CHINA: Yellow River Basin Ecological Protection and Environmental Pollution Control Program (P172806) Third Implementation Support Mission (Virtual) October 28 – 29, 2024 Aide Memoire A. INTRODUCTION 1. A World Bank team held a virtual mission with the Yellow River Conservancy Commission (YRCC) on October 28, 2024, and with Henan and Shaanxi Provinces on October 29, 2024 to provide implementation support for the Yellow River Basin Ecological Protection and Environmental Pollution Control Program (The Program). The objectives of the mission were to: (a) follow up on the signing of the on-lending agreements and hiring of the Third Party Verification Agencies; (b) assess the program progress and results at the basin, provincial, and county levels; and (c) provide any supports needed for continued smooth implementation of the Program from technical, procurement, financial management, environmental and social development risk management, program monitoring and evaluation, Disbursement Linked Indicators (DLI) verification, and loan disbursement perspectives. 2. The World Bank mission comprised Mr. Rajesh Koirala (Task Team Leader / Senior Environmental Specialist), Ms. Tian Qi (Co-Task Team Leader / Senior Water Resources Management Specialist), Mr. Liao Xiawei (Co-Task Team Leader / Environmental Specialist), Ms. Huang Xiaodan (Senior Environmental Engineer), Mr. Yao Songling (Senior Social Development Specialist), Mr. Guo Jianjun (Senior Procurement Specialist), Ms. Li Haixia (Senior Financial Management Specialist), Ms. Anqi Li (Senior Finance Assistant), Mr. Wu Bingfang (Senior Water Resource Management consultant), Mr. Chen Jianxin (Interpreter), and Yunqing Tian (Program Assistant). 3. The mission would like to express its deep appreciation to the provincial and local leaders and authorities and all the parties involved for their excellent cooperation, dedication and determination to the Program. The mission especially noted strong support of Provincial Finance Departments’ (PDOF) leadership of both provinces in speeding up on-lending agreements, and for their continued commitment to making the advance payment available to the Program counties as soon as possible. 4. This Aide Memoire (AM) summarizes the main discussions, findings and recommendations presented in the mission to the counterparts and the follow-up actions agreed on for the next six months. The AM has been endorsed by the World Bank management. 1 B. PROGRAM OVERVIEW AND STATUS 5. The Program Development Objective is to strengthen integrated water use efficiency, water pollution control, and ecosystem management, in selected regions of the Yellow River Basin. To address the main challenges of water scarcity, water pollution, and ecosystem degradation, the Program supports government programs related to water saving and water use efficiency, water pollution management, and ecosystem protection and restoration while promoting innovation through integrated landscape approaches to catchment management. The Program has four results areas: (a) Results Area 1: Improving water use efficiency; (b) Results Area 2: Improving water quality; (c) Results Area 3: Improving ecosystem management; and (d) Results Area 4: Strengthening integration of ecosystem and water resources management into strategic planning. 6. The Program focuses on selected demonstration sub-basins in Henan and Shaanxi and as well as across the whole of the Yellow River Basin through the YRCC. In Henan, the Program supports three sub-basin areas (Hong Nong Jian, Qing Long Jian, and Jian River Basins) covering five counties and one municipality district: Lingbao, Xiazhou, Hubin, Mianchi, and Yima counties and Sanmenxia City. In Shaanxi, the Program supports four sub-basin areas (Beiluo, Jing, Qishui, and Shichuan River basins) spread across nine counties: Yaozhou, Yintai, Wangyi, Yijun, Xunyi, Liquan, Yongshou, Qianxian, and Xingping, of two municipalities, Tongchuan and Xianyang. Key Program Data: Program Number IBRD P172806 First Program August 29, Restructuring 2023 Board Approval Date March 31, 2022 Loan Signing Date January 10, 2024 Effectiveness Date June 25, 2024 Loan No. 9354-CN Closing Date June 30, 2029 IBRD Financing US$ 375 million (Total) IBRD Disbursements 0 US$ 186.75 million (Henan) US$ 186.75 million (Shaanxi) US$ 1.5 million (YRCC) C. PforR PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION PROGRESS Updates on on-lending agreement 7. In Henan, the on-lending agreement has been approved and signed by the provincial government, and has been submitted it on October 28, 2024 to the Ministry of Finance (MoF) for counter signature. Once the MOF signs the on-lending agreement, PDOF will require about a month to sign the on-lending agreement with program municipalities and counties. PDOF has set the target of being able to receive the advance payment by December 2024. 8. In Shaanxi, PDOF prepared the draft on-lending agreements based on loan commitments submitted by program municipalities and counties, and the provincial government approved and signed it. PDOF has submitted it on October 29, 2024 to the Ministry of Finance (MoF) for counter 2 signature. Once the MOF signs the on-lending agreement, PDOF will sign the on-lending agreement with program municipalities and counties. 9. The mission also reminded both PDOFs that besides signing of the on-lending agreement, there are a few additional conditions which will have to be completed before submitting the request for disbursement. These are described in disbursement section in paragraph 24 of this aide memoire. Progress on hiring of third-party verification agency 10. The mission emphasized that the Program is different from the traditional Bank operation in a way that the funds can be disbursed, except the advance payments, only after verification of the achievements of the agreed disbursement linked Indicators. So, it is very important that the third-party verification agency (TPVA) is hired soon. Once the TPVA is hired, the agency will need to develop a verification implementation plan which will help everyone who is involved in the Program implementation to have a good understanding of the quality standards to be met under each DLI. Hence it is important to have TPVA hired and have the TPVA develop the verification implementation plan, get it reviewed and cleared by the Bank, and initiate the actual verification process. Given the multitude of related indicators and verification aspects under each RAs, the mission emphasized the importance that the PPMO, TPVA and sector implementation agencies need to discuss the Program Implementation Plan (PIP) and verification implementation plan in detail to ensure that all program teams have a clear understanding of the DLI verification protocol and implementation plan. 11. In this regard, Henan Province has drafted the Terms of References (TOR) for TPVA and submitted it to the Bank for review. The Bank team found the TOR very well prepared but have provided some comments. Henan is requested to submit the revised TOR incorporating Bank’s comments upon which Bank can provide no objection to the TOR. The Sanmenxia Municipal Program Management Office (MPMO) has confirmed that hiring of the TPVA will take about 2 months to complete the procurement process once the TOR has been cleared by the Bank. 12. In Shaanxi, Provincial Program Management Office (PPMO) updated that they have prepared the TOR and are going through internal review process by various departments. The TOR will be submitted to the Bank once it is finalized. The mission requested to finalize the TOR internally and submit to the Bank for review and clearance soon. Implementation arrangements 13. Both Henan and Shaanxi provinces reported to have established high level, cross sectoral Program Leading Groups and have set up Program Management Offices in Water Resources Department at all three levels (provincial, municipal and county). All levels of PMOs are responsible for project implementation in their respective jurisdictions and are subject to supervision and guidance from the municipal project office and the World Bank. 3 D. PROGRESS TOWARD ACHIEVING THE DLI RESULTS (DLRs) 14. Henan Province reported that County PMOs have been implementing several activities under each result areas, with a few sub-activities have been completed while some others are expected to be completed by the end of 2024. Some of these activities involve irrigation area construction and water-saving renovation projects, high-standard farmland construction, river ecological management, soil and water conservation projects, sewage treatment projects, forest land transformation, terrace transformation, wetland restoration, and the preparation of sub- basin ecosystem and water resources comprehensive management plans. After all the projects that have been implemented and are being implemented are completed by the end of 2024, it is expected that the improved agricultural water management area will reach 2,180 hectares; the annual pollutants from point and non-point pollution sources will be reduced by 345 tons; and the ecological area will be restored in 3,608 hectares (modifying the forest area by 1,016 hectares, restoring the terraced area by 1,127 hectares, and restoring the wetland area by 1,465 hectares), and three sub-basin ecosystem and water resources comprehensive management plans will be formulated. These results will be evaluated by the monitoring and evaluation agency or verified by the verification agency for the DLIs and monitored by the Bank team. 15. Bank mission requested Henan Province to update the progress report with the details on implementation progress and status of each activity in each Program County and resubmit to the Bank. The key information for the summarized activity table was elaborated in the last AM. 16. Shaanxi Province reported that County Program Management Offices (CPMO) are collecting and sorting out status of related project plans and implementation. Two cities and nine counties (districts) use similar project activities implemented by water conservancy, ecological environment, agriculture, forestry and other departments. The county (district) project office is collecting information on plan issuance and implementation. Due to the large workload and the need to coordinate many relationships, statistical work is currently being promoted. 17. Bank mission requested to Shaanxi Province to update the progress report with the details on implementation progress and status of each activity in each Program County and resubmit to the Bank. The key information for the summarized activity table was elaborated in the last AM. 18. The mission also requested PPMOs of both provinces to start preparing TORs, and submit to the Bank for review, for activities under DLI 4, which are: a) Preparing provincial-level guidelines for integrated ecosystem and water resources management planning, and developing provincial- level integrated plans, and b) Preparing integrated ecosystem and water resources management plans for demonstration sub-basins. 19. The mission advised to both PPMOs to expedite implementation of Program activities under each Result Areas, in a way both process and results meet the requirement as listed in verification protocol. Both PPMOs were also requested to strengthen coordination and cooperation with related departments and bureaus. 4 E. STATUS OF PROGRAM ACTION PLAN (PAP) 20. Program Action Plan (PAP) Implementation: The mission highlighted that satisfactory implementation of PAP actions listed in the PAD is a legal requirement. There are two E&S and four fiduciary related PAP actions. Some of the actions have yet to be initiated. The mission requested that the progress report submitted to the Bank should describe the progress on and status of implementation of the PAP. The Annual Work Plan also needs to specify when and how the PAP actions are being implemented. 21. Environment & Social (E&S): The mission reiterated to both PPMOs: i) importance of organizing E&S training for their staff throughout the Program period and getting started the first of such training as soon as possible; ii) hiring of an E&S monitoring agency to conduct the E&S implementation monitoring and reporting, and iii) preparation of the first monitoring report and its submission to the Bank in early 2025, reflecting the progress of E&S institutional setting, program activities’ risk screening and two E&S PAPs’ implementation. 22. Procurement. Both Henan and Shaanxi PPMOs reported to have issued an official document to cause each implementation entity to check the list of debarred and temporarily suspended firms and individuals each time before contract award, to ensure that no contract is awarded to any sanctioned firm or individual. They also reported that during the reporting period, the provincial, municipal project offices and Program counties/districts had no verified corruption issues in bidding and procurement (bribery, bid rigging, fraud, collusion between owners and bidders, etc.), and no contract packages were awarded to companies or individuals sanctioned by the World Bank. 23. Financial Management. To facilitate the smooth implementation support, both Henan PMO and Shaanxi PPMO are required to provide some financial information in progress reports. The details of financial information needed has been shared by the Bank with both PPMOs and PPMOs reported that they have been compiling the requested information. Bank mission reiterated that such information be provided in each progress report. 24. Loan Disbursement. The mission clarified to both provinces that the withdrawal application for the first DLI Advance payment can be initiated when the following prerequisites are fulfilled: • Provinces make full payment of the front-end fee (0.25% of loan amount) through the MOF to the World Bank; • PDOF have existing or open new USD accounts to receive loan proceeds; • Provinces submit the Authorized Signatory Specimen letter to MoF; and • Provinces contact World Bank Disbursement team to set up user account for esignatories and relevant personnel in the Client Connection system. F. PROGRAM MONITORING & EVALUATION AND REPORTING 25. The mission emphasized that, in addition to the DLIs, PPMOs need to ensure that all the PDO and intermediate indicators that are presented in the Results framework are achieved. 5 26. Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E): The mission reminded that both provinces need to set up their internal M&E arrangements. The PPMOs are advised to issue uniform logbooks to the demonstration counties soonest to ensure consistency in data collection. These good practices should be further promoted and used in all demonstration counties. The mission urged the implementation agencies at both the provincial and county levels to assign dedicated staff for results M&E and verification data collection without delays. The M&E arrangement, including staffing, should be in place to ensure timely data and evidence collection. 27. In Henan, it is reported in the progress report that the monitoring and evaluation work is planned to be completed by the relevant county (city, district) project offices respectively. The municipal project office will not procure third-party institutions for unified monitoring of all Program Counties. Accordingly, the relevant county (city, district) project offices are making arrangements for this work. 28. In Shaanxi, it is reported in the progress report that selection and appointment of the third-party monitoring agency is in progress, and a procurement implementation plan has been drafted. In terms of project progress monitoring, the municipal and county project offices are collecting data and statistics on the issuance and implementation of related project plans. 29. Progress and Results Reporting: To keep the Bank and the stakeholders informed of the program progress and performance, the provinces should prepare semi-annual program progress reports. In order to ensure efficiency, the program progress reports could include the results from M&E report and report on PAP actions. The progress reports should include sections on each aspect of program implementation such as procurement, financial management, and disbursement. There will be a separate report for E&S. While both PPMOs submitted the Progress report prior to the mission, the report lacked adequate details on implementation progress and status of activities under each Result Areas and in each Program counties. Hence, the Bank requested to submit updated progress report by November 15, 2024. 30. Annual Work Plan: The mission explained the need for annual program planning and reminded the provinces to start preparing the annual work plan, detailing the list of activities to be undertaken next year and specifying who would do them, where they would be undertaken, when and how they would be done. The mission recommended to submit the 2025 annual work plan to the Bank for review by November 30, 2024. 31. Next Bank Mission: The next implementation support mission is tentatively scheduled for March 2025. 6 G. Discussion with YRCC 32. This is the first mission with YRCC after the Program became effective on June 25, 2024. As the first mission, the Bank team provided overview of the Program as well as specific tasks YRCC is responsible for. YRCC is responsible for the following activities under the Yellow 1 Program: • developing a monitoring system supported by a consumption-based water resources assessment in a selected large-scale irrigation scheme to enhance the technical robustness of the monitoring system for consumption-based water resource management; • developing a technical guideline for evaluating water consumption based on remote sensing in the YRB’ under the Program, whose results would provide critical technical inputs to the integrated ecosystem and water resources management model for the YRB; and • training and capacity building on ecosystem and water resources management at the provincial and basin levels. 33. YRCC is directly responsible for DLI 5: Capacity of YRCC to support integrated ecosystem and water resources management of the YRB (text). This DLI focuses on addressing challenges related to institutional strengthening and inter-jurisdictional cooperation at the YRB level. It aims to incentivize scaling up and integration of results from provincial to basin level, promoting a paradigm shift in the way of water resources assessment. The DLI measures the results achieved in two aspects: (a) Year 2: YRCC has carried out an evaluation of the relationship between water withdrawal, water drainage and water consumption of a selected large-scale irrigation scheme and assessed the impacts of water consumption on the mainstream of the Yellow River (Allocated Amount of US$1 million); and (b) Year 4: YRCC has developed and adopted a technical guideline for evaluating water consumption based on remote sensing in the Yellow River Basin (Allocated Amount of US$0.5 million). 34. The mission highlighted that while the financing amount is small, the expected results are vital for Provinces under Yellow 1 Program (Henan and Shaanxi) as well as for Provinces under Yellow 2 Program (Gansu and Shandong). 35. The focal point of the YRCC expressed strong commitment to successfully implement the Program in coordination with Program provinces and informed of the PMO established at YRCC with clear responsibilities for the staff. The focal point also informed that an official implementation agreement between the MoF and the MWR is being processed, upon its finalization these activities would be initiated. 36. The Bank also provided technical training on consumption-based water resources assessment, monitoring water consumption with relevant Remote Sensing technologies, and management implications of consumption-based water resources assessment. Further trainings will be provided when the YRCC commences on consumption-based water resources assessment in a selected large-scale irrigation scheme. 7 37. Program Steering Group: The mission noted that the loan agreement signed between the Ministry of Finance and the World Bank requires establishing and maintaining the Program Steering Group chaired by National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) and comprising representatives of Ministry of Water Resources (MWR), YRCC, other relevant agencies, Henan Province, Shaanxi Province, Gansu Province, and Shandong Province, responsible for reviewing Program progress and results, and providing guidance on Program implementation. World Bank task team has reached out to NDRC Regional Department to follow up on the establishment of the Program Steering Group. 38. Environmental and Social risks (E&S): Though YRCC activities are not directly related to the designed E&S PAPs, the Bank reminded the YRCC PMO that they should still pay attention to the effective stakeholder engagement when implementing their technical assistance activities, particularly for those activities that would have potential downstream E&S implications. 39. Procurement: The Bank informed that YRCC should not procure services of companies or individuals sanctioned by the World Bank. First, YRCC should regularly check, each time before awarding the contract, the World Bank Listing of Ineligible Firms and Individuals at the following external website of World Bank: https://www.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/procurement/debarred-firms. Second, YRCC should also check the World Bank Listing of Temporary Suspensions from Client Connection. 40. Financial Management: The Bank briefly introduced the Program financial management related arrangements to the YRCC and required the designation of financial management focal point from YRCC to communicate on the format and content of the Program financial statements. 41. Disbursement: To apply the advance payment, YRCC needs to submit the authorized signatory letter to MOF to set up signatories. It also needs to proceed with registering YRCC in Bank disbursement system (Client Connection) and set up the user account for esignatories and relevant personnel who will submit the application later in the system. There may be some additional internal requirements from the government side for receiving the advanced payment from the Bank, for which YRCC is requested to find out and report to the Bank. H. AGREED ACTIONS FOR NEXT STEPS 42. Agreed actions and next steps for Henan Province. Recommended Actions for Henan Province Responsibility Timeline Submit the required financial information in the MPMO November 15, template shared by the Bank 2024 Resubmit the progress report, with list of activities and Sanmenxia MPMO December 5, detail information on the implementation status of 2024 activities under each Results Areas in each Program counties and municipalities Prepare the annual work plan for 2025 and submit to PPMO/MPMO December 5, the Bank for review 2024 8 Finalize on-lending agreement with Program PDOF/PPMO December 15, Counties/municipalities as per the internal government 2025 procedures Prepare a ToR for the sub-basin integrated ecosystem MPMO December 15, and water resources management plan and submit for 2024 Bank review Prepare and issue guidance note on evaluation criteria PPMO/ MPMO December 25, and weightings for bid evaluation of contracts where 2024 comprehensive scoring method is used Provide detailed procurement related complaint PPMO/ MPMO December 25, handling procedures to supplement the general 2024 description in SBDs for preparation of procurement documents Provincial PMO to issue an official document / PPMO December 25, instruction to other provincial agencies, prefectural 2024 cities and counties about debarred or suspended list Prepare TOR for developing provincial-level guidelines PPMO December 30, for integrated ecosystem and water resources 2024 management planning, and developing provincial-level integrated plans Engage E&S monitoring agency to conduct the E&S PPMO/MPMO January 15, 2024 implementation monitoring and reporting Have the third-party verification agency procured and PPMO/MPMO January 15, 2025 on board Train all E&S staff and the agency on Environmental MPMO/County January 30, 2025 and Social System Assessment findings and PIP PMO (CPMO) throughout the Program period and starting the first one as soon as possible Submit the first E&S monitoring report to the Bank in MPMO/CPMOs February 15, early 2025, reflecting the progress of E&S institutional 2025 setting, program activities’ risk screening and two E&S PAPs’ implementation Next supervision mission by the Bank Bank/MPMO March 2025 43. Agreed actions and next steps for Shaanxi Province. Recommended Actions for Shaanxi Province Responsibility Timeline Resubmit the progress report, with list of activities and PMO and CPMOs November 15, detail information on the implementation status of 2024 activities under each Results Areas in each Program counties and municipalities Submit the required financial information in the PPMO November 15, template shared by the Bank. 2024 Provide TOR for the third-party verification agency to PPMO November 20, the Bank for review 2024 9 Prepare the annual work plan for 2025 and submit to PPMO November 30, the Bank for review 2024 Prepare and issue guidance note on evaluation criteria PPMO December 25, and weightings for bid evaluation of contracts where 2024 comprehensive scoring method is used Provide detailed procurement related complaint PPMO December 25, handling procedures to supplement the general 2024 description in SBDs for preparation of procurement documents Provincial PMO to issue an official document / PPMO December 25, instruction to other provincial agencies, prefectural 2024 cities and counties about debarred or suspended list Finalize on-lending agreement with Program PDOF/PPMO December 30, Counties/municipalities as per the internal government 2025 procedures Prepare a ToR for the sub-basin integrated ecosystem PPMO March 31, 2025 and water resources management plan and submit for Bank review Train all E&S staff and the agency on Environmental PPMO/CPMOs June 30, 2025 and Social System Assessment findings and PIP throughout the Program period and starting the first one as soon as possible Engage E&S monitoring agency to conduct the E&S PPMO/CPMO July 15, 2025 implementation monitoring and reporting Submit the first E&S monitoring report to the Bank in PPMO/CPMOs July 15, 2025 early 2025, reflecting the progress of E&S institutional setting, program activities’ risk screening and two E&S PAPs’ implementation Next supervision mission by the Bank Bank/PPMO March 2025 44. Agreed actions and next steps for YRCC Recommended Actions for YRCC Responsibility Timeline Prepare TOR and submit to the Bank for review for the YRCC December 30, following activities: 2025 • developing a monitoring system supported by a consumption-based water resources assessment in a selected large-scale irrigation scheme; • developing a technical guideline for evaluating water consumption based on remote sensing in the YRB’ under the Program Update the Bank on internal requirements for receiving the YRCC January 30, 2025 advanced payment from the Bank (e.g. Agreement with MWR, MOF) 10 11 Annex 1: List of participants in the virtual meetings (THIS IS THE LIST FROM PREVIOUS MISSION: THIS WILL BE UPDATED) Henan Province No. Name Title 1 Deputy Director of Foreign Economic Affairs Department, Henan Sun Dawei Provincial Finance Department 2 Deputy Director of Foreign Economic Affairs Department, Henan Sun Yuanyuan Provincial Finance Department 3 Deputy Director of Department of Science and Technology and Foreign Lian Huajun Cooperation, Water Resources Department of Henan Province 4 Yang Hongzhong Deputy Mayor of Sanmenxia Municipality 5 Zhai Haiyan Party Secretary and Director of Sanmenxia Finance Bureau 6 Chang Chong Party Member and Deputy Director of Sanmenxia Finance Bureau 7 Han Qingfang Foreign Economics Affairs Section Chief, Sanmenxia Finance Bureau 8 Chu Tianshu Foreign Economics Affairs Section Officer, Sanmenxia Finance Bureau 9 Liu Aiwei Consultant, Sanmenxia Municipal Development and Reform Commission 10 Ji Mingjun Foreign Economics Affairs Section Officer, Sanmenxia Development and Reform Commission 11 Pei Zongjie Party Secretary and director, Sanmenxia Water Resources Bureau 12 Wang Haiyan Party Member and deputy director of Sanmenxia Water Resources Bureau 13 Han Lingbo Planning section chief, Sanmenxia Water Resources Bureau 14 Jiao Jianzhong Senior engineer, Sanmenxia Ecological Environment Bureau 15 Zhang Danxu Senior engineer, Sanmenxia Ecological Environment Bureau 16 Tong Baomin Consultant, Sanmenxia Agriculture and Rural Bureau 17 Guo Haiyong Section chief, Sanmenxia Agriculture and Rural Bureau 18 Yang Qiang Deputy section chief, Sanmenxia Housing and Construction Bureau 19 Leader from Sanmenxia Forestry Bureau 20 Gao Zhaohui Deputy director of Sanmenxia Audit Bureau 21 Zhao Yanzhu Economic and trade section chief, Sanmenxia Audit Bureau 22 Wang Guoqun Principal Staff Member, Yima City Development and Reform Commission 23 Zhang Jiating Principal Staff Member,Yima City Development and Reform Commission 24 Du Guofeng Party Member and Deputy Director of Yima Finance Bureau 25 Wang Yuxia Enterprise Section Chief, Yima Finance Bureau 26 Li Zhiwei Deputy Director, Yima Water Resources Bureau Shaanxi Province No. Name Affliation 1 Liu Jiang Provincial Development and Reform Commission 2 evergreen Provincial Department of Finance 12 3 Yang Lu Provincial Department of Finance 4 Cui Feng Xianyang Water Conservancy Bureau 5 Han Guang Xianyang Soil and Water Conservation Station 6 Du Chao Xianyang Soil and Water Conservation Station 7 He Jianping Tongchuan Water Conservancy Bureau 8 Yao Jian Tongchuan Soil and Water Conservation Station 9 Li Peng Xi'an University of Technology 10 Wang Wen Xi'an University of Technology 11 Wang Eping Provincial Soil and Water Conservation and Immigration Work Center 12 Xu Ting Provincial Soil and Water Conservation and Immigration Work Center 13 Jia Rong Provincial Soil and Water Conservation and Immigration Work Center YRCC No. Name Title, affiliation 13