The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Report No. 12223-PAK STAFF APPRAISAL REPORT PAKISTAN BALOCHISTAN NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECT MARCH 1, 1994 MICROGRAPHICS Report No: 12223 PAK Type: SAR South Asia Region Country Department III Agriculture Operations Division This document has a restricted distibution and may be used by recipIents only in the performance of their officiiml duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (January, 1994) Rupee 1.00 = US$0.03 US$1.00 = Rs 30.5 FISCAL YEAR July 1 to June 30 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Metric Unit System Metric Unit British/US Equivalent 1 centimeter (cm) = 0.39 inch 1 meter (m) 39.37 inch 1 kilometer (kn) = 0.62 mile I hectare (ha) 2.47 acres 1 square kilometer (kI2) = 0.386 square mile 1 cubic meter (i3) = 35.31 cubic feet I liter (O) 0.264 gallon (USA) I kilogram (kg) 2.205 pounds 1 metic ton (m ton) - 2,205 pounds FOR OMCML USE ONLY PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS USED AKRSP - Aga Khan Rural Support Program AZRI - Arid Zone Research Institute BEPA - Balochistan Enviromental Protection Agency BFD - Balochistan Forest Departnent BPS - Basic Pay Scale BUPD - Balochistan Urban Planning and Development Deparutent CDWP - Central Development Working Party (of E(NEC) CIDA - Canadian International Development Agency ECNEC - Executive Committee of the National Economic Council EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EPA - Environmental Protection Agency EPRC - Environmental Protection and Resource Conservation Project ERR - Economic Internal Rate of Retumr ES - Environmental Section within Planning and Development Department EUAD - Environment and Urban Affairs Division (Ministry of Housing & Works) FY - Fiscal Year GOBal - Government of Balochistan GOP - Government of Pakistan HCNP - Hzargaji-Chiltan National Park IDA - International Development Association IT - Irano-Turanian (Region) IUCN - International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Na&ural Resources MINFAC - Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Cooperatives MOF - (Federal) Ministy of Finance NCS - National Conservation Strategy NGO - Non-Governmental Organizaon NWFP - North-West Frontier Province PCI - Project's Planning Commission Form I P&D - Provincial Planning and Development Department PEPA - Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency PFI - Pakistan Forest Institute PMP - Park Management Plan RWRP - Rangeland/Watershed Rehabflitation Pilot Program SDS - Sand Dime Stabilization Subproject SOE - Statement of Expenditure SS - Saharo-Sindian (Region) The Council - Pakistan Enviromnental Protection Council The Ordinance - Pakistan Enviromnental Protection Ordinance 1983 UNDP - United Nations Development Program UOK - University of Karachi WAPDA - Water and Power Development Authority WWF - World Wide Fund for Nature ZJFC - Ziarat Juniper Forest Conservation Pilot Program I This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosei without World Bank authorization. PAKISTAN BALOCHISTAN NATUR;AL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECT Contents Page No. Credit and Project Summary .................. iii I. BALOCHISTAN AND SECTOR BACKGROUND ... .............. 1 A. Introduction .1 B. The Environment and Natural Resources .1 C. Issues, Objectives and Strategies. 3 D. Bank Group and Other Support for the Enviromnent and Lessons Learned. 6 E. Rationale for Bank Group Involvement. 9 II. BALOCHISTAN'S LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES .10 A. Climate, Land and Agriculture. 10 B. Population and Poverty .12 C. Laws and Institutions .13 D. Property Rights .15 E. Natural Habitats and National Parks .16 F. Watershed and Rangeland Rehabilitation .17 M . THE P ......................................... o18 A. Project Objectives. 18 B. Summary Description.18 C. Project Details.19 D. Cost Estimates and Financing .28 E. Procurement.30 F. Disbursements.33 G. Accounts and Audit .................................. 34 IV. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT ........................ 34 A. Project Management .................................. 34 B. Community Involvement, Development and Contribution .... ....... 36 C. Monitoring, Evaluation and Supervision ...................... 38 This report is based on the findings of pre-appraisal (October/November 1992) and appraisal (April 1993) missions. Appraisal mission members included Messrs. Michael Saddington (Task Manager), Abdul Qaiyum Sheikh and Ms. Meena Munshi (IDA). The peer reviewers are Messrs. Robert Crooks (ASTEN), and Jock Anderson (AGRAP). The Country Director is Mr. Paul Isenman (SA3DR), while the Division Chief is Mr. Ridwan Ali (SA3AG). Ms. Geraldine Burnett typed and produced the report. (ii) V. BENEFITS, JUSTIFCATION AND RISKS .. ..................... .... 38 A. Benefits and Justification ......................... 38 B. Environmental Effects .......... 41 C. Risks .42 VI. AGREEMENTS AND RECOMMENDATION . .43 ANNEXES 1. Financial Data Table 1: Project Cost Estimates Table 2: Estimated Annual Project Expenditures by Component Table 3: Detailed Project Component Cost Estimates Table 4: Estimated Schedule of Credit Disbursements Table 5: Proposed Allocation of Credit Funds 2. Sand Dune Stabilization on the Mekran Coast 3. Hazarganji-Chiltan National Park Development 4. Rangeland and Watershed Rehabilitation in Northern Balochistan 5. Ziarat Juniper Forest Conservation 6. Foreign and Local Training, Foreign and Local Technical Assistance 7. Program of Early Events 8. Procurement hnplementation Schedule 9. Supervision Plan 10. Economic Internal Rate of Return 11. Related Documents and Data Available in Project Files CHARTS 1. Proposed P&D Environmental Section Organization 2. Proposed BEPA Organization MAP 1. IBRD 24917 - Project Areas (iii) PAKISTAN BALOCHISTAN NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECT Credit and Project S_nnary Borrower: Islamic Republic of Pakistan Beneficiaries: Balochistan Planning and Development Department, Environmental Protection Agency and Forest Department Amount: Credit: SDR 10.7 million (US$14.7 million equivalent) Terms: Credit: Standard, with 35 years maturity Project Desciption: The project is the first phase in an expected long-term program of World Bank Group support to improve Balochistan's protection of its environment and management of its natural resources. The project would strengthen Balochistan's institutions involved with environmental protection and natural resource use so they are better able to undertake their responsibilities; strengthen local communities and involve them in the design and implementation of natural resource development and management; improve provincial natural resource use policies so that natural resources are used in an efficient and sustainable manner; publicize environmentl issues; and implement high priority operations and pilot programs to rehabilitate and develop damaged natural resources. The pilot programs are designed according to the objectives and strategies of Pakistan's National Conservation Strategy. They will allow policy formulators to monitor the effects of current policies and, if necessary, develop or change them over time. The project would also provide training to upgrade staff's skills, technical assistance to help with project implementation, and funds to prepare future natural resource management projects. Benefits: Project benefits would include those resulting from the strengthening of environmental protection and natural resource management institutions, and those resulting from development of the natural resource rehabilitation subprojects. The first group of benefits would include an enhanced capability within Balochistan to plan and implement environmentally sound and economically viable natural resource development, and improved public health through the implementation of policies regulating standards of air, water and soil pollution. The second group would include: (a) protection of infrastructure, (iv) houses and fishing industry facilities from sand damage which would stabilize the fishing industry on Pakistan's Mekran coast; (b) improved wildlife habitat, bio- diversity conservation and recreational and tourist facilities at Hazarganji-Chiltan National Park; (c) improved rangeland management and conservation resulting in higher livestock production and farmer incomes from rangeland/watershed rehabilitation works; and (d) preservation of a rare forest environment, and increased fuelwood and fodder production resulting in higher community incomes at Ziarat. Risks: Possible project risks include: (a) environmental institutions may be delayed in recruiting suitably qualified staff; (b) the harsh climatic conditions on the Mekran coast may slow tree planting and adversely impact on the subproject's internal economic rate of retum, while the use of a single tree specie for sand dune fixation Licreases the risk of plantation failure due to disease; (c) the tribespeople camped near the eastern boundary of the Hazarganji-Chiltan National Park may continue to illegally collect firewood and graze their animals in the park; (d) the cost of establishing Atriplex canescens in rangelands may be too high for it to be economically attractive to farmers; and (e) local communities near Ziarat may not accept the zoning of the juniper forest areas, and the proposed community fuelwood plantations may be technically infeasible. While these adverse possibilities could occur, government and Bank Group staff have designed the project to keep the probability of occurrence to an acceptable level. These design features include: (a) including considerable local and foreign training to upgrade local staff's capabilities; (b) a project launch workshop which will emphasize early nursery establishment and a research program to widen the tree specie base for sand dune stabilization; (c) while the tribespeople's present camp site is temporary and the government has increased staff to regulate access into the park, the project would provide a local sociologist to interface between the Forest Departnent and the tribespeople, and if necessary, the proposed park management plan would contain components to address this issue; (d) atriplex planting operations would be varied to help find a least cost approach and project staff would closely monitor all aspects of this pilot operation so they can determine its economic, social and technical feasibility; and (e) to ensure community agreement to the proposed forest zoning, project staff will actively and meaningfully involve them in the design and implementation of the operation. Staff will locate the community fuelwood plantations at the most favorable sites regarding climate and soils, and will plant only fast growing woody shrubs. Poverty Category: Not applicable (v) Estimated Costs Local Foreign Total -(US$ moio) Institutional Development 1.2 2.1 3.3 Sand Dune Stabilization 5.2 1.3 6.5 National Park Development 0.6 0.6 1.2 Rangeland Rehabilitation 0.4 0.1 0.5 Juniper Forest Conservation 2.8 0.8 3.6 Total Baseline Costs 10.2 4.9 15.1 Physical Contingencies 1.3 0.3 1.6 Price Contingencies 0.9 0.2 1.1 Total Project Costs 12.4 5.4 17.81' Financing Plan Local Foreign TOa =---UsS$ millon)- GOBal 2.5 - 2.5 Community Households 0.6 - 0.6 IDA 9.3 5.4 14.7 Total 12.4 5.4 17.8 Includes US$0.9 million taxes and duties. (vi) Estlmaed Credit IDA Fised Year Disuemewets 94 9 96 97 9 99 00 -(S$ on Annual 0 1.0 1.6 3.3 3.8 3.5 1.5 Cumulative 0 1.0 2.6 S.9 9.7 13.2 14.7 PAKISTAN BALOCHISTAN NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECT I. BALOCHISTAN AND SECTOR BACKGROUND A. Introduction 1.1 The Provincial Government of Balochistan (GOBal) through the Government of Palistan (GOP) has requested International Development Association (IDA) assistance to strengthen its environrental protection institutions, and to protect and conserve its natural resources. This project focuses mainly on the conservation and protection of environmental and ecological resources in the rural and agricultural sectors. While urbanization and industrial pollution are important, other measures and projects are addressing them (para 1.26 and 1.27). This is the second IDA-assisted project directlv aimed at protecting and conserving Pakistan's environment and naturl resources. The first, the Environmental Protection and Resource Conservation Project (Credit 2383-PAK) (EPRC), will strengthen environmental protection institutions and undertake several site-specific pilot programs to rehabilitate and conserve watersheds, rangelands, forests and wildlife refuges. These activities are at the federal level, and in Punjab, Sindh and North-West Frontier (NWFP) Provinces, and in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). This project would complement the first project, and cover activities in Balochistan, the fourth and last province. It would establish an Environmental Section (ES) within the province's Planning and Development Department (P&D), initiate strengthening of Balochistan's Environmental Protection Agency (BEPA) and Forest Department (BFD), strengthen local communities and involve them in the design and implementation of natural resource development, improve provincial natural resource use polhics, publicize environmental issues, and implement operations and pilot programs to rehabilitate and develop damaged natural resources. 1.2 Siilar to the first project, GOBal prepared the project in collaboration with the Bank Group and with financial support from the Royal Norwegian Government. This staff appraisal report is based on the preparation report (Pakistan Environmental Protection and Resource Conservation Project Preparation Report, January 28, 1991) and the findings of pre-appraisal and appraisal missions which visited Balochistan during October 1992 and April 1993 respectively. B. The Enviromnmet and Natural Resources Physical Setting 1.3 Balochistan is the largest of Pakistan's four provinces (about 350,000 sq km or 44% of the country's area), but has the smallest population (about 7 million or 5.8%). It lies north of the tropics, between the latitudes of 240 and 320, and between the longitudes of 60° to 70° east. Topographically Balochistan is the eastern extension of the Iranian plateau, subdivided by moderately high (1,000-2,000 m) to high (2,000-2,500 m) mountain ranges of limited accessibility. The highest mountain, Loe Sar, reaches 3,500 m. Generally, Balochistan's relief is 52% high and low mountains, -22% valley fans (usually gravelly) and terraces, and 26% plains. - 2 - 1.4 Balochistan, wtlh its mountainous highlands, arid rangelands and desert lowlands, is the western boundary to Pakistan's heartland, the Indus valley, where Pakistan's population, agriculture and industry are concentrated. The Indus valley provides the markets for Balochistan's main production (coal, gas, mutton, hides, fruits and vegetables), and supplies Baeochistan's needs for food, grain (wheat and rice) and manufactured goods. 1.5 Balochistan is fundamentally an extremely dry area with a fragile environment that is sensitive to mis-use. Situated in the world's desert belt, its climatic conditions range from dry to hyper-arid. Annual precipitation varies from 100 mm in the northwest to 400 mm in the northeast fringe adjoining Punjab province. Rainfall is erratic and three to fve years in ten are poor rainfall years. It generally falls in two seasons, in the summer from June to September and in the winter from October to May. Temperatures vary widely from cool-temperate highland in the north to tropical lowland in the south. Maximum sununer temzweratures in June and July may range from 380C in Quetta to nearly 50°C in Sibi, while minimum temperatures from December to February may range from chilling to sub-zero. Natural Resources 1.6 Balochistan's economy relies heavily on the productivity of its natural resources. The agricultural sector, for example, the largest user of natural resources, provides about 60% of provincial gross domestic product, and emnploys some 65'% of the labor force. However, rapid human and livestock population growth and increased intensity of land use are causing widesp.ead and contin ing degradation of resources throughout the province and leading to increasing desertification. Excessive tree cutting and extraction of small brush from watersheds is denuding already sparse hillsides and causing erosion, flash- flooding, and reduced water infiltration into aquifers. Overgrazing and uprooting of small shrubs is further degrading already badly inpaired natural rangeland pastures, decreasing water infiltration, and reducing wildlife habitat. Over-pumping of groundwater in the uplands is seriously depleting aquifers and dropping water tables. Sand dune movement on the coastline is damaging roads, buildings and sea and airport facilities. Finally, over-watering and poor drainage on the irrigated plains is causing waterlogging and salinity, while hunting and the destruction of natural habitat are seriously depleting Balochistan's wildlife. 1.7 Balochistan is poor in natural resources, with water being the limiting factor in development. Although the land area is vast, much of it is desert and low grade rangeland due to its arid climate and overgrazing. Except in certain areas, for example, piedmont and river plains, soils are mostly thin and calcareous. The vegetation is generally sparse, and reflects the aridity of the climate. It shows two distinct plant geographical regions, the Irano-Turanian (IT) region and the Sakaro-Sindian (SS). IT region includes the continental arid "steppes" with a winter rainfall, covering about 40% of the province and comprising the mid- to high-altitudinal belts and high mountain slopes. The mid-altitudinal belt is characterized by Artemisia and Astragalus dwarf shrubs, Pistacia trees, Prnuws eburuea shrub and annual grasses such as Bromus and Aegilops. Conifers, junipers and pines predominate on the high mountain slopes. SS region includes Balochistan's low-altitudinal belt and lowland deserts. These areas have a summer rainfall, and are characterized by various acacias, palms and perennial grasses such as Panicum and Pennisetum. 1.8 Balochistan has., large variety of wildlife, although the number of animals is often rather low. They are hunted for both sport and food. Many animal species are now extinct, endangered or threatened. Some of the more interesting wildlife are wiid goats (Persian Goat, Markhor) and sheep - 3 - (Balochistan Urial), the Balochistan Black Bear, gazelles (Goitred and Chinkara), and the Houbara Bustard. 1.9 Other major resources of Balochistan include the fishing grouuds along the Mekran coast, natural gas at Sui, coal, marble, stone and alabaster. Natural gas is a relatively newly discovered resource which is an important revenue source for the province. C. Issues, Objectives and Strategies Issues 1.10 In Balochistan, as throughout Pakistan, policy-makers and farmers have focussed almost exclusively on questions related to agricultural, livestock and forestry production, and have given inadequate attention to developing sustainable natural resource use systems. This, coupled with a rapidly increasing population and considerable poverty, has led to the indiscriminate deforestation of uplands and watersheds, over-grazing of rangelands, and depletion of aquifers. Additionally, market and policy failure, weak environmental protection institutions, inadequate legislation and enforcement, and a low level of public awareness are all contributing to natural resource mis-management in Balochistan. 1.11 Poverty. Economic hardship or poverty is linked to environmental degradation, that is, the poor tend to trade-off long-term sustainable resource use for short-term consumption of capital. As many in Balochistan's rural communities are resource poor, are badly educated and trained, and thus have few options for other income earning opportunities, their time horizons, with regard to the sustainable use of land and other natural resources, is short. Thus they may crop marginal land and overgraze natural pastures even though the land and rangeland may be severely degraded and eventually be unable to support further cropping or grazing. 1.12 Market and Policy Failure. Market and policy failures result in natural resources not being costed at their true value, thus leading to their inefficient allocation and use, and their subsequent degradation. This is certainly true in Balochistan where several conditions for the efficiertt functioning of markets are missing, and many natural resource services function outside the market place. There is often a wide divergence between the private and social costs of using natural resources. When farmers crop marginal land and over-graze natural pastures, besides falling productivity of the site, it may also cause externalities or costs downstream or over time. For example, increased water run-off from the cropped land or over-grazed pasture will cause erosion and increased silting of downstream reservoirs, as well as increased flooding and agricultural and urban damage. The site itself may so badly deteriorate that over time it becomes no longer useable. Again, the market does not put a value on the environmental services of woodlands and natural pastures, such as providing natural habitats for fauna and flora, regulating water flow from a watershed, or increasing water infiltration into aquifers. Decisions to cut trees or over-graze rangeland are taken without considering the value of these important enviromnental services. 1.13 Increasing human and livestock populations, and exposure to outside influences, are breaking down traditional or tribal management of rangeland. In the past tribal groups, who own practically all rangeland in Balochistan, closed most of their rangeland to livestock during the rainy season to allow pastures to regenerate. Increasing livestock numbers, and in some areas a lessening of tribal authority, are leading to rangeland being grazed throughout the year with the subsequential degradation of the pastures (see paras 2.12, 2.24 and 2.25). While tribal leaders may realize rangelands are overstocked, within the traditional system of authority and management, they appear unable to cope with the problem. 1.14 Balochistan's policies concerning local commnity access to protected forests for firewood collection, timber and grazing are unsustainable. Increasing human and livestock populations are placing such large pressures on State and Protected Forests that they are being severely degraded, and the important juniper woods near Ziarat may well completely disappear over the next several decades (see paras 2.5 and 2.6). As well, Balochistan has no effective groundwater use policy, either with regard to total annual pumping from aquifers (number of tubewells) or ensuring or encouraging recharging of aquifers (see paras 2.27 to 2.30). 1.15 Several GOP and Balochistan policies tend to encourage over pumping of groundwater rather than the efficient sustainable use of groundwater. Federal electricity authorities charge a flat rate per horsepower per year for an electrically powered tubewell, and thus farmers' energy costs are not closely related to the amount of water which they pump annually. Additionally, in Balochistan tribal society the collection of power charges is poor, while electricity stealing is common. Four to five GOBal agencies drill tubewells for individuals. The Balochistan Irrigation Department which drills the majority of these tubewells, subsidizes the cost of drilling by about 40% of the total cost, that is, its drilling charges are about Rs 300,000 as compared to a private firm's Rs 500,000 for a similar tubewell. Finally, Quetta residents pay only around 25% of the cost of supplymg water (which comes from the local aquifers) to their homes. Both water supply authorities and crop irrigators are competing for the scarce groundwater. 1.16 Balochistan's development agencies have not involved local communities in natural resource development and management. Most development is from "top down", with little local community involvement in planning. The Balochistan Forest Department (BFD), for example, must take account of local needs, priorities and capabilities when planning and implementing forest and rangeland development and conservation. BFD must work with the local communities to ensure their participation and involvement in natural resource management. 1.17 Weak Euvfnental Instituions. Until recently, Pakistan's and Balochistan's environmental institutions have been weak, under-staffed and inadequately financed, or did not exist. EPRC, plus assistance from Canada's International Development Agency (CIDA), is currently strengthening the Environment and Urban Affairs Division (EUAD), GOP, the main federal agency dealing with the environment. It is also assisting the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (the Council) and the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (PEPA), also at the federal level, to become operational. Balochistan established its own fledgling environmental protection agency (BEPA) in early 1992, however, while it has most of its staff in place, it needs permanent accommodation, equipment, vehicles, training and operating funds, and has yet to become effective. BFD, one of the main line agencies responsible for natural resource development, has little expertise in farmer extension, or in working with local community groups in developing and managing forest and rangeland areas. 1.18 Inadequate Legsion. Pakistan (including Balochistan), has a multiplicity of laws and regulations relating to all aspects of natural resource management. Most of these date back several decades or more, and were introduced for purposes other than environmental management as it is now understood. In 1983 GOP passed major environmental protection legislation, the Environmental - 5 - Protection Ordinance (the Ordinance). Till now GOP, however, has been slow to implement the Ordinance because: (a) in the past it has not been committed to enforcing it; (b) policy-makers and the public have little awareness of environmental problems; and (c) the necessary trained staff are not available. Additionally, the 1983 Ordinance is incomplete, and cannot be enforced until its definitions and operating regulations are wrinen and gazetted. EUAD, with assistance from EPRC, is currently rectifying these problems (paras 2.16 and 2.17). 1.19 Litfle Public Awareness and Particpation. Policy-makers, business leaders and the general public have had little awareness of the dangers to economic development resulting from natural resource degradation. Until quite recently Pakistan development economists believed there was no alternative to allowing some environmental degradation to occur as part of the process of raising living standards at the margin. This position has now begun to change somewhat, as the natural resource degradation taking place in some instances threatens growth itself, and its costs in terms of human health and the irretrievable loss of economic opportunity is extremely high. While some environmental consciousness is beginning to emerge in Balochistan, the low level of literacy (8% in rural areas), and extreme poverty mitigate against farmers adopting rational resource use and careful husbandry. Much needs to be done to raise environmental consciousness in Balochistan. Objectives 1.20 As for GOP, Balochistan's priority multi-sectoral environmental and natural resource management objectives are to: (a) conserve natural resources, including maintaining essential ecological processes, preserving biodiversity and where possible restoring degraded natural resources; (b) ensure the sustainable use of natural resources, including extracting exhaustible resources at rates that do not exceed the creation of substitute capital resources, and ensuring balanced and diversified development that maintains, if it does not increase, the sum of options available to future generations; and (c) improve efficiency in the use of resources, including raising natural resource yields towards their sustainable potential, better managing community and infrastructure resources, and giving priority to conserving and improving the best of fragile ecosystems with large downstream effects. Strategies 1.21 GOBal's natural resource management strategies are similar to GOP's, and are annunciated in the National Conservation Strategy (NCS). NCS p.oposes three broad strategies to promote effective natural resource management, that is, achieving greater community partnership in development and natural resource management, merging environmental and economic concerns in decision making, and focussing on durable improvements in the quality of life. 1.22 NCS strategies are further detailed in the following measures: (a) create greater public awareness of the need for natural resource conservation; (b) promote greater participation by local communities and non-govermnental organizations (NGOs) in natural resource management; (c) improve information flows between federal, provincial and local government bodies, community organizations and NGOs; (d) enable grassroot organizations to identify, design and imnplement projects; (e) ensure that economic decision makers and planners are held responsible for the environmental impact of development programs; (f) establish environmental monitoring systems; (g) balance natural resources and population mmbers; (h) improve the quality of human resources through better education, nutrition and personal hygiene; (i) control and prevent pollution; and (j) give preference to biological solutions. NCS proposes -6 - to implement these strategies through the strengthening of technical, regulatory and participatory institutions concerned with environmental protection; initiating broad-based mass awareness programs; developing and improving enviromnental legislation and its enforcement; creating economic incentives and disincentives; training; structuring environmental concerns into Pakistan's education system; reorienting and improving research and technology development; initiating environmental impact assessment (EIA) procedures for public and private investment planning, design aad implementation; introducing environmental considerations into development planning, and implementing priority projects which enhance human welfare, increase economic efficiency, and conserve natural resources. Bank and Other Donor Strategies 1.23 The Bank and other donors generally support GOBal's natural resource management objectives and strategies as annunciated in NCS. These strategies are in line with Bank environmental policy, and were evolved following extensive discussions with individuals, communities, NGOs, and governmental and private institutions. The Bank, along with GOBal, stress the importance of capital accumulation and income growth to reduce poverty and encourage sustainable natural resource use. Capital accumulation must encompass all its forms, particularly human, institutional and cultural as well as natural, physical and financial. To encourage capital accumulation and income growth: (a) development agencies nmst involve local communities in designing and implementing natural resource development so as to improve natural resource management and internalize externalities resulting from natural resource use; (b) communities must develop and strengthen their infonmal and formal organizations and skills; (c) communities must adopt improved, more remunitative and sustainable uses of natural resources (better farming practices); (d) governments must strengthen development agencies so they can interact with local communities, appropriately maintain capital investments in roads, communications and other physical investments, supply services such as agricultural research and extension, and properly manage natural resources for which they are responsible; and (e) policies must be changed to minimize distortions in nantral resource values and costs caused by market and policy failures. In introducing improved farming practices to communities, the use of adaptive research, extension and pilot programs are important. D. Bank Group and Other Support for the Environment and Lessons Leamed Donor Support 1.24 Many other bilateral and multilateral international agencies and donors are supporting environmental protection and resource conservation work in Pakistan and Balochistan. The more active and viable groups include: (a) CIDA, which in association with the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and United Nations Development Program (UNDP), assisted to prepare NCS (para 1.21), and now is assisting to finance several aspects of NCS implementation including institutional strengthening (a NCS unit within EUAD, an Environmental Section within the federal Planning and Development Division) and an NCS donor conference held in January 1993 to solicit assistance for NCS implementation; (b) Asian Development Bank which financed studies to suggest methods of strengthening primary environmental institutions, that is, EUAD, PEPA and provincial EPAs; (c) UNDP/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) which is currently assisting BFD initiate three small projects in Balochistan concerning natural resource use, that is, the Integrated Range-Livestock Development, Watershed Planning and Management, and Feed Resources Development projects. Under these projects BFD would attempt to improve the management - 7 - of grazing lands, plan the rehabilitation of watersheds, and disseminate to farmers technology concerning fodder production and storage (for example, hay and silage making). Under the projects BFD would also establish a Rangelands Project Coordination Unit to work on rangeland improvement projects, an Ecological Monitoring Unit, including a geographical information system (GIS), to monitor the condition of Balochistan's rangelands, and a Watershed Planning and Management Unit to work on watershed improvement and development. Each of these units would be small, and have yet to be established. This project will complement UNDP/FAO's work and be implemented in coordination with them; (d) the Government of Switzerland which is assisting to finance the Kalam Development Project in the Swat Valley, NWFP, a multi-disciplinary watershed rehabilitation project with considerable community involvement; (e) the Royal Netherlands Government which is assisting to finance the Malakand Social Forestry Project, a similar type project in the lower Swat Valley, NWFP; and (f) the Royal Norwegian Government, which among other things, has given technical assistance to GOP and Pakistan universities on professional training in environmental management. 1.25 NGOs. NGOs are gradually increasing their role in the management of natural resources in Pakistan. Although their full potential is still far from realized, there are important NGO operations where NGOs are involving local communities in project design and implementation such as the Orangi Urban Project in Karachi (Orangi Pilot Project) and the Aga Khan Rural Support Program in Gilgit (AKRSP). IUCN has been involved in several small, pilot natural resource conservation projects, and assisted in preparing NCS. It is currently assisting in NCS implementation, and is helping the European Economic Community (EEC) implement the two EPRC subprojects which EEC is financing. The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) has reviewed government wildlife conservation efforts, and has proposed wildlife management strategies in Balochistan and other areas of Pakistan. Founded in 1991, the Balochistan Rural Support Program, operating in some 200 villages, helps organize formal and imformal groups to implement community development schemes. Bak Group Support 1.26 The Bank Group has already supported projects in several sectors with components to improve the environment or to rehabilitate and develop natural resources. In the urban sector these projects have provided for strengthening local service institutions, and upgrading and expanding the collecting, treating and disposal of sewerage and solid waste, supply of potable water, and preserving of historic buildings. The projects include the Second Lahore Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage (Cr. 630-PAK), Lahore Urban Development Program (Cr. 1348-PAK), Karachi Special Development Program (Cr. 1652-PAK), Punjab Urban Development (Cr. 1895-PAK), Karachi Water Supply and Sanitation II (Cr. 1987-PAK), and Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (Cr. 2228-PAK). While implementation has been slow, the projects have been successful, particularly the restoration and rehabilitation work in Lahore's old walled city. The main implementation problems faced include weak implementing agency management, the enormity of work entailed in overall sewerage disposal, and in the Karachi area, the outgrowing of agencies' ability to supply water for sewerage purposes. 1.27 In the energy sector Bank Group projects have focussed on strengthening energy production and distribution institutions; rationalizing local energy prices, and the price structure for different consumers, with regard to international energy prices; introducing energy conservation technology; introducing emission standards for the release of pollutants into Pakistan's air and water; and requiring EIA procedures to be undertaken before investing in energy producing activities. The Second Energy Sector Loan (Ln. 3107-PAK) is the main project with environmental protection components. - 8 - While the project has had some success strengthening institutions, more must be done to raise energy prices and rationalize the price structure for the various consumer groups. To date emission standards and EIA procedures have yet to be introduced. 1.28 In agriculture Bank Group projects have mainly been directed at correcting the two main areas of natural or agro-ecological resource degradation, that is, the large and increasing area of waterlogging and soil salinity resulting from ifrigating on the plains with inadequate drainage, and the deforestation and depasturing of watersheds and rangelands with its resulting increased water run-off and soil erosion. Projects to drain waterlogged and saline areas include Khairpur Tile Drainage and Irrigated Farming Development (Cr. 648-PAK), SCARP VI (Cr. 754-PAK), SCARP Mardan (Cr. 877-PAK), Drainage IV (Cr. 1375-PAK), Left Bank Outfall Drain (Cr. 1532-PAK), SCARP Transition I (Cr. 1693- PAK), Private Tubewells Development (Cr. 2004-PAK), Second SCARP Transition (Cr. 2257-PAK), and the Fordwah Eastern Sadiqia Irrigation and Drainage (Cr. 2410-PAK), while those to rehabilitate and develop watersheds and rangelands include Hill Fanming Technical Development (Cr. 751-PAK), Integrated Hill Panning Development (Cr. 1461-PAK) (IHFD), EPRC and the Northern Resource Management (Cr. 2512-PAK). The Bank has also been the executing agency for a series of projects to repair environmental and natural resource damage done by Afghan refugees, that is, the Income Generating Project for Refugee Areas I, II and III (IGPRA I, II and III). With regard to waterlogging and salinity, a more comprehensive approach is required, and following the accord on the allocation of Indus basin waters, this should now be possible. Future solutions to waterlogging and salinity must be planned on a basin-wide basis, and besides using surface and subsurface drainage to remove saline effluent and dispose of it in an ecologically sound manner, the deposition of salt in the topsoil and the intrusion of saline groundwater into sweet groundwater reservoirs must be reduced and controlled by the cornurrent, appropriate management of ground and surface water supplies. To meet these planning objectives, Bank staff are currently assisting GOP to undertake a sectoral environmental assessment, plus associated studies, of Pakistan's irrigation and drainage programs. L_sfons Learned 1.29 IHFD was quite successful in rehabilitating watersheds because the main technical and socio-economic problems were studied and site-specific approaches to solving them developed under a pilot project (Hill Farming Technical Development). As well, the implementing agencies involved the local communities to an extent in project preparation and design, and obtained their agreement before implementing interventions. However, these projects did not do enough to develop local organizations and skills, encourage local investment, strengthen agencies so they could better work with local communities, or develop better natural resource management policies-'. The design of the proposed project takes into account these design strengths and weaknesses, plus lessons learned from implementing naural resource management projects elsewhere in the world. Lessons learned include the need to develop or change policies to reduce distortions in natural resource values and costs caused by market and policy failure; farmers can usually raise nurseries and plant trees at considerably less cost than forest departments; an integrated use of tree plantings is usually more profitable than planting for firewood alone; because of diversity between sites, adaptive research and pilot programs are most important to solve socio-technical problems; and adequate data bases concerning pollution or natural resource 1" Project Completion Report, Pakistan Integrated Hill Farming Development Project, January 6, 1993. - 9 - degradation are most important for project planning. Consequently the project is designed to: (a) strengthen BEPA and BFD; (b) involve local communities in project design and implementation, plus strengthen their organizations and skills; (c) adopt a multi-enterprise approach to development; (d) develop appropriate natural resources use policies; (e) develop and introduce improved, sustainable farming practices; and (f) measure and monitor natural resource degradation. 1.30 Future Directon. The Bank, CIDA and the Swedish International Development Agency have assisted GOP and the provinces develop an environmental action plan (completed August 1993). In doing this, GOP and the provinces determined and prioritized by sector the actions and investments necessary to implement NCS. Nevertheless, as already emphasized, before GOP and the provinces commence any large-scale investment program to improve environmental protection and resource management, it is essential they strengthen their institutions dealing with the environment and natural resource management; develop the necessary policies, programs and legislation; undertake mass educational programs to heighten public awareness of environmental problems; and commence staff training programs. EPRC, which was signed in June 1992, initiates actions in these areas at the federal level and in Punjab, Sindh, NWFP and AJK. This project will complement EPRC, and would initiate similar actions in the remaining province, Balochistan. By doing this, the project will be a key component in GOP, Balochistan and the Banks' programs to strengthen Pakistan's overall environmental protection and natural resource management. Additionally through its operations and pilot programs to manage, restore and develop natural resources, it tackles Balochistan's major natural resource problem of increasing desertification resulting from watershed, rangeland and aquifer degradation, and would provide valuable site specific technical and socio-economic information on how to resolve major issues in this work, and to develop appropriate policies concerning natural resource use. E. Rationale for Bank Group Involvement 1.31 Similar to EPRC, this project forms an integral part of GOP and GOBals' environmental protection and natural resource management strategies which IDA supports. It focusses mainly on initiating the strengthening of Balochistan's environmental protection institutions, developing policies and mass awareness programs, strengthening local organizations and skills, and implementing pilot programs for rehabilitating and improving degraded forests, watersheds, rangelands and wildlife habitat and halting the movement of sand dunes. Through both the macro-economic dialogue at the central level and the more technically oriented investments at the project level, IDA is well placed to assist GOP and the provincial governments tackle the range of policy, institutional and technical issues that relate to environment and natural resource management projects. The development of an effective and coherent national approach, supported by site-specific implementation capacity, will be a long-term umdertaking, which is suitable for IDA support. IDA can also make a major contribution to encouraging coordination between donors on key policy and institutional issues. As already stated, the project would also complement EPRC. . - 10 - II. BALOCMISTAN'S LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES A. Climate, Land and Agriculture Climate 2.1 To a large extent, altitude determines the temperature regime in Balochistan. This varies from cool-temperate to tropical, and is an asset giving Balochistan a comparative advantage for growing a large variety of crops. The cool-temperate temperature zone is associated with the high altitude belt and indicated by conifers. The temperate zone coincide-s with the mid-altitude belt where artemisia, wild pistachio, ash and temperate fruits such as apple, peach, apricot and cherries are grown, with sometimes wheat as an inter-row crop. Mean annual temperatures are from 10 to 180C, and frost and snow are common in winter. 2.2 The continental or inland low altitudinal belt and lowland have a subtropical climate where plant indicators are acacias, prosopis, date palm, pomegranate, citrus and inter-row grain and feed crops. Mean annual temperatures are between 18 and 24°C. Tropical temperatures prevail in the low altitudinal belt and lowlands facing the Arabian Sea. This zone is indicated by Acacia senegal, Maerua, Commiphora mukal and tropical fruits such as coconut palm, papaya and mango. Winters are mild, and the mean annual temperatures range between 29 and 370C. Land 2.3 Land Systems. Balochistan can be divided into ten land systems"' delineated by lard form, altitude and indicator plants, that is, relief, climate and vegetation. The most distinctive of these are the: (a) Brahui-Tobar-Kakar northern and central mountains and rangelands with altitudes from 900 to 3,500 m and a winter rainfall (11.6 million ha). This is the main upland orchard area, and generally is the most productive natural rangeland; (b) piedmont plains around Sibi, Kachhi and Nasirabad with altitudes from 150 to 200 m and mainly a summer rainfall (2.2 nillion ha). This is Balochistan's main grain producing area and is irrigated by Indus river water; (c) piedmont plains around Lasbela with altitudes from 0 to 200 m and mainly a summer rainfall (0.6 million ha). This area produces irrigated tropical fruit, rainfed grain crops (using run-off or flood waters and known as khushkaba or sailaba cultivation respectively); Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of the Netherlands, Dr. Hein van Gils and M. Shabbir Baig, editors, Environmental Profile, Balochistan, Pakistan, Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen, Netherlands, January 1992. - I1 - (d) Mekran coastal hills and plains with altitudes from 0 to 500 m and mainly a winter rainfall (6.1 million ha). The coastal area produces a large proportion of Pakistan's fish, while the inland provides extremely sparse grazing, sailaba cultivation and some date palm production; and (e) Chagai-Kharan desert basin with altitudes from 300 to 900 m and generally a winter rainfall (5.8 million ha). This provides mainly poor quality grazing. 2.4 Land Use. Of Balochistan's 35 million ha, only about 1.5 million ha or 4% is cultivated, of which 40% is irrigated and 60% is rainfed, that is using khushkaba or sailaba cultivation methods. Some 1.1 million ha (3%) isclassifiedas forests, 21.0 million ha (60%) as rangeland, and 11.4 million ha (33%) as wasteland or not suitable for cultivation (desert, mountainous, towns and cities). 2.5 Because of its arid climate, Balochistan's forests have extremely low annual sustainable yields of firewood and timber. Natural forests only occur on mid- and high-altitudinal slopes, and at lower altitudes at water run-on locations (such as the gravelly fans and terraces at valley edges). Balochistan is generally not suitable for timber or fuelwood plantations unless they are irrigated, at least during their establishment period. Experts estimate that Balochistan's natural forests or woods are only 10% of their original size. While deforestation has continued over centuries it has accelerated in the last few decades. The Forestry Sector Master Plan estimates Balochistan's 1993 total wood consumption (fuelwood plus timber) at 3.6 million mn3, and the annual sustainable supply at 0.3 million in3. The balance comes from imports from other provinces, depletion of forest resources, and from waste lands. 2.6 Perhaps the largest remaining area of juniper woodlands (Juniperus excelsa) in the world is located in the uplands (2,500 - 2,750 m) near Ziarat township (land system (a) as in para 1.12). Because of the area's beauty and coolness, it is a favorite summer retreat. Although the juniper woods are State or Protected Forests, they are under tremendous pressure from the local communities for firewood and timber. Unless other wood supplies or alternative fuels can be developed, the remaining juniper woods may disappear over the next 20-30 years. 2.7 The Arid Zone Research Institute (AZR[), Quetta classifies 3 million ha (14%) of Balochistan's rangeland as good, 6.0 million ha (30%) as medium and 12 million ha (56%) as poor. The good rangeland produces around 250-280 kg of forage dry matter (dm)/ha/year, medium about 100 kg din/ha/year, and poor rangeland only 30-50 kg dm/ha/year. Because of over-grazing much, if not all, rangelands have been degraded as regards both devegetation and the conversion of palatable grasses and shrubs into less productive and unpalatable vegetation. Additionally, many villagers are now further destroying rangelands by uprooting small shrubs for fuelwood. Generally, Balochistan's rangelands are producing at around 30% to 50% of their potential. 2.8 Fishing is an important industry along the Mekran coast, and several coastal towns depend on it for employment and income. However, shifting sand dunes along the coastline have covered, and threatened to cover, township buildings and infrastructure such as ports, roads, conmmunication facilities and airports. Through tree planting, GOBal has stabilized some of the dunes, however GOBal needs to treat a much larger area. The towns presently most at risk are Pasni, Gwadar and Pishukan. - 12 - Agriculture 2.9 Crops. Balochistan farmers generally can be split between those who grow rainfed crops (khushkaba and sailaba) and also run small livestock flocks, and those who have access to irrigation water and grow irrigated crops. The main rainfed crops are wheat, sorghum, rapeseed, mustard and fodder. The main irrigated crops are wheat, rice, apples, cherries, peaches, grapes, pomegranate, dates and vegetables. Farmers irrigate grain crops mainly in the Nasirabad area (land system (b) as in para 1.12) under canal irrigation from the Pat Feeder and Kirther canals. The Asian Development Bank is currently assisting to increase this irrigation service area from 0.22 million ha to 0.26 million ha, and reduce and eliminate waterlogging and salinity problems which have occurred in the area because of poor water management. 2.10 Balochistan is Pakistan's main producing area for temperate fruits (apples, peaches, apricots, grapes, pomegranates) and vegetables (except for potatoes). Farmers grow stone fruits in the upland areas using water mainly from karezes and tubewells. Because of the relatively high returns from orchard production, the area of irrigated orchards has increased rapidly over the last decade with a corresponding large increase in the number of tubewells pumping from the upland aquifers. Between 1981/82 and 1988/89, the area of apples, apricots, grapes and pomegranates increased from 13,300 ha to 23,400 ha, that is around 8.5% per year. 2.11 Balochistan has 12 major upland underground water basins. The large increase in tubewells which farmers have installed has led to water mining and large drops in aquifer water levels in at least four of these basins. For example, from 1976 to 1989, aquifer levels in Quetta, Pishin, Mangocher and Mastung valleys have fallen by 15 to 50 feet. In the Quetta valley, where aquifers aiso supply water for Quetta city, individual aquifers are now falling by up to five feet per year. 2.12 LAvestock. Livestock production is the villager's major economic activity in Balochistan's uplands. Sheep and goat farming are the major enterprises, and in 1986 total sheep numbers were 11.1 million and goats 7.3 million. Because the livestock census figures are unreliable, it is difficult to calculate recent growth rates in their populations. Sheep numbers have certainly increased over the last decade and Balochistan now contains about 50% of Pakistan's sheep and about 25 % of the goats. Balochistan's rangelands are considerably overstocked in relation to their forage production potential. Livestock owners have three main sheep and goat production systems, that is, nomadic (about 10% of owners), transhumant (80%), and sedentary or household (10%). B. Population and Poverty 2.13 Balochistan's population is currently around 7.1 million, and is growing at least at the national average of 3.1 % per year. Family planning programs so far have had little success, thus Balochistan's population will continue to increase for many years to come, with serious environmental consequences. Because of its aridity, large proportion of people employed in agriculture and small cultivatable area, Balochistan's average population density is only 20 persons per km2 compared to the national average of about 125. 2.14 Balochistan's population is mainly tribal, and consists of three major ethnic groups. The largest group, the Balochi, live predominantly in the province's south-western (Mekran region), western (Chagai, Kharan) and eastern areas (Marri-Bugti, Sibi, Kachhi). The second largest group, the - 13 - Pathans, inhabit roughly the province's northern third in Zhob, Loralai, Quetta and Pishin regions. The third group, the Brahui, mainly occupy the Kalat plateau around Mastung, Kalat and Khuzdar towns. Additionally, the province has several minorities, for example, Sindhis, Punjabis, Lasis, Mongol Hazaras, Muhajirs and so on. Each of the main and minor groups have their own distinct language. The ethnic groups are divided into tribes which are socio-political er.dties associated with a particular territory. Tribes are subdivided into sections and subsections which usually reflect genealogy and descent. 2.15 Balochistan, with an estimated per capita income of about US$350 per year (national average US$390 per year), is the poorest and least developed of Pakistan's four provinces. The province's literacy rate is also the lowest in Pakistan, 27% for men and 5% for women (national average, men 40% and women 17%). Almost half of children at school age are illiterate. C. Laws and Institutions Legislation 2.16 A multiplicity of laws and regulations at both the federal and provincial levels govern environmental and natural resource management in Pakistan and Balochistan. Many of these date back a century or more and were introduced for purposes other than environmental management. The Forest Act of 1927, for instance, reflects the philosophy of the colonial era and actually facilitates forest exploitation. GOP is currently reviewing this and will develop new legislation that is more compatible to modern, sound environmental management. For the most part legislation is sectoral, relating specifically to forestry, water, wildlife, land tenure and so on. The first law that covered a wider scope was the Environmental Protection Ordinance o. 1983, which applies to all Pakistan, and n... provides for the control of pollution and preservation of the living environment ..." The Ordinance's major features are the establishment of the Council and PEPA, as well as requiring implementing agencies to undertake ELAs procedures during project planning and implementation. 2.17 The Ordinance, because of its emphasis on urban and industrial pollution control, is less than adequate for protecting the country's natural resources. It nevertheless provides a legal framework for rational environental management, and could be an important first step in incorporating environmental considerations into economic planning and management. So far GOP has not implemented the Ordinance because its definitions and operating regulations and procedures have yet to be written and promulgated. Nevertheless, GOP has recently gazetted (August 1993) national environmental quality standards relating to municipal and liquid industrial effluents, industrial gaseous emissions and motor vehicle exhaust and noise. EUAD and PEPA are currently preparing a revised, more comprehensive Ordinance, and guidelines for the undertaking of EIAs for new development expenditures. As well, some provincial environmental protection agencies (EPAs) are persuading other agencies to prosecute polluters under other existing legislation. EPRC is assisting EUAD prepare this new legislation and the necessary regulations and guidelines. Institutions 2.18 Under Pakistan's Constitution the environment and ecology are under the concurrent jurisdiction of the federal and provincial govermments, that is, both levels of government have executive and legislative powers in these areas. Additionally, two types of government agencies have environmental responsibilities: those with a primary function of environmental protection and resource conservation; and - 14 - those such as line agencies, with a primary sectoral interest in resource use and a secondary interest in resource conservation. At the federal level, EUAD has primary responsibility for enivironmental protection and resource conservation and for preparing and developing environmental protection and resource conservation policy. GOP established EUAD in 1975, and EUAD was mainly responsible for GOP promulgating the Ordinance, and establishing the Council and PEPA. While in the recent past EUAD was severely under-staffed and under-funded for its responsibilities, both EPRC and CIDA are assisting to strengthen EUAD regarding additional staff, technical assistance, training, equipment, operating funds and work program development. CIDA is directing its assistance to EUAD through IUCN. EUAD also acts as a secretariat for the Council. 2.19 The Council, established in February 1984, and chaired by Pakistan's Prime Minister, is to: (a) ensure enforcement of the Ordinance; (b) establish comprehensive national environmental policy; (c) ensure incorporation of enviromnental considerations into national development plans and policies; (d) ensure enforcement of the national environmental quality standards; and (e) promote environmentally related research. The Council's members include federal and provincial Ministers responsible for the environment, the federal Secretary dealing with the environment, and other federally selected appointees. 2.20 PEPA, originally established to be the secretariat and executive ann of the Council, is now an attached Department of EUAD. As such it will operate as EUAD's technical, legal and enforcement ann, undertaking fieldwork and research as necessary. PEPA is also responsible for establishing guidelines on how implementing agencies should undertake EIA procedures during project planning, and for reviewing and sanctioning EIAs. EPRC is assisting to strengthen PEPA by providing additional staff, technical assistance, training, equipment and operating funds. 2.21 Although the Ordinance did not specify it, each of the four provinces has established its own provincial EPA. GOP has encouraged this, with provincial EPAs having similar functions to PEPA, and under the Ordinance, acting for PEPA in the provinces, and implementing the Ordinance. While at its recent initial meeting (May 1993), the Council delegated authority to act under the Ordinance to EPAs, EPAs will be unable to enforce the Ordinance until its operating regulations are gazetted, or new legislation enacted. Both of these are expected to occur during 1994. GOBal also proposes to establish an ES within its P&D which would be responsible for coordinating provincial environmental issues, and would ensure P&D's economic planning takes account of environmental concerns. BEPA would be a regulatory agency responsible for implementing environmental legislation. 2.22 In addition to the above agencies, many federal and provincial line agencies are involved in the development and use of the country's natural resources, and have a secondary interest in resource conservation. For example, the Ministry of Water and Power (MWP) and the Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) are responsible for the development of the country's water resources, while the provincial Irrigation and Agricultural Departments are responsible for operation and management of a large portion of these water resources. The Ministry of Communication is responsible for enforcing the Territorial Waters and Maritime Act of 1976. Likewise, the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Cooperatives (MINFAC) is responsible for the protection of forests and research on the effects of pesticides, as are also the provincial Departments of Forestry, Livestock and Wildlife. 2.23 This complex division of responsibility underscores the multi-sectorat nature of environmental concerns as well as the critical role that a variety of federal and provincial agencies are expected to play in the protection of the country's enviromnental resource base. However, till now there - 15 - has been minimal coordination among federal and provincial ministries and line agencies. Each has pursued its task basically in isolation from other agencies with policies and programs often in conflict. Past efforts to coordinate activities have generally been viewed by the vertical line agencies as a threat to their own power structure and thus have rarely endured. Now the Ordinance charges the Council, through EUAD and PEPA, with the primary responsibility for environmental protection and natural resource conservation, and with coordinating national environmental programs. EPRC and this project are attempting to strengthen EUAD, PEPA, EPAs and Punjab and Balochistan P&Ds so that they have the resources to sustain this responsibility. D. Property Rights Land Tenure 2.24 While cropped land is usually privately owned in Balochistan, practically all rangeland is tribally owned. GOBal, through BFD, controls only a small proportion of the rangelands. The various tribes control and operate their rangelands as either common or open rangeland. Tribal authorities manage common rangelands, which are usually the more productive areas, by shutting it to livestock at various times during the year. This is usually in the spring when, following the winter rains, young grasses and herbage are coming away. T'ie tribes, however, do not close open rangelands, and graze these continuously throughout the year. Traditionally, tribes graze their livestock on the open rangeland when they close their common rangeland. All members of a tribe have equal access to their rangeland, and nomads may be allowed to graze their open rangeland. 2.25 To a large extent increasing human and livestock populations, and livestock production becoming more market rather than subsistent oriented, are breaking down tribal authority. As this happens, more and more common rangeland is becoming open rangeland, and being seriously degraded. To rehabilitate rangeland and ensure a sustained yield from it, the tribes amongst other things, must reduce stocking rates, and control access to it. This will require a higher level of management than presently being practiced, and this perhaps can best be introduced in conjunction with new technology, for example, with the introduction of an improved pasture specie. Access to Forest Land 2.26 Under GOP and GOBal forest laws and regulations, local conmnunities have the right to graze livestock, collect deadwood for fuel, and cut some timber in State and Protected Forests. While this was tenable when first introduced, increasing human and livestock populations have made these rights incompatible with the survival of Balochistan's forests and wooded areas. Excessive livestock grazing has prevented natural regeneration of forest species, and reduced the ground cover thus leading to increased rainfall run-off and soil erosion. Local villagers have excessively lopped branches from trees for fuelwood, either restricting tree growth or killing the tree. Forest guards are unable to control villagers' access to or activities in forest areas, and Balochistan's forests are quickly being degraded or are disappearing. For any chance of preserving Balochistan's forests, GOBal must rethink traditional access rights of local communities to them, initiate the search for alternative sources of fuel, and give communities a greater involvement in the ownership and management of the forested areas. . 16- Access to Aquifers 2.27 At present access to Balochistan's aquifers is ineffectively regulated, and a land owner can dig a well or drill a tubewell more or less where he wishes on his land. Currently a provincial ordinance requires a land owner to obtain a no objection certificate (NOC) from the District Water Committee (DWC) before drilling a tubewell, and specifies that tubewells should be at least 750 feet apart on the valley floor, and 1,500 feet apart on the valley terraces or gravely fans. So far DWCs (composed of large land owners) rarely refuse NOC applications, and the spacing regulations do not take aecount of the aquifer's sustainable yield. In many instances, tubewells are merely replacing existing water supplies from karezes, and are not producing new or additional water. 2.28 While GOBal has already undertaken work estimating the sustainable yields from its underground water basins, it now should further study the aquifers in detail, reviewing existing production, sustainable yields and tribal and traditional water rights, and produce new legislation and regulations based on sound technical data to control access and production from the province's aquifers. Although originally this project was to provide the funds for such a study, GOBal recently accepted financial assistance from the Royal Netherlands Government for the work. 2.29 Additionally, Balochistan is subsidizing the cost of drilling tubewells. Some five government agencies drill them, charging upto 40% less than the commercial cost of drilling. Since irrigated orchards are returning relatively large profits, farmers do not need any incentive to sink a tubewell. Thus GOBal should eliminate this subsidy and its agencies should charge commercial drilling rates. 2.30 Other federal subsidizes also encourage the use of tubewells. GOP subsidizes the electrical hook-ups of tubewells, drilling costs in rainfed areas (Rs 15,000/tubewell), and electricity charges. Under the proposed Power Sector Development Project, the Bank would address the removal of subsidies from electricity charges plus several other price policy issues. E. Natural Habitats and National Parks 2.31 Human and livestock pressures have reduced the extent of natural vegetation in all areas of Balochistan. Not only has this reduced the quantity and quality of natural resources available to man, but it has also modified and reduced natural habitats available for Balochistan's indigenous plants and animals. Due to this, and disturbance and competition from domestic livestock, and often from the pressures of uncontrolled hunting, many animal species are now extinct, endangered or threatened. Hunting has always been popular in Balochistan, for sport by the wealthy and for meat by the rural poor. There has also recently been an increased interest in sport hunting by overseas visitors from the Gulf, Europe and the United States. Although hunting regulations exist, they are poorly applied. The following birds and mammals are endangered. Houbara bustard, cranes, falcons, grey wolf, Balochistan black bear, Chiltan markhor, and straight-horned markhor. - 17 - 2.32 Pakistan contains some 5,500 to 6,000 vascular!' plant species, and Balochistan about 1,500 species, which represents a low plant diversity on the global scale (for example, Colombia 50,000- 60,000, Turkey 10,000). Both SS and IT flora are relatively poor in plant species. However only one plant specie in Pakistan (Ulmus wallichaiana) is listed as being threatened. This certainly does not reflect the real situation, and preliminary results of recent surveys indicate that as many as 500 plant species need some form of protection. 2.33 Balochistan contains three national parks covering 0.35 million ha, 14 wildlife sanctuaries (0.95 million ha), and six gamne reserves (0.24 million ha). Two of the game reserves (Bund Khushdil Khan and Zangi Nawar) are wetlands of international importance. Except for Hazarganji- Chiltan National Park located adjacent to Quetta, flora and fauna are protected only in theory within these areas. GOBal has few trained wildlife staff. F. Watershed and Rangeland Rehabilitation 2.34 Over the last ten years development agencies have had some success in recharging upland aquifers and in identifying improved grazing/fodder species which possibly could be used to assist rehabilitate Balochistan's rangelands. BFD, under the IGPRA projects has shown that it is technically possible to recharge upland aquifers'. BFD has accomplished this through check damming, contour trenching and encouraging restoration of plant coverage on the gravelly fans where infiltration rates are the highest. While contour trenching appears to reduce the intensity of flood run-off, reviews of the work are uncertain as to its benefits in increasing infiltration rates. In future work a small amount of contour ripping should be done to substitute for the contour trenching, and the results evaluated. 2.35 In Balochistan's dry climate any recharge of aquifers from rainfall is relatively small. Nevertheless, in the Karkhasa valley, a small area adjacent to Quetta (ten km long by about one km wide), BFD has managed to increase the water flow from existing springs. Of five springs within the valley, several of which had stopped running, BFD works appear to have increased individual flows by up to some 0.25 ft3/second. 2.36 Over the last five to six years the Arid Zone Research Institute (AZRI) has done considerable experimental work on the establishment, management and grazing of Atriplex canescens (four-wing saltbush). This woody shrub technically has extremely good potential for increasing on-farm production of both fodder and fuelwood. Under Balochistan conditions it has produced from two to eight tons of dm per ha per year. It has potential to be used as a fodder bank to reduce grazing intensity on rangelands during certain periods of the year. GOBal now should test this shrub on-farm, under farmer management, to determine how it could be integrated into Balochistan agro-pastoral production systems. 1/ Flowering plants and conifers, but excluding mosses, lichens, fungi, algae and micro-organisms. Impact Evaluation Report for Pakistan Income Generating Project for Refugee Areas (Phase I), Institute for Development Programs, McLean, Virginia, April 15, 1988. - 18 - III. THE PROJECT A. Project Objectives 3.1 The project's general objectives are to improve protection of the environment and management of natural resources. Its specific objectives are to: (a) strengthen the principal institutions in Balochistan responsible for environmental protection and natural resource management; (b) develop policies for improved and sustainable use of natural resources, particularly for woodland protection, rangeland management and upland aquifer use; (c) increase policymakers', government officials' and the public's awareness of damage being done to the environment and natural resources; (d) address some immediate, high priority, resource management problems in the province; and (e) undertake studies and preparation for future environmental protection and natural resource management projects. B. Summay Description 3.2 The project is the first phase in an expected long-term program of World Bank Group support to improve Balochistan's environmental protection and natural resource management. The project consists of a series of actions to strengthen local communities and involve them in the design and imnplementation of natural resource rehabilitation and development; improve natural resource use policies so that natural resources are used in a sustainable manner; strengthen institutions involved with natural resource use and conservation so they are better able to undertake their responsibilities; and undertake subprojects to rehabilitate and develop natural resources. The individual project components are: situtonal Strntheing (a) establishing an Enviromnental Section within P&D by providing staff, training, technical assistance, equipment, vehicles and operating funds; (b) strengthening BEPA through providing staff, training, technical assistance, civil works, equipment, vehicles and operating funds; (c) strengthening BFD through providing training in community extension, project planning and national park management; (d) initiating mass awareness programs to educate decision makers and the public concerning environmental issues through workshops, short programs on radio and television, articles in newspapers and magazines, the use of billboards and posters, and other means; - 19 - (e) studies and actions to improve natural resource use policies, and feasibility studies to prepare other natural resource use projects; Natural Resource Rehabilitation Subprojects (f) operations to rehabilitate and develop damaged natural resources: (i) Sand Dune Stabilization on the Mekran Coast at Pasni, Gwadar and Pishukan; and (ii) Hazarganji-Chiltan National Park Development; (g) pilot programs to develop site-specific methods of rehabilitating and developing damaged natural resources: (i) Rangeland and Watershed Rehabilitation Development in Northern Balochistan (250 to 400 mm rainfall); and (ii) Ziarat Juniper Forest Conservation. C. Project Details [nstitutional Development 3.3 P&D. Under the project, P&D would establish an ES which would have the following objectives: (a) coordinating all environmental matters within Balochistan; and (b) ensuring the sustainable and/or efficient use of natural resources. The section would be responsible for: (a) coordinating all Balochistan enviromnental matters and formulating environmental policy, legislation and regulations; (b) reviewing provincial development proposals to ensure they take account of GOP and GOBal envirornental policies; and (c) monitoring natural resource management, and when necessary, liaising and coordinating with provincial line agencies (including undertaking policy and feasibility studies) to introduce economically viable and ecologically sound natural resource management policies and practices. ES would consist of two sub-sections, one of which would work on natural resource issues, while the other would review industrial and urban development proposals. Chart I shows ES's staffing, and the section's higher-level staff {Basic Pay Scale (BPS)-16 and above} would include a Director General (BPS- 20), two Directors (BPS-19), three Assistant Directors (BPS-17), and four Research Assistants (BPS-16). The natural resource sub-section would consist of one Director, two Assistant Directors and three Research Assistants. The industry and urban sub-section would consist of one Director, one Assistant Director and one Research Assistant (Chart 1). 3.4 P&D has already appointed ES's key staff, that is, the Director General, one Director, two Assistant Directors and the necessary support staff, and is currently recruiting the remaining required staff. ES thus will be able to quickly commence its work programs. The project would fund ES's ten higher level and necessary support staff positions. Additionally, the project would provide ES vehicles, office equipment, computers (plus software and air conditioners), technical books and journals, short-term local and foreign training, and long-term foreign training (one MSc), internationally and locally recruited technical assistance, and incremental operating costs. To assist ES develop its work programs, the technical assistance would include natural resource management experts. It would also include training - 20- experts to help ES develop its local and foreign training. Besides agency staff, community leaders would also be included in short-term local and foreign training programs. To ensure P&D completes ES's staffing without delay, IDA obtained an assurance that by September 30, 1994, P&D would recruit and place the balance of ES's staff, that is, one Director, one Assistant Director and four Research Assistants (BPS-16), plus the remaining required support staff. 3.5 BEPA. The project would strengthen BEPA to enable it to meet its objectives of implementing and enforcing national and provincial environmental protection legislation and regulations, and creating awareness of environmental problems in Balochistan. BEPA is responsible for: (a) measuring and monitoring industrial, urban and agricultural pollutant discharges into the province's air, water and soil, and legally enforcing national/provincial environmental quality standards; (b) instituting provincial environmental impact assessment (EIA) procedures for investments likely to damage the environment, reviewing EIAs of public development proposals, and monitoring any subsequent expenditures or actions taken to alleviate possible environmentally damaging impacts; and (c) undertaking mass awareness programs concerning environmental issues. Chart 2 shows BEPA's staffing. BEPA already has a Director General (BPS-20), one Deputy Director, two Assistant Directors, and three Research Assistant positions. Under the project BEPA would create and fill positions for an extra Assistant Director, an Administrative Officer (BPS-16), and additional support staff. BEPA would also establish a publicity unit, consisting of an Assistant Director, two Publicity Officers (BPS-16), one Photographer (BPS-14) and one Technician (BPS-14). BEPA would organize its staff into three sub- sections, each headed by an Assistant Director, a publicity unit and an administration unit. One sub- section would work on the Hub Industrial Estate, another on industrial waste and emission issues, and the third on urban waste disposal issues. To assist BEPA staff undertake their duties, the project would provide an office building, staff houses, vehicles, portable pollution measuring equipment, computers (plus software and air conditioners), technical books and journals, short-term local and foreign training, and long-term foreign training (one MSc), internationally and locally recruited technical assistance, and incremental operating costs. To assist BEPA develop its work programs, the technical assistance would include environment engineers with experience in urban and industrial waste and emissions management, environmentalists with experience in EIA procedures, and mass awareness experts. It would also include training experts to help BEPA develop its local and foreign training programs (in conjunction with ES), and a legal expert to assist review environmental legislation. To ensure BEPA obtains all its staff without delay, IDA obtained an assurance that by September 30, 1994, BEPA would hire two Assistant Directors (BPS-li), one Adinnistrative Officer, two publicity officers (BPS-16), and the necessary support staff. 3.6 BFD. Besides providing BFD additional management and support staff, technical assistance and training to implement the natural resource rehabilitation subprojects, the project would strengthen BFD's overall capabilities in community extension, project planning and implementation, and national park management. To strengthen BFD's community extension, it would provide training programs in community extension (two weeks in-service) for all higher level BFD staff, focussing particularly on social or farm forestry and range management activities. The training program's objectives would be to strengthen BFD's capabilities to interact and work with local communities, and orient BFD's overall approach to natural resource management ftom a "top down" manner to one of heavily involving local communities in the planning and implementation of natural resource development. The Pakistan Forest Institute (PFI) would conduct the training at its facilities in Peshawar, NWFP. The project would also provide long-term foreign training consisting of one MSc in social forestry at an appropriate foreign university. - 21 - 3.7 To improve BFD's planning capabilities, the project would provide BFD's planning staff short-term foreign training in natural resource development planning, vehicles and staff housing. The staff housing would be an incentive to encourage better performing staff to join BFD's planning group. To strengthen project implementation, the project would provide one MSc in nursery management at a foreign university. Under the Hazarganji-Chiltan National Park Development subproject (HCNP), the project would provide BFD staff foreign long and short-term training in national park management (see para 3.15). This would include one MSc degree, and 18 sm of short-term training consisting of working in appropriate foreign national parks. 3.8 Under the four subprojects, the project would provide BFD an additional five graduate staff and 17 non-graduate staff, plus the necessary support staff. Para 4.06 describes the duties and responsibilities of these graduate and non-graduate staff. BFD has already hired key staff, that is, two Divisional Forest Officers (DFOs) (BPS-18). To ensure BFD recruits the balance of its staff in a timely manner, IDA has obtained an assurance that BFD would hire one Vistor's Center Curator, two Forest Rangers (FRs) (BPS-16), eight Foresters (FOs) (BPS-6), nine Forest Guards (FGs) (BPS-2), and the necessary support staff, by no later than September 30, 1994. Mass Awareness Programs 3.9 The project would provide BEPA funds throughout the project's life for its Publicity unit to run mass awareness programs to educate decision makers and the public concerning environmental issues, and generate public support and participation in measures to protect the environment. The programs would consist of workshops, short radio and television programs, newspaper and magazine articles, the use of billboards and posters, and other appropriate means. Depending on the particular community group BEPA wished to influence, it would carefully select the programs and media to be used taking account of the group's literacy level and media form its members most commonly use. BEPA would contract local organizations or experts to produce any required materials (film, articles and so on) and would then publicize them through appropriate local media. It would also evaluate the effectiveness of the programs. The project would provide BEPA internationally and locally recruited technical assistance to help design the programs and evaluate their effectiveness. Policy Changes and Studies, Project Prepartion, Tubewefi Drilling Subsidies 3.10 The project would contribute to policy changes, both formal and informal to improve the sustainability and efficiency of use of aquifers, rangelands and forested areas. Concerning aquifers, the project would ensure development of improved legislation to regulate access to aquifers, and eliminate GOBal subsidies on tubewell drilling. The proposed Power Sector Development project would address federal pricing policy issues, including removing subsidies from electricity charges for tubewells (para 2.30). Regarding rangelands, on a pilot basis, the project would introduce an improved pasture specie to see if improved range management practices can be developed around it (para 3.17). Concerning forested areas, again on a pilot basis, the project would introduce forest zoning, community participation in management and enforcement of activities within zoned areas, and production of fuelwood plantations to try and develop sustainable forest management practices (para 3.19-3.20). While the project may not directly introduce formal policy changes (legislation) for range and forest management, it will ensure full community participation in developing, designing and implementing the proposed changes to be introduced. This will help internalize externalities arising from the use of these resources under present policies. - 22 - 3.11 The project would provide ES funds for environmental policy studies (US$0.3 million equivalent) and for preparation of future natural resource management projects (US$0.3 million equivalent). In most cases ES would undertake or contract the studies in collaboration with the appropriate federal or provincial agency. ES would also internationally and locally recruit consultants to assist with the studies. Soon after project conmmencement, and using Royal Netherlands Government grant funds, ES would initiate a high priority study to develop the technical criteria for regulating access to Balochistan's aquifers and prepare the accompanying legislation and ordinances. Balochistan's Irrigation Department, with appropriate consultant assistance, would undertake this study for ES. Other priority policy topics for study could include, amongst other things, surveying and reviewing issues concerning tribal land tenure rights, natural resource management along Balochistan's coastline, air pollution and solid and liquid waste disposal in Quetta and the Hub industrial area, and fertilizer and pesticide residuals. Early in the project's life ES, in collaboration with BEPA and assisted by the project consultants (natural resource management and industrial and urban waste disposal experts), would prioritize and initiate the program of policy studies. IDA obtained assurances from GOBal that ES would: (a) submit proposals for studies to IDA for review and approval before commencing them; (b) engage consultants with qualifications and under conditions acceptable to IDA for undertaking the studies; and (c) by June 30, 1996: (i) complete the study to develop technical criteria for regulating access to Balochistan 's aqwufers; and (i) have drafted appropriate legislation and ordinances. 3.12 To encourage the efficient sustainable use of groundwater, during the two and a half years from July 1, 1994, to January 1, 1997, GOBal would progressively eliminate all subsidies involved with GOBal agencies drilling tubewells. To ensure tubewell drilling subsidies are timely removed, IDA obtained an assurance from GOBal that during July 1994 to January 1, 1997 GOBal agencies would eliminate, in three stages, all subsidies they provide when drilling tubewells, that is, by no later than July 1. 1994, reduce the drilling subsidies to 70% of the level at which it stood on July 1, 1993; by no later than July 1, 1995, to 40% of this level; by no later than July 1, 1996, to 10% of this level; and by Januy 1, 1997, completely eliminate all drilling subsidies. Natural Resource Rehabilitation Subprojects 3.13 The project would support four subprojects, two operations and two pilot programs, to rehabilitate and develop degraded forests, watersheds, rangelands, coastal areas and natural habitats. GOBal has identified these subprojects as priority work in rehabilitating and protecting its agro-ecological resources and has chosen them because they: (a) address pressing problems of environmental and natural resource degradation; (b) are acceptable to the local population; (c) involve sustainable use of natural resources and are ecologically sound; (d) will have economic internal rates of return (IRR) of 10% or greater (subprojects for which benefits are calculable); (e) conform to GOP, GOBal and Bank strategies and priorities in environmental protection and natural resource management; and (f) have a reasonable chance of succeeding, andi are within GOBal's capabilities to implement with reasonable technical assistance support. The following paragraphs briefly describe the subprojects, while Annex 1 gives their detailed cost estimates and Annexes 2 through 5 and the Project Implementation Volume give subproject details. 3.14 Sand Dune Stabiization on the Mekran Coast. Under the project, the Sand Dune Stabilization subproject (SDS) would strengthen BFD to undertake sand dune stabilization work, halt sand dune movement near the coastal towns of Pasni, Gwadar and Pishukan, conduct research on sand dune stabilization, improve local fuelwood supplies and provide a more pleasant habitat in and around the towns. SDS is located along the Mekran coast in the province's far south-western region, adjacent to - 23 - Iran. The area is a coastal plain with an average annual rainfall of some 100 mm. Moving sand dunes have destroyed, and are threatening to destroy, buildings and infrastructure in the coastal fishing towns and villages. SDS would: (a) strengthen BFD's staff working on the Mekran coast; (b) plant trees and shrubs on some 5,000 ha around the towns of Pasni, Gwadar and Pishukan to stabilize and halt sand dune movement; (c) promote the planting of about 50,000 fuelwood and some 10,000 fruit trees by local organizations and individuals within towns and around homes; and (d) conduct research, including adaptive trials and demonstrations, which will: (i) screen indigenous and exotic species of trees, shrubs and vegetative covers for sand dune fixation and for social/farm forestry activities (fuelwood and fruit trees). This would include dry sowing experiments on dunes or in existing tree plantations to create ground vegetation and fix dunes using indigenous and exotic shrubs, herbs or grasses; and (ii) continue studies on soil salinity and the means of reducing its effects in existing and potential tree plantation areas through irrigation/leaching and soil amendments. The studies would also investigate the use of physical barriers to reduce sand blast and fertilization to increase tree growth, and ways of controlling rats and termites in the plantations. To support SDS, the project would provide mapping, tree nurseries, tree planting, adaptive trial inputs, staff offices and housing, vehicles, equipment and tools, internationally and locally recruited technical assistance, local and foreign training, and incremental staff and operating costs. Annex 2 describes project works in more detail. 3.15 Hazarganji-Chiltan National Park Development. Under the project, the Hazarganji- Chiltan National Park Development subproject (HCNP) would strengthen BFD's national park/wilderness area management capability; develop a park management plan (PMP) for the Hazarganji-Chiltan national park covering development of natural resources, infrastructure and facilities; and implement the plan. The park itself is located 20 km southwest of Quetta in northern Balochistan. It covers about 15,600 ha, consisting of rugged and dissected mountain ridges varying in elevation from 1,500 ni to 3,300 m. With an average annual rainfall of about 225 mm, the park is an area of great scenic and rugged beauty. Following gazettement as a national park in 1977, BFD has managed to partially enclose and protect the area, and indigenous grasses, shrubs and other plants have re-established themselves. The park also contains the unique, endemic Chiltan Makhor (Capra falconeri-chiltanensis), whose population has increased from some 110 to around 480 since being protected. 3.16 Under the subproject, and using a multi-disciplinary team including technical assistance, BFD would review and update an existing PMP for the park, while concurrently undertaking a wildlife and natural resource inventory of the park. BFD would incorporate the inventory results into a final PMP, and obtain IDA's agreement to the final PMP before implementing it. PMP implementation would cover the following activities: (a) rehabilitating and conserving the natural habitat, including soil erosion control and improved water infiltration, through the limited planting of indigenous trees and grasses, gully plugging, check dam construction, planting of vegetative hedges (vetiver grass) along contours, and ripping en the contour; (b) developing water supplies for both wildlife (springs and watering points) and staff and visitor facilities; (c) constructing an additional 16 km of park boundary fence, about 24 km equivalent (including rehabilitation works) of patrol roads, and some 30 km of hiking trails; (d) constructing a visitor's center, consisting of an exhibition hall, a slides/video film projection room, a small cafeteria and washrooms, which will display exhibits, photographs, video film and so on of wildlife, plants, geography and the environment of the local area and Balochistan; (e) constructing recreational facilities including camp sites, benches and tables, children's play areas, shelters and staff offices and houses; and (f) research on the reintroduction of some indigenous animals to the park such as the urial. To support HCNP, the project would provide mapping, vehicles, equipment, civil works, tree and shrub planting, soil erosion control works, research inputs, internationally and locally recruited technical assistance, foreign and local training, and incremental staff and operating funds. BFD would - 24 - contract with WWF to organize and supply the necessary technical assistance and local in-service training of staff. Under long and short-term foreign training, BFD would send one staff member to a suitable foreign university to do an MSc in national park management, and several staff to suitable foreign national parks to work for two to three months in park management. IDA has obtained an assurance from GOBal that BFD would submit its PMP for Hazarganji-Chiltan national park to IDA for review and approval before commencing to implement it. Annex 3 describes project works in more detail. 3.17 Rangeland/Watershed Rehabilitation. Under the project, the Rangeland/Watershed Rehabilitation pilot program subproject (RWRP) would plant a relatively high producing fodder shrub (Atriplex canescens, commionly called four-wing salt bush) on individually or tribally controlled rangeland to test the technical, economic and social feasibility of introducing the shrub into the province's agro- pastoral grazing systems. If this pilot program is successful, it could lead to a wider introduction of atriplex to Balochistan's rangeland, and in association with appropriate range stocking rates and management, contribute towards the rehabilitation of the province's rangelands in the higher rainfall zones (200 to 400 mm). BFD, in association with AZRI, has selected five sites throughout northern Balochistan within the northem and central rangelands land system classification (see para 2.03(a)). At each site BFD would select some two to ten households and plant a total of about 30 ha of atriplex on the householder's land. BFD's total atriplex plantings would be 150 ha. While introducing atriplex, at some sites BFD would attempt to harness the potential of selected micro-catchments to provide seasonal minor irrigation through improving water infiltration in the nicro-atchments using measures such as check-dams, contour ripping, gully plugging and vegetative hedges planted along the contour. BFD would plant the atriplex along contours on or just below the gravelly fans in the drainage of the improved micro-catchments, or in some cases on the valley floor. The plantings can be established either into existing natural pasture or into old cultivation areas where it could be inter-cropped. Farmers would manage the plantings as a fodder bank to relieve grazing pressure on the adjacent natural pastures at selected times during the year. 3.18 At a third to a half of the sites, for each ha of atriplex planted, BFD would improve about 10 ha of micro-catchmient area, or a total of some 800 ha of micro-catchment. Before selecting the householders to participate in the program, BFD would undertake diagnostic surveys of each site to help plan the developments, and to incorporate local householders into the designing and implementation of the program. AZRI would assist BFD implement RWRP, and would monitor and interpret the results. To support the pilot program, the project would provide mapping, atriplex nurseries and planting, a vehicle, tractor and implements, equipment, internationally and locally recruited constiltants, and incremental operating costs. Annex 4 details project works for the subproject. 3.19 Ziarat Juniper Forest Conservation. The better remaining portions of Balochistan's rare juniper forests and woodlands cover about 50,000 ha in the districts of Ziarat and Loralai. The trees are growing under extremely harsh conditions at between 1,800 and 3,000 m elevation; in poor soils; under annual average rainfalls of 200 to 250 mm; and a growing season of some five to six months per year. Annual growth and natural regeneration of the juniper is minute, and local demand for timber and fuel is severely depleting and degrading the forest areas. To initiate efforts to conserve the ecologically richest remaining stands of juniper, the Ziarat Juniper Forest Conservation pilot program (ZJFC) would zone the forest for different uses, and plant commnunity fuelwood shrub plantations around the juniper areas as substitute sources of community fuelwood and timber. The subproject would test the operational feasibility of the new forest management proposals, and the technical, social and economic feasibility of growing community fuelwood plantations under such harsh conditions. If successful, these pilot operations could lead to a second phase project. ZJFC would: (a) reorganize and strengthen BFD's Ziarat Forest Division; (b) survey and inventory the forest areas regarding forest and water resources (including - 25 - diseased juniper areas), topography, land use and population, while concurrently undertaking a diagnostic survey of the area to help plan operations, and to incorporate the local communities into the planning and implementation of the program; (c) classify the forest into four distinct zones according to tree population, size, height, quality and health, and specify the activities allowable in each zone; (d) establish about 500 ha of community fuelwood shrub plantations, which, if considered successful by the mid-term review, BFD would expand to 1,000 ha during the project's second half; (e) undertake about 10,000 ha of soil erosion control and water infiltration improvement works (check dams, vetiver grass planting and other) on the higher, steeper areas, including developing about 10-12 springs; (f) produce and distribute some 100,000 tree seedlings for individuals and groups to plant around their homesteads and villages; (g) construct staff offices, houses and other buildings, and forest vehicle tracks (about 35 Iam) and paths (75 Iam); (h) conduct public awareness campaigns concerning the project; and (i) undertake research and trials on new species of fuelwood trees, shrubs, grasses and fodders, and on dwarf mistletoe disease (Anceuthobium oxyce dri) which attacks juniper. 3.20 BFD and the local communities would jointly agree on and enforce the activities to be allowed in each of the proposed forest zones. The zones themselves would be generally as follows: (a) Zone A would include the best forest, and would be strictly protected as a heritage for future generations. It may consist of several small areas, each of which would be fenced, and which may total around 1,500 ha; (b) Zone B would comprise the forest around Ziarat township (some 1,000 ha). It would be marked by border posts, and would also be an exclusion area to ensure the township remained surrounded by forest; (c) Zone C would be the second-best forest or buffer zone, about 10,000 ha marked by border posts. When appropriate, villagers could cut grass and collect fuelwood in this zone; and (d) Zone D would comprise the remaining 37,500 ha of project area. To support ZJFC works, the project would provide mapping, seedlings, civil works, vehicles, equipment, internationally and locally recruited technical assistance, foreign and local training, and incremental staff and operating costs. Annex 5 details the subproject's work. Trining and Technical Assitanc 3.21 Training. As few people in Balochistan have experience in environmental protection and resource management, and it is a new subject for governmental agencies, training is extremely important to introduce agency staff to the basic concepts involved. To enable staff to quickly obtain on-the-job expertise, project training is mainly structured around short-term foreign and local courses, which the project would strongly support. Short-term foreign courses would consist of study tours, working tours with suitable foreign entities, international seminars, conferences and workshops, short courses on particular subjects, and foreign lecturers conducting short courses in Pakistan. Short-term local training would consist of introductory courses to sensitize senior government officials to environmental protection and natural resource management, and regular in-service training for professional staff. ES and BEPA would internationally and locally hire consultants to assist develop and implement their foreign and local training, including undertaking a skill gap analysis. Other consultants hired under the project would also assist plan, develop and implement the foreign and local training. The project would also provide some long-term foreign training, one MSc for ES, one for BEPA and three for BFD staff. Long-term traiuing has been minimized so that the few staff trained in natural resource management are not away from their duties for long periods. Annex 6, Table 1 lists the aggregate training program by implementing agency. lDA obtained an assurancefrom GOBal that ES, BEPA and BFD wouldfurnish proposalsfor any training under the project to IDA for its prior review and approval. - 26 - 3.22 Technical Assistance. To assist in implementing the project and individual work programs, ES, BEPA and BFD together would internationally recruit about 50 staff months (smiR) and locally recruit some 178 staff months (smLR) of technical assistance as follows: (a) ES would recruit: (i) natural resource management experts to assist ES develop its overall work programs (4 smiR and 3 smLR); and (ii) training experts to undertake a training needs assessment of ES's staff, and then design and assist implement local and foreign training programs (3 smiR and 3 smLR). The experts would also design short programs to sensitize high level GOBal staff to natural resource management problems; (b) BEPA would recruit: (i) environmental engineers with experience in industrial, urban and agri-business waste disposal to assist in developing BEPA's program of measuring and monitoring pollutant discharge into Balochistan's air, water and soil (4 smIR and 4 smLR); (ii) environmentalists to assist BEPA introduce and initiate its EIA procedures for development expenditures likely to damage the environment (4 smlR and 4 smLR); (iii) training experts to undertake a training needs assessment of BEPA's staff, and then design and assist implement local and foreign training programs (2 smIR and 2 smLR). The experts would also design short programs to sensitize high level GOBal staff to industrial and urban emissions and waste disposal issues; (iv) mass awareness experts to assist design mass awareness programs and evaluate their effectiveness (3 smIR and 3 smLR); and (v) legal expert to review the province's environmental legislation (3 smLR). (c) BFD would recruit monitoring and evaluation specialists to assist design and implement appropriate monitoring and evaluation systems for all four subprojects (3 smIR and 6 smLR). It would also recruit: (i) for SDS a sand dune stabilization specialist (6 smIR), sociologist (12 smLR), and a University of Karachi (UOK) research team consisting of a botanist and a soil salinity expert (14 smLR) and research fellows/assistants (20 smLR); (ii) for HCNP a park management planner/team leader (8 smIR), natural resource/habitat improvement advisor (4 smLR), wildlife management specialist (4 smLR), a recreational development/civil engineer (3 smIR), and sociologist/socio-economist (6 smLR); - 27 - (iii) for RWRP an agricultural economist/diagnostic survey specialist (3 sm1R), a sociologist (12 smLR), and an AZRI team of economists, pasture and livestock experts to assist implement and monitor the pilot program and interpret the program results (lump sum provided); (iv) for ZJFC an agricultural economist/diagnostic survey specialist (3 smIR and 3 smLR), community forester (2 smIR), juniper/mistletoe disease specialist (2 smlR), sociologist (45 smLR), Pakistan Forest Institute (PFI) research team (12 smLR), AZRI research team (12 smLR); and (v) for ZJFC civil engineers to design and supervise construction of the water supply to the proposed community fuelwood shrub plantation at Mazri Shores. 3.23 By December 31, 1994, ES, BEPA and BFD would have internationally recruited a single consultant firm or consortium of firms to supply all the above listed services except for assistance from PFI, AZRI and UOK, technical assistance which BFD will require for implementing HCNP (para 3.22(c)(ii)], and civil engineers for BFD [para 3.22(c)(v)]. The firm or consortium should have local expertise, or associate itself with a suitable local firm, to supply the required locally recruited consultants. If necessary to supply expertise in a particular area, the firm may subcontract a component to an individual or firm or entity, or associate itself with another firm or entity. In hiring the consultant firm, ES, BEPA and BFD would constitute a single selection committee with representatives from each agency. ES, BEPA and BFD could each sign the agreed contract with the selected firm, or each sign an individual contract with the selected firm. BFD would locally recruit and sign contracts with UOK, PFI and AZRI, and would arrange a contract with WWF for the technical assistance to implement HCNP. BFD would locally recruit civil engineers. 3.24 Annex 6, Table 2 lists all technical assistance by implementing agency and required expertise. IDA obtained assurances from GOBal that the implementing agencies would finalize arrangements and sign contracts for engaging consultants with qualifications and under conditions acceptable to IDA as follows: (a) by December 31, 1994, ES, BEPA and BFD would internationally recruit a singlefirm, or consortium offirms to supply the services listed in para 3.22 (a) (fii), (b) (1-v) and (c) (i,iii and iv) except for assistance from PFI, AZRI and UOK, (b) by December 31, 1994, BFD would locally recruit and sign contracts with: (i) PFI and A2Rlfor assistance with ZJFC; (ii) AZWIfor assistance with RWRP; and (iii) UOKfor assistance with SDS; (c) by December 31, 1994, BFD would sign a contract with WWF to supply the services listed in para 3.22 (c)(ii); and (d) by December 31, 1994, BFD would sign a contract with a localfirm of civil engineers to design the water supply at Mazri Shores. Project Phasing 3.25 ES, BEPA and BFD would implement project works during the five and a quarter years from March 1994 to June 1999. Annex 7 shows key dates for activities crucial to project implem,ent during the first two project years. These activities include engaging consultants, recruiting agency staff, initiating ES and BEPAs' work programs, undertaking diagnostic surveys and establishing tree nurseries. - 28 - D. Cost Estimates and Financing Cost Estimates 3.26 The total estimated project cost is US$17.8 million, of which US$5.4 million (30%) is the foreign exchange costs. Project costs are expressed in January 1994 prices, and include duties and taxes esthmated at US$0.9 million. Base cost estimates were derived from detailed cost analyses of recent GOBal agency operations, including reforestation, soil erosion control, sand dune stabilization, staff training programs, construction contracts and vehicle and equipment purchases. Contract quantities for building construction are based on standard govenunent designs. Consultant service costs are based on recent contracts for similar services in Balochistan and Pakistan. The cost estimates include allowances for physical contingencies of 15% for civil works and 10% for machinery, equipment and materials. Additionally, the cost estimates include allowances for price escalations during implementation based on IDA's estimated domestic and foreign inflation rates as shown in Table 3.1 Table 3.1: Anua Iflation Rates (%) FY94 FY95 FY96 FY97 FYl9 FY99 Domesfic Costs 8.0 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 International Costs 1.3 1.8 2.8 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.27 Table 3.2 summarizes project costs while Annex 1, Tables I to 3 give details of these costs. - 29 - Table 3.2: ProJect Cost Summary Foreig Local Foreig Totl Local Foreign Total Exchange (PRs mmion) (US$ mllion) (%) Institutional Dev 37.5 63.5 101.0 1.2 2.1 3.3 64 Sand Dune Stab. 157.5 40.1 197.6 5.2 1.3 6.5 20 H/C Nat. Park 18.1 16.7 34.8 0.6 0.6 1.2 50 Rangeland Rehab. 11.4 4.0 15.4 0.4 0.1 0.5 20 Ziarat Jun. Forest 86.1 24.8 110.9 2.8 0.8 3.6 22 Total Baseline Costs 310.6 149.1 459.7 10.2 4.9 15.1 32 Physical Conit. 38.4 9.8 48.2 1.3 0.3 1.6 19 Price Contingencies 60.7 19.8 80.5 0.9 0.2 1.1 18 Total Project Costs 409.7 178.7 588.4 12.4 5.4 17.8 30 Financing 3.28 Table 3.3 shows the proposed project financing plan. IDA, GOBal and local community farmers and households would jointly finance the project. IDA would provide a credit of SDR 10.7 million (US$14.7 million), local communities and households Rs 19.8 million (US$0.6 million), all of which would be in labor, and GOBal the remaining Rs 82.7 million (US$2.5 million). IDA's credit would finance 83% of project costs, including 100% of foreign exchange costs and 75% of local costs. Excluding duties, taxes and community farmers and household contributions, IDA would finance 90% of project costs. Community farmers and households would finance a portion of the costs for shade, fuelwood and fruit tree development. GOBal would provide its share of project finances to the implementing agencies ES, BEPA and BFD out of annual budget appropriations. The federal Ministry of Finance will allocate the project credit funds to GOBal as part of GOBal's annual development expenditurefunds. FudlapprovalbytheExecutve CommitteeoftheNationalEconomic Council (ECNEC) of the project's Planning Commission Forms No. 1 (PC-i) and sanctioning of project expenditures is a condition of credit effectiveness. - 30- Table 3.3: Project FinanIdg Plau (US$ 0il1on)W Category GOBal Households IDA Total Funds Civil Works 0.1 - 1.1 1.2 Forest Works 0.8 0.6 7.5 8.9 Fieldwork 0.1 - 1.2 1.3 Vehicles 0.2 - 0.3 0.5 Machin, Equip, Mater 0.2 - 0.4 0.6 Technical Assistance 0.1 - 1.6 1.7 Studies - - 0.6 0.6 Foreign Training - - 0.6 0.6 Local Training - - 0.1 0.1 Mass Awareness - - 0.4 0.4 Increm Salaries 0.3 - 0.6 0.9 Inrem Operating Costs 0.7 - 0.3 1.0 Total 2.5 0.6 14.7 17.8 I/ Includes taxes and duties estimated at US$0.9 million, and financing amounts are rounded to the nearest US$100,000. E. Procurement 3.29 Table 3.4 summarizes the project's procurement arrangements, while the following paragraphs describe them in more detail. -31 - Table 3.4: Procurement Arrangements (US$ mUllons)w Procurement Method Total Project Element ICB LCB Other NBFb' Cost Civil Works 1.2 1.2 (1.1) (1.1) Forest Works 8.3 0.6 8.9 (7.5) (7-5) Fieldwork 1.3 1.3 (1.2) (1-2) Vehicles 0.5 0.5 (0.3) (0.3) Mach, Equip & Materials 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.6 (0.2) (0.1) (0.1) (0.4) Technical Assistance Proj Preparation & Implementation 1.1 1.1 (1.0) (1.0) histitutional Development 0.6 0.6 (0.6) (0.6) Studies Policy Support 0.3 0.3 (0.3) (0-3) Project Preparation 0.3 0.3 (0.3) (0.3) Foreign Training 0.6 0.6 (0.6) (0.6) Local Training 0.1 0.1 (0.1) (0. 1) Mass Awareness 0.4 0.4 (0.4) (0-4) Increm Salaries 0.9 0.9 (0.6) (0.6) Increm Operating CostsS' 1.0 1.0 (0.3) (0-3) Total 0.8 1.3 15.1 0.6 17.8 (0.5) (1.2) (13.0) (14.7) /V Includes taxes, duties and contigencies. Figures are rounded to the nearest US$100,000. pigues in parntes are the respective amounts financed by the IDA Credit. bI Not Bank-Group financed. £1 IDA financing would be limited to operational and maintenance expenditures on vehicles and civil works. - 32 - 3.30 Civil Works (US$1.2 millon). Civil works would include the construction of staff offices, houses, garages and other buildings, fencing around the Hazarganji-Chiltan national park and in the Ziarat juniper areas, and access road construction. All the works would be scattered, small, and simple in nature, and would not be of interest to foreign contractors. These works would be packaged so as to maximize contract size, but with a minimum contract value of US$40,000 equivalent, and undertaken following local competitive bidding procedures (LCB) acceptable to IDA. In undertaking LCB procedures, the implementing agencies would use IMA's sample bidding documents for the procurement of smaller works (issued September 1992). 3.31 Forest Works (US$8.3 million). Forest works include the producing of tree seedlings for timber, fuelwood, sand dune stabilization and shade, and the planting and care of the seedlings, including constructing forest tracks and paths. Since many of the forest works areas are remote and climatically severe, and the nature of the work requires close supervision by expertly trained forest staff, BFD would execute for-st works by force account. Local community households would assist BFD with the planting and care of some of the fuelwood and shade seedlings. 3.32 Field Works (US$1.3 million). Field works would include soil conservation works (gully plugging, check dams, contour ripping, planting of vegetative hedges) pasture establishment, adaptive research trials and demonstration plots. These works would also be small and scattered, undertaken at many sites, and in several instances requiring close supervision by departnental staff, for example, forestry and agricultural adaptive trials. For these reasons BFD would execute field works by force account. 3.33 Vehides, Motorcycles, Equipment, Fuiture and Technical Books (US$1.1 minlion). Vehicles (US$0.5 million), motorcycles (US$0.1 million) and tractors and implements (US$0.2 million) would be procured through a single contract, or contracts grouped into one package, using intenational competitive bidding (ICB) procedures consistent with guidelines for procurement under IDA credits. A preference limited to 15% of the cif bid price or the actual customs duty applicable to non- exempt importers, whichever is lower, would be extended to qualified local manufacturers in the evaluation of ICB bids. The procuring agencies would use IDA's standard ICB bidding documents for goods. The remaining equipment, machinery and furniture would be needed at different places, various times and in small quantities, and would not attract foreign bidders. Pollution measuring equipment which could be packaged into contracts of US$50,000 equivalent or more would be procured through LCB procedures acceptable to IDA. The total value of items to be procured through LCB would be limited to an aggregate of US$0.1 million. Goods costing less than US$50,000 equivalent could be procured through local or international shopping (minimum three quotations). The total value of items to be procured through shopping would be limited to an aggregate US$0.2 million. In addition, technical books and journals (US$10,000) may be purchased directly from suppliers. 3.34 Consultant Services, Studies, Traing and Mass Awareness. Consultant services (US$1.7 million) and studies (US$0.6 million) would be procured according to IDA Guidelines for the Use of Consultants, and foreign and local training arrangements (US$0.7 million) would be subject to IDA approval. Mass awareness expenditures (US$0.4 million), comprising art work, videos, films and other publicity materials, would be procured following normal GOBal practices subject to IDA approval. Project expenditures on incremental operating costs (US$1.9 million, including salaries and allowances; operating and maintenance costs of vehicles, equipment, and civil works; and administrative overheads) would also be procured following normal government procedures. IDA, however, would only disburse - 33 - against incremental staff salaries, and operational and maintenance expenditures for vehicles and civil works. 3.35 IDA would review contract documentation before tendering and award for all contracts costing US$125,000 equivalent or more for civil works and US$50,000 equivalent or more for goods and mass awareness services. These reviews would cover about 70% of the value of civil works and 75% of goods and mass awareness services. Bank staff would selectively post-review some 10% of the awarded contracts which are below these threshold levels. P&D, BEPA and BFD would be responsible for procuring all civil works and goods under the project. BEPA, which is part of the Balochistan Department of Urban Planning and Development (BUPD), would use the Quetta Development Authority, BUPD's civil works construction wing, to assist procure and implement civil works. P&D and BFD have had considerable experience in procurement, and could easily undertake the procurement required under the project. Annex 8 details the procurement implementation schedule. F. Disbursements 3.36 The credit would be disbursed over six and a quarter years, with the credit closing June 30, 2000. There are no actual disbursement profiles for natural resource management projects in Pakistan with which to compare the proposed disbursement schedule (Annex 1, Table 4). However, it is less than the eight years standard disbursement profile for all Pakistan agricultural projects. This is appropriate as the project is small, simple in design, and would be implemented in only one province. 3.37 IDA would disburse credit funds at the following rates for these items: Category Percent to be Financed (i) Civil, forest, and field works 90% of expenditures (ii) Vehicles, motorcycles, equipment, 100% of foreign expenditures, furniture and technical books 100% of ex-factory prices of locally manufactured items, 70% of local costs for imported items purchased locally (iii) Consultant services, studies and foreign 100% of expenditures less taxes training (iv) Mass awareness and local training 100% of expenditures less tafes (v) Incremental staff salaries and 80% till US$0.32 million disbursed; allowances, and operating costs then 70% until US$0.60 million disbursed; then 50% thereafter 3.38 IDA would disburse against certified statements of expenditure (SOE) for: (a) civil works contracts below US$125,000 equivalent; (b) goods and mass awareness services below US$50,000 equivalent; and (c) training, forest works, field works, and incremental staff salaries, allowances and operating costs. Implementing agencies would retain supporting documentation for these items for review - 34 - by IDA and external auditors. Disbursement applications for all other items would be fully documented. Annex I, Table 5 shows the allocation of credit funds to the different disbursement categories. 3.39 To facilitate timely project implementation, P&D would open a special account for IDA project funds with the National Bank of Pakistan with an authorized allocation of US$0.7 million. This account would be used for both local and foreign expenditures of less than US$100,000 equivalent under all categories. All expenditures above US$100,000 could be submitted directly to IDA for payment without using funds from the special account. P&D will reimburse each implementing agency as appropriate from the special account after the implementing agency has made project expenditures. P&D would submit applications for replenishment of the account to IDA on a broadly monthly basis (minimum replenishment US$50,000) or earlier if the account falls below 50% of its allocation. G. Accounts and Audit 3.40 Implementing agencies would maintain identifiable project accounts which independent auditors, acceptable to IDA and using procedures satisfactory to IDA, would audit annually. The auditors would issue separate opinions on the project accounts, disbursements from the special account, and SOEs and supporting documents used as a basis for disbursements from the credit. Implementing agencies would provide their auditors unaudited project accounts within three months of the fiscal year's end (by September 30), and would submit an audit report of project accounts to IDA within nine months of the fiscal year's end (by March 31). IDA obtained assurancesfrom GOBal that implementing agencies would follow these auditing practices. IV. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT A. Project Management General 4.1 P&D (through ES), BEPA and BFD together would be responsible for implementing the project. ES would be IDA's main contact regarding project implementation, and BEPA and BFD would keep ES informed concerning progress with their project components. As ES is a new agency, GOBal would establish a project steering committee to assist in coordinating the agencies' project implementation work. The additional Chief Secretary, P&D, would chair the committee which would include, among others, the Secretaries of Finance, Urban Planning and Development and Forests. The steering committee would meet twice a year, or more often if necessary, to review project implementation. ES would act as the committee's secretariat, and would prepare its agenda and monitor its decisions. IDA obtained an assurance from GOBal that P&D would establish the project steering committee by September 30, 1994. P&D's Role 4.2 P&D would be responsible for establishing ES and developing its work programs. GOBal proposes that ES becomes the main agency coordinating environmental matters within Balochistan, and will be responsible for formulating environmental policy, legislation and regulations. Under the project ES would train and develop its staff; review GOBal's development proposals with regard to - 35 - environmental issues; undertake policy studies concerning environmental pollution and natural resource management; and prepare feasibility studies for future natural resource management projects. In particular, ES would review and monitor natural resource management, and initiate the design and introduction of improved natural resource use policies when necessary. While P&D's Additional Chief Secretary would be ultimately responsible for these components, ES's Director General would be the overall manager, and ES's two sub-sections would plan and implement project work programs. 4.3 ES would liaise with IDA concerning project implementation, and would monitor overall project progress. It would prepare and submit to IDA half-yearly project reports (including inputs from BEPA and BFD) which would update and assess implementation of project components during the previous six months. ES and IDA would agree on the report format by end-June 1994, and ES would forward the reports to IDA within two months from the end of each six-month period, beginning with the semester ending December 31, 1994. ES would ensure that all credit disbursement applications are sent to IDA. Within six months of credit completion, ES would contribute to a project completion report, reporting on all aspects of project implementation. BEPA's Role 4.4 BEPA, an organization within BUPD, would be responsible for eyvanding and strengthening its staff and initiating new work programs. BEPA would be mainly a regt dtory agency, and would be responsible for measuring and monitoring pollutant discharges, lerally enforcing national/provincial environmental quality standards, assisting design and implement EIA procedures, and implementing mass awareness programs. BEPA's Director General would be the overall manager for this work, while BEPA's three sub-sections and publicity unit would plan and implement project work programs. 4.5 Both ES and BEPA, using the technical assistance which the project would provide, would refine and develop their individual work programs as they get them underway, and throughout the project's life. To ensure the continued relevance and sustainability of these two groups, IDA obtained an assurance that, by December 31, 1998, P&D, BEPA and IDA together would review the staffing and effectiveness of ES and BEPA and agree which staff (higher-level and support) should be made permanent after project completfon, that is, fundedfrom the province's non-development budget. Strengthening BFID and Natural Resource Rehabihtation Subprojects 4.6 BFD would be responsible for strengthening its own operations, and for implementing the four natural resource rehabilitation operations/pilot programs. While BFD's Chief Conservator would be the overall manager of these components, BFD's senior field staff in the various project areas would be the day-to-day subproject managers. The following sections describe the subproject's management in more detail: (a) SDS. The Conservator of Forests Khuzdar will be responsible for implementing SDS. BFD will make a new DFO position at Gwadar, and entrust this officer with the subproject's day-to-day management. The two existing FRs stationed at Pasni and Gwadar will assist this DFO. The Gwadar FR will also cover project works at Pishukan. To cope with the additional project work, BFD would increase the number of FOs by four from eight to 12, and FGs also by four from 21 to 25 (see - 36- Annex 2, Table 3). Besides internationally recruiting technical assistance to assist with subproject implementation, BFD would engage UOK to undertake research on sand dune stabilization; (b) HCNP. The Conservator of Forests Quetta will be responsible for implementing HCNP, with the DFO (Wildlife) stationed at Quetta as subproject director or manager. BFD will appoint a new Curator to run the proposed Visitors Center. Support staff (drivers, attendants, sweepers) would be the only other incremental staff the subproject would hire. BFD would engage WWF to supply the required tecnnical assistance to implement HCNP. (c) RWRP. The Conservator of Forests Quetta will be responsible for implementing RWRP, with the various DFOs within whose jurisdiction RWRP plants atriplex trials acting as the day-to-day subproject managers. BFD would engage AZRI to assist it plan and implement this subproject. Most importantly, AZRI would monitor, analyze, evaluate, and report on the results of the subproject; and (d) ZJFC. The Conservator of Forests Quetta will be responsible for implementing ZJFC, with DFO at Ziarat as the subproject director. BFD will rearrange administrative boundaries to place juniper areas presently within DFO Loralai's work jurisdiction under the control of DFO Ziarat. To assist with the additional work under the subproject, BFD would provide the following incremental positions: one DFO Research, two FRs, four FOs, and five FGs, plus additional support staff (see Annex 5, Table 1). The DFO Research will assist DFO Ziarat undertake the subproject's research component on new species of grasses, shrubs, and fuelwood, fodder and timber trees; mistletoe control in juniper; and prepare a management plan for the juniper forest. BFD would also engage PFI and AZRI to assist with the diagnostic survey, prepare the juniper forest management plan and design the subproject's adaptive research and trials. Civil Works and Equipment Procurement 4.7 Both BEPA and BFD would undertake their respective civil works by contract. BFD has the experience and expertise to supervise the construction of small civil works. BEPA, however, would use the Quetta Development Authority, BUPD's construction wing to review designs, assist contract and supervise construction of its civil works. ES, BEPA and BED would jointly procure, using international competitive bidding procedures, vehicles, motorcycles, and tractors and implements. They would individually procure all other equipment and materials. B. Community Involvement, Development and Contribution 4.8 The project provides for BFD to involve the local communities in project design and implementation, and to develop and strengthen local organizations and skills. This is vital for the subproject's success because it would help internalize to the extent possible external costs associated with natural resource use, and would improve the conmunities' capabilities to undertake a larger role in local development. The project provides for these needs in several ways. For example, to involve local communities in project design and implementation, under RWRP and ZJFC multi-disciplinary teams - 37 - containing local staff and internationally and locally recruited experts, using rapid rural appraisal techniques, would undertake diagnostic surveys to identify the community groups with whom project staff should work (for example, sub-watershed committees, village committees, farm families), farming systems, socio-economic groupings, and production and community problems. The team, with the local community and any local NGOs, would prioritize these problems, and community goals and aspirations. If necessary, following the initial diagnostic survey, the teamn would further investigate those problems requiring additional study to fully understand and solve. The team and the local community would then develop and agree to an action plan, taking account of priority problems, community and national goals, and the local resource base and skills. These procedures are similar to those already used in Pakistan and Thailand under agricultural research and extension projects to develop on-farm research and agricultural extension programs. They include large elements of the procedures AKRSP uses in northern Pakistan to organize community participation. Resource management projects in Mexico and Algeria have also used these procedures. Again, all the subprojects would employ local sociologists who, along with any suitable local NGOs, would interface between the development agencies and the communities. The sociologists would also help organize and strengthen local groups and assist them in their dealings with the implementing agencies. The Dutch assisted Malakand Social Forestry Project in the Swat Valley, NWFP, is using this procedure. Both SDS and ZJFC provide for publicity campaigns to inform communities and local officials about the subprojects. Under SDS the sociologist would assist design the individual and family tree planting prog.ams, and ensure that communities needs and desires are incorporated into them. Whenever possible under the subprojects, BFD will train farmers, other individuals, or groups, to produce tree seedlings and then contract with them to supply seedlings for project works. Such groups could include secondary school children and women's associations. To ensure adequate local community involvement in subproject planning, design and implementation, IDA has obtained an assurancefrom GOBal that BFD shall, before commencing any programs under thefour subprojects, take suitable steps to identify the community groups that would participate in such programs and agree with them on the necessary action plans to carny out these programs. 4.9 Besides involvement in project design and implementation, however, local communities should contribute to the rehabilitation of natural resources from which they will receive benefits. For example, community groups and households will be expected to assist plant and care for the shade, fuelwood and fruit trees which the subprojects will provide. Under SDS, the communities will provide 100% of the labor required to plant and care for the 60,000 shade, fuelwood and orchard seedlings which SDS would distribute for planting around homes and within towns. Under RWRP, farmers will water (to the extent necessary) and maintain atriplex plantings, while under ZJFC community groups will provide about 50% of the labor to plant and care for the fuelwood plantations established on BFD land, and farmers 100% of the labor to plant and care for 100,000 fuelwood seedlings planted on farms and around homesteads and villages. Despite this community input, seedlings and atriplex plants would still be subsidized (BFD would supply seedlings at no cost). This subsidy, however, is justified for two reasons, that is, because of positive externalities resulting from the plantings and to encourage people to adopt the technology. Community assistance in tree planting and care has been used in several projects in Pakistan, including the Malakand Social Forestry Project and Integrated Hill Farming Development Project. - 38 - C. Monitoring, Evaluation and Supervision 4.10 Monitoring. Monitoring of subprojects would be "management oriented", that is, designed to provide information to assist internal project management. BFD would monitor and analyze subproject activities at three levels, that is, subproject inputs (number of staff, vehicles, materials procured and so on), outputs (area afforested, soil erosion works) and effects or success in meeting subproject objectives. To monitor subproject effects, staff would select a few easily identified and measurable indicators. Besides management, BFD staff would provide monitoring results to ES. The project would provide BFD internationally (3 sm) and locally (6 sm) recruited monitoring and evaluation specialists to assist design and implement appropriate monitoring systems for all four subprojects. 4.11 Project Lamnch Workshop. To facilitate project start-up, IDA along with ES, BEPA, and BFD would organize and hold a project launch workshop soon after credit signing. The workshop would familiarize project implementation staff with project objectives, components and other administrative aspects. 4.12 Evaluation. ES, BEPA, BFD, IDA (with technical assistance from FAO Country Programs) and appropriate NGOs would undertake a mid-term review of the overall project, and the individual subprojects. 1DA has obtained assurances from GOBal that ES, BEPA and BFD, in accordance with terms of reference acceptable to IDA, and jointly with IDA and observers from appropriate NGOs, would undertake a mid-term review of the overall project and individual subprojects by no later than September 30, 1996, and would produce a report identifying any required changes in projea cimplementation with which the project agencies would comply. 4.13 IDA Supervision. While the project would require slightly more than average supervision during its initial two years, from then on it should only require normal supervision inputs. This slightly higher supervision input, while the implementing agencies are hiring their technical assistance, finalizing designs and initiating work programs, is justified because of the project's importance in initiating institutional, policy and program development in Balochistan's natural resource management. Annex 9 contains a proposed supervision plan for IDA, which details the required annual staff inputs and expected skill requirements needed on supervision missions. During the project's first full implementation year (July 1994 to June 1995), IDA would use approximately 19 sw for all supervision activities, 16 sw in the second year, and about 14 sw for the remaining years. During supervision IMA staff should pay particular attention to the agencies quickly recruiting additional project staff and procuring technical assistance, ES and BEPA establishing the responsibilities and work programs of their new sections, BFD staff appropriately interacting with local communities, and adopting a multi-disciplinary approach to subproject implementation. Annex 9 also contains some possible key indicators of project implementation progress which supervision missions should monitor. V. BENEFTh, JUSTIFICATION AND RISKS A. Benefits and Justification 5.1 Project benefits would include those resulting from the institutional strengthening of ES, BEPA and BFD, and those arising from the development of the natural resource rehabilitation subprojects. Benefits from sensitizing Balochistan's policymakers and public to environmental issues, - 39 - and from improving natural resource use policies and thus reducing externalities arising from market and policy failure would fall within these benefits. Benefits from institutional strengthening would broadly include two categories: (a) those arising from an enhanced capability within Balochistan to plan and implement environmentally sound natural resource development; and (b) improved public health through the implementation of environmental policies regulating standards of air, water and soil pollution. For the first category, the subprojects may be viewed as exercises developing Balochistan's experience in the management of land and water resources, apart from their worth in their own contexts. The outcomes of the subprojects may then represent the type of specific, local benefits expected in the future as a result of the institutional strengthening. As for the second category, a healthier population may have its fullest expression on the macro-economic level with a more productive labor force and a smaller burden on health-care costs. These benefits cannot presently be quantified, but they should be measurable over time. 5.2 Benefits from the natural resource rehabilitation subprojects include the following: (a) Sand Dune Stabilization - protect houses, public buildings, on the Mekran Coast infrastructure and fishing industry facilities from sand damage; - preserve livelihood of fishermen and ancillary workers; - increase fuelwood, timber and orchard production; - improve the general habitat or living conditions in and around the local towns; - decrease sand-borne disease and sickness; - reclaim soils as vegetative cover and humus builds u ); - ;quire scientific data on sand dune fixation; (b) Hazarganji-Chiltan - improve wildlife habitat and National Park Development enviromnent; - improve bio-diversity conservation; - improve wildlife educational facilities; - improve natural habitat recreational and tourist facilities; - improve and strengthen BFD staff capabilities to manage wildlife and national park areas; (c) Rangeland/Watershed - increase fodder production resulting Rehabilitation in increased livestock production and farmer income; - improve water infiltration and aquifer recharge; - decrease soil erosion and rangeland degradation; - increase fuelwood production; and (d) Ziarat Juniper - preserve a rare forest environment Forest Conservation for Pakistan and the world; - 40 - reduce soil erosion, surface runoff and flooding, and improve water infiltration, aquifer recharge and spring production; preserve and improve recreational and tourist opportunities; increase fuelwood, timber and fodder production leading to higher commnunity incomes; and acquire data on resource development in juniper area. 5.3 Because the information does not yet exist to quantify many of the subprojects' environmental effects, the economic analyses mainly considered production benefits (for example, increased fuelwood, timber and fodder production) and preservation benefits or consumer surplus as a measure of recreational benefits. Total benefits from the subprojects are therefore likely to be underestimated. In the initial stages of implementation, project staff will select indicators for regular monitoring of environmental impacts. This information should aid final assessment of the subprojects, and facilitate future project planning. 5.4 The project's implementation would lead to an increase in net employment in some areas. For other areas proposed activities may release labor. Ideally, the release of labor from one area of employment would allow other areas to expand, provided that labor is mobile and other technical conditions are right. For Balochistan, one can expect that the economic consequences of increased or decreased labor demand induced by the project would vary regionally. There may also be environental consequences to shifts in the demand and supply of labor. Moreover, these consequences may counter economic outcomes. The presumption here in the analyses of subproject benefits is that labor cost savings would neither increase net rural underemployment nor hurt overall welfare nor appreciably affect environmental conditions. 5.5 The economic analyses use border prices for major tradable commodities derived from World Bank projections of cif or fob values adjusted for local handling and transportation costs to the farm gate. The economic price for fuelwood was derived on the basis of its equivalent kerosene content. The domestic price for fuelwood was found largely to correspond with its border price equivalent. A Standard Conversion Factor (SCF) of 0.9 was used for converting the domestic prices of non-tradable or minor tradable commodities into their border price equivalents. All values are in constant September 1993 prices, and the economic analyses were conducted over 20 years. 5.6 The economic analyses showed that the four subprojects should generate at least the economic internal rates of return (ERR) shown below. In some instances, particularly for SDS, the actual ERR could be considerably higher. - 41 - Economic Internal Subproject Rate of Retum (%) Sand Dune Stabilization 10 Hazarganji-Chiltan National Park 10 Rangeland/Watershed Rehabilitation 15 Ziarat Juniper Forest Conservation 15 Annex 10 describes the basis of these estimates. An overall project rate of return has not been calculated because of the difficulty of quantifying benefits from the institutional strengthening and other preparatory work included among project costs. The performance of the subprojects is not overly sensitive to variations in costs and benefits. B. Environmental Effects 5.7 The proposed project has been reviewed under the provisions of the Bank-Group Operational Directive 4.01 (Environmental Assessment), and placed in Category B. The following paragraphs list the results of an environmental review to assess the significance of environmental effects resulting from project activities, and to determine measures to enhance environmental management in the project areas. 5.8 Institutionally, the project would have the beneficial effect of establishing ES and upgrading BEPA so that GOBal can deal with environmental protection and natural resource management in a systematic and planned manner. It would increase GOBal's capabilides to formulate environmental policy, and to introduce that policy into public and private development. It would strengthen BFD's capabilities to manage natural resources, and to work with local communities and introduce their participation into natural resource development planning and implementation. 5.9 SDS activities would mainly plant trees to stabilize sand dunes, provide fuelwood, and give shade and reduce sand movement in the coastal towns. The tree plantings would improve the habitat or living conditions for local inhabitants, providing positive externalities. SDS will not introduce any new exotic tree or pasture species, thus any possible harmful effects from new species would be avoided. HCNP civil works and soil conservation operations would be designed to blend into the natural landscape and not to mar the beauty of the wilderness area. Sightseers would hike through the area, keeping mainly to defined trails. Before introducing any new species to the park, staff would carefully research ant. review the possible results of such actions. 5.10 Under RWRP the atriplex plantings will help stabilize the soil, reduce erosion, and improve water infiltration into the soil. When planting atriplex on slopes, project staff will rip the area along the contour thus minimizing water run-off from newly planted areas. Livestock grazing of atriplex areas would be managed to reduce soil erosion and promote the maximum possible soil vegetation cover. Under ZJFC, local communities would cut the future shrub fuelwood plantations by hand with minimal machine use. BFD would advise the communities on harvesting methods with the least harnful environmental effects. ZJFC civil works consist of small offices and houses whose construction would not entail deep excavations or other possible harmful soil movement/water run-off effects. The proposed ZJFC soil conservation works would do much to stabilize the landscape and improve water infiltration into the soil and aquifers. BFD would design access roads and tracks with adequate drainage and - 42 - treatment of slopes to avoid erosion. Zoning of the forest area, plus establishment of the fuelwood plantations, would reduce livestock grazing and fuelwood collection pressure on forested areas. C. Risks 5.11 Major possible risks to implementing the various project components include: (a) ES and BEPA may be unable to recruit suitably qualified staff; (b) the harsh climatic conditions on the Mekran coast may slow SDS implementation and adversely impact its ERR, and the use of only one tree specie for sand dune fixation increases the risk of plantation failure due to disease; (c) GOBal may be unable to prevent the Marri tribespeople, who some 12 months ago camped outside the eastern boundary of the Hazarganji-Chiltan National Park, from continuing to illegally enter the park area to collect firewood and graze livestock; (d) under RWRP the establishment costs of Atriplex canescens may be too high for it to be economically attractive to farmers; and (e) under ZJFC local communities may not accept zoning of forested areas, and the community fuelwood plantations may be technically infeasible. 5.12 ES and BEPA. While ES and BEPA will have difficulty recruiting suitably experienced and trained staff for environmental work, it will be able to recruit university graduates with technical, economic or sociological backgrounds. The project will provide internationally recruited technical assistance which will undertake skill gap analyses for ES and BEPA staff, and then design and inplement considerable on-the-job training. The project would also provide for foreign short and long- term training to further develop staff capabilities. 5.13 SDS. Currently SDS plans to plant 5,000 ha of trees over four years to stabilize sand dunes, with an initial year used for establishing nurseries and producing seedlings. The project launch workshop, which IDA, ES, BEPA and BFD will hold soon after credit signing, will emphasize and promote early nursery establishment. However, even if tree planting does fall behind schedule, the total area to be planted is small, and it should be possible to considerably expand the proposed annual plantings in the project's later years. Additionally, potential economic benefits from these works are large, and a planting slippage will have little effect on the final ERR. 5.14 Since the late 1970s BFD has planted Prosopis juliflora on the Mekran coast to stabilize sand dunes. To date diseases have not attached these plantations. Nevertheless additional suitable species must be found to lessen the danger of losing such plantations. UOK has already worked for five years identifying other suitable species. SDS would provide for UOK to undertake adaptive research of these species, and, amongst other things, further specie and seedling trials to widen the specie base for sand dune stabilization. 5.15 HCNP. GOBal sees the camping of the Marri tribespeople near the park as a short- term phenomenon. These people, who are recently returned from Afghanistan, are currently settled at the site because of an inter-tribal dispute, but should eventually return to their tribal lands. In the meantime GOBal has deployed levies (tribal military personnel) to assist BFD staff regulate access to the park. More irnportantly the project would provide a sociologist who would interface between BFD and the tribespeople, and GOBal and IDA have agreed that, if necessary, BFD will not implement the proposed park development plan until it provides for a solution to the issue satisfactory to IDA. 5.16 RWVRP. To ensure that the results of this pilot program can be properly interpreted, AZRI will monitor all atriplex plantings and record all establishment costs and production benefits. To - 43 - the extent possible, planting operations will be varied to obtain data concerning a possible least cost approach. At project completion AZRI should be able to advise on the economic, sociologic and technical feasibility of this program. 5.17 ZJFC. To ensure conununity acceptance of the works, ZJFC, as do the other subprojects, allows for meaningful community participation in designing the component activities, including formulating the proposed forest zones. The working arrangements for this include awareness programs, diagnostic studies, "round-table" conferences between BFD and the communities, and employment of local sociologists to act as social organizers and interface between BFD and the conununities. 5.18 Because of the harsh growing conditions in the Ziarat area, particularly the high altitude (around 2,500 m) and short growing season, the proposed community fuelwood plantations may grow too slowly to be feasible alternative sources of fuelwood for the communities. To minmmize this risk, ZJFC will mainly plant fast growing, woody shrubs, and will locate the plantations at the lowest possible elevations. BFD has identified one large site at 1,500 m. The mid-term review will evaluate the progress of these plantations and advise on any necessary changes in the program. VI. AGREEMENTS AND RECOMMENDATION 6.1 During negotiations IDA reached agreement with GOBal on the following points: (a) By September 30, 1994, P&D would recruit and place the balance of ES's staff, that is, one Director, one Assistant Director, and four Research Assistants (BPS-16), plus the remaining required support staff (para 3.4); (b) By September 30, 1994, BEPA would hire two Assistant Directors (BPS-17), one Administrative Officer, two Publicity Officers (BPS-16), and the necessary support staff (para 3.5); (c) BFD would hire one Visitor's Center Curator, two Forest Rangers (FRs) (BPS-16), eight Foresters (FOs) (BPS-6), nine Forest Guards (FGs) (BPS-2), and the necessay support staff, by no later than September 30, 1994 (para 3.8); (d) ES would: (i) submit proposals for studies to IDA for review and approval before commepcing them; (ii) engage consultants with qualifications and under conditions acceptable to IDA for undertaking the studies; and (iii) by June 30, 1996: a) complete the study to develop technical criteria for regulating access to Balochistan's aquifers; and b) have drafted appropriate legislation and ordinances (para 3.11); (e) that during July 1, 1994 to January 1, 1997 GOBal agencies would eliminate, in three stages, all subsidies they provide when drilling tubewells, that is, by no later than July 1, 1994 reduce the drilling subsidies to 70% of the level at which they stood on July 1, 1993; by no later than July 1, 1995 to 40% of this level; by no later -44 - than July 1, 1996 to 10% of this level, and by January 1, 1997 completely eliminate all drilling subsidies (para 3.12); (f) BFD would submit its PMP for Hazarganji-Chiltan national park to IDA for review and approval before commencing to implement it (para 3.16); (g) ES, BEPA and BFD would furnish any proposals for training under the project to IDA for its prior review and approval (para 3.21); (h) the implementing agencies would finalize arrangements and sign contracts for engaging consultants with qualifications and under conditions acceptable to IDA as follows: (i) by December 31, 1994, ES, BEPA and BFD would internationally recruit a single firm, or consortium of firms, to supply all services listed in para 3.22(a)(i- ii), (b)(i-v) and (c)(i, iii and iv) except for assistance from PPI, AZRI and UOK; (ii) by December 31, 1994, BFD would locally recruit and sign contracts with: a) PFI and AZRI for assistance with ZJFC; b) AZRI for assistance with RWRP; and c) UOK for assistance with SDS; (iii) by December 31, 1994 BFD would sign a contract with WWF to supply the services listed in para 3.22(c)(ii); and (iv) by December 31, 1994 BFD would sign a contract with a local firm of civil engineers to design the water supply at Mazri Shores (para 3.24); (i) implementing agencies would: (i) maintain identifiable project accounts which independent auditors, acceptable to IDA and using procedures satisfactory to IDA, would audit annually; (ii) have their auditors issue separate opinions on the project accounts, disbursements from the special account, and SOEs and supporting documents used as a basis for disbursements from the credit; (iii) provide their auditors unaudited project accounts within three months of the fiscal year's end (by September 30); and (iv) submit an audit report of project accounts to IDA within nine months of the fiscal year's end (by March 31) (para 3.40); ',) P&D would establish the project steering committee by September 30, 1994 (para 4.1); (k) by December 31, 1998, P&D, BEPA and IDA together would review the staffing and effectiveness of ES and BEPA and agree which staff (higher-level and support) should be made permanent after project completion, that is, funded from the province's non-development budget (para 4.5); (1) BFD shall, before commencing any programs under the four subprojects, take suitable steps to identify the community groups that would participate in such programs and agree with them on the necessary action plans to carry out these programs (para 4.8); and (m) P&D, BEPA and BFD, in accordance with terms of reference acceptable to IDA, and jointly with IDA and observers from appropriate NGOs, would undertake a mid-term review of the overall project and individual subprojects by no later than September -45 - 30, 1996, and would produce a eport identifing any required changes in projec implementation with which project agencies would comply (pan 4.12). 6.2 The IDA credit would not become effective until ECNEC has approved the project's PC-I and sanctioned project expendiu (p;a 3.28). 6.3 With the above assurances and conditions, the project would be suitable for an IDA credit of SDR 10.7 million (US$14.7 million equivalent) on standard terms with a 35 year naturity. The Borrower would be the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. ANNEX 1 - 46- Table 1 PAIaSTAN BALOCHISTAN NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECT Project Cost Estat project Cost smary (Rs '0003 (UBS1 '000) * * tTotal I *.7otal .oreig BSase foreign Base Local f'oreign Total Exchange Cos%o Local Foreign Total *hange CostS 1. znvestonat Costs A. Civil Works 26,276.8 5,050.4 31,327.2 16 7 S6Z.9 165.9 1,02s.8 16 7 B. Forest Works 181,319.6 36,800.2 219,119.9 17 41 5,914.7 1,208.5 7,163.2 17 67 C. Fild Wocks 27,031.9 S432.0 32,464.0 17 7 887.7 178.4 1,066.1 17 7 D. Vehicles 8,566.6 5,411.1 13,977.7 39 3 201.3 177.7 459.0 39 3 Z. Xbunry r. EnLVtu . Y ns 1,509.0 3,451.2 4,961.0 70 1 4.6 113.3 162.9 70 1 transport 1,792.2 1,252.5 3,044.7 41 1 58.9 41.1 100.0 41 1 SlEctroniclTechnicel 1,390.7 4,959.5 6,3S0.3 78 1 45.7 162.9 209.5 78 1 Other Matecials/Tools 1.395.5 765.8 2 161.3 35 - 45.8 25.2 71.0 35 - subtotal wablveoy 8 kquipsnt 6,098.2 10,429.1 16,517.2 83 4 199.9 342.5 542.4 63 4 F. Office Furniture s38.8 66.4 607.2 il - 17.7 2.2 19.9 11 - G. Publications 27.3 206.7 234.0 88 - 0.9 4.9 7.7 88 - R. Studies - 17,300.6 17,300.6 100 4 - s60.2 568.2 100 4 1. Cootultant S*zv0e foreign technical Assistance S,259.9 29,345.2 33,604.0 84 7 172.7 930.9 1,103.6 94 7 Local Services 14,440.0 2,237.8 16,678.6 13 4 474.2 73.5 547.7 13 4 Subtotal Consultant Servics 19,699.6 30,593.0 50,282.6 61 11 646.9 1,004.4 1,651.3 61 11 J. Sraingq foreign - 17,206.1 17,206.1 100 6 - 565.1 565.1 100 4 Local 2,542.3 - 2,542.3 - 1 83.5 - 83.5 - I Subtotal raining 2,542.3 17,206.1 19746.4 97 4 93.5 565.1 649.6 87 4 K. Mass x aceness Progrm - 10 657.5, 65 657.5 100 2 - 350.0 350.0 1o0 2 total 3nt_ant CoI 72,091.1 139,145.1 411,236.1 34 89 8,935.7 4,569.6 13,805.3 34 $9 g. Ri0owzent Coat A. tncresentel Staff 23,626.4 - 23,626.4 - 5 775.9 _ 775,9 - S B. Civil Works OY 2,647.7 213.6 2,661.2 8 1 80.4 7.0 87.4 8 1 C. 1ut*rials/squipmcnt and Tools OA6K 10,889.6 4,902.0 15,790.6 31 3 357.6 161.0 518.6 31 3 0. Vehicle 064 1,505.4 6,866.9 6,372.2 76 1 49.4 3S9.9 209.3 76 1 Total ReO ot Cost 3a,6.0 9,902.9 48,40.5 21 11 1,263.3 132.8 1,591.1 21 11 total BASz&= costS 310,559.1 149,127.6 459,686.6 32 100 10,199.0 4,097.5 15,096.4 32 100 Physical Contingencies 38,441.6 9,766.9 46,209.2 20 10 1,162.4 320.7 1,583.2 20 10 Price Contingencies t02:.3 19,791.3 80.493.6 25 19 669.1 205.3 1.07.4, 19 7 Total n cOSTs 409,702.9 170,685.7 588,398.4 30 128 12,330. ,42. 17 7540 31 11 Tue Feb 08 11.44:S4 1994 teadIture Acouats by Cposents - Totalm, Stoludi Contingencies (KS '000) Conservation tastf,tiou1al neveoneneant and Wildlife and Balochistan Sand Dune Menagnt Habitat Pilot Environintal Balochistin Stabiltzation of Ziarat 1ZPtrovesac in Imtershed/Pa4 eland Snvioomntal Protection Porestry in Pasni and Juniper HaXarganji-Chiltan Rehabilltition Ses1t0-,Va -A ncy QS2amnL 2adaLkSaL aft tioui Park1 Prcera t I. Bvestatt Costs A. Civil Works - 8,976.4 2.063.6 8,809.2 8.239.3 13,943.4 39.531.9 B. Forest Works - - - 232,08.5 67.083.5 366.8 - 299,935.6 C. Field Works 7,406. 31,796.0 696.4 7,438.4 42.324.4 0. Vehicles 2.111.0 2,348.8 1,322.9 3,918.3 3.918.3 2,349.9 1.172.8 16.334.3 z. Ihohieey 6 sqoipient Farm - - 2.311.2 2,324.0 581.0 581.0 5,797.1 Transpor - 582.9 - 1,129.9 1,129.9 722.6 - I.SS7.3 Clectronic/Taechbncl 1,208.0 3,129.2 . 1,40 .0 1,092.2 542.0 7.366.3 Other Itateriele/Tools - - 21S.S 251.0 4.49,1 ,1. p 122S0 2.*66.6 Subtotal Weckinecy 6 Uquipuost 1.205.0 3.70.1 375-.5 $,092.1 8,94132 2,2s9.4 906.O 19,387.4 P. Office Furnicure 227.9 293.0 . 65.1 69.1 6S.1 _ 116.2 G. Publication. 138.0 140.4 . - . . . 278.4 R. Studies 18,583.5 - . - . 2714 - 19.894, 7. Consultant Services Poreign Technical Assistanee 5,070.0 9,675.2 2.132.5 4,439.7 4,991.3 8,174.8 2.238.2 36.701.8 Local Services .. O. . o .0L .% 4.. 23.7 1.4.2.2 c..3 7 ...SSco 0 144 2 1..S6S.9 Subtotal Cosultant Seylzes 8,471.0 10,728.8 2,536.2 6,703.1 10.125.S 11,724.8 8.392.4 98.71.7 J. training Poreign 8,129.6 5.129.6 3,6S1.0 1,0S2.2 1,319.9 3.35.6 1 19,833.7 Subtotal rmin"g S,406.4 5,634.1 4.3955 1.192.7 2,019.0 4,204.6 22.651.2 K. Kass Awarenees Progrm - 1 L.9 - - "filS-69 total Ztvestaet Coets 33,143.7 43.342.2 10,993.6 237,972.5 126.796.9 35.467.6 17,896.8 527,101.9 Sr. Becunrent Oost A. Incremntal Staff 9,600.0 9.14.3 . 4,621.6 6.749.7 2,043.9 28.331.5 S. Civil Works 066 - 801.9 108.8 393.3 2.086.9 374.1 189.9 3.,64.8 C. Platerials/Iquipeent and s.cols 06 3,623.4 8.436.4 537.5 1,617.2 3.373.7 2.137.S 502.6 20,8S8.8 D. Vehicle 064 .576.1 ,, .AtL2 9.1.1.S _. 31 140 S t St" Barrat Costs 1.2.. 1.Z ..,04 0. . 005 .7...L 13..611.5 6.087,2 1 042 8 6121L1 otl S SOJSCT COSt" 46,866.6 59,373.1 11,998.8 267,697.3 142,398.4 41.SS9.4 18,939.4 88,288.4 TAxeM 2,702.2 5.867.9 1.133.2 5.709.8 6.555. S.612.9 1.671.6 29,2S3.2 Foreign gxchngce 10.528.9 33.933.C 7.33C.0 52,471.2 30,661.S 19,020.9 4.736.6 178,69S.7 PAKISTAN BALOCHISTAN NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECT Estimated Annual Expenditures by Component Totals Including Continganci*s (Pe 000) totals Including Continganci*s fuSs '000) 91/94 94/95 95/96 _96/97 97/98 98/99 Total 93/94 94/95 95/96 96/97 97/98 98/99 fotal A. 1ntitutical Develomant Inveatnant Costs 1,540.7 35,805.8 22,509.2 15,136.9 10,062.5 2,023.3 87,078.4 50.6 1,124.6 645.7 449.3 291.1 57.0 2,658.1 R current Costa 1.3B3.1 4204.5 5,728.7 6,085.4 6,481.8 6,875.5 0,760.1 45.4 132.1 174.6 180.8 187.7 194.0 914.7 Subtotal zn.titutignal Devlopmnt 2,923.8 40,011.3 28,237.9 21,222.3 16,544.3 8,898.8 117,838.5 96.0 1,256.7 860.3 630.1 478.8 257.1 3,S73.0 S. Operational Sbpzo9ects Sand Dme Stabilisatio 4 in Pago and Cwadar Areas Invastment Costs 3,531.6 43,049.7 59,267.1 70,148.2 62,127.3 19,748.7 257,872.5 116.0 1,352.1 1,805.3 2,082.2 1,797.2 556.6 7,709.4 Recurrent Costs 432.5 1,366.5 1,811.1 1,920.2 2,053.2 2,201.3 9,784.8 14.2 42.9 55.2 57.0 59.4 62.0 290.7 Subtotal Sand Dme Stabilsation in Pasni and Gwadar Area. 3,964.1 44,416.2 61,078.3 72,068.3 64,180.4 21,950.0 267,657.3 130.2 1,395.0 1,860.5 2,139.2 1,856.6 618.7 8,000.1 Conervation and Ibmagaent of Ziarat juniper Forest Investment Costs 7,107.2 41,907.3 30,213.8 30,327.5 18,529.4 701.8 128,786.9 233.4 1,316.2 920.4 900.3 536.3 19.8 3,926.2 Recurrent Costs 611.0 1.741.3 2,330.1 2.690.4 3.064.9 3,173.8 13,611.5 20.1 54.7 71.0 79.9 88.8 89.7 404.2 Subtotal Conservation and Mnagemet of Siarat Juniper orest 7,718.1 43,648.6 32,543.9 33,017.9 21,594.3 3,875.6 142,398.4 253.5 1,370.9 991.4 900.2 624.9 109.5 4,330.3 s Wildlife and gabitat lovmnt in tasarganji-CUltan Ibtional Park Invastment Costs 874.2 18,884.4 9,509.8 3,777.9 2,141.5 279.7 35,467.6 28.7 593.1 289.7 112.2 62.0 7.9 1,093.6 Recutrant Coats 285.4 784.3 1,100.4 1.217.5 1,302.5 1,397.2 6,087.2 9.4 24.6 33.5 6.1 317.7 39.4 180.7 Subtotal Wildlife and Habitat Mproveant in aI rgan2hCiltan National Park 1,159.6 19,668.6 10,610.2 4,995.5 3,444.0 1,676.9 41,554.8 38.1 617.8 323.2 148.3 99.6 47.3 1,274.3 pilot Watutabad/Rafteland Ptababilitation Ptograms Investment Costs 883.2 7,066.2 2,058.4 3,990.5 2,013.7 1,084.5 17,896.5 29.0 222.0 87.1 118.5 58.3 30.7 545.6 Recurrent Coats - 87.7 189.9 230.3 259.7 275.3 .l042.9 - 2.8 5.8 6.8 7.5 7.8 10.6 Subtotal Pilot Watersbed/Rangeland Rehabilitation Programe 881.2 7,153.9 3,048.3 4,220.8 2,273.4 1,359.8 18,939.4 29.0 224.7 92.9 125.4 65.8 38.4 576.3 Subtotal Operational subproject, 13,725.1 114,887.3 107,240.6 114,302.5 91,492.2 28,862.3 470,549.9 450.7 3608.5 3.268.0 3.393.1 26,6_9 813.8 14,181.0 Total PROJECI COc8S 26,648.9 154,898.6 135,518.5 135,524.9 108,036.5 37,761.1 588,388.4 546.8 4,865.2 4,128.3 4,023.2 3,125.7 1,064.9 17,754.0 Total Investment Costs 1,540.7 35,805.8 22,509.2 15,136.9 10,062.5 2,023.3 87,078.4 50.6 1,124.6 685.7 449.3 291.1 57.0 2,658.3 Total Racurrant Coats 1,343.1 4,205.5 S,728.7 6,08S.4 6,481.8 6,875.5 30,760.1 45.4 132.1 174.6 180.8 187.7 194.0 914.7 Tue Feb 08 11:45:47 1994 ox0 Pakistan Balochistan Natural Resource anagement Project Table 1. Environmental Section, P4D Department Detailed Costa (as *0O0) Quantities Totals Including,Ccninqencias Snit 93/94 94/19 95/96 96/97 97/98 98/99 Total 93/94 94/95 95/96 96/97 97/9B 98/99 Total 2. 2nve-easet Cote A. Vehicles 41iD Double Cab Pickup unit - 1I - - - - I - 1,172.8 1,172.8 Saloon Car unit - I - - - - 1 - 938.2 - - - - 938.2 Subtotal Vehicles, - 2,111.0 - - - - 2,111.0 B. 3 eiem 1. C~tr tCquipeent Desktop Coaputtr unit - 2 - - - - 2 - 217.e - - - - 217.8 laptop coputer unit - 2 - - - - 2 - 290.4 - - - - 290.4 Loser Printer unit - I - - - - I - 145.2 - - - - 145.2 24 Pin Printer unit - 1 - - - - I - 18.1 - - - 18.1 C4ect Printer unit - 2 - - - - 2 - 36.3 - - - - 36.3 Software Lumpaum - 72.0 - - - - 72.0 Voltage Stabilizer unit - 4 - - - - 4 - 72.6 - - 72.6 Subtotal Couter ted_nt - 852.4 - - - - 8952.4 2. Otice 3 puiymt Audio Visal 1_spe 192.0 - - - - - 192.0 Still Caera and Accessories unit - 1 - - - - 1 - 18.1 - - - - l1.1 Office mehine /a Lumstu - 69.2 73.2 - - 142.4 _total Ottie t3y -ment 192.0 87.3 73.2 - - - 152.5 3. Books and Journals 1"um 33.7 71.4 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 136.0 Subtotal 3qipment 225.7 1 8.7 e.0 8.S 9.0 1,343.0 C. Offlrce furniture luapsun 227.9 - - - - 227.9 O. COeaaltmies 1. ateorat ly Re duttad Natural Resourco ta4gent Expert nmamth - 3 1 - - - 4 - 2,139.1 752.4 - - - 2.891.S 4. Training Expert ma_nath - 2 1 - - - 3 _ - 1,426.1 752.4 - - - 2,178.5 S2btotal t3,9t89 Rzit -165.2 1,504.8 - - 9,070.0 2. Lo"y _oc"led Ecologist manmonth - 2 O.S 0.9 - - 3 - 127.8 33.9 35.9 - - 197.5 Training Expert aamonth - I I 1 - - 3 - 63.9 67.8 71.7 - - 203.4 btotal Loaelly Recruited 191 7 101 7 107 6 - - 401.0 etotul C. tamles - 3,796.9 1,606.9 107.6 - - - 5,471.0 S. freaning 1. ln- -azi Short-Coures staffday - 60 60 60 60 60 300 - 49.0 92.1 95.2 598.5 62.0 276.7 2. Ove0Sea M. Sc staffocnth - - 12 12 - - 24 - - 836.0 884.2 - - 1,720.2 Short Courses mmonth - 3 6 6 - - 15 - 297.1 627.0 663.1 - - 1IS97.3 Subtotal oersea - 297.1 1,463.0 1,547.3 - - 3,307.9 3. Twinning Arr_angemet lumpsum 1SS.9 297.1 313.5 331.6 311.5 372.6 1.822.1 Subtotal ra .9 643.2 1,828.6 1,934.1 410.0 434.6 S,406.4 r. Studie Policy luam - 2,547.2 2,626.8 2,69S.2 2,074.2 - 9,943.0 Feasibility lupum - 2,069.6 2,134.0 2,189.9 2247.1 - 8,640.5 Subtotal Stie" - 4.616.8 4,760.4 4,88.50 4 321.3 - 18 593.5 Total waet Co 81.6 12,366.9 8,276.2 5,934.7 4,739 7 443.8 3,142.7 I - .Ilr nt Co A. Incmental Coots Super Chief (tPS-20) staffyerr 0.5 1 1 1 1 1 S.S 94.9 199.0 211.5 224.1 237.6 291.8 1,218.6 Deputy Director (8PS-19) ataffyerr 0.5 2 2 2 2 2 10.9 74.8 315.0 334.7 354.8 376.1 398.6 1,854.0 A1st. Director (8PS-17) staffyear 1 1 3 3 3 3 16 82.7 261.2 277.5 294.1 311.8 330.5 1,557.8 Other Staff (tPS-16) staffycar 1.S 4 4 4 4 4 21.5 895. 239.9 294.9 270.2 286.4 303.6 1,440.6 Other Staff (BPS 19 and below) staffycar 5 16 16 16 16 16 89 166.2 960.0 S99.0 630.7 668.5 708.6 3,329.0 o*total Toazemntal Costa 903.7 1,97.2 1,673.S 1,773.9 1,880.4 1,993.2 9,400.0 B. Office Expenditures lulpsun 120.7 316.3 668.6 705.4 744.4 789.8 3,341.0 C. VcLleo O0Z Car luapeum - O.S I I I I 4.S - 34.3 72.4 76.5 81.1 86.0 350.3 4W1D Double Cab Pickup unit - 0,S I I I 1 4.5 34.3 72.4 756 15 162 3 e1720 350.3 Subtotal Vehicles 004M 68.9 144.7 193.1 162.3 172.0 700.6 D. Materials/Equipment and Tools Ott lumpsmu - 27.9 98.3 61.7 69.4 69.3 282.3 Total Recurrent coats 624.5 1,987.5 2,545.1 2,694.1 2,852.5 3,020.3 13,723.9 Totaw 1,006.1 14,354.4 10,821.2 9,628.9 7,992.1 3,463.9 46,868.6 ka Including photocopier, airconditioning, manual typewriters, *tc. Thu Jan 27 09:01:27 1994 Pakistan Salochistart Natural RascurcC Management Pro3ect Table 2. BSal,chiatant Environmental Protection Agency Dletailed Cost.. (Ka -0002 Osnt it its Totals Including Continoeniesa Unit 93-/94 94/99 95/9699/97 97/98 98/99 Tot-al 93/94 94/99 99/96 96/97 97/98 98o/99 Total I. Znve.tment costs A. Civl Works Office Block a"n - 160 1SO - - - 300 - 8.4 938.4 - - -1,822.8 DU OUice ago - 69 250 - - 309 324.3 1,964.0 - - -1,8e9.3 Anat.Director Hub Office cus Residence sqn - 215 236 - 470 -1,399.6 1,470.2 - -2,899.8 Deputy Director Housing M1 sge - 100 139 - 235 - 98.6 844.6 - -1,434.2 Chwwkidar Noosing (31 UPe 30 120 - - - - 190 167.8 707.9 - 79.4 Subtotal civil war"S 167.8 3, 89-1.3 4,817.3 - ,876.4 3.Vehicles tud Double Cab Pickuap unit - 2 - - - - 2 - 2,349.5 - 2,349.9 Motorcycle, 100cc unit - 4 - - 63.0 - 63.0 subtotal Wobbles-298. 2,9008. C. Ro3i1mit 1. OComtat RgiPeN*t Desktop Computer unit - 2 - - . - 2 - 217.9 S 217.9 Laptop Computer unit - 2 - - - 2 - 289.9 - - - 289.9 L,aser Printer uncit - I I - 149.0 - - 149.0 24 pia Printer unit - I - - I - 18.1 - - - 18.1 Comact frintel unit - 2 - - - 2 - 36.2 - -- 36.2 Software, unit - 72.6 - . - 72.6 Voltage Stabilize: unit - 4 - - - 4 72.85 72.9 Subtotal Ocoate Equigeet B 81.9 - - 81.8 S. Offic evapmest Audiovisual Squipwet lampeun 192.0 - - - - - 192. Still Camera 4 Accessories set - I I - 18.1 IS:',-18. office macMiae. /a luospem - 69.2 73.2 - - - 142.4 Sbatotal. Office Suigmsmt 19.0 87.3 73.2 - - - 392.5 3. Portable Polution Measuring Squipmemt lumpoam - 1,920.8 - - 1,928.8 4. Books 4 Journals luapata 34.3 72.6 7.7 8.1 86 9.1 140.4 9. Bicycle, unit - 10 - - - 10 20.0j - - - - 2 Sd*Abt" R%ULPet 226.3 2,99.2.6 60.8 -8.1A 8.6 9.1 3,289.5 D. Office Purniture lumseum, - 293.0 - - - - 293.0 3. Cnsntamoie Industrial C Urban Waste Disposal avpert manAcath - 2 1 1 - - S - 1,426.1 162.6 799.8 - - 2,974.3 Savitcamentalist/2lA Specialist seomooth - 2 1 1 - - 4 - 1,426.1 7S2.4 799.8 - - 2,97t.3 Training Smaprt macampoth 1 I - - 2 - 713.0 792.4 - - - 3,969.8 esAwareness Iapert UUAWMth 1 1 1 - - 3 .. 713.0 752.4 799.8 - - 2,261.2 Sebtatl Reatexaslawlly Roecuintsd - 4,78.3 1009.71 2,8. I 9,619.2 2. Iooa1 Rsounited Industrial a Ucbank Waste, Disposal Eapert uerActh - 2 1 1 - - 4 .. 127.8 67.8 71.7 - - 267.3 Sovicromentalist/8lA, Specialist macmoth - 2 1 1 - - 4 - 127.8 67.8 71.7 - - 267.3 Training ""pet metacoth . I 1 - - - 2 - 63.9 67.8 - - 133.7I Legal Bpet mbacmOth - 3 - - - - 3 - 191.7 - - - - 191.7 Mu*sAwareness Expert eanwacoh 2 1 - - - 3 - 127.0 67.8 196.6 06tct5 LocaulW Seeguted - 638.9 271.1 143.9 es-S109.9 Bdtetsl cointam.ies - 4,917.2 3,288.8 2,30.8 - 10,72988 1r. training Short Courses macday - 60 120 120 120 120 940 - 49.0 104.1 110.4 117.0 124.0 504.9 2.Overseas twinning Arrangement lumpmam 199.9 297.1 313.9 331.6 391.9 372.6 1,822.1 sec staffecotls - - 12 12 - - 24 - - 836.0 894.2 3 , 720. 2 Short course$ smoomth 3 6 6 - - 19 297.1 627.0 663.1 -- - 1,987.3 Subtotal Overses" 199 942 ,776. S ,878.9 39. 1769,26 Sutatal Training 199.9 663.2 1,880.7 1,989.3 460.9 496.6 9,634.1 0. gass 0Areness Program luspeum 609.0 2,388.0 2,462.3 2,S26.8 3,629.9 11 615.9 towe Snyseteent Costs 1,1959.1 17,993.8 12.921,8 7,099.0 4,106. 9896.7 43,342.2 1.ReAOSrant Cees 2y. A. zmorinmtal. staff /b Assistant Director (MP 17) staffyear 0.8 2 2 2 2 2 10.9 41.3 174.1 189.0 196.1 207.9 220.3 1,024.7 a. Administrative Officer (928-171 staffyaca 0.29 1 1 1 1 1 9.29 20.7 87.1 92.9 98.0 103.9 110.2 912.4 Other Staff staffyaar 0.29 2 2 2 2 2 19.29 14.2 120.0 127.9 139.9 943.2 191.6 661.8 Other Statf (BPS 19 and lousrl staffyear 3.79 16 16 16 16 16803.79 124.7 960.0 999.0 630.7 668.9 708.6 3,287. startotal xboremmtak state ~~~~~~~~~~200.9 941.2 999.9 1,099.9 1123.9 ,190.9 ,963 B. Office Sxpenditures loUpsun 904.6 831.9 1,418.9 1,494.1 1,991.7 1,678.8 7.903,2 C. Building O09 luapsm - C7.4 111.1 347.2 196.3 901.9 D. Vehbicle 0O4 Pickup unit - 2 4 4 4 4 18s 137.0 289.4 306.2 324.9 344.1 1,401.2 Motorcycle unit 2 4 4 4 4 18s 17.3 36.2 38.3 40.6 43.0 1794I Subtotal Vehicle 004 1-14.1 329.6 3-4 4.6 369.1 3897.1 -9,9-76.3j S. Mat*ri.Is/2qmipnent and Tools 0629 lumpsuat 11.4 190.3 173.7 1842 191.7 207.9 933.2 total Recurrent. costa 726 9 _q957. 0 _? ff?, 0 3.1 93.~ j34I1, 3 620.8 1_6 OlO.9 total 2,870.0 20,80e.8 19,918.8 10,248.8 7.922.2 '4,12695 99,371 3. 1 %a Includin htocopier, airconditioning, manual typeccitu,a, etc. \b To be it, plac.. by July 1993 Pakistan Saloeblitan Natural Resource Managemnt Project Table 3. balochistan Forestry Department DetAiled Coata (R$ '000( GuanLtities Toytals Includingo Contingencies Unit 93/94 94/91 9S/96 96/97 97198 93/99 Total 93/94 94/95 95/96 96/97 97/98 98/99 Total T. Investmaet Costs A. Staff TrainIn in Cmunity Soetry Two-week Course for all Officers (BPS 16 A Above- ad - 280 280 280 280 - 1,120 - 169.9 180.5 191.3 202.8 - 744.4 a. Overseas trairning M.Sc Study /a staffmooths - - 12 12 12 12 48 - - 836.0 884.2 937.2 993.S 3,651.0 C. Training and Devolopment mennoonth - - 3 - - - 3 - - 313.5 - - 313.5 D. ntoring r tvaluation Internationally Recruited TA nannonth - 2.5 0.5 - - - a - 1,485.5 313.5 - - - 1,799.0 lEocLlly Racruited TA m4nmonth - 2 1 1 1 1 6 - 127.8 67.8 71.7 76.0 80.6 423.7 Subtotal Mamitorixg t valuation - 1,613.3 381.3 71.7 76.0 80.4 2,222.7 E. Buildings Hous for GS18 eqs - 200 - - - - 200 - 1,179.2 - - - - 1,179.2 Houns for G016 eqs - 150 - - - - 150 - 884.4 - - - - 884.4 Subtotal Buildings - 36 - - - - 2,063.6 V. Maobinery and Equ4ipat Office Equipment lupsu - 271.1 - - _ _ 275.5 . Vehicles 4wd Double Cab Pickup unit - 1 - - I _ 1 - 1,172.8 _ _ - 1,172.6 Ln Motorcycl, unit - 1 - - - - 1 - 150.1 - - 110.1 0 Sotal Investnt Costs - 5,441.1 711.3 1,147.2 1,216.0 1,074.0 10,593.6 YX. PecUrrent Cost A. Building Oak lumpaus - - 21.0 22.2 28.2 37.4 108.6 S. V*hicle Om0 Double Cab Pickup unit - 0.1 I I I 1 4.5 - 34.3 72.4 76.s 81.l 86.0 350.3 Motorcycle unit - 1 - - - - 1 e.6 - - - - 8.6 Subtotal Vebiole O00 - 42.8 72.4 76.5 81.1 86.0 358.9 C. Matorialu/Squipment and Tools OAK luapsum 41.7 88.1 93.3 98.7 104.7 111.0 117.1 total 41.7 1,176.1 1,897.9 1,344.7 1,430.0 1,308.4 11,518.8 \a two courses of two years. on in social forestry, the other in nursery and forest management. Thu Jan 27 08s31:17 1994 3 e D " < It'S Pakistan BalochiStan Natural Resource Management ProJ ct Table 4. MNkran Coast Sand Duno Stabilization Detailed Coota (RD '000) Quantities Tote is Inc ludin Corntinqzenies Unit 93J94 94/95 95/96 9799 97899 Total 93/94 94/95 95/96 96t97 97t98 98/99 Total X. nyvestmnt Costs A. Preparatory Work, Happing, Planning lump sum 33.9 83.5 - _ _ 117.4 S. Nurseries /s Establishment /b ha 4 1 _ _ _ _ S 519.4 136.8 - - - - 656.2 Seedling Production for Dunes 1000 sdlg 992 2,247 2,387 1,717 593 - 7,936 2,180.0 5,222.6 S,887.3 4,487.1 1,642.7 - 19,027.6 Seedling Production for Community Forestry 1000 sdig 11 24 27 16 2 - 80 23.3 53.5 63.8 40.1 5.3 - 185.9 Adaptive Researcb /c lump sum 22.6 475.9 505.0 535.1 567.2 300.6 2,006.5 Subtotal Axcries 2,753.2 5,888.7 6,456.1 5,062.3 2,215.3 300.6 22,676.3 C. Plsmtig oef Trees/Nsubs 1. Samd Due riation e 11SO teeshA First Year ha - 750 1,500 1,500 1,250 - 5,000 - 18,676.1 39,638.9 42,001.7 37,101.4 - 137,418.1 Second Year /d ha - - 750 1,500 1,500 1,250 S,000 - - 9,800.8 20,770.1 22,016.2 19.448.1 72,035.2 Subtotal Sand Dune riaticm S eLSO txaeA - 18,676.1 49,439.8 62,771.8 S9,117.6 19,448.1 209,453.4 2. e-ity Ioestry Trees /y 1000 plant - 10 20 20 10 - 60 - 342.1 726.0 769.3 407.7 - 2.245.0 Subtotal PlantiW of Tzees/8zubo - 19,018.1 50,165.7 63,541.0 59,525.4 19,448.1 211,698.4 D. Buildinp Office Residence, Guest House sqo 100 800 - - - - 900 559.5 4,716.8 - - - - 5,276.3 Seed & Equipment Store sqm 100 - - 100 . 589.6 - - - - 589.6 Vehicle Shd - 160 - - - - 160 943.4 - - - - 943.4 Subtotal Suildiago 559.5 4,249.7 - - - - 6,809.2 t. Vebiel 4wd Double Cab ickup /f unit - 3 - - - - 3 - 3,518.3 - - - - 3,518.3 Motorcycl- 100cc /g unit - 8 - - - - 8 - 1,125.9 - - _ - 1,12S.9 Ibotal Vehicles - 4,644.2 - - - - 4,644.2 P. Uquipmemt a Toole 10 P Diesel Generator unit - 2 - - - - 2 - 363.0 - - - - 363.0 Diesel Pumps (17.5 1/sO /h unit - 4 - - - - 4 - 290.4 - - - - 290.4 Office Squipment lumpeum - 345.9 _ _ - 345.9 Office Furniture lumpum - 65.1 - - - - 65.1 caputer " Printer st I - - - - - 1 102.7 - - - - - 102.7 Survey A meteorological Equipmnt et - 2 - - - - 2 - 217.8 - - - - 217.8 soil A Water Testing Kit set 2 - - - - - 2 02.3 - - - - - 62.3 Other Equipment & Tools st - 2 - - - - 2 - 253.0 - - - - 253.0 t Frar Tractor 75 Hp with Hater Tank Trailer 4 Implemnts i unit - 4 - - - - 4 - 2,311.2 - - - - 2.311.2 subtotal fquipmout TSool 285.0 3,846.3 - 4,-031.3 . Csultamiea 1. Int*ruatienally Relltad Sand Dune Stabilization Specialist manmoth - 3 2 1 - - 6 - 2,139.1 1,504.8 795.8 - - 4,439.7 2. 1ocaly mactuted Botanists, Univetsity of Karachi menionth - 6 4 2 2 - 14 - 383.4 271.1 1l3.5 1S1.9 - 949.9 Research Assistant maoonth - 7 5 5 3 - 20 - 162.6 123.2 130.4 82.9 - 499.2 Sociologist manonth - 6 2 2 2 - 12 - 383.4 135.6 143.5 151.9 - 814.3 Subtotal Looally Recruted - 929.3 529.9 417.4 386.7 - 2.263.3 subtotal Cultaaoies - 3,068.5 2,034.7 1,213.2 386.7 - 6,703.1 11. !raimim 1. Xn-otry Study Tour /I manday - 30 30 - - - 60 - 24.5 26.0 - - - 50.5 Short Courses manday - 120 250 - - - 370 _ 28.0 62.0 - - 90.0 9dbtatal li-Coontry - 2.5 88.0--- 14. 2. Overseas Study Tour menday - 30 30 - - - 60 - 198.1 209.0 - - - 407.1 Short Courses manmonth - - 3 3 - - 6 - - 313.S 331.6 - - 645.1 Subtotal oversea - 198.1 522.5 331.6 - - 1.052.2 Subtotal frainin - 250.6 610.S 331.6 - - 1,192.7 Total xnvesset Coat. 3,531.6 43,049.7 59,267.1 70,148.2 62,127.3 19,748.7 2S7,872.5 XI. Recurrent Coeta A. Tozmental StaffI DIO (BPS-8t) staffy*ar 0.75 1 1 1 1 1 S.7S 79.0 110.9 117.8 124.9 132.4 140.3 705.4 49 FO (tPS-6) staffyear 2 4 4 4 4 4 22 62.1 130.7 138.9 1417.2 156.0 165.4 800.4 FG (BPS-2) staffyear 2 4 4 4 4 4 22 62.8 111.2 118.1 125.2 132.7 110.7 680.7 BPS-1l staffyoar 0.5 1 I I I 1 5.5 19.3 40.7 43.2 45.8 40.5 S1.5 249.0 BPS-7 staftybar 0.5 1 1 1 1 I 5.5 16.0 33.7 35.9 38.0 40.3 42.7 206.6 BPS-S staffysar 3 7 7 7 7 7 38 89.3 219.4 233.1 2417.1 261.9 277.6 1,328.4 BPS-1 steffycar 2 4 4 4 4 4 22 50.5 106.3 113.0 119.8 126.9 134.6 651.1 Subtotal Iocremantal Staff 369.1 751.0 800.0 848.0 898.8 952.8 4,621.6 B. Office wpendituse lsum 31.5 172.0 tle.4 19.2 205.9 2*t.2 1,006.2 C. building 06 lu_ - 32.? 69.4 73.6 93.6 124.0 393.3 0. Vhiel* OV Picbup unit - 1.5 3 I I 3 13.5 - 102.8 217.1 229.6 243.4 256.0 1,00.9 Motorcycle unit - 4 0 8 36 - 14.3 72.4 76.5 61.1 66.0 350.3 tractor Trailer unit - 2 4 4 4 4 t6 - 171.3 361.0 382.7 405.7 *30.1 1 751.5 Subetal Vobiol- om - 308.3 651.2 680.9 730.2 774.1 3,152.6 S. Nstera1s/Bquipent nd Tools 044 lumpsum 31.9 99.7 107.2 115.5 124.6 132.1 611.0 total 3 tmest Cato 432.5 1.366.5 1.0tl.1-1.920.2 -2053.2 2.201.3-9,704.0 2ots 3,966.1 44,416.2 61,070.3 72,068.3 64,100.4 21,950.0 267,657.3 %a 2 ha at Pasal 3 ha at Sedar. %b Land Preparation, foncing, irration, shed, etc. Sc Procur_nt of setds/plants, chemicals, special sheds, etc. %d Replanting at yar And plus 60 itrrigation. %* Watering a maintenanc to be carried ct by participants (about 70 a of costsa. %ft Witb front *nchg fcc 2 Flb. %9 tor forest*rs. Ah 2 set* each for Pasnt 6 S.d.: U toplematr: tippr, dorar blade, plough etc. %1 foe omrnity leaders plus pcolect staff. Thu Jan 27 00:35z01 1994 Ln nU' Pakistan 8alochistan Natuzal Resoutc- Managemnt Project Table 5. Hazarganji-Chiltan National Park Detailed Costs (RS '000) ...St~~~Oantities TotAls Including Contingencies Unit 93/94 94/95 95196 96/97 97/98 98/99 Total 93/94 94/95 95/96 96/97 97/96 98/99 Totaie I. Snvesteot Coste A. Preparatory Work, Mapping, Planning completion Is 30 70 100 50.9 125.2 - - - - 176.1 8. Park Management Plea /a luMapsuA - 132.0 139.3 - - - 271.4 C. Park Development Fencing km 16 - _ _ 16 - 2,632.6 - _ - 2,632.6 Storage Tank w Pipe Connections m3 - 150 - - - - 150 - 102.8 - - - - 102.6 Water Development /b luepsum _ 102.8 109.1 _ _ - 212.0 Check Dms S Erosion Control luepsum - 27.4 29.1 30.8 16.3 17.3 121.0 Planting of Trees S Shrubs /c lupsum - 13.4 28.5 30.2 16.0 17.0 105.1 Other Habitat Improvement lumpsum - 13.4 28.5 30.2 16.0 17.0 105.1 Visitors' Center (VC) /d lupsum _ 274.2 2,909.8 1,233.3 - - 4,417.3 VC B Exhibits 6 Display Facilities lumpau - - - 755.5 800.8 - 1,556.3 Roads (gravel) km _ 12 12 24 - 105.4 112.0 - - - 217.4 Paths km - 10 10 10 30 - 26.8 28.5 30.2 - - 85.6 Introduction of Urial in Park luspsum - 116.7 62.0 - 69.6 - 248.3 Subtotal asrk Dvlpmt - 3,415.7 3,307.S 2,110.2 918.8 51.3 9,803.6 D. vebiolee lwd Double Cab Pickup unit - 2 - - 2 2,345.5 - - - - 2,345.5 Motorcycle 100cc unit e - 703.7 - - - - 753.7 Subtotal V icle - 3,049.2 - - - - 3,049.2 E. equipmet A Pale Electric Booster Pump (filo 7.5 cm) unit - I - 72.6 - -- 72.6 Office Bquipment lumpau 103.8 36.6 - - - 140.4 Office Furniture lumpsul - 65.1 - - _ - 65.1 Altimeter, Camera, Cm ss, Binoculars, etc lumpsum 34.3 - - 3t.3 Public Address System, V, VCR Projectors luepsum 192.0 _- - 192.0 Computer w Printer set 1 - - I 1 102.7 - - - - - 102.7 fare Tractor 75 Hp with Accessories unit - I - - 1 - 581.0 - - - - 581.0 Bicycle unit 10 … … … … … 10 18.9 - - - - - 18.9 U7 Other Esuipmnt A Tools luepsum 60.4 63.3 66.9 70.5 74.4 78.6 414.0 1 ; ut 'ools 408.3 885.7 103.4 70.5 74.4 78.6 1,621.0 Office sqe 20 100 - - - 120 111.9 589.6 _ _ _ _ 701.5 House for Curator/Visitor center eq - 150 - - - - 150 - 884.4 - - - - 884.4 Mouses for Deputy Rangers 50 qn 1 2 - - - - 3 279.7 589.6 - - - - 869.3 Staff Quarters for FG, Game Watchers, etc sqe - 110 165 - - - 275 - 648.6 1,032.3 - - - 1,680.8 Public Recreation Facilities le lump sum - - - 154.2 163.4 - 317.6 Pipeline (1500g) If m 225 1,275 - - - - 1,500 23.4 139.9 - - - - 163.3 aubtotal Duildisge 415.1 2,852.0 1,032.3 154.2 163.4 - 4,616.9 . Comultan@ee 1. Zmtemxatimanlly EsoLuited Park Management Planner/Team eader menmonth - 4 2 1 1 - 8 - 2,852.2 1,504.8 195.8 843.5 - 5,996.3 Recreational Development Advisor menmooth - 2 1 - - - 3 - 1,426.1 752.4 - - - 2,178.5 Subtotal Imtereationally Reoruited - 4,278.3 2,257.2 795.8 843.5 - 8,174.8 2. Locally Racuited Natural Rasource/ Habitat Imptovenat Advisor mnraonth - 3 1 - - - 4 - 191.7 67.0 - - - 259.5 Wildlife Managemnt Specialist Yg mAnonth - 3 1 - - - 4 - 2,139.1 752.4 - - 2,891.5 Sociologist/Socio-Econcmist manwonth - 3 2 1 - - 6 - 191.7 135.6 71.7 - - 399.0 Subtotal tocally Recuited - 2.522.S5 955.7 71.7 - - 3,550.0 Stotal tOmaeotaoie 6,800.7 3,213.0 867.5 843.5 - 11,724.8 H. raing 1. P-Sertvioe One-Week Courses for Officers 7 7 sanday - 3 3 3 3 3 IS - 17.2 18.2 19.3 20.5 21.7 96.9 9 0 Two-Week Courses for FR S D. Rangers 14 14 manday - 6 6 6 6 6 30 - 49.0 52.1 55.2 58.5 62.0 276.7 (i l2 Two-Week Courses for Forest Guards 6 Lb )' Gme Watchers 14 14 manday - 16 16 16 16 16 e0 - 52.3 SS.S 58.9 62.4 66.1 295.2 0 X Subtotal Sa-Service - 118.4 125.8 133.4 141.4 149.8 668.8 2. Ovarsaa wt- Study Tours of Natioal Parks manmnth - 2 2 - - - 4 - 316.9 331.4 - - - 651.3 Degree in Park Managemet mamonth - 12 12 - - - 24 - 792.3 836.0 - - - 1,628.3 Short Coutres on Wildlife/National Park HanAgmant manmcnth - 4 4 4 - - 12 - 396.1 418.0 442.1 - - 1.256.2 Subtotal overaeas - 1,505.3 1,588.4 442.1 - - 3,535.8 subotal ais - 1,623.7 1,714.2 575.5 141.4 149.8 4,204.6 Petal Intvestmt Costs 874.2 58,884.4 9,509.8 3,177.9 2,141.5 279.7 35,467.6 Ii. _emm cost A. lmoeamtal Staff /h curator (BPS-16) staffyar 0.5 1 1 I I I 5.S 28.5 60.0 63.7 67.6 71.6 75.9 367.3 8PS-S steffyser 1 4 4 4 4 4 21 29.S 125.4 133.2 141.2 149.7 158.6 737.8 BPS-I staffyear 1.5 6 6 6 6 6 31.5 37.9 159.5 169.5 179.6 190.4 201.9 930.8 Subtotal 3hotemental Staff 96.1 344.9 366.4 380.4 411.7 436.4 2.043.9 B. Office Bxpenditursa luspum 189.2 266.1 282.1 298.8 316.7 335.6 1,688.7 C. Operation of Visitors' Center luapum - - 43.7 92.6 98.1 104.0 338.5 D. Roads km - 10.1 21.4 22.7 24.0 25.5 103.6 S. Paths km - 2.6 5.4 8.6 9.2 9.7 35.5 F. Buildings OM Ai luipsum - - 43.3 47.3 62.1 82.3 234.9 C. Vehicle OS Pickup unit - 1 2 2 2 2 9 - 68.5 144.7 153.1 162.3 172.0 700.6 motorcycle unit - 2.5 5 S 5 5 22.5 - 21.4 45.2 47.6 50.7 53.6 218.9 Bicycle unit - I 1 2 2 2 8 - 1.3 1.4 3.0 3.2 3.4 12.3 Subtotal Vehiole o0 - 91.2 191.3 203.9 216.1 229.1 931.8 H. mateci"al/quipmet and Sools 010 Farm Tractor unit - 0.5 1 1 1 1 4.5 - 42.8 90.4 95.7 101.4 107.5 437.9 Booster PuMp unit - 0.5 1 1 1 1 4.5 - 14.2 30.1 31.8 33.7 35.8 145.6 Office Equipment 4 Furnitur / lusum - 2.0 4.2 4.5 4.0 5.0 20.5 All other Equipment fk lIUpum - 10.4 22.0 23.2 24.6 26.1 106.3 Subtotal Natezialeltgui"mst and to*Ol 094 - 69.4 146.7 155.2 164.5 174.4 710.3 TOt becureat Costs 285.4 784.3 1,100.4 1I217.5 1,302.5 1.397.2 6,087.2 Total 1.159.6 19,666.6 10,610.2 4,995.5 3,444.0 1,676.9 41,554.8 \a Associated with coasultancies and incremntal staff costs listed belaw; hiring of workmen, draftsmn, helpers and report writing. \b DOvelopment of spring and water holes. \c Only to *xtent of restoring original conditions. \d Rehabilitation e extension of existing museum, including display windows 6 cabinets. \e Lawn 6 garden, picnic grounds to be decided in Park Plan. 1/ \f To supply wnter to all buildings a Water points. \9 WP could supply this person. \h S". details in Ann --------- \i Approximately It of Capital Costs. \a Approximately 24 of Capital Costs. \k Approximately 41 of Capital Costs. Thu Jan 27 08:45S54 1994 Pakistan Salochistan Natural Resource Management Project Table 6. Pilot Watershed/Rangeland Rehabilitation Pzograms Detailed Costs (Re *000) Quantities Totals Including Continaencies Unit 93/94 94/95 95/96 96/97 97/98 98/99 Total _93/94 94/95 95/96 96/97 97/98 98/99 Total I. nveestmt Costs A. preparatory Work, Mapping, Planning lumpaum 73.4 77.3 - - - 150.7 . 2urerie, 1. Sed g Production /a Shrubs for Fodder Banks 1000 sdig 100 200 300 300 - - 900 155.0 326.7 520.1 551.0 - - 1,552.8 C. Subwatershed Land Improvment ha - 250 250 500 - - 1,000 - 684.1 726.0 1,538.5 - - 2,948.6 0. Cinasety Forestry Planting of Podder Banks /b 2000 shrub - 100 150 250 250 - 750 - 332.0 528.5 933.3 989.3 - 2,783.2 C. Vehicles 4wd Double Cab Pickup unit - 1 - - - - I - 1,172.8 - - - - 1,172.8 V. Equipmt S Tools Farm Tractor 75 hp with Water Tank Trailer a Implemnts /c unit - I - - - - I - 581.0 - - - - 581.0 Planting tools lumpsum - 68.4 14.5 15.3 16.3 17.2 131.7 Other Equipment S Tools lumpsum 91.3 - 102.0 - - - 193.3 Subtotal Equipment 6 Tools 91.3 649.4 116.5 15.3 16.3 17.2 906.0 0. Coenultancies 1. Int3Mrt±omally Recruited Agricultural Econoist Diagnostic Survey Specialist manoonth - 3 - - - - 3 - 2,139.1 - - - - 2,139.1 Diagnostic Survey Expenses luMpsum - 99.0 99.0 subtotal lmtersatioally Recruited - 2,238.2 - - - - 2,238.2 2. Locally Reruted Arri Managemnt Assistance Id lumpaum 563.5 1,394.0 764.0 808.8 856.2 906.4 5,293.0 Sociologist manmonth - 3 3 2 2 2 12 - 191.7 203.3 143.5 151.9 160.8 851.2 Subtotal Locally ReFtuited 563.5 1.585 967.4 952.3 1,008.1 1,067.3 6A144.2 4 Subtotal Consutamoiee 563.5 3.821.9 67.4 952.3 100 1.067.1 8.382.4 4 Total Moveetment Coste 883.2 7,066.2 2,858.4 3,990.5 2,013.7 1,084.5 17,896.5 fl. Rourrent Caste A. Works Ot?t /e luipsum - 3.3 13.9 44.2 62.4 66.1 189.9 S. Vehicle Ol4 Double Cab Pickup unit - 0.5 1 1 1 1 4.5 - 34.3 72.4 76.5 81.1 86.0 350.3 C. Materials/Equipment and Tool. Ofl6 Tractor Trailer lumpsum - 0.5 1 1 1 1 4.5 - 43.6 92.0 97.3 103.1 109.3 445.2 All Other Equipment i Tools /f lumpsum - 6.6 11.7 12.3 13.1 13.9 57.6 total Recugmnt Coste - 87.7 189.9 230.3 259.7 275.3 1.042.9 Total 883.2 7,153.9 3,048.3 4,220.8 2,273.4 1,3sg.e 18,939.4 %a Unit costs is an average of 501 bareroot, 50t polypot. \b 1x2 m spacing, watering t maintenance will be carried out by participants (about 508 of costs). \c Implements: ripper, dozor blade, plough etc. \d Azri costs include salaries, honoraria, TA/DA, labor and other resarch costs including publication of reports. \* 0NM of subwatershed improvemnts e approximately 2t/yr. Vf Approxitately 41 of capital costs. Thu Jan 27 08:48030 1994 tDfX Pakistan Balochistan Natural Resource tanagemnt Project Table 7. Consevation and Managment of Juniper Forests Detailed Costs (Rs '000) QOuantities Totals Includinq Continqencies Unit 93/94 94/95 9S/96 96/97 97/99 98/99 Total 93/94 94/95 95t96 96/97 97/98 95/99 Total I. Invetment Coast A. Prepagatory Work, Mapping, Planning lunpsum 56.6 178.8 - 235.4 B. Nureeies. A Researoh 1. Establishment Is ha 2 - - _ _ 2 259.7 - - - - 259.7 2. Seedlg oduotioan /b Tr"es for Fuelwood Plantations £ Stream Banks fc 1000 sdig 300 450 450 300 - - 1,500 445.7 704.5 747.6 528.1 - - 2,t25.8 Fuelwood Trees for Caounity Forestry 1000 adig 26 40 40 26 - - 132 38.6 62.6 66.5 05.8 _ - 213.5 Subtotal Seedling vzodaotion 484.3 767.1 814.0 573.9 - - 2,639.3 3. Adaptive Resarch /d luapsua 112.9 237.9 252.5 133.8 141.8 150.3 1.029.3 Subtotal Nursoeres R se 856.9 1,005.1 1,066.5 707.6 141.8 150.3 3,928.3 C. Conesvatiom S anagemet Fencing of Zoe A /2 km - 10 6 - - - 16 - 1,368.2 871.2 - - - 2.239.4 Boundary Pillars for Sone S /f no - 30 30 - - 60 - 24.6 26.1 - - 50.8 Boundary Pillars for Zone C /g no - 50 100 100 70 - 320 - 41.0 87.1 92.3 68.5 - 289.0 Soil Conservation Ih ha 1,500 2,500 2,500 2.500 1,000 - 10,000 3,895.3 6,841.1 7,259.9 7,692.6 3,261.7 - 28,950.6 Water Development (10 locations) /i lumpaum 64.9 205.2 435.6 461.6 326.2 - 1,493.5 Pilot Fuelwood Planting B 1110 trees/ha /j ha - 200 300 300 200 - 1,000 - 10,672.0 16,988.1 16,000.7 12,720.5 - 58,381.4 Forest Tracks Xo 5 10 IS 5 - - 35 42.2 88.9 141.6 50.0 - - 322.7 Paths km 10 1S 1S 15 1S S 75 26.0 41.0 43.6 46.2 48.9 17.3 222.9 Combating Mistletoe A Other Diseases lumpeum - 68.4 145.2 153.9 163.1 66.4 617.0 subtot Coaenatimi a an_agement 4,028.4 19,350.6 25,998.3 26,497.2 16,588.8 103.7 92,567.2 D. Cmity r@eetry Planting of Puelwood Tres in Villags a around Homesteads /k 1000 tree IS 25 25 20 IS - t00 634.1 1,313.7 1,181.8 1,001.8 796.4 - 4,727.8 B. Public Awareness Campaign lunpsum 64.8 136.8 144.8 153.3 162.5 86.1 748.3 . uilding Office for 1 DFO (1) xqm - 250 - - - - 250 - 1,474.0 - - - - 1,474.0 House for DPO (11 sq - 250 - - - - 250 - 1,474.0 - _ _ - 1.474.0 Houses for PR$ (2) sq. - 300 - - - - 300 - 1,768.8 - - - - 1,768.8 Vehicle Shed sq. - 160 - - - - 160 - 943.4 - - - - 943.4 "ubtotal Suildige - 5,660.1 - - - 5,660.1 *. Vebolee 4wd Double Cab Pickup unit - 3 - - - - 3 - 3,518.3 - - - - 3,518.3 Motorcycle 100cc unit - 8 - - - - 8 - 1,125.9 - - - - 1,125.9 8total Vehiclee - 4,644.2 - - - - 4,644.2 s. Equipmewt I Pool Farm Tractor 75 Hp with Water Tank Trailer S Impmeants /I unit - 4 - - - - 4 - 2,324.0 - - 2,324.0 Computer w Printer set 2 - - - - - 2 205.4 - - - - - 205.4 Office Equipment lumps= 261.9 69.2 73.2 77.5 - 481.8 Office Furafiture lupum - 65.1 - - - - 65.1 survey Equipent lumpeum S4.9 14.5 - _9.4 eteorological Observation Egquipment lumpsum 68.6 14.5 15.3 - - - 98.4 mass Awareness (audio visual) lunpum 109.7 29.0 30.6 32.4 17.2 18.2 237.2 Ca-ping Equipment luapsum 123.6 52.1 27.6 29.3 31.1 16.5 280.1 Planting Tools luspsum 64.8 13.7 14.5 15.3 16.3 17.2 111.7 Other Equipment * Tools lumpaum 91.3 27.5 29.1 30.9 32.7 17.3 228.9 Subtotal mgapimt t Tools 980.2 2,609.7 190.4 185.4 97.2 69.2 4,132.0 2. ceultanoiee I. Zntemationally Satuited Agricultural Economist Diagnostic Survey Spcialist maanmoth - 3 - - - - 3 - 2,139.1 - - - - 2,139.1 '1 b Comunity Forester mamonth - 2 - - - - 2 - 1,426.1 - - - - 1,426.1 Juniper Specialist/Mistletoe Disease manmonth - 2 - - - - 2 - 1,426.1 - - - - 1,426.1 Diagnostic Survey Expenses lumpsam - 87.1 - - _ - 87.1 . * Subtotl Zaterationally Reeruited - 5,075.4 - -- - 5,078.4 2. toally Feoruted Diagnostic Survey Specialist vnanonth - 3 - - - - 3 - 191.7 - - - - 191.7 PFI . manonth 4 2 2 2 2 - 12 241.1 127.8 135.46 143.5 151.9 _ 801.8 AZRI nanmonth 4 2 2 2 2 - 12 243.1 127.8 135.6 143.5 151.9 - 801.8 Sociologist manronth - 12 12 12 5 4 45 - 697.0 739.4 782.7 345.2 292.4 2,856.7 Civil Engineer meamonth - 3 3 - - - 6 - 191.7 203.3 - - _ _ 395.0 Subtotal Looally maxuitad 486.2 1,335.9 _1,213.8 1.069.7 649.0 292.4 507 Subtotal COnsultanoie* 486.2 6,414.4 1,214.8 1,069.7 649.0 292.4 10,125.S J. training 1. rn-Country Study Tour/ m anday - 112 - - 112 - 224 - 78.4 - - 93.6 - 172.0 Two-Week Course for Forest Guards 4 Foresters /n manday - 840 - 840 - - 1,680 - 196.0 - 220.7 - _ 416.7 Two-Week Course for Forest Rangers to manday - SC - 56 - - 112 - 32.7 - 36.8 - - 69.5 One-Week Course for DFOS /p manday - 14 - 14 - - 28 - 11.4 I 12.9 - - 24.3 Subtotul n-Country - 318.5 - 270.4 93.6 - 682.5 2. Overseas Study Tour /q maninonth - - - - - 3 - 476.4 - - 476.4 Short Coursos /r manmonth - - 4 4 - - 8 - - 418.0 442.1 * _ 860.1 Subtotal Overseas _ 75.4 418.0 44.1l - - 1,335.S Subtotal raining _ 793.9 418.0 712.5 93.6 2.018.0 Total rnvestent Cost 7 107.2 41 ,907.3 30, 213.8 30 327. 18,29.4 701.8 128,786.9 IS. FeCUrret Costa A. Intrmetal Staff /s DFO (SPS-lOl staffyear 0.75 1 1 1 1 1 6.76 79.0 110.9 117.8 124.9 132.4 140.3 705.4 Forest Ranger (8PS-16) staffysar 1 2 2 2 2 2 11 57.0 120.0 127.5 135.1 143.2 151.8 734.6 Forester (BPS-6) staffyear 2 4 4 4 4 4 22 62.1 130.7 138.9 147.2 166.0 165.4 800.4 Forest Guard (BPS-2) staffysar 2.5 S 6 S 6 S 27.5 66.0 139.0 147.6 156.5 165.9 176.8 8S0.9 PS-11 staffysar 1 2 2 2 2 2 11 38.6 81.3 86.4 93.6 97.1 102.9 498.0 BPS-? staffyear 0.6 1 1 I 1 I 6.6 16.0 33.7 35.9 38.0 40.3 42.7 206.6 BPS-S staffysar 6 12 12 12 12 12 66 178.6 376.1 199.6 423.6 449.0 476.9 2,302.8 BPS-1 staffysar 2 4 4 4 4 4 22 50.5 106.3 113.0 119.8 126.9 134.6 651.1 Subtotal Incrmantal Stt aff47.9 1 098.1 1,166.7 1,236.7 1,310.i 1,389.6 6,749.7 B. Works o0n /t lumpaum - 6.1 152.4 364.0 674.7 606.6 1,702.7 C. Office Expenditures lumpsum 63.1 232.8 246.8 261.5 277.2 293.8 1,376.1 0. Building o0n /u lumpsum - 54.2 57.6 73.1 96.8 102.6 384.1 C. Vehioce 004 Double Cab Pickup unit - 1.6 3 3 3 3 13.5 - 102.8 217.1 229.6 243.4 268.0 1,050.9 Itotorcycle unit - 4 8 8 8 8 36 - 34.3 72.4 76.5 81.1 86.0 3S0.3 Subtotal Vehicle O14 - 137.0 289.4 306.2 324.5 344.1 1,401.2 F. Materiale/Equipmit and Tools OM Tractor Trailer lupsuM - 2 4 4 4 4 18 - 174.3 367.8 389.0 412.4 437.2 1,780.8 Office Equipment * Furniture Iv luapsum - 6.7 8.5 10.5 12.7 - 38.2 All Other Equipment 6 Tools Iw luapsur - 33.2 41.0 49.6 6S.8 - 179.6 Subtotal. atersl/Squipoent and Tools 00. - 214.2 417.3 449.1 490.9 437.2 1,998.6 Total euret Coost 611.0 1741.3 2.330.1 2,690.4 3,064.9 3,173.8 13 621. Total 7,718.1 43,648.6 32,843.9 33,017.9 21,694.3 3,87S.6 142,398.4 Land Preparation, fencing, irrigation, shds, etc. \b Unit coats is an average of 504 bareroot, 50t polypot. \c Approxaimatoly 1000 ha 0 1110 trees/ha with 201 replanting 8 10% transport damage - 1465 seedlings/ha. \4 For now species of fast growing trees, shrubs 6 fodder. \e Lone A is to consist of 1500 ha of the best forests. \f Zone 8 ccmprises forest area around Ziarat town (about 1000 ha). \9 Lon C will consist of about 10,000 ha of second-best forests. \h Check dams, ripping a trenching along contours: vativer grass for erosion control and water Infiltration development. \i Development of springs, stream 6 other sources. \J Including watering. \k Watering Ca maintenance will be carried out by participants (about 804 of costs). \1 Implemnts: ripper, doter blade, plough etc. \m B tours of 2 weeks each. \n 80 trainees in total. \o 40 trainees in total. \p 2 trainees. \q 2 tours of 1.5 month. \z 2 courses of 4 sonths. \s See details in Annex ---------- \t Oen of fences, border pillars, soil conservation * water works 0 21/yr: tQ O' forost tracks 6 paths 8 4%/year. * i. Id \u Approximtely 11 of capital costs par year. (SIX \v Approximately 2% of capital costs. \w Approximately 4% of capital costas. 0 t Thu Jan 27 08:40129 1994 ANNEX 1 - 58 - Table 4 PAKISTAN BALOCHISTAN NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECT Estimated Schedule of Credit Disbursements IDS Fiscal Year and IDA Ctumuative Percent of Semester Disbursements Disbursements Credit (US$ million) (US$ million) Disbursed (%) FY94-2 FY95-1 0.71' 0.7 5 -2 0.3 1.0 7 FY96-1 0.5 1.5 10 -2 1.1 2.6 18 FY97-1 1.5 4.1 28 -2 1.8 5.9 40 FY98-1 1.9 7.8 53 -2 1.9 9.7 66 FY99-1 2.1 11.8 80 -2 1.4 13.2 90 FYOO-1 0.9 14.1 96 -2 0.6 14.7 100 j/ Initial deposit into Special Account. - 59 - ANNEX 1 Table 5 PAKISTAN BALOCHISTAN NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECT Proposed Allocation of Credit Funds (US$ mion) IDA Credit Categoy Total&' Amount 1. Civil, forest and field works 9.1 8.2 2. Vehicles, mnotorcycles, 1.0 0.6' equipment, fiurniture and technical books 3. Consultans' services, studies 2.8 2.64 and foreign taing 4. Mass awareness program 0.4 0.4y and local training S. Incremental salaries and 1.2 0.9 operating costs 6. Unallocated 3.3 2.1 Total 17.8 14.7 I/ Categories l to 4 consist of base costs plus 50% of price contingencies. 21 Credit disbursements would be 90% of ependiures. 3/ Credit disbursements woud be 100% of foreign epnditures, 100% of ex-factory prices of locally manufactured tems, and 70% of local costs for imported items purchased locally. 41 Credit disbursements would be 100% of expenditures less taxes. 5/ Credit disbursements would be 80% of expenditures umtil US$0.32 is disbursed, 70% until US$0.60 is disbursed, then 50% thereafter. - 60 - ANNEX 2 PAKISTAN BAIOCHISTAN NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECT Sand Dane Stabilization on the Mekran Coast I. BACKGROUND Sand Dunes and the Mekran Coast 1.01 The Mekran coast is located in the south-western area of Pakistan in Balochistan Province. The actual subproject area involves the three townships of Pasni, Gwadar and Pishukan, which are the priority fishing industry area with large ports in the first two townships. The areas are in the western third of the Balochistan coast, adjacent to the Iranian border, between 25010' and 250151 North latitude and 62°10' and 63040' East longitude. 1.02 The region is arid with an average annual rainfall of around 100 mm, of which 80% falls in winter (December to March) and 20% in mid-summer (July and August). The mean, monthly, high maximum temperature is 42.00 C, in May and the mean, monthly, low minimum is around 10.00 C, in January. Winds blow for about 50% of the year, from any direction, but prevailing winds are from W/SW to E/NE. Relative humidity tends to be high (40-75%), because of the proximity of the sea. 1.03 Geological formations in the area are Recent (Pilocene - Pleistocene) and comprise shelly limestone, sandstone, shale and conglomerates. The soils of these areas are normally composed of coarse sand, blown inland by strong off-shore winds or weathered from the rock in situ, from which most of the clay and silt have ben blown away. Sea breezes deposit small quantities of salt in the sand, making it partially saline. Interdunal area are normally rocky or occasionally of hard clay. 1.04 This area falls into the Tropical Desert Bush formation, according to the Holdridge system. Ground cover is sparse; indigenous trees and shrubs are commonest along river courses e.g., Acacia nilotica, Calotropis procera, Zizyphus mauritania, Tamarindus indica, Phoenix dactylifera, Arundo donax, Aerua javanica, lpomea carnea fistulosa, Citrullus colocynthis and Calotropis gigantea. 1.05 Economic conditions in the region are poor. There are no railways; towns are linked by gravel roads (a few tarmac roads occur in the main townships). Airports exist at Pasni, Gwadar, and Ormara. There is no mains electricity. Water in the area is normally brackish; in towns, freshwater is carried from reservoirs several kilometers away in underground pipes. Although relatively fresh groundwater can be obtained at some locations from wells varying in depth from 5 to 15 m down to the thin freshwater lens overlain the brackish groundwater or wells besides several river beds. 1.06 According to the 1981 census, the population density in this area is less than 10 inhabitants/lm2 and mainly concentrated in the small coastal towns. In 1986, urban populations of the three townships were estimated to be Pasni: 18,000; Gwadar: 17,000; and Pishukan: 8,000. Most people are dependent on fishing for their livelihood, and Gwadar, Pishukan and Pasni account for some 60% of the landed catch of fish in Balochistan. Table I shows for 1989 the landed catch, its value, and its destination. - 61 - ANNEX 2 Page 2 Table 1: 1989 Exuort of Fsh Fih Prodct and Uts Value - Balo en Net Weight Fresh Weight Commodity (Ton) (Ton) Value (Rs) Deaitain Dry Salted Fish 6,038.418 20,515.2S4 69,185,447.00 Sent to Karachi for Sri Lanka Wet Salted Fish 1,594.434 3,188.866 26,926,198.00 Sent to Karachi Iced Prawn 308.900 463.3SO 40,746,783.7S Sent to Karachi Dried Prawn Nil Nil Nil Nil Iced Lobster 47.224 141.762 13,902,487.00 Sent to Karachi Live Lobster 0.504 0.504 20,240.00 Sent to Karachi Broiled Lobster 13.532 27.064 1.887,083.00 Sent to Karachi Iced Fish 27,896.538 27,896.S38 212,370,534.50 Sent to Karachi Fish Manure 6,708.011 20,124.033 36,367,244.00 Sent to Karachi Fresh Cuttle Fish 5.000 5.000 250,000.00 Sent to Karachi Dry Salted Fish 117.858 353.S74 2,516,024.00 Set to Eintebrd Wet Salted Fish 1,610.921 3,221.842 22,223,629.50 Set to Ki,terld Iced Fish 7,3a5.816 7,385.866 58,702,705.00 Set to Hi%erant d Local Consumntion 9,272.227 9,272.227 36,78S,046.00 Total 61,799.453 92,695.812 521,883,421.75 Set to itmar,Ld Fish Maws and Shark Fint 51.180 - 9,149,580.00 Sent to Karachi Gr.and. Total 61,850.633 92,595.612 531,033,001.75 1.07 Active or moving sand dunes are found in the vicinity of each of the three coastal townships. They are largest at Pasni where they occur as chains of variable length, 500 m-2.0 km. or more. Nonnally, dune heights vary from a few meters to a maximum of 25 m, the average being about 17 m. Since 1970, the Balochistan Forest Department (BFD) has done a limited amount of dune stabilization around these townships. This, however, has been insufficient and moving dunes now threaten to damage or bury infrastructure and buildings in the three towns. 1.08 The most valuable inftuctural facilities imnediately threatened by moving sand are the new port at Pasni. The giant sand dune at Pasni, which was partly reforested in 1983, on the township side, is only 40 m from the fuel depots of the new port. Afforestation around the dune requires extension and action is needed to fix the bare sand at the top and sides of the dune, by seeding local herbs and shrubs. Some houses in all three townships and in neighboring villages were buried by sand and abandoned after several attempts to clear them had failed (parts of Pishukan are now being threatened). Booral and Liquat villages in the immediate vicinity of Pasni and the village of Chur, further west, are examples. Afforestation has effectively prevented sand covering the paved portion of the main roads at Gwadar (12 km) and Pasni (22 kIn), in part, but the remaining stretches of these roads to the airports are often blocked by sand. The Gwadar/Suntsar road (15 km) and Gwadar/Jiwani road (10 km) are both blocked occasionally. The latter is cleared by a grader during 4-5 weeks/year at an annual cost of Rs 77,000. Eight kilometers of this road were raised by four feet to avoid being buried by sand at a cost of Rs 7.6 million, but with limited success. Flights from both Pasni and Gwadar airports can be delayed or diverted because of sand covering the runways; at Gwadar (approximately 900 passengers each week) the condition is particularly bad. - 62 - AR 2 Page 3 Sand Dune Stabflization 1.09 Sand dune stabilization, by planting trees in or around the dunes, had been practiced in this region during the past 20 years by BFD. The Forest Conservator for this region is based at Khuzdar; he has four Divisional Forest Officers (DFO's) at Khuzdar, Turbat, Kalat and Lasbela. The DFO for the coastal region is at Turbat; he has three ranges each, nominally, in the charge of a Forest Ranger (RF) at Turbat, Pasni and Gwadar (there used to be a fourth range at Panjur). There are currently eight Foresters stationed at Pasni and Gwadar. 1.10 Tree planting began at Pasni in 1970, at Gwadar in 1972 and at Pishukan in 1981. There were failures at the start, but towards the end of the 1970s a successful technique was developed, planting one species, mesquite, Prosopis julflora, an exotic from south-western USA and Latin America, at 2 x 2 m espacement (up to 5 x 5 m has been employed at Gwadar) and irrigated, for one to three years, with brackish water. Within the coastal region, a total of 478 ha can be regarded as successfully established, comprising Pasni: 220 ha (plantations primarily in 1977-87); Gwadar: 230 ha (primarily 1982-88); Pishukan: 16 ha (primarily 1981/82); Ormara: 6 ha; and Jiwani: 6 ha. There are small, successful examples of establishment by direct seeding of mesquite and some natural regeneration. Constaints to Coastal Development 1.11 There have been three major constraints to development of the Mekran coast and its rich fishery resource. The first has been lack of freshwater, which for some years has been brought in from outside. The second has been absence of facilities for fishermen and their harvest, now being rectified with facilities at Pasni, and soon by those at Gwadar. The third is sand movement, which threatens to destroy water supplies, fishermen's facilities and human occupation itself, and which has been arrested to a limited extent in certain areas. 1.12 There are two main reasons why sand dune stabilization has had only limited success. The first, and most important reason, has been insufficient fnancial resources, which has manifested itself in: (a) shortage of personnel; (b) absence of training in dune fixation; and (c) shortages of all forms of transport and equipment. These shortages have been exacerbated by a lack of innovative knowledge, which has manifested itself by the adoption of inadequat techniques and failure to discover new ones, for example: (a) the selection of only one species of tree for sand fixation, thus promoting a monoculture with its attendant risks and failing to widen the base for human utilization, for example, provision of fruit trees, production of browse and protection of grazing for stock; (b) production of weak nursery stock with spiral rooting; (c) failure to remove polythene bags in their entirety from planted stock, which has greatly reduced rooting in newly planted trees; (d) absence of espacement trials - all trees at Pasni are planted too close and established trees are held in check by absence of thinning; and (e) bare sand remains unstabilized on partially fixed dunes so that there is a constant danger of it overwhelming the stabilization that has already been accomplished. - 63 - ANNEX 2 Page 4 II. THE SUBPROJECT Objectives 2.01 The subproject iias three main objectives, that is, to: (a) protect the dtree townships of Pasni, Gwadar and Pishukan from being damaged and buried by the moving sand dune; (b) conduct research and adaptive trials for introducing new and exotic species of trees, shrubs and vegetative covers for use in sand dune stabilization as well as for finding shade, fuelwood and fruit trees and fodders that are salt tolerant and can be grown under harsh desert condition; and (c) plant fuelwood trees on government land and around public buildings and encourage villagers to do the same around their homesteads (farm forestry), and if possible, to promote fruit trees growing on private lands. Subproject Components 2.02 In the furtherance of the above aims, the subproject's components will comprise: (a) strengthening of BFD's staff working on the Mekran coast; (b) planting of trees, shrubs and vegetative covers on about 5,000 ha to stabilize the sand dunes and prevent them from moving; (c) conducting a research program, including adaptive trials and demonstrations, for introducing new and exotic species of trees, shrubs and vegetative covers for sand dune fixation as well as for finding suitable fuelwood trees, fruit trees and fodders that can be grown under the desert conditions of the Mekran coast; (d) promoting the planting of about 50,000 fuelwood and 10,000 fruit trees by organizations and individuals within towns, and around homesteads, villages and the surrounding countryside; and (e) providing incremental offices, residential houses, vehicles, equipment and tools necessary for subproject implementation. Components Description 2.03 Planting Program. There are two parts to this program: the first and largest is the sand dune fixation, and the second is the private planting of fuelwood and fruit trees. The greatest need under dune fixation is to widen the species base. The Departnent of Botany, University of Karachi, has already prepared a report, following five years work on the Pakistan coast,Y which provides considerable data on tree growth at the coast under saline conditions. It lists 37 tree species commonly grown as 1/ Ahmad, Rafiq (1987): Saline AQriculture at Coastal Sandy Belt. University of Karachi. 183 pp. - 64 - ANNEK 2 Page 5 ornamental and shade species (page 67). It also lists trees that grow well with highly saline irrigation, for example, Acacia nilotica, Azadirachta indica, Casuarina equisetifolia, Tamanrix indica for fuel or Sesbania sesban, S. formosa, and Leucaena leucocephala for fuel and forage, Grewia asiatica for fruit and Eucalyptus camaldulenis for pulp for paper production. With relatively salt-free irrigation, one could consider Albizzia lebbeck, Parkinsonia aculeata, Pithecolobium dulce and Zzyphus spina-christae. Several of these species could be used under social or farm forestry as avenue, shade, or ornamental species. Fruit trees already used in this area include Citrus spp., Mangifera indica, Tamarindus indica and Anachardium occindentale or Borassus flabellifer. 2.04 Subproject implementation should take about five years, with the first year being used mainly for preparation works and the remaining four years for the planting program. Table 2: Sand Dune Fixation Proaram Area Yeat 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 total Pasni - 400 600 600 400 2,000 Gwadar - 400 600 600 400 2,000 Pishukan 200 3CO 1 2000 Annual Program - X,000 1,S00 1,S00 1,000 5.000 Seedlings for the above planting will be produced in the two nurseries at Pasni and Gwadar. Seedlings for fuelwood, fruit trees and for research will also be produced there. 2.05 It should be possible to gather all required seeds within Pakistan (in fact, mainly in the Mekran coastal region) from trees that are already acclimatized. Forest nurseries to be established at Pasni (2 ha) and Gwadar (3 ha) will be surrounded by a wire mesh fence with an access gate and will enclose an area for soil mixing (equal portions of clay, sand and manure) before it is added to the polythene bags (10 x 30 cm in size). Pasni and Gwadar will each have two water tanks, holding approximately 20 m3 of water, and about 2.0 m high above ground level. PVC tubes of 3.0 cm diameter will carry water to the beds. Seedlings will normally be irrigated daily, but twice daily may be required during the summer. They are normally retained in the nursery for three to four months (longer periods must be avoided to prevent development of spiral rooting in the bags) and are produced twice a year. 2.06 Prior to planting, katcha wells will be dug in the plantation area at a density of about eight wells/ha, and pits will be prepared for planting. No fencing is foreseen at present. Planting commences nonmally after the first rains (December and July/August), but this condition is not binding as hand watering is provided during the first year. Espacement will normally be 2.5 x 3.5 m (1,143 trees/ha), which involves careful replacement of failures (20%) at the next rains. 2.07 Avenue, shade or fruit trees (after proven by research and trials) will be issued to private individuals or to municipal or government servants, for planting as windbreaks, shade, amenity and fruit trees, but also to reduce sand and dust movement in townships and villages. One forester per station, at Pasni and Gwadar, will be in charge of social forestry and research seedlings. They should obtain estimates of the number of seedlings required by visits to schools, municipal authorities, government offices, and private homes, prior to seed sowing in the nursery. In the first 2-3 years, to promote and - 65 - ARM 2 Page 6 encourage plantings, BFD may have to plant some trees as examples for the villagers, but the watering and caring of the trees should be carried out entirely by villagers, schools, or municipalities. 2.08 Research Program. The final form of the research program will be decided by the consultant forester, according to project requirements and in discussion with the Botany Department of Karachi University. In broad terms, however, it will consist of two major subjects: (a) species and seedling trials in the Pasni and Gwadar regions, that is, (i) the trial of various tree or shrub species, mainly for sand dune stabilization but also for fuelwood and fruit tree private planting (it may be necessary to use better quality water from deep wells for fruit trees); (ii) dry sowing experiments on dunes or in existing tree plantations, to fix dunes or create ground vegetation, using indigenous and exotic shrubs, herbs or grasses; and (b) continued studies in existing and potential plantation areas of salinity (soil samples will be collected and taken back to Karachi for analysis) and means of reducing its effects by irrigation-leaching and soil amendments. Use of physical barriers to reduce sand blast and of fertilization to increase tree growth and means of controlling rats or termites in tree plantations. 2.09 BFD will engage two senior staff members of the Karachi University as Principal and Co- Principal Investigators and a full-time Research Assistant (RA) as consultants to assist in the research program. The program would extend over five years. The investigators would visit the study areas (Pasni and Gwadar) several occasions each year. They would stay at the proposed guest houses. 2.10 Technical Assistance and Training. Technical assistance and training should be primarily concerned with launching the subproject in its entirety, that is, dune fixation, social forestry and the research program. It would be concerned with: (a) planning; (b) initial execution; and (c) in- service training, and would be best accomplished by an experienced dryland forester with particular emphasis on desert trees and shrub species. More specifically, his tasks would be as follows: (a) Planning of Progam: (i) examine and prepare a report on dune movements (if possible, follow-up initial work of Survey of Pakistan, using aerial photos); (ii) prepare an annual planting program for the three areas, considering all priority areas, including whether or not a shelterbelt should be planted around Gwadar airport; (iii) plan the two forest nurseries at Pasni and Gwadar and proposed cultural practices to ensure a supply of quality seedlings; (iv) produce a program for the digging of wells, planting and irrigation; and (v) discuss and finalize with the Biosaline Unit of the Department of Botany, University of Karachi, the research program objectives and how best to achieve them. - 66 - ANNC 2 Page 7 (b) Initial Execution of Progra: assist BFD in procuring vehicles and equipment, organizing construction of buildings and nurseries, implementing nursery work, organizing planting, and supporting the research program during the first and the second years. (c) Training: act as the principal instructor for the following courses, which should take place during the first two years. (vi) senior management (DFO and FRs, possibly two courses for one week each). Lectures and discussions on: dune formation and movement; desertification problems; environmental impact caused by reforestation; choice of local and exotic species, seed gathering, conservation; nursery techniques; planting and irrigation in dune areas. Logistical problems and links between local authorities and populations will be examined as will topics such as the need for geretic impnrovement of the trees. (vii) skilled field personnel (Foresters, FGs and potential gangers, possibly two courses of one week each). This group will provide the links between senior management and labor, and training would be technically oriented on dune movements, plant species, seed gathering, nursery work, planting, irrigation, and tree protection. In addition there will be in-country study tours to observe successful social forestry projects in NWFP (Malakand Social Forestry Project and Kalam Project) and AJK (ntegrated Hill Farming Development Project) for the Conservator of Forests (CF), DFO, RFO. Overseas training (mainly short courses and study tours) on the subject of sand dune stabilization will also be provided for CF, DFO and RFO. -67 - p 2 Page 8 Table 3: ILrv_mS aNMekuq No. No. Designation Grade Required Exing Inerement First Year Div For Off (DFO) 18 1 0 1 Forest Ranger (FR) 16 2 2 0 Forester (FO) 6 12 8 4 Forest Guard (FG) 2 25 21 4 Assistant (ADmin Officer) 11 1 0 1 Senior Clerk 7 1 0 1 Junior Clerk 5 2 0 2 Driver (incl Tractors) 5 5 0 5 N. Qasid(Peon) 1 4 3 1 Chowkidar (Guard) 1 2 0 2 Sweeper (Janitor) 1 1 0 1 Table 4: Inremt Buildis Reonured Area Buildings No. Location sq. m First Year Office of DFO 1 Gwadar 200 Resident of DFO 1 Gwadar 200 Off/Res of F Rangers 2 Pasni & Gwadar @ 150 Guest House for Consultants, etc 1 Gwadar 200 Seed & Equip Stores 2 Pasni & Gwadar @ 50 Vehicle Sheds 1 Gwadar @ 160 - 68 - ANNEX 2 Page 9 Ihmple mel t ation 2.11 ImplementatIon Organization. CF Khuzdar will be responsible for implementing the subproject, while a DFO to be appointed and stationed at Gwadar will serve as the day-to-day manager. To the extent possible, this DFO should be selected from BFD's existing work force and not be a new recruit. The two existing FRs stationed at Pasni and Gwadar will assist the DFO. The FR at Gwadar will also cover the works at Pishukan. The number of Foresters working under FRs will be increased by four from currently eight to twelve and Forest Guards (FG) from 21 to 25, to cope with the additional works. Table 3 shows the personnel required to undertake the subproject. 2.12 Buildings, Vebides and Equipment As there are no offices nor residential buildings for rent in the areas, the subproject will finance a DFO office, office-plus-residence for FRs and guest quarters for consultants and visitors (for example, supervision missions). All buildings will be in accordance with the Governnent of Balochistan designs and standards and will be constructed in the first year of the subproject. Table 4 shows the buildings to be constructed. In regard to vehicles, three 4-WD double-cab pickups for DFO and FRs and 8 motorcycles (100-125 cc) for Foresters will be provided. Equipment to be procured will include four sets of 60 hp farm tractors with tanker trailers and farm implements, pumps, electric generators, some surveying equipment, soil and water testing kits, office equipment (including a desk top computer and a printer), meteorological observatory equipment, other equipment and tools (for nurseries and adaptive trials). - 69 - ANNEX 3 PAKISTAN BALOCHISTAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECT Hazarganji Chiltan National Park Development I. THE PARK 1.01 Characteristic. Hazarganji-Chiltan national park is a place of natural scenic beauty, situated about 20 km southwest of Quetta in Northern Balochistan. The park lies just off the main Quetta-Kalat-Karachi highway. The whole area consists of rugged and dissected mountain ridges varying in elevation from 1,500 m to 3,300 m. The park itself is 156 sq km in size (including 30 sq km of new areas added since January 1990) and falls in the Quetta Division (52 sq kIn) and Kalat Division (104 sq Ian). The climate of the area is characterized by severe fluctuations with temperatures rising to 40°C in the summer and falling to -120C in winter. Rainfall is scanty with annual precipitation averaging 225 mm, most of which falls in winter between December and March when snow remains on the mountain peaks. 1.02 Legal Status. Prior to the declaration of the Hazarganji-Chiltan area as a national park in 1980, the ranges had been subject to heavy human pressure from overgrazing, indiscriminate hunting and illicit tree cutting. Chiltan Forest had been declared a 'protected forest' in 1964 under the Pakistan Forest Act of 1927 but this had not been enough to prevent the over-exploitation of the park. Upon gazettement in 1980, the Balochistan Forest Department (BFD) erected a strong barbed-wire fence along the lowland southern boundary. This fence has been an effective barrier, both physical and psychological, to the local herdsmen and now there are no illegal human residents in the park. Poaching and other intrusions are strictly prohibited. The land tenure is vested with the provincial government. 1.03 Present Adminisration. The park is administered by BFD, and the present park staff consist of a Divisional Forest Officer (DFO) (Wildlife), a Sub-Divisional Officer (SDO) (Wildlife), a Forest Ranger (FR), three Deputy Rangers, 14 Game Watchers and two Forest Guards. These men are supported by nine complementary staff. Quarters for some of the staff are provided at park headquarters, just inside the main gate. 1.04 Wildlife. The top ridges of the mountain range are occupied by the unique, endemic Chiltan Makhor (Capra falconeri-chiaensis), a wild goat with characteristic, swept-back spiral horns. Before the declaration of the park in 1980, the population of the Chiltan markhor had been reduced by over hunting (in the period 1950-1970) to about 110 head. Since the park has been fenced, annual surveys have indicated a regular increase from 115 in 1979 to 424 in 1989. There is controversy as to whether the Chiltan markhor is a true species, since some authorities believe it to be the result of hybridization between the Suleiman markhor and the Persian wild goat. There is now some evidence that the Chiltan markhor population may have reached a plateau and is at the park's maximum carrying capacity. Other large mammals which occur in the park are jackals (Canis aureus), wolves (Canis lupus), Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena), and foxes (Vulpes spp). However, all these animals are relatively rare and no census has been taken. Among birds, chakur (Aleaoris chukar) and sessee partridge (Ammoperdic griscogularis) are present in abundance. It has been suggested that the urial, long since shot-out in the area, should be reintroduced into the park. 1.05 Vegetation. The fencing of the park and the exclusion of domestic livestock has resulted in a dramatic recovery of its vegetation. The area which was previously seriously degraded, now supports sparse forest cover around the mnllahs (streams/drains). Low altitude scrub forest comprising Pistacea khinjak and Fraxinus mthoxylioides, constitutes an open canopy over a second story of assorted - 70- ANNEX 3 Page 2 xerophytic shrubs. Juniperus macropoda occurs high on the mountain slopes and is the main browse plant for the markhor. 1.06 Local Culture. The neighboring areas are occupied by the Shahwani tribe who are permitted to enter the park to harvest the fruit of Pistacea khinjak in season. No livestock grazing or wood cutting within the park is permitted. Hazarganji means "thousand treasures" and Chiltan takes its name from the peak which is a shrine of the local saint Chiltan Baba. 1.07 Tourism. The park is accessible by road fronm Quetta and attracts visitors. Facilities available at present include a museum displaying some stuffed animals, picnic sites and two rest houses. The number of visitors has been increasing annually from 36 in 1983-84 to about 2,000 in 1988-89. The park has considerable potential for tourism and wildlife education and these aspects will figure largely in the proposed park management plan (PMP). H. PARK MANAGEMENT PLAN 2.01 Manaemet Plan. During 1989, Mr. Muhammad Shafiq, DFO (Wildlife), prepared a management plan entitled "Environmental Protection and Improvement of Hazarganji Chiltan National Park". This plan embraces the main proposals made during 1989 by Mr. Hamid Ali of the National Council for the Conservation of Wildlife, Islamabad. Both plans call for the development of improved access, upgrading of the museum and visitor center and improvement of tourist facilities. Habitat improvement activities (re-vegetation, water development, landscape gardening) and the development of park administrative structures are also proposed. 2.02 Two IDA missions which visited the park separately, each containing a national park specialist, have recommended that the park should be developed as a 'Wilderness Park', keeping its natural scenic beauty with as little human interference as possible. Any habitat improvement should be limited to the restoration of its natural conditions before illicit tree cutting and overgrazing. However, considering that the population of Balochistan, and in particular of Quetta, have almost no recreation facilities, the missions were sympathetic to some of the original Management Plan proposals such as a visitor's center, including lawns and gardens outside it, picnic areas and some residential quarters provided that these facilities are located outside the park boundary fence. ]II. THE SUBPROJECT 3.01 Objectives. The subproject objectives are to review and revise the existing PMP, and then implement the revised PMP components. 3.02 Description. The works to be performed and developed under the subproject are: (a) Management Plan. An expert mission comprising foreign and local personnel specializing in wildlife and national parks will conduct a reconnaissance survey of the park, review and revise the plans written in 1989 (para 2.01) and upgraded them into a draft final plan. This mission will also prepare the detailed terms of reference for an inventory survey of wildlife and natural resources (habitat) of the park which BFD will undertake during the subproject's first year. BPD will use this inventory survey to prepare a resource conservation plan for incorporating in PMP. Ideally this survey - 71 - ANNEX 3 Page 3 should precede the revision of PMP, however, since this survey has not been done, both works will be carried out concurrently. The draft final PMP may need some minor modifications and finalization after the results of the inventory survey are known. Afterwards the final plan will be submitted to IDA for comments and apprnval before implementation of the plan can proceed. (b) Fencing. With the addition of new areas to the park (para 1.02), and the need to extend the existing fence southward to the areas where the precipitous nature of the terrain excludes human and livestock intrusion, BFD will construct an additional length of about 16 km of fencing. (c) Water Development. With the park improvements and development of tourist facilities and staff quarters outside (and adjacent to) the park, the demand for water will increase. BFD considers the existing capacity of the tubewells situated some three km outside the park adequate. However, BFD will have to install a storage tank, a booster pump and pipelines to connect with tourist facilities and staff quarters. As mentioned, BFD will have to locate all these facilities outside the park's fence to maintain the wilderness character of the park. Also, BFD will have to design and construct these facilities (for example, staff houses, visitor center, storage tank, pump house) to blend perfectly with the environment utilizing materials from the area (rocks and stones). Pipelines will have to be buried. BFD will employ this principle strictly throughout the improvement/development of the park. Wherever possible springs and small creeks inside the park will be developed/improved. (d) Soil Conservation and Erosion Control. With high ridges and steep slopes, mountain side erosion can be serious at various places. BFD will construct check dams, blending with the hillside, to serve dual purposes of erosion control and to increase the groundwater infiltration. If considered appropriate by the expert mission (para 2.01), BFD may employ other means of erosion control and increased water infiltration such as growing vetiver grass along contours, constructing low contour ridges, or by ripping shallow trenches along the contours of the gentler slopes. (e) Habitat Improvement. Although since enclosure bushes and grasses in the park have recovered remarkably, trees and larger shrubs which were cut will take many years to regenerate. Accordingly, BFD will launch a tree/shrub replanting program as PMP will propose. The subproject provides funds for this item as well as for other habitat improvements (for example, water points development, seeding of fodder/grass at certain places). (f) Visitors Center. Currently a museum exists near the park's gate which poorly displays a few stuffed animals such as markhors, foxes and eagles. The building itself is modern in style, and whitewashed in stark contrast with the environment and the wilderness theme. In recent years about 2,000 people visited the park and the museum annually. The original plan of 1989 proposed to enlarge and upgrade the museum to a Natural History Museum which would display all kinds of Pakistan wildlife, and include a reception center, cafeteria, workshop, gift shop, and dispensary. It is now considered that this proposal is inappropriate and ambitious, that such a museum would better be located in the city, and that for the park a Visitor's Center aimed at educating the public and particularly school children concerning the wildlife, geography and environment of - 72 - Page 4 Balochistan would be more suitable. There is considerable potential for such educational activities. Hence it is proposed under the subproject to rehabilitate and transform the existing museum and expand it into a Visitor's Center (VC). The architectural exterior of the existing building will be modified to make it blend and match with the environment. There will be exhibit galleries, display windows, a slide and movie room, and a storage room, but BFD will not operate commercial activities such as a cafeteria, gift shop, dispensary and so on. If desired BFD could include in VC a wing of two or three rooms which BFD could rent to private operators to provide these services. In line with the concept outlined earlier, BFD will realign the boundary fence s^ that VC is outside the fenced portion of the park. The subproject provides about Rs 5.5 million to develop VC, including the exhibits and display facilities. As Hazarganji Chiltan is only a small national park, it is easy to over-develop the visitors area and provide too many static facilities. (g) Roads and Paths. It is appropriate that the existing gravel road is outside and adjacent to the fence which is a few kilometers away from the mountain range, the core of the park. The purpose of the road is for patrolling and preventing people and livestock from trespassing in the park. The subproject will include the construction of about 16 lan of new road along the new fence, and some funds for repairing the existing road (equivalent to the cost of some 8 km of new road). No road will be allowed in the park except walking paths for park officials and visitors including back-packers. About 30 km of paths will be constructed altogether within the park. Observation points (very few - two or three) may be constructed near some paths. (h) Reintroduction of Urial. History indicates that several decades ago, before indiscriminate hunting destroyed all the herds, urials used to inhabit the park area. The subproject would study the feasibi!ity of reintroducing urials into the park through investigating the holding capacity of the park and the number of animals currently inhabiting the park, the compatibility of markhors and urials, and the suitability of the park environs for urials. A positive factor for this cohabitation is that markhors prefer living in the high mountains at elevations of 2,500 - 3,000 m, while urials prefer lower elevations. An area of some few sq km (to be fenced) has been selected for reintroducing a few pairs of urial as a pilot scheme, and funds have been provided for this research. Park authorities, however, will not commence this pilot scheme until they have undertaken the appropriate studies to determine whether urials can be successfully reintroduced in the park. (i) Vebides and Equipment. The subproject provides funds for procuring two 4-WD double-cab pickups, five motorcycles and 10 bicycles. Equipment to be procured includes one farm tractor (70 hp) with trailer and farm accessories, one electric booster pump, office equipment and furniture, public address system and audio-visual equipment (TV, VCR, slide and movie projectors) for the Visitors Center, and altimeters, compasses, camera and binoculars. (j) Buildings. The subproject will construct a small office building (it will be decided in the final PMP whether some two rooms attached to the Visitor's Center will suffice, instead of a separate building of about 100-120 sq m), houses and staff quarters. Public recreation facilities, that is, a lawn, small flower garden, picnic area and children's - 73 - ANNEX 3 Page S playground, will also be provided either in the vicinity of the Visitor's Center or the residential buildings. (k) Consultancies and Training. Balochistan has few people trained in wildlife and national park management. Thus BFD will contract with the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) to provide internationally and locally recruit experts to assist implement the subproject. Early in the subproject's life, BFD will form a team of specialists, plus BFD counterpart staff, to: (i) conduct a reconnaissance survey of the park and then revise the existing management plans into a draft PMP; (ii) prepare terms of reference for the proposed inventory survey of wildlife and natural resources, and assist manage and implement the survey; (iii) incorporate the results of the inventory survey into PMP and finalize PMP's preparation; and (iv) assist BFD implement PMP. WWF's team will include two members with international experience, that is, a national park management specialist with extensive experience who would also act as the team leader {8 staff months (sm)}, and a civil engineer with national park development experience (3 sm). The team would also include a locally recruited natural resource/habitat improvement advisor (4 sm), a wildlife management specialist (4 sm) and a sociologist/socio-economist (6 sm) who, besides assisting with the surveys, would also liaise between BFD and the local communities. As there is an acute shortage of trained and experienced personnel dealing with wildlife and national parks, training is of vital importance. The subproject provides for several short courses of in-country training at several levels from the Divisional Forest Officer down to Forest Guards and Game Watchers. WWF will prepare and teach these courses. Also overseas training by way of study tours of national parks by senior officials, academic degree in park management and short courses in wildlife and park management are included. (1) Subproject Staff. The total staff required for the subproject will be 42, while the existing park staff total 31. The subproject will finance only the incremental 11 staff needed for implementation. The incremental staff includes only one higher level staff, a grade 16 Curator to organize and manage the Visitors Center while the remaining 10 incremental staff will be lower level personnel ranging from a tubewell operator to sweepers. The Table below summarizes incremental staff required. 3.03 Implementaton. The subproject implementation period is estimated to be about five and a quarter years, starting from about April 1994 to ending on June 30, 1999. The first year will be spent in preparatory work - mapping, procuring vehicles and equipment, reviewing and revising PMP, carrying out the wildlife and natural resource survey of the park, planning and design of development works, construction of office, residential buildings and visitors center. The actual implementation of the development works will begin only in the second year, hopefully early in the year, after IDA approves PMP. There will be at most approximately four and a quarter years of actual implementation. This should be adequate as the volume of works is not large. - 74 - ANNEX 3 Page 6 Table Incremengl Staff Regiured No. No. Desipation Grade Required Exising lcem. First Year Division Forest Officer (DFO) 18 1 1 0 Sub Divisional Officer (Wildlife) 16 1 1 0 Forest Ranger (PR) (Wildlife) 16 1 1 0 Curator 16 1 0 1 Deputy Ranger (WL) 6 3 3 0 Game Watcher 1 14 14 0 Forest Guard (FG) 1 2 2 0 Driver 5 3 1 2 Tractor Driver 5 2 1 1 Tubewell Operator 5 2 1 1 N. Qasid (Peon) 1 2 1 1 Chowkidar 1 4 4 0 Mali 1 3 1 2 Sweeper 1 1 0 1 Attendant 2 0 2 Total 42 31 11 IV. ORGANZATION AND MANAGEMNT 4.01 The administrative organization of the park will remain the same as described in Section 1.03, except that there will be 11 incremental staff. The implementation will be under the direct responsibility of the DFO who will be the subproject Director, under the supervision of the Conservator of Forests, Quetta. These officials report to the Chief Conservator of Forests whose office is in Quetta. This organization structure will rctiiain after the subproject completion, although the number of staff may be reduced. One of the more important officials holding the key to the park's future success is the Curator of the visitors center, which through its exhibits, display, lectures, and posters, will attract tourists and educate the public and school children about Balochistan's wildlife and natural resource conservation. Hence, it is important to select the right person who has initiative, drive and good public relations to occupy the post. 75 - AR 4 PAKISTAN BALOCHISTAN NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECT Rangeland and Wateshed Rehablitation Pilot Program Objectives 1.01 The Rangeland and Waterslk; Rehabilitation pilot program (RWRP) objectives are to test the technical, economic and social feasibility of introducing the fodder shrub Atriplex canescens (four- winged salt bush) into Balochistan's agro-pastoral grazing systems. Components 1.02 RWRP components are as follows: (a) diagnostic survey of five proposed project sites; (b) nursery production to supply sufficient atriplex seedlings to plant 150 ha; (c) planting about 150 ha of atriplex at five sites in northern Balochistan, that is, some 30 ha at each site; (d) improving water infiltration in about 800 ha of micro-catchments through constructing check-dams, contour ripping, gulley plugging and planting vegetative hedges (vetiver grass) along the contours; (e) procuring one four wheel drive double cab pick up, one 75 hp tractor and implements, planting tools and sundry other equipment; and (f) technical assistance and incremental operating costs. Implementation 1.03 The Balochistan Forest Department (BFD), with assistance from the Arid Zone Research Institute (AZRI) and internationally and locally recruited consultants, would implement RWRP. BFD, in association with AZRI, has selected five project sites throughout the northern and central rangelands land systems of Balochistan (Brahui-Toba-Kakar ranges). The sites are at Maslakh, Killa Saifullah, Ziarat, Loralai and Zhob, and are within Balochistan's higher rainfall area (200 to 400 mm). 1.04 BFD would firstly undertake a diagnostic survey of each site so as to better understand the farming systems, farming system constraints, local resources and economic and social aspects of the local communities. The :Internationally recruited agricultural economist would organize and run the diagnostic surveys for BFD. The survey team should have about eight to ten members, and would include staff from BFD, AZRI and the locally recruited sociologist consultant. The team should include - 76 - ANNC 4 Page 2 expertise in the following areas, agricultural economics, livestock, pastures, sociology, crop production and forestry. The team should complete its work within two months, that is, a review of secondary data, field work and report writing. 1.05 Following the diagnostic survey, BFD would select from two to ten household cooperators at each site. BFD would then plant around 30 ha in total at each site. BFD would plant atriplex along the contours either on or just below the gravelly fans in the drainage of a micro-catchment, or on the valley floor. The planting could be made into old cultivation areas or into natural pasture. If BFD plants into natural pastures, it must rip the area first, along the contour. While BFD would supply the atriplex seedling and plant them, the household cooperators must water (if necessary), protect and maintain them. The atriplex plantings would be managed as a fodder bank to relieve grazing pressure on the adjacent natural pastures at selected times during the year. 1.06 Where possible, at about one third to one half of project areas, BFD would improve water infiltration into the micro-catchments above atriplex plantings. BFD would do this by building check- dams, ripping along the contour, gully plugging and planting vegetative hedges along the contour. BFD will do this to see if it is possible to improve water availability for the atriplex, or for other crops. 1.07 AZRI would be BFD's technical adviser regarding all phases of atriplex production, planting and management, and would record, monitor and eventually evaluate the results of the pilot program. AZRI would advise on nursery establishment and production, site selection, planting and fodder bank management. To the extent practical, AZRI would arrange the establishment of the pilot program so that over time it generated the maximum data on the feasibility of introducing atriplex into Balochistan's rangelands. - 77 - ANNEX 5 PAKISTAN BALOCHISTAN NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECT Ziarat Juniper Forest Conservation I. JUNIPER FORESTS 1.01 Balochistan possesses one of the largest areas of one of the most rare forest types of the world, the arid Juniper (Juniperus Excelsa). It grows in the District of Quetta, Ziarat, Loralai and Sibi, scattered over some 100,000 ha of mountainous areas, and growing between 1,700 to 3,000 m elevation. Of these, 50,000 ha of state forest in Ziarat and 10,00') ha state forest in Loralai are the richest ecologically. The dominant plant species in both these districts is the juniper tree which has survived and regenerated in this semi-arid area (200-400 mm of rainfall and snow), harsh climatic condition (high temperature range from -9°C to 27°C) and poor soils (calcareous and shallow) better than any other type of trees. It is highly Xerophytic with a slower transpiration rate, a lower water content, and a better control over its stomatal behavior under normal and abnormal conditions than any other competing species. The tree is extremely slow growing, reaching a height of 1-1.5 m and a diameter of 2.5 centimeters in approximately 60 years. Many of the old trees having a girth of 1.5 m (50 cm diameter) and over 20 m tall are 2,000 years old and monumental. This growth rate is not surprising given the harsh climatic and soils conditions of the area. These forests are not only treasures of Pakistan but also of the world. 1.02 Juniperus excelsa is a medium sized tree; bark reddish brown, exfoliating in fibrous strips. It has two types of leaves which have a pungent smell. The male trees begin to change their color at the end of September in lower reaches and in the middle of October at higher elevations. Later on, the male tree turns pale yellow due to the appearance of male flowers on it. The female trees are greenish in color. The difference in color of the crown becomes more prominent in December. Male flowers can be easily seen with the naked eye in January. Female flowers become visible in mid March. Male flowers become mature from the end of March to the end of April, depending on climatic conditions. A rise in temperature can accelerate the process. In the meantime, the female flowers become ready to receive the male flowers' pollen. The trees produce abundant pollen, which can be seen as a yellowish powder floating in the air. The wood is moderately hard and fragrant and is used locally for house construction and fuel. Its bark is sometimes used for roofing huts, and the fruit has been used in the tanning of animal skins. Its wood has also been used in pencil manufacturing. 1.03 Natural regeneration of Jaumperus excelsa is extremely slow. The seed's germinative capacity is low. Seedling survival is also low due to delayed germination and an inability to establish easily on dry, poor and thin soil, apart from other reasons of grazing and trampling. The Paidstan Forest Institute (PFI) has been able, through seed pretreatment experiments, to raise a large number of seedlings. PFI has planted these in the field and is studying their behavior. - 78 - ANNEC 5 Page 2 1.04 The associated vegetation in the juniper forests consists of: Trees: Fraxinus xanthoxyloides and Pistacia Khinjak Shrubs: Artemisia maritimna, Caragna ambigua, Prunus eburnea, Spiraea bra/nwca, Ephedra nubrodensis, Lonicera quinqutlocularis, Daphne oleoides, Sophora alopecuroides, Berberis baluchistanica etc Grasses: Pennisetum orientale, Stipa pennanta, Dicanthium annulatum, Melia persica, Chrysopogan montanus, Cymbopogan jawarancusa etc 1.05 The Ziarat/Loralai Juniper Forests has no endemic vertebrate species but has acted as a corridor for the southward invasion of Sino-Himalayan species able to cope with the harsh dry climate. Himalayan black bear Selenarctos thibetanus and markhor Capra falconeri both occur as distinctive subspecies, as well as such birds as streaked laughing thrush Garrulax lineatus, Simla black tit Parus rwnfonuchalis and bar-tailed tree creeper Certhia himalayana. Other little known species include Pallas's cat, marbled polecat, Afghan pika, forest dormouse, migratory hamster and breeding birds such as black redstart and redbilled chough, white-winged grosbeak, olivaceous leaf warbler, plain leaf warbler and white-cheeked tit. Reptiles include the persian horned viper and Caucasian rock agama lizard. 1.06 The juniper forests not only meet local tribes' requirements for firewood, livestock grazing, construction timber, fencing, roofing, shelter materials and local medicines, but also provide some of the few recreational areas available for the people of Balochistan and next door Sindh. Due to the increasing demand for cultivation land and livestock pressures, the juniper forests are deteriorating and in poor condition. There is hardly any natural regeneration, and their survival is threatened. There is concemn within and outside Pakistan about the junipers future and the consequential negative environmental impacts from their degradation. The problem is compounded by a disease called Dwarf Mistletoe (Anceuthobiwn oxyce dr) which kills the trees and which has reached an epidemic level in one valley. Ziarat township is also expanding and encroaching into the forest. The juniper's survival is at stake. 1.07 The population of Ziarat district is estimated to be 30,000 in winter and 50,000 in summer, with 30,000 livestock. Of these people, roughly about 25,000 reside in and around the forests. Hence whatever is to be done in and with the forests, full cooperation and willingness of the people to participate in the undertaking must be obtained if the subproject is to meet with success. It is also imperative that the local administration cooperates and participates fully. II. THE SUBPROJECT 2.01 Objectives. The subproject's main objective is to conserve and manage juniper areas in a sustainable manner. This subproject, however, should be seen as the first phase of possibly a more intensive development of the area, or of developing other areas where juniper is growing. The subproject area, however, covering about 40,000 ha in Ziarat district and 10,000 ha in Loralai district (50,000 ha total), includes the best remaining juniper stands. Only when this first phase is completed and its results evaluated would the government consider any further development of this area, or of the remaining juniper areas. - 79 - 5 Page 3 2.02 Description. Works under the subproject are: (a) The subproject area will be divided into possibly four distinctive zones with regard to the juniper tree population, size, height, quality and health: Zone A will consist of the best forest area meeting the best criteria above. Zone A may consist of several separate areas. These areas will be strictly protected as heritage for future generations. They will be fenced; grazing and lopping will not be allowed, except for certain periods after some years. When the Balochistan Forest Department (BFD) deems appropriate, the area may be opened for grass cutting by hand and dead branch lopping under strict supervision. Grazing will be strictly prohibited as it will damage or kill the natural regeneration. In this first phase, Zone A will comprise about 1,500 ha. Zone B will be the forest area around Ziarat town of about 1,500 ha. It will be marked by boundary pillars. Zone C will be a buffer zone between two other category areas and will consist of second-best forest of about 10,000 ha marked by boundary pillars. In both Zones B and C, fodder and grass cutting by hand and lopping of dead branches will be allowed only as and when BFD considers it appropriate. The difference between these zones and Zone A is that grass cutting and branch lopping may be allowed in B and C areas more frequently than in area A. Zone D would comprise the remaining 37,000 ha. Current rules and regulations regarding grazing and cutting would be applied more rigorously and a rotating system for allowing grazing and aeadwood cutting would be established for these areas. (b) Because the subproject will restrict the use of the forests in certain areas (Zones A and B) and impose a rotational system of use in the others (C and D), other sources of firewood and livestock fodder will have to be developed to substitute for these resources lost to villagers. The subproject will test the technical and social practability of growing community shrub fuelwood plantations to substitute for these lost resources. It will establish pilot community shrub fuelwood plantations on about 500 ha of open BFD land. If the project's mid-term review considers these plantations will be technically and socially successful, BFD will expand them to 1,000 ha during the projects second half. BFD will also produce and distribute 100,000 fuelwood seedlings to individuals and groups to plant around their homesteads or villages. Nurseries will be established to produce seedings for all these plantings. One half of the seedlings produced will be bare- root while the other one-half will be produced in polythene bags called polypot. The cost of production of bare-root seedlings is Rs 0.70 per plant while that of polypot is Rs 1.75 per plant, with an average combined cost of Rs 1.23 or rounded to Rs 1.25 per plant. The cost of planting and watering the plants for about 2-3 years until their survival is assured is estimated at Rs 40,000 per ha. About 70% of this cost is solely for watering. Besides the species Rubinia psueducacia, Ailanthus altissima, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Salix sp, BFD will mainly plant the shrub Atriplex canescens and the tree Prosopis - 80 - Page 4 juliflora. Other tree species, indigenous and exotic, relevant to the site will be researched and trialed, including possibly some species of grass and fodders; (c) soil conservation and erosion control in the forests will include check dams, ripping along contours to create small bunds and shallow trenches to increase groundwater infiltration, planting of vetiver grass, hedges and so on. Total areas for this work is estimated at 10,000 ha; (d) development of springs, stream and other water sources at approximately 10-12 locations; (e) construction of forest tracks (35 man) and paths (75 kIn) to facilitate working, transportation and communications in the forests; (f) public awareness campaigns to educate and inform officials, villagers, students and the public at large about the juniper forests and the importance of conserving it for posterity as well as to encourage their cooperation and participation in the subproject. The campaign will use appropriate media to transfer its messages, such as short programs on radio and television, billboards and posters and other audio-visual means. The program will also promote and encourage domestic energy saving devices such as improved cooking stoves and the use of gas in place of firewood; and (g) the subproject will also provide staff offices and houses, vehicles, equipment, tools, technical assistance, training and incremental staff and operating costs. 2.03 Consultancies. At the start of the subproject implementation there will be a diagnostic survey of the subproject area to review the objectives, strategies and development program. Three staff- months of internationally recruited consultants and three staff-months of local consultants together with specialists from PFI and the Arid Zone Research Institute (AZRI) with senior BFD officials will conduct this survey and draw up the final plan/program for the conservation and management of the forests. After the plan has been approved by IDA, implementation will begin. Two specialists, a commnunity forester, and a Juniper/Mistletoe Disease specialist will be employed to advise and assist the subproject. An experienced local sociologist will also be employed to work on the public awareness campaigns and public relations with villagers and local organizations and local administration officials. 2.04 Trainlng. To raise the quality and knowledge of BFD staff working on the subproject, in-country training on the conservation and management of forests will be given to both high and middle level officials (DFOs, FRs) and low level staff (Foresters and Forest Guards). Study tours to visit successful social forestry projects such as the Malakand and Kalam Social Forestry Projects, Sarhad Rural Support Project in NWFP will be conducted for high and middle level officials. Overseas training will include study tours for high/middle level officials and two officials for short courses (3-4 months) in forestry. 2.05 Subproject Staff. The number of staff at all levels required for the subproject implementation is 95, while the existing nmmber currently employed is 61. Therefore the incremental number required is 34. The subproject will finance only the incremenal staff. The Table below details the number of existing staff, staff required to undertake the subproject and incremental staff BFD will hire. -81 - 5 Page 5 Table: hw=NWlStaflf gk,4 No. No. Designton Gade Required Existing 1nVuu First Year Divisional Forest Officr (DFO) 18 2 1 1 Forest Ranger (FR) 16 4 2 2 Forester 6 12 8 4 Forest Guard (FG) 2 47 42 5 Steno-Typist 11 1 0 1 Assistant 11 2 1 1 Senior Clerk 7 2 1 1 Junior Clerk 5 4 1 3 Driver 5 5 0 5 Tractor Driver 5 4 0 4 N. Qasid 1 6 3 3 Chowkidar 1 4 2 2 Sweeper 1 2 0 2 2.06 Implementation Peiod. BFD will implement the subproject over about five and a quarter years, starting from around April 1994 and ending on June 30, 1999. The first year will be spent mainly in preparatory work, such as, mapping, the diagnostic survey, procuring vehicles and equipment, and the tendering of offices and houses. The actual implementation of subproject works will begin early in the second year and will be spread over the next four and a quarter years. This time is adequate for the volume of works involved. - 82 - ANNEKC 6 Ta~ble 1 PAKISTAN BALOCHISTAN NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECT Foreign and Local Traing Foreign Training LA Training MSc Short-Term Study Tour Short-Term 9hly Tor Agency/Subproject (No) (saff month) (staff day) (staff day) 1. ES 1 15 - 300 - 2. BEPA 1 15 - 540 - 3. BFD 2 3 - 1,120 - 4. BFD/SDS - 6 60 370 60 5. BFD/HCNP 1 12 120 1,645 - 6. BFD/ZJFC - 8 90 1,820 224 Total 5 59 270 5,795 284 - 83 - ANNEX 6 Table 2 PAKISTAN BALOCHISTAN NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECT Foreign and Local Technical Assistance Technical Assistance Internationally Locally Institution/Expertise Recruited Recruited ----(staffmonths)-- 1, Environmetal Secdon. P&D (a) natul esource management experts 4 3 (b) ainnh experts 3 3 Subtotal ES 7 6 2. BEPA (a) indusal and urban wae disposal expers 4 4 (b) environmentlissElA procedures 4 4 (c) taining expes 2 2 (d) mess awareness experts 3 3 (a) legal experts . 3 Subal BEPA 13 16 3. Balochistan Forest Department (a) Stengdhing BFD monitoring and evaluation expert 3 6 (b) Sand Dune Stabilization (i) -and dune stabilization specialist 6 - (ii) sociologist - 12 (iii) University of Karchi botanist - 7 - soui sal expert - 7 r research feliows/assistants - 20 Subtotal 6 46 (c) Hazaanji-Chiltan National Park Development (i) park mnagement planner/teamlender 8 (ii) nat res/habitat hnprovement advisor - 4 (iii) wildlife management specialist - 4 (iv) recreational development 3 - (v) sociologist/socio-economist - 6 Subtotal it 14 (d) RangelanWrsh Rehabitao (i) ag economist/diagosticsrey 3 (ii) sociologist - 12 (iii) AZRI . , Subtotal 3 12 (e) Zinata J-nniper Fotest Con sevation (f) ag conomistfdiagnosticsutvey 3 3 (ii) commuit forester 2 (iii) juniper/misdetoe disease spec. 2 - (iv) sociologist - 45 (v) Pakisn Forest Institute 12 (vi) AZR1 - 12 (vii) civil ege 6 Subtotal 7 78 Subtotal BFD 30 156 Total Project SO 178 /a Lump sum for salaries, honorari, TA/DA. Labor and other tesearch costs. -84- ANNEX 7 PAISTAN BALOCHISTAN NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMEN PROJECT Program of Early Events Key Tasls DaSes Agency ltesponsble 1. Project Launch 04/10-2619'4 ES 2. Procring services from intemational consdting firm and WWF: (a) requet proposas 07/25194 E S w o u l d (b) receive proposals 09/02194 coordinte the (c) determine winning proposal 10/31/94 recruiting of (d) sign contract and in field no later 12/31/94 international firm than while BFD would recruit WWF 3. Procuring local research agencies, that is: (a) AZRI to assist with RWRP; BFID would (b) PPI and AZRI for AZJFC; and procure these (c) UOK for SDS services (i) request proposas 07/25/94 (ii) sign contas no later tban 12/31194 4. Recuitng and placing additional staff: (a) key staff for FS Bd. Pres P&D (b) balance of ES staff 09/30/94 P&D (c) staff for BEPA 09/30194 BEPA (d) staff for BPD 09/30/94 BFD 5. Commence diapostic studies: (a) hire eonsutants 12/31/94 ES (b) complete secondaty data collecdon 01/31/95 B F D w o u I d (c) complete field work 02/2895 produce diagnostic (d) finalie report 03/31(95 studies 6. Establish seedling nurseries: (a) SDS 07/94 BPD (b) RWRP 10194 BFD (c) ZJFC 11/94 BFD PAKISTAN BALOCEISTAN NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECT Procurement Implemenation Schedule Estimated Annual Contractual and Other Payments (US$ million equivalent) Project Year Total Procuremet Elent Agency FY94 FY95 FY6 FY97 FY98 FY Payment Remarks 1. civil Wotb BEPA,BFD 0.03 0.75 0.30 0.09 0.03 - 1.20 LCB 2. Forest Wotb BPD 0.03 1.30 2.30 2.60 2.20 0.47 890 foce accout 3. Pidd Wobs DFD 0.02 0.30 0.35 0.35 0.20 0.08 1.30 foce account 4. a &Eqipmn Veh, motcyle, ttors ES, BEPA. BPI - 0.80 - - - - 0.80 IC8 poluon eqp BEPA 0.10 ^ - - 0.10 LCB Equip, man froae ES, BEPA. BPD - 0.05 0.07 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.20 pudent shopping 5. ConsuntServices ES, MA, BFD - 0.96 0.40 0.22 0.08 0.04 1.70 Intnmaonally & locally rewuited 6. Studies ES - 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.60 lnuatoally & loalty recued 0 7. Traini ES, BEPA, D 0.01 0.15 0.22 0.19 0.07 0.06 0.70 suloectoJDA's appoWa U' 8. MassAwsmSS ES 0.08 0.10 0.10 0.12 . 0.40 nonnalGO9alprocedusm.IDA'sappmoval 9. Iucrem Salaries awl Opatng Cos ES, BEPA. BFD 0.09 0.28 0.36 0.37 0.40 0.40 1.90 normal GOB I ptocedures ToWal 0.18 4.92 4.25 4.12 3.27 1.06 17.8D (IDA-Piaced) (0.07) (3.89) (3.61) (3.54) (2.78) (0.81) (14.70) co - 86 - ANNE 9 PAKISTAN BALOCMSTAN NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROJECT Supervision Plan Bank Spervision Input into Key Activfties 1. The staff input indicated in the attached Table "Bank Supervision Input into Key Activities" is in addition to the regular supervision needs for the review of progress reports, procurement actions, correspondence and so on. For this project, staff estimate the annual regular supervision input as five staff weeks (sw) in the project's first year, four sw in the second, and two sw for the remaining period. Borrowers Contribution to Supervison 2. Beginning with the semester ending December 31, 1994, project implementing agencies will submit six monthly project progress reports not later than end-February and end-August each year during project implementation. BEPA will be responsible for collating its own and BFD's progress reports, and submitting them to IDA. BFD will be responsible for ensuring that each of the four natural resource rehabilitation subprojects prepares a progress report and submit it to BEPA. BFD will also be responsible for ensuring that each subproject establishes an approprkte monitoring system. 3. BEPA will be responsible for coordinating and arranging supervision mission itineraries and wrap-Up meetings. Both BEPA and BFD representatives will accompany IDA staff during supervision missions, while the Additional Chief Secretary, BP&D, will normally chair the wrap-up meeting. 4. To facilitate project start-up, BEPA, BFD and IDA would organize a project launch workshop. Key Inicators 5. Some of the possible key indicators of project implementation progress, which supervision missions should monitor, include: (a) Instional She (i) nmnber of incremental staff recruited and in place; (ii) completion of training skill-gap analysis; (iii) nunber of staff trained; (iv) technical assistance supplied; and (v) review of work program development; (b) SDS: (i) area of sand dunes planted; (ii) number of seedlings distributed to and planted by communities; and (iii) research progress; (c) HCNP: (i) completion and IDA clearance of PMP; (ii) PMP implementation (civil works and so on); (iii) nuber of staff trained; and (iv) number of annual park visitors; - 87 - ANNEX 9 Page 2 (d) RWRP: (i) completion of diagnostic surveys and project detailed design; (ii) area of atriplex canescens planted; (iii) area of micro-catchment improved; and (iv) review of AZRI monitoring reports; and (e) ZJFC: (i) completion of diagnostic surveys, forest inventory, zoning proposals and project detailed design; (ii) area of community shrub fuelwood plantations planted; (iii) number or area of soil erosion works completed; (iv) number of seedlings distributed to and planted by communities; and (v) number of buildings and kan of forest tracks and paths constructed. - 88 - ANNEX 9 Page 3 i I'z 10 'l i! . X1I |tif flijI X , X ~INg ' ]X ] jl~ j i i 1111 iii hIf I I - 3') - ANNEX 1 0 PAKISTAN BALOCHISTAN NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECT Economic Internal Rates of Return I. Economic Analysis of the Mekran Coast Sand Dune Stabilization Subproject 1.01 Pending a detailed inventory and mapping of the subproject areas of Pasni, Gwadar and Pishukan, it can be shown that to justify the cost of the proposed works the area of infrastructure protected by the plantings would not need to be relatively large. 1l.02 The total current population of the subproject areas is estimated to exceed 100,000. This figure would represent approximately 14,290 households, the housing of each would cover an area of 10 m2 or more. As an initial estimate, a figure of Rs 4,000 per square meter was used to value the present replacement cost of this h_using. The coastal population is assumed to be growing at an annual rate of 3 percent. 1.03 It is estimated that periodic pruning of the prosopis planted to stabilize dunes would eventually lead to the production of about ton of fuelwood per hectare ten years after planting. As the proposed planting density ranges between 1,150 and 1,300 trees per hectare, this yield represents an average annual harvesting of less than 3 kilograms of wood per tree. At full development (after project year 15), the total area planted in prosopis is expected to produce about 5,000 tons of fuelwood annually. This production would be valued at about Rs 6.25 million. 1.04 The planted areas are expected to shelter areas three times as large in advance of the dunes. This means that the proposed works of 5,000 ha would have a protective catchment of about 15,000 ha. The analysis moreover assumed that if even the plantings could constitute effective barriers earlier, their protective utility would not be required until ten years after their establishment. Full realization of the protective benefits would therefore not occur before years 12 through 16 of the project. 1.05 The critical question then is whether or not the value of infrastructure protected within the catchment would be worth the proposed level of effort. Taking into account the direct fuelwood benefits of the plantings themselves, it can be shown that if after 15 years the effort would prevent annual damage to housing covering 0.005 percent of the total catchment area, or 18,750 m2, and having a total value of Rs 75 million, the rate of return to the subproject, given total base costs of Rs 173.4 million, or US$ 6.5 million, would about equal the target cutoff of 10 percent. In terms of total area of housing, the minimum area of housing in the catchment area, valued at Rs 4,000 per square meter, required per year to justify the subproject would be less than 10 percent of the total area of housing estimated for the projected population. 1.06 In practice, not all of the structures protected within the catchment would be houses valued at Rs 4,000/m2, but would also include plants such as the new port facilities at Pasni; the airport at Gwadar; Gwadar's old port facilities, water supplies in each of the three areas; and sections of metalled - 9q - ANNEX 10 Page 2 roads. These items would easily much increase the level of protection benefits estimated here. Moreover, apart from preventing structural damage, the plantings may also avoid the annual operation and maintenance costs of working as many as five bulldozers for 30 days. At an estimated economic value of Rs 375 per hour, the cost of employing this machinery could amount to about Rs 4.5 million a year. 1.07 In view of these estimates, it is very plausible that the economic performance of the subproject would be satisfactory even without the realization of fuelwood from the dune plantings.! II. Economic Analysis of the Hazarganji-Chiltan National Park Subproject 2.01 The economic analysis of the proposed development of the Hazarganji-Chiltan National Park is an adaptation of the "new" benefit-cost analysis presented in Fisher, Krutilla and Cicchetti~; Krutilla and Fisherl'; and Porter4. Additional information about the approach may be found in Barrett,'. In an effort to account for uncertainties in the estimates, key values in the analysis were modelled as random variables following defined probability distributions. A number of runs of the analysis were then made, allowing the risk values to vary within limits with frequencies defined by their probability distributions, to generate a distribution of internal rates of return. The distribution in turn provided the basis for a calculation of the expected internal rate of return. 2.02 The approach employs a measure of consumer surplus, which is calculated as the area under an estimated demand schedule for visits to the park. Over time, the preservation benefit grows as the demand schedule shifts according to the rate of growth in demand for the services rendered by the park at zero price (until capacity is reached) -- shifts in the horizontal, or quantity, component of the demand schedule -- and according to increases in the willingness of consumers to pay to visit the park - - shifts in the vertical, or price, component of the demand schedule. It can also be noted that the analysis has not considered benefits from the social forestry component, which should further contribute to the rate of return. 4.' A.C. Fisher, "The Economics of Environmental Preservation- A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis." American Economic Review, 64 (September 1972), pp. 605-19. 2' J.V. Krutilla and A.C. Fisher, The Economics of Natural Environments; Studies in the Valuation of Commodity and Amenity Resources, 2d printing, rev. ed. (Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future, 1985). 4/ R.C. Porter, "The New Approach to Wilderness Preservation Through Benefit- Cost Analysis." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 9 (1982), pp. 59-80 5.' S. Barrett, "Economic Growth and Environmental Preservation." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 23 (1992), pp. 289-300. - q1 - ANNEX 10 Page 3 2.03 The horizontal shift comes about partly through population growth. As long as growth in the economy's real income matches growth in the population, and barring changes in how income is distributed, the number of consumers wishing to visit the park will increase commensurately. Further shifts out along the quantity axis may be attributed to the evolution of preferences in response to improvements in the quality of the recreation experienced, and/or to changes in preferences linked to changes in incomes. In practice, the estimate of the horizontal shift in the demand schedule is not as important as the vertical shift. As more visitors gradually come to the park, a point will be reached where additional use of park would affect the quality of the habitat, or congestion may detract from visitors' personal appreciation of the recreation offered by the park setting. In any case, since there is a predefined capacity of the park, the larger the growth in the annual horizontal shift of the demand schedule, the earlier this constraint will be reached, curtailing the growth of preservation benefits in following years. 2.04 In the analysis here, the horizontal shift ranges from the rate of growth of the population, three percent per annum, to ten percent. Specifically, without the project, the horizontal intercept was considered to shift at the population rate, and to continue at this rate with the project until the fifth project year. Starting with the sixth project year, the shift was considered to be a random variable, normally distributed between four and ten percent. A transition occurs in year five, when the two underlying rates are averaged. Ornce the park's capacity is reached, the annual shift gradually falls to the population rate over a period of five years. 2.05 The vertical shift occurs because the price of the park service, as, for example, expressed as the willingness of individuals to pay to visit the park (in terms of transportation costs, other costs incidental to visits, and perhaps some opportunity costs), relative to the composite price of other producible goods in the economy, is increasing simply because the amenity service itself is becoming relatively more scarce. In particular, it has been argued that the change in the relative price of amenity services can be related to the rate of technical change in the sector of producible goods, broadly defined, because of the following conditions: an income elasticity of demand for amenity services that is large relative to goods in the producible goods sector, the absence of satisfactory substitutes tor the amenity services, and the difficulty of tecnnically reproducing the amenity services.Y As a proxy measure for the technological advance in the economy, the analysis here has used as a central value the annual growth in value added in manufactured goods, which has averaged 6.7 percent since the 1970s.1' In the analysis, the vertical shift was allowed to vary around this value in a normal distribution having maximum and minimum values of plus and minus 25 percent. 2.06 For the first two years the analysis assumes no difference in the growth of preservation benefits as the implementation of the park's management plan gets under way. In years three to five, the underlying shifts in the demand schedule are the same with or without the project, the analysis considers an additional outward shift in the demand schedule with the project as result of improvements to the park 1I See Krutilla and Smith, op.cit., p. 129; and V.K. Smith, "the Effect of Technological Change on Different Uses of Environmental Resources," in Natural Environments; Studies in Theoretical and Applied Analysis, ed. J.V. Krutilla (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press:1972). 21 World Bank. "Pakistan: Current Economic Situation and Prospects." - 92 - ANNEX 1 0 Page 4 and the quality of the amenity's recreational experience. The shift in the third year was initially set at a base value of five percent, but was allowed to vary around this value randomly by as much as 25 percent. Similarly, there are random shifts in years four and five having means of 10 and 15 percent respectively. 2.07 In summary, the movement of the horizontal and vertical intercepts in the analysis proceeds as follows: P0 initial vertical intercept Qo - initial horizontal intercept r- rate of vertical shift r, = rate of horizontal shift rp population growth rate k,,. year in which the park reaches capacity with the project k., = year in which the park reaches capacity without the project S3 - demand schedule shift in project year 3 S4 = demand schedule shift in project year 4 Ss = demand schedule shift in project year 5 Bt = preservation benefit in year t - 93 - ANNEX 10 Page 5 with the project: PI = project year 1 vertical intercept Po*(l + ry) P2 = P,*(1+ry) P- = P2*(1+rY)*(l +S3) 4 = P3*(1+ry)*(l+S4) PS = P4*(1+ry)*(l+S.) then for t > 5 P, = P, ,*(l+ry) as long as k., > 5 Q, = project year 1 horizontal intercept = QO*(1 +rp) Q2 = Q,*(1+rd Q3 = Q2*(1+rp)*(1+S3) Q4 = Q3*(1 +rp)*(1 +S4) QS = Q4*(1 +rp)*(1 +S) Q6 = Q,*(1+(rp+rx)/2) for 6 L. Q, = Q, ,*(l +g,) where g& = r.*(l +d)tk and d = [r/rxj"(5k) - 1 for t < or = kw B, = 0.5*P,*Q, for t > k, B, = 0.5*P*Q - 0.5*(Q, Qk)Z*P/Q; without the project: P,= P,,*(l +ry) Q= Q, , +rp for t < = kw, B, = 0.5*P,*Q, for t > ko B, = 0.5*Pt*Q, - 0.5*(Q, - Q02*p,/Q,; - 94 - ANNEX 1 0 Page 6 2.08 For small shifts in the vertical and horizontal components of a linear demand schedule. the change in the preservation benefit is approximately the sum of the rates of growth of the two components. 2.09 The demand schedule itself is not known with precision, but at present the park receives about 1800 visitors per year!' at an estimated cost of Rs 125 per visitor. This cost is an estimate based on transport charges, incidental expenses for food and some measure of opportunity cost for the time spent in recreation. The initial price vertical intercept can then be estimated by the relation: Pn = 125/(s*1800) where s is the initial slope of the demand schedule. Since the demand for the amenity services for the park is plausibly very elastic, the slope was considered to lie between zero and -0.05. At a slope of - 0.05, the initial vertical intercept would fall at about twice Rs 125, implying that at 11is cost there would not be any visits to the park, which is plausible.2' Below -0.05, the cut of cost approaches Rs 125, and at the same time, the initial preservation benefit increases. Actually, in the analysis, the initial slope is not permitted to fall below -0.001 since at this magnitude zero demand is very near the initial pairing of 1800 visitors and Rs 125 per visit. By restricting the slope to be below -0.001, one could avoid very large initial benefits skewing the results of the simulations. Lacking other information, the slope was set to range randomly between -0.001 and -0.05 a-cording to a normal probability distribution centered on - 0.0265. 2.10 The following table sununarizes the input assumnptions used to run a set of Monte Carlo simulations of the model described above: variable base value probability distribution minimum maximum s -0.0265 normal -0.0500 -0.0010 r, 0.067 normal 0.0525 0.0838 r. 0.075 normal 0.0400 0.1000 S3 0.05 normal 0.0375 0.0625 S4 0.10 normal 0.0750 0.1250 Ss 0.15 normal 0.1125 0.1875 Minimum and maximum values represent deviate from the mean by minus and plus three standard deviations. 2.11 Using the base values, the rate of return is estimated at 10.4 percent. The year in which the capacity of the park would be reached is around project year 20. 1/ Calculated at an average of 6 visitors per day over 300 days. A visitor is considered to be 1.5 adults, or 1 adult and two children. At a cost of Rs 125 per visitor, a family of 2 adults and 4 children would then spend about Rs 250, which would be just over four times the wage rate of casual rural labor. - 95 - ANNflX 1 0 Page! 7 2. 12 Two hundred-fifty simulatioins of the model were run maintaining project costs at their base levels. The runs generated an expected rate of return a little under 10 percent (with a standard deviation of less than one percent). Next, all costs were increased uniformly by 25 percent, and the expected rate of return fell to 8 percent. A uniform decrease of 25 percent in costs increased the expected rate of return to 12 percent. Allowing costs to vary independently year by year by as much as 50 percent of their base values again generates an expected rate of return of about 10 percent. 2.13 The parameters used in the simulations were set rather conservatively. Despite the pessimistic bias and the number of uncertainties, the results here indicate that the subproject is likely to bear a satisfactory econornic rate of return. III. Preliminary Assessment of the Rlangeland Rehabilitation Pilot Program 3.01 This pilot subproject would attempt to harness the potential of selected micro-catchments to provide seasonal minor irrigation through the construction of check dams, contour trenching and/or percolation ditches and the application of other water harvesting/conservation techniques. Shrubs of atriplex, or 'four-wing saltbush', would be planted along contours on slightly sloping areas in the drainage of the improved micro-catchments. The plantings can form either fodder banks, or, where feasible, established with a cash intercrop such as melon or cumin. A full economic analysis of such efforts will not be possible until after the trials are begun, but the results of recent work undertake by AZRI and the IGPRA II provide an indication of the relative magnitudes of the costs and benefits under investigation. This analysis assumes that the subproject would undertake micro-catchment land improvements for every ha of atriplex planted. In actual implementation the program would only do micro-catchment improvements for about half of the atriplex area planted. Where micro-catchment improvements are nov undertaken, costs and benefits would be roughly halved. Thus the expected economic rate of return for this area could be comparable to the rates estimated. 3.02 As a working figure, it has been assumed that ratio of the area of micro-catchment land improvements to down-stream productive area is 10:1. That is, every hectare of fodder development will require the drainage of up to 10 ha micro-catchments. Land works in micro-catchments are estimated at an average cost of Rs 2,000 per hectare. Over ten hectares, the development cost is therefore Rs 20,000. The cost of establishing atriplex is estimated at Rs 1.23 per plant for nursery expenses and Rs 2.5 per shrub for establishment costs, including ground preparation, planting and initial watering. In the better range areas where the subproject will be implemented, the planting density per hectare of pure fodder bank is expected to be about 5,000 shrubs (a spacing of about 1 x 2 m)!V. Including a contingency of 20 percent for replacements, the cost of this development is estimated to be about Rs 20,000. The total cost of the hectare of atriplex including the cost of subwatershed improvements is therefore expected to be approximately Rs 40,000. 1/ In some areas where the development of some minor irrigation would be possible, the pattern may be atriplex intercropped with a cash crop such as melon or cumin. - 96 - ANNEX 10 Page 8 3.03 The fodder production of one hectare of atriplex established under these conditions should amount to 5.5 tons a year, depending upon rainfall. The value of this forage would be estimated at Rs 6,875. A quantity of fuelwood would also be harvested from the stand which may amount to 0.5 kg per snrub every other year, or on average 0.25 kg per shrub annually. The value of the 1,250 kg of fuelwood produced on average each year would be estimated at Rs 1560. Together, the direct production benefits of a hectare of established four-wing saltbush should reach about Rs 8,440. 3.04 Indirectly, the production of the 5.5 tons of fodder could be expected to relieve grazing pressure on an adjacent 8 to 10 ha tract of rangeland. The reduction of pressure may allow the productivity of the range to improve by as much as 150 kg of dry matter per hectare. The additional benefits would be about 1.2 tons of forage valued at Rs 1,50O'. 3.05 Finally, the micro-catchment works should also improve ground water recharge over the area, estimated here at a rate of 60 additional cubic meters per hectare per year. The economic value of this water is bound to exceed WAPDA's cost of providing supplies at about Rs 10/m3, which does not take into account the collective impact of individual consumption upon remaining ground water reserves. At present, an overall net mining of aquifers is believed to be occurring in the Quetta valley and other basins. At Rs 10/nI , the value of the increase in ground water through the subproject works would be approximately Rs 6,000 over the unit of ten hectares. 3.06 In total, the annual benefits at full development from ten hectares of micro-catchment land improvements and one hectare of fodder/intercrop production is expected to be around Rs 16,000. Full development, moreover, is expected to be rapid. Compared to the development cost of Rs 40,000, these benefits imply a rate of return that is likely to exceed 30 percent. If one were to consider the total base project expenditures of Rs 13.8 million for the proposed pilot program as it stands, the imputed cost per unit of ten hectares of land works and one hectare of fodder would be about Rs 92,000, rendering a return to the initial development of 1,500 ha of micro-catchments and 150 ha of fodder banks of about 15 percent. IV. Economic Analysis of the Conservation and Management of Juniper Forests Subproject 4.01 The quantified benefits for this subproject included estimates of: (1) the consumer surplus afforded by the amenity services of the juniper forests with and without the subproject; (2) incremental production of fuelwood plantations and social forestry; (3) avoided productivity losses in orchards and rainfed grain cultivation due to periodic flooding; and (4) incremental fodder production. The benefits of the development of water for household and agricultural use, although bound to be present, were not estimable. This component, about 1 percent of total subproject costs, was not, however, separated from the rest of the development costs of the subproject. 1/ Project benefits from the production of fodder banks are potentially significantly higher if, instead of valuing only the quantity of forage produced, the analysis were to consider the dynamics of grazing where, as a consequence to the project's increased availability of fodder and improved animal husbandry, the value added to livestock production increases. - 97 - ANNEX 10 Page 9 4.02 The modelling of these benefits generally involved the specification of one or more key parameters which were allowed to take on values randomly within specified ranges according to a normal probability distribution. A number of simulations were then run to derive an expected intemal rate of return. 4.03 The procedure for estimating the consumer surplus associated with the recreational use of the juniper forests is similar that used in the analysis of the Hazarganji-Chiltan National Park. Here, it was estimated that about 7,500 visitors presently come to the Ziarat area over a period of 150 days, spending on average about Rs 600 per visit. Without the project, it was assumed that well-stocked juniper forests will continue to contract, leading to an annual loss in visitors overall and in consumer surplus of 2.5 to 5 percent. With the project, at least 1000 hectares of the forest would be preserved and other areas better protected, allowing a continuation of amenity services of a particular quality. The benefits of the preservation would gradually increase as the demand schedule for recreation in Ziarat shifts outward along the price axis at a mean of 6.7 percent a year and along the quantity axis at rate ranging between 4 and 10 percent until the capacity of the area is reached. Again the initial slope of the demand schedule was estimated to fall between -0.05 and -0.001. 4.04 The subproject would establish 500 ha of fuelwood plantations within the first three years (with an additional 500 ha pending the mid-term review) and distribute 100,000 seedlings to ilouseholds. The trees distributed to households would cover an area roughly equivalent to 110 ha of fuelwood plantations. 4.05 The production of wood per plantation hectare or plantation hectare equivalent was based on the following ranges of yields: (t/ha) year after planting 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 min 0.12 0.24 0.35 0.47 0.59 0.71 0.88 1.05 1.23 1.40 27.18 mean 0.16 0.31 0.47 0.63 0.79 0.94 1.18 1.41 1.64 1.87 36.23 max 0.19 0.38 0.58 0.77 0.97 1.16 1.45 1.73 2.02 2.30 44.57 A year-by-year correlation of yields was not predefined for the simulations. 4.06 Without the project, an estimated 18,000 tons of fuelwood per year would be harvested from the preserved area, zone A, for twenty years. This estimate may be rather high, but lowering it in the analysis would raise the rate of return. With the project the production of fuelwood over the rotation is expected to total about 45,000 tons from the plantations and about 5,000 tons from the social forestry plantings. The total value of this production would be about Rs 62.5 million. 4.07 The calculation of soil conservation benefits was based on the current profit of orchards and rainfed cultivation on the lower slopes Ci the area. These were considered to vary between Rs 100,000 to Rs 400,000 per hectare of crchards and between Rs 4,000 and Rs 5,000 per hectare of rainfed maize. It was assumed that the works over 10,000 ha would benefit 1,000 ha of farm area, 30 percent of which would comprise orch.rds with the remaining area in maize. Within these areas the soil conservation works were expected tO avoid productivity losses of I to 3 percent a year. Annual soil conservation benefits were therefore expected to accrue to approximately Rs 30 million by project year 20. - 98 - ANNEX 10 Page 10 4.08 The incremenital production of forage from the seeding of grass and fodder over 500 ha waq expected to reach 650 kg per hectare within five years. At full development, total incremental forage production under the subproject is expected to reach 325 tons a year, having a value of about Rs 325,000. 4.09 After the running of 250 simulations, the expected internal rate of return was estimated at 15 percent. This expected return moreover appears to rather stable: uniform variations of costs by 25 percent affect this result by about one percentage point. On the basis of these results, it is quite plausible that the rate of return of the subproject would be at least ten percent. - 99 - ANNEX 1 1 PAKISTAN BALOCHISTAN NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECT Related Documents and Data Available in Project File A. Reports and Studies on the Sector or Subsector A. 1 Bank Group Reconnaissance Mission Report: Pakistan Enviromnental Rehabilitation, Protection and Management, June 20, 1985 A.2 Bank Group Country Economic Memorandum Mission Report: Pakistan, Population, Natural Resources and the Environment, February 1988 A.3 Government of Pakistan: National Conservation Strategy, November 1991 B. Reports and Studies Dealing with the Project B. 1 Agricultural Operations Division, EM 1AG Preparation Report: Pakistan Environmental Protection and Resource Conservation Project, January 28, 1991 B.2 Agricultural Operations Division, South Asia Country Department 3, Proposed Pakistan: Balochistan Natural Resource Management Project, September 1992 C. Selected Working Papers C. I Agricultural Operations Division, South Asia Country Department 3, Project Implementation File, Detailed Cost Tables, November 1993 C.2 Kanok Pranich, Working Papers: Ziarat Juniper Forest Conservation, Hazarganji-Chiltan National Park Development, and Sand Dune Stabilization on the Mekran Coast PAKISTAN BALOCHISTAN NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECT Proposed Environmental Section Organization11 Director General (BPS-20) 2 Director [ Director (BPS-19) (BPS-19) Forest, Ag Water Fisheries & Mining Industry & Urban Ass Dir 1 |Ass Dir 1 |Ass Dir 1 Support L(BPS-17) J (BPS-17) | [ (BPS-17) j Staff IIZYIl IZEI Res Ass Res Ass | Res Ass (BPS-:6) (BPS-16) J (BPS-16) Res Ass (BPS-16) /I The project would fund all positions /) RainC PaV Scale PAKISTAN BALOCHISTAN NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECT Proposed BEPA Organization!' FDir. General (BPS-20) "I' Dept. Dir.| (BPS-18) Admin officer Hub Industrial Industrial Issues Urban Issues Publicity Unit Estate r I | | | r ll Ir I 'l ~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~Support Staff Ass. Dir. Ass. Dir. Ass. Dir. Ass. Dir. (BPS-17) (BPS-17) (BPS-17}) l (BPS-17) Res. Ass. Res. Ass. Res. Ass. (BPS-16) (BPS-16) (BPS-16) Pub. Off. Pub. Off. l (BPS-16) (BPS-16) 5 Photog. Tech. (BPS-14) (BPS-14) J/ The project would fund positions with double outlines. F32° * M° PAKISTAN BALOCHISTAN NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECT PROJECT AREAS SUBPROJECT AREAS: 0 SELECTED TOWNS SAND DUNE STABILIZATION * PROVINCE CAPITAL HAZARGANJI*CHILTAN NATIONAL SELECTED ROADS ;' PARK DEVELOPMENT / o RANGELAND/WATERSHED .VR REHABILITATION DRY LAKES ZIARAT JUNIPER FOREST DIVISION BOUNDARIES 7 LAND SYSTEM BOUNDARIES PROVINCE BOUNDARIES / *-INTERNATIONAL ELEVATIONS IN METERS: BOUNDARIES 2135S f** (>~~~~~~. ~~~1525 915 ^GHANIST. ____ ,,, a,_._-.- * -ge 1"' Nto hki -. I B R A ! ' . H ni: '. KA K AK Q U E T T A- |~~~~~~~~ ~ 2t- j .-slJt} QU TT , K- ...A / ISLAMIC REP. OF IRAN . I W s wkf V , I ~ ~~~~~~~4-9 , ;t/t!\ - - KILOMETERS =' r o so 150 f -r, \ yEKRhN /J/ xlr \ MILES '-)- v , A r a ;, / C;r 6 40