POLLUTION MANAGEMENT & 2017 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ANNUAL REPORT Pollution Management and Environmental Health (PMEH) pursues three strategic objectives: (1) support developing countries to significantly reduce air, land, and water pollution through pollution management planning and investment; (2) generate and share knowledge on pollution and its health impacts in urban, rural, and marine areas; and (3) promote awareness of pollution management and environmental health issues among policy makers, business partners, city leaders, and the general public. © 2018 International Bank for This work is a product of the staff of The Rights and Permissions Reconstruction and Development/ World Bank with external contributions. The World Bank The findings, interpretations, and The material in this work is subject to 1818 H Street NW conclusions expressed in this work do not copyright. Because The World Bank necessarily reflect the views of The World encourages dissemination of its knowledge, Washington DC 20433 Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or this work may be reproduced, in whole or in Telephone: 202-473-1000 the governments they represent. part, for noncommercial purposes as long Internet: www.worldbank.org as full attribution to this work is given. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. Any queries on rights and licenses, including The boundaries, colors, denominations, and subsidiary rights, should be addressed to other information shown on any map in World Bank Publications, The World Bank this work do not imply any judgment on the Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC part of The World Bank concerning the legal 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: status of any territory or the endorsement pubrights@worldbank.org. or acceptance of such boundaries. 2 POLLUTION MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ANNUAL REPORT 2017 2017 CONTENTS 1. OVERVIEW 4 2. ACTIVITY HIGHLIGHTS 8 Air Quality Management 8 Contaminated and Toxic Site Management 20 Research and Strengthened Analytics for Improved Pollution Management and Environmental Health 24 RESEARCH PROJECT 1: Improving Air Quality Monitoring and Estimating Health Risks and Other Effects of Ambient Air Pollution in Low- and Middle-Income Countries 24 RESEARCH PROJECT 2: Assessing the Health Impacts and Related Economic Impacts of Toxic Land Pollution 27 RESEARCH PROJECT 3: Pollution Management and the Development of Prosperous Cities 30 Knowledge Dissemination and Public Awareness Raising 32 3. FINANCIAL OVERVIEW 34 3 1 OVERVIEW Air, land, and water pollution caused PMEH, launched at a Global Citizen 9 million premature deaths in 2015, Earth Day event in Washington, DC, 92% accounting for 16 percent of all deaths in April 2015, is organized into five worldwide. About 92 percent of all operational components, including one pollution-related mortality is seen in for administration. In the 12 months low-income and middle-income countries, ended September 30, 2017, PMEH’s with the poor, marginalized, and young work on air quality management hardest hit by the health effects of the planning was focused on seven cities PM2.5 contamination.1 The economic burden is and regional clusters with some of the immense: in 2016, ambient air pollution most challenging pollution levels in the alone cost the global economy $5.7 world. PMEH assessed the air quality trillion—4.4 percent of global gross monitoring and sampling capabilities of domestic product (GDP). these cities and regions. Meanwhile, the ABOUT 92 PERCENT contaminated and toxic site management OF ALL POLLUTION- The World Bank is committed to component began initial field work in RELATED MORTALITY supporting countries most severely Tanzania, the research component is seen in low-income and affected by pollution, by providing started to produce preliminary results, middle-income countries, technical assistance on pollution and the knowledge dissemination with the poor, marginalized, management, facilitating knowledge component supported several learning and young hardest hit by generation and sharing, and raising events. the health effects of the awareness about the detrimental impact contamination. on global health. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT World Bank lending commitments A significant achievement was PMEH that address pollution management Business Week, a series of four events and environmental health issues grew in Beijing that PMEH hosted with to $4.28 billion in FY2016 from $1.81 environmental divisions of the Chinese billion in FY2008; the results of this national government and the city of increase included air pollution reduction Beijing in December 2016. The events— in Mongolia and China and an easing of which included a training session about contamination on land and in rivers in China’s experience in ambient air quality a number of developing countries. This management—drew international work is in part supported by the Pollution pollution management professionals Management and Environmental Health from all PMEH participating countries, Multi-Donor Trust Fund (PMEH) within the as well as countries that may participate World Bank’s Environment and Natural in the future. Consultations with experts Resources Global Practice. on the ground in each case also found that most countries want to strengthen their analytical-based understanding of pollution sources so that they can determine cost-effective abatement solutions. 1 “The Commission on Pollution and Health,” The Lancet, 3 February 2018, pp. 462–512. 4 POLLUTION MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ANNUAL REPORT 2017 4.4% The health effects of exposure to ambient PM2.5 cost the equivalent of 4.4% of global GDP in 2016. Photo credit: Meg Walker, PMEH. 5 Another important initiative was to entitled Filling the Gaps, about the issues encourage South-South collaboration on of satellite remote sensing, ground-level pollution management—an opportunity monitoring, and emerging air sensors—all to amplify PMEH’s impact and part of PMEH’s air quality monitoring disseminate its partners’ expertise. Via research project. In the fall of 2017, PMEH, China has been a leader, sharing the workshop’s findings were being its technical and institutional knowledge summarized in a white paper about how on air quality management, particularly low- and middle-income countries were with Nigeria but also with India, both of coming together to fill geographic gaps which face similar obstacles as they seek in air quality monitoring and to establish to accelerate growth while at the same common policies for monitoring. time addressing serious public health and environmental health problems. The toxic land pollution research project also got under way, with an There was more international exchange exercise to identify key gaps in data and of knowledge when two dozen methodology that could be overcome environmental experts from the Chinese with PMEH support. PMEH also refined government attended the first PMEH- the scope of its cutting-edge research organized international policy study tour into the linkage between environmental in Europe to learn about the experiences pollution and the prosperity and of Austria, Germany, the Netherlands, competitiveness of cities in low- and and the United Kingdom in managing air middle-income countries. quality. KNOWLEDGE DISSEMINATION PMEH also established a technical AND PUBLIC AWARENESS advisory group of external experts from RAISING academic and governmental institutions, and the group convened several times PMEH’s communications staff supported to review and provide advice on project the adaptation by the China Environment concept notes and work plans. Culture Promotion Association of the play An Enemy of the People, which attracted 600,000 online viewers at a performance CONTAMINATED AND TOXIC in Beijing during PMEH Business Week. SITE MANAGEMENT The play raises awareness about the PMEH’s work on toxic land pollution importance of sound environmental took off. The contaminated and toxic health policy. To monitor this and other site management component was fully learning events and to collect participant conceptualized and work began, focusing feedback to assess knowledge exchange on Bangladesh, Nigeria, Pakistan, and and participant engagement, the Tanzania. Field work started in Tanzania. team also established a standardized mechanism. RESEARCH AND STRENGTHENED ANALYTICS REPORT STRUCTURE FOR IMPROVED POLLUTION This report provides an overview of MANAGEMENT AND PMEH’s activities from October 2016 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH through September 2017. Chapter 2 provides highlights of activities for air The World Bank’s Environment and quality, toxic land pollution, research, Natural Resources Global Practice and and knowledge dissemination and public the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency awareness raising. The financial report is (U.S. EPA) jointly hosted a workshop, detailed in Chapter 3. 6 POLLUTION MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ANNUAL REPORT 2017 PMEH’s contaminated and toxic site management component has begun focusing on Bangladesh, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Tanzania. Photo credit: Bigstock 7 2 ACTIVITY HIGHLIGHTS AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT RESEARCH AND CONTAMINATED STRENGTHENED AND TOXIC SITE ANALYTICS MANAGEMENT Figure 1. PMEH’s Main Areas of Work AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT Air pollution caused 4 million premature plans, driven by quality data, which deaths in 2016, making it the seventh will provide the basis for implementing largest cause of global deaths that year.2 projects that will reduce high levels of air Furthermore, the economic burden of pollutants in a cost-effective manner. air pollution—in terms of both damage The second is to simultaneously reduce to health and loss of productivity—is short-term climate pollutants and levels immense for the world and for individual of greenhouse gases. PMEH does so by countries. Ambient particulate matter including in its target pollutants several (PM2.5) air pollution alone cost the global short-lived climate pollutants—such economy $5.7 trillion, or 4.4 percent, as black carbon—that have negative of global GDP in 2016.3 impacts on both human health and the global climate and by showing how To combat this threat, PMEH has two reducing local air pollution also reduces interconnected goals. The first is to climate pollutants. develop robust air quality management 2 Global Burden of Disease study 2016. 3 World Bank. 88 POLLUTION POLLUTION MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT AND AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HEALTH ANNUAL ANNUAL REPORT REPORT 2017 2017 4.1M Ambient people died from ambient particulate matter (PM2.5) particulate matter (PM2.5) in 2016. in the air 7 th kills. largest cause of global deaths in 2016 was ambient PM2.5 $5.7T was the cost of the global health effects of exposure to ambient PM2.5 in 2016. That’s almost 4.4% of global GDP. Reforms $1.58 341 $208 billion reforms million investment generated achieved in 83 client in direct compliance cost FY12–16, exceeding the countries FY12–16, well savings to private sector, $1 billion target for above reform target of FY12–16, from stream- strategy cycle 250 for strategy cycle lined regulation and lower business costs Photo credit: Bigstock 9 ASSESSMENT OF scale management plans. PMEH has AIR QUALITY MONITORING designed a planning flowchart (Figure Among the year’s major 2) that each local jurisdiction can use accomplishments was AND SAMPLING as a template to develop a customized assessing the capabilities PMEH works with seven major cities management plan. In the past year, of participating cities and and urban agglomerations in Africa PMEH began assessing the capabilities urban agglomerations to and Asia to support their development of its participating cities and urban conduct air quality of air quality monitoring networks agglomerations to conduct air quality monitoring and sampling. and to guide them in developing full- monitoring and sampling. Figure 2. Air Quality Management Planning Flowchart 10 Project management 1 4 6 Methods and protocols Emission inventory Health impacts 2 Particulate matter sampling 7 5 Institutions Source apportionment and stakeholders 3 8 Air quality monitoring Cost-effectiveness 9 Air quality management planning PMEH’s China—the cities of Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, and surrounding provinces (the expanded Jingjinji Metropolitan Region,4 the national capital region of China) Progress Egypt—the Greater Cairo area Table 1, at the end of Ghana—the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area this section, summarizes PMEH’s focus and progress in the last year India—the city of Delhi and the National Capital Region in each city or urban agglomeration: Nigeria—the city of Lagos South Africa—the cities of Johannesburg, Ekurhuleni, and Tshwane Vietnam—the greater Hanoi Metropolitan Area, including the city of Hanoi and the provinces of Bắc Ninh and Hưng Yên 4 Refers to the cities of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, plus surrounding areas of Shanxi, Henan, and Shandong provinces and Inner Mongolia. 10 POLLUTION MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ANNUAL REPORT 2017 C H APT ER 2 • AC T I VI T Y HI G HL I G HTS OTHER MAJOR air quality monitoring, analysis of Approximately 40 people ACCOMPLISHMENTS air pollutant sources, and public from 16 countries attended dissemination of air quality information. PMEH Hosted Business Week in Beijing the training, and more than • An international policy workshop on 250 participated in the PMEH, together with China’s Foreign air quality management, focusing on policy workshop, which Economic Cooperation Office in the the experience from the Jingjinji region, was broadcast on Chinese Ministry of Environmental Protection whose invited guests included the television. and the Beijing Municipal Environmental Jingjinji Air Quality Coordination Office, Protection Bureau, hosted PMEH Business Chinese research institutions, and Week in Beijing, December 5–10, 2016. global experts on air quality control. The week featured a series of events that brought together Chinese and • The second PMEH Steering Committee international pollution management meeting, to share the multi-donor professionals from all PMEH participating trust fund’s progress and plans for the countries, as well as potential future coming year. PMEH countries, to share experiences Approximately 40 people from 16 countries and practices in their pursuit of a cleaner attended the training, and more than environment. The week included three key 250 participated in the policy workshop, events: which was broadcast on Chinese television. • An international training program to Overall feedback from participants was share China’s experience in ambient positive. Knowledge Exchange at PMEH Business Week in Beijing Participants walk from administrative offices to the coal-fired power plant. Participants observe plant operations. The plant’s air quality managers present on how the plant complies with Plant staff work in its monitoring room. regional emissions standards. Photo credits: Meg Walker, PMEH 11 China and Nigeria Built Collaboration on positive outcomes of their collaboration Pollution Management at the Fourth Investing in Africa Forum, Two dozen environmental scheduled for Changsha, China, in the experts from the Chinese Since PMEH Business Week, a dialogue fall of 2018. government attended PMEH’s has been ongoing to establish South- first air quality management South cooperation between Beijing, Chinese Experts Studied Air Quality policy study tour, to learn China, and Lagos, Nigeria, on air quality Management Policy in Europe about Europe’s experience management—and, more broadly, on in managing air quality, from pollution management. As part of this Two dozen environmental experts from May 30 to June 8. effort, PMEH supported the visit of two the Chinese government attended PMEH’s Chinese delegations from the Ministry first air quality management policy study of Environmental Protection to Lagos tour, to learn about Europe’s experience in July 2017, to share China’s air quality in managing air quality, from May 30 to management experience, especially June 8. Experts and officials from China’s in the Jingjinji region, and to identify Ministry of Environmental Protection, the potential areas for mutual collaboration. Jingjinji Air Quality Coordination Office, As a next step, a delegation from and the environmental protection bureaus Nigeria, led by the governor of Lagos of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, toured State, planned a study tour in Beijing Austria, Germany, and the Netherlands. and Tianjin in November 2017 to learn A session about the United Kingdom’s about the Chinese government’s experience in air quality management experience in addressing air quality was held on June 5, featuring management and policy approaches presentations by the mayor of London implemented at the city, regional, and and scholars from the University of West national levels. The intention was that England. It was the first time that these Lagos and Tianjin, two large-scale Jingjinji region institutions participated coastal cities, could work together jointly in an international technical via PMEH to address their similar air mission to support the region’s air quality quality management challenges. Both management program. countries planned to demonstrate the Photo credit: Lek Kadeli, PMEH. Chinese environmental experts on policy study tour in Germany. 12 POLLUTION MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ANNUAL REPORT 2017 C H A PT ER 2 • AC T I VI T Y HI G HL I G HTS PMEH Advanced Technical Aspects of to all participating jurisdictions. The Air Quality Management Planning protocol, which was being updated by PMEH international experts in PMEH applied its air quality management the fall of 2017, describes the source planning flowchart to guide the apportionment-receptor modeling planning process in each city and urban method and lays out the procedures to agglomeration. In 2017, the focus was on prepare and perform filter sampling— the following work: as well as laboratory analysis for • Protocol development—Finalizing chemical speciation of the collected the development of protocols for samples—so that the generated data chemical speciation and pollution are sufficiently reliable for modeling source apportionment, using (Box 1). receptor modeling (identifying air pollution sources and quantifying • Particulate matter sampling— their contribution to pollution levels Collecting filter samples of PM2.5 by statistically apportioning the (atmospheric particulate matter measured mass of pollutants to the that have a diameter of less than 2.5 emission sources in the area). This micrometers) to conduct chemical is an important step in gathering composition analysis. information that helps determine air quality control options. PMEH experts • Air quality monitoring—Establishing shared the source apportionment- or improving ambient air quality receptor modeling protocol with monitoring networks to monitor representatives of participating pollutants in real time. countries during PMEH Business • Source apportionment—Conducting Week. The protocol provides guidelines pollution source apportionment in Photo credit: Momoe Kanada, PMEH. to perform source apportionment each urban agglomeration. analysis based on the international standard methodology for particulate Visiting Chinese expert with Nigerian air matter sampling, which can be applied monitoring equipment in Lagos. Box 1. Quality Assurance and Quality Control in Air Quality Management The importance of quality assurance (QA)* and quality control (QC)** in air quality management cannot be overstated. If there is no system in place to ensure confidence in air quality data, the cost and efforts involved in data collection may be undermined. The key QA/QC elements in air quality monitoring involve the establishment of data quality objectives (for example, data completeness), standard operating procedures for instrumentation and analytical laboratory processes, appropriately trained staff, data management, and data reporting.*** A successful air quality management strategy therefore requires a rigorous QA/QC system and ongoing training of staff involved in collection, analysis, and dissemination of air quality data. PMEH’s air quality management planning framework addresses the importance of QA and QC by aiming to build or strengthen the capacity of the staff and institutions responsible for air quality monitoring and analytical processes and to support participating governments’ efforts to develop effective air quality management plans based on reliable data. * The external system that verifies the precision, accuracy, and validity of air quality measurements. ** The internal system for estimating and maintaining the precision, accuracy, and validity of air quality measurements. *** World Bank and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Filling the Gaps: Improving Measurement Photo credit: Lek Kadeli, PMEH. of Ambient Air Quality in Low and Middle Income Countries (Washington, DC: forthcoming). Emissions from coal-fired plant in Hebei province, China. 13 Participating Jurisdictions Began PMEH Established a Technical Work on Air Quality Monitoring and Advisory Group Technical Advisory Group Particulate Matter Sampling In December 2016, PMEH formed a George Gray, Chair China, Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa, technical advisory group of relevant George Washington University and Vietnam took the first steps external experts from academic and Edith Clarke toward conducting air monitoring governmental institutions to ensure that Ghana Health Service and sampling for chemical speciation. its air quality management component Experts from the Desert Research is strong and technically rigorous. The Montira Pongsiri Cornell University Institute completed assessments of group convened several times between existing capacities in each country December 2016 and May 2017 to review Helmut Krist, Retired between May and September 2017 and provide advice on project concept Senior Advisor for GIZ (Germany) and provided recommendations for the notes and work plans. In its most recent type of equipment, as well as areas for report, the group provided technical Carlos Dora World Health Organization capacity building, to strengthen the comments on air quality management jurisdictions’ air quality monitoring. In proposals from China, Egypt, Ghana, Michael-Oliver Hinsch addition, PMEH continued working with Nigeria, South Africa, and Vietnam. In European Union experts from the International Institute addition to scholars and practitioners, André Zuber, Directorate-General for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) and the group includes experts from other for Environment, European local technicians in China, Nigeria, and international organizations—such as the Commission Vietnam to establish Greenhouse gas–Air World Meteorological Organization, World pollution Interactions and Synergies Health Organization (WHO), and relevant Alexander Baklanov (GAINS) modeling databases, to be able European Union (EU) organizations—that World Meteorological Organization to analyze cost-effective options for offer experience with initiatives in low- reducing air pollution.5 and middle-income countries. World Bank technical workshop in Hanoi, Vietnam, to discuss air pollution. Photo credit: Lek Kadeli, PMEH. 5 The Greenhouse gas–Air pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS) model was developed by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA). Working with PMEH, IIASA is further developing the PMEH GAINS city model to allow for the analysis of cost-effective pollution abatement options at the city and regional/urban agglomeration levels. 14 POLLUTION MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ANNUAL REPORT 2017 Photo credit: Lek Kadeli, PMEH. Air quality monitoring equipment in Beijing. 15 World Bank and U.S. EPA Developed management. The course will be an Air Quality Management provided through the World Bank E-Learning Program Open Learning Campus platform, with free and open access to the public. The World Bank’s Environment and It was designed for development Natural Resources Global Practice professionals, government officials, (with partial support from PMEH) and partners in low- and middle- worked with the U.S. Environmental income countries. The course will be Protection Agency to develop an launched in June 2018 (Box 2). online training course on air quality Box 2. Online Introduction to Air Quality Management Training The World Bank's new online training course on air quality management examines the key approaches for reducing air pollution and provides the foundation for designing an air quality management program in low- and middle-income countries. The course will be free and available in both facilitated and self-paced formats at https://olc.worldbank.org/. 16 POLLUTION MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ANNUAL REPORT 2017 Photo credit: Bigstock Air pollution obscures the IFC skyscraper in Hong Kong’s Central district. 17 Table 1. Summary of Progress Country City/Region Implementing Agency Goals Progress (October 2016 to September 2017) China Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei • Foreign Economic • Development of mid- and • Air quality management officials from the and the surrounding Cooperation Office long-term regional air quality Jingjinji region visited Europe for a policy provinces (the expanded under the Ministry management plans (2018- study tour. Jingjinji Metropolitan of Environmental 2020, 2022, 2025, and 2030), • Air quality technicians adopted the Region) Protection based on cost-effective PMEH protocol for chemical composition • Jingjinji Air Quality abatement options identified analysis and receptor modeling, and Cooperation Office through the GAINS model applied it to work on particulate matter • Local environmental • Support for immediate sampling and source apportionment. protection bureaus in actions of the 13th (2016– • The Chinese Research Academy of the expanded Jingjinji 2020) Five-Year Plan on Environmental Sciences began work on region Air Quality Management an emissions inventory and analysis of • Chinese Research • Sharing of international cost-effective emission control strategies Academy of knowledge and experience, for the expanded Jingjinji region. Environmental and South-South cooperation • The Ministry of Environmental Protection Sciences and local and PMEH jointly organized two Research Academy workshops, focusing on air quality of Environmental management experiences for the Pearl Sciences in the River Delta in Guangzhou and the Lower expanded Jingjinji Yangze Delta in Yancheng. region Vietnam Hanoi and two satellite • Ministry of Natural • Improved ambient air quality • PMEH and the government of Vietnam provinces, Bắc Ninh and Resources and monitoring capacity in the held a multi-sector workshop targeted at Hưng Yên (greater Environment and three urban cities the Greater Hanoi Metropolitan Area, and Hanoi Metropolitan its Pollution Control • Support for follow-up on the presented preliminary results of GAINS Area) Department National Action Plan on Air modeling to discuss and define next steps. • Provincial and city Quality Management, and • PMEH experts visited to assess the local departments of development of technical capacity for work on particulate matter natural resources and guidelines to strengthen sampling and air quality monitoring, and environment regulatory enforcement to provide procurement recommendations for monitoring and sampling equipment and laboratory instruments. India Delhi and the National Ministry of Environment, Agreement with MOEFCC, CPCB, • PMEH experts visited three times to Capital Region (under Forestry, and Climate and DPCC on World Bank build collaboration with MOEFCC, CPCB, consideration in Change (MOEFCC); the support and areas of focus, and DPCC. This collaboration includes ongoing discussions Central Pollution Control which may include: work on the National Clean Air Program, with the government Board (CPCB); and the • Air quality forecasting and the National Capital Region, the cities of India) Delhi Pollution Control emergency response of Delhi and perhaps Hyderabad, and Committee (DPCC) • Work on source structures international air quality management. (key agencies under and health impacts in the consideration in ongoing National Capital Region discussions with the • Review of existing air quality government of India) management plans and analytical support for prioritization of control measures • Mid- to long-term support to enhance local capacity to analyze air quality • Improving the National Clean Air Program • Integration of India into international collaboration on air quality management 18 POLLUTION MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ANNUAL REPORT 2017 C H A PT ER 2 • AC T I VI T Y HI G HL I G HTS Table 1. Summary of Progress (continued) Country City/Region Implementing Agency Goals Progress (October 2016 to September 2017) Nigeria City of Lagos • Lagos State Ministry of • Establishment of a real-time • PMEH held a first technical workshop Environment and its ambient air quality monitoring to launch work on particulate matter Environmental network in the City of Lagos sampling, air quality monitoring, source Protection Agency • Establishment of a particulate apportionment, and analysis of cost- • Lagos State Ministry of matter sampling network effective emission control strategies. Economic Planning and and laboratory capacity to • PMEH experts visited to assess Budget undertake chemical the local capacity for air quality • Lagos State Ministry of composition analyses monitoring and to develop procurement Health • Future development of an air recommendations. • Federal Ministry of quality management plan for • PMEH started initial work on an Environment (provided Lagos emissions inventory, health impact support) • Future development of assessment, and analysis of cost- multi-pollutant and multi- effective emission control strategies. pathway control strategies • The Lagos state government developed that will eventually integrate an institutional structure to implement air quality management, projects by successfully involving an contaminated and toxic site extensive network of stakeholders. management, and integrated • The World Bank facilitated the solid waste management development of South-South cooperation between Nigeria and China. This included air quality management experts and officials from Nigeria visiting China, and vice versa. Ghana Accra Metropolitan Area • Ghana Environmental • In collaboration with • PMEH experts visited to assess the Protection Agency the U.S. Environmental local capacity for air quality monitoring, • Ghana Health Service Protection Agency, support particulate matter sampling, and chemical for strengthening of local composition analysis and to develop capacity to conduct air procurement recommendations. quality monitoring and • The Ghana Environmental Protection sampling and source Agency identified two new monitoring apportionment sites to install real-time monitors. • Inclusion of indoor air pollution in the air quality management plan for Accra South Johannesburg, Department of • Establishment of a Center • PMEH experts visited to assess the Africa Ekurhuleni, and Environmental Affairs of Excellence for air quality local capacity for air quality monitoring, Tshwane (Greater management at North-West particulate matter sampling, and chemical Johannesburg University, as a regional composition analysis and to develop Metropolitan Area) knowledge-sharing and procurement recommendations. training huba • Further strengthening of the local ambient air quality monitoring network, particu- late matter sampling, and lab facility to conduct chemical composition analysis Egypt The Greater Cairo Area Environmental Affairs • Improved local capacity to • PMEH and the Environmental Affairs Agency of the Ministry of conduct particulate matter Agency agreed on the dates for PMEH Environment (PM2.5) monitoring and a visits in late 2017. complete emission inventory, in addition to the well- established PM10 monitoring • Development of a pilot/ model case study to reconcile satellite-based and ground- level air quality management in developing countries a The plan is to create separate Centers of Excellence for air quality management in South Africa, Ghana, and Nigeria. 19 CONTAMINATED AND TOXIC SITE MANAGEMENT The nongovernmental organization Pure Earth began this work with PMEH in April 2017. PMEH and Pure Earth conducted several workshops and surveys in the first half of PMEH held a first technical Toxic land pollution is just as much of 2017, culminating in a July 2017 workshop, in September a health threat as major diseases, with World Bank–organized review of 2016, with two primary toxic substances found at levels noxious the protocol to quickly screen the objectives: to health in drinking water, soil, air, and contaminated sites. food. Countries around the world give 1 The first was to determine this issue low levels of attention and the focus of its research on investment, largely because they lack to build knowledge about the health toxic and hazardous waste impacts and related economic costs of data or robust estimates of the health and to initiate scoping work to pollution and to increase the number of impacts and related economic costs of identify the important research innovative and cost-effective mitigation questions to be addressed toxic and contaminated sites. and remediation alternatives for toxic for low- and middle-income countries. This area of work addresses the many and hazardous waste (see Research facets of the threat posed by toxic land Project 2). An additional goal is to 2 The second objective was pollution in low- and middle-income increase governments’ ability to prepare to expand and improve the countries. It aims to support governments or update policies, regulations, and existing Toxic Sites Identification in strengthening their ability to manage management plans for hazardous and Program (TSIP) database of toxic and hazardous waste and in toxic waste pollution. See Figure 3 for contaminated sites in low- and elevating the political priority when risks the operational structure. middle-income countries where require action. The component also works public health is at risk. Photo credit: Momoe Kanada, PMEH. Trash in yard of high school in Lagos, Nigeria. 2020 POLLUTION POLLUTIONMANAGEMENT MANAGEMENTAND ANDENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ENVIRONMENTAL ANNUAL HEALTH REPORT ANNUAL 2017 REPORT 2017 C H APT ER 2 • AC T I VI T Y HI G HL I G HTS In the last year, PMEH made progress in a uses a global data collection protocol for number of activities. the rapid initial screening of these sites, the Initial Site Screening (ISS) protocol.6 Conducted Research Aimed at The workshop examined the benefits of Improving a Contaminated Sites enhancing the protocol and updating the Database TSIP database and its user interface. The PMEH held a first technical workshop, nongovernmental organization Pure Earth in September 2016, with two primary began this work with PMEH in April 2017. objectives. The first was to determine PMEH and Pure Earth conducted several the focus of its research on toxic and workshops and surveys in the first half hazardous waste and to initiate scoping of 2017, culminating in a July 2017 World PMEH reached out to a wide work to identify the important research Bank–organized review of the protocol. range of partners to ensure questions to be addressed for low- and The invited international partners and a strong institutional basis middle-income countries. PMEH set up scholars included private sector and for this area of work. The a research team to ensure the technical university-based technical experts, the UN goal was to establish a cross- robustness of the work and completed Environment Programme, the UN Industrial sectoral network of experts, expert consultations along with a review Development Organization, the U.S. thereby linking environmental, of relevant literature. Agency for International Development, the health, and socioeconomic U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and aspects of the issue, to allow The technical workshop’s second WHO. The revised protocol was expected for a comprehensive design of objective was to expand and improve the to be available in November 2017. PMEH solutions. existing Toxic Sites Identification Program planned to submit the document to a peer- (TSIP) database of contaminated sites in reviewed publication to ensure that the low- and middle-income countries where improved knowledge and methodology are public health is at risk. The TSIP program publicly available. Figure 3. Operational Framework HAZARDOUS WASTE/TOXIC SITES IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION Pollution Management APPROPRIATE SOLUTIONS RESEARCH ECONOMIC AND HEALTH Policies, Norms, and EFFECTS AND IMPACT Regulations MITIGATION, TECHNOLOGY, RESEARCH REMEDIATION NATIONAL AND LOCAL HAZARDOUS WASTE POLLUTION MANAGEMENT 6 This protocol would be used by the World Bank project and by all future TSIP-related projects financed by non-World Bank institutions. The improved protocol would result in an expanded and improved TSIP database by upgrading it to a global data service that would be widely accessible to national and international researchers and by increasing the quality of information about the contaminated and toxic sites already identified in the database. 21 To improve the user interface of the TSIP database, PMEH organized several consultations with World Bank experts in geographic information systems and information technology who provided inputs to Pure Earth to transform the database into a user-friendly global data service. Began Field Work in Tanzania PMEH reached out to a Contracted by PMEH, Pure Earth wide range of partners to reviewed and updated the existing establish a cross-sectoral information about Tanzania in the TSIP network of experts—linking database. By the end of September environmental, health, and 2017, a total of 10 sites had been socioeconomic aspects updated. Working jointly with the World of the issue—to allow for Bank, Pure Earth shared the enhanced a comprehensive design TSIP protocol and work plan with of solutions and to build the Tanzanian government to get its awareness about land-based feedback, adjust accordingly, and prepare pollution in low- and middle- for implementation of field work. The goal income countries. is to identify at least 10 sites by March 2018. Engaged With Cross-Sectoral Experts Given the generally low level of awareness about land-based pollution in low- and middle-income countries, PMEH reached out to a wide range of partners to ensure a strong institutional basis for this area of work. The goal was to establish a cross-sectoral network of experts, thereby linking environmental, health, and socioeconomic aspects of the issue, to allow for a comprehensive design of solutions. In March 2017, PMEH began a dialogue with relevant experts from major bilateral and multilateral partners—the EU, Germany, Norway, Sweden, and WHO’s global and European environmental health teams. The areas discussed included exposure factors, assessment of health and economic impacts, and mitigation and management solutions that are appropriate for low- and middle-income countries. PMEH also leveraged these contacts to seek comments on its planned research into the health impacts of pollution (see Research Project 2), to share terms of reference for its research, and to invite experts to participate in the modification of the ISS protocol under the TSIP database. 22 POLLUTION MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ANNUAL REPORT 2017 Smog fills the sky over the city of Hanoi, Vietnam. PMEH, working with experts from the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) and local technicians in Vietnam, analyzes cost-effective options for reducing air pollution. Photo credit: Lek Kadeli, PMEH. 23 RESEARCH AND STRENGTHENED ANALYTICS FOR IMPROVED POLLUTION MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH All three of PMEH’s active research 2. Harmonized air quality monitoring projects were in full implementation. methods and procedures. PMEH PMEH staff working on them built strong produced a background report to inform relationships with donors, clients, and the design of its work on harmonization technical partners, and the projects of air quality monitoring methods and received increasing attention from both procedures. clients and partners, which requested more support and collaboration. 3. Technical papers estimating health impacts of ambient air pollution in low- This section provides a summary of and middle-income countries. PMEH the objectives, activity highlights, and produced the following papers: challenges of each research project. o Assessing the Global Burden of Disease Estimates: Strengthening the RESEARCH PROJECT 1: Foundation for Estimation of Health Improving Air Quality Monitoring Impacts of Ambient Air Pollution in and Estimating Health Risks Low- and Middle-Income Countries. This first-ever review of the estimates for and Other Effects of Ambient different Global Burden of Disease Air Pollution in Low- and Middle- years (2010, 2013, and 2015) Income Countries examines how changes in factors such as concentration-response functions Objectives and exposure methodology have affected the estimates and highlights PMEH continues to expand This research aims to strengthen the implications for low- and middle- its collaboration on its knowledge and develop guidance that will income countries. PMEH submitted three research projects—Air help low- and middle-income countries an article based on the paper for Pollution, Toxic Land Pollution, generate reliable air quality monitoring publication in a peer-reviewed journal and Prosperous Cities—with data; the data will be used as a basis in the fall of 2017. like-minded nations and for the design, implementation, and international partners. enforcement of policies and actions to o Health Effect Associations with Short- improve air quality management. Another and Long-Term Exposures to PM2.5 goal is to test the application of satellite- Constituents and Source Components. derived air quality measurements and This paper reviews the epidemiological explore their use in countries where air literature to better understand which quality monitoring networks are weak or PM2.5 constituents and sources are non-existent. Finally, the research aims to most closely associated with the generate knowledge about methodologies most severe adverse health effects, for estimating the health risks and effects notably mortality and hospital of ambient air pollution, including a better admissions. Based on a review of understanding of health effects from short- and long-term studies, the exposure to particles from both natural paper finds that mortality from sources and combustion processes. cardiovascular disease, especially ischemic heart disease, has shown Activity Highlights the most consistent associations with PM2.5 derived from fossil fuel 1. Pilot studies to integrate combustion—particularly coal, satellite-derived and ground-level diesel, and gasoline. In contrast, measurements. PMEH received respiratory disease mortality is less proposals from various global consistently associated with PM2.5, institutions and completed the selection its constituents, or specific source process to award a contract in October components. 2017 to launch the studies. 24 POLLUTION MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ANNUAL REPORT 2017 Deaths from ischemic heart disease are most consistently associated with PM2.5 derived from fossil fuel combustion—particularly... COAL GASOLINE DIESEL Photo credit: Bigstock 25 o A Review of the Global Health Effects 4. Multistakeholder technical developing countries, and reflected of Dust and Soil. This paper reviews workshop. The World Bank and agreement that defining local air the epidemiological evidence the U.S. Environmental Protection quality monitoring objectives is for including the effects of dust Agency jointly organized a critical to inform the choice of on mortality and morbidity in technical workshop, Filling the Gaps: monitoring technology. The feedback quantitative estimates of the Improving Measurement of Air Quality also highlighted the importance global burden of air pollution. It in Developing Countries, in July of strengthening ground-level highlights some of the challenges 2017. More than 50 participants monitoring in developing countries as associated with estimating the from low-, middle-, and high- a basis for identifying economically health impacts of immediate and income countries—representing efficient control interventions and for downwind exposures to dust. It governments, academic and research calibrating satellite measurements. specifically examines the challenge institutions, the private sector, of determining the independent and multilateral organizations— 5. Knowledge dissemination. PMEH effect of dust, including lack of or discussed and shared state-of- and the World Bank’s Environment limited ground-level monitoring the-art knowledge about current and Natural Resources Global to measure concentrations and practices and latest findings on air Practice presented the findings of exposures; variations in methods quality monitoring and on satellite the first paper that PMEH produced, used for measuring dust-related and remote-sensing technologies. Assessing the Global Burden of Disease contribution to particulate matter; The participants’ feedback strongly Estimates, at a technical workshop and differences in statistical supported the need for standardized at the World Bank in July 2017. More methods, exposed populations, and and harmonized technical guidance than 25 people from multiple global co-pollutants in such studies. on air quality measurement for practices of the World Bank attended. Also, a major outcome of the Filling the Gaps workshop was the initiation of a collaborative white paper, led by the World Bank and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The draft white paper was to be presented for feedback at the UN Global Science-Policy-Business Forum on the Environment during the third session of the UN Environment Assembly in December 2017. Challenges Obtaining local data. In certain cases, it can be challenging to persuade countries to participate in data-intensive research, particularly when it is critical to obtain and make publicly available city-level data related to pollution and environmental health. Balancing the geographic focus of donor countries with the readiness of participating countries. For example, middle-income countries are more likely to have the type of extensive pollution challenges and quality of data that is required for research purposes, and in some cases, they are better prepared to explore state-of-the-art technologies (for example, satellite and remote sensing for research). However, some donors’ specific geographic focus, particularly on certain low-income countries, may not necessarily match the technical and Photo credit: Bigstock political readiness of those countries for conducting this research. Dust particles in the air at coal-preparation plant. 26 POLLUTION MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ANNUAL REPORT 2017 C H A PT ER 2 • AC T I VI T Y HI G HL I G HTS involve applying exposure factors that RESEARCH PROJECT 2: were estimated using environmental 600k conditions in high-income countries, Assessing the Health Impacts assessing the underlying health and and Related Economic Impacts nutritional status of affected people in of Toxic Land Pollution low- and middle-income countries, and obtaining reliable environmental sampling Objectives data in these countries. To close these A major barrier to reducing exposure to gaps, PMEH launched ongoing work on toxic contaminated sites in low- and research methodologies that can assess middle-income countries is a lack of both the health impacts and the related Annually, as many as robust data about these sites’ impacts on economic costs of toxic land pollution, 600,000 children suffer human health and the related economic along with mitigation and remediation from mild to moderate costs. Assessing the health risks of options. The objective of this research is mental retardation as a toxic land pollution is one approach to to improve existing methodologies and result of exposure to lead. estimating the health impacts; however, knowledge, and ultimately to support there are some knowledge gaps that countries’ efforts to reduce people’s make it difficult to apply this approach exposure to land-based toxic pollution in low- and middle-income countries. and to develop proposals that can lead to 1.1%- Some of the methodological uncertainties remediation. 2.38% $ Mental retardation, measured as a lower IQ translates to a reduction in earnings. Each IQ point lost to pollution results in a decrease in median lifetime earnings of 1.1%-2.38%. Photo credit: Bigstock 27 Activity Highlights mortality rates from exposure to land- and water-based toxic sites. In the past year, PMEH commissioned two research papers: • A paper on the links and potential • An extensive literature review and gap synergies between PMEH activities analysis of the impacts of human- and the international conventions made pollution on human health in on chemicals and toxic waste. low- and middle-income countries. The four agreements—the Basel, The paper, Assessing Current and Minamata, Rotterdam, and Stockholm When PMEH presents Emerging Threats to Human Health conventions—are a point of reference government officials with data from Land-Based Pollution in Low- for existing international work on from their own countries— and Middle-Income Countries: Data chemicals and hazardous waste. The particularly about health Gaps and Research Needs,7 provided author of the PMEH paper conducted impacts from contaminated and recommendations to guide in-depth an extensive literature review and an toxic sites—the officials begin to research at two to three contaminated extended survey of experts at relevant take interest and want a more toxic sites per country in Bangladesh, institutions: the secretariats of the comprehensive assessment of Ghana, Nigeria (the city of Lagos), four conventions, representatives land pollution issues. Pakistan, and Tanzania, and to address of participating countries (including selected gaps in data. The research, Denmark, France, Norway, Sweden, which began in 2017, was chiefly and the United Kingdom), the EU and focused on refining exposure factors European Commission, the Global in low- and middle-income countries Environment Facility, UN agencies, and on designing simplified methods and the World Bank Group. The paper to estimate the actual morbidity and will identify institutional, financial, Photo credit: Momoe Kanada, PMEH. World Bank meeting with Nigerian officials in Lagos to discuss pollution. 7 The paper was expected to be released as a World Bank research paper, and findings were being shared at relevant forums. A poster describing the paper was accepted for presentation at the December 2017 Annual Meeting of the Society for Risk Analysis, a multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and academic international society that provides an open forum for all those who are interested in risk analysis. 28 POLLUTION MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ANNUAL REPORT 2017 C H APT ER 2 • AC T I VI T Y HI G HL I G HTS and knowledge gaps, derive the Lack of resources. Once governments links between PMEH and the four are aware of the scope of the issue, they major international conventions also want support in finding monitoring on chemicals, and describe the and decision-making tools and cost- conventions’ potential synergies with effective solutions. For example, in South PMEH. Asia, there is strong demand for help in strengthening relevant government institutions and regulations. The main Challenges challenge for this rapidly evolving Lack of information and attention. research is additional resources to Countries around the world Countries around the world often give begin identifying decision-making often give toxic land pollution toxic land pollution low levels of attention tools and solutions and to strengthen low levels of attention and and investment, largely because they lack regulations. Furthermore, several investment, largely because data or robust estimates of the health countries are interested in a more they lack data or robust impacts and related economic costs integrated approach to pollution, which estimates of the health impacts of toxic and contaminated sites. This this research project does not yet have and related economic costs of lack of information makes the problem the resources for. At a minimum, these toxic and contaminated sites. invisible. However, once PMEH presents countries want to look at toxic land- government officials with data from and water-based waste generated by their own countries—particularly about industry, and possibly also air pollution health impacts from contaminated and from the same sources. This type of toxic sites—the officials begin to take integrated approach may allow these interest and want a more comprehensive countries to make the overall PMEH assessment of land pollution issues. agenda a higher priority. Photo credit: Bigstock 29 cities more attractive to workers and RESEARCH PROJECT 3: businesses. The paper also will identify key gaps in the literature, with a focus Pollution Management and the on developing countries, where this Development of Prosperous topic has not yet been widely explored. Cities The target audience for this report is researchers and practitioners of Objectives both pollution management and city competitiveness. PMEH will publish The research has three main This research aims to investigate the it as a World Bank report and seek components: linkage between environmental pollution publication in peer-reviewed journals. and the prosperity and competitiveness of cities, providing new evidence of the 3. Initial results that show more air (Component A) empirical impact of pollution on productivity pollution associated with lower city analysis that makes and its economic implications in fast- GDP (Component A). PMEH began joint observations at the levels of growing cities in Africa and Asia. Through work with the University of Southern cities and businesses for all evidence-based case studies, the project California on the link between countries will generate outputs ranging from pollution management and city academic publications to a tool that will competitiveness. Initial findings of the (Component B) city deep dives support practical decisions by policy empirical analysis showed an overall examining the drivers of city makers and urban planners. The research negative correlation between PM2.5 competitiveness in relation to has three main components: empirical and city GDP—which means that more pollution analysis that makes observations at air pollution is associated with lower the levels of cities and businesses for city GDP. More analysis was expected all countries (Component A); city deep to find an inverted-U relationship at (Component C) development dives examining the drivers of city the city level, similar to the national- of a tool to support competitiveness in relation to pollution level relationship. For cities in Africa, decision making and plan (Component B); and development of a although the correlation is negative, the implementation of tool to support decision making and plan the strength of this correlation has environmental management to the implementation of environmental been decreasing over time, suggesting boost competitiveness management to boost competitiveness that recent economic growth can be (Component C). associated with increasing pollution. Middle Eastern and Latin American Activity Highlights cities showed a positive correlation between PM2.5 and city GDP. The 1. Scoping workshop. PMEH organized report is expected to be finalized in a workshop to refine the scope of this March 2018. cutting-edge research and invited five renowned experts in the field. About 4. Paper about pollution impact on 20 core PMEH team members and company productivity in Africa senior managers of the World Bank (Component A). The PMEH paper, in attended the event, held in October progress as of September 2017, will 2016. It outlined the work program use enterprise survey data to analyze below. productivity measures at the company level for several African countries. 2. Review paper identifying key gaps It will use total factor productivity in the literature (Component A). to assess the impact of pollution A survey paper that provides an on company productivity, linking extensive review of literature linking pollution to city competitiveness. productivity and pollution was in progress as of September 2017. 5. Popular blog post. A February 2017 This paper, produced by PMEH in post authored by PMEH about air collaboration with the University of pollution and productivity was Southern California, was envisioned featured on the World Bank’s main to provide a conceptual framework website. The post received 849 views for the impact of pollution on city between February and October 2017— competitiveness. It will study the higher than the average number of relevant literature, concentrating views for World Bank blog posts—and on factors affecting city growth and attracted many comments. how pollution plays a role in making 30 POLLUTION MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ANNUAL REPORT 2017 C H A PT ER 2 • AC T I VI T Y HI G HL I G HTS 6. Best practices note for city deep Challenges in middle-income countries such as dives (Component B). PMEH began China and India, where there already Availability of data at the city level. initial work to identify international have been many efforts to overcome Building a foundation for the empirical best practices in cities and deep- pollution. analysis of this research required dive tools to address the pollution/ tremendous effort. The PMEH team productivity nexus. These findings compiled a composite data set to start will help define the structure and the analysis and collect the necessary scope of the tool to support decision data and collaborated with various making and will be summarized PMEH, engaging municipal and experts and institutions internally in a background note. This best- city officials, found that they are and externally, such as the European practices note will highlight a few very concerned with measures Space Agency. case studies of cities that have of productivity such as jobs and addressed specific pollution issues, Engaging municipal officials. City growth, but less so with the thereby providing the necessary officials are very concerned with issue of pollution. By providing context for developing a template measures of productivity such as jobs evidence of the links between for deep dives. The note will also and growth, but less so with the issue productivity and pollution, establish links between successful of pollution. By providing evidence of PMEH aimed to attract interest pollution management and city the links between productivity and in a more holistic approach to competitiveness. PMEH expects pollution, PMEH aimed to attract city development. to begin deep dives in several cities interest in a more holistic approach to in 2018. city development. 7. A support tool for decision Identifying overlaps between management (Component C). development priorities and PMEH drafted a report that thematically important cities. Low- surveyed existing tools and next income cities are a priority for both steps, analyzed the applicability international development and PMEH. and usefulness of various tools However, initial analysis suggests that to the PMEH prosperous cities the best case studies will largely be research, and proposed next steps. Photo credit: Momoe Kanada, PMEH. Air and land pollution in Accra, Ghana. 31 KNOWLEDGE DISSEMINATION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS RAISING Online Activities This component provided ongoing PHEH’s web pages communications support for PMEH’s PMEH’s web pages attracted more than 18,000 page views in the 12 months attracted more than three main areas of work, and supported two types of events: large- scale awareness raising and tailored ended September 30, 2017. PMEH communications specialists supported production of various pollution-related 18,000 views learning. content, including World Bank news The highlight of PMEH’s awareness- features and blog posts. raising activity was supporting a theater production by the China The multi-donor trust fund coordinates Environment Culture Promotion communications and awareness-raising 1,330 interactions (likes, replies, Association of The Story of Yesterday, activities with partners including WHO, and retweets). (See Box 4.) an adaptation of Henrik Ibsen’s An the Climate & Clean Air Coalition, Enemy of the People, during PMEH the Global Alliance on Health and Given this component’s integration Business Week in Beijing in December Pollution, and Global Citizen. In the with the rest of PMEH, some of 2016. The play attracted 400 in- past year, @WBG_Environment, @ the knowledge dissemination and person attendees and 600,000 online WBG_Cities, @WBG_Energy, and awareness raising is mentioned viewers. Also, PMEH staff distributed @WorldBank contributed more in this report under other areas of material explaining how artists can than 50 tweets to the #AirQuality, work. inspire meaningful environmental #AirPollution, #SoICanBreathe, and action at a concert honoring legendary #WeCanFightPollution conversations rock music keyboardist Keith Emerson on Twitter, jointly resulting in more than in the United Kingdom in July 2017 (Box 3.) All I need is the air that I breathe.. i blogs.worldbank.org/sustainablecities/all-i-need-air-i-breathe A key accomplishment in learning was establishing a standard approach for evaluating learning events. The feedback form was used at events including PMEH Business Week, the policy study tour in Europe, and the Filling the Gaps workshop. All documents from the workshops are available via the PMEH web page on the World Bank website. World Bank blog post: http://blogs.worldbank.org/sustainablecities/all-i-need-air-i-breathe 32 POLLUTION MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ANNUAL REPORT 2017 C H APT ER 2 • AC T I VI T Y HI G HL I G HTS Box 3. Honoring Keith Emerson and the Role of Artists in Inspiring Environmental Action PMEH was invited to distribute material explaining how artists can inspire meaningful environmental action at a Keith Emerson Tribute Concert in Birmingham, United Kingdom, in July 2017. PMEH prepared pamphlets and distributed them to an audience of 2,200 people. This unique opportunity arose because the celebrated rock music keyboardist had previously collaborated with PMEH on cross- cultural awareness-raising events. This included featuring his music at the PMEH segment of the Global Citizen 2015 Earth Day in Washington, DC. Box 4. Coordinating with Partners for Social Media Campaigns via Twitter PMEH coordinates with partner organizations on communications activities, including reviewing, re-posting and replying to each other’s content on social media when appropriate throughout the year. PMEH coordinated with WHO’s BreatheLife and the Climate & Clean Air Coalition to support the BBC’s #SoICanBreathe social media campaign, which provided a platform for experts and the general public to share innovative solutions to pollution. The campaign ran March 6–12, 2017. @WBG_Environment posted 8 tweets to #SoICanBreathe, which resulted in 16 interactions. PMEH also supported the Global Alliance on Health and Pollution’s #WeCanFightPollution campaign, which highlighted the importance of pollution management to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The campaign ran May 1 to August 25, and featured one goal per week. @WorldBank, @WBG_Environment, and @WBG_Cities posted 28 tweets to #WeCanFightPollution, and inspired 224 interactions. 33 3 FINANCIAL OVERVIEW The PMEH multi-donor trust fund Based on total contributions received (MDTF) was set up in November 2014 under the Original Trustee (US$14.3 PMEH, which was established with Norway’s Ministry of Foreign million), close to 5% (per Annex 2, as a six-year MDTF and Affairs as the initial donor, with a paragraph 3.2 of the Administrative scheduled for completion in pledged commitment of NOK 80 Agreements with Norway, UK- December 2020, had a total million. In October and November 2015, DFID, and UK-BEIS) was allocated donor pledged amount of both DFID and DECC (now BEIS) of the to administrative work. Meanwhile, $47.7 million as of the end of United Kingdom joined the MDTF, with activities for air quality management September 2017. respective pledges of GBP 7.6 million began to increase, particularly in and GBP 12.5 million. In December 2016, 2017, with several extensive expert BMUB of Germany also joined the MDTF, engagements and preparation in with a pledge of EURO 8 million. the seven participating countries. The contaminated and toxic site PMEH, which was established as a management component began its six-year MDTF and scheduled for initial field work, in Tanzania. completion in December 2020, had a total donor pledged amount of $47.7 A breakdown of the fund allocation million as of the end of September in the amount of US$12.7 million to 2017. The MDTF had received US$22.7 individual disbursing grants, as well million in donor contributions (48%). as their actual disbursements and Of this amount, Norway had provided contractual commitments, is provided US$7.3 million (75% of its pledge), DFID in Table 3. had provided US$4.5 million (39% of its pledge), and UK-BEIS had provided Since PMEH was affected by a long US$2.5 million (13% of its pledge). It is transition from recipient execution important to note that UK-BEIS’s entire to World Bank execution in the air pledge was in the form of a promissory quality management component, total note, with an indicative encashment disbursements and commitments were schedule set forth in the Administrative still low (21.2% of the contributions Agreement. Table 2 provides details of received). donor pledges and contributions as of the end of September 2017. 34 34 POLLUTION MANAGEMENT POLLUTION AND MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH ENVIRONMENTAL ANNUAL HEALTH REPORT ANNUAL 2017 REPORT 2017 C H A PT ER 3 • F I NANC I A L OV E RV I E W Table 2. PMEH Financial Summary Data as of end September 2017 ORIGINAL PARALLEL TRUSTEE TRUSTEE TF072335 TF072732 TOTAL in % A. Total Donor Pledges as per signed AA 39,335,012 8,408,000 47,743,012 Norway: Ministry of Foreign Affairs 9,718,824 9,718,824 United Kingdom: DFID 10,738,120 10,738,120 United Kingdom: BEIS - Department of Business, Engergy & Industrial 18,826,875 18,826,875 Strategy (in form of Promissory Note) Germany: BMUB 8,408,000 8,408,000 B. Actual Funds Received from Donors 14,303,989 8,408,000 22,711,989 48% Norway: Ministry of Foreign Affairs 7,313,764 - 7,313,764 United Kingdom: DFID 4,526,280 - 4,526,280 United Kingdom: BEIS - Department of Business, Engergy & Industrial 2,463,945 - 2,463,945 Strategy ( 1st Tranche of Promissory Note) Germany: BMUB 8,408,000 8,408,000 C. Other Adjustments 194,058 99,844 293,902 Admin Fees to WB Central Units (-) a (286,080) - (286,080) Other Receipts (+) 235,785 235,785 Investment Income (+) 244,353 99,844 344,197 D. Total Funds Available (B+C) 14,498,047 8,507,844 23,005,891 E. GRANTS - Allocations 12,746,274 - 12,746,274 55% F. GRANTS - Disbursements & Commitments 6,078,815 - 6,670,693 48% Funds Disbursed 4,367,125 - 4,367,125 34% Funds Committed to be Disbursed 1,711,690 - 1,711,690 13% G. Funds Available (Trustee & Grant Level) 7,591,560 8,507,834 16,691,272 73% at Grant Level after Disbursements & Commitments 6,075,581 - 6,667,459 at Trustee Level after Allocation to Grants 1,515,979 8,507,834 10,023,813 a. standard 2% fees deducted by the World Bank as per Annex 2 para 3.1 in the Agreement. 35 Table 3. PMEH — Funds Disbursements and Commitments Summary in US$ Data as of end September 2017 Actual Grant Total Disbursed Committed Available Allocation To-Date Balance Component: Air Quality Management (AQM) - Country Work - 4,750,000 503,875 226,756 4,019,369 Phase 1 Component: Contaminated & Toxic Site Management 1,050,000 263,554 391,605 394,841 Component: Research & Analytics 3,000,000 576,641 399,967 2,023,392 Component: Knowledge Dissemination & Awareness Raising 1,499,435 1,406,686 16,684 76,065 Component: Program Development, Management & 2,446,839 1,616,370 375,506 454,963 Implementation Support TOTAL 12,746,274 4,367,126 1,410,518 6,968,630 Funds with the Trustee not yet allocated 9,987,791 TOTAL - Funds Available at Trustee and Grant levels 12,746,274 4,367,126 1,410,518 16,956,421 36 POLLUTION MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ANNUAL REPORT 2017 C H A PT ER 3 • F I NANC I A L OV E RV I E W Photo credit: Bigstock 37 38 POLLUTION MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ANNUAL REPORT 2017 Sources and Credits Sources Air pollution deaths (page 9) from Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Air pollution cost (page 9) from World Bank. Lead pollution facts (page 25) from The Lancet Commission on pollution and health, 2017. Design Corporate Visions, Inc. Photography Cover photo credit: Hung Chubg Chih, Shutterstock, Inc. Check out the latest program updates, resources, and more at www.worldbank.org/pmeh Pollution Management and Environmental Health is housed at the World Bank and is made possible by a multi-donor trust fund. PMEH is grateful to its donors: Germany, Norway, and the United Kingdom. Website: www.worldbank.org/pmeh Contact: PMEH@worldbank.org