a small amount of purge gas will be continuously injected into the vent header piping at the extremities to ensure that the header system remains free of oxygen. Purge gas velocity will be approximately 0.05 feet/second (ft/sec) (O.OlSm/sec). The R&M station will have a lOin (25.4cm) vent header, which will therefore yield purge gas at a rate of approximately 155 actual cubic feet per hour (acfh) (equivalent to approximately 0.003 percent of initial pipeline capacity). Purge gas shall be metered and reported for mass balance documentation. The temporal extent of impacts to air quality is negligible for this quantity of gas and should be dissipated within less than a few hours under normal operation and maintenance conditions. The areal extent is minor due to some changes in air quality being present outside the facility boundaries but only for very short periods of time. The magnitude of impacts is negligible and should not cause more than slight changes in background levels of combustion or natural gas components, if measurable at all. The likelihood of significant impacts to air quality from venting and combustion of minimal purge gas is low, resulting in low impact severity. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-131 Chapter 6 Changes in air quality due to the operation ofgenerators and instrumentation. | Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Minor Likelihood Low Natural gas will be taken from the system at R&M station to be used as the control medium for pneumatic instrumentation, pumps, and some valve actuation. It is expected that the pneumatic pumps should use approximately 20acfm. The fugitive emissions are not expected to exceed 5 percent of this usage rate. The operation of generators, instruments, and other machinery (including small vehicles) will release emissions into the atmosphere, resulting in possible air quality impacts. The major air emission will be diesel and natural gas combustion products. Air emissions from combustion operations for the project would consist mainly of oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), CO2, unburned hydrocarbons, and particulate matter, depending on the ash content of the gas. Gas will be taken from the system at the R&M station to provide fuel for gas-powered electrical generators and gas heaters. Fuel gas consumption is expected to total 1 .5MMscfd/day. Fugitive emissions are not expected to exceed 5 percent of this figure. Two 40kW, 230V natural gas powered generator with an emergency 20kW, 230V diesel generator backup system will provide primary electrical power to the R&M station. The emergency diesel power plant will be provided with a small fuel tank. A 159L (42 gallon) diesel supply tank will be provided to store diesel fuel and to maintain 24 hours of continuous operations of the R&M station should the gas fired equipment fail or be taken out of service for maintenance. The duration of impacts to air quality from generators and small vehicle emissions at the sites will continue for the life of the project but will be reversible following the cessation of combustion and dispersion of gases. The temporal extent during operations and maintenance is, therefore, minor. The areal extent of air quality changes is minor because high concentrations of air pollutants are not expected to reach areas beyond lOOm of either site. The magnitude of the impact from the generators and compressors is minor because of the low volume and likely dissipation of air emissions. The likelihood of significant impacts to air quality is low. The overall impact severity from combustion from generators and compressors is low. Transportation and Other Infrastructure No new impact on transportation and other infrastructure is envisaged during operations other than incidental deliveries of supplies. The primary power for facility will be provided by natural gas fueled generators, which will eliminate demand on local power supply systems. Water supply for the workers and industrial uses is nominal and insignificant in impact. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-132 Chapter 6 Social and Cultural Conditions No new impacts on social and cultural conditions are envisaged during operations. Goods and Services No new impacts on goods and services are envisaged during operations. eans of Livelihood Potential negative socioeconomic impacts of the operational phase of the pipeline include: * Continued preclusion of local residents from the use of land within the ROW; * Residual effects of the economic dislocation effect surrounding the influx of workers; and * Secondary upstream impacts associated with the development of new gas supply facilities induced by the availability of a new market for gas via WAGP. The first two impacts are addressed fully in Section 6.6.1 (site preparation and construction impacts). These impacts were identified as beginning during the construction phase, and were assessed as permanent impacts. Thus impacts during the operations phase were fully assessed in this previous section and will not be addressed again here. Secondary impacts, including upstream induced impacts, are addressed in Section 6.9 of this report. Public Health, Safety, and Security WAGP operations pose a certain level of risk to health, safety, and security associated with the possibility of controlled or uncontrolled gas release, fire, or explosion. This risk is addressed in Section 6.8, Emergency and Upset Conditions, below. Wor er Health, Safety, and Security Injury and illness to workers resulting from the operation of the R&M station. Temporal Moderate Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Minor Likelihood Medium Operation of the R&M station may result in operation-related accidents and illnesses. The facility will be manned 24 hours per day, seven days per week. Although the level of staffing is low, there is the potential for work-related injuries to occur as employees operate and maintain equipment and systems (including the gas scrubber, liquid storage tank, pressure reduction valve and vent system). Failure of workers to regularly wear safety clothing and gear such as overcoats, hand gloves, protective goggles, steel-toe boots, June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-133 Chapter 6 helmets, etc. could result in serious injuries in certain hazardous situations. Since health and safety protocols will be followed by all WAPCo workers, the occurrence of injury is expected to be very low. Operation of the R&M station plant will also result in increased noise levels for the workers and possible loss of hearing. The pressure control valves used to reduce the pressure of the natural gas has the potential to result in the creation of significant, continuous noise. However, the equipment is constructed in such a way that it incorporates features to mitigate this impact. The control valves will be designed so that the noise level will in compliance with World Bank and local regulations: 55dBA/45dBA (daytime/nighttime) for residential, institutional, and educational receptors and 7OdBA at all times for noise for industrial/ commercial receptors (located outside of the project property boundary). The temporal impact of the R&M station operation on health and safety is moderate because the impact may be medium to long term and irreversible if serious injuries are sustained. The areal impacts will be minor because the impacts will be felt by workers at the immediate site. The magnitude is minor because any injuries sustained at work are not likely to be life threatening and will be treated immediately in all possible cases. The likelihood of impacts is low as this type of operation is associated with a minimal incidence of injuries. The overall impact is therefore assessed as low. Decommissioning and Abandonment Decommissioning and abandonment is the post-project phase. In general, the impacts from decommissioning will depend on the quality of the engineering underpinning the project and proper execution of approved decommissioning plans. As described in the International Project Agreement, the Joint Venture intends to decommission and abandon the pipeline consistent with local regulations and accepted industry practices prevailing at the time of abandonment. In some cases lands are expected to be returned to their pre-WAGP use (e.g., agriculture). Detailed plans for facility decommissioning, abandonment and facility/pipeline reinstatement will be developed toward the end of the lifetime of the project. Impacts cannot be assessed quantitatively at this time. However, two activities were evaluated qualitatively across the 11 environmental, socioeconomic, and public/worker health media (total of 22 potential impact "intersections"), with the following results: 16 were assessed as no impact, and six were unable to be evaluated at this time (undetermined). The types of undetermined impacts are described below. Short-term increased activities associated with facility decommissioning (e.g., heavy machinery, traffic) have the potential to create dust and mobile source emissions and can temporarily disrupt wildlife. Wastes and debris at facility sites can negatively affect soils, water resources, and habitats if not properly managed. At project's end, it is anticipated that onshore pipelines will be flushed, capped, and abandoned in place. Pipeline corrosion and subsequent leaching of metals into surrounding soil and water is a possibility. Job terminations associated with decommissioning of the pipeline, R&M station, and associated facilities at the end of the operation phase could possibly have negative socioeconomic impacts on the households of terminated workers. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-134 Chapter 6 Land Use No additional impacts to land use are anticipated at the termination of the project. In some cases, land occupied by the pipeline or facilities may return to pre-WAGP use (e.g., agriculture). Habitat and Biological Resources Decommissionin2 of Facilities Temporal Impact Significance Areal Undetermined IMagnitude Likelihood Decommissioning of the R&M stations could cause temporary disruption to wildlife from increased human activity and noise. The duration of this impact would be short-term. Debris would need to be properly disposed of and removed from the site to avoid contamination of nearby habitats. The exact degree of impacts cannot be determined at this time. Abandonment of Onshore Pipeline The onshore lateral in Benin will be cut at the beaches, flushed, capped, and abandoned in place. In this case there will be no significant impact to habitat and biological resources. If required by the regulations in force at the end of the project lifetime or by the local communities or stakeholders, then the pipeline will be removed and disposed of according to a management plan to be developed and approved nearer the time. However, it may be presumed that the impacts of disinterring an empty gas pipeline would be higher than leaving it in place. Topography, Geology, and Soils Decommissionin2 of Facilities Temporal Impact Significance Areal Undetemined Magnitude Likelihood Possible impacts to topography and soils include contamination from abandoned wastes and debris that are not properly removed from the facility sites and creation of dust from increased heavy machinery activity. Severity of these impacts cannot be determined at this time. Abandonment of Onshore Pipeline Temporal Impact Significance Areal Undetermined Magnitude Likelihood June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-135 Chapter 6 Leaving the pipeline in place will generally not create any impacts to soil or topography along the ROW. There is however a slight possibility that the pipeline could corrode once it is void of gas and leach metals into the surrounding soil. The severity of this impact is undetermined. Water Resources and Hydrology Decommissioning! of Facilities and Abandonment of Onshore Pipeline Temporal Impact Significance Areal L Undetermined Magnitude Likelihood Possible impacts to water resources and hydrology include contamination from abandoned wastes and debris that are not properly removed from the facility sites. Severity of these impacts cannot be determined at this time. Air uality Decommissionine of Facilities | Temporal Impact Significance .Areal Undetermined l Nagnitude Likelihood Possible impacts to air quality include and creation of dust and mobile source emissions from increased heavy machinery activity. Severity of these impacts cannot be determined at this time. Abandonment of Onshore Pipeline No impacts to air quality are expected from abandonment of the pipeline in situ. Transportation and Other Infrastructure No new impacts on transportation or other infrastructure are envisioned during decommissioning. Impacts on Social and Cultural Conditions No new impacts on social and cultural conditions are envisioned during decommissioning. Impacts on Access to Goods and Services No new impacts on access to goods and services are envisioned during decommissioning. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-136 Chapter 6 Impacts on eans of Livelihood No new impacts on means of livelihood are envisioned during decommissioning. Public Health, Safety, and Security No new impacts on public health, safety, and security are envisioned during decommissioning. Wor er Health, Safety, and Security No new impacts on worker health, safety, and security are envisioned during decommissioning. Potential Offshore Impacts The 20in main pipeline will enter the territorial waters of Benin (from the east) continuing into the waters of Togo, with the 8in lateral branching onshore west of the Cotonou port. The total offshore pipeline main trunk length in Benin waters is approximately 106km (65.8 miles). In Benin, the pipeline will be constructed in water depths that vary from Om at the beach shoreline of the lateral to 71m (233ft) at the deepest point of the main trunk line near the Nigeria-Benin border. The Benin lateral pipeline is approximately 15km (9.3 miles) long with less than 250m (0.16 miles) laying in water that is less than 8m (23ft) deep. Activities of concern include the passive installation of the pipeline in water that is greater than 8m deep (i.e. the pipeline is not buried compared to burial in water depths shallower than 8m), the movement of barges and vessels near the shoreline of Benin, and discharge and treatment of hydrotest waters used in the commissioning of the Benin lateral. The receptors primarily affected by these activities are benthic habitats, water quality, and fishing resources. None of the activities associated with the offshore pipeline resulted in high severity environmental, socioeconomic, or health and safety impacts. Table 6.7-1 shows the severity assessment for offshore pipeline activities over the life of the WAGP project. This table is similar to the structure of the onshore impact table, Table 6.6-1. General and specific activities are described in the far left-hand column, and the receptors affected by these activities run across the top of the table. The colors representing the severity of the impact are identical to those in Section 6.6: green for low severity, yellow for moderate severity, red for high severity, and gray for undetermined severity. Intersections of activities and receptors that are crossed out have not been identified as significant impacts. Site Preparation and Construction The site preparation and construction phase involves the mobilization of offshore construction equipment to the site, the preparation of the site for construction activities, the laying of the pipeline itself, and construction demobilization. Mobilization will include the movement of barges and other associated vessels to the construction area. Site preparation June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-137 Chapter 6 Table Severity Assessment: Environmental, Socioeconomic, and Health and Safety Impacts Environmental Socioeconomic Health and _____ ~~~~~Safety 0~~~~~~~~~~ General Activity Specific Activity Description 2 ; > Site Preparation and Construction~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-C P Cd 0~~~~~ ~~ *'~~ ~ :0 CY ~ 0 Cc I 0 0 0 u OFFSHOREUMPACT9 . .- ' i4-r. - ~ 4~ Site Preparation and Construction Site Preparation and Presence, movement, and anchoring of A A\ A l A Construction in Offshore Areas barges in Gulf waters; and support iEE E (>8m water depth) vessel movement lack aBnd gray water and galley waste X Generation of solid and hazardous \/ /\//\/ / \/ /\/ / waste and management of hazardous _ A A z General operation of vessels and \\\ _ i e~~~~~~~~~~~~_quikpment Le.g., generators) / V \ / \ Passive installation of pipeline in >8m \ / _/ \ / \ /\ water depth _/ \/ June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-138 Chapter 6 Table Severity Assessment: Environmental, Socioeconomic, and Health and Safety Impacts Environmental Socioeconomic Health and - ~~~~~~~~~u0 0 C - General Activity Specific Activity Description D E.> ~~~~ - ,-~~~~~~~~~ t- d o ... 0 c 0 :Dz '= 18wz )d ~~~ ~~~~ 00~~~~ C1 0~~~~[ ri ~Cj2 OFFSHORE IMPACTS : . - j - - . . - Site Preparation and Presence. mo%enient. and anchoring of' Construction in Near4hore Areas barges nearshore. including n! pol,' (<8m water depth) Black and gray water and galley waste Generation of solid and hazardous \/\ /\ /\/\ /\ /\ /\ /\ /\ / waste and management of hazardous / General operation of vessels and equipment (e.g., generators) / HDD of shore crossing to exit point at B\ 8m water depth Commissioning and Start-up On and offshore pipeline testing Treatment and discharge of hydrotest 1 I waters from lateral Operations and Maintenance Pipeline Maintenance Pigging of lateral Exposed pipeline starting at >8m water depth Decommissioning and Abandonment Decommissioning of main trunk Void of gas and leave in place and laterals June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-139 Chapter 6 offshore will include drilling of the HDD exit point at the 8m water depth location, and seafloor leveling. Construction activities will include main trunk and lateral pipe laying, vessel anchoring on the sea floor, and the subsea connection of the lateral to the main trunkline. Demobilization will include the removal of construction equipment, barges, and associated vessels from the construction site. In Benin, the offshore pipeline will be placed directly on the seafloor in water depths that exceed 8m (23ft). In sections of the route that are less than 8m deep the pipeline will be buried below the seafloor by HDD, as is the case for nearshore approaches to beach crossings. In the discussion below, the potential impacts are categorized based on this construction difference and are evaluated as "Nearshore (<8m)" for the lateral approach in water less than 8m deep and "Offshore" for the main trunk and lateral approaches in water depths greater than 8m. The offshore pipeline will be installed from an anchoring or dynamic positioning system (DPS) construction vessel mobilized from a location that will be known when the offshore installation contract has been awarded. A pipe barge, supply vessel, and anchor handling vessel will support the lay barge. These vessels are likely to mobilize from Tema, Ghana or Warri or Port Harcourt, Nigeria. A lateral fleet will also be operating at the same time as the bigger main trunkline lay barge. Both fleets will be supported by the same supply boat, dive support vessel, and survey vessel. The lay vessel of the lateral fleet will be used to support HDD shore crossing. Land Use Water Activities Site Preparation and Construction in Offshore Areas (>8m water depth) Change in current water activities due to the presence and movement of barges offshore 24 hours per day, including support vessel movement. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Minor Likelihood Low The laying of the pipeline along the offshore seafloor may temporarily impede fishing activities and other navigational uses in the area. Artisinal fishing will be affected mostly along the nearshore areas (see following discussion below). Most of the small fishing vessels operate in the waters only during the daytime (6:00am to 6:00pm) and return back to land as the sun is setting. On the other hand, larger vessels, such as fish trawlers and cargo vessels generally have no time restrictions on their passage. The proper notification of Beninoise maritime authorities by WAPCo regarding the operation and location of WAGP vessels during construction is expected to reduce any impact to fishing and navigational activities in the area. This notification will make full information available to operators of other vessels in the area. Impacts will be further mitigated through normal safety precautions at sea, including the use of navigational lights and noise making devices. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-140 Chapter 6 The construction of the offshore pipeline in Benin is expected to take approximately one and a half to two months (pipeline lay rate of 2km/day to 3km/day), with much of this activity related to the main trunk in remote offshore areas with low occurrence of vessels. The impacts from this activity will be reversible almost immediately following the construction activity. The temporal extent to current water activities is therefore minor. The areal extent is also minor as pipeline lay vessels are expected to be able to travel as close to the pipeline as possible, with some impact to fishing activities being noticed within l OOm of this area. The anchoring spread distance for the barge is lOm lateral distance from the barge for every meter of depth (maximum spread of 710m at the deepest point in Benin). The magnitude of the impact to current fishing activities is minor and normal marine activities and use should resume soon after the vessels leave the area. The likelihood of impacts to water activities is low, based on proximity from land (i.e., more distant) and EBS observances of few vessels in the area. The overall severity of this impact is low. Site Preparation and Construction in Nearshore Areas (<8m water depth) Change in current water activities due to thepresence and movement of barges nearshore 24 hours per day, including to ports. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Moderate Severity Magnitude Minor Likelihood High The severity assessment for nearshore water activity disturbance is similar to the description above for offshore construction. The likelihood of impacts is higher nearshore due to the increased presence of fishing vessels in the nearshore areas, especially near the Cotonou port, however the overall duration of vessel activity in the nearshore area is much more limited. Fishing vessels and drift nets were observed during the EBS along the pipeline lateral route. An example fishing boat is shown in Figure 6.7-1. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-141 Chapter 6 Figure ulti Person Fishing Boat Typical of Nearshore Area ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~y '. The HDD breakthrough point will occur at the 8m water depth mark and therefore no jet trenching is expected to occur. The barges necessary for the HDD exit point offshore will be in nearshore waters for less than two weeks, but delays could be encountered due to heavy boat traffic or other fishing activities (e.g., drift nets). The impacts from these activities will be reversible almost immediately following the construction activity. The temporal extent to current water activities is therefore minor. The areal extent is also minor as pipeline lay vessels are expected to be able to travel as close to the pipeline route as possible, with some impact to fishing activities being noticed within lOOm of this area. The anchoring spread distance for the barge is 1 Om lateral distance from the barge for every meter of depth. The magnitude of the impact to current fishing activities is minor and normal marine activities and use should resume soon after the vessels leave the area. The likelihood of impacts to water activities is high, as some disturbance will occur due to the presences of HDD vessels. The overall severity of this impact is moderate. Habitat and Biological Resources A survey of fish resources was conducted as part of the EBS. A total of 52 fish and other marine species belonging to 33 families were recorded off Benin during the survey. There were eight crustaceans, two molluscs, three invertebrate species, and 39 finfishes. The crustaceans consisted of true crabs and shrimps, while molluscs consisted of cuttlefish and squid. Sepia officinalis (common cuttlefish), Grammoplites gruveli (Guinea flathead), Syacuim micrurum (channel founder), Trigla lyra (piper gumard, a sea robin), and Citharus linguatula (Atlantic spotted flounder) occurred at almost all the stations. The most abundant species were jellyfish, common cuttlefish, Guinea flathead, piper gurnard, spotted flounder, and spotted flounder. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-142 Chapter 6 The catch rates in Benin varied with depth, in general increasing with depth (1 5m to 45m), followed by a decrease at greater depths (50m to 54m). The most productive area occurred around the 45m depth contour. Note that the station with the highest catch rate was related to a high catch of jellyfish, which contributed over 50 percent of the total catch at that station. Plankton populations in the nearshore and offshore environments of Benin are both abundant and diverse. During the EBS, the number of taxa (mostly species) of phytoplankton and zooplankton identified were 69 and 52, respectively. Populations increase during the upwelling that follows the rainy season. (Figure 6.7-2a and b). In the benthic environment, 72 taxonomic groups of benthic organisms were identified, made up of 50 polychaete species, 12 crustacean species, and 10 species classified as "others." Seven stations were sampled along the main pipeline route off Benin in water depths ranging from 50m to 70m, and four stations were sampled along the lateral. The number of species per station showed a gradual decline westward and the polychaete species were dominant in all the stations sampled. The marine birds of Benin include shearwaters, storm petrels, tropicbirds, frigatebirds, gannets, and boobies. However, they are not commonly seen. Records dating back to the 1960s reveal only limited sightings of a few species (Elgood et al., 1994). The rarity of oceanic birds may be attributable to the absence of suitable breeding sites (e.g., remote islands and rocky cliffs) in the Gulf of Guinea. Figure a Distribution of Total Phytoplan ton Abundance at Sampling Stations Offshore Benin During the EBS Dry Season 160,000 - 140,000- 120,000 - 100,000 80,000- 60,000- 40,000 --1 20,000 PI,-_ B01PHY B02PHY B03PHY B04PHY B05PHY June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-143 Chapter 6 Figure b Distribution of Total ooplan ton Abundance at Sampling Stations Offshore Benin During the EBS Dry Season 8,000- 7,000 - 6,000- 5,000 - 4,000 - 3,000 - 2,000 - 1,000 / - p. BOlZOO B02ZOO B03ZOO B04ZOO B05ZOO Site Preparation and Construction in Offshore Areas (>8m water depth) Disturbance of benthic communities and wildlife due to the presence and movement of barges and support vessels in Gulf waters. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Minor Likelihood Low Pipeline lay and support vessels installing the main offshore trunkline and the 8in lateral in the Gulf of Guinea could cause minor disruption to marine mammals and fish species. The Gulf of Guinea serves as an important migration route for marine turtles and there are recent reports of the olive ridley, green, and leatherback nesting on beaches in Benin (Fretey, 2001). Olive ridley specimens frequent the waters off Benin and are often caught by fishermen. A specimen of hawksbill was recently captured near Hocognoncodji in Benin. All three species of sea turtles are listed by CITES and National Wildlife Conservation Regulations under Schedule I. The green turtle is listed by IUCN as endangered, while the hawksbill and leatherback are listed as critically endangered. However, no marine reptiles were observed in the offshore project area during the Offshore EBS. Sea turtles and some deeper water fish species could be affected by the 24 hour per day construction operations and the lighting that would accompany the pipe-laying activities. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-144 Chapter 6 During the construction of the pipeline, the noise level along the pipeline route will increase above background levels due to welding activities and also from power generators and vessel engines. Local noise related impacts, mitigated by minimizing time spent in the area, will reduce to zero as the lay barge moves east to install the remainder of the main trunkline. These impacts on the population of aquatic animals such as fishes in the area, though temporary, may lead to their migration from the area, until conditions normalize. Research conducted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration on short-term behavioral responses of the gray whale to underwater noise associated with aircraft, ships and seismic explorations indicate a 0.5 probability that whales will respond to continuous broadband noise (above ca l2OdB2) and to intermittent noise (above ca 170dB), usually by changing their swimming course to avoid the source (Moore and Clarke, 2002). Marine mammals, however, are highly acoustically oriented, and more research is needed to assess the potential impacts of noise on these species. The barges will need to anchor and re-anchor as they are making forward progress along the main trunkline and the 8in lateral in water depths greater than 8m. (Anchoring Specifications, Appendix 6-A) Anchoring will disturb sediment on the seafloor and some benthic communities. The area disturbed will be almost negligible from this activity although the benthic communities may take several weeks to recover. Overall this impact is not significant for the further offshore trunk of the pipeline where bottom sediments are soft and muddy and this issue is discussed more completely under nearshore activities. For the main trunkline portion of the pipeline, the duration of activities offshore Benin is approximately one and a half to two months in total. The grouping of ships will continue to make forward progress along the route at about 2km to 3km per day. The impact to surrounding species from any given construction point should not last longer than a few weeks, resulting in a minor temporal significance. The areal extent of impacts to fishes and other marine mammals will also be minor as effects from the vessels are not expected to reach further than 100m beyond the pipeline construction zone. The magnitude of this impact is minor as most wildlife will avoid the immediate construction areas and find other routes to reach the shoreline or for feeding or breeding activities. The likelihood that marine wildlife and benthic communities will be disturbed by the construction activities to a measurable degree is low. The overall severity of the impact to marine wildlife is low. Attraction of marine mammals and birds from macerated galley wastes disposed of overboard. Black (sewage) and gray waste water from construction vessels will be collected, treated, and disposed at an onshore facility according to MARPOL standards and will thus not affect offshore biological communities. Galley wastes (food refuse) will be macerated and discharged overboard in waters greater than three nautical miles (5.5km) from the shoreline. Some fish and birds will be attracted to this waste as a source of food and may trail the vessels, as they would fish trawlers. This impact is not considered to be significant. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-145 Chapter 6 Site Preparation and Construction in Nearshore Areas (<8m water depth) Disturbance of benthic communities and wildlife due to the presence and movement and anchoring of barges and support vessels nearshore and in ports. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Moderate Se% erity Magnitude Minor Likelihood Medium In the nearshore environment, biological resources that may be affected by the presence and anchoring of barges for HDD include the benthic population and fishery resources along the pipeline route, as well as nesting turtles, especially if construction were to take place during their breeding season. In Benin, sandy beaches constitute most of the coastline and much of it could serve as turtle nesting sites. Marine turtles nest on sandy beaches above the high tide mark. A focused survey of potential turtle breeding areas near the project area was conducted during the EBS and although no turtles were observed, turtle eggs were found indicating that the beaches in the area are in fact used by nesting turtles. Because they often return to the same area to nest, care should be taken to minimize impact to beaches where nesting occurs and construction schedules should account for the nesting season. Sea turtles are a protected species under several international treaties ratified by the four West African countries covered in this project. Notwithstanding, populations have decreased due to poaching and habitat destruction. The nesting period runs from late July to December, with a peak in November (Armah et al., 1997b). The young turtles begin to appear in the sea around April. Because the sea turtles may use the waters nearshore in their approach to the beach nesting sites, the peak nesting season should be used to guide construction schedules and activities whenever possible. Impacts to benthic communities from anchoring are not expected to be long term, in that re- colonization of an area by benthos is expected to occur almost immediately or very shortly after the activity. Baseline surveys for the project collected numerous samples in the nearshore areas which will be useful for any monitoring plan that might need to be developed. Similarly fishes that may move out of the pipeline vicinity during the activity are expected to migrate back once construction is completed. In addition, adherence to the WAPCo Turtle Impact Monitoring and Mitigation Plan (Appendix 8B2.8.3) will minimize possible disturbances of sea turtles, nests, and eggs (see Chapters 7 and 8 for more information). The shore crossing activity offshore is expected to take approximately two weeks although delays could be encountered due to the heavy boat traffic. The impact to surrounding species should not last longer than a few weeks, resulting in minor temporal significance. The areal extent of impacts to fishes, marine mammals, and benthic communities will also be minor as effects from the vessels, other than possibly anchoring (maximum of 80m lateral distance from barge for HDD breakthrough), are not expected to reach further than lOOm beyond the pipeline construction zone. Assuming that construction does not take place during the peak turtle breeding season, the magnitude of this impact is minor and should only affect individual organisms or schools of fish, but not entire communities or population levels. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-146 Chapter 6 The likelihood that marine wildlife will avoid the construction area to a measurable degree is medium due to the concentration of marine flora and fauna nearshore. The overall severity of the impact to marine wildlife is moderate. Attraction of marine mammals and birds from macerated galley wastes disposed of overboard. Disposal practices will limit the discharge of macerated galley waste to areas greater than 5.5km from the shoreline. Therefore galley wastes would not be disposed of overboard in nearshore areas and thus no additional impact to the marine habitat would be expected. As described above, black and gray wastewater will be stored and disposed of appropriately at an onshore facility after treatment. Disturbance of marine habitat and marine wildlife due to offshore activities associated with HDD of shore until reaching the exit point at 8m water depth. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Moderate Minor Ma nitude Minor Likelihood Low In Benin, the base case is that HDD for the shore crossing will be performed from the barrier island out to sea as opposed to jet trenching. The incremental effects from this additional activity are expected to be fairly minor. There will be approximately seven vessels necessary for the lateral construction and HDD shore crossing including a small lay barge. The shore crossing is estimated to take two to four weeks to complete. Drilling mud required for HDD from the beach side of the barrier island is approximately 1700m3. Cuttings are expected to be approximately 5400m3 and will be managed at the onshore HDD location. There is a risk of loss of up to 10 percent of the 1700m3 volume of circulating fluid and drill muds to the aquatic environment in case of an HDD that exits into open water or during the auguring/pipe push from the lay barge to the onshore HDD location. These fluids and muds could cause smothering of the benthos in the area of discharge, although the nearshore environment is active and would likely serve to disperse any lost muds. Impacts from the presence of vessels for HDD shore crossing to the marine wildlife have been incorporated into the above discussion for the presence of vessels for nearshore construction. The duration of impacts from HDD nearshore to marine communities will be temporary and should not exceed the construction phase by more than a few weeks. The impacts will be reversible within the same time frame resulting in minor temporal significance. The areal extent of impacts depends on the quantity and dispersion of fluids and muds from the drilling process. A worst-case estimate would result in impacts to benthic communities up to 50Gm from the exit site. This range is considered a moderate areal significance. The magnitude of this impact is minor and is expected to cause only limited smothering of the benthic community which will recover fully. The likelihood of an impact to benthic communities is low if the muds selected for use are water-based and non-toxic and the quantity of mud breakthrough is minimized. The overall impact severity is low. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-147 Chapter 6 Bathymetry and Seafloor Sediment The Benin coastal shelf of sandy deposits ends in water depths of approximately 30m to 35m and the width varies between 2km in the west and 5km in the east. The continental plateau extends to depths up to 100m, after which the bottom descends rapidly to around 2000m. Along the shoreline, winds generate small aeolian sand with grain sizes between 0.2mm to 0.3mm. The seabeds are characterized by a bar in the breaking area of the seabed at 2m to 3m depth. In the breaking area, sediments are sorted by wave action and are coarser. Off the breaking area and out to 12m depth, the sand is very fine and well classified (between 0.2mm and 0.06mm). Beyond 12m depth, there are muds with particle sizes smaller than 0.06mm. Waves break obliquely on the Benin shore and transport sediments generally towards the east. The shoreline segment where the pipeline will cross, between Djegbadji and Adounko- Plage, is generally a stable area, although some areas (near Togbin, for example) are susceptible to erosion. The sediments throughout the entire pipeline ROW area surveyed ranged from fine-grained silt-clays, (representing low-energy, depositional environments) to coarse sand or granules on rippled bottoms or with shell lag deposits at the sediment-water interface (representing high- energy, sediment transport zones). An area of hard bottom with ancient fossilized gorgonian coral is located to the east of Grand-Popo and close to Godomey. Another area of hard bottom is present between Ouidah and Cotonou in 52m to 56m water depth. Moving from this area up to the edge of the shelf, there are many pointed rock peaks. These ancient coral formations probably date back to the Holocene like those studied in Nigeria (Allen and Wells, 1962). Site Preparation and Construction in Offshore Areas (>8m water death) Disturbance of bathymetry and seafloor sediment due to the passive installation of 20in pipeline in the main trunkline areas and in 8in lateral line areas (greater than 8m water depth). Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Negligible Negligible Magnitude Negligible Likelihood High When the pipe is simply laid on the existing soft bottom substrate it is anticipated to eventually settle in the seabed sediments to a depth of 2in to 3in up to one third of its diameter (approximately 6in). These untrenched pipe segments will rely primarily on natural settling to reduce any "artificial reef" effects, physical barrier effects, or boundary layer effects. The application of concrete mattresses at intervals along untrenched segments, presence of periodic free span segments, and natural colonization of the pipeline will reduce the extent to which the untrenched pipe segments may be barriers to the movement of benthos. It is anticipated that remaining exposed pipe segments will likely become covered with a veneer of sediment very soon after installation. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-148 Chapter 6 Over time, segments of the pipe are expected to partially settle into bottom sediments in some areas as well as create spans across others, both scenarios providing potential crossing opportunities for marine benthos. The duration of impacts to sediment movement from laying of the pipeline for approximately 106km of the main trunk and 13km of the lateral line along the seafloor are permanent, but not permanently negative. Locally (i.e., around the immediate area of the pipeline) the bathymetry will have slightly changed from pre-installation but the overall impact will dissipate soon after installation is complete, particularly in light of the dynamic sediment transport environment in the Gulf of Guinea. The temporal significance is minor for this impact. The areal extent is negligible and impacts should remain within the pipeline vicinity. The magnitude of impacts to bathymetry and sediment movement is negligible in the context of the entire Gulf of Guinea seafloor. The likelihood of minimal impacts to the seafloor is high, but the overall severity of the impact from passive pipe laying is low. Site Preparation and Construction in Nearshore Areas (<8m water depth) Disturbance of bathymetry and seafloor sediment due to offshore activities associated with HDD of shore crossing until reaching the exit point at 8m water depth. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Negligible Likelihood Low HDD will begin at an onshore site and exit approximately 250m off the coast of Benin. The primary impacts associated with the HDD activities onshore have been assessed under Section 6.6.1.3, Geography, Topography, and Soils. Impacts to bathymetry and sediment at the exit point offshore will be minor. Some disturbance of the seafloor will occur at the exit point including sediment dispersion. Turbidity levels near the exit point will temporarily increase. The duration of impacts to sediment will be short-lived, primarily occurring during the two week HDD shore crossing period. Sediment will resettle shortly after breakthrough is complete, resulting in minor temporal significance. Significant impacts to bathymetry and sediment are not expected to exceed 100m from the pipeline construction site and thus a minor areal extent is assigned to this impact. Relatively elevated concentrations (defined as greater than the region-wide mean plus standard error, or 7.44ppm) were detected in three of ten Benin locations. On average the detected PAHs in Benin locations were higher than the region-wide average (average total PAHs for Benin of 7.02ppm compared to region-wide average total PAH of 5. 1ppm). The concentrations detected, however, do not reach hazardous levels. For aliphatic hydrocarbons, relatively high levels were detected at the five stations off of Benin (average of 32.4ppm). Although the pattern detected was not completely consistent across these five locations all indicated aliphatic hydrocarbons were focused in the heavy June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-149 Chapter 6 fuel oil range, from tetradecane (n-C 14) through triacontane (n-C3 0). The fact that heavier saturated hydrocarbons (i.e., hexatriacontane n-C36) were not detected in these five locations implies that the hydrocarbon source is primarily petroleum and not due to naturally occurring (biogenic) sources. Sediment samples analyzed in the project area were found to be generally free of any additional chemical contaminants. Therefore resuspension and transport of contaminated sediments is not a factor for the pipeline construction and the magnitude of this impact is negligible. The likelihood of some degree of impacts being realized due to HDD at the nearshore exit point area is low. The overall severity of impacts to the bathymetry and seafloor sediment is low. Water uality and Resources Turbidity is generally low in nearshore and offshore oceanic waters, except for a slight contribution from floating planktonic organisms at the surface. Temperatures measured during the EBS averaged approximately 28°C. In Benin, many deepwater sites exhibited numerous distinctly stratified thermoclines. Shallow, nearshore sites demonstrated a distinct primary thermocline followed by a linearly decreasing temperature gradient to the bottom indicating mixing of stratified layers already present. Nutrient and COD analyses in the offshore samples analyzed along the pipeline route do not indicate elevated or sharply contrasted concentrations that might signify impact from either industrial or populated areas. Concentrations of metals are typical for clean seawater. Figure 6.7-3 shows an example of one type of water quality determination being made during the First Season EBS. Figure Documenting Water uality Color During First Season EBS June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-150 Chapter 6 Site Preparation and Construction in the Offshore Area (>8m water depth) Changes in water quality due to the accidental release of black and gray water wastes offshore. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Moderate Likelihood Low Approximately 270 to 380 laborers will be working offshore on various vessels including one or two lay barges (at different locations). The boats will be staffed and operated 24 hours per day. Gray and black wastes will be collected, treated, and disposed onshore in compliance with MARPOL. There should be no impacts to water quality from the back and gray wastes, except in the case of accidental spills or releases. Macerated galley wastes will be dumped overboard only when more than 5.5km from the shoreline. Due to the difficulty in treating spills far offshore, the black or gray wastes would change the immediate water quality for more than a few weeks and the temporal affect to water quality would be thus ranked as minor. The large ocean size and constant mixing of the water body will easily dissipate the increase in suspended solids, bacterial, or pH changes that may arise. The areal extent of the impact would depend on the quantity spilled or not properly disposed. In most cases spills would occur near the immediate pipe laying area, therefore the areal extent can be assumed to be minor. In the case of black or gray water contamination, the existing surface water quality would be measurably changed in the spill area. The magnitude of such an impact would be moderate. The likelihood of a spill or leak during the one and a half to two month Benin offshore construction period is low if proper management practices are implemented. The severity of impact from black and gray water wastes is low. Changes in water quality due to the accidental release in offshore areas of hazardous materials or solid and hazardous wastes generated offshore. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Moderate Likelihood Low Impacts from accidental release of hazardous or solid wastes that might be generated (including maintenance volumes of lubricants, oils, and greases) are almost identical to those described above for black and gray wastes and are dependent on the volume of material released. The magnitude of the impact would also be moderate, due to the relatively toxic nature of some of the onboard maintenance liquids. There could be some mitigative spill cleanup actions for volumes of oils or greases released overboard that would minimize the impact to water quality and thus the marine habitat and wildlife. Overall the severity of this impact is low primarily due to the BMPs, disposal practices, and spill response plans that will be in place to reduce the chance of an accidental release. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-151 Chapter 6 Changes in water quality due to the passive installation of the 20in pipeline in greater than 8m water depth. Temporal Negligible Impact Significance Areal Negli ible Negligible Magnitude Minor Likelihood Medium Water quality along the pipeline will not be permanently degraded by the pipeline-laying activity. However, during the process, suspended solids and associated turbidity levels in the immediate work area will increase. This effect will be transient, short-lived, and confined to the immediate area of activity. The temporal extent is negligible due to the suspended solids being quickly absorbed and dissipated by the large water mass. The areal extent is also negligible as changes in water quality should only occur within 25m of the pipeline. The magnitude of the impact is minor and the likelihood of an increase in turbidity or other water chemistry levels is medium. The overall impact severity is moderate. Site Preparation and Construction in Nearshore Areas (<8m water depth) Changes in water quality due to the accidental release of black and gray water wastes in the nearshore area. | Temporal | Minor I Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude I Moderate Likelihood Low Gray and black wastes will be collected, treated, and disposed onshore in compliance with MARPOL. There should be no impacts to water quality from the back and gray wastes, except in the case of accidental spills or releases. Macerated galley wastes will not be dumped overboard when less than 5.5km from the shoreline. See additional discussion for offshore area, above. Changes in water quality due to the accidental release of hazardous materials or solid and hazardous wastes generated offshore in the nearshore area. Temporal | Minor l Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor . Magnitude Moderate Likelihood Low See discussion for offshore area, above. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-152 Chapter 6 Changes in water quality due to offshore activities associated with HDD of shore crossing until reaching the exit point at 8m water depth. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Moderate Minor Magnitude Minor | Likelihood ___ Low __ As discussed in Section 6.6.1.2, Habitats and Biological Resources, both drilling mud and cuttings will be produced from HDD at the shore crossing. The shore crossing is estimated to take approximately two weeks to complete. Drilling mud required for HDD from the beach side of the barrier island is approximately 1,700m3. Cuttings are expected to be approximately 5,400m3 and will be managed at the onshore HDD location. There is a risk of loss of up to 10 percent of the 1,700m3 volume of circulating fluid and drill muds to the aquatic environment in case of an HDD that exits into open water or during the auguring/pipe push from the lay barge to the onshore HDD location. These fluids and muds could cause a temporary increase in turbidity over the currently low levels and some aquatic toxicity in nearshore waters. The duration of impacts from HDD to water quality will be temporary and should not last more than a few weeks. The impacts will be reversible within the same time frame resulting in minor temporal significance. The areal extent of impacts depends on the quantity and dispersion of fluids and muds from the drilling process. The areal extent of impacts depends on the quantity and dispersion of fluids and muds from the HDD process. A worst-case estimate would result in impacts to water quality from measurable increased turbidity up to 500m from the construction site. This range is a moderate areal significance. The magnitude of this impact is minor and is not expected to raise certain water levels (e.g., turbidity, pH, and trace metals) by more than 10 to 20 percent for a short duration. The likelihood of an impact to water quality is low if the quantity of discharge is minimized. The overall impact severity is low. Air uality Site Preparation and Construction in the Offshore Area (>8m water depth) Changes in air quality due to the general operation of vessels and equipment including diesel-fueled generators. Temporal Negligible | I Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Minor | Likelihood Low Operation of diesel-fueled vessels and marine construction equipment, including generators, will generate air emissions and negatively impact air quality. A maximum of 18 vessels will be part of either offshore fleet. Each vessel will use approximately 7,600L to 9,500L of fuel per day. Operation of the fleet of boats and associated equipment will take place 24 hours June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-153 Chapter 6 per day and in total are estimated to use a maximum of 171,000L diesel fuel per day (145.35 metric tons/day). Air emissions from diesel-fueled equipment include SO2, NOx, CO2, CO, VOC, and PM (Table 6.7-2). More particulate is released from older, intensively used engines than from new, low-mileage engines, probably because of a greater consumption of lubricating oil. Poorly designed and maintained engines may result in as much as three times the amount of organic compounds emitted in comparison to well maintained engines. In general, the overall removal rate of diesel particles from the air is estimated to be low, resulting in an atmospheric lifetime of several days (WHO, 1996). Table Air Emissions per Day per Offshore Fleet Compound Weight (metric tons) Carbon Dioxide 458 Carbon Monoxide 1.05 Hydrocarbons 0.35 Nitrogen Oxides 12.6 Particulates 0.17 Sulfur Oxides 7.27 Source of emission factors: http://www.epa.gov/region09/air/marinevessel/pdfs/tanwar.ndf. The construction equipment and associated generators will operate during the offshore pipeline construction phase of the project. Air emissions impacts from the construction equipment will be short-term since they are not likely to contribute to cumulative air quality effects beyond the construction period. Duration of the impact to air quality is negligible in any one area as the vessels and pipe laying equipment will be continuously making forward progress. Negative impacts to ambient air quality levels will most likely stay within l 00m of the pipeline and vessel boundaries, resulting in minor areal extent. Although emission levels from the generators and other equipment will be high at the source (vessels and generators), the overall magnitude of these increased levels is minor due to the continuous movement of air and the dissipation of the pollutants, given the relative carrying capacity of the atmosphere in the offshore area. The likelihood of a discernible and persistent impact to local air quality is low. The severity of impacts to air quality from generator and diesel-fueled equipment emissions is low. Site Preparation and Construction in Nearshore Areas (<8m water depth) Changes in air quality due to the operation of vessels and equipment including diesel- fueled generators for nearshore construction. Temporal Negligible Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Minor Likelihood Low June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-154 Chapter 6 The fleet size nearshore will be approximately half of the main trunk fleets. Estimates for emissions from this size fleet and associated operations are shown in Table 6.7-3. See description for offshore area air quality directly above. Table Air Emissions per Day per Nearshore Fleet Compound Weight (metric tons) Carbon Dioxide 0.50 Carbon Monoxide 229 Hydrocarbons 0.18 Nitrogen Oxides 6.3 Particulates 0.09 Sulfur Oxides 3.6 Source of emission factors: http://www.epa.gov/regionO9/air/marinevessel/pdfs/tanwar.pdf Transportation and Infrastructure Impacts to navigation and transportation nearshore are similar to those discussed in Section 6.7.1.9, Means of Livelihood, and are not explicitly stated here. Social and Cultural Conditions Site Preparation and Construction in Nearshore Areas (<8m water depth) Changes to social and cultural conditions due to activities associated with HDD of shore crossing until reaching the exit point at 8m water depth. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Minor Likelihood Low Nearshore construction activities have the potential to cause a temporary and localized decline in the local fish population, thus affecting the local residents who rely on fishing in the affected areas. Changes in the supply or the process of fishing would alter the traditional social and cultural character of the villages, in which there are clearly defined roles revolving around fish catches and processing of these catches. The temporal aspects of this impact are likely to be minor since the changes in fish populations and catches are expected to be short-lived and reversible. The areal extent of these impacts would be minor since they would be confined to the coastal communities near the construction site. The magnitude of this impact is assessed as minor, as the character of the villages is unlikely to be fundamentally altered. Given current information, the likelihood of the above impacts occurring is low. Overall this is assessed as an impact of low severity. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-155 Chapter 6 Access to Goods and Services No impacts to goods and services are expected from this activity. eans of Livelihood Site Preparation and Construction in Offshore Areas (>8m water depth) Reduced fish catches, other economic effects due to presence, movement, and anchoring of barges in offshore waters, and support vessel movement. Temporal Minor I Impact Significance Areal Moderate Minor Moderate Severity Magnitude Minor Likelihood Medium The presence and movement of construction barges and support vessels in Gulf waters could potentially impact navigation and fishing in these waters. This could pose economic hardship on owners and operators of non-WAGP vessels that may be delayed or detoured, precluded from fishing grounds, or exposed to increased danger of accidents. These socioeconomic impacts will be mitigated by the proper notification of the maritime authorities in Benin by WAPCo regarding the operation and location of WAGP vessels during construction. This notification will make full information available to operators of other vessels in the area. Impacts will be further mitigated through normal safety precautions at sea, including the use of navigational lights and noise making devices. The temporal aspect of this impact is minor as this impact will last only as long as WAGP construction vessels are present in Benin waters. The areal impact of this impact is moderate, due to traffic of non-WAGP vessels in the near the Cotonou port and along the shoreline area (i.e., vessels likely to traverse or travel near the project site) that may be affected. The magnitude of this impact is minor, in view of the mitigation measures to be applied. The likelihood of this impact is medium. Although WAGP construction vessels will certainly be present in the Gulf of Guinea during the construction phase, the likelihood that they will affect the means of livelihood of other vessel operators is considered medium due to the moderate marine traffic. This impact is therefore assessed to be of moderate severity. Site Preparation and Construction in Nearshore Areas (<8m water depth) Reducedfish catches, other economic effects due to presence, movement, and anchoring of barges in nearshore waters, and support vessel movement. Temporal Minor I Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor NModerate Severity Magnitude Minor Likelihood Medium June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-156 Chapter 6 The presence, movement, and anchoring of barges and their construction-related vessels in the nearshore zone <8m water depth) has the potential for: * temporary and localized impacts on fisheries in the immediate area of the barges (due to noise, motion, and water quality impacts), possibly resulting in reduced fish catches and impacts on means of livelihood for households relying on fish catches; * temporary and localized displacement of fishermen from fishing areas, again possibly resulting in reduced fish catches and impacts on means of livelihood for households relying on fish catches; and * temporary impacts on navigation, as described above for offshore barge operation. This also poses the potential for impacts on the means of livelihood of the operators of non-WAGP vessels. These potential impacts on means of livelihood will be assessed collectively here. As indicated the temporal aspects of these impacts are minor, as they will occur only for as long as the construction barges are in the Benin nearshore area, and they are not expected to cause any lingering effects after departure of the construction barges. The areal extent of these impacts is also minor, as all impacts are expected to be localized to fishing communities or port communities in the immediate vicinity of the construction site. The magnitude of these impacts is also expected to be minor, given that these impacts affect only a very small portion of the overall resource (which encompasses the entire nearshore area in Benin). The likelihood of these impacts is assessed as medium resulting in a moderate severity impact. Disruption of means of livelihood due to activities associated with HDD of shore crossing until reaching the exit point at 8m water depth. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Moderate Severity Magnitude Minor Likelihood Medium HDD of the shoreline has the potential to disturb local fish populations (these activities are assessed as likely to have impacts of moderate severity on marine life and habitats in foregoing sections). This could affect the incomes of the local residents who rely on fishing. Decline in fish populations could potentially affect the localized economies in fishing communities nearest the construction sites. Impacts could extend beyond the households of those who catch fish, to households that derive income from forward-lined activities such as drying, smoking, and trading in fish products. This impact is expected to be of short duration. As indicated previously, the environmental, habitat, and biological impacts of conducting HDD of the nearshore seabed are expected to be short-lived. Therefore, the associated economic impacts for fishermen will be equally short-lived. The temporal aspects of this impact are therefore assessed as minor. The areal extent of this impact is minor as these impacts are expected to affect only nearby fishing villages. The magnitude of this impact is minor. Although local fishermen and fishing communities may rely heavily on fish catches for their livelihoods, the project will affect June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-157 Chapter 6 only a small portion of the overall fishing resource available to them. Given current information, the likelihood of the above impacts occurring is medium. The overall impact on means of livelihood is rated as of moderate severity. Public Health, Safety, and Security Site Preparation and Construction in Offshore and Nearshore Areas Increased incidence of accident and injury to the public due to marine navigational hazards in nearshore and offshore areas. Temporal Minor | Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Minor Likelihood Low The movement of barges and support vessels during pipeline construction will affect the safety of small fishing boats and other non-WAGP boats navigating in the vicinity. Most of the small fishing vessels operate in the waters only in the daytime (6:00am to 6:00pm) and return back to land as the sun is setting. Larger vessels, such as fish trawlers and cargo vessels, on the other hand, generally have no time restrictions on their passage and increased marine traffic and offshore construction related hazards may affect the ability of these boats to safely conduct their activities. This is particularly the case at night when vision is limited. Although the barges will be well lit, their presence in the water along with the anchor cables will affect safety. However, it should be noted that since the construction process will disrupt fishing activities in general, as noted under Section 6.7.1.9. There may be fewer boats in the water as fishermen may stay away from their traditional fishing grounds during the construction period. This impact will be mitigated through use of proper marine safety procedures including lights, sound making devices as appropriate in times of low visibility, and the notification of marine authorities of construction operations. The temporal impact of the offshore construction on health and safety levels is minor because the impact will be for the duration of the construction period and is thus short term. The areal impacts will be minor as fishing grounds in the immediate vicinity of offshore pipeline construction will mainly be affected. The magnitude is minor because it is not expected that large numbers of fishing boats will be affected, or that many of those affected will actually be involved in accidents or dangerous incidents. The likelihood of impacts is low as construction barges and support vessels are expected to take proper precautions to avoid marine hazards, such as notification of marine authorities of activities and schedules, showing appropriate lights, and taking appropriate precautions to avoid collisions or accidents while under way. The overall impact is therefore assessed as low. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-158 Chapter 6 Wor er Health, Safety, and Security Site Prevaration and Construction in Offshore Areas (>8m water depth) Increased incidence of accident and injury due general operation of vessels and equipment offshore. Temporal Moderate Impact Significance Areal Minor Moderate Moderate Severity Magnitude Moderate Likelihood Low The operation of barges and support vessels during pipeline construction will pose a risk to the health and safety workers. Daily activities in support of the pipeline construction may pose worker safety issues if equipment is improperly handled or safety procedures not correctly followed. Marine work has inherent risks due to weather and sea condition factors and the exposed nature of the work. The temporal impact is moderate because the impact may be medium to long term and irreversible if serious injuries or illnesses are sustained. The areal impact is minor because the impacts will affect workers in the immediate construction crew. The magnitude is moderate although injuries sustained at work will be treated immediately in all possible cases, the magnitude of an incident involving marine equipment could be more severe than the types of incidents associated with regular construction. The likelihood of impacts is low. The overall impact is therefore assessed as moderate. Site Preparation and Construction in Nearshore Areas (<8m water depth) Increased incidence of accident and injury due general operation of vessels and equipment nearshore. Temporal Moderate Impact Significance Areal Minor Moderate Moderate Severity Magnitude Moderate Likelihood Low See offshore description above. Commissioning and Start up Commissioning will be undertaken in all WAGP pipeline segments (offshore mainline, offshore laterals, and onshore Benin, Ghana, Nigeria, and Togo segments) and will consist of the following steps: * Flooding, cleaning, and gauging; * Hydrostatic testing; * Dewatering and drying; and * Air expulsion and nitrogen packing. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-159 Chapter 6 It is envisaged that the main pipeline will be commissioned first and then the laterals. See Chapter 2, Project Description for full details. Land Use Water Activities No significant impacts to land use directly related to offshore commissioning and start-up activities have been identified. Habitat and Biological Resources Onshore and Offshore Pipeline Testine Two separate line fill and discharge events will occur for both the onshore and offshore lines: * Untreated source water used for flooding, cleaning and gauging; and * Biocide-treated source water used for hydrotesting purposes. The source of the water for the main trunkline is currently undetermined for both the onshore and offshore hydrotesting procedures but will most likely be from Badagry Creek near the compressor station in Nigeria. The Atlantic Ocean, however, is the likely source of fill water for the Benin lateral and the water volume required for each fill event in the Benin lateral is 3,584bbl (540m3). First fill water (no biocides) used for flooding will be filtered and discharged back to the Atlantic Ocean. Maximum discharge flow rate is 0.2bbl/s and would take 0.24 days to void in Benin. Hydrotesting involves the use of hydrotest water combined with additives which contain anti- corrosion and anti-biofouling (biocide) agents. High volumes of treated water will be generated from the hydrotesting of the pipelines. Associated impacts could be significant if the hydrotest water additives are released to the environment untreated. Possible impacts associated with the management of hydrotest water include impacts to water quality and aquatic productivity. Currently, the proposed plan is to discharge the hydrotest water from the Benin lateral in nearshore waters. The hydrotest water will be collected onshore, mixed with seawater to a diluted standard or otherwise treated with hydrogen peroxide, and then discharged into nearshore waters. Eco-toxicological tests of the anti-corrosion and anti-biofouling agents to be used (using indigenous species) will be carried out prior to its application. Appropriate permits will be sought for the discharge of the treated hydrotest water in Benin. The same maximum discharge flow rate described above applies. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-160 Chapter 6 Possible reduction in abundance of aquatic speciesfrom discharge of biocide in hydrotest water. Temporal Negligible Impact Significance Areal Minor Negligible Magnitude Negligible Likelihood Low As part of commissioning, each pipeline segment will be flooded with water to test the mechanical integrity of the pipeline. The water will be treated with a biocide chemical will be injected downstream of the filters to mitigate the effects of corrosive anaerobic bacteria entrained within the Badagry Creek water or seawater used for testing activities. The active ingredient of the biocide is tetrakishydroxymethyl phosphonium sulphate (THPS) is an effective biocide that does not bioaccumulate, which has biodegradability properties. In its undiluted state, the chemical THPS (CAS no. 55566-30-8) has been classified with the following risk and safety phrases: harmful if swallowed; causes bums; risk of serious damage to eyes; may cause sensitization by skin contact; is very toxic to aquatic organisms, and has possible risk of harm to the unborn child. If creek water is used for the offshore segment, the effective concentration of THPS will be 190ppm. Wherever ocean water is used (primarily for the lateral segments) the effective concentration will be 125ppm THPS. Ecological tests show that the LC50 at 96 hours for fish is 93ppm, lower than the concentrations that will be used in the treatment prior to hydrotesting. This will require that certain precautions, including treatment, be taken before the hydrotest water is discharged in Benin. To mitigate impacts, the THPS-containing hydrotest water will be appropriately treated in storage tanks down to appropriate limits prior to discharge. The limits will be defined in the appropriate discharge permit. Limits will be set using input from the results of a suitable eco-toxicity testing program approved in Benin following Beninoise protocols, as well as Nigerian EGAS protocols and West African industry practice. In addition to dilution, the treatment may likely include hydrogen peroxide contained in tanks by the R&M station. Sample points will be established at these locations to monitor the discharge. (See Chapter 2 for a description of the management procedures and Appendix 8-B2.2 for details regarding the likely biocide materials and ecotoxicity testing approach). In addition, Appendix 8B2.5.3, WAGP Wastewater Discharge Controls, describes controls that will be developed as part of specific applications for Discharge Permits/Approvals within each country. The treated water will be discharged through multi-point discharges to maximize dispersion and aeration. Outlets will be below sea level at all times and will be 10m to 15m (33ft to 50ft) offshore. During dewatering, the quantity of discharge water will be metered to insure discharge rates meet permit requirements. The potential impact to local aquatic species from the discharge of hydrotest water is assessed assuming the proper treatment and testing procedures described above. The water discharged at Cotonou should take approximately six hours. The impact duration from this discharge would not last beyond the immediate discharge period. Because the surf zone June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-161 Chapter 6 discharge area is constantly mixed the effects from the hydrotest water would be reversible within a short period of time, resulting in negligible temporal significance. The discharge points at Cotonou are approximately 1 Om to 1 5m offshore. Changes in aquatic species abundance from discharge of the hydrotest water are expected to remain within lOOm of the point source. Dilution should occur in the surf zone rapidly so that impacts are not observed outside of the lOOm perimeter. The areal extent of impacts is therefore minor. Assuming that the hydrotest water is treated to non-toxic levels the magnitude of reduction of aquatic species should be negligible. There may be some local species that exhibit increased sensitivity to THPS offshore Benin. However, laboratory toxicity testing on local species will be conducted in advance of discharging hydrotest volumes to assure that the magnitude of the impact will be negligible. With proper treatment of the hydrotest water, the likelihood of impacts to the local aquatic species is low. The overall severity of impacts to the abundance of aquatic species is low. Bathymetry and Seafloor Sediment No significant impacts to bathymetry or seafloor sediment from offshore commissioning and start-up have been identified. Water uality and Resources No significant impacts to water quality and resources from offshore commissioning and start- up have been identified. Air uality No significant impacts to air quality from offshore commissioning and start-up have been identified. Transportation and Other Infrastructure No new impacts on transportation or other infrastructure are expected from this activity. Social and Cultural Conditions No new impacts on social or cultural conditions are expected from this activity. Access to Goods and Services No new impacts on the access to goods and services are expected from this activity. eans of Livelihood No new impacts on means of livelihood are expected from this activity. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-162 Chapter 6 Public Health, Safety, and Security No new impacts to public health, safety, or security are expected from this activity. Wor er Health, Safety, and Security No new impacts to worker health, safety, or security are expected this activity. Operations and aintenance With the exception of an upset condition such as during a leak or rupture, there will be no emissions, including those from solid or liquid sources, from the operation of the offshore pipeline. Maintenance of the line, however, will release a small amount of gas from the subsea pig launcher each time it is disconnected from the subsea tie-in during pigging. A small amount of solid and liquid waste will also be collected onshore during pigging operations. These impacts have been discussed under Section 6.6, Onshore Impacts. The laterals will be pigged as needed on the basis of the results of any pigging of the mainline. The need for digging the mainline will be determined on the basis of digging Alagbado to Badagry Beach stretch annually for the first five years, and will be adjusted as necessary thereafter depending on quantities of liquids and solids removed. Land Use Water Activity No significant impacts to water activity from offshore operations and maintenance have been identified. Vessels will traffic the pipeline route intermittently but there occurrence will be sporadic and are not considered significant. Habitat and Biological Resources Fish and other marine wildlife may use the pipeline surfaces as artificial reefs. Note that the primary impact of an increase of species utilizing the pipeline is not assessed to be significant. The secondary impact of an increase in fisheries and fishing along the pipeline nearshore is discussed in Section 6.9, Secondary Impacts. Bathymetry and Seafloor Sediment Because there will be no solid or liquid emissions from the operation of the offshore pipeline, there will be no significant impacts to the subsea bathymetry and seafloor sediments. Water uality and Resources Because there will be no solid or liquid emissions from the operation of the offshore pipeline, there will be no significant impacts to the water quality. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-163 Chapter 6 Air uality A small amount of gas (mainly methane) will be released from the subsea pig launcher each time it is disconnected from the subsea tie-in during pigging, approximately 0.34m3 to 1.27m3 (12ft3 to 45ft3). The impact from this small release is not significant. Transportation and Other Infrastructure No new impacts on transportation or other infrastructure are envisaged as a result of this activity. Social and Cultural Conditions No new impacts on social and cultural conditions are envisaged as a result of this activity. Access to Goods and Services No new impacts on access to goods and services are envisaged as a result of this activity. eans of Livelihood Pipeline Maintenance Reduction in fish production due to net damage or change in fishing methods or activities due to presence and maintenance of exposed pipeline on the seafloor. Temporal Major Impact Significance Areal Minor Moderate Moderate Severity Magnitude Minor Likelihood Medium WAGP has the potential to negatively effect fishing activity and fish production in the area of the lateral pipeline ROW, near the fishing communities of Hio-Houta and Hio Houegbo. This is particularly likely if the pipeline is left exposed on the seabed at depths of 8m or greater. Impacts would be less likely if the pipeline is trenched into the seabed to water depths of 30m. One specific impact of the pipeline may be damage to seine drag nets. Often, fishing nets touch the sea floor in waters of 8m or more (based on the results of ICF household and community surveys). Exposed pipeline or partially covered pipeline is likely to become encrusted with sea life, and to develop a rough texture that can snag nets. This could result in damage to the nets of fishermen using nets near or over the pipeline. Net damage results in expenses, lost catch, and lost fishing time for fishermen, affecting their means of livelihood. Another common method of fishing in the area involves large nets pulled onto shore by lines of men and women. Because of the likelihood of nets snagging on exposed pipeline, exposed pipeline at shallow depths or near shore would preclude this activity in the vicinity of the ROW. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-164 Chapter 6 This impact may be mitigated through: * Providing appropriate notification to authorities, so that navigational charts can be updated to indicate the position of the pipeline through a Notice to Mariners; and * Providing community education regarding the pipeline and avoidance of damage to fishing equipment. The process of updating navigational charts takes time, and not all mariners update charts following a "Notice to Mariners." Further, many local fishermen and other mariners in the region do not use charts, and/or ignore prohibitions or warnings of hazards. Thus, mitigation could be expected to reduce impacts on means of livelihood, but not to eliminate these impacts entirely. The temporal aspect of these impacts would be major since the pipeline will become a permanent feature in the nearshore area. The areal impact is minor since means of livelihood would be affected in fishing communities near the pipeline site that utilize the affected area. The magnitude will be minor since the impacts could cause substantial hardships for some fishermen, but the pipeline will affect only a very small portion off the overall resource available to these fishermen. The likelihood of impact on means of livelihood of local fishermen is assessed as medium. The overall severity is thus rated as moderate. Public Health, Safety, and Security WAGP (including the exposed nearshore pipeline) poses a certain level of risk to health, safety, and security associated with the possibility of uncontrolled gas release, fire, or explosion. This risk is addressed in Section 6.8, Emergency and Upset Conditions, below. Wor er Health, Safety, and Security No new impacts to worker health, safety, or security are expected this activity. Decommissioning As described in the International Concession Agreement, the Joint Venture intends to decommission and abandon the pipeline consistent with local regulations and accepted industry practices prevailing at the time of abandonment. Detailed plans for facility decommissioning, abandonment, and facility/pipeline reinstatement will be developed towards the end of the lifetime of the project. The main trunk and offshore laterals will most likely be cut at their respective beaches, flushed, capped, and abandoned in place. No significant impacts are expected during decommissioning assuming the following procedure is implemented. The offshore line pipe will be protected from corrosion by a sacrificial-anode cathodic protection system, in which a sacrificial zinc/aluminum anode will corrode in preference to June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-165 Chapter 6 other metal components of the line pipe. Cathodic protection potential measurements will be performed on the onshore pipeline ends on a periodic basis to ensure that the cathodic system is protecting the pipeline. After voiding the pipeline, some internal corrosion of the metal could occur as the anodes age and loose their effectiveness after decommissioning. The extent and rate of this corrosion cannot be determined at this time. However, as the offshore pipeline is coated in concrete, the seafloor is protected from any effects and the impacts to the sediment are not significant. Emergency and Upset Conditions Emergency upsets may, in the worst case, lead to events with a significant potential for impact on HES receptors. The most significant possible events are: * Gas release (controlled); * Gas release (uncontrolled); * Fire; * Explosion; and * Major offshore spills. WAPCo has conducted studies to maximize the safety of the WAGP pipeline and facilities and is developing an emergency-response strategy and system safeguards, which are discussed in Section 2.6 and Chapter 7 of this report. Controlled Gas Release Blowdowns and other controlled gas releases of a pipeline section or a WAGP facility are discussed in Section 2.6 in the country EIAs. They may occur at the: * Alagbado "Tee" (Nigeria); * Midline manual venting facility (Nigeria); * Lagos Beach Compressor Station (Nigeria); and * R&M stations (Benin, Ghana, Togo). The likelihood of a blowdown of a facility is deemed low because it would occur only under upset conditions. Since pipeline sections require less maintenance than facilities, the likelihood of the blowdown of a pipeline section is deemed very low. Controlled blowdowns will be conducted at rates that will ensure effective dispersion (or combustion in the case of flaring at the Nigeria compressor station), and therefore, the impacts to environmental receptors and to the health and safety of public and workers are expected to be of low, if any, severity. Nonetheless, a blowdown of a pipeline section is likely to cause an interruption of supply to WAGP customers and hence of power supply to industrial and residential consumers. The severity of impact on the availability of goods and services varies directly with the duration of the blowdown but is not expected to exceed low as WAPCo will seek to restore service as soon as it considers it safe to do so. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-166 Chapter 6 Uncontrolled Gas Release Uncontrolled gas releases may occur anywhere along the pipeline or at WAGP facilities. Along the pipeline the event causing a release would be a rupture of the pipeline. At the facilities it may be due to a rupture of the piping or poor maintenance. Underlying causes have been identified in qualitative risk analyses and are listed in Table 6.8-1. Table Possible Causes of an Uncontrolled Gas Release Onshore Nigeria, Lagos Beach Offshore Alagbado "Tee" Laterals Compressor Mainline/ R&M Stationsb Onshore and Station' Laterals Link Lines * Mechanical a Sabotage * Mechanical * Anchor drops * Mechanical failure * Corrosion failure and draggingc failure * Pooror * Seismic activity * Pooror * Impacts of * Pooror insufficient insufficient trawler insufficient maintenance maintenance equipmentd maintenance * Overpressure a Overpressure * Corrosion * Overpressure * Non-compliance * Operator error * Erosion of * Heater failure of equipment * Non-compliance seabed by sea (leading to with design of equipment currents hydrate codes with design * Seismic activity formation and codes * Sabotage overpressure) * Operator error * Underpressure at pressure reduction valve * Non-compliance of equipment with design codes Identified in WAPCo Qualitative Risk Assessments (QRAs); full text available in Appendix 6-C. b Identified in WAPCo QRAs. ' WAPCo commits to updating British Admiralty and National Navigation charts to include the "as built" routing of the entire offshore pipeline and laterals. Further, WAPCo has and will continue consulting with harbor masters and naval authorities regarding ship traffic management to avoid anchoring impacts. d The effects of certain trawler board collisions with the offshore pipeline have been modeled (PCS, 2003), with no impacts expected to pipe integrity and limited impact to concrete coating integrity, only in the case of repeated, same location collision. The WAGP pipeline and facilities have been designed with safeguards to prevent uncontrolled releases and with mitigation measures to minimize their impacts. It may therefore be assumed that the likelihood of such a release is low to very low. Table 6.8-2 shows the receptors that could be potentially impacted by an uncontrolled gas release at a particular location. Table Receptors Potentially Affected by Gas Release June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-167 Chapter 6 Habitats and Goods Public Worker Biological Quality and Health and Health and Resources Q Services Safety Safety Alagbado "Tee" X X X Onshore Nigeria X X X X Lagos Beach Compressor StationI Offshore Mainline and Laterals X X X Onshore Laterals and Link X X X X Lines R&M Stations X X X X The impacts on air quality determine the impact on public health and safety and on habitats and biological resources (which is essentially the impact of a gas release on local fauna). A study has been conducted to model the effects on air quality of an uncontrolled full release of the offshore pipeline at Takoradi R&M station (Appendix 6-B). It concluded that the maximum concentrations of methane and hexane, the components of the gas presenting the principal health hazards, would be several orders of magnitude below their respective threshold levels of concern throughout the duration of the release. It may be assumed therefore that impacts on air quality, health and safety, and habitats and biological resources of a simple release would be negligible. The study also modeled an uncontrolled full release of the onshore pipeline in Nigeria in the vicinity of the isolation valve. It concluded that the maximum concentrations of methane and hexane would be several orders of magnitude below their respective threshold levels of concern throughout the duration of this release. However, an odor nuisance up to 2km downwind of the release would occur. Similarly, therefore, it may be assumed therefore that impacts on air quality, on health and safety, and on habitats and biological resources of a simple release would be negligible. No studies concerning uncontrolled releases elsewhere on the WAGP pipeline or at WAPCo facilities have been reviewed. However, qualitative risk assessments have been performed; these suggest that the likelihood of simple gas releases at facilities is low to very low, that impact significance will be minor and hence impact severity on environmental receptors and public health and safety will be low. The exposure of workers at WAPCo facilities to uncontrolled releases will be minimized through the gas-detection and emergency-shutdown systems described in Section 2.6 and by providing sufficient means of emergency egress. The significance of impact on worker health and safety is likely to be minor and, since the likelihood of occurrence is likely to be low, impact severity will be low. Potential offshore pipeline breach as a result of anchor drag, impact by boat hulls or equipment, corrosion failure, and natural disasters such as earthquakes (for which Accra, Ghana is prone) can release natural gas (methane) into the water column, which will affect habitats, biological resources , and human health and safety. In Ghana, another potential source of pipeline breach is the effect of the high energy offshore environment washing away sediment. Seabed sediment can be scoured away, which can expose previously buried pipeline to impact by boats and equipment, and can lead to pipeline free-spanning. Once the pipeline is no longer supported by the seabed, it is susceptible to breaching. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-168 Chapter 6 The likelihood of pipeline breach due to anchor dragging and impact from boat hulls and equipment can be substantially reduced by burying the pipeline beneath the seabed in areas that have significant marine traffic, and in common anchorage areas. As a measure to mitigate this potential impact, WAPCo will conduct more detailed studies to determine the proper burial depth for each lateral to avoid potential exposure of the pipeline to impact damage by shipping. Likelihood of pipeline breach due to corrosion, exposure of buried pipeline, and free-spanning can be greatly minimized through periodic internal and external inspection of the pipeline. WAPCo will implement an inspection and monitoring program as a measure to mitigate this potential impact. These mitigation measures are described in Chapter 7. Studies on gas accidents in the Sea of Azov give some idea about methane pollution of the water environment and its possible impact on the benthic and pelagic communities. In this event, the gas was present in water in concentrations of 4ppm to 6ppm directly near the accidental well and in concentrations of 0.07ppm to 1.4ppm at a distance of 200m from the platform. The increased content of the gas (0.35ppm) was also found 500m from the well in the windward direction. These results suggest that methane and its analogues can stay in the water environment for a rather long period and spread over considerable distances. The effects of methane are quite varied. Dense populations of the blue-green alga, Beggiatoa sp. were found in bottom sediments of areas of methane seepage on the shelf of the North Sea and near the shore of California. As these microorganisms use gas hydrocarbons as a food source, they can become the base of the food chain for other benthic organisms, resulting in a potential positive impact. Releases of this magnitude are not expected with WAGP, thus no positive impacts are expected. The results of field studies around the accidental gas well in the Sea of Azov suggest that the gas affects zoobenthic organisms more than the bacterioplankton and phytoplankton. In areas with high concentration of methane, the biomass of benthos declined particularly because of mollusk mortality (Patin, 1999). Based on the information about the potential impact of methane described above, the duration of any local changes in species composition and abundance is expected to be short- term, and the extent should not exceed 500m from the impact source. Both the substratum and organisms are expected to be adversely affected in the event of pipeline breaches. This situation results in a moderate impact significance and a low to very low likelihood since its occurrence is very rare in industry. The overall severity of this impact is moderate due to the low likelihood of occurrence and the moderate impact significance. To the extent that an undersea uncontrolled release of gas would affect fisheries, such an occurrence would be expected to result in socioeconomic impacts to fishermen and coastal fishing communities relying on these fisheries. Such an uncontrolled release and the associated repair activity could also affect normal fishing patterns, resulting in hardship to fishermen traditionally fishing the area of the release. The impact of an undersea uncontrolled release on fisheries is considered to be of low severity (mainly because of the low to very low likelihood of an uncontrolled release offshore, see above). The socioeconomic impact associated with reduced fish catches would June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-169 Chapter 6 therefore also be expected to be of low severity. The socioeconomic impact associated with disruption of normal fishing patterns is also assessed to be of low severity given the short duration of these impacts, the fact that a very small portion of the overall available resource would be affected, and the low to very low likelihood of this occurrence. The severity of impact on the availability of goods and services will vary with duration of repairs. WAPCo will seek to restore service as soon as it considers it safe to do so. Fire The main causes of fires within a facility are from the uncontrolled release of gas or the ingress of air into piping containing gas. Table 6.8-3 lists possible underlying causes of fires at WAPCo facilities. Table Possible Causes of Fire Alagbado "Tee" Lagos Beach R&M StationSa Compressor StationR Power outage Power outage Excessive temperature in heaters Mechanical failure Overpressure Overpressure Tube rupture Underpressure at compressors Formation of hydrates leading to Electrical fault Underpressuring at flare overpressure Operator error Mechanical failure Power outage Poor or insufficient Tube failure Mechanical failure maintenance Electrical fault Tube rupture Loss of fuel/instrument Poor or insufficient Electrical fault gas maintenance Low liquid level in heaters (leading Lightning Liquid carryover at vents to formation of hydrates) (leading to fires on ground) Operator error Leak from liquids-handling Poor or insufficient maintenance tanks Loss of fuel/ instrument gas Lightning "Underpressuring" downstream of pressure- reduction valve "Underpressuring" at vents Liquid carryover at vents (leading to fires on ground) Lightning aIdentified by WAPCo QRAs. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-170 Chapter 6 Table 6.8-4 shows the receptors that could be potentially impacted by a fire at a particular WAPCo facility. Table Receptors Potentially Affected by Fire Habitats and Goods Public Worker Biological Air and Health Health and Resources Quality Services and Safety Safety Alagbado "Tee" X X X X Lagos Beach Compressor X X X X X S tatio n I _ __ __I_ _ I__ _ _ _ I__ _ _ I__ _ _ _ I__ __ _ R&M Stations X X X X X Facilities have been designed to avoid the risk of fire so the likelihood of a fire occurring is low to very low. Impact significance will vary with the size and duration of the fire. It is not expected to be worse than minor for air quality (because the duration of the fire at a facility is not expected to last more than a day and combustion products will be dissipated rapidly by air movements). Hence, the impact is the same for habitats and biological resources (for the same reasons as above and because the fire is not expected to extend as far as 1 OOm from the facility boundary). Regarding public health and safety, if the fire were to extend beyond a facility it could begin to directly affect the public (e.g., at Lome it could impact the village of Gbetsogbe). However, the facilities are all sufficiently isolated for the fire not to spread to centers of population so the impact to health and safety would, in this unlikely event, be probably from smoke. Hence, impact significance could reach moderate. Regarding worker health and safety, the worst-case scenario would be a serious injury or fatality. The impact significance would be major. The severity of impact on the availability of goods and services will vary with duration of repairs. WAPCo will seek to restore service as soon as it considers it safe to do so. Worst-case scenarios are not expected to lead to impacts of more than low severity on any of the above receptors because the likelihood of a fire is low, and likelihood of large fires is less than that of smaller, less harmful fires. E plosion The possible causes of an explosion at a facility are similar to those for a fire (Table 6.8-3). At other points along the pipeline, the prerequisites are an uncontrolled release of gas (Table 6.8-1), oxygen availability, and a spark. Table 6.8-5 shows the receptors that could be potentially impacted by an explosion at a particular location. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-171 Chapter 6 Table Receptors Potentially Affected by E plosion Alagbado "Tee" X X X X Onshore Nigeria X X (damage to hearby X X Lagos Beach X Compressor X X (damage to nearby X X X Station road) Offshore Mainline X X X and Laterals. Onshore Laterals ~(damage to nearby and Link Lines X X roads, especially to (shrines at Gao X X aLom-Cotonou and Gbetsogbe) R&LM Station IX X__ hihwy X X X Explosions of gas pipelines can occur on occasion, but the conditions require an uncontrolled leak of gas leading to an undispersed vapor cloud. Next, the concentration of gas needs to remain between the upper and lower explosive limits and come into contact with an ignition source. The likelihood of this arising from a buried, corrosion-protected pipeline is very low. The equipment in the facilities will be spark-proof in areas where the risk of explosion is significant in order to reduce the likelihood of explosion. A study has been performed to model the effects of an explosion at the Lagos Beach Compressor Station. It concluded that there would be only light-to-moderate structural damage in the central building, implying that damage to buildings beyond the site would not occur (ChevronTexaco, 2003). No studies have been reviewed that estimate the effects of an explosion on the above receptors. However, it is reasonable to assume that impact significance will vary with explosion size. Impact on public health and safety is of particular concern at the R&M stations in view of their proximity to residential and industrial buildings. Socioeconomic impacts of an explosion event would be expected to include: * Disruption of economic activity due to damaged structures or infrastructure; * Loss of the use of damaged residences; * Loss of damaged crops or livestock; * Loss of other properties or goods; June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-172 Chapter 6 * Loss of means of livelihood for households of injured wage earners or livelihood earners; and * Disruption of economic activity and traditional social interaction due to fear of further explosion events, and reluctance to use areas and facilities near the ROW. These impacts could be expected to be of major magnitude in the immediate area of the explosion event, and of minor magnitude in communities all along the ROW. The areal extent of these impacts is therefore major. Affected households and communities could require years to recover from these impacts, making the temporal duration of these impacts moderate to major. Therefore, despite the very low likelihood of an explosion event, the associated socioeconomic impacts are assessed to be of moderate severity. Offshore Fuel Spills Potential impacts that could affect the offshore marine environment could be caused by the accidental release of fuel oil offshore. During the construction phase, the vessel fleet working along the main trunkline of the offshore pipeline will include up to: 8 to 10 pipe barges, 1 to 2 lay barges, 2 to 3 anchor handling tugs, 1 supply boat, 1 dive support vessel, and 1 survey vessel. The fuel requirements for each boat (including generators and construction equipment) will be 7,600 to 9,500 liters per day. The lay barges are not expected to require any port visits during the duration of the WAGP work (lay barge vessels do not come into port unless required by mechanical repairs, vessel overhauls, or lack of work). Due to the length of time that the lay barge will be in operation and the large amounts of fuel that will be consumed, there will be a need for offshore bunkering (refueling) via barge-to-barge transfer. This activity could occur anywhere from the shoreline to 26km (16 miles) offshore. The bunkering procedures will be consistent with standard international practice. The EPC contractor will have fuel transfer procedures and a spill prevention and response plan that will meet or exceed industry code requirements. Although such refueling operations are common practice and will follow standard procedures, there is a low likelihood for spills during the transfer. Should a large spill occur, which is considered very unlikely, the consequences could be significant, especially if the spill occurred nearshore. The amount of fuel during each transfer and the frequency of fuel transfers are unknown; but, given the daily fuel consumption of one ship, an approximate minimum amount of 7,600 liters could be spilled (assuming a refueling ship loses a significant amount of its fuel cargo). Impacts of a large fuel spill would include water quality degradation and damage to biological resources. These impacts could be expected to be of major magnitude in the immediate area of the spill event, since (No. 6) fuel oil (i.e., Bunker C fuel) is a persistent oil, does not evaporate quickly, and can combine with the surface water column (emulsification). Spill trajectories have not been modeled, but oil recovery by skimmers and vacuum pumps can be very effective early in the spill. Conversely, the amount of fuel to be transferred could quickly spread 1 00m beyond the project construction areas. Therefore, the areal extent of these impacts is considered moderate. With spill response procedures in place, and given the specific gravity of the fuel June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-173 Chapter 6 oil (making it easier to contain and clean-up), the temporal duration of these impacts should be minor. Therefore, the overall impact severity is assessed as moderate. Secondary and Cumulative Impacts The majority of potential impacts resulting from WAGP have been discussed under the relevant onshore and offshore sections above. In addition to the primary, direct impacts, there are various indirect consequences that may occur. These indirect impacts may occur in areas beyond the immediate influence of the WAGP Project, at an undetermined time in the future, or as a result of complex pathways (second or third level impacts). These impacts are generally considered to be secondary impacts. According to the United States Code of Federal Regulations, secondary effects are those that are "caused by an action and are later in time or farther removed in distance but are still reasonably foreseeable" (40 CFR 1508.8). These impacts are generally induced by the initial action (e.g., pipeline construction) but are not immediately realized or easily quantifiable. Secondary impacts affect the same receptors identified for direct impacts (e.g., land use, water quality, livelihood, etc.). Environmental, socioeconomic, and health and safety secondary impacts are discussed below. These impacts are described qualitatively, highlighting the potential areas of concern. An exhaustive list of secondary impacts is not provided here, as many secondary effects are not considered to be significant Environmental Secondary Impacts Land Use The potential for direct negative land use impacts arises when land is converted from one use to another (for example, if agricultural land is converted to industrial use when a new factory is built). Secondary impacts to land use due to the WAGP project would result from unplanned, induced industrial or residential development in the project area. Regional land use or development plans for the area are not available. Since the regulating and metering (R&M) station site will be situated on the fringe of the larger Cotonou urban area (approximately 28km west of the town center), there is the potential for a change in land use. For instance, industries could move their operations or new industries may develop adjacent to the R&M station due to the availability of a new fuel supply. If this happens, the existing land use would change from residential and agricultural to industrial. Currently, the area to the south of the R&M station is primarily agricultural lands (subsistence and small market farms), the area north of the R&M station is a commercial palm plantation, and there is low-density residential development and small businesses to the east and west of the R&M station (especially along the main Cotonou to Lome highway). There is the potential for the landscape to change from a semi-rural character to an industrial zone, should the governing authorities in Benin wish to promote this type of development. The potential impacts associated with downstream development (particularly at the terminus of the link line, rather that at the R&M station) are discussed further in Section 6.9.3. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-174 Chapter 6 Habitats and Biological Resources The generation of solid wastes during the construction of the pipeline and facilities could cause secondary ecological impacts by attracting insects and various small animals, including rodents. Animals unaccustomed to the human wastes could fall ill, while the increased rodent population could spread various diseases. These potential impacts are very unlikely to occur, since the generation of most solid waste occurs during the construction phase (12-15 months) and all operations will adhere to a waste management plan. Biocide agents, such as mosquito control pesticides and rodenticides, will be used on a limited basis to ensure that no significant (noticeable beyond background levels) secondary impact of this type occurs. Topography, Geology, and Soils The WAPCo Reinstatement Guidelines call for restoration along the ROW to pre-project topographical conditions. However, predicting backfill settlement in the soft wetland soils will prove difficult, and slight topographic changes due to overcompensation or undercompensation of predicted time-dependent settlements might occur. In addition, exposure to air can cause some irreversible oxidation in the wetlands soils. These two possibilities, slight topographic changes and soil oxidation, could lead to unexpected changes in vegetative cover in the previously cleared land. Farming or traffic could increase near construction sites due to improved access, leading to increases in erosion or dust creation during the dry seasons. Water Resources and Hydrology As discussed above under direct impacts, project use of groundwater resources during the construction phase can reduce the supply available to other users drawing from the same aquifer. A potential secondary and more subtle impact beyond affected quantity is a reduction in the water quality (e.g., saltwater intrusion, high concentration of minerals). This secondary impact could be triggered by a reduction in groundwater resources. However, steps that will be taken by WAPCo to ensure that local resources are not adversely affected (described in Chapter 8) should also eliminate any overall reduction in groundwater quality. Air uality Air quality will be directly affected by the operation of generators and machinery during the construction phase of the pipeline. Temporary secondary impacts will result if the vegetation that is cleared from the ROW is incinerated - either onsite by WAPCo, or once removed by the local population to be used as fuel wood. The influx of workers, camp followers, and families to the primary construction areas would also result in an increase in open fires for cooking and related necessities, which could then increase particulate matter levels in the immediate vicinity. These secondary impacts will be only incremental above background levels and of short-lived duration (on the order of days or weeks). In the long-term, the potential for the development of gas and/or electric power distribution systems in Benin could lead to the replacement of traditional fuels, which would improve indoor air quality. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-175 Chapter 6 Offshore arine Environment The exposed portion of the offshore pipeline will act as an artificial reef, providing many benthic species (such as barnacles, scallops, clams, and shrimps) a place to attach themselves to the pipeline or "new substrate." With the aggregation of the benthic community, fishes will also begin to accumulate in the area of the pipeline. The diameter of the pipeline will allow for some species, such as frogfishes and shrimps, to congregate at the pipeline-sea floor interface. The attraction of fishes to this new "habitat" will create greater recruitment of economically important benthic fishes. A larger recruitment into the area could possibly be seen in increased catch rates of the artisinal and commercial fishers. Socioeconomic Secondary Impacts Most negative socioeconomic impacts are the direct result of other primary impacts or activities, such as a decrease in water quality leading to a decrease in fisheries available to local inhabitants. Such secondary socioeconomic impacts result from a primary environmental impact, and are therefore considered primary from a socioeconomic perspective. These negative socioeconomic impacts are assessed in Sections 6.6 and 6.7 above. Positive socioeconomic impacts are expected to result from the additional spending of wages earned in jobs directly and indirectly created by the project. Local goods and services procurement (including labor) will constitute at least 15 percent of the project capital costs during the construction phase, and in some cases an even higher percentage. Increases in area income are expected to benefit many types of local businesses. The indirect and induced benefits of increased local employment and income, as well as the influx of additional resources and personnel during the construction phase and the "local content" commitment (as per WAPCo's International Project Agreement with the states) are discussed in greater detail in Section 6.5. The purpose of the pipeline is to deliver reliable, competitively-priced, cleaner-burning fuel (natural gas) for electricity and gas to Benin, Ghana, and Togo. Commercial and industrial fuel use is expected to encourage the growth of new factories and other economic activities in and outside of project areas (further discussed below), thereby generating substantial employment, income, and output benefits. Industrial development may also spur economic and land development, particularly in areas around major towns and cities. These particular impacts will be addressed comprehensively in an ongoing World Bank Economic and Financial Assessment. Secondary socioeconomic impacts resulting from upstream and downstream development (resulting or induced by the WAGP project) are discussed in the following section. Upstream and Downstream Development Impacts Environmental and socioeconomic secondary impacts that could occur "upstream" or "downstream" of the project are discussed in a qualitative manner, below. These impacts June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-176 Chapter 6 would not be a direct result of the WAGP project or occur within the WAGP project area, and hence are either secondary or cumulative in nature. Given the capital investment, geographic extent of WAGP, and the expected beneficial impacts associated with the project of regional economic development and contributions to the West African Power Pool (WAPP), there is obvious speculation around secondary development and associated socioeconomic benefits. In brief, "upstream" of the project, industry may increase oil and gas development in order to supply additional natural gas through WAGP. "Downstream" of the project, it is likely that industrial development will be induced by a reliable, relatively inexpensive fuel source. This is a beneficial economic impact of the project (particularly in developing countries such as Benin, Ghana, and Togo), as long as any potential negative environmental impacts are adequately identified, addressed, and managed. While many of the upstream and downstream impacts are economic in nature, in some instances, negative environmental impacts could also occur with this secondary, induced development. Environmental issues are also addressed in the discussion below. Upstream Development Impacts Secondary upstream development impacts induced by WAGP would occur in Nigeria only, and are therefore discussed in the WAGP Nigeria and Regional EIA Reports. Downstream Development Impacts This section is meant to provide only a brief, high-level summary of potential impacts and is not meant to give a full understanding of the positive and negative impacts associated with the potential downstream development projects. It is anticipated that EIAs would be conducted in accordance with regional, national, and local laws. Regulations for any new construction and/or expansion of facilities that each of the projects would encompass, including the delivery of gas from the WAGP R&M Stations. If external funding is sought from multilateral funding institutions to finance the downstream projects, the development projects will adhere to World Bank (or other applicable) environmental, social, and health and safety guidelines. To further describe positive and negative impacts, potential downstream development projects were categorized by type of project: either foundation customers/development projects or non-foundation customers/potential induced development. The first two sub- sections below describe the known foundation customers and the proposed projects to be undertaken by these customers. The later two sub-sections attempt to describe the possible non-foundation customers and additional potential induced development, given the limited information available at this time. Foundation Customers The foundation market in Benin consists of the customers who are committed to purchasing gas that will be delivered by WAGP immediately following pipeline commissioning ("First Gas"). These customers are pursuing new construction, relocation of existing facilities, or June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-177 Chapter 6 capacity expansion within existing footprints in anticipation of the new gas supply. Foundation customer development that will take place in Benin as a result of WAGP includes: Relocation of a 25 megawatt (MW) gas turbine plant by Communaute Electrique du Benin (CEB) in Maria Gleta, Benin. Electric power generation is expected to account for 85 percent of the market for WAGP gas throughout the lifetime of WAGP (Nexant, 2002, Purvin and Gertz, 2001). Therefore, the large majority of any other induced development projects (discussed in Section 6.9.3.2.4, below) are expected to be similar to the already above identified projects. The potential environmental, socioeconomic, and health and safety impacts (both positive and negative) associated with delivering gas to the foundation customers listed above are addressed as direct impacts in this EIA (e.g., link line construction to CEB in Benin). The secondary operational impacts associated with conversion from liquid to natural gas fuels are of a beneficial nature and have also already been discussed in this EIA. The foundation customer development projects are outside the scope of the WAGP project. However, the following section identifies at a high-level the potential impacts for each of these projects, since these impacts are induced and therefore of a secondary nature to the proposed WAGP project. Foundation Customer Development The foundation customer for natural gas in Benin is the power generator CEB. CEB is a Benin-Togo joint venture established for the purpose of purchasing electrical energy from the VRA hydro facilities in Ghana and from other countries. Ghana can only provide a limited amount of power via CEB (existing transmission lines carrying the electrical supply from Ghana to Togo have a limited capacity) so the need for further power generation in Benin is clear. The positive and negative impacts from this future project are outlined in Table 6.9-1. CEB will prepare an audit and decommissioning plan for the current CEB Power Plant in Cotonou, and an ESIA and RAP for the relocated CEB Power Plant in Maria Gleta, in accordance with World Bank safeguards policies and environmental guidelines. WAGP sponsors would not be responsible for this effort; the World Bank is advising CEB on the terms of reference for the studies and is exploring options to provide technical and financial support to CEB to conduct the work. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-178 Chapter 6 Table Foundation Customer Development Relocatidn of Power Plant Project: Relocation of the existing CEB power plant in Cotonou to Maria Gleta (25MW gas turbine, possible later addition of a 25 MW Gas Turbine and steam tail for combined cycle operation-total capacity increasing to 75MW). Positive Impacts: * Increased availability of electric power with corresponding potential for economic development and employment creation. * Reduced electrical power costs for Benin. * Reduced smuggling and increased tax revenues (with increased investment in education and infrastructure). * Eliminate dependence on the CEB plant in Cotonou, which is currently fueled by jet kerosene, and diesel generators in rural areas, with a potential reduction in air emissions in a more heavily populated area. Negative Impacts: * Potential displacement of local population and resettlement issues (note: these issues could be minimized if CEB's selected plant location is moved 1-2km to the northwest (along the transmission line), this would then also reduce WAGP's link line impacts). * Potential disruption or aggravation of local traffic conditions. * Disruption of habitat (minimal since this is mostly cultivated savanna). * Air emissions - primarily NO, and CO. * Water emissions (primarily heat). * Cooling water consumption (with potential depletion of groundwater or surface water resources). * Visual and noise impacts. * Residual "brownfields" environmental impacts (e.g., soil contamination) if decommissioning and reinstatement plans are not in place. Future Non Foundation Customers Future non-foundation downstream development is likely to occur in three fundamental ways (none of which are part of the scope of the WAGP project): * Construction of new power plants or industrial users of gas; * Conversion or expansion of existing power plants and industries; and * Construction of low pressure natural gas distribution systems (likely built by Local Distribution Companies) to deliver gas to these customers. Secondary negative impacts associated with future non-foundation customer developments are akin to potential negative impacts associated with most industrial projects, including: * Environmental emissions; June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-179 Chapter 6 * Land disturbance (change in use, soils and topography); * Loss of natural habitats, wildlife abundance, or complex ecology; * Community disruption; and * Increased access to lands (potentially sensitive habitats) otherwise not available for development. For the future non-foundation customer developments, negative impacts associated with local distribution line construction are expected to be of minimal significance compared to the existing conditions, since the WAGP gas is delivered to R&M stations that have been sited with potential secondary impacts in mind. Siting options, particularly in Cotonou, were evaluated to ensure that likely non-foundation customers in the Abomey-Calavi area would have access to the gas supply with minimal environmental disruption via extension of the link line at CEB. Other Potential Induced Development is described below. Non Foundation Customer Development Potential Induced Development The increased use of and reliance on WAGP gas to generate power could lead to additional power generators and industrial consumers over time, once WAGP is in place. However, identifying additional expansion or new customers and the types of industrial development associated with those new customers is highly speculative at this time. Residential and non- industrial commercial use is not anticipated for the gas delivered by WAGP because gas is not considered cost-competitive with traditional fuels and other petroleum-based fuels for home use. In addition, gas piping distribution infrastructure to individual residences does not exist. The impacts of these future, additional induced downstream developments are therefore not considered to be directly attributable to WAGP. Quantifying the benefits and impacts of any potential, secondary downstream development is beyond the scope of this EIA, since the projects themselves have not yet been planned or scoped. It is anticipated that EIAs would be conducted in accordance with regional, national, and local laws and regulations for any new facilities. If external funding is sought to finance the downstream projects (e.g., multilateral funding institutions), then the development projects will adhere to World Bank (or other applicable) environmental, social, and health and safety guidelines. For almost all of the "other potential induced development" cases, additional low pressure gas distribution systems would be required. Depending on baseline conditions and delivery distance, impacts from the secondary network of low-pressure gas pipelines would be expected to be similar to those described for WAGP. Specific impacts for the secondary network of gas pipelines are not provided here. However, where an estimate of the pipeline length is known, it is provided as an estimated distance from the R&M station (Nexant, 2002). A qualitative treatment of the potential impacts that could arise due to further development of industry and the associated secondary network of gas pipelines or electrical transmission lines developed to deliver gas or electricity to consumers is provided here, based upon past experience with these types of projects. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-180 Chapter 6 Additional gas customers may be attracted as a function of price competitiveness and will be sensitive to the price of competing fuels (e.g. heavy fuel oil) (Table 6.9-2). There are tentative discussions with Societe Beninoise de Gaz to act as a gas aggregator and distributor of gas for the country (Nexant, 2002; Purvin and Gertz, 2001). Table Other Potential Induced Development .Industrial UsersiConversion to~ Gas 'nd Potential Expansion bf Operations Project: Customers currently using oil in furnace or boiler operation (to realize this secondary network requires substantial production growth associated with Societe des Ciments d'Onigbolo (SCO Lafarge). In Cotonou: * Societe Beninoise des Brasserie (SoBeBra) Boiler Brewery, including converting forklift diesel to compressed natural gas (-3 km pipeline) * Societe Beninoise des Textiles (-10km pipeline) * Industrie Beninoise des Corps Gras (IBCG) Boilers Cotton (-3km pipeline) and also in Porto Novo (-25km pipeline) In Onigbolo: * SCO Lafarge Kiln Clinker/cement in Onigbolo (-1OOkm pipeline) with later expansion to Porto Novo (-25km pipeline) Positive Impacts: * Increased fuel supply. * Better opportunities for revenue growth. * Reduced air and water emissions per unit production. * Reduced potential for spills. * Reduced workplace air pollutant concentrations (particularly with CNG substitution at SoBeBra). Negative Impacts: * Environmental and socioeconomic impacts associated with expanded pipeline network (particularly long length to Onigbolo) and expanded industrial operations. As mentioned above, gas delivery to these potential consumers would be via local distribution lines from either the R&M station or an extension of the link line from Maria Gleta. Extending the link line from Maria Gleta would, at first glance, be the preferred option to minimize certain impacts. With a current capacity of I OOMMscfd, there is spare capacity above the 5MMscfd to 10MMscfd demand currently reserved for CEB. A new link line from the R&M station to new gas consumers could be installed within the current 25m link line ROW and would be considered (if economically and commercially viable compared to extending the existing link line). In the case of gas demand in Porto Novo or Krake, a second lateral line could be installed from the main offshore trunkline, with offshore impacts similar to those described in this EIA report. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-181 Chapter 6 Health and Safety Secondary Impacts Health, safety, and security impacts are generally the result of other environmental and socioeconomic factors. Impacts to public and worker health and safety, both primary and secondary have been described in Sections 6.6, 6.7, and 6.8. In addition, to protect the public and minimize potential secondary health and safety impacts, public education regarding the health and safety issues associated with natural gas and natural gas distribution lines will be conducted in the communities surrounding the WAGP project. Cumulative Impacts Cumulative impacts are typically defined as the incremental effects of proposed development activities evaluated in tandem with pre-existing or additional proposed development activities. They may be considered distinct from direct (primary) and indirect (secondary) impacts from the proposed project in that cumulative impacts may occur when a receptor is already impacted by existing sources and/or from other separate, planned sources. Therefore, significant cumulative environmental impacts can be the result of: individually insignificant impacts of the proposed project or additive impacts of more than one project. Benin has few existing industrial development projects that are currently additive to any direct WAGP project impacts. Therefore, few cumulative impacts stemming from existing development are described here. On the other hand, the WAGP project has the potential to induce future, downstream development. Therefore, the impacts associated with future projects as described in Section 6.9.3.2.4 would be considered cumulative WAGP project impacts. It is important to keep in mind that these future downstream development projects bring with them many secondary socioeconomic benefits. Consider the following excerpt from United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) Environmental Economics Series Paper No. 6:9 "The reason why EIA developed as a negative, or protectionist, instrument, is connected with the fact that it evolved in highly developed countries. Underlying the EIA process is an unstated assumption, or supposition, that the socioecological status quo may be taken as being acceptable - a threshold which is seen as a yardstick against which negative change must be resisted. This assumption does not apply to developing countries, because in areas where there has been little or no development, even a modest development project can bring, and is expected to bring, a dramatic improvement in the welfare of the affected people. The positive secondary impacts of aproject can far outweigh the negative factors, if the project is well designed. " Cumulative impacts are identified and described in a qualitative manner. Some impacts are listed here due to stakeholder concerns, even though the cumulative impact is deemed insignificant. The potential significant cumulative impacts are described below. 9 For Discussion at the UNEP Consultative Meeting "The Future of EIA in Developing Countries" October 1993. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-182 Chapter 6 Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and improved air quality. Stated previously as a direct beneficial project impact, this cumulative impact may be offset by future WAGP- induced industrial development. However, the effects of a cleaner fuel supply (reduced air emissions) for future development will have positive cumulative effects on future industrial development even if greenhouse gas emissions are negated in future years (see Appendix 2A- 1 which quantifies the greenhouse gas emissions for WAGP Foundation Customers). Increase in marine traffic. During construction, pipe laying barges and supply vessels will be an additional impact to the existing boat traffic movements in the Gulf of Guinea. No cumulative marine habitat impacts from construction activities are expected. Strain on waste management infrastructure. All WAGP waste will be handled and disposed of according to the WAPCo Waste Management Plan (see Chapter 8). No significant cumulative impacts are expected from construction waste disposal in-region. All potential disposal facilities will be audited, with secondary plans for proper waste disposal should those facilities not be able to safely absorb the incremental WAGP waste stream. Downstream non-foundation customer development. The improved national power supply resulting from WAGP should promote industrial development, greater economic prosperity, and migration of people to the vicinity of labor-intensive industrial developments. However, the location of these future industrial developments has not been determined at this stage, consequently cumulative environmental impacts cannot be quantified. Secondary impacts attributable to WAGP from future development projects are identified in Section 6.9.3.2.4. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 6-183 Chapter itigation and Amelioration easures Introduction In this chapter of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), mitigation measures are recommended for the potential negative impacts identified in the previous chapter. When determining whether to implement a mitigation measure, especially those recommended to them, the West African Gas Pipeline Company (WAPCo) takes the following factors into consideration: * Feasibility; * Ease of implementation; * Local suitability; * Institutional requirements; * Training requirements; * Monitoring requirements; * Cost (capital and operating); and * Cost-effectiveness. The Required General and Specific Mitigation measures, which WAPCo has developed and committed itself to, apply to all WAPCo onshore and offshore project activities in Benin including: * Pre-construction; * Site Preparation and Construction; * Commissioning and Start-up; * Operations and Maintenance; and * Decommissioning and Abandonment. The mitigation measures are presented in Sections 7.2 and 7.3 below. They are categorized by relevant impact category, potential impact, and affected country. The Required General and Specific Mitigation measures are divided into three sections, labeled Environmental, Socioeconomic, and Health and Safety, and subsequently into seven categories of potential impacts. These categories of impacts by section are: Environmental * Land Use; * Topography, Geology, and Soils; * Habitats, Biological Resources, Water Resources, and Hydrology; and * Air Quality (including Noise and Vibration). Socioeconomic * Cultural (and Archaeological) Conditions; and Chapter 7 * Socioeconomic Conditions (including Goods and Services, Means of Livelihood, and Transportation and Infrastructure). Health and Safety * Public and Worker Health and Safety. Required General and Specific Mitigation measures were conceived before or during this EIA; therefore, the impacts presented in Chapter 6 already take them into account. Furthermore, these measures were incorporated into ongoing West African Gas Pipeline (WAGP) design considerations and project implementation planning as reflected in the following: * WAGP Terms of Reference (WAGP, 2002b-Appendix 1-A to this EIA); * Exhibit F "Independent Contractors Health, Safety, and Environmental Guidelines" to the Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) Request for Tender (WAGP, 2002c); and * WAPCo Operational Controls (Appendix 8-B of this EIA). Exhibit F lists the formal plans and other submittals and requirements that the EPC contractors must make to WAPCo. These include: * Site-Specific Health, Safety, and Environmental Protection Work Plans, including: o Environmental Protection Measures; o Emergency Response Plan(s); and o Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE) Inspections, including an inspection prior to start of works; * Hazard Register; * Monthly HSE Report; * Waste Management Plan (to be submitted at least six weeks prior to mobilization); * Effluent Discharge Plan (to be submitted at least six weeks prior to mobilization); * Stormwater Management Plan (to be submitted at least six weeks prior to start of work); * Security Plan; * Annual Health Assessment of Food Handlers; * Behavioral Safety Observation Program; * Incident Reporting Procedure; and * Motor Vehicles Inspection and Training. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 7-2 Chapter 7 Mitigation measures that have been suggested to WAPCo or that WAPCo is considering but has not committed itself to are discussed in Section 7.4, Potential Mitigation Measures. Their effect on the potential impacts presented in Chapter 6 is assessed and the residual impacts presented here. Re uired General itigation easures For the purpose of this report, Required General Mitigation Measures are those mitigation measures relating to the construction phase that WAPCo has implemented contractually and/or that EPC contractors have indicated they will implement. Table 7.2-1 provides a list of general mitigation measures by impact category, and potential impact. *Note: WAPCo will compensate for major residual impacts as necessary in accordance with a Resettlement Action Plan. Such compensation may be for: * Acquisition of land or right of passage; * Merchantable timber removed from private lands during Right of Way (ROW) construction; and * Disturbed cultural resources and venues. The value of such lands will be determined based on prevailing prices at the time of acquisition and will take into due consideration the value of crops, timber, and/or existing structures present on the lands at the time of acquisition. Re uired Specific itigation easures For the purpose of this report, Required Specific Mitigation Measures are more detailed measures that WAPCo and EPC contractors are committed to implementing to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts. They are presented below in Table 7.3-1, categorized by impact category and affected country. Please note the abbreviated label for each measure. These labels are used in the Chapter 8 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) tables (Tables 8.9.1-8.9.9) as part of ensuring regulatory compliance and implementing required mitigation measures. The labels consist of initial letters (for Specific) followed by a selection of key letters from the impact category. When the same impact category requires multiple labels, a number is added at the end. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 7-3 C- CD~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'I CDN ' b* 0 C ' a ' ea~ ~~~2 supybsn,an e ra.O S' Zs~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0' C50 C 0. . . D .... 9 _ -. an/o resaevgtbn CD C) O~C =Q( 2.- D _. CD -9 ~ ~ 0 DCD >CD CD ~CD CD ~ CD CD~~~~~~CD- CD IO CD EP ~~- 0 V ~~~~~CD0 CD ID M~~~~~~~~v 'C 'S. users. v Xo . QD. x _- condition. e CD 4 ' '; from the c of v r of s t * * > Iat moigeupment C ategoryPoteciale Impachier :0 : - E. Alteration of cur.ent habitat du to H on~~~~~~~~~~~~~ barie islnd *0* *~ . r. - 0 4 0 3 5r , t 20 Alteration~~~~~~~~ of curn habta inldncmgainofsm % I u c - u2- species co t t DitubaceafcurethabtagrPteandtpeiaespouatio due 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 Cc ~ ~ ~~ Oc .0 r >0 0 2 6 ~~-c~~~ ~~~ ~ ~ r. 2. a 0 to o the6 tasrti of l q HABITATS, BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES, WATER RESOURCES, AND HYDROLOGY Changes in existing ecology and loss of current habitat from the clearing of vegetation, removal of structures, * leveling, etc. Disturbance of surrounding organisms created by earthmoving equipment and associated machinery 0 Alteration of current habitat due to HDD construction on barrier islands ._ _ Alteration of current habitat including migration of some species due to trenching and backfilling at one meter (in) depth Disturbance of current habitat and species population due to the transportation of large quantities of materials * * and equipment to the construction site Disturbance of surrounding species populations due to noise created from earthmoving equipment operations and associated machinery Disturbance of surrounding habitat and biological resources from transport of equipment via existing * * roads Surface water quality impacts due to generation of solid and hazardous wastes during construction activities 0 0000 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 7-6 aC- CD - e Om - 0 o CD 0 CD CD 0.! 00 8,0 .0~rb 0 0 fD,0 -o 0f CD C- 0, st n e i s o rL 1- ID 0 P~~~0 .0 - w supply Do ad w n 0n/o rentt eeain o e - - ~ ~ ~ 0.0- C B~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~vi sensmizetive recetorsn in site and route v m 0 * * @ 0 design. Observte eprotecative peRimeter aound c 1>~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~te Wand, erosenaion-sesitvepraderiens, wagiutera _ CD_ suppl basisa areas. 0 v Conserve and/ i vegsetation i = Miimz the fieootrdinate insie andk rihouther lan e, CDWas,frgenatonoDpoprtes grcutua Conserse and rese ptsors il usie atdhute rial signs on the routes leading to the work sites. * * * * * * Establish adequate human and th e environment X protection personnel training. o cu~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C Perform reinstatement and at the end of the s . *i *A*v*work; clean and return the e lements of the CD environment that were affected to their original S _ condition. e 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Formulate an emergency action plan in - £ coordination with the interested authorities in _ design. Limitthe event of an accidental spill during the yconstruction and operational phases. Develop and maintain alignment sheets that * * * * reduce impacts by making all relevant operational control information available by operation and geographic location. Compensate for major residual impacts.* r * @ 0*0*0*0* 0 0 0* * Operational Controls(See Chapter8EMP) _ 1 -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Prom enttmn n tteedo h - - - - -- o - v, g -- - =- ^ =- S. 5- S =- . 5 i: ca ^. >-_ C- eS ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f ,, .-m> m mB; .r 0,. mm _Mr i i s '0 0c : I 0 'R a N Y'0 0 = t 0 E, -, - B- -o- O. I- g R- - - ow 0~ w~~~~ suppl basns an 0e aes az~~~ and/or0 reintat 0eeain 0~~~~~a~n foesr areas. CD ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -C 4. . _D ur S ' *t * Conro aces 00o wor sie,ue dqaeod C '~~ 0 ,~~ ~~. -, ~~ fttoCD ft 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t CD Avoid sensitive receptors in site and route design. Observe protective perimeters around steep and erosion-sensitive gradients, water supply basins, and wet areas. 0 Avoid deforestation or other vegetation losses M and/or reinstate vegetation. Minimize the footprint in site and route in M design. Limit the expropriation of Right of hCD Ways, fragmentation of properties, agricultural 0 e - -.~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ein Obev prtecieprmtr rud s m Avi eoetto rote eeainlse 2,10~ ~ ~~ B _Q _ _ Minimize0 TQ W * CD to ti CD -cl 0 n - - . 0 ft (> _ Q UQ and f s a SD -, 0 0 -.- 0 _ _ l fo~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~f Avoid sensitive receptors in site and route design. Observe protective perimeters around steep and erosion-sensitive gradients, water X D msupply basins, and wet areas. p 7_ Avoid deforestation or other vegetation losses C 0) andlor reinstate vegetation. (A Minimize the footprint in site and route ( _ M design. Limit the expropriation of Right ofb >~~ _Ways, fragmentation of properties, agricultural CD < ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~and forestry areas. Conserve and reuse topsoil during the burial of the pipe, coordinate the work with other land S. 0 users. f * * * ~~~~~~~~~~~Control access to work sites, use adequate road 0 signs on the routes leading to the work sites. Establish adequate human and the environment protection personnel training. ]Q. -0 Perform reinstatement and at the end of the work; clean and return the elements of the environment that were affected to their original S condition. Formnulate an emergency action plan in coordination with the interested authorities in the event of an accidental spill during the construction and operational phases. Develop and maintain alignment sheets that * . reduce impacts by making all relevant operational control information available by operation and geographic location. * * * * * * * * ~~~~~~~~~Compensate for major residual impacts.* 4 * ** * * @ Operational Controls (See Chapter 8EMP) R (0- - - - - -4 Chapter 7 Table Re uired General itigation easures by Impact Category and Potential Impact Required General Mitigation Measures *0 b of f f p 0 ) > 2 ' 0 7 us 0)- -57O ~ . 6 Q. 8 . 0 . 0 -~~~~~) . Impact CategorylPotential mpact ti construction workers due to hazardous material spill in . * * 2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 c =3 E . a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~0 denel popuate are ,)))5 l Adverse ~ ~ ~ ~0 helt ris to general poplaio an .0 0 . ,oo 0 Persturbation wofkfishn freom paessie,mvemisalaint ofd pipehin in of watrge depulwters and _upr _______ __ __ Adverse health risk to general population and construction workers due to gazardou mpeateialo vespill in* and equipment : . . _~~~~~~P. Adverse health risk to general population and isap constsoction workers duse instogasleaktrom te pipelnine co * 0 construCtion workes pidue tompresence,tmovent, f man ridu i c as n s in anhoin Smof bargiaes inGufhates aotndia support onvesse cl clmsapist matCtgrnhrznaos Adverse health riskn tonal gen pop uai and Adverse health risk to genral population from mishap associated with passive installation of pipeline in >8 m= '= 0 water depth~~~~~~~~~~~~0 June2004 Benin Final Draft EI~~~~A Re 71 Chapter 7 Table Re uired Specific itigation easures by Impact Category Impact Category/Required Specific Mitigation LAND USE (WAPCo is in the process of addressing certain Land Use mitigation measures as part of Resettlement Action Plan development, including community consultations and negotiations with project affected people, e.g., land owners and land users.) Avoid disruption of farming activities by: SFarm- 1: Prior to the start of work, checking with farmers regarding the use that they intended for their land; SFarm-2: Perfom in such a fashion as to haou as little as possible existing farming practices (duration, timing, magnitude); SFarm-3: Keeping to a minimum areas in which farming will be impossible during the work and compensate for losses; SFarm-4: Maintaining access to isolated areas (restoring access after construction); SFarm-5: Entering the sites, the use of existing routes or moving about at the edge of cultivated land, and, if necessary, coordinating the creation of access roads in cooperation with farmers; SFarm-6: Placing the facilities, as much as possible, at the edge of lots or cultivated land or distribute them in such a way as to occupy as little as possible cultivated land; and SFarm-7: Loosening soil compacted by machinery and put disturbed production areas back into production. Avoid disruption to forestry activities by: SF- 1: Notifying the owners of the neighboring occupied land of work duration; and SF-2: Providing for coordination mechanisms with the competent authorities for the disposal of merchantable timber harvested from private lands or with private owners for the recovery of firewood. Avoid disruption of tourist activities by: ST- 1: Not encumbering neighboring tourist and recreation areas or by taking the necessary measures to insure access and safe use durin; and after the work. Minimize the disruption from facility Ditng by: SFS-1: Using small-footprint facilities to minimize the loss of space; and SFS-2: Installing, as necessary, noise barriers in order to lessen the acoustic impact. TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, AND SOILS Minimize modif cation of the soil characteristics by: SS-1: Scarifying, as needed, damaged sites; SS-2: Re-grading the sites, then replacing the layer of topsoil that was previously put to the side during construction work or otherwise salvaging all topsoil; SS-3: Providing accommodations for vehicular traffic anytime there is a risk of compaction or alteration of the surface; SS-4: Restoring the operational site by restoring the original profile of the topography and the soil; SS-5: Strictly regulating heavy machinery traffic; SS-6: Restricting the number of traffic lanes and limiting the movement of the machinery to the work sites and to marked access ways; June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 7-11 Chapter 7 Table Re uired Specific itigation easures by Impact Category Impact Category/Required Specific Mitigation SS-7: Taking all necessary precautions during the refueling of transport vehicles and machinery at the work site to avoid accidental spills; and SS-8: Maintaining transportation vehicles and machinery in good working order so as to avoid oil and fuel leaks and all other pollutants. Reduce soil erosion and destabilization by: SSED-1: Mechanically stabilizing the soil in order to reduce the potential of erosion; SSED-2: Avoiding excavation and burial in steeply sloped ground and avoiding creation of grade breaks; SSED-3: Providing for the placement of siltation ponds in areas subject to heavy erosion; SSED-4: Obtaining the necessary authorizations for work in wetland areas; SSED-5: Providing for the rehabilitation of the site after the work, including restoring beds, banks, and flow of waterways as necessary; SSED-6: Limiting activities in erodable soils; SSED-7: Selecting vehicles suited to the nature of the soil; SSED-8: As applicable, avoiding the creation of access ways along the axis of long, continuous descending grades in favor of a perpendicular or diagonal orientation (no new access roads anticipated); and SSED-9: At the completion of the work, leveling the disturbed soil and quickly seeding or re-planting bushes in order to control soil erosion. HABITATS, BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES, WATER RESOURCES, AND HYDROLOGY Prohibit hazardous chemicals use as part of Product Acceptance by: SPHCU-1: Prohibiting the use of polychlorinated biphenyls, asbestos, chlorinated solvents, as well as thinners, halons, and other chlorinated fluorocarbons. Implement good housekeeping on-site by: SGH- 1: Stacking cut wood away from wetland areas and water bodies; SGH-2: Collecting, segregating, handling, transporting, and disposing of wastes in accordance with an approved Waste Management Plan; SGH-3: Storing and handling hazardous materials in accordance with an approved Hazardous Materials Management Plan; SGH-4: Providing secondary containment for liquid waste and hazardous material storage as part of a Spill Prevention and Control Plan; SGH-5: Keeping hazardous materials and wastes away from potable water connections; SGH-6: Operating an approved Stormwater Management Plan in order that stormwater runoff from sites be free from floating materials and eroded soils and other settleable materials; SGH-7: Storing machinery and vehicles in demarcated areas dedicated for that purpose away from sensitive receptors; and SGH-8: Collecting, segregating, handling, transporting, and disposing of wastes in accordance with an approved Waste Management Plan. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 7-12 Chapter 7 Table Re uired Specific itigation easures by Impact Category Impact Category/Required Specific Mitigation Reduce surface water quality and wetland impacts by: SQW- 1: Controlling traffic in order to avoid leaks and spills of hazardous materials; SQW-2: Conserving vegetation near waterways and wet areas; SQW-3: Taking appropriate mitigation measures in the event of accidental contamination; SQW-4: Avoiding moving machinery near potable water connections (a security perimeter should be established and identified around the sites by marking them or by closing them in by whatever means necessary); SQW-5: When necessary to cross waterways, implementing all necessary measures (wire fences, nets, protective panelling, etc.) to avoid having construction materials, wastes, or wood residues fall into waterways; placing filtration berms and sediment barriers in the ditches that drain the work sites; providing siltation ponds in areas of heavy erosion; crossing perpendicularly where the embankments are stable and the waterways are narrow; using methods that minimize perturbations to aquatic environments and wet areas; and SQW-6: Avoiding blocking waterways; removing any debris or temporary installations used to cross waterways that block the normal flow of surface water; re-establishing, if necessary, the normal flow of the waterways and restoring the original bed and banks, taking all necessary precautions during the re-fuelling of transport vehicles and machinery at the work site to avoid accidental spills; prohibiting the re-fuelling of machinery near waterways. Protect the water table by: SWT-1: Properly sealing wells and boreholes prior to abandonment; and SWT-2: Using appropriate drilling practices. Reducing modification of surface water flow by: SSWF-1: Scheduling intervention periods in areas subject to flooding or in which there is the likelihood of heavy runoffs at times other than the high water season or heavy rains; SSWF-2: Not impairing surface water drainage and providing for the means of restoration; SSWF-3: Restricting to a minimum vehicular traffic beyond the ROW in order to avoid the creation of ruts, and consequently, runoff; SSWF-4: Being mindful of surface drainage at all times; SSWF-5: Avoiding blocking waterways, trenches, or any other channel, and managing water quality impacts because people use them as a drinking water resource; SSWF-6: Removing any debris that blocks the normal flow of surface water; and SSWF-7: Providing accommodations for vehicular traffic anytime there is a risk of compaction or alteration of wet areas. Minimize destruction or modification of the vegetation cover by: SVC-1: Clearly defining the cut zones in order to limit deforestation and establishing protective perimeters around productive habitats such as wetland areas and spawning beds; SVC-2: Protecting trees from the machinery on the edge of the ROW; June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 7-13 Chapter 7 Table Re uired Specific itigation easures by Impact Category Impact Category/Required Specific Mitigation SVC-3: Restoring the vegetation at end of the work; SVC-4: Avoiding deforestation and destruction of bordering vegetation, including clearing the ROW in such a way that trees fall within the ROW and refraining from disturbing mangrove trees and vegetation outside the ROW; SVC-5: During cutting operations, providing for wood stacking areas beyond wet areas; and SVC-6: Prohibiting the digging of trenches within a one meter of a tree. Minimize destruction or modification of wildlife habitats by: SWH- 1: Obtaining authorization to perform work within wildlife or ecological preserves; SWH-2: Not working in breeding grounds during breeding seasons; SWH-3: Scheduling work and setting the calendar of activities taking into account the use the wildlife makes of the land; SWH-4: Protecting known productive habitats, wet areas, and spawning beds; SWH-5: Not restricting the movement of fish by paying attention to the size of culverts, the speed of the flow of water, and the water level at the point of minimum flow; SWH-6: Developing and maintaining WAPCo Policies and related training programs regarding fishing, hunting, and tree harvesting; SWH-7: Developing and maintaining effective Sea Turtle Nesting Protection Procedure that applies to potential encounters while constructing the pipeline across beaches; and SWH-8: Implementing the Anchor Specification from Chapter 8, which includes detailed anchoring plans. AIR QUALITY (including Noise and Vibration) Reduce changes to air quality and noise and vibration exposure by: SAQNV- 1: Near inhabited areas, avoiding heavy truck traffic and carrying out loud work outside of normal working hours; SAQNV-2: Maintaining transportation vehicles and machinery in good working order in order to minimize gaseous emissions and noise; SAQNV-3: Using dust-control liquids and dust-recovery machinery; and SAQNV-4: Erecting noise barriers if there are complaints from surrounding communities. CULTURAL (and Archaeological) CONDITIONS Avoid disruption of known or potential cultural or archeological sites by: SADCAS-1: Prior to the commencement of the work, undertaking archeological assessments in identified potential sites and encouraging the appropriate analysis (including gathering of inventory data by means of mapping and photographic surveys) and reclamation of archeological artifacts, or avoiding these sites altogether; SADCAS-2: During the work, examining the work site for artifacts of archeological importance, and in the event of any discovery, suspending all activities and notifying the competent authorities; SADCAS-3: Preventing theft or vandalism by not allowing the general public to know the exact location of archeological or exceptional sites; and SADCAS-4: Obtaining the necessary authorizations prior to the execution of the work. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 7-14 Chapter 7 Table Re uired Specific itigation easures by Impact Category Impact Category/Required Specific Mitigation SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS (including Goods and Services, Means of Livelihood, and Transportation and Infrastructure) Minimize perturbation to customs and traditions by: SCT-1: Providing for a work schedule that will avoid disturbing the traditional life of communities (e.g. sowing, growing, harvesting seasons in or adjacent to cultivated lands, or festivals and other celebrations in the places they are held); and SCT-2: Establishing a communication program to inform communities of on-going work and establish appropriate measures to minimize the disturbance caused by the work. Minimize population displacement by: SP-1: Reaching an agreement with communities with regard to the ways and means of resettlement and respecting those commitments; SP-2: Negotiating, if necessary, for the acquisition of land or the right of passage and providing for adequate compensation; and SP-3: Guaranteeing access to private property and the safety of residents and passersby during the course of the work by enacting the appropriate measures (fencing, guards, etc.). Minimize service interruptions during the work by: SSI-1: Notifying the concerned jurisdictions and taking the appropriate measures to keep interruptions to a minimum for the residents of the affected area. Minimize disruption to road traffic, farming, fishing, forestry, tourist, and other community activities (by reducing damages to roads, risks of accidents, and traffic congestion) by: SRATC- 1: Avoiding blocking public access, including blocking access to fishing when crossing inland surface water; SRATC-2: Developing and maintaining an external communication procedure that minimizes impacts through proper training, public notices, designations on nautical maps, etc.; SRATC-3: Using road signs to notify work in progress; SRATC-4: Complying with road bearing capacity and repairing damage caused to roads during and at the end of the work; SRATC-5: Circumventing gathering places; and SRATC-6: Ensure that Construction Contractors implement driver training program and vehicle monitoring equipment (example "Drive Right"). Avoid impeding road traffic and community activities by: STCA-1: Adjusting work schedules so as not to disturb traffic; STCA-2: Establishing an adequate system of road signs and detours; and STCA-3: Notifying communities of pending work scope, duration, and location. Reduce depletion of energy resources by: SER- 1: Maintaining transportation vehicles, compressor engines, and power generators in good working order; and SER-2: Following this approach for all other equipment and machinery needing periodic inspection and maintenance to attain optimal efficiency and reduction in fuel consumption. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 7-15 Chapter 7 Table Re uired Specific itigation easures by Impact Category Impact Category/Required Specific Mitigation PUBLIC AND WORKER HEALTH AND SAFETY (including Emergency Response) Optimize public _afety and hazardous materials management by: SPSHM-1: Heightening the safety of workers and of the surrounding communities by establishing safety and emergency action plans and related training programs; SPSHM-2: Insuring that all employees adhere to the safety program; SPSHM-3: Providing for the establishment of emergency plans and action plans in the event of fire, accidents causing injury, accidental spills of contaminants, or gas leaks; SPSHM-4: Posting in a location visible to the workers the names and telephone numbers of the people in charge and describing the alert protocol; SPSHM-5: Keeping on hand a supply of absorbent materials as well as properly designated recipients designed to contain petroleum residue and wastes in the event of a spill; SPSHM-6: Informing the drivers and operators of machines of the security standards to be followed at all times; SPSHM-7: Observing applicable standards in site selection and disposal methods when it is necessary to remove or contain pollutants or contaminated substances; SPSHM-8: Providing for storage areas for contaminated products and equipping them with devices designed to protect against any accidental spills; SPSHM-9: Communicating with local communities regarding the operations, hazards, and response plans of the facilities; and SPSHM-10: Developing and implementing a program for monitoring whether the pipeline is remaining covered (where it is buried), and not freespanning as a result of being undermined by sea currents. At the first sign of the pipeline becoming exposed, relative to as-built specifications, this program will stipulate adequately protecting the submerged pipeline with cement bags or matting. Minimize transmission of HIV/AIDS and other communicable disease (see Appendix 7B: WA GP HI VAIDS Policy) by: SHIV/AIDS-1: Conduct regular and frequent HIV/AIDS awareness training for construction workers, with more frequent and focused training for higher at risk workers (truckers, offshore crew change, etc.); SHIV/AIDS-2: Regularly distributing HIV/AIDS awareness communications materials; SHIV/AIDS-3: Implementing labor hiring programs away from construction sites to reduce the presence of "camp followers," prostitutes, drug dealers/users, and other potential HIV/AIDS carriers; SHIV/AIDS-4: As applicable, establishing and maintaining closed camps and restricting access to camps and work locations to authorized personnel; SHIV/AIDS-5: Monitor the build-up or presence of "camp followers," prostitutes, narcotics dealers/users, and other potential HIV/AIDS carriers who may attempt to access construction or camp facilities or attempt to interface with contractor or subcontractor employees; and June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 7-16 Chapter 7 Table Re uired Specific itigation easures by Impact Category Impact Category/Required Specific Mitigation SHIV/AIDS-6: Establishing working relationships between WAPCo, contractors, private security, surrounding communities, and local law enforcement to quickly disburse unauthorized personnel from work locations, camp sites, and surrounding communities. Potential itigation easures The potential mitigation measures are ones recommended by the consultant. Discussion among WAPCo, regulatory authorities and external lenders will result in a decision whether or not to adopt the measures. The potential mitigation measures are discussed in turn for each impact category. When determining whether to implement a potential mitigation measure, WAPCo will take the following factors into consideration: * Feasibility; * Ease of implementation; * Local suitability; * Institutional requirements; * Training requirements; * Monitoring requirements; * Cost (capital and operating); and * Cost-effectiveness. Utili e Hori ontal Directional Drilling for Wetland Crossings Employing HDD for pipeline construction in Benin would leave the wetlands relatively untouched. No * Habitats and Biological Resources ROW clearing of habitat is needed for the HDD method, * Water Resources and Hydrology except at entry and exit points. The footprint required for * Topography, Geology, and Soils the HDD entry location is typically 50m by 30m. The drill site would require leveling, fill, and compaction in order to support the drilling equipment; consequently, the entry and exit points for this HDD activity would be located away from the edge of each wetland area. Laydown areas used during HDD would not be occupied for more than a few weeks. These areas will be reinstated and allowed to revert to pre-construction conditions. The hydrological regime would be affected for only the duration of operations (typically less than a week). Furthermore, HDD would avoid soil compaction (except at the relatively small equipment installation points) and exposed (unvegetated) soil. Cuttings and waste drilling liquid would be removed according to the waste management plan and so result in less of a negative impact than siltation trenching waste overflow. The duration of impacts to biological resources outside of the ROW (the drill site area) would be less than six months with proper reinstatement. These impacts will be totally reversible within the time period, resulting in minor temporal significance. For the reasons June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 7-17 Chapter 7 given above, the duration of impacts to water resources and hydrology and to topography, geology, and soils are also minor. The areal significance (for all three receptors) would also be minor and impacts will occur within 100m outside of the ROW, for a total of 0.15ha (0.37 acres) for the entry location and a similar area at the exit location. The magnitude of the impact to habitats and biological resources would be minor, rather than negligible, due to the sensitive nature of the wetland habitat. Regarding hydrology, it would also be minor, but for topography, geology, and soils it would be negligible. Since the wetland environment itself would not be directly touched, the likelihood of any long-term impact due to HDD is low. The overall impact severity would low. (Please note that the impacts arising from HDD wastes are essentially the same as those of trenching wastes, which are discussed under Sections 6.6.1.3, Topography, Geology, and Soils and 6.6.1.4, Water Quality and Resources. The secondary impact to habitat and biological resources from solid wastes is discussed as a potential impact under Section 6.9, Secondary Impacts.) Habitats and Biolozical Resources Impact: Degradation of current habitat quality due to trenching across wetlands. Temporal Moderate Impact Significance Areal Minor Moderate Magnitude Moderate Likelihood _ High Alternative Impact: Degradation of current habitat quality due to HDD across wetlands. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Minor | Likelihood ___ Low Topoaraphy, Geolouv, and Soils Impact: Degradation of soil structure due to trenching and backfilling to install pipeline in wetland areas. Temporal Moderate Impact Significance Areal Negligible Moderate Moderate Severity Magnitude Major Likelihood Medium June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 7-18 Chapter 7 Alternative Impact: Degradation of soil structure due to HDD to install pipeline in wetland areas. Tem oral Minor Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Minor Likelihood Low Water Resources and Hydroloav Impact: Change in hydrologyfrom trenching across wetlands and streams. Temporal Minor - Impact Significance Areal Moderate Moderate Magnitude Moderate Likelihood High Alternative Impact: Change in hydrologyfrom HDD across wetlands and streams. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Minor Likelihood Low Utili e Hori ontal Directional Drilling for Lagoon Crossing Employing HDD instead of trenching in Benin would leave the lagoon relatively untouched. No ROW * Habitats and Biological Resources clearing of mangrove habitat on the south end of the * Water Resources and Hydrology lagoon is needed for the HDD method, except at entry * Topography, Geology, and Soils and exit points. The footprint required for the HDD entry location is typically 50m by 30m. This footprint can also be used for the entry point of the HDD shore crossing. The drill site would require leveling, fill, and compaction in order to support the drilling equipment. For this reason, the entry point for this HDD activity will be placed away from fringe marshlands and mangrove areas. The lagoon south of the R&M station near Cotonou is approximately 450m wide. HDD under the Benin Lagoon from the north shore to the barrier island would be expected to take approximately 15 days if reaming were to be required, or eight days if not. Laydown areas used during HDD would not be occupied for more than a few weeks. These areas will be reinstated so that they revert back to pre-construction conditions. The severity of impacts from HDD to the three receptors affected is the same in lagoons as it is in wetlands due to the circumventory nature of HDD (Section 6.6.1.1). Please note that the impacts arising from HDD wastes are essentially the same as those of trenching wastes, which are discussed in Sections 6.6.1.3 and 6.6.1.4. The secondary impact June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 7-19 Chapter 7 to habitat and biological resources from solid wastes is discussed as a potential impact in Section 6.9. Habitats and Biological Resources Impact: Degradation of current habitat quality due to trenching across wetlands. Temporal Moderate Impact Significance Areal Minor Moderate Magnitude Moderate Likelihood High Alternative Impact: Degradation of current habitat quality due to HDD across wetlands. Terporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Minor Likelihood Low Water Resources and Hydrolo2v If the HDD alternative were employed, there would be an additional impact on water resources from water used for drilling: Additional Alternative Impact: Reduction in local water supply resources. Temporal Minor Impact Significance Areal Minor Minor Magnitude Minor Likelihood Low If trenching methods are used to install the pipeline across the lagoon, the impacts to local water supply resources are negligible. If HDD methods are used to install the pipeline underneath the lagoon and at the beach crossing, a supply of water will need to be obtained, primarily as make-up water for the drilling muds. The drill cuttings will be recycled in the drilling operation, thereby minimizing water usage. Approximately 2,200m3 of water from groundwater sources will be used to mix the non-hazardous bentonite drilling medium. The temporal effect, areal extent, and magnitude significance of the impacts to local groundwater resources is minor. The water drawn for HDD will be limited to several weeks duration, and will be from a well at least lOOm deep or other fresh water sources. Therefore, project demands on groundwater supply will not interfere with the local population, who draw water from much shallower wells. The incremental amount withdrawn for this component of the construction phase is incidental. Therefore, the likelihood of an impact occurring is also low and the overall impact severity is low. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 7-20 Chapter Health, Safety, and Environmental anagement Plan This chapter describes the Health, Safety, and Environmental Management Plan (HSEMP) for the West African Gas Pipeline (WAGP) project. The HSEMP is essential to the West African Gas Pipeline Company (WAPCo) Health, Safety, and Environmental Management System (HSEMS), described in Section 8. 1, and its effectiveness in assuring protection of health, safety, environment, and socioeconomic conditions. WAPCo has established and will maintain, as part of its HSEMS, a comprehensive HSEMP to achieve its health, safety, and environmental (HSE) regulatory compliance objectives, institutional responsibilities (e.g., World Bank Safeguard Policies and Guidelines), and other related commitments. Also addressed in the HSEMP are socioeconomic measures that will reduce negative impacts and provide benefit to affected communities, countries, and the region. For each potentially severe impact (high or moderate severity), the HSEMP identifies and describes the linkage between: * Applicable regulatory requirements, institutional responsibilities and other commitments; * Relevant WAPCo operational controls (e.g., best management practices (BMPs), construction and operation specifications, procedures, and work instructions); * Monitoring approach and schedule for conformance to operational controls; * Mitigation and regulatory monitoring institutional roles; and * Relevant mitigation measures. The HSEMP applies to all WAPCo onshore and offshore project activities including: * Pre-construction; * Site Preparation and Construction; * Commissioning and Start-up; * Operations and Maintenance; and * Decommissioning and Abandonment. The HSEMP is divided into three sections, labeled Environmental, Socioeconomic, and Health and Safety, and subsequently into seven categories of potentially severe impacts. These categories of impacts by section are: Environmental * Land Use; * Topography, Geology, and Soils; * Habitats, Biological Resources, Water Resources, and Hydrology; Chapter 8 * Air Quality (including Noise and Vibration); and * Solid, Liquid, and Hazardous Waste. Socioeconomic * Cultural (and Archaeological) Conditions and * Socioeconomic Conditions (including Goods and Services, Means of Livelihood, and Transportation and Infrastructure). Health and Safety * Public and Worker Health and Safety; and * Emergency Preparedness and Response. Except for the Solid, Liquid, and Hazardous Waste and Emergency Preparedness and Response, the HSEMP categories correspond to the affected media categories that were addressed in Chapter 6. (Even though Solid, Liquid, and Hazardous Waste and Emergency Preparedness and Response do not represent project affected media, they do represent aspects of the project that require specific management plans to control activities and mitigate impacts on other affected media.) Tables 8.9-1 to 8.9-9, in Section 8.9 below, describe the linkage between each potentially severe impact and applicable regulatory requirements, other WAPCo commitments, relevant operational controls, a monitoring approach and schedule, and the relevant mitigation measures. The tables are structured as depicted below (symbol * indicates that the WAPCo Tier 2 Procedure on vertical column applies to Specific Significant Impact in horizontal row). June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-2 Chapter 8 Table Impact Section of the WAPCo HSE P Potential Impact: Description of Impact WAPCo Tier 2 Procedures Specific Significant _ 0 Impacts and Related - "- ^ v m OC I V Activities i iiXE -o -~~ -~ -~ -~ ~ 0 0 -9 -0 4: C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 o o c o o o o o o o o 00 Impact 1 Impact 2 Impact 3 Applicable Regulatory Requirements/Commitments Regulation/Commitment 1 Regulation/Commitnent 2 Regulation/Commitment 3 Monitoring Approach and Schedule (Section 8.3) Pre-construction Construction Post-construction Operations Mitigation and Regulatory Monitoring Institutional R General and Specific Mitigation Measures (Sections 7.2 and 7.3) Health, Safety, and Environmental anagement System WAPCo is in the process of finalizing documentation of a project HSEMS that will be implemented throughout the project to ensure compliance with applicable HSE regulations and other requirements to which the WAPCo subscribes, and to mitigate significant adverse impacts. The HSEMS for the proposed project is patterned after and consistent with the International Organization For Standardization 14001: 1996 Technical Specification and Guidancefor Use (ISO 14001) and the draft standard ISO 18001 (Appendix 8-A: cross referenced to Chapter 15 of the West African Gas Pipeline Project Execution Plan, Health, Safety, and Environmental Management System). The outline for the WAPCo HSEMS is provided below: 1.0 Leadership and Project Team Involvement - Addresses management's commitment to the project HSE policy statement, project team participation and ownership, and the HSE culture essential to success. 2.0 Policy and Strategic Objectives - Addresses the project's HSE intentions, principles, and high-level objectives. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-3 Chapter 8 3.0 Evaluation and Risk Management - Addresses identification and evaluation of HSE issues and risks for operations and services, and the development and decision making associated with risk-reduction and management measures. This Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a key input to WAPCo Risk Management component of the WAPCo HSEMS. 4.0 Planning and Resources - Addresses the setting of HSE goals and targets and establishment of resourced work plans to achieve them. Components within this element of the HSEMS include: * Legal and other requirements; * Goals and targets; * Project team organization, roles, responsibilities and work plans; and * HSEMP, including integration of contractor HSE programs. 5.0 Implement and Operate - Addresses common program requirements necessary to operate in control and to implement defined system and process improvement changes. Specific elements of this section of the HSEMS include: * Procedures, processes, and operational controls (Section 8.1.1); * Documentation and record keeping; * Training and competence; * Communication and awareness; and * Emergency preparedness and response. 6.0 Monitor and Review - Addresses HSE performance monitoring and periodic assessment of system performance, effectiveness and suitability, including: * HSE performance measurement, including leading indicator metrics; * HSEMS audits; * Management review of the HSEMS; and * Incident investigation, non-conformance and corrective action processes. The HSEMS also is intended to ensure conformance to socioeconomic objectives of the proposed project. WAGP has identified those operations and activities that are associated with potential moderate and severe impacts. WAGP has planned these activities, including maintenance, in order to ensure that they are carried out under specified conditions by establishing and maintaining documented procedures to cover situations where their absence could lead to deviations from conformance with WAPCo's HSEMS Policy (i.e.; deviations from compliance with WB Safeguard policies, relevant legal requirements, and other commitments to avoid or mitigate adverse environmental, heath and safety and socioeconomic impacts). The following operational controls are descriptions of those documented procedures, presented in their entirety in Appendix 8-B. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-4 Chapter 8 Operational Controls The purpose of the HSEMS is to identify, plan for, and subsequently minimize potential HSE and socioeconomic (hereafter HSE) impacts. Each potentially severe HSE impact identified in this EIA has associated operational controls that specify appropriate procedures, work instructions, BMPs, roles, responsibilities, authorities, monitoring, measurement, and record keeping that avoid or reduce impacts. Other WAPCo Operating Procedures will be reviewed and, where appropriate, amended to include instructions for planning and minimizing HSE impacts, or to at least reference relevant documents that address HSE impact avoidance and mitigation. To be comprehensive, suitable, adequate, and effective, the HSEMS will ensure that operational controls for avoiding and minimizing impacts are properly maintained and continue throughout the life of the project. Alignment sheets that geospatially reference relevant operational controls, mitigation and monitoring plans, regulatory requirements, training needs, and other specifications will be prepared by WAPCo to enhance effectiveness of the HSEMP. The operational controls, using the following HSEMS hierarchy, are included as Appendix 8- B, Operational Controls. And an annotated list of these operational controls is as follows (outline numbers from Appendix 8-B used for consistency): 8B1.O Tier 1: WAGP HSE Policy Statement: Commits WAPCo to conduct its business in a socially responsible and ethical manner-one that is intended to ensure safety and protect health and the environment. The Policy states that WAPCo strives to be a leader in this regard within the industry and in the West African sub-region. It outlines specific objectives to meet the HSE Policy goals. 8B2.0 Tier 2: WAGP HSE Management System Procedures: Are defined and maintained by WAPCo for the purpose of conforming to its HSE Policy commitments and objectives. The table of contents for these procedures appears in Appendix 8-B. Of particular note from this set are three procedures that apply to the management and use of pesticides and biocides - Hazardous Material Communication, Chemical Management Plan, and Hazardous Material Control Procedures. 8B2. 1 WAGP External Communications Procedures: Describes roles, responsibilities, authorities and required actions for external environmental communication between WAPCo and interested parties, such as regulatory authorities and the public/local community groups. This procedure will be finalized following the Final Investment Decision when Construction Management Staffing is completed (Section 8.3). 8B2.2 HES Training: Describes the WAPCo approach to conducting required safety training. It applies to all personnel (employees and contractors), involved in work related to WAPCo owned, operated, or maintained pipelines or facilities. Although it does not contain all safety rules and regulations, it does provide information on safety rules, personal protective equipment, hazardous materials/chemicals, and emergency response procedures. These procedures are being amended to also include training on avoiding environmental and socioeconomic impacts. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-5 Chapter 8 8B2.3 HESAuditProtocol: (See descriptionunderPerformance/Implementation Monitoring in Section 8.2 Monitoring.) 8B2.4 WAGP Management of Change: (See description under Section 8.1.2 Change Management.) 8B2. 5 WA GP Compliance and Permitting Plan: Provides a framework for ensuring that proper attention is given to licenses, permits and consents required for regulatory compliance of facility design, construction, installation, commissioning and operation. The objectives of the program are to: ensure that the Project is designed, built, and operated in full compliance with all applicable regulatory requirements; identify and obtain all required permits and approvals for the Project's design, construction, installation, and operations in a timely manner; and identify the fees and administrative costs for budgeting purposes and as an input to the International Project Agreement negotiations. The program will assist the four Countries in developing a common set of WAPCo Regulations for the construction and operation of the pipeline in accordance with the International Project Agreement. Through the permitting process, WAPCo will provide capacity building and/or technology transfer to the countries that are not familiar with natural gas and/or pipeline facilities, particularly in the areas of hazards assessment and safety equipment systems. 8B2.5.1 WAGP Proiect Authorizations: Lists the agencies or ministries responsible for approval or authorization of different elements of the WAGP EIA and project implementation. The timing and estimated fees of the approvals are indicated if the information is available. 8B2.5.2 WAGP Pipelines Hydrotesting Discharge Ecotoxicitv Testing Plan (Rev A): Describes plans (responsibilities, means, time frames, monitoring requirements, material safety data sheets, etc.) for performing ecotoxicity testing on biocide amended hydrotest waters that may be discharged from the WAGP pipelines during commissioning. The purpose of the plan is to ensure compliance with all applicable national and international discharge requirements and establish the scope of testing and analysis including potential dispersion modeling. This plan will be implemented immediately following the Final Investment decision. 8B2.5.3 WAGP Waste Water Discharge Controls: Describes controls that will be developed based on the results of ecotoxicity and other testing. These controls will be developed as part of specific applications for Discharge Permits/Approvals within each country, likely in the 6 to 12 month timeframe following the Final Investment Decision. 8B2.5.4 WAGP Stormwater Management Plan: Describes controls and procedures from the Mitigation Measures in Chapter 7, which focuses on Construction and also includes Operational Stormwater Controls. 8B2.5.5 WAGP Air Emissions Management Procedure: Describes controls and procedures from the Mitigation Measures in Chapter 7, which focuses on June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-6 Chapter 8 Construction Air Emissions (dust, exhaust) and also includes Operational Emissions Controls to the extent that they can be identified prior to Detailed Design. 8B2.5.6 WAGP Project Execution Plan: Describes development of a WAPCo organization that is competent in the areas of operations and maintenance, human resource management, information technology, health, environment, and safety, technical, finance, commercial and business development and other areas of work necessary for performing the ongoing natural gas transmission pipeline business contemplated by WAPCo. Commits WAPCo to having staffing plans, training plans, policies, processes, commercial agreements, and procedures to allow a smooth transition from the construction phase to the operational phase with the above mentioned infrastructure and functions in place. Describes development of operations and maintenance work plans, procedures, organization design, skill requirements, recruitment and training plan recommendations for consideration during and after construction of the pipeline, including development of pipeline operations and maintenance functions (e.g., mechanic, electrician, telecommunications, SCADA, rotating equipment, pipeliner, maintenance planner, measurement, metering station operator, compressor station operator, and warehousing) and development of operations and maintenance procedure manuals. 8B2.6 WAGP Waste Management Plan: Applies to offshore construction and land- based sites and is intended for use by parties who manage solid or liquid wastes generated during construction or operations of WAPCo, including waste from pigging operations. It also is applicable to operation of the pipeline and permanent facilities. It describes WAPCo's waste management program and provides procedures for routine waste management issues and for how potentially hazardous and nonhazardous waste will be managed. It is intended to serve as a primary waste management reference document that includes compliance requirements in the four countries and as a training tool. It describes WAPCo alternative approaches to minimizing impacts of project waste disposal activities if insufficient waste management capability is found to exist in the region. The list of waste management facilities that WAPCo intends to use appears in the WMP. WAPCo will audit these facilities to determine whether they have sufficient capability to handle waste generated by WAGP. If no capable facilities exist, WAPCo will consider other alternatives including, but not limited to: shipping wastes to facilities currently used by the sponsors both inside and outside of the region and on-site waste management following World Bank requirements. 8B2. 7 Emergency Response: Assembles plans, preparations, procedures, and training for responding to emergencies at WAPCo facilities and other emergencies associated with the project (e.g. releases of hazardous substances, fires, explosions, product spills, gas releases, bomb threats, hurricanes, and accidents during transport). The WAGP/WAPCo Emergency Response Plan also serves as a training aid for preparing WAPCo personnel to respond effectively and safely to emergencies. The plan applies to all personnel at WAPCo facilities. Some employees may simply need to know where and how to report for a head count. It includes the following elements: * Plans (made before the actual emergency) for coordinating emergency response with outside agencies; June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-7 Chapter 8 * Preventing emergency incidents; * Recognizing emergency situations and alerting others; * Emergency response procedures, especially the lines of authority, means of communication, and roles of personnel; * Documented training of emergency-response personnel; * Evacuation routes and procedures; * Safe distances and places of refuge; * Personal protective gear and emergency equipment; * Decontamination; and * Emergency medical treatment and first aid, including surveillance of and consultation with emergency-response personnel. 8B2.7.1 WAGP Spill Prevention and Control Procedure: Describes controls and procedures from the Mitigation Measures in Chapter 7, which focuses on Spill Prevention and Control measures and also includes Operational Controls to the extent that they can be identified prior to Detailed Design. 8B2.8 WA GP Habitat, Biological, Cultural Resource Management Procedures: Outline specific measures to be taken to mitigate impacts to biological and cultural resources affected by the construction of the WAGP project. Specific monitoring and mitigation measures are outlined below for the sea turtle nesting protection procedure (8B2.8.3). Other specific elements of the habitat, biological, and cultural resource management procedures are listed here and presented in Appendix 8-B. 8B2.8.1 ROW Reinstatement Criteria 8B2.8.2 Proposed Wetland PL Construction Methods Study 8B2.8.3 WAGP Sea Turtle Nestini Protection Procedure: Describes the plans for mitigating adverse impacts to sea turtle nesting. Plans for daytime, nighttime and near shore surveys are described, including responsibilities, schedule, and scope. The monitoring periods during which mitigation triggers apply are August 1 through January 31. The mitigation measures include: Beach Survey and Near-Shore Triggers: If turtles or turtle nesting are observed in the WAPCo Pipeline ROW beach survey area or in near shore areas two weeks before and/or during the near-shore activities, then construction activities in the WAPCo Pipeline ROW near-shore area and onshore beach area that have the potential to materially disrupt a turtle's essential behavior patterns (e.g., activities that preclude a turtle from reaching the beach and nesting) will be limited to daylight hours. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-8 Chapter 8 Turtle Hatchlings Trigger: If turtle hatchlings are observed in the WAPCo Pipeline ROW near-shore area or onshore beach area during the near-shore activities, construction activities in the WAPCo Pipeline ROW near-shore area and onshore beach area will avoid physical disturbances (i.e., direct contact) to any nests or hatchling turtles within the WAPCo Pipeline ROW near-shore area and onshore beach area and allow the turtle hatchlings to reach the sea and disperse. If necessary turtle hatchlings that are found will be captured with out harming them and then notification of the competent local authority will be initiated to allow them to remove the turtle hatchlings. Lighting: Additional construction lighting shall be limited to the immediate area of activities and shall be the minimum lighting required to comply with appropriate health and safety standards. Lighting associated with any onshore and offshore activities shall be minimized through reduction, shielding, lowering and appropriate placement of lights to minimize illumination of the beach and water. 8B2.8.4 WAGP Chance Finds and Archeological Salvage Procedure: (See description under Section 8.1.3 Biological and Cultural Resource Chance Finds) 8B2.8.5 WAGP Anchor Handling 8B2.8.6 WAGP Pesticide Management Plan 8B2.8.7 WAGP Procedure for Preventing Salt Water Intrusion into Fresh Water Lagoons and Creeks 8B2. 9 Incident Investigation Procedure: Provides guidelines for conducting an investigation to find and prevent root causes for incidents. The minimum requirements for an incident investigation are provided in this information. Supervisors have the option to increase the investigation level through use of the "Why Tree" schematic if desired. The HES department has ownership of the process, which includes training, implementation, documentation, and reporting. It applies to all employees working on WAPCo-owned, operated, or maintained pipelines or facilities and provides a process to investigate all incidents and near misses. Investigations must be completed on all unplanned incidents that may result in a loss of resources, equipment, property, or injury to personnel. This includes, but is not limited to: * On-the-job injuries, illnesses, and fatalities; * Environmental releases; * Product integrity incidents; * Equipment/property damage; * Third party injuries or complaints; * Mechanical failure; * Business interruption; June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-9 Chapter 8 * Motor vehicle accidents; * Fires; and * Regulatory violations, or near loss incidents which could have resulted in loss of resources or injury if conditions had been slightly different. 8B3.0 WAGP Land Acquisition and Right of Way (ROW) Management Procedure: Outlines the land acquisition process, roles and responsibilities for the WAGP project. 8B3.1 WAGP Resettlement Action Plan: Identifies people and households directly affected by WAGP - that is, those whose land, other assets, or sources of income or livelihood will be directly affected by the project. Presents a thorough analysis of WAGP's impacts on these project-affected people (PAP) and their households, and provides a comprehensive plan for resettlement, compensation, restitution, and/or restoration of livelihoods for every PAP. 8B3.2 WAGP ROWAccess Policy: Describes polices regarding access to the pipeline ROW by the local population. These access policies are for use in assessing land use and socioeconomic impacts associated with WAGP, and in assessing the need for compensation of people using land within the project footprint. 8B4.0 Risk Management: Describe roles, responsibilities, authorities and required actions for performing HSE and other risk management reviews for the project (i.e., to identify, assess, evaluate, and develop plans to maintain compliance with legal requirements and to maximize cost-benefit value by "controlling" (avoiding, preventing, mitigating, transferring, or retaining) significant risks (personnel safety, environmental, reputational and financial)). Risk control measures, particularly in terms of physical asset design (equipment and related hardware), will be evaluated with an appropriate balance between risks/impacts, cost, schedule, and operational requirements resulting in the next level of documentation and guidance to contractors including: 8B4. 1 Onshore Pipeline and Facilities Design Basis: Provides technical guidance for the design, fabrication, construction, start-up and commissioning of the onshore pipeline system and facilities associated with the WAGP in Nigeria, Benin, Togo and Ghana. 8B4.2 WAGP Environmental Design Basis: Describes activities that the WAGP Project Team will follow to design, construct and operate all facilities with a goal toward environmental excellence. It defines practices for complying with applicable national and state environmental regulations in the four countries associated with the pipeline as well as relevant sections of the International Project Agreement (IPA) and subsequently developed WAGP Authority Regulations. Where no regulations exist, the principles of risk management will be used to determine appropriate levels of environmental protection. The Environmental Design Basis covers environmental protection requirements related to the facility design and construction phases of the projects. This document will be updated at the end of each project phase to include changes or additions to the requirements and will incorporate and be consistent with the EIA. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-10 Chapter 8 8B4.3 WAGP Loss Prevention Design Basis: Describes relevant standards, good engineering practices, and principles of risk management to ensure that safety, fire, health and environmental protection activities are conducted responsibly. This specifically includes the designs and siting of new facilities and applies to WAGP project owners, front end engineering, and detailed design contractors. The Loss Prevention and Design Risk Management Specification provides guidance on how to identify, assess and mitigate health and safety risks during project design and includes specific requirements for health, safety, and fire loss prevention (i.e., WAPCo HSE Management Plan requirements, regulations of the four WAGP countries, and international standards on loss prevention). 8B4.4 Onshore - Offshore Specifications List: Lists the engineering specifications for both on and offshore construction and operations of the WAGP project. These specifications, where relevant, include measures for avoiding and mitigating HSE impacts. 8B5.0 WAGP Contractor Management Procedures: Describe the requirements to which EPC contractors must adhere during the site preparation and construction phases of the project. They describe roles, responsibilities, authorities and required actions for performing all work in a manner that is in compliance with relevant HSE legislation and regulations, World Bank Safe Guard Policies, WAPCo's HSE Policy, and other contractual obligations. 8B5. 1 Exhibit F: HSE Standards 8B5.2 Exhibit N: WAGP Security Plan 8B15.3 Exhibit K: Drugs Standard-IFT The Tier 2 HSEMS procedures and the WAGP Land Acquisition and ROW Management, Risk Management, Contractor Management, and Other Operation Procedures listed above are presented in the HSEMP tables (Section 8.9) as column headings (with the exception of the WAGP Investigation Procedure which applies globally whenever problems are encountered). Shading in the Section 8.9 tables indicates that the Tier 2 procedure and some or all of the next lower level procedures, referenced by the Tier 2 procedure that precedes it, apply to the control of that potentially severe impact. For clarification, the External Communications Procedure is referenced in the context of proactive communication. Otherwise it is assumed that WAPCo will react and respond appropriately in the case of stakeholder inquiries. The WAGP Management of Change and WAGP Chance Finds and Archeological Salvage Procedure are described in the following sections. Change anagement The WAGP Management of Change procedure, noted in the list of Operational Controls presented above is of particular importance to avoid and minimize HSE impacts of the project. As is the case with any major infrastructure development project, change will be an ever-present phenomenon. The change management objectives of this procedure are to: * Formally identify changes and conduct an appropriate risk assessment of the proposed change; June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-11 Chapter 8 * Effectively manage change to minimize risk and improve business performance; * Streamline the project change process by eliminating non-essential changes and minimizing changes after a control basis has been set, especially during detailed engineering and construction; * Ensure that approved changes are implemented (including associated risk mitigation measures), communicated, and closed out in a timely way; * Close-out, including documentation and establishing a permanent record; * Establish a separate but linked change process within each outside contract for control of changes against the contract, wherein the contractor will be required to assess the risk associated with changes; and * Manage temporary and urgent changes within the overall change process. The project intends to realize these objectives via adherence to the formalized change management process described in the Change Management Procedure. The six steps for change management are: 1 . Identification of an item/situation potentially requiring some type of change. 2. Preparation of a Change Request Document that: a. Outlines the nature of the item/situation requiring a change; b. Presents a justification for the change; c. Outlines impacts of the change (e.g., cost, schedule, safety, operability); d. Identifies potential HSE concerns; and e. Estimates human resources and financial requirements to make the change. 3. Prompt evaluation by appropriate individual(s) to determine whether resources should be devoted to furthering the change request (i.e., mechanism to filter out proposals of limited merit). 4. Formal assessment and review of the change request, including: a. A preliminary assessment at the functional group level; b. A review for compatibility with the HSEMP Plan and identification of modifications if appropriate; and c. A subsequent assessment by a top management where higher approval authority is required. 5. Documentation of the approval or rejection of the change request. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-12 Chapter 8 6. Implementation of an approved change, including communication to appropriate parties concerning the nature, scope, and timing of the change. The formalized change management process requires that HSE and socioeconomic issues be addressed prior to the approval of any change. All EPC contractors will be required to devise their own change management procedures that are in harmony with the WAPCo HSEMS. Contractor change management procedures will also require that HSE and socioeconomic considerations be factored into the approval of changes. Certain changes will be communicated to the appropriate regulatory agencies and external lending institutions (World Bank, MIGA & OPIC), particularly in the detailed engineering phase, 6 to 9 months following the Final Investment Decision. Likely changes to be communicated, and, as needed, approved by certain regulatory authorities and/or external lenders include: * Resolution of Implementation Uncertainties per Chapter 2 (Section 2.8); and * Design changes that could alter the identified socioeconomic, health, environment or safety impacts and/or affect protective measures associated with these impacts. Biological and Cultural Resource Chance Finds As part of the EIA process, WAGP has conducted extensive baseline surveys of biological resources. WAGP also has commissioned engineering, environmental baseline, estate, and socioeconomic survey teams to conduct reconnaissance of cultural resources. This reconnaissance has resulted in a thorough survey of all construction sites. Based on this reconnaissance and on consultation with stakeholders in and around the project footprint, WAPCo has identified a limited number of cultural properties on the surface (which are listed in Chapter 5 and are being addressed by the RAP). WAPCo is in the process of conducting a literature review for archaeologic resources. This literature review will be followed by an archaeologic walk-through, which is scheduled to be completed in July 2004. The findings of biological resource baseline surveys and cultural resource reconnaissance has been the basis of the impact assessment presented in Chapter 6. If the ongoing archeological literature review and walk-through uncovers unique resources that will be affected by the project, then this identification will result in new mitigation measures to protect these. The HSEMP sections that apply to biological and cultural resources were developed subsequent to impact assessment and will be implemented to avoid and mitigate potential impacts to these resources. The WAGP Chance Finds and Archeological Salvage Procedure, which is one of the WAGP Habitat, Biological, Cultural Resource Management Procedures, describes a protocol of BMPs, roles, responsibilities, authorities, and record that shall be followed in the event that project site preparation and construction activities encounter evidence of significant biological or cultural resources such as endangered species or sacred sites. The objective of this procedure is to protect those resources by erring on the side of caution. It directs, as part of site preparation and construction, to scrutinize the work site for artifacts of archeological importance or biological significance and, in the event of a discovery, suspend activities and notify the competent authorities. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-13 Chapter 8 The Tier 3 WAGP Chance Finds and Archeological Salvage Procedure identifies impact avoidance and mitigation measures and follow-up actions for specific resources that project might encounter, such as sacred sites, including human burial grounds, or turtle nesting sites (as addressed in the WAGP Sea Turtle Nesting Protection Procedure). onitoring Performance Implementation onitoring The objective of the monitoring approach prescribed by the HSEMP is to check whether the WAPCo operational controls and mitigation measures conform to planned arrangements, including regulatory requirements, and whether they are being properly implemented. This monitoring will be provided by the WAPCo internal HSEMS audit program. The internal audit program will schedule audits based on the environmental importance of the activity concerned and results of previous audits. Audit checklists will be prepared based on requirements stipulated in the operational controls. Audits will be performed by qualified staff and results will be provided to WAPCo, WAGP Project Team and Contractor management. Correction of deficiencies uncovered by the audits and impacts caused by deficiencies will be mitigated as described in the WAPCo Investigation Procedure. Empirical onitoring In addition to perforrmance/implementation monitoring, certain quantitative, empirical monitoring will occur to ensure that operational controls and mitigation measures are effective and/or to make appropriate corrections to controls and measures (Table 8.2.1). Details of the empirical monitoring are described in Tables 8.9-1 to 8.9-9. Empirical monitoring will be agreed between WAPCo, appropriate regulatory agencies and other stakeholders and the following measurement parameters have been identified, consistent with the significant impacts identified in Tables 8.9-1 to 8.9-9. Final specifications for both performance and empirical monitoring, including reporting requirements, will be arranged by agreement with the appropriate government regulatory agencies and external lenders and will be incorporated into a final WAPCo HSEMS Compliance Assurance Monitoring Plan. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-14 Chapter 8 Table Summary of WAPCo Empirical onitoring Aspect to Be Monitored | Measurement | Frequency | Action Level Pre-Construction None Not applicable Not applicable Construction Sanitary and Other Waste Table of Maximum Limits for Effluent Upon discharge from holding Refer to 8B4.2 WAPCo Effluent for Vessels and Discharges for Nigeria, Benin, Togo, tank Environmental Design Basis Onshore Facilities and Ghana is provided in 8B4.2 WAPCo Environmental Design Basis. Initial screening will test the efficacy of continued testing to ensure compliance with regard to: BOD5, TSS, Total N, Fats, Oil, and Grease, pH, Cyanide, As, Cd, Cr(t, VI, III), Cu, Pb, Hg, Mo, Ni, Se, Ag, and Zn Nuisance Noise Levels Measurement for compliance with the Monitoring monthly or as needed following applicable maximum sound during extremely noisy level limits for different facility areas: construction operations * Absolute Limit, 115 decibels (dBA) * General work areas, 85dBA (requiring personal protective equipment) Employment and Procurement Maintain agreed to levels of local Quarterly International Project Agreement (from surrounding content (overall 15 percent) As detailed communities) following EPC contract award Onshore Surface Water Measure TSS of water body and As indicated by routine visual Maintain TSS below 80 mg/l Quality compare to non-effected background inspection or other observation one week after construction Salt Water Intrusion If trenching across barrier islands and Weekly until one month If the monthly average adjacent lagoons, monitor lagoon following construction conductivity value increases in surface water conductivity for signs of Badagry Creek and the Benin NaCl concentration increase above pre- Lagoon by 10% then find and construction levels eliminate source of salt water intrusion June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-15 Chapter 8 Table Summary of WAPCo Empirical onitoring Aspect to Be Monitored Measurement Frequency Action Level Waste Characterization See 8B2.6 WAPCo Waste Management For each waste item when Regulatory Requirements Procedure and Plan for characterization initially encountered during requirements for ignitable, corrosive, segregation and annually reactive, toxic, medical and radioactive thereafter waste streams. The amount of solid waste generated will be measured by characterization (especially hazardous wastes) Soil at Takoradi Site in Ghana Sampling and analysis to determine if Once prior to construction If contaminants are found, hazardous conditions exist, including a conduct cleanup to a level that minimum of 10 soil samples across the protects the environment and area affected by the ROW and proposed worker health, and take facility and analysis for TOC, grain measures to ensure that size, moisture, TPH, and metals (Cd, hazardous contaminants are not Cr, Hg, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni, Pb, Zn, V) mobilized and allowed to run _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _o ff the site Population Build-up or Monitoring of local inflationary Monthly during the construction See 8B3. 1 WAPCo Encroachment pressures in villages near the sites of period Resettlement Action Plan construction camps. Monitoring of the success of the Compensation and Resettlement Plan Post Construction Surface Water Uptake and Measure TSS of water body near intake Before uptake and once per day Maintain TSS below 80 mg/l Discharge of Untreated and discharge point and compare to during pipeline filling; before Hydrotest Water noneffected background discharge and once per day during discharge Biocide Treated Hydrotest Indicator test needs to be developed At beginning of the discharge of Use indicator test to ensure Water Discharge the treated hydrotest water but level is below limit established before any water is released into by biological toxicity testing. the environment; daily during See 8B2.5.2 WAPCo Hydrotest discharge event Effluent Ecotoxicity Testing Plan June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-16 Chapter 8 Table Summary of WAPCo Empirical onitoring Aspect to Be Monitored Measurement Frequency Action Level Vegetation Computer analysis of remote sensing Once at 2.5 and 5 years following Report results to Nigeria images to detect unexpected changes in construction Federal Ministry of vegetative cover and/or land use Environment patterns (Nigeria and Benin only) Operations Sanitary and Other Waste Table of Maximum Limits for Effluent Upon discharge from holding Refer to 8B4.2 WAPCo Effluent for Vessels and Discharges for Nigeria, Benin, Togo, tank Environmental Design Basis Onshore Facilities and Ghana is provided in 8B4.2 WAPCo Environmental Design Basis. Initial screening will test the efficacy of continued testing to ensure compliance with regard to: BOD5, TSS, Total N, Fats, Oil, and Grease, pH, Cyanide, As, Cd, Cr(t, VI, III), Cu, Pb, Hg, Mo, Ni, Se, Ag, and Zn Noise Measure for compliance with limits, Annually Refer to 8B4.2 WAPCo including: Environmental Design Basis - Absolute Linmit, 11 5dBA - General work areas, 85dBA (requiring personal protective equipment) - Offices, control rooms, 55dBA - Onshore facility property limit, 5OdBA Condensate Liquid Waste Dew Point Analyzers for delivery of Ongoing Liquid Waste Minimization off-specification gas. Controls to shut off gas supply if out of specification June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-17 Chapter 8 Table Summary of WAPCo Empirical onitoring Aspect to Be Monitored Measurement Frequency Action Level Ambient Air Quality at Table of Air Emission Limits or Annually for the first 2 years Refer to 8B4.2 WAPCo Compressor Station Guidelines for Nigeria is provided in during normal operations for Environmental Design Basis 8B4.2 WAPCo Environmental Design screening purposes and daily Basis. Initial screening will test the during a complete station efficacy of continued testing to ensure blowdown (flaring) compliance with the Nigerian Emission Limits for Stationary Sources (DPR, 1999) with regard to: NO2, CO, THC, and Total Suspended Particulates as consistent with EBS measurements previous taken. Temperature and ambient wind speed and direction will also be monitored Surface Water Quality Oils and greases in water in catch basins During normal operations and Maintain oil and grease less running off compressor station site (if during rain event (once each per than 10 mg/L constructed) year) Waste Characterization See 8B2.6 WAPCo Waste Management For each waste item when As per national and Procedure and Plan for characterization initially encountered during intemational regulatory requirements for ignitable, corrosive, segregation and annually requirements reactive, toxic, medical and radioactive thereafter waste streams. The amount of solid waste generated will be measured by characterization (especially hazardous wastes). Groundwater Usage near Gauge static water levels in production Two times per year (1 each in wet Groundwater monitoring will Compressor Station and R&M well to ensure that water usage is not and dry seasons) for 5 years; be done if ground can be used Stations causing excess draw down Annually following 5 years based on the results of hydrologic assessments. If wells are drilled, WAPCo will employ groundwater protection methods June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-18 Chapter 8 Table Summary of WAPCo Empirical onitoring Aspect to Be Monitored Measurement Frequency Action Level Proper burial and support of Dive inspections, side-scan sonar, or Dependant on burial depth study Develop and implement the offshore pipeline (where it other acceptable methods to identify results operational control for pipeline is buried) free-spanning or exposed portions of the burial and support inspection pipeline Population Build-up or Record new settlements and logging Quarterly Refer to 8B3.1 WAPCo Encroachment along the pipeline route Resettlement/Action Plan June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-19 Chapter 8 onitoring Oversight Responsibilities Generally, it is assumed that the overall "action party" and responsibilities for day-to-day monitoring described above and in Tables 8.9-1 to 8.9-9 will be WAPCo, however a "layering" or hierarchy of oversight responsibilities includes the following: Chapter 8 EMP Responsible Party Reference Section Frequency of Monitoring EPC Contractors and 8.4 Daily Subcontractors (Tables 8.1 to 8.9) On-site WAPCo Project Team 8.3 Daily Inspectors, Field Reps and (Tables 8.1 to 8.9) Monitors WAPCo Project Team HES Staff 8.3 Weekly-Monthly (Tables 8.1 to 8.9) HSEMS Independent 3rd Party 8.6 2 to 3 Audits during the 12 to 15 Auditors month construction period Regulatory Agencies 8.5 To be determined World Bank Expert Panel 8.7 Twice a year World Bank/MIGA/OPIC Staff 8.2.1 To be determined WAPCo Human Resources, Roles, Responsibilities, and Authority WAPCo is committed to provide resources essential to the implementation and control of the HSEMS. Resources include human resources and specialized skills. WAPCo's Construction Management Team will have dedicated HSE staff, who are competent on the basis of appropriate education, training and/or experience, performing management and oversight during project site preparation and construction and commissioning and start-up phases. Similarly, WAPCo will have a dedicated HSE staff for the WAGP operations phase. The organizational structure for HSE management and oversight during these phases is depicted below in Figures 8.3-la to c. The following roles and responsibilities description applies to the Project Construction Management Agreement organization and Construction HSE staff. WAPCo HSE staff, reporting to the WAPCo General Manager of Operations, are not likely to be in place at the start of construction, but are expected to have duties similar to the Construction HSE staff. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-20 Chapter 8 The construction HSE staff will divide their time as needed between the project sites and WAPCo headquarters, and hire third party HSE inspectors as needed to provide day-to-day coverage during construction. EPC contractors are required to provide in-country HSE management and oversight teams (one HSE professional per 50 contractor employees). Figure 8.3-l a WAPCo HSE Organization Chart WAPCo Managing Director I G Mange General Manager General Manager General Manager General Manager Operations Finance Corporate Affairs General Counsel Businesv i ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Commercial Devlpmn Project Director Project Manager Construction Technical Services Management Agreement Agreement Figure 8.3-lb WAGP Construction Management Agreement Organization Project Director Construction Management Agreement Engineering and Health Safety Community Relations … . Busin0GMess and Construction Manager Environment Manager Supervisor corporate Affairs Planning Manager Safety Specialists Community Relations Rep - Ghana _Environmental Community Relations Specialist Rep - Togo Community Relations Rep - Benin Community Relations s R TO WAPCo GM Rep - Nigeria X Operations Rep r Operations L Commissloning and Startup Team (to be filld by WAPCo O&M personnel) June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-21 Chapter 8 Figure 8.3-Ic WAPCo O&M Organization, Phase 4/5 |General Manager | Operations | Technology and Mechanical Office Operations and Communications Superintendent Assistant Maintenance Manager Superlintendent Superintendent Health, Environment Technical Services - L ~~~~~Security Coordinator HES Specialist -HES Specialist Rellabillty/Mechanical Engineer Also included on the organizational chart above are WAPCo Corporate Affairs professionals and a Construction Community Relations organization. These professionals are crucial to the success of the socioeconomic monitoring process and the continuation of the stakeholder consultation process. Additional project professionals will also be present in each country to manage land use/acquisition and compensation issues reporting to the Engineering and Construction Manager, but working closely with the WAPCo Corporate Affairs and Construction Community Relations organizations. The Construction HSE staff will be responsible for communicating with WAPCo headquarters, project engineers, EPC contractors, and government regulatory agencies to ensure that HSEMS regulatory and impact mitigation commitments are met. The Construction HSE staff will also support WAPCo and Construction line management in terms of compliance with regulatory reporting requirements. The responsibilities of the HSE management and oversight team are as follows: The Construction HSE Manager will: * Provide overall HSE management and guidance for project site preparation and construction and commissioning and start-up and advise WAPCo and project line management of the compliance performance of its EPC contractors in terms of legal requirements and conformance with this HSEMP; * Participate in the selection and supervision of HSE professionals; * Keep WAPCo headquarters HSE staff, Project Management, and EPC contractors informed regarding the status HSE and socioeconomic matters as well as emerging June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-22 Chapter 8 issues through verbal reports, informal written reports, or periodic formal reports, as appropriate; * Coordinate HSE and socioeconomic-related activities in response to routine or emerging issues; * Communicate with EPC contractors regarding compliance issues and other BMP issues, as appropriate; and * Communicate with government regulatory personnel as required on HSE and socioeconomic issues. The Construction HSE Manager will be assisted in his job duties by the HSE Professional Staff. The Construction HSE Professional Staff will have the following general responsibilities: * Coordinate HSE and socioeconomic activities and functions as WAPCo representatives at the field level; * Work with EPC contractor HSE personnel, that is, oversee work, do inspections, and review compliance inspection reports; * Communicate the results of inspections to appropriate offices via transmittal of copies of original reports, summaries of reports, or periodic formal and informal reports as appropriate; * Communicate with HSE Managers regarding emerging HSE and socioeconomic- related issues and areas of concern; * Communicate with the EPC contractor regarding compliance issues; and * Interface as needed with External Affairs staff regarding socioeconomic impacts and continuing stakeholder engagement. With regard to health and safety matters, the HSE Professional Staff will: * Conduct assessments and inspections to ensure compliance with applicable government regulations and World Bank Safeguard Policies and Guidelines concerning health issues as specified in the HSEMP; * Monitor construction activities regarding health issues and potential impacts, including the effectiveness of the EPC contractors' dust control programs; * Communicate through verbal and written reports to WAPCo and project line management regarding health and safety issues and areas of concern; * Implement contractor orientation and training from WAPCo, and monitor contractor training programs with respect to health and safety issues; and June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-23 Chapter 8 * Provide advice to contractor field personnel concerning health and safety matters and the interpretation of health and safety regulatory requirements. With regard to environmental issues, HSE Professional Staff will: * Conduct assessments and inspections to ensure compliance with applicable government regulations and World Bank Safeguard Policies and Guidelines concerning environmental issues as specified in the HSEMP; * Observe EPC contractor site clearing, construction activities, erosion control/mitigation, and site reinstatement activities; * Monitor waste water treatment and solid waste management facilities and observe EPC contractor waste handling practices. Prior to start of construction WAPCo will pre-qualify contractors. If no qualified contractors exists, WAPCo will consider other alternatives including, but not limited: shipping wastes to facilities currently used by the sponsors both inside and outside of the region and on-site waste management following WB requirements. * Monitor surface water withdrawal practices and hydrotesting effluent discharges; * Communicate through verbal and written reports to WAPCo and Project Team line management regarding compliance issues and areas of concern; * Implement contractor orientation and training from WAPCo, and monitor EPC contractor training programs with respect to environmental issues; * Provide advice to EPC contractor field personnel concerning environmental issues and the interpretation of environmental regulatory requirements; and * Implement post-construction monitoring programs as appropriate. With regard to socioeconomic matters, the HSE Professional Staff will interface with the WAPCo Corporate Affairs and Project Team Community Relations Organizations to: * Ensure compliance with applicable government regulations and World Bank Safeguard Policies and Guidelines, using assessments and inspections, as specified in the HSEMP; * Monitor construction activities regarding socioeconomic issues and potential impacts; * Monitor local hiring practices, local purchasing practices, and the WAPCo Resettlement Action Plan and ROW Policy; * Review activity schedules and assist in communicating pertinent information to local communities so that conflicts and disruptions can be avoided or minimized; June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-24 Chapter 8 * Contact and work with appropriate parties if sacred sites or significant archaeological sites are discovered during construction; * Communicate through verbal and written reports to appropriate offices regarding socioeconomic issues and areas of concern; * Implement contractor orientation and training from WAPCo and monitor EPC contractor training programs with respect to socioeconomic issues; and * Provide advice to EPC contractor field personnel concerning socioeconomic matters and the interpretation of socioeconomic regulatory requirements. The construction HSE management and oversight team will be staffed commensurate with work demands, sometimes bringing in qualified third party resources to assist with peak activity periods. Just prior to site preparation, construction, commissioning, and start-up phases, the team will be properly trained to conduct required inspections, assessments, and report submittals. The full construction HSE staff will be actively engaged until near the end of construction, commissioning, and start-up activities. At that point, the team will demobilize and transition with WAPCo HSE staff for management and oversight of operations, maintenance, decommissioning, and abandonment phases. It is anticipated that some members of the construction HSE staff will transfer to WAPCo HSE staff. EPC Contractors WAPCo, more specifically the Construction Project Management Team, will engage several EPC contractors during the site preparation and construction phase of the project. EPC contractors will be responsible for performing all work in a manner that is: * In compliance with relevant HSE legislation and regulations, including World Bank Safeguard Policies and Guidelines (the most stringent policies and guidelines provide precedence), and with other requirements to which WAPCo subscribes; * In conformance with WAPCo's HSEMS; * In accordance with the technical and quality specifications of WAPCo; and * In compliance with contractual obligations, notably Exhibits F (Independent Contractors Health Safety & Environmental Guidelines), K (Drug & Alcohol Policy), and N (Security Plans). Appendix 8B to the WAGP HSEMP contains relevant HES contractual obligations (Exhibits F (Appendix 8B5.1), K (Appendix 8B5.2) and N (Appendix 8B5.3). Each EPC contractor must develop and provide to WAPCo: * Health, Safety and Environment Policy Statements, Programs and Management Systems; * Health, Safety and Environment Organization; June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-25 Chapter 8 * Health, Safety and Environment Responsibilities; * Indexes of HSE procedures for design office(s), fabrication yard(s), construction sites and marine operations; * Outlines for Employee HSE Training Programs; * Waste Management Plans; * Emergency Response/Evacuation Plans; *Land Transportation Safety Management System; * Potable Water Standards; * Hazardous Materials Management Program, including MSDS tracking; and * Industrial Hygiene and Medical Protection Plans. Site specific HES Plans will also be developed including the following information: 1. Anticipated Local Content 2. Logistics Plans including: * All sources of raw materials, fuel, etc.; * Proposed staging and storage areas for all onshore construction activities; * Anticipated sources of domestic and fresh water supplies; * Anticipated design approach to sanitary and process waste water handling; * Transportation plans for onshore and offshore, including anticipated delivery methods for all equipment, heavy facility components, etc.; * Anticipated use of port facilities; * All ancillary facilities-temporary access roads, powerlines, waterlines, energy sources, etc.; * Provisions for labor camp management; * Provisions for health services; and * Provisions for security. 3. Construction methods/equipment along the ROW and at the R&M and compressor station including: June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-26 Chapter 8 * Equipment assembly/installation; * Details around proposed concrete batch plant construction or alternative sources of foundation work cement; • Anticipated measures for erosion control (wind and water); * Pollution Prevention Plans including substitution, containment, spill response, storage and an assessment of the type and amount of wastes that are likely be generated during construction, start-up, and operation and maintenance; * Plans to address noise, night time operations and other issues of concern to local communities; * Anticipated approach to all likely road, river and wetlands crossings; * Clearly defined application of directional drilling or trenching operations; and * Anchoring plans and geo-positioning of barges as applicable. 4. EHSMP oversight and commitment to monitoring consistent with WAPCo mitigation measures (see Chapter 7, Table 7.1: Required General Mitigation Measures by Impact Category, Potential Impact, and Affected Country and Table 7.2: Required Specific Mitigation Measures by Impact Category and Affected Country) Each EPC contractor will be required to provide resources to manage HSE and socioeconomic-related aspects of the work to be performed. Depending on the nature and size of the contractor's effort/tasks, the number of HSE personnel will vary, but will not be less than one HSE professional per 50 contract/subcontract employees. The number of individuals assigned by the EPC contractors to manage HSE issues will be determined by the details of the HSEMP. The Construction HSE staff will act as the point of contact for communication of HSE issues from government regulatory agencies, and WAPCo through the Construction Project Management Team will be responsible for communicating any pertinent information arising from such discussions to the appropriate contractors. Government Regulatory Agencies Regulatory requirements relevant to WAPCo and the associated governmental agency and the World Bank are listed in Section 5.6. Communications between the Construction HSE staff and government regulatory agencies during the site preparation and construction phases of the project will occur through a variety of mechanisms, including written reports and memos, as well as informal and formal meetings. Meetings will include regularly scheduled sessions as well as additional meetings called on an as-needed basis. At the field level, formal meetings with government regulatory agency representatives will be held as needed to discuss scheduling/planning issues, current areas of concern, and emerging HSE and socioeconomic issues. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-27 Chapter 8 At the management level, formal meetings are expected to occur, but on a less frequent basis. Informal meetings and communications will also occur as necessary. With respect to formal meetings, the Construction HSE Manager will meet with government regulatory agency and World Bank representatives to review HSE and socioeconomic performance based on the analysis of internal HSEMS audits and field report reports. These meetings can be expected to include discussion of upcoming work plans and coordination issues and resolution of problems that could not be adequately addressed at the field level. During the operations, maintenance, decommissioning, and abandonment phases, communications and interactions between WAPCo and the government regulatory agencies and the World Bank Group will occur at all levels, from the field level to the WAPCo Managing Director level, although the General Manager Operations will be responsible for day-to-day compliance and HSE performance. In general, communications during the operations, maintenance, decommissioning, and abandonment phases will involve WAPCo HSE staff interfacing with appropriate government regulatory agency representatives depending on the issue involved. At the field level, government regulatory agency field representatives will inform appropriate WAPCo representatives if compliance concerns arise. At the management level, regularly scheduled meetings will occur between HSE Mangers and the appropriate government regulatory agency representative to review HSE performance, areas of concern, and emerging issues. The WAGP Treaty, signed and ratified between the four WAGP countries, and the International Project Agreement between the WAGP countries and WAPCo, identifies the creation of a regulatory body to be known as WAGP Authority, reporting to the relevant Energy Ministries in each State. The WAGP Authority will have a primary regulatory jurisdiction over WAGP, particularly in terms of health and safety issues; however, environmental authorities will have direct oversight of environmental managers as dictated by the environmental laws and regulations in each country. A summary of all jurisdictions having some potential oversight responsibilities over WAGP is presented in WAGP Project Authorizations (Appendix 8B2.5.1). Financial Resources WAPCo is committed to provide resources essential to the implementation and control of the HSEMS. Resources include technology and financial resources. The major costs associated with HSE management and oversight during the site preparation and construction phases of the project are for wages, salaries, and benefits. Other significant areas of expense borne by WAPCo via a Construction Management Agreement and approved by the WAGP Authority include: Component Financial Commitment Human Resources WAPCo Construction Management HES Staff $ 2,900,000 Third Party HES Inspectors/Monitors $250,000 Technical Expertise including Safety, Greenhouse Gas, $575,000 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-28 Chapter 8 Component Financial Commitment GIS-Remote Sensing, and Environmental Consultants Personnel and Asset Security Planning and Implementation $150,000 Drug and Alcohol and Contraband Insp ection Resources $50,000 Third Party Auditing (2 to 3 Audits during Construction) $50,000 Hydrotest Effluent-Ecotoxicity Testing and Operational $100,000 Controls Development HSE Program Implementation (Communications, Training, $115,000 and Personal Protective Equipment) TOTAL $4,340,000 Note that WAGP Construction Contractors have responsibilities for certain HSE costs that are explicitly required per the terms of the contract (i.e., Waste Management, Medical Resources, Emergency Response). Because activity levels are expected to substantially decrease during the operations, maintenance, decommissioning, and abandonment phases relative to the construction phase, a smaller HSE management and oversight team will be needed. Application of the HSEMS will change from construction-focused to operations-focused after the intensity of site preparation and construction management oversight demands undergo transition to different needs during operations, maintenance, decommissioning, and abandonment. It is anticipated that many of the day-to-day, routine HSE field monitoring activities will be incorporated into the job duties of on-site operations personnel, with two to four WAPCo HSE Professionals coordinating and overseeing this work and any compliance reporting, plus any HSE business planning (budget, staffing), consulting, or analysis activities. As required, operations, maintenance, decommissioning, and abandonment phase HSE professionals will draw on outside expertise to provide assistance in special situations. As was the case during the site preparation and construction phases of the project, the major operations, maintenance, decommissioning, and abandonment phase costs associated with the HSE management and oversight are for wages, salaries and benefits, and other related costs. Other significant costs will include: Annual Financial HSE Cost Component Commitment Human Resources WAPCo HES Staff $512,000 Personnel and Asset Security Planning and Implementation (personnel and hardware) $295,000 Drug and Alcohol Testing Resources $15,000 Third Party Auditing (I Audit every other year) $25,000 HSE Program Implementation (Communications, Training, $170,000 and Personal Protective Equipment) HSE monitoring and reporting software (Initial Purchase $200,000) $50,000 Annual Management Cost Emergency Response Resources $115,000 M Medical Resources $100,000 June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-29 Chapter 8 Annual Financial HSE Cost Component Commitment Waste Management Services $40,000 TOTAL $1,322,000 The equipment and other physical needs of the HSE management and oversight during construction include: * Motor vehicles in the field; * Desk-top personal computers and associated printers; * Notebook computers for in-field use; * Office space; * Periodic use of aircraft and/or ground vehicles to perform pipeline surveillance; and * Environmental field measurement kits. Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building WAPCo will provide fixed financial support for a three-person independent, expert panel operating under a Terms of Reference (TOR) established by the World Bank. Its purpose is to provide advice and consultation to government regulatory agencies on HSE and socioeconomic issues and provide written reports on these efforts and their observations. The expert panel is intended to be an independent panel, essentially a third-party independent review board. Although WAPCo provides certain funding for the panel, it has virtually no control over how it operates or what it does. World Bank will recruit and establish the panel's TOR, but the expert panel is intended to be relatively independent from World Bank as well. This way it can provide an independent assessment of the success of safeguard measures and policies. This panel will function in this capacity for up to seven years. It is expected that most of the consultations will occur during the site preparation and construction phase of the project. The panel's role and frequency of oversight will be reassessed following construction and the first year of operations. It is suggested that the panel comprise science and policy professionals who are highly regarded by their peers in disciplines that include large marine ecosystems (including fisheries, coastal erosion, and estuarine wetlands), pipeline safety and security, human resettlement planning, and HSE regulatory program design and implementation. Terms of Reference for the Environment and Social Advisory panel are presented in Appendix 8-C. Reporting WAPCo will notify the appropriate regulatory authorities as indicated in Section 8.5 and/or provide written reports as follows: * Significant Modifications to this HSEMP; June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-30 Chapter 8 * Significant Design, Routing or Implementation Changes per Section 8.1.2 above; * WAPCo Hydrotest Effluent Discharge Work Instruction (Ecotoxicity Testing Plan) and subsequent Waste Water Discharge Controls Plan and Results; * Chance Finds per Section 8.1.3 above; * Defined Community or HES Incidents including: o Visible Community Protests and/or Work Stoppages; o Security Incidents for potential or actual personnel-at-risk, sabotage attempts, asset losses and fraud/extortion; o Occupational Lost Work Day cases; o Occupational Restricted Duty cases; o Occupational Medical cases; o Emergency Medical Situations (evacuations, hospitalization, etc.); o Fires; o Hazardous Material and Hazardous Waste releases or spills; o Motor Vehicle Incidents; and o Deployment of External Emergency Response Resources. * As applicable, Sanitary Waste discharge monitoring results; * Complete Nigeria Onshore Blowdown through the Midline Valve Station; * Full system blowdown through the Nigeria Compressor Station flare or Takoradi Vent System; * Results from Third Party Independent Monitoring (as defined in Section 8.9 below, not including EPC contractor monitoring); * Results from Third Party Independent Audits; WAPCo will make accessible, or provide upon request the following: * Land Acquisition status and other Resettlement Action Plan reporting/monitoring requirements; * On-site (daily) Inspection and Monitoring Reports (WAPCo and EPC Contractor); June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-31 Chapter 8 * Internal Audits; * Occupational First Aid and Minor Medical cases; * Investigations and Root Cause Analysis reports; * Reinstatement Assessment Reports; * General Modifications to this HSEMP or the WAPCo HSE Management System; * Waste Management Plan documentation including: o On-site collection, storage, and inspections; and o Third party transport, recycling and disposal. * Training Records; and * Completed alignment sheets geospatially referencing operational controls, mitigation and monitoring plans, regulatory requirements, training needs, etc. Health, Safety, and Environment anagement Plan Sections The sections of the HSEMP described below are being incorporated into, and will be implemented by, the WAPCo HSEMS. Land Use This section summarizes the HSEMP section for potential land use impacts for Site Preparation and Construction, Commissioning and Start-up, Operations and Maintenance, and Decommissioning and Abandonment in Benin, Ghana, Nigeria, and Togo. The monitoring approach and schedule are presented in Table 8.9-1 followed by text describing the particular mitigation measures and BMPs. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-32 Chapter 8 Table a Land Use Section of the WAPCo HSE P t: Loss of current land use - disruption of farming, forestry, and tourist activities. %'APCo Tier 2 Procedures Specific p 2 E ¢ Other Operational Procedures Significant . Impacts and Related Acti%iies ., - .i u ~~~ Conversion of farmlands within the ROW associated with the clearing of vegetation, * *Not Applicable removal of structures, leveling, etc. of the ROW in upland areas _ _ __ _ _ _ _ -rd ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~-nhr PieieadFciiisDsg Alteration of the land use at the staging sites used for material storage and dispersion -Oshr Pieln an Facilities_Design -Construction Practices for Earthwork, ea ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ai -Onshore Pipeline and Facilities Design Converstion of curen land use dute stogn hoizotal usdifrmaetioal dtrilige andD pispelsione Basi -Construction Practices for Earthwork, Drainage, Roads and Surfacing Alteration of the land use for the infrastructure development of one semi-permanent -Construction Practices for Concrete construction camp at the compressor station, at one midline temporary worker facility, Work at the "Tee," and at the Lagos Beach Compressor Station site in Nigenia -Concrete Weight Coating for Line Pipe -Onshore Pipeline and Facilities Design _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~~~~~~~Basis Conversion of current land use due to horizontal directional drilling (HDD) pipeline construction method in Nigeria and Benin_ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ Conversion of current land use for the construction of the compressor station or R&M * * stations _ _ _ Alteration of water activities due to presence, movement, and anchoring of barges in * * Gulf waters; and support vessel movement *External Communications is employed in this instance as a reactive approach, not proactive. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-33 Chapter 8 Table b Land Use Section of the WAPCo HSE P Potential Impact: Loss of current land use - disruption of farming, forestry, and tourist activities. Applicable Regulatory Requirements or Other Commitments Land Use Act (Nigeria) Land Use (Validation of Certain Laws) Act (Nigeria) River Basins Development Authorities Act (Nigeria) Monitoring Approach and Schedule Pre-Construction (FID through FID plus 6 months to 9 months) * Final Selection of Staging, Concrete Batching, Camp, and Compressor Delivery in Nigeria * Implementation of the Resettlement Action Plan (See RAP for additional Monitoring Requirements) * Population Migration and Encroachment along the ROW and near facilities (job seekers, "camp followers", etc.) Construction Daily: Implementation of Tier 2 Procedures and Other Operational Procedures from above particularly: * Construction Practices for Earthwork, Drainage, Roads and Surfacing, Construction Practices for Concrete Work, Concrete Weight Coating for Line Pipe * Construction operations contained within the ROW and Facility footprints and existing access roads * Mitigation measures (below) Monthly: Population Migration and Encroachment along the ROW and near facilities (job seekers, "camp followers", etc.) Every 6 months to 9 months: Third Party Independent Audit Post Construction Reinstatement Criteria (Appendix 8B2.8.1), particularly land temporarily acquired and for residual edge effects of WAPCo ROW and Facilities that could impact non-WAPCo land use- Once upon completion and once six months after completion of construction (or once after the first rainy season) Operations Monthly: Patrol, Inspection and/or Audits for: * Population Migration and Encroachment along the ROW and near facilities * Erosion along the ROW, Stormwater Management within the R&M and compressor stations Annually: HESMS Audits June 2004 Ben in Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-34 Chapter 8 Table b Land Use Section of the WAPCo HSE P Potential Impact: Loss of current land use - disruption of farming, forestry, and tourist activities. Mitigation and Regulatory Monitoring Institutional Roles AGENCIES Nigeria Federal Department of Petroleum Resources (NDPR), Nigerian Government Ministries, Department, and Agencies (with responsibilities for land acquisition, forestry tourism) including State Ministry of Lands and Housing, Bureau for Lands, Office of State Surveyor General, Town Planning Divisions, Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, State Ministry of Tourism/ Tourism Board, and local govemment councils, Benin Ministere de l'Environnement (BME), Ghana Ministry of Lands And Forestry (Survey Department, Forestry Commission, Lands Valuation Board, Lands Commission) Ghana Ministry of Environment and Science, Ghana Ministry of Tourism, Ghana Environmental Protection Agency, Tema Development Corporation, Town and Country Planning Department, Kpone and Tema Traditional Councils, Kpone and Tema Municipal and District Assemblies (Buildings Inspectorate, Waste Management, and Factories Inspectorate Units) Togo Ministere de l'Environnement et des Ressources Forestieres (TMERF). SCOPE Issue any land use related administrative authorizations and/or permits that are required by the Project in a timely manner. Examine a priori conformity, check implementation, and verify a posteriori the measures regarding land use changes associated with WAPCo, in particular ensuring that project footprints are minimized. Verify that measures conform to the EMP. Facilitate relations between WAPCo and other Government Ministries having project-related land use regulatory oversight responsibilities. Communicate to WAPCo in a timely manner any nonconformance with the EMP regarding land use and check the implementation of corrective actions. At their discretion, periodically inspect the project's measures for mitigating migration, encroachment, and other land use impacts along the ROW. At their discretion, monitor construction activities, for changes in farming, forestry, and tourism. At their discretion, monitor activities and practices related to land reclamation of the pipeline route and other project work sites. FREOUENCY Subject to Agency discretion it is anticipated that Land Acquisition oversight will occur in the first 6 months to 9 months of project implementation following the Final Investment Decision Additional oversight, particularly impacts to forestry and/or tourism related impacts would occur 3 to 4 times annually to ensure that impacts are minimized, any unforeseen additional impacts are mitigated and that restoration is completed following construction (and for I year following construction). No monitoring or oversight is anticipated for the operational period. Specific BMPs (Summarized from Chapter 7) Avoid disruption of farming activities Avoid disruption to forestry activities Avoid disruption of tourist activities Minimize the disruption from facility siting June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-35 Chapter 8 Topography, Geology, and Soils This section summarizes the HSEMP section for potential Topography, Geology, and Soils impacts for Site Preparation and Construction, Commissioning and Start-up, Operations and Maintenance, and Decommissioning and Abandonment in Nigeria, Benin, Togo, and Ghana. The monitoring approach and schedule are presented in Table 8.9-2 followed by text describing the particular mitigation measures and BMPs. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-36 Chapter 8 Table a Topography, Geology, and Soils Section of the WAPCo HSE P Potential Impact: Change in topography or soils. ='APCo Tier 2 Procedures Ci Spe.cific *t Siecificant o .= X e ffi _ o _.2 Other Operational Procedures Signifiicani E 2 E Impacts & Related AcIi%iles E 0 ) CA ct U C Changes in soil structure and sediment, and alteration in topography or bathymetry -Construction Practices for Earthwork, due to construction of a dock, access road, compressor station and concrete batching Drainage, Roads and Surfacing facility, a potential construction camp at the compressor station and/or midline * * * * * -Onshore Pipeline and Facilities Design temporary worker facility, and dredging of a canal for transport of equipment through Basis Badagry Creek to the Lagos Beach Compressor Station -Environmental Design Basis Impacts to soils at the staging sites used for material = _ _ -Same as above Impacts to soils caused by the HDD pipeline construction method from the barrier island to offshore in Nigeria and Benin _ * -Same as above Impacts to soils caused by the trenching across the barrier island to offshore * * * * * _ _ _ * -Same as above Impacts to soil structure, geology, and topography conditions associated with clearing * * * 0 -Same as above and grading activities Impacts to soils caused by the thrust boring of road crossings * * * -Same as above Impacts to soils caused by the trenching and backfilling to install the pipeline in * * * -Same as above upland and wetland areas . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-Same as above Impacts to soil structure caused by the HDD operations on barrier islands * * * * 0 -Horizontal Directional Drilling of Shore Approaches Alteration of bathymetry within Badagry Creek and the Benin lagoon due to trenching _ _ _ _ - and backfilling to install pipeline * * * * * -Same as above Change in soil surface and topography from land clearing and grading activities for _ _ _ _ _ -Same as above compressor and R&M station construction _ _ _ __ -Same as above June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-37 Chapter 8 Table a Habitats, Biological Resources, Water Resources, and Hydrology Section of the WAPCo HSE P Potential Impact: Loss or impairment of habitats or resources, including wetlands, onshore and offshore surface water, groundwater, barrier island, shoreline, and seabeds. WAPCo Tier 2 Procedures Cu Specific Signihicanl ° , E . 0 Other Operational Procedures Impacts and Relaled Activibes E M U U c u 0 ' ,5 0 0 __ _ _ 2 _ _ _ E 0 u v a 2 E E < -a U 00 -;0 Changes in existing ecology and loss of current habitat from the clearing of *Ba**sEniromnasesg ai vegctation, removal of structures, leveling etc -Enionmenution Drciesig Boarthork Drainage, Roads, and Surfacing Disturbance of surrounding organisms created by earthmoving equipment and ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ -aea bv associated machinery : -Sm as above _ _ -Same as above Alteration of current habitat due to HDD construction in Nigeria and Benin * * * * * * -Horizontal Directional Drilling of Shore Approaches Alteration of current habitat including migration of some species due to trenching and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -Same as above backfilling at one meter depth_ Loss of current habitat from land leveling and infrastructure development for a a Desi_a potential construction camp at the compressor station P f Earthwork, Disturbance of current habitat and species population due to the transportation of large_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ quantities of materials and equipment to the construction site * D -Same as above Disturbance of surrounding species populations due to noise created from earthmoving e and equipment operations and associated machinery _-Same as above Disturbance of surrounding habitat and biological resources from transport of and equilpment via existing roads d0 -Same as above June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-42 Chapter 8 Table a Habitats, Biological Resources, Water Resources, and Hydrology Section of the WAPCo HSE P Potential Impact: Loss or impairment of habitats or resources, including wetlands, onshore and offshore surface water, groundwater, barrier island, shoreline, and seabeds. V APCo Tier 2 Procedures Specific - C sig,ificant e 2= - t E _ Other Operational Procedures Impacts and Related Actirities c o X_ -e E v O e e CZ E . ! :3 <: r_ C,4 3 2 e _ .S: S u~~~~~ j- _ > o0 X 1lj E c 3 v. E I 3 Xc tu u. E C ,rO~- ~. rA V" o Z! " . Disturbance of surrounding habitat, hydrology, and biological resources from transport of equipment through Lagos Lagoon to a newly constructed dock and road to the -Same as above compressor station Disturbance of surrounding habitat and species due to the transport of pipe from Port Harcourt to the coating facility to the ROW staging sites -Same as above Water quality impacts and resources disruption due to HDD in Nigeria and Benin * * * * * * * -Same as above Surface water quality impacts due to generation of solid and hazardous wastes during _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ construction activities -Same as above Change in current water quality, hydrology, and resources from HDD in Nigeria and * * * * * * * * -Same as above Benin _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Approaches Change in current water quality, hydrology, and resources from trenching in Nigeria -Same as above and Benin 0-aea bv Surface and groundwater quality impacts due to generation of solid and hazardous wastes during pipeline construction -Same as above Impacts to surface and groundwater quality and resources due to the operation of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ construction camps and temporary worker facilities _ _ above Surface and groundwater quality impacts due to generation of solid and hazardous wastes from onshore construction camps -Same as above Impacts to surface and groundwater quality and resources due to facility operation _ _ * * * -Same as above June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-43 Chapter 8 Table a Habitats, Biological Resources, Water Resources, and Hydrology Section of the WAPCo HSE P Potential Impact: Loss or impairment of habitats or resources, including wetlands, onshore and offshore surface water, groundwater, barrier island, shoreline, and seabeds. WAPCo Tier 2 Procedures Specificco Significant ° E ; . 0 Other Operational Procedures Impacts and Related Acti0lties eu X . x W v7 E e -, 3 e _ 3 ri2o -;E <2~0 U) LI LLIr Changes in surface water quality and resources due to construction of a dock, access _ __ _ u road, and dredging of a canal for transport of equipment through Lagos Lagoon to the * * * * -Same as above compressor station Changes to current habitat quality due to trenching and backfilling in wetlands, ** * * * * -Same as above lagoons, or other water bodies Surface water quality impacts due to earth moving activities * _ _ _ = -Same as above Surface water quality impacts due to the suspended sediment entrainment in lagoons, * * * * * -Same as above rivers, streams, creeks, and/or other bodies of water _ _ above WAPCo Hydrotest Effluent Discharge Work Instruction (Ecotoxicity Testing Marine surface water and biological resource impacts due to hydrotest water discharge * * * * * Plan) Waste Water Discharge Controls Changes in marine surface water quality and biological resources due to presence, movement, and anchoring of barges in Gulf waters; and support vessel movement --Anchoring Specification Changes in marine surface water quality and biological resources due to black and * * * * * --Wastewater Discharge Controls gray water and galley waste disposal Changes in marine surface water quality and biological resources due to current _ _ _ * Prevention of Salt Water Intrusion habitat from passive installation of pipeline in >8m water depth _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Changes in onshore surface water quality and biological resources HDD or jet * * * * --Prevention of Salt Water Intrusion trenching and cutting of shoreline starting at <8m water depth _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ *External Communications is employed in this instance as a reactive approach, not proactive. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-44 Chapter 8 Table a Habitats, Biological Resources, Water Resources, and Hydrology Section of the WAPCo HSE P Potential Impact: Loss or impairment of habitats or resources, including wetlands, onshore and offshore surface water, groundwater, barrier island, shoreline, and seabeds. Applicable Regulatory Requirements or Other Commitments Endangered Species (Control of International Trade & Traffic) Act (Nigeria) National Parks Decree (No. 36) (Nigeria) Sea Fisheries Decree (Nigeria) Oil in Navigable Waters Act (Nigeria) Subsidiary Legislation: Oil in Navigable Waters Regulations (Nigeria) Amendment to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (Art.XXI) (Togo) Amendments to Articles 6 and 7 of the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Togo) Convention for Cooperation in the Protection and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the West and Central African Region (All) Convention on Biological Diversity (All) Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas Convention on Intemational Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (Ghana, Nigeria) Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (All) Convention on the Prevention of Marine Wastes and Other Matter (All) Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Togo) International Plant Protection Convention (Ghana, Togo) International Tropical Timber Agreement (Ghana, Togo) Protocol to amend the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Nigeria, Benin and Ghana) Gulf of Guinea Large Marine Ecosystem Project (GOGLME) (All) Fight Against Water Pollution and Conservation of Biological Diversity in the Great Marine Ecosystem of the Gulf of Guinea GOG-LME (Benin, program participant) Convention of Fisheries Cooperation among African States Bordering the Atlantic Ocean (All) Convention on Trans-frontier Environmental Impact Assessment (Togo) Convention on Intervention on Open Seas (Benin) UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (Benin, Nigeria, Togo) Treaty Banning Placement of Nuclear Arms and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on or in the Sea or Ocean Floor (Benin) Convention on Telluric Marine Pollution (Togo) African Convention on Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (Ghana, Nigeria and Togo) International Convention for the Conservation of Tuna in the Atlantic (Benin) Convention on Continental Shelf (Nigeria)) June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-45 Chapter 8 Table a Habitats, Biological Resources, Water Resources, and Hydrology Section of the WAPCo HSE P Potential Impact: Loss or impairment of habitats or resources, including wetlands, onshore and offshore surface water, groundwater, barrier island, shoreline, and seabeds. Monitoring Approach and Schedule Pre-Construction * Final Selection of Staging, Concrete Batching, Camp, and Compressor Delivery in Nigeria. * Final determination of Industrial Water Sources for Construction and Operations and potable water supply, including hydrological data from existing and new, on-site water wells and boreholes. Groundwater monitoring will be done if groundwater can be used based on the results of hydrologic assessments. If wells are drilled, WAPCo will employ groundwater protection methods. * Final determination of Aggregate and other Raw Material Sources for Weight Coating. * Final determination for Sanitary Waste Management Systems, including as needed permits for sanitary waste discharge to adjacent water bodies. * WAPCo Hydrotest Effluent Discharge Work Instruction (Ecotoxicity Testing Plan) and subsequent Waste Water Discharge Controls. * Implementation of HSE and Other Training, in particular identification of endangered species, ecological conservation measures, and water protection measures. * Determine whether hazardous contaminants are present in soils to be disturbed at the Takoradi site in Ghana. Construction Daily: Implementation of Tier 2 Procedures and Other Operational Procedures from above particularly: * Exhibit F to the Contract (HSE Guidelines) * General Onshore Pipeline Construction, Construction Practices for Earthwork, Drainage, Roads and Surfacing, Construction Practices for Concrete Work, Concrete Weight Coating for Line Pipe (Engineering Specifications WAGP-P-Y-SA-0078, WAGP-P-C-SA-0027, WAGP-P-C-SA-0028, WAGP-P-Y-SA-0003/ WAGP-R-X-SA-POO-00-1004) * Horizontal Directional Drilling of Shore Approaches (Engineering Specification WAGP-R-W-SA-POO-00-1 012) and Wetland Pipeline Construction Method (WAGP HESEMP Appendix 8B2.8.2 -WAGP Specification WAGP-P-Z-CA-0002-0) * Turbidity and Sediment loading for all watercourse crossings * WAPCo and EPC Contractor Hazardous Materials Management Plan and WAPCo and EPC Contractor Waste Management Plans * WAPCo Sea Turtle Nesting Protection Procedures and WAPCo Chance Finds Procedure * WAPCo Anchoring Specifications * Pesticides Management Plan * Construction operations contained within ROW and Facility footprints and existing access roads * Mitigation measures (below) Monthly: * As applicable, sanitary waste discharge into adjacent water bodies * HSEMS Internal Inspections and Audits for conformance with relevant operational controls and mitigation Every 6 months to 9 months: Third Party Independent Audit June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 846 Chapter 8 Table a Habitats, Biological Resources, Water Resources, and Hydrology Section of the WAPCo HSE P Potential Impact: Loss or impairment of habitats or resources, including wetlands, onshore and offshore surface water, groundwater, barrier island, shoreline, and seabeds. Monitoring Approach and Schedule Post Construction * Onshore Reinstatement Guidelines (HESEMP Appendix 8B2.8.1 )-Once upon completion and once six months after completion of construction (or once after the first rainy season) * Per Wetland Pipeline Construction Method (WAGP HESEMP Appendix 8B2.8.2 -WAGP Specification WAGP-P-Z-CA-0002-0), For required reinstatement of forested (mangrove) wetlands, monitoring by a competent wetland biologists for successful establishment of new wetlands for vegetation cover, species composition, and restored wetland function shall be conducted once annually for three years. Appropriate corrective action should be pursued during this three-year period to ensure that ecological health (based upon 70 percent success as estimated by a combined metric involving vegetation cover, species composition, and wetland function) of these wetlands has been properly restored. * Restoration of flow and water quality following creek, river or other watercourse crossings * Impacts (if any) from Badagry Creek water sourcing to fill Nigeria onshore and offshore pipelines * Hydrotest Discharge (To Be Determined) Operations Monthly: Patrol, Inspection and/or Audits for/to: * Erosion along the ROW, Stormwater Management within the R&M and Compressor Stations . WAPCo Hazardous Materials Management Plan and WAPCo Waste Management Plans * As applicable, Sanitary Waste Discharge performance * Ensure continued burial of pipeline for all watercourse crossings Every 6 months to 9 months: Gauge static water levels in production well to ensure that water usage is not causing excess draw down. Annually: HSEMS Audits (especially regarding WAPCo Hazardous Materials Management Plan and Waste Management Plans) Mitigation and Regulatory Monitoring Institutional Roles AGENCIES Nigeria Federal Ministry of Environment (NFME), Department of Petroleum Resources (NDPR), Benin Ministere de l'Environnement (BME), Ghana Ministry of Environment, Science, and Technology (GEST), Environmental Protection Agency (GEPA), Togo Ministere de l'Environnement et des Ressources Forestieres (TMERF), Togo Ministrere du Commerce, de l'Industrie, des Transports et du Developpement de la Zone Franche, Nigeria National Inland Waterways Authority, Ghana Marine Fisheries, SCOPE Issue any habitat, biological resource, water resource, and hydrology related administrative authorizations and/or permits that are required by the Project in a timely manner. Examine a priori conformity, check implementation, and verify a posteriori the measures regarding habitat, biological resource, water resource, and hydrological changes associated with WAPCo. Verify that measures conform to the EMP. Facilitate relations between WAPCo and other Government Ministries having project-related habitat, biological resource, water resource, hydrological regulatory oversight responsibilities. Communicate to WAPCo in a timely manner any nonconformance with the EMP regarding any habitat, biological resource, water resource, and hydrology and check the implementation of corrective actions. At their discretion, periodically inspect the project's measures for mitigating impacts to wetlands and turtle populations or associated with anchoring, waste water discharge, stormwater discharge, river crossing, hydrotest water discharge, and waste management, At their discretion, monitor construction activities, including wetland, beach, and stream crossing, groundwater extraction, discharging of hydrotest water, and anchor handling. At their discretion, monitor activities and practices related to wetland and other vegetation reinstatement along the pipeline route and at other project work sites. Respond to WAPCo initiated chance finds communications. Because the pipeline ROW, June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-47 Chapter 8 Table a Habitats, Biological Resources, Water Resources, and Hydrology Section of the WAPCo HSE P Potential Impact: Loss or impairment of habitats or resources, including wetlands, onshore and offshore surface water, groundwater, barrier island, shoreline, and seabeds. Mitigation and Regulatory Monitoring Institutional Roles especially in Nigeria, might increase already intense hunting pressure on endangered species, such as Sitatung and Brush-tailed Porcupine populations, that are much sought after as bushmeat, the Nigeria Federal Ministry of Environment should be aware of a responsibility to help WAPCo ensure compliance with hunting and fishing policies and prohibitions. This agency should also take responsibility to assist WAPCo to prevent and mitigate unacceptable levels of new deforestation adjacent to the ROW. FREOUENCY Subject to Agency discretion it is anticipated that on-site monitoring would occur 3 to 4 times annually during construction to ensure that impacts are minimized, any unforeseen additional impacts are mitigated and that restoration is completed following construction (and for 1 year following construction). During WAPCo operations it is anticipated that monitoring and inspections would occur I to 2 times per year, to ensure proper hazardous materials controls are in place and appropriate clean-up and restoration from hazardous materials releases. Specific BMPs (Summarized from Chapter 7) Prohibit hazardous chemical use as part of Product Acceptance Implement good housekeeping on-site Reduce surface water quality and wetland impacts Protect the water table Reduce modification of surface water flow Minimize destruction or modification of the vegetation cover Minimize destruction or modification of wildlife habitats June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-48 Chapter 8 Air uality This section summarizes the HSEMP section for potentially significant air quality (including noise and vibration) impacts for Site Preparation and Construction, Commissioning and Start-up, Operations and Maintenance, and Decommissioning and Abandonment in Nigeria, Benin, Togo, and Ghana. The monitoring approach and schedule are presented in Table 8.9-4. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-49 Chapter 8 Table a Air uality Section of the WAPCo HSE P Potential Impact: Impaired air quality, excess noise and vibration. WAPCo Tier 2 Procedures speclac Xi OtherOperational Procedures U 'S~~~~ co 2~~~~~~~~~ -Onshore Pipeline and Facilities Design Changes in air quality due to clearing of vegetation and leveling _ Basis -Environmental Design Basis Changes in air quality from transportation of materials and equipment to the various -Sameasabove construction sites * -Same as above Changes in air quality due to the operation of mobile generators = -Same as above Changes in air quality due to the operation of earthmoving and other heavy equipment -Same as above Changes in air quality due to land leveling and infrastructure development * -Same as above Changes in air quality from worker camp and temporary facility operation . -Same as above Changes in air quality from land clearing and preparation _ _ -Same as above Changes in air quality due to the transportation of materials and equipment to the sites = = -Same as above Changes in air quality due to the operation of the concrete batching facility * * * * -Same as above Changes in air quality from transport of equipment via existing roads 0 X -Same as above Changes in air quality due to transport requiring construction of a dock, access road, and dredging of a canal to move equipment through Lagos Lagoon to the compressor * * -Same as above station Changes in air quality due to the transport of pipe segments from Port Harcourt to the - a above coating facility to_the ROW_staging_sites | |_*_l_l_ll_l_l___ -Samems abovel June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-50 Chapter 8 Table a Air uality Section of the WAPCo HSE P Potential Impact: Impaired air quality, excess noise and vibration. WAPCo Tier 2 Procedures Speciric b 3 Sigpificant : c Other Operational Procedures Impacs and Relaled Activities uo , generators) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (- _2 _ ~ _~ _ _ . . Changes in air quality from operations venting, flaring and controlled blowdowns * ** -Same as above Changes in air quality from general operation of vessels and equipment (e.g., * Sm sabove generators) *External Communications is employed in this instance as a reactive approach, not proactive June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-51 Chapter 8 Table b Air uality Section of the WAPCo HSE P Potential Impact: Impaired air quality, excess noise and vibration. Applicable Regulatory Requirements or Other Commitments Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer (Ghana, Nigeria) Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (All) Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer (All, except Benin) Vienna Convention on the Ozone Layer (Benin and Nigeria) UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (Benin and Nigeria) Montreal Protocol on Ozone-Depleting Substances including London Amendment (Benin) Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (Togo, Ghana and Nigeria) Convention on Long Distance, Trans-frontier Atmospheric Pollution (Togo) Monitoring Approach and Schedule Pre-Construction * Final Transportation Plans, particularly Ghana Weight Coating Operations and Nigeria Onshore Pipe and Compressor Station equipment delivery * Final Detailed Design for Stack Emissions and Noise Management * Implementation of HSE and Other Training, in particular WAPCo expectations regarding dust and noise suppression Construction Daily: Implementation of Tier 2 Procedures and Other Operational Procedures from above, particularly: * General Onshore Pipeline Construction, Construction Practices for Earthwork, Drainage, Roads and Surfacing, Construction Practices for Concrete Work, Concrete Weight Coating for Line Pipe (Engineering Specifications WAGP-P-Y-SA-0078, WAGP-P-C-SA-0027, WAGP-P-C-SA-0028, WAGP-P-Y-SA-0003/ WAGP-R-X-SA-POO-00-1004) * Dust Control * Transportation Plans * Noise Measurements * Construction operations contained within ROW and Facility footprints and existing access roads * Mitigation measures (below) Monthly: * Traffic Patterns and Impacts, Adjustments to Transportation Plans * HSEMS Internal Inspections and Audits for conformance with relevant operational controls and mitigation Every 6 months to 9 months: Third Party Independent Audit Post Construction Commissioning Plans for displacement of hydrotest fluids with Air, Nitrogen and Line Pack June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-52 Chapter 8 Table b Air uality Section of the WAPCo HSE P Potential Impact: Impaired air quality, excess noise and vibration. Monitoring Approach and Schedule Operations Daily: * Minimize fugitive emissions, excessive venting/flaring operations * Maintenance Program Implementation As Needed: Fence line monitoring of noise and emissions from significant Vent or Flare operations Monthly: Patrol, Inspection and/or Audits Annual: HESMS Audits (especially regarding Noise Measurements, Ambient Air or Stack Emissions, and Vehicle Maintenance) Mitigation and Regulatory Monitoring Institutional Roles AGENCIES Nigeria Federal Ministry of Environment (NFME), Department of Petroleum Resources (NDPR), Benin Ministere de l'Environnement (BME), Ghana Ministry of Environment, Science, and Technology (GEST), Environmental Protection Agency (GEPA), Togo Ministere de l'Environnement et des Ressources Forestieres (TMERF) SCOPE Issue any air quality, noise, and vibration related administrative authorizations and/or permits that are required by the Project in a timely manner. Examine a priori conformity, check implementation, and verify a posteriori the measures regarding air quality and noise changes associated with WAPCo. Verify that measures conform to the EMP. Facilitate relations between WAPCo and other Govermnent Ministries having project-related air quality, noise, vibration regulatory oversight responsibilities. Communicate to WAPCo in a timely manner any nonconformance with the EMP regarding air quality, noise, vibration and check the implementation of corrective actions. At their discretion, periodically inspect the project's measures for mitigating air quality, noise, and vibration impacts. At their discretion, monitor noise levels associated with construction activities. At their discretion, monitor activities and practices related to WAPCo air emissions monitoring at the compressor station in Nigeria. FREOUENCY Subject to Agency discretion it is anticipated that on-site monitoring would occur 3 to 4 times annually during construction to ensure that impacts are minimized, and that any unforeseen additional impacts or complaints from surrounding communities are mitigated. During WAPCo operations it is anticipated that monitoring and inspections would occur I to 2 times per year, to ensure proper air emissions controls are in place and functioning and to verify noise measurements at the fenceline. Specific BMPs (Summarized from Chapter 7) Reduce changes to air quality and noise and vibration exposure June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-53 Chapter 8 Solid, Li uid, and Ha ardous Waste This section summarizes the HSEMP section for potential solid, liquid, and hazardous waste impacts for Site Preparation and Construction, Commissioning and Start-up, Operations and Maintenance, and Decommissioning and Abandonment in Nigeria, Benin, Togo, and Ghana. The WAPCo Waste Management Plan (WMP) addresses impacts related to waste generation, on-site storage, off-site transport, treatment, and disposal for concrete coating operations, onshore construction, offshore construction, hydrotesting and commissioning, compressor station, R&M station and Alagbado "Tee" operations. The WMP was developed by describing each of these project processes, i.e., determining what kinds of wastes are generated, what are its sources, and how is it characterized. The WMP also includes estimates of waste quantities, i.e., how much waste is generated, on what schedule, and what are the potential environmental impacts and cost implications. The WMP addresses the identified impacts and mitigation measures with respect to solid, liquid, and hazardous waste generation, with special attention to the management of: Cleared Woody Vegetation Radioactive Wastes Scrap Pipe, Steel, and Other Metal Computer Cartridges Scrap Concrete Coating Wastes Batteries Domestic Wastes Contaminated Fuels Used Filters Detergents Glycol from Gas Dehydration Infirmary Wastes Hydrotest Water Oily Rags Packaging Materials Paint Cans/Drums Refractory/ Lagging Materials Process Water Sewage Liquid and Crystallized Condensate Used Drums Stormwater Used Oils and Lubricants The WAGP waste management plan follows a standard hierarchy of accepted waste management principles, such as: * Minimization of waste quantities generated; * Recycling and reuse of waste streams after appropriate treatment; * Use of safe methods of storage and handling; * Effective monitoring, documentation and control of on-site treatment or disposal units (if any), including use of early warning systems for internal controls; * Initiating inventory controls, auditing and post project evaluation of regulatory trends to ensure continued compliance; and * Use of qualified off-site waste transporters and reputable third-party waste disposal facilities including processes for performance monitoring and auditing. The monitoring approach and schedule are presented in Table 8.9-5. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-54 Chapter 8 Table a Solid, Li uid, and Ha ardous Waste Section of the WAPCo HSE P Potential Impact: Over accumulation of solid and liquid wastes and contamination by hazardous wastes. WAPCo Tier 2 Procedures Specific SiSgPneirtcfzicant - 0 j e 1 " t | G Other Operational Procedures Impacts and Related ActiAities 0 Ea 0 l o m r; E _ < 3 E i S i;Z =~~~~~~~~~E U E 'B ~~ ~~ ' M coo -Sewage and Sanitation System -Hydrocarbons; Produced Water-Drains Soils impacts due to generation of solid and hazardous wastes during pipeline 150# ANSI Al construction * * * * * * * * * -Pipeline Cleaning and Flooding -Onshore Pipeline and Facilities Design Basis -Environmental Design Basis Soils impacts due to generation of solid, hazardous, and gray wastes at construction * _ _ _ _ * _ _ _ -Same as above camps 00000000-aea bv Surface water quality impacts due to generation of solid and hazardous wastes during _ _ * * -Same as above pipeline construction * Water quality impacts due to generation of solid and hazardous wastes during pipeline _ _ _ _ _ * _ _ _ -Same as above construction -aesabv Water quality impacts due to generation of solid and hazardous wastes from onshore * * _ _ _ * _ _ * -Same as above construction camps _ _ _ _ _ _ above Water quality impacts due to black and gray water and galley waste disposal * * * * * * * * * -Same as above *Extemal Communications is employed in this instance as a reactive approach, not proactive June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-55 Chapter 8 Table b Solid, Li uid, and Ha ardous Waste Section of the WAPCo HSE P Potential Impact: Over accumulation of solid and liquid wastes and contamination by hazardous wastes. Applicable Regulatory Requirements or Other-Commitments Amendments to the Annexes to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (Nigeria) Convention on the Ban of the Import of Hazardous Wastes into Africa and on the Control of their Transboundary Movements within Africa (Benin, Togo) Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (Nigeria) Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (Togo) Intemational Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL ) (Benin, Togo) Intemational Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 ( MARPOL ) Annex III (Togo) Intemational Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954, as amended in 1962 and 1969 (Nigeria) Intemational Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (Benin, Nigeria) Intemational Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co operation (Ghana, Nigeria) Intemational Convention on the Establishment of an Intemational Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (Benin, Nigeria) Intemational Convention relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties (Benin, Nigeria) Phytosanitary Convention for Africa (Benin, Togo) Protocol conceming Co-operation in combating Pollution in cases of Emergency in the West and Central African Region (Benin, Ghana and Nigeria) Intemational Oil Pollution Compensation Fund 1992 (IOPC Fund) (Ghana, Nigeria) Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) (Togo) Bamako Convention on Hazardous Wastes (Benin) Intemational Convention on the Civil Liability due to Hydrocarbons (Benin) Protocol on Co-operation in Combating Critical Pollution Incidents (Togo) Monitoring Approach and Schedule Pre-Construction * Audits of proposed off-site, Third Party Waste Management facilities and transporters * Final EPC Contractor Waste Management Plans * Final Selection of Staging, Concrete Batching, and Camp locations * Final determination for Sanitary Waste Management Systems, including as needed permits for sanitary waste discharge to adjacent water bodies * WAPCo Hydrotest Effluent Discharge Work Instruction (Ecotoxicity Testing Plan) and subsequent Waste Water Discharge Controls. * Implementation of HSE and Other Training, in particular WAPCo Hazardous Material and Waste Management expectations and details of EPC contractor Waste Management Plan Construction Daily: Implementation of Tier 2 Procedures and Other Operational Procedures from above particularly: * Exhibit F to the Contract . Facilities and Environmental Design Basis Documents, including Sewage and Sanitation System, Hydrocarbons; Produced Water-Drains 150# ANSI Al * WAPCo Hazardous Materials Communication, Chemical Management Plan, Hazardous Material Control Procedures and EPC Contractor Plans * WAPCo and EPC Contractor Waste Management Plans, including waste characterization June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-56 Chapter 8 Table b Solid, Li uid, and Ha ardous Waste Section of the WAPCo HSE P Potential Impact: Over accumulation of solid and liquid wastes and contamination by hazardous wastes. Monitoring Approach and Schedule Monthly: * As applicable, sanitary waste discharge into adjacent water bodies * HSEMS Internal Inspections and Audits for conformance with relevant operational controls and mitigation Every 6 months to 9 months: Third Party Independent Audit Post Construction Hydrotest Discharge (To Be Determined) Operations Monthly: Patrol, Inspection and/or Audits o WAPCo Hazardous Materials Communication, Chemical Management Plan, and Hazardous Material Control Procedures o WAPCo Waste Management Plans including waste characterization o As applicable, sanitary waste discharge into adjacent water bodies Annually: HESMS Audits (especially regarding WAPCo Hazardous Materials Management Plan and WAPCo Waste Management Plans including waste characterization) Mitigation and Regulatory Monitoring Institutional Roles AGENCIES Nigeria Federal Ministry of Environment (NFME), Department of Petroleum Resources (NDPR), Benin Ministere de l'Environnement (BME), Ghana Ministry of Environment, Science, and Technology (GEST), Environmental Protection Agency (GEPA), Togo Ministere de l'Environnement et des Ressources Forestieres (TMERF) SCOPE Issue any solid and liquid waste and hazardous waste related administrative authorizations and/or permits that are required by the Project in a timely manner. Examine a priori conformity, check implementation, and verify a posteriori the measures regarding solid and liquid wastes and hazardous wastes associated with WAPCo. Verify that measures conform to the EMP. Facilitate relations between WAPCo and other Government Ministries having project-solid and liquid waste and hazardous waste regulatory oversight responsibilities. Communicate to WAPCo in a timely manner any nonconformance with the EMP regarding solid and liquid wastes and hazardous wastes and check the implementation of corrective actions. At their discretion, periodically inspect the project's measures for mitigating solid and liquid waste and hazardous waste impacts. At their discretion, monitor waste accumulation, storage, transportation, characterization and disposal associated with construction activities. At their discretion, monitor during WAPCo operations its waste management activities and practices. FREOUENCY Subject to Agency discretion it is anticipated that on-site monitoring would occur 3 to 4 times annually during construction to ensure that the Waste Management Plan is being implemented. During WAPCo operations it is anticipated that monitoring and inspections would occur I to 2 times per year, to ensure proper hazardous materials controls are in place and appropriate clean- up and restoration from hazardous materials releases. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-57 Chapter 8 Cultural Conditions This section summarizes the HSEMP section for potentially significant cultural and archaeological impacts for Site Preparation and Construction in Benin, Ghana, Nigeria, and Togo. The monitoring approach and schedule are presented in Table 8.9-6. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-58 Chapter 8 Table a Cultural Conditions Section of the WAPCo HSE P Potential Impact: Modifying historical sites or buildings. Disrupting cultural or archeological sites. _x'APCo Tier 2 Procedures SpecificOhr Significant _0gY a 3 r Other Operational Procedures Impacts and Related Aclinies 3 E i E 0 : - a 0 0 o .~ i u u Incidental destruction or alteration of significant cultural, historical, or archeological -Onshore Pipeline and Facilities Design sites @ 0 0 0 0 Basis -Loss Prevention Design Basis *External Communications is employed in this instance as a reactive approach, not proactive. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-59 Chapter 8 Table b Cultural Conditions Section of the WAPCo HSE P Potential Impact: Modifying historical sites or buildings. Disrupting cultural or archeological sites. Applicable Regulatory Requirements or Other Commitments National Commission for Museums and Monuments Act (Nigeria) National Council for Arts and Culture Act (Nigeria) National Endowment for the Arts Decree (Nigeria) Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (All except Togo) International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Benin, Togo) Statutes of the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (All except Togo) Monitoring Approach & Schedule Pre-Construction * Final Selection of Staging, Concrete Batching, and Camp locations * Cultural Mitigation (Ghana Baobab Tree) * Implementation of HSE and Other Training, in particular WAPCo expectations regarding respect for local customs, expectations regarding cultural & archeological resources and WAPCo chance finds procedures Construction Daily: Implementation of Tier 2 Procedures and Other Operational Procedures from above, particularly the Chance Finds Procedure and Mitigation measures (below) Monthly: HSEMS Internal Inspections and Audits for conformance with relevant operational controls and mitigation Every 6 months to 9 months: Third Party Independent Audit Operations Monthly: Patrol, Inspection and/or Audits Annually: HSEMS Audits June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-60 Chapter 8 Table b Cultural Conditions Section of the WAPCo HSE P Potential Impact: Modifying historical sites or buildings. Disrupting cultural or archeological sites. Mitigation and Regulatory Monitoring Institutional Roles AGENCY TBD when ongoing archaeological literature review and walk-through are completed (scheduled for July 2004). SCOPE: Issue any cultural resource waste related administrative authorizations and/or permits that are required by the Project in a timely manner. Examine a priori conformity, check implementation, and verify a posteriori the measures regarding cultural resources associated with WAPCo. Verify that measures conform to the EMP. Facilitate relations between WAPCo and other Government Ministries having cultural resource regulatory oversight responsibilities. Communicate to WAPCo in a timely manner any nonconformance with the EMP regarding cultural resources and check the implementation of corrective actions. At their discretion, periodically inspect the project's measures for mitigating impacts on cultural resource. At their discretion, monitor treatment of cultural resources, such as the Ghana Baobab tree during construction activities. FREOUENCY Subject to Agency discretion it is anticipated that on-site monitoring would occur only from the standpoint of WAPCo initiated Chance Finds or complaints from surrounding communities or other stakeholders, likely only during construction operations. Specific BMPs (Summarized from Chapter 7) Avoid disruption of known or potential cultural or archeological sites June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-61 Chapter 8 Socioeconomic Conditions This section summarizes the HSEMP section for potentially significant socioeconomic condition, including goods and services, means of livelihood, and transportation and infrastructure, impacts for Site Preparation and Construction, and Operations and Maintenance in Benin, Ghana, Nigeria, and Togo. The monitoring approach and schedule are presented in Table 8.9-7. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-62 Chapter 8 Table a Socioeconomic Conditions Section of the WAPCo HSE P Potential Impacts: Perturbation to livelihoods, customs and traditions. Population displacement. Service interruptions. Visual changes to known historical sites and monuments. Damage to roads, risks of accidents, and traffic congestion. Impairment of maritime traffic. Depletion of energy resources. _____________________________ WAPCo Tier 2 Procedure, U * .-. Specific Significant   Other Operational Procedures 2 Impacts and Relaled Activities '  . '  2 '-o 2 * 2  2  - eo .2  0 .,. - 4)  4)  0 O Q .2    U  - f. < u    Land acquisition for ROW creates hostile intentions towards workers or pipeline -Onshore Pipeline and Facilities Design Basis * @ @ -Loss Prevention Design Basis Security Plan Acquisition of land displaces people from homes * * * * * * * -Same as above Disrupting utility service to a group or population during construction activities * * * * * * * * -Same as above Disruption of community activities during construction * * * * * * * * -Same as above Negatively affect the traffic patterns of the local area * * * * * * * -Same as above and Traffic Plan Creation of a boomtown effect, which is followed by a recession after construction is * * * * * * * -Same as above and ExitlDemobe Plan over Impairment of maritime traffic from presence, movement, and anchoring of barges in -Same as above and Traffic Plan Gulfwaters;andsuppovesselmovement @0000 @0 0 ___________ Perturbation of fishing from passive installation of pipeline in >8m water depth * * * * * * * -Same as above *External Communications is employed in this instance as a reactive approach, not proactive June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-63 Chapter 8 Table b Socioeconomic Conditions Section of the WAPCo HSE P Potential Impacts: Perturbation to livelihoods, customs and traditions. Population displacement. Service interruptions. Visual changes to known historical sites and monuments. Damage to roads, risks of accidents, and traffic congestion. Impairment of maritime traffic. Depletion of energy resources. Applicable Regulatory Requirements or Other Commitments Act regarding Navigation and Economic Co operation between the States of the Niger Basin (Nigeria) Agreement concerning the River Niger Commission and the Navigation and Transport on the River Niger (Nigeria) Agreement establishing the African Development Bank (All) Articles of Association for the establishment of an Economic Community of West Africa (All except Benin) Constitution of the International Labor Organization (All) Constitution of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (All) Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone (Nigeria) Monitoring Approach and Schedule Pre-Construction (FID through FID plus 6 months to 9 months) * Final Selection of Camp facilities in Nigeria * Final Selection of Staging, Concrete Batching, and Compressor Delivery in Nigeria * Implementation of the Resettlement Action Plan (See RAP for additional Monitoring Requirements) * Population Migration and Encroachment along the ROW and near facilities (job seekers, "camp followers", etc.) * Final determination of Industrial Water Sources for Construction and Operations and potable water supply, including hydrological data from existing and new, on-site water wells and boreholes * Final determination for Sanitary Waste Management Systems, including as needed permits for sanitary waste discharge to adjacent water bodies * Final Transportation Plans, particularly Ghana Weight Coating Operations and Nigeria Onshore Pipe and Compressor Station equipment delivery (including raw materials and finished products) * Final EPC (Local) Employment and Procurement Plan * Detailed Design of WAPCo Community Development Program * Implementation of HSE and Other Training, in particular WAPCo expectations regarding community relations, worker behaviors, HIV/AIDS mitigation measures, camp procedures, etc. Construction Daily: Implementation of Tier 2 Procedures and Other Operational Procedures from above particularly: * Construction Practices for Earthwork, Drainage, Roads and Surfacing, Construction Practices for Concrete Work, Concrete Weight Coating for Line Pipe * HIV/AIDs Mitigation * Exhibits N (Security Plan) to the Contract * Construction operations contained within the ROW and Facility footprints and existing access roads * Implementation of WAPCo Community Development Program . Mitigation measures (below) June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-64 Chapter 8 Table b Socioeconomic Conditions Section of the WAPCo HSE P Potential Impacts: Perturbation to livelihoods, customs and traditions. Population displacement. Service interruptions. Visual changes to known historical sites and monuments. Damage to roads, risks of accidents, and traffic congestion. Impairment of maritime traffic. Depletion of energy resources. Monitoring Approach and Schedule Monthly: * Population Migration and Encroachment along the ROW and near facilities (job seekers, "camp followers", etc.) * Community Interface to assess conditions, Contractor performance * EPC implementation of (Local) Employment & Procurement Plan, hiring practices, etc. * Compensation Demands and Other Claims (see RAP) * Traffic patterns and impacts and adjustments to transportation plans if problems are detected. Every 6 months to 9 months: Third Party Independent Audit Post Construction Reinstatement of Access to from and across pipeline ROW and road crossings Operations Continued Implementation of WAPCo Community Development Program Monthly: Patrol, Inspection and/or Audits for: * Community Interface to reinforce Safety and Emergency Response procedures * Population Migration and Encroachment along the ROW and near facilities (job seekers, "camp followers", etc.) Annually: HESMS Audits Mitigation and Regulatory Monitoring Institutional Roles AGENCIES WAGP Authority and Ministries of Energy for overall coordination and local government or traditional authorities in the surrounding communities for certain socio-economic/cultural issues. Local law enforcement for traffic interruption and for maritime issues, National Naval Forces and relevant Port Authorities (local or national) SCOPE Issue any authorizations and/or permits that are required by the Project in a timely manner that are related to socioeconomic conditions, i.e. livelihoods, customs, traditions, population displacement, service interruptions, changes to historical sites, energy resources and overland and maritime traffic management. Examine a priori conformity, check implementation, and verify a posteriori the measures regarding socioeconomic conditions associated with WAPCo. Verify that measures conform to the EMP. Facilitate relations between WAPCo and other Government Ministries having project-related socioeconomic regulatory oversight responsibilities. Communicate to WAPCo in a timely manner any nonconformance with the EMP regarding socioeconomic conditions and check the implementation of corrective actions. At their discretion, periodically inspect the project's measures for mitigating impacts to livelihoods, customs, traditions, historical sites, energy resources and overland and maritime traffic management or mitigating impacts from population displacement and service interruptions. At their discretion, June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-65 Chapter 8 Table b Socioeconomic Conditions Section of the WAPCo HSE P Potential Impacts: Perturbation to livelihoods, customs and traditions. Population displacement. Service interruptions. Visual changes to known historical sites and monuments. Damage to roads, risks of accidents, and traffic congestion. Impairment of maritime traffic. Depletion of energy resources. monitor HIV/AIDs mitigation measure, containment of construction operations within the ROW and facility footprints, implementation of WAPCo Community Development Program, mitigation of population migration and encroachment along the ROW and near facilities, EPC implementation of (local) employment and procurement plan, and compensation demands and other claims (see RAP) FREOUENCY Subject to Agency discretion it is anticipated that on-site monitoring would occur 3 to 4 times annually during construction to ensure that impacts are minimized, any unforeseen additional impacts are mitigated. Limited if any monitoring during Operations Specific BMPs (Summarized from Chapter 7) Minimize perturbation to customs and traditions Minimize population displacement Minimizing service interruptions during the work Minimize visual changes to known historical sites and monuments Minimize disruption to road traffic, farming, fishing, forestry, tourist, and other community activities (by reducing damages to roads, risks of accidents, and traffic congestion) Avoid impeding road traffic and community activities Reduce depletion of energy resources June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-66 Chapter 8 Public and Wor er Health and Safety This section summarizes the HSEMP section for potentially significant public and worker health, safety, and emergency preparedness and response impacts for Site Preparation and Construction, Commissioning and Start-up, Operations and Maintenance, and Decommissioning and Abandonment in Nigeria, Benin, Togo, and Ghana. The monitoring approach and schedule are presented in Table 8.9-8. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-67 Chapter 8 Table a Public and Wor er Health and Safety Section of the WAPCo HSE P Potential Impact: Reduced public and worker safety and security. WA.PCo Tier 2 Procedures Specific Significant to L4 E ,i Other Operational Procedures impacts and Related Activities e K! 2 from o l _ 2 < Adverse health rikto general population and construction workers due to hazrdose::nce,ePieie n acltesDsg ul w _3~~~~~~~~~-nionetl ein ai spillent, ind populated of b arges in Gulf waters; and support vessel movement _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -Same andpRoute Sureey -ieadGas Detection System Adverse health risk to general population and construction workers due to gaseleak * * * * * * * -Same as above frmtepipeline-aea bv Avrehealth risk to general population and construction workers due to presence, movement, and anchoring of barges in Gulf waters; and support vessel movement * Ol 0* 0 * * -Same as above Avrehealth risk to general population and construction workers due to general * * * * * -Same as above operation of vessels and equipment Adverse health risk to general population from mishaps associated with passive installation of pipeline in >8m water depth _ * : 0 * -Same as above *External Communications is employed in this instance as a reactive approach, not proactive. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-68 Chapter 8 Table b Public and Wor er Health and Safety Section of the WAPCo HSE P Potential Impact: Reduced public and worker safety and security. Applicable Regulatory Requirements or Other Commitments Convention Concerning the Protection of Workers against Ionizing Radiations ( ILO No. 115) (Ghana) Convention Concerning the Protection of Workers against Occupational Hazards in the Working Environment due to Air Pollution, Noise and Vibration (ILO No. 148) (Ghana) Convention on the Ban of the Import of Hazardous Wastes into Africa and on the Control of their Transboundary Movements within Africa (Benin, Togo) Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (Nigeria) Intemational Convention relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties (Benin) Intemational Convention on Standards of Training Certification and Watch-keeping for Seafarer (Nigeria) Intemational Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (Nigeria, Benin) Convention on the Intemational Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (Nigeria) Convention on Facilitation of Intemational Maritime Traffic (Nigeria) Convention on the High Seas (Nigeria) Monitoring Approach and Schedule Pre-Construction (FID through FID plus 6 months to 9 months) * Final Selection of Camp facilities in Nigeria * Final determination of Industrial Water Sources for Construction and Operations and potable water supply, including hydrological data from existing and new, on-site water wells and boreholes * Final determination for Sanitary Waste Management Systems, including as needed permits for sanitary waste discharge to adjacent water bodies * Final Transportation Plans . Implementation of HSE and Other Training, in particular WAPCo Exhibit F expectations, WAPCo HES procedures, EPC Contractor HES procedures, Worker Protection Programs, General Healthcare * Detailed design of WAPCo Community Development Program as it relates to Public Healthcare * Final determination of offshore pipeline burial that will provide adequate safeguard (especially with regard absence of free-spanning) Construction Daily: * Detailed design of WAPCo Community Development Program as it relates to Public Healthcare * Implementation of Tier 2 Procedures and Other Operational Procedures from above, particularly: * Exhibit F to the Contract * HIV/AIDs Mitigation * Exhibits N (Security Plan) to the Contract * Mitigation measures (below) Every 6 months to 9 months: Third Party Independent Audit June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-69 Chapter 8 Table b Public and Wor er Health and Safety Section of the WAPCo HSE P Potential Impact: Reduced public and worker safety and security. Monitoring Approach and Schedule Operations Monthly: Patrol, Inspection and/or Audits of community interface to reinforce Safety and Emergency Response procedures Annually: HESMS Audits (especially regarding Regulatory Interface to reinforce Safety and Emergency Response procedures, and Preventative Maintenance, Pigging and Mechanical Integrity Program) TBD: Dive inspections, side-scan sonar, or other acceptable methods to identify free-spanning or exposed portions of the pipeline Mitigation and Regulatory Monitoring Institutional Roles AGENCIES WAGP Authority and Ministries of Energy for overall coordination, subject to development of the WAGP Regulations. Agency monitoring is likely to also include Ghana Ministry of Labour Factories Inspectorat Department, Ghana Ministry of Interior, NDPR, Nigeria Ministry of Labour, NAFDAC, Benin and Togo Agencies. SCOPE Issue any authorizations and/or permits that are required by the Project in a timely manner that are related to public and worker safety and security. Examine a priori confomnity, check implementation, and verify a posteriori the measures regarding public and worker safety and security associated with WAPCo. Verify that measures conform to the EMP. Facilitate relations between WAPCo and other Govemment Ministries having project-related public and worker safety and security regulatory oversight responsibilities. Communicate to WAPCo in a timely manner any nonconformance with the EMP regarding public and worker safety and security and check the implementation of corrective actions. At their discretion, periodically inspect the project's measures for mitigating impacts to public and worker safety and security. At their discretion, monitor selection of camp facilities in Nigeria, determination of industrial water sources for construction and operations and potable water supply, including hydrological data from existing and new, on-site water wells and boreholes, determination for sanitary waste management systems, including as needed permits for sanitary waste discharge to adjacent water bodies, transportation plans, implementation of HSE and other training, in particular WAPCo Exhibit F expectations, WAPCo HES procedures, EPC contractor HES procedures, worker protection programs, general healthcare, and design of WAPCo Community Development Program as it relates to public healthcare. FREOUENCY Subject to Agency discretion it is anticipated that on-site monitoring would occur 3 to 4 times annually during construction to ensure that impacts are minimized. During WAPCo operations it is anticipated that monitoring and inspections would occur I to 2 times per year. Specific BMPs (Summarized from Chapter 7) Optimize public safety and management of hazardous materials June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-70 Chapter 8 Emergency Preparedness and Response This section summarizes the HSEMP section for potentially significant public and worker health, safety, and emergency preparedness and response impacts for Site Preparation and Construction, Commissioning and Start-up, Operations and Maintenance, and Decommissioning and Abandonment in Nigeria, Benin, Togo, and Ghana. The monitoring approach and schedule are presented in Table 8.9-9. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-71 Chapter 8 Table a Emergency Preparedness and Response Section of the WAPCo HSE P Potential Impact: Lack of preparedness in the event of an emergenc y. WAPCo Tier 2 Procedures E Specific Significant 0 Oiher Operalional Procedures Impacts and Related Activities an G D c Syte ~~~~~~~~~ C~~~~~~~~~~~~~C U E .w~ Adverse health risk due to lack of rsoeinemergency maagmetupatins - * . * _ _ = = - = =v=i_oSme na Designv Bai -Onshreieie and FaDt ctiliSytiesmesg Adverse health risk due to lack of emergency management plan * * * * Same as above *External Communications is employed in this instance as a reactive approach, not proactive. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-72 Chapter 8 Table b Emergency Preparedness and Response Section of the WAPCo HSE P Potential Impact: Lack of preparedness in the event of an emergency. Applicable Regulatory Requirements or Other Commitments Convention concerning the Protection of Workers against Ionizing Radiations (ILO No. 115) (Ghana) Convention concerning the Protection of Workers against Occupational Hazards in the Working Environment due to Air Pollution, Noise and Vibration (ILO No. 148) (Ghana) Convention on the Ban of the Import of Hazardous Wastes into Africa and on the Control of their Transboundary Movements within Africa (Benin, Togo) Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (Nigeria) International Convention relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties (Benin) Convention on the Trans-boundary Effects of Industrial Accidents, Helsinki Convention (Togo) International Convention on the Civil Liability due to Hydrocarbons (Benin) Monitoring Approach and Schedule Pre-Construction (FID through FID plus 6 months to 9 months) * Final Emergency Response Plan Development (WAPCo, EPC Contractor) * Emergency Response Consultations with WAPCo, EPC Contractor, Regulatory Agencies, Communities Construction Daily: Implementation of Tier 2 Procedures and Other Operational Procedures from above, particularly: * Exhibit F to the Contract * Exhibits N (Security Plan) to the Contract Every 6 months to 9 months: Third Party Independent Audit Operations Monthly: Patrol, Inspection and/or Audits especially regarding Community Interface to reinforce Safety and Emergency Response procedures Annually: Internal HESMS Audits (especially regarding Regulatory Interface to reinforce Safety and Emergency Response procedures and Preventative Maintenance, Pigging and Mechanical Integrity Program June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-73 Chapter 8 Table b Emergency Preparedness and Response Section of the WAPCo HSE P Potential Impact: Lack of preparedness in the event of an emergency. Mitigation and Regulatory Monitoring Institutional Roles AGENCIES WAGP Authority and Ministries of Energy, Nigeria Federal Fire Service (offices in Ojuelegba, Ota, and Badagry), Nigeria National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA), National Fire Service Group of Benin (GNSPB--under Department of Prevention and Civil Protection), Benin Department of Prevention and Civil Protection, Benin Ministry of Health, Benin Ministry of Social Welfare, Benin Ministry of Transport and Works, the Benin Agency for Environment, the Ghana National Fire Service (Ministry of the Interior), Ghana National Disaster Management Organization (NADMO), Tema Ports and Harbor Authority, Togo National Fire Agency SCOPE Issue any authorizations and/or permits that are required by the Project in a timely manner that are related to Emergency Response Plans. Examine a priori conformity, check implementation, and verify a posteriori implementation of the measures outlined in the Emergency Response Plan associated with WAPCo, including training, drills, resource commitments and maintenance of on-site emergency response equipment. Verify that measures conform to the EMP. Facilitate relations between WAPCo and other Government Ministries having project-related emergency preparedness regulatory oversight responsibilities. Communicate to WAPCo in a timely manner any nonconformance with the EMP regarding emergency preparedness and check the implementation of corrective actions. At their discretion, monitor WAPCo implementation of Emergency Response Plans in the event of an emergency , including Emergency Response Plan Development (WAPCo, EPC Contractor); emergency response consultations with WAPCo, EPC Contractor, regulatory agencies, and communities; implementation of procedures particularly Exhibit F to the Contract, Exhibits N (Security Plan) to the Contract. Monitoring should also include emergency prevention measures including but not limited to adequacy of the Preventative Maintenance, Pigging, and Mechanical Integrity Programs. FREOUENCY Subject to Agency discretion it is anticipated that on-site monitoring would occur I to 2 times annually during construction and operations. June 2004 Benin Final Draft EIA Rev 1 8-74 Chapter Benin Conclusion The proposal by the West African Gas Pipeline Company Ltd. (WAPCo) to construct the West African Gas Pipeline (WAGP) represents a significant investment in infrastructure development in a region that is considered, based on most economic and social indicators, one of the least developed in the world. WAGP will deliver reliable, competitively priced natural gas from Nigeria to industrial customers in Benin, Ghana, and Togo. Use of this natural gas by power plants and other industries will facilitate economic growth in general and through expansion or creation of existing or new industries. This beneficial use will help reduce the open flaring of natural gas in Nigeria and thus mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. WAGP is a major initiative to integrate the regional energy sector. Past experiences suggest that such regional integration provides benefits of increased flexibility, resilience, distribution, abundance, and diversity of energy supplies. The development of WAGP to date has broken new ground in bringing together governments and private sector enterprises, while generally enhancing regional collaboration in the four countries. The project has started Benin, Ghana, Nigeria, and Togo on a path of extensive economic cooperation and energy integration, as well as cooperation and harmonization on many levels. Once approved, built, and put into operation, WAGP will become a permanent basis for cooperation among the countries, one that has the potential to lead to broader economic cooperation and development. As a nation, Benin will see economic benefits and infusion of funds into the national economy through income tax on WAPCo operations. WAGP will provide an important environmental benefit to Benin and globally by providing a means for bringing currently flared gas to markets. In doing so, WAGP will contribute to the Global Flare Reduction Initiative, a worldwide initiative led by the World Bank that seeks to eliminate gas flaring worldwide. In doing it reduces air pollution and related impacts on communities; reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; and combats global warming. Analyses of project-level alternatives (Chapter 3) and proper siting and routing (Chapter 4) have resulted in the avoidance of many potential negative impacts. Additional mitigating measures were incorporated into the front-end engineering and design phase (Chapter 2, Chapter 6). Others were incorporated into operational guidelines and policies to be implemented during construction and over the lifetime of the project (Chapter 8, Chapter 6). For each phase of the project, WAPCo has developed and committed itself to mitigation measures for the potential negative impacts identified (Chapter 7). A Resettlement Action Plan is being developed to ensure that people affected by the project receive compensation for use of lost resources, including land used by the project. A Health, Safety, and Environmental Management Plan (HSEMP) has been established for WAGP (Chapter 8, Operational Controls Appendix 8-B) to achieve its health, safety, environmental (HSE) regulatory compliance objectives, and other related commitments. Also addressed in the HSEMP are socioeconomic measures that will reduce negative impacts Chapter 9 and provide benefit to affected communities, countries, and the region. WAPCo has committed the financial resources to implement the HSEMP. For Benin, WAGP has the potential to bring about significant social and economic benefits at the global, regional, national, and local levels. For a project of its size and complexity, after application of appropriate mitigation measures WAGP's potential negative impacts are relatively minor. 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