UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA MINISTRY OF WORKS TANZANIA NATIONAL ROADS AGENCY 3rd Floor,10 Shaaban Robert Street / Garden Avenue Junction P.O. Box 11364, Dar es Salaam Tel: +255 222 926 001/6, Fax: +255 222 926 011/2/3/4 Email: tanroadshq@tanroads.go.tz FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) FOR THE PROPOSED UPGRADING OF LAKE MANYARA AIRPORT, AT KILIMAMOJA VILLAGE IN RHOTIA WARD, KARATU DISTRICT IN ARUSHA REGION, TANZANA UNDER TanTIP. Submitted to: National Environment Management Council (NEMC) Regent Estate Plot No. 29/30, P. O. Box 63154 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Tel: +255 22 2774852 22 2774889/713 Fax: Fax +255 22 277 4901 E-mail: nemc@nemctan.org Prepared by: CONSULTANT In Joint Venture with Sub- Consultants October, 2024 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-1: INTRODUCTION Title and Location of the Project: Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for the Proposed Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport, at Kilimamoja village, Rhotia Ward, Karatu District, Arusha Region, Tanzania (the Project). Proponent address: Tanzania National Roads Agency (TANROADS) P. O. BOX 11364, 3rd Floor, 3rd Floor, 10 Shaaban Robert/Garden Avenue Junction, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Tel: +255 222 926 001 – 6, Fax: +255 222 926 011, Email: tanroadshq@tanroads.go.tz Web: www.tanroads.go.tz ES-2: BRIEF OUTLINE AND JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ES-2.1: PROJECT BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION The Tanzania Transport Integration Project (TanTIP) aims at addressing the priority investment needs in selected Development Corridors (DCs) by supporting the upgrading and rehabilitation of the Trunk and regional roads playing key roles in the socio-economic activities of the corridors. The program aims to improve transport infrastructures’ connectivity of the country’s four economic development corridors namely Central development Corridor, Mtwara development Corridor, Tanga development corridor and Dar Es salaam/TAZARA development Corridor TanTip consists of four components; (i) upgrading and rehabilitation of Trunk and Regional Roads and airports (ii) Institutional Support and Capacity Building in the Transport Sector (iii) Community Engagement; Inclusion and Protection and (iv) Contingency Emergency Response (CERC). TanTip shall be implemented by the Government of Tanzania (GoT) with the support of the World Bank through the Tanzania National Roads Agency (TANROADS). Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport (the Project) is one of three airport infrastructure projects to be financed by TanTIP. Previously, on 2014 to 2017 the consultants namely; Yooshin Engineering Corporation (South Korea) in association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd, (India) and Hyewonkaci Architect (South Korea) were contracted to undertake the feasibility study, engineering design as well as Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for the proposed airport project based on World Bank- Operation Policy (OPs). Hence, this airport Design of 2017 were considered as final project design to be constructed under WB-TanTip. Due to time lapse without implementing the project, hence brings possibility of changes in several aspects such as environmental and social setup, baseline data around the project as well as fulfilment of newly WB –ESF requirements, hence, from March 2021 to December 2023 the existing ESIA was reviewed and updated by the independent Consultant to accommodate among others the newly WB-ESF requirements. Therefore, in regards to the above and as part of fulfilment of WB-ESF requirements the necessity to Review and Update the existing ESIA for Lake manyara was a mandatory requirement to the Employer. However, as part of fulfilment Independent of the ESIA study undertaking, TANROADS was commissioned M/s RENADERT CONSULT to undertake review and updating of existing ESIA study, which involved field visit, and consultation processes at different stages between March 2021 to December 2023 along with the existing airport detailed design, which was completed on 2017. The major issues during ESIA review and updating includes assessing the current environmental and social aspects, updating the environmental and social baseline data as well as incorporating the newly i Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. World Bank ESF requirements that requires the relevant ESSs to be integrated into the updated ESIA for Manyara airport ESIA. The original airport engineering design remain the same and shall be constructed as per design of 2017 and in case of any design changes may arise during undertaking, the Contractor ESMP shall incorporate those changed to be approved by employer, whereby any design changes shall be termed as an Addendum to the Contractor. This ESIA review and updating has been undertaken together with number of updating public consultations meetings started from 1st, 2nd and 3rd round between 2022 to 2023 as well as feedback stakeholders meeting were conducted during 3rd Round Consultations from September to December 2023 at Kilimamoja, Rhotia ward in Karatu District. These stakeholders includes communities around the airport area, airport staff, tour operators, Karatu District Council, village council and other relevant Governmental Institutions within the project area. As part of this project as well as the WB-ESF are concerned, TANROADS had prepared an ESMF and other ESF documents that sets out general principles, rules, guidelines and procedures to assess the environmental and social risks and impacts associated with the specific subprojects to be financed under TanTIP, and therefore develops general mitigations principals and E&S instruments as per WB- ESSs to guide the development of subproject specific E&S instruments. ES-2.2: DESTRIPTION OF EXSTING FACILITIES AT LAKE MANYARA AIRPORT Currently the existing Lake Manyara airport has a runway with total length of length of 1220m and 23m, taxiway with 15m wide, a runway strip 50m and a terminal building with capacity 50 passengers, firefighting building, apron, and water tank. These existing airport features are in poor conditions in terms of capacity and services regarding current aviation demand to boost tourism sector in the Arusha region and the nation as whole. Hence, the existing airport facilities, which are in poor conditions, shall be demolished after completion of the new airport facilities which shall meet design and future demand as well as ICAO standards. i. Runway of Lake Manyara airport The existing runway has 12/30 (1220m x 23m) PCN surface. Is unpaved surfaced runway oriented at 12/30 -IATA: IRI, ICAO: HTIR with PCN 15/F/B/Y/U and taxiway and an apron surfaced by tarmac with a PCN 15/F/B/Y/U. The aerodrome is elevated at 4678FT AMSL. Actual construction was 1950s which means the project needs major upgrading. The Lake manyara runway and its facilities are now in poor conditions that needs major repair or upgrading to meets the current demand and design requirements as per ICAO standard. Table 0.3: Existing Airside Facilities data No. Facility Dimensions (m) Strength 01. Runway (12-30) 1220m x 23m PCN 15/F/B/Y/U 02. Taxiway 75m X 75m /5 Cesena Taxiway PCN and Surface Apron 03. Apron 302m X 25m / 5 Cesena Need to be extended 04. Runway Strip 28 Need to be extended ii. ATC Tower Currently, there is no functional ATC Tower at the airport; normally operation depends on visual approach mechanism. When necessary the airport operation depends information from ATC Tower located at Arusha airport. ii Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. iii. Terminal Building The existing Passenger Terminal is a small and can accommodate 70 passengers (arrival and departures). The terminal has very limited facilities, hence missing other major several services such as arrival lounge, VIP lounge, Offices for other airport departments. The terminal is in poor conditions for operation which needs major rehab or upgrading to meets the ICAO standard for Code C airport. iv. Power supply The power supply of the existing power supply at Lake manyara Airport is 400KVa, 50Hz three-phase overhead service line, supplied by Tanzania Electrical supply Company Limited (TANESCO). There is no power house and emergency power switch in the event of mains power supply failure in Lake manyara. There is Standby generator of (80KVA) around the terminal building in case of emergency. hence new power line and standby generator is needed under the new airport construction. v. Access Road and car parking There is an existing access road of 1km with gravely standard to the airport from the Trunk road network. There is a car parking facility, which can accommodate 20 cars. The car parking is unpaved surface with capacity of accommodating 20 visitors, hence new parking needs to be constructed as per new design. vi. Security fence Partly fenced. The existing airport is partially surrounded with security fencing with a total length of 1237m, hence other airport areas remains openly and accessed my community which lead to safety risks. The new airport security fence needs to be constructed as per ICAO standards. vii. Fire house and ARFF Facilities Old Building adjacent to the terminal building equipped with fire extinguishers and forms for firefighting at the airport strip. The airport has no Fire Tender vehicle and there is no hydrants. The existing building has 15x10m with one vehicle bay, hence the upgrading of airport needs the new Fire Tender vehicle, hydrants system and water reservoir Tank for fire fighting vehicle. viii. Water supply system. The current airport is not connected by the district water pipe; hence the airport uses water from 1 drilled borehole with depth on 200 meters deep and with capacity of yielding 15,000 litters of water per day and stored in the 2lifted water tank of 7500 litters capacity. Currently, the water supply is enough to yield estimated 15,000 litters of water a day which is used for domestic use around the airport. The water was tested by the water authority and found suitable for uses. ix Sewage management. The existing airport facility’s sewage is discharged in a septic tank that is connected to different buildings. Currently there is no any sewer line connected to the airport, the wastes water are treated through soak away pits which is constructed within the airport. Currently there is 2 underground Soak away Pits of 1M diameter and 2.5 meter with 30*30cm long with capacity of 100,00Lts of sewage and is insufficient to meet the design demand. The wastes water is collected from Toilets, Manager Offices, Terminal building and small shops and disposed/discharged directly to the underground septic tank and soak away pit which is constructed by concrete pavements and cement bricks and when in full the waste water is emptied by the authorized waste dealer into District waste treatment plant which is located 20km from the airport site. The capacity is enough to meet current demand. The existing sewage system shall be dismantled and pits filled with spoil materials. iii Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. ix. Wastes management Currently, Solid Waste generated around the airport is domestic wastes which estimated to (20-30kg per Month). Currently, the wastes are handled by dustbins located around the airport; However, there is no separation facilities. Currently there is no lavatory waste handled by the airport. Liquid waste from domestic and hygiene facilities are handled through septic tank and when in full is emptied by the authorized waste dealer for disposal. x. Storm water management Currently, the storm water from runway and existing buildings are discharge through existing natural streams (Marere) located around the airport. ❖ Other airport Existing Utilities The existing airport related facilities such as drainage system, water supply, sewage system, power supply etc., but are in poor conditions, which needs to be reconstructed as per new design. The current airport does not have fuel supply and storage facilities, aircraft and vehicles maintenance hangar, no solid waste storage room (generated wastes are locally collected and handled to authorised waste dealer for disposal), no chemical wastes at the airport. However, as per new airport design all of these existing facilities shall be demolished after completion of upgrading of the new airport facilities and the areas shall be reinstated prior airport operation. More details on the E&S Auditing for existing airport facilities around Lake manyara airport can be referred in section 4.2 of the ESIA. NOTE: The airport design shall be as per ICAO requirement, hence other facilities such as Fuel storage facilities, Airplane and general maintenance hangar, Waste water treatment Plant etc. shall not be part of this airport project. ❖ Existing Airport Operations Tool and Guiding Manuals. The Lake manyara airport is operational airport, which shall be operating while the upgrading activities is ongoing. Hence, the Contractor shall prepare construction procedures that shall be approved by TAA and issuing the NOTAM to airlines during construction. Effective management of airport operations tools and plans such as the (Waste (Solid and lavatory) Management Plan, fuel Handling Management Procedures, Wildlife Manual (Birds Strike and Vegetation Management Plan), Safety Management System (Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Management), Airport Regular Maintenance Procedure, Airport Emergence Preparedness Plan, Aircrafts Landing and Taking off procedures, Aerodrome Manual (Airport General Operational Procedure), Noise Management Plan, Airport Security Program (Airport Security Operation Protocol and Procedure) are crucial tools for the smooth and safe implementation and operation of Lake Manyara Airport. Each plan has specific strategy to address impacts and requires mitigation measures to address potential challenges. Regular training, continuous improvement, advanced technology implementation, and strong coordination with local agencies are key strategies for ensuring these tools and plans effectively contribute to the airport overall safety, efficiency, and sustainability. iv Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. ES-2.3: PROPOSED PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS AND ACTIVITIES Project Descriptions: The main project phases of construction of Lake manyara airport shall include mobilization or pre- construction, construction; demobilization, operation and maintenance phases. The proposed airport project is designed for 20 years lifespan before any major repair. The project among others shall involve upgrading of the airport facilities such as new runway, taxiway, terminal building and other airport facilities as per design to the ICAO requirements to accommodate the ATR 42 and 72 as well as QR400 aircrafts. Therefore, the design of the proposed project shall be constructed within the same airport location and shall include the following main project components, namely: • The construction of the new runway, taxiway and apron including asphalt pavement; • The construction of new terminal building; • The construction of a new control tower; • New Navigational aids • The construction of new drainage system and land scarping; • The construction of new rescue and firefighting station; • The erection of a new security fence around the perimeter of the airport • Sewage system around the airport; • Supply and installation of security and communication systems • Construction of new airport access road of 1.5km • Car parking • Aeronautical Ground Lighting (AGL) • Road, Runway and apron marking • Water Supply for the airport • Power supply • Storm water system i. New Runway The proposed new runway namely 12/30 shall be upgraded to bitumen standard with new dimensions of 1500m X 45m length including Runway End Safety Area (RESA) of 150m width. ii. New Taxiway and apron A new taxiway linking the newly upgraded runway to the new apron. The taxiway width shall be 25m (shoulder: 5m each) and of similar upgrading to the runway in terms of pavement properties. The new apron area shall be constructed to handle airplane with capacity of ATR 72 and bombardier Q400 as per International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) specification. The apron design among others, shall consider sufficient slopes to prevent accumulation of water. The parked aircraft shall be separated from each other, wing tip to wing tip, by 4.5m. iii. New Runway Strip The new runway strip shall be constructed to have the following dimensions. Width: 75.0m (From the Centre of runway to edge of strip), Maximum Transverse Slope: 2.50%, Maximum Longitudinal Slope: 1.75% iv. New Runway End Safety Area (RESA) This shall be provided to the following dimensions. Length: Recommendation: 150m Width: Same width of R/W strip, Transverse Slope: Maximum 1.5%, Minimum 1.0%, Longitudinal Slope: Not to exceed a downward slope 5.0% v Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. v. Car Parking An adequate number of parking spaces shall be provided adjacent to the various facilities. These shall serve vehicles for airport staff, passengers and visitors. Passenger and visitor car parks are usually combined whereby, the capacity of service has been estimated for workers, passengers and VIP to be 150 slots. The parking area shall be surrounded by kerbstones estimated at 1,962.0m2 and the car parking shall be covered by paving blocks. vi. New Passenger Terminal and Associated Facilities A new terminal building shall be constructed to accommodate the anticipated future passengers demands of 250,000 per year. The airport project shall also include the necessary components such as buildings, car parking, Apron, security and communication facilities, fire services and metrological station to accommodate the aircrafts with capacity of the ATR -72 and Q -400 aircrafts and in accordance with the ICAO and IATA specifications. vii. The New airport access road The new access road of 1.5km shall be constructed to tarmac standard and shall be the main entrance to the proposed new airport but within the same location. viii. Airport pavement. One of the ICAO approved method of pavement design is the US FAA method. This new pavement design is prepared by following regulation of FAA standards AC 150/5320-6E, its own field experiences, based on layered elastic and three-dimensional finite element-based structural analysis are developed to calculate design thicknesses for airfield pavements. The design is performed with using FAARFIELD (FAA Rigid and Flexible Iterative Elastic Layer Design) for pavement. ix. Airport Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF) Building The ARFF station is proposed as an independent building and is located to meet the service requirements. The fire stations shall be category V to meet the ICAO requirements and shall house one Crash Fire Tender (CFT). It shall house offices for the Chief Fire Officer and the Duty Officer, besides the crew room with lockers. A conference room/training room, workshops, foam storage, and first aid have also been proposed. An overhead water tank is proposed to fill up the CFT from outside the fire station. Paved areas on the airside and landside are proposed for training exercises. x. Navigational Aid (NDB, Communication, Metrological system) As air traffic activity continues to grow, there is an increasing need for navigational aids to narrow the limits of navigational error in horizontal or vertical separation. Navigational aids that are either ground- based or airborne may be conveniently functionally classified as route navigation aids, terminal area navigation and landing aids. xi. Perimeter Security Fence The new security fencing shall cover a total length of length of 7,5474m with a gate system all around the airport perimeter and at the boundary between the airside and the landside within the terminal area. Fencing is provided to deter the inadvertent access of unauthorized persons into ground installations and facilities essential for the safety of aircraft. The chain-link fence shall meet the requirements of FAA Item F-162. xii. Airport Storm Water Drainage Currently, on the existing airport the storm water from runway and existing buildings are discharge through 2 existing natural streams located around the airport (one to the East and one to the South) vi Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. which drains the discharged water in two natural ditches. The Marera stream as the main natural stream around the airport currently accommodate storm water from the airport facilities. xiii. Power Supply To ensure the regularity and safety of aviation, it is necessary that aerodrome lighting have high integrity and reliability. In accordance with the requirements laid down in the ICAO documents as above, power from two separate sources from TANESCO is to be received at the Airport. This shall be 33KV feeders, load transfer switch, line break switch with HV fuse and Digital Energy Metre, etc. Normally, one feeder shall be on load, and the second one shall be on standby. For integrity and reliability, upon the failure of the first feeder, the airport load shall be transferred to the second feeder through the transfer switch provided by TANESCO. The power from TANESCO shall be received into power house to be located 700m from TANESCO power line. However, as per project design there shall be new standby generator with capacity of 400KVa to supplement TANESCO power in case of emergency. xiv. Water supply The current airport is not connected by the district water pipe; hence the airport uses water from 1 drilled borehole with depth on 200 meters deep and with capacity of yielding 15,000 litters of water per day and stored in the raised water tank of 15,000 litters capacity. Currently, the capacity is enough which is estimated to be 15,000 litters of water a day which are used for firefighting and domestic use around the airport. The water was tested by the airport authority and found suitable for uses. The Proposed new airport facilities upgrading shall require more water during operation and maintenance phases, hence due to the development and expansion of the airport more water shall be needed, hence the contractor shall drill the additional borehole that shall provide 10,000lts/day to supplement for water use during construction and operation phases. The water shall be pumped into lifted water tanks of 30,000Lts to be installed as part of the airport facility. The borehole shall have a depth of 200 meters deep to yield water with capacity of 30,000 litters per day for construction, operation (firefighting and domestic uses). As per airport design additional water shall be harvested from rainwater through terminal building and connected to new underground water tank which shall be constructed with storage capacity of 200,000 litres of water for airport uses during construction and operation phases. NOTE: The water shall be used for construction and hygiene activity around the airport. The drinking water for workers and during operation phase shall be supplied by the private company licensed for supply drinking water from Arusha. xv. Project Construction materials The project shall require a significant volume of materials estimated to be (40,000 m3 of aggregates, 250,000 m3 of gravel, 15,000 m3 of sand) that shall come from the identified existing quarries and borrow pits materials from existing materials sources found at Utaho village along the tarmac road to Arusha which is about 75km from the proposed airport project. Several existing borrow sites for gravel have been identified around the proposed project at (Kilimamoja and Syrawan villages 35km) from airport project in Karatu district and sand shall be sourced from existing sand pit at Mungumaji village (23km) from project site in Karatu district. These sources of materials for quarry, gravel and sand are existing sources of materials which was used during construction of Makuyuni -Ngorongoro road project under TANROADS and are currently being used as sources of materials for roads maintenance activities. These identified sources of materials are currently owned by TANROADS and shall be part of the proposed project facilities which has been identified by the ESIA. These construction materials shall be transported by approximately 20 tippers truck with ( 15 cubic meter) a day with 50 trips of haulage materials (to airport) shall also be covered by canvas to avoid dust spillage along the pathway road to the project site. The mitigation measures for negative impacts for this material transportation and vii Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. excavation is described in Chapter 7.0 and 8.0 of the report. ➢ Project Activities: The upgrading activities shall be according to conventional engineering scheduling, procedures and practices. Major activities shall include: • Land takes and compensation for the affected PAPs for upgrading project • Relocation and resettlement of the affected PAPs • Clearance of vegetation and removal of top soil by using motor grader machine • Disposal of overburden materials such as (cleared vegetation, debris and topsoil) • Mobilization and transportation of materials, equipment and machineries • Construction upgrading of new structures including the access road, terminal building, apron, runway, firefighting building, control tower, drainage system etc. • Construction of temporary campsite and workshop etc. • Demolishment of the existing airport features after completion of the upgrading project • Land scarping and reinstatement ES-2.4: POLICY, ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK The implementation of the proposed airport project shall likely affect other development sectors such as land, water, forestry, labour, community development etc. To ensure the accurate undertaking of the project, there must be compliance to the current World Bank’s Environmental and Social Framework, General WBG EHS Guidelines and WBG EHS Guidelines for Airport, various national policies and/or legal regimes that govern the management of the environment and of the public health the review of policies, legislation and administrative framework for smooth implementation of the project. These include all important laws and policies that have relevance to airport development in respect of environmental management as (details in Chapter 3). ES-2.5: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT Lake Manyara airport is located in Kilimamoja Village, Rhotia ward, Karatu District in the northern part of Arusha region at the Manyara escarpment and it lies between latitude 03 22 S and longitude 035 49 E having elevation of 4150ft/1265m AMSL with reference temperature of 24C. The airport is identified by IATA code-LKY and ICAO code-HTLM. Lake Manyara airport can be reached via Arusha – Karatu/Ngorongoro tarmac road just few kilometers after Mto wa Mbu Township. From the main tarmac road there is existing 1km distance access gravel/earth road leading to the airport. The name “Lake Manyara” is used specifically for naming and branding purposes of the airport project since the airport is located in the same district where Lake Manyara National Park is located. Kilimamoja village is the only village that are found within the secondary area of influence, hence shall be directly affected by the proposed airport project within Rhotia ward., The airport project is found within Kilimamoja village which is surrounded by the communities with several land parcels and properties such as buildings, farmland, trees etc. which shall be evaluated for compensation prior to project implementation. Other villages on the periphery of the project includes; barabarani, migombani, and Rhotia villages which are found about 10km radius and beyond from the airport area and which shall be indirectly affected by the project. Karatu District is one of the six districts in the Arusha Region of Tanzania. It is bordered by the Ngorongoro District to the north, the Shinyanga Region to the west, the Monduli District to the east, and the Arusha Region to the south and southeast. The district occupies an area of 3300 km2 classified under land use as follows: arable land 102,573 ha; pasture land 155,808 ha; forest, bush and tree cover 61,218 ha; and Lake Eyasi 1060 ha. The airport has scheduled flight to Serengeti and Ngorongoro national Parks as well as Arusha, Nairobi, Dar es Salaam and the Zanzibar Archipelago islands of Unguja and Pemba mainly for tourism sector. The district is a traditional home to the Iraq tribe. Other minor tribes are the Barbaigs, who are pastoralists, and the Hadzabe, noted mainly as hunters and gatherers. The official population of the district is 178,434 viii Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. people: 92,895 women and 85,539 men growing at an annual rate of 3.2%, aggregated into 33,000 households. The average population density is 52 persons/km2 with low densities in the western zone along Lake Eyasi (7–10 persons/km2) and higher densities (100 persons/km2) in Karatu and Mbulumbulu division. Most people live in the higher rainfall areas where the average population density tends to be high (details in Chapter 4). Climatic condition around the airport is bimodal rainfall whereby, the short rainfall between October and December and the long rains (masika‘) between March and June (KDC 2001). Rainfall may range from less than 400 mm in the Eyasi Basin to over 1000 mm in the highlands with rain zones classified as semi-arid (300–700 mm/year) and sub-humid (700–1200 mm/year) respectively. At the project area, the Temperature decreases with increasing elevation by about 0.6 C for every 100 m. Mean annual temperature ranges from 15 C in November (forest) to 24 C. The coldest months are June – August, the warmest October–April. Soil condition around the project area, vary depending on their origin and location. Shallow soils with low fertility are found on summits and slopes. The volcanic origin is the predominantly clay soils, some very shallow but very fertile. Found in the Ngorongoro land system which include moderately steep foothill ridges of volcanic cones, lava plains and foothill slopes. The dominant tribes are Iraq tribe mixed with minority tribes of the region. ES-2.6: PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS AND STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT Authorities and communities around the project were involved in the preliminary studies through organized stakeholder meetings with representatives. Some key stakeholders who were consulted include: • Vice President ‘s Office (Division of Environment, NEMC), through submission of project brief and scoping reports. • Ministry of Lands, Housing and Human Settlements Development, at regional and local government levels. • Project Proponent – TANROADS • Arusha Regional Secretariat • Karatu District Council (DC and DED office) • Local Communities included Rhotia Ward council and Kilimamoja Village council. • Tourist Organizations/companies having business in the project area of influence • Local NGOs/CBOs in the project area The representatives of the stakeholders who were consulted were very eager to know when the upgrading of the airport shall start, and among many issues raised, the following main concerns were presented; (details in chapter 5). • Effects of noise/vibrations from aircrafts operation to nearby buildings and communities. • Compensation for the affected properties around the project • Delay in PAP payments after valuation • Injuries of people and damage of properties during upgrading • Disturbances to local people due to relocation and resettlement • Environmental pollution of the Lake Manyara ecosystem and the surrounding environment due to increased human activities during operation of the upgraded airport. • Official airport boundary to be defined and the fence constructed to avoid conflict with surrounding communities. ix Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • Destabilization of land and consequent soil erosion due to upgrading works. • Degradation at the point of source for upgrading material (e.g. borrow pits, materials, sand, water and quarry sites). Second round consultation was conducted between February and March 2021 to give feedback to stakeholders and community on the project design. Third round consultation was conducted between February to September 2023 for data collection and to give feedback to stakeholders and community on the project implementation. ES-2.7: DESCRIPTION OF THE SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES Both the positive and negative impacts from the upgrading of Lake Manyara airport have been identified (Chapter 6). Impacts include those which affect the biological and socio-economic characteristics of the community as well as physical environment in the vicinity of the project area. The following are the adverse impacts for the proposed project; (i) Promote employment opportunities and poverty reduction Job creation and increased income to local communities - The airport construction is among the strategies for poverty alleviation. Apart from opportunities for self-employment income generating activities and selling food and other merchandise to the construction workforce, most of the casual laborers and some skilled workforce shall be absorbed from within the Karatu District and the neighboring Region. (ii) Promote investment and Industrial Sector The proposed airport project is located in the highly commercial district of Karatu with several kind of activities e.g. tourism and this shall promote the investment opportunities. This project shall reduce the transport costs of materials and products to Karatu District and Arusha region which in turn stimulates the wayside commercial activities. (iii) Improve Accessibility to Social Services There are several health-related advantages that shall accrue from the project. Improved transportation shall enable easier purchase and delivery of drugs/medicines to health care facilities e.g. Karatu District Hospital. The proposed project shall thus facilitate patients to receive faster medical attention (especially emergency cases). Business people shall enjoy easier access to market than before. (iv) Loss of vegetation Clearing of vegetation shall result from airport upgrading which include site clearance, earth grabbing, creation of diversions and access road, sources of construction materials, establishment of workshops and temporally campsite shall cause vegetation clearance hence soil erosion. The impact shall be mitigated by avoidance of unnecessary removal of the vegetation, especially trees. However, when it is not avoidable the cleared trees shall be replaced by the recommended trees species to be planted around the airport. (v) Soil erosion Removal of soil cover due to site clearing around the airport, sources of materials construction, as well as other earth works shall make soil susceptible to water and wind erosion. To mitigate the impact, The Contractor shall prepare and implement the Quarry and Borrow pits management plan, the area of ground surface clearance shall be minimized. Cleared surface shall be stabilized by re-vegetating with natural vegetation. The contractor shall avoid unnecessary disturbance of x Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. soil cover. In addition, the water flow speeds, especially for side drains shall be controlled by constructing erosion checks. (vi) Surface Water and Soil Pollution Pollution of ground water and soil may occur due to accidental spillage of fuel, motor oils, and chemicals like paints. Deposition of concrete and fine sediments during construction of airport project may cause water siltation and sedimentation that may affect culvert and drainage system downstream. To mitigate the impact, as much as possible, concrete works shall be isolated from watercourses. All construction equipment shall be well serviced to ensure that there is no oil leakage. (vii) Surface Water Flow Modification Construction of airport activities including runway, apron, drainage system is likely to interfere with natural surface flow patterns, where by concentrating flow in one direction, resulting into channel modification and land degradation. To minimize the impact, engineering methods shall be applied and drainage modification shall be undertaken by considering boundaries of flood zones to ensure adequate cross drains to minimize ponding on the airport surrounding and land scarping. (viii) Production of noise and vibrations Construction activities such as runway, terminal building, apron, materials extraction and other facilities are likely to cause considerable noise and vibrations. The noise and vibrations shall be produced by construction equipment and trucks during activities undertaken, earth works and grabbing around the project site. Noise and vibrations shall also originate from the aircraft operation during taking-off and landing. To mitigate the impact, the contractor shall ensure that equipment and vehicles are well maintained and properly fitted with exhaust mufflers. Reduction of noise at source: incentives for the use of newer generation of aircrafts during operation. Land-use planning and management. Noise Abatement Operational Procedures during landing and taking off: optimizations in runway use, routes flown and procedures. Operating restrictions: avoid all flights after 22h00 at the airport. Long-term monitoring of noise levels during operation could advice on additional measures to protect the surrounding residential areas. The operators shall be adhered to NMP of this project. (ix) Health and Safety risks The mobilization activities can create occupational health and safety risks to workers from chemical, physical and biological hazards at workplace. The chemical OHS risks are those associated with exposure to slips, trips, falls, electricity, noise, vibration, radiation, heat, cold and fire. Chemical hazardous are those originate from paints, cleaning chemicals, degreasers, detergents, gas cylinders, refrigerant gases and biological hazards are those from human bodily matters, pathological waste, sharp wastes, Molds and yeasts, organic materials at workplace. The common health and safety problems associated with pre- construction phase include: • chemical hazards associated with works which entails direct contact with fuels or other chemicals used on machinery operations. Work with fuels may present a risk of exposure to volatile organic compounds via inhalation or skin contact during normal use or in the case of spills. Contact dermatitis due to handling of corrosive substances such as wet cement, grease or chemicals. Hand-arm vibration due to frequent use of handheld power tools like concrete breakers and vibrating compactor. • Loss of hearing due to regular and/or frequent exposure to loud noise during operating power tools such as concrete breakers, compactors and hammer drills. High noise levels can also create safety risk due to difficulty of workers to hear warning signs. xi Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • Biological hazards can also result into respiratory diseases such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD), asthma and silicosis due to exposure to harmful dust, fumes and gases from construction site. For example, Occupational asthma can be caused by exposure to substances like wood dust. Carpentry and painting activities is known to be one of the main causes of respiratory diseases. Biological hazards from inhale of emission from Carbon Monoxide (CO); Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx); Hydrocarbons (HC) which can affect human respiratory system. To mitigate this impacts the following shall be undertaken: The contractor shall ensure that the campsite is fenced and hygienically kept with adequate provision of facilities including waste disposal receptacles, sewage, firefighting and clean and safe water supply. The contractor may be required to drill a borehole for obtaining water for construction. A well-stocked First Aid kit (administered by medical personnel) shall be maintained at each camp, quarry sites and each active work section around the airport. Optimizing ground service infrastructure to reduce aircraft and ground vehicle movements on taxiways and idling at the gate. Workers working on luggage lifting should be trained in the use of proper lifting, bending, and turning techniques to avoid back injury or extremities. The risk of accidents shall be reduced by restricting operation of machinery / equipment to the trained personnel only. There shall be a First Aid Kit on-site administered by a qualified person. The airport management shall be fully responsible for health and safety of employees and passengers, including providing all workers with personal protection equipment (PPE) against noise, impact and dust. The medical personnel shall also be responsible for primary treatment of ailments and other minor medical cases as well as providing some health education to the workforce. The airport management shall take precautions and educate workers and other airport users on rescue and safety issues in case of emergency such as occurrence of fire. Safety signal devices shall be installed and warning measures shall be taken to ensure safety during project operation to reduce accidents. Air pollution due to emission of Carbon Monoxide (CO); Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx); Hydrocarbons (HC) can affect the heath of the surrounding population and therefore all the employee working at the airport zone are to be provided by PPE. Reducing noise of ground operations at the source or through the use of sound barriers and deflectors. In areas where significant impacts are anticipated, implementation of preferred procedures and routes for landing and takeoff (LTO) to minimize potential noise from approaching and departing aircraft for noise-sensitive areas. These procedures may include instructions on the use of descent profiles or “noise preferential” routes (NPRs), such as the “continuous descent approach” to avoid noise-sensitive areas, the use of “Low Power / Low Drag” (LPLD) procedure to fly the aircraft in a 'clean ‘conditions. In airport operating in degraded air sheds, supplying electrical power and preconditioned air through ground-based equipment to minimize the use of aircraft APUs; The airport Project construction activities should try to reduce the number of accidents among project workers (whether directly employed or subcontracted) to a rate of zero, especially accidents that could result in lost work time, different levels of disability, or even fatalities. Facility rates may be benchmarked against the project performance and activities. On-site generation and storage of hazardous wastes and their subsequent treatment and disposal should be collected by the Authorized waste dealers for disposal. (x) Possibility of Aircraft Accidents As long as the airport is existing shall continue with operation activities, hence this operation activities may lead to possibilities of aircraft accidents during landing or take off, mainly caused by birds collision, technical error, weather condition, poor management of aircrafts operational procedures around the airport. xii Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. To mitigate the impact, the Airport manager, aircraft engineers, auxiliary police and all airport staff should make sure they take all precaution measures to reduce risks of accident occurrence during operation. These may include to ensure the aircrafts operational procedures are in place, undertake birds strike mechanism, avoid any trespassing into airport, contractor shall prepare construction methodology to be approved by TAA in order to issue the NOTAM to airlines during construction of the airport. (xi) Air Pollution Dust generated from land clearing, extraction, transportation, offloading, stockpiling and spreading of sand and gravel shall have negative impact to the air quality. Another source of air pollution shall be due to exhaust fumes from operating construction machinery, equipment and vehicles. In addition, there shall be a lot of dusts emissions due to movements of vehicles and construction machinery. The impact shall be mitigated by sprinkling water on the project site, cover sand and gravel during transportation, and provide workers with masks to prevent them from inhaling polluted air. Switching off the aircrafts when on ground as well as construction machinery and vehicles when not in use shall help to minimize the exhaust fumes. (xii) Deterioration of Scenic and Visual Aesthetics Dust produced by construction equipment, machinery, and vehicles in both at access road and inside the airport project and this may impair visibility making the construction site prone to operational vehicles around the airport and aircraft operational. In addition, stockpiles of construction materials shall impair scenic and visual quality. To mitigate the impact, the contractor shall be required to regularly sprinkle water on the project construction activities on each active site. In addition, the contractor shall have to reinstate all the degraded areas around the sources of construction materials and around the airport areas. All stockpiled materials shall be removed and disposed of after construction. (xiii) Generation of liquid and solid wastes The liquid wastes to be generated from construction activities includes wastes water from campsite, toilets, used oils and grease. Solid wastes during construction shall include cement bags, wood, plastic and metal containers such as drums, and tins, bottles etc. Other waste generated are anticipated from domestic waste, soil cutting, filling and spoils materials from site clearance on access road and runway alignment, this include uprooted trees and surplus materials. To mitigate the impact due to liquid wastes used oils shall be filled in the drums and containers and collected by the authorized waste dealer for disposal to the authorized district dumping site. Domestic effluents at the campsite and toilets shall be collected using soak away pits and septic tanks and when in full emptied by waste tanker truck for disposal. To mitigate the impact due to solid wastes, biodegradable solid wastes shall be collected for landfilled or for compost making whilst non-biodegradable and hazardous waste shall be collected by authorized waste dealers for disposal. This shall be mitigated by avoiding unnecessary cutting of trees and vegetation and all spoils materials shall be used for landscaping taking care not to spread invasive species after construction works. (xiv) Land degradation and Landscape modification Construction of airport infrastructures such as runway, apron, taxes ways, terminal building, access roads shall be associate with land degradation through site clearance, earth grabbing, land cuttings and filling lead to soil erosion and landscape modification. xiii Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. To mitigate the impact, the contractor shall minimize these activities by using existing sources of construction materials, avoid unnecessary cutting of trees, undertake reinstatement of degraded areas prior works completion, undertake trees and flowers planting around the project. Besides, land cutting and filling shall be confined within the construction area only in order to minimize land degradation and landscape modification. (xv) Health Problems Including Transmission of HIV/AIDS and respiratory problems The relatively higher earnings of the construction workers are likely to attract women in sexual relations. This is likely to increase transmission of communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS if efforts to address the issue are not put in place at various levels of decision-making especially at household and community levels. To mitigate the impact, the contractor shall have educational awareness campaign to workers and surrounding communities during mobilization and construction phases to prevent further spread of HIV/AIDS due to construction activities (xvi) Trigger child labour It has been evident that most development projects trigger engagement of children less than 18 years to work contrary to the national and international laws which prohibit child labour. To mitigate the potential impact, the contractor shall adhere to LMP of the project, hence shall involve local authorities during employment of local people so as to ensure that those who qualify for construction works are above 18 year. (xvii) Loss of Employment During demobilization phase people shall lose their jobs and employment this situation shall threatening the security of their lives and create a negative thought of losing a good relation with their family members. This financial burden shall leads to stress. The Contractor shall adhere to LMP during demobilization phase. (xviii) Affected properties around the project Around the airport project there are several properties which needs to be compensated and relocated within the additional land of 477,000m2 for airport to be acquired prior project implementation. The RAP for this project was conducted in 2021 and a total of 189 PAPs were identified for compensation. Mitigation measures. The RAP indicated that 189 PAPs was affected by the proposed project, whereby 114 PAPs was physically displaced while 75 PAPs was economically displaced. All identified PAPs have already being compensated since 2021. As per RAP Audit which was undertaken by employer as per WB requirement in 2023, revered that all PAPS have already being relocated out of the airport project accordingly and as per consultation undertaken during this ESIA update, there are no grievances noted regarding the compensation issues. (i) Loss of biodiversity and natural habitat The airport upgrading shall lead to biodiversity loss during project implementation. The identified species around the airport such as small mammals including rates, insects and birds around the airport shall be affected from the construction activities such as earth grabbing, cutting and filling as well as aircraft operation that may lead to bird’s collision. • The contractor shall avoid as much as possible cutting/clearing of vegetation outside the RoW for construction of the airport access road 1.5km. • The Contractor shall be responsible for trees planting around the airport access road and around the airport buildings as part of gain loss for cleared trees that are potential for biodiversity gain with consideration to avoid invasive tree species. xiv Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • Ensure aircraft safety during landing and taking off by avoiding bird’s collision • Undertaking birds scaring technique prior landing and taking off the airplane to avoid accident ES-2.8: ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED The design of the airport analyzed three type of the project alternative which includes: Alternative 1 The “no project” alternative. The without project alternative was not considered as this would mean not upgrading Lake Manyara airport to new designing standard to enable increase the number of operating frights. Hence, opting this alternative shall mean the airport situation shall remain unchanged and continuation of poor airport operational that may result into economic loss. Alternative 2 The second alternative considered implementing the project by extension of the existing runway through 30 direction/threshold (easterly) This alternative was disqualified based on presence of cliff or deep escarpment feature at eastern side which would limit extension of the runway to the required length, However, in order to accommodate the new airport features, there shall be more earth filling materials and activities required, hence this alternative 2 found to be more costly in term of engineering design and costs for vegetation clearance. Alternative 3 This alternative considered implementing the project by extension of the existing runway through 12 direction/threshold (westerly). This alternative was the best option for implementation as the land acquisition from this alternative allows more runways extension despite land acquisition and resettlement shall be put in place. The alternative is more feasible as long as all affected PAPs have already being compensated and relocated since 2022. Therefore, the alternative 3 was feasible and proposed for implementation. ES-2.9: RECOMMENDATIONS AND PLANS FOR MITIGATION OF THE IMPACTS This assessment identifies that many of the negative impacts can be avoided or minimized to acceptable levels whilst the positive impacts or benefits derived from the project can be enhanced by adopting good engineering practices and appropriate mitigation measures during design, upgrading and use of the airport. Therefore mitigation/enhancement measures for each of the identified impacts (positive or negative) have been presented well presented in this report (Chapter 7). ES-2.10: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) The objectives of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) are to describe the legislative and administrative frameworks in the country on Environmental Impact Assessment Management, implementation arrangements for the ESMP, environmental and social management programme and reporting arrangements. The executing agency of the airport project during construction phase shall be TANROADS, while the operational entity shall be Tanzania Airport Authority (TAA). To minimize the potential environmental and social impacts, the project shall require the support of various institutions as outlined in the actions of the ESMP. An Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) has been developed to implement the proposed environmental protection measures during mobilization, construction and demobilization and operation phases of the project. It supports the Environmental and Social Management Plan by maintaining a record of environmental performance and enabling adjustments to be made to mitigate environmental, xv Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. health and socio-economic impacts during the lifetime of the project. Recommendations for impacts management and mitigation measures have been included in the ESMP (Chapter 8.0). The principal environmental and social cost associated with impact mitigations measures is worked out to be Tshs 147,500,000/-. The costs for HIV\AIDS shall be 80,000,000.00. The monitoring costs shall be 21,500,000/=. This does not include estimated cost required for compensation of properties and resettlement of PAPs which stands at Tshs 3,260,722,008/- as worked out in the RAP report (refers to Chapter 8.0). ES- 2.11: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN (ESMP) AND AUDITING Monitoring of the anticipated environmental and social impacts in the receiving environments is important. It helps in determining the effects of the project activities on the environments enhancing understanding of cause effect relationships between human activities and environmental changes, and verifies the accuracy of prediction about the environmental impacts. It ensures compliance with regulatory measures and understanding the degree of implementation of ESMP and its effectiveness. Recommendations for monitoring have been included in the ESMP (Chapter 9). The estimated costs for carrying out the proposed environmental monitoring programme amounts to Tshs 21,500,000/=. The auditing shall unveil the actual performance of mitigation measures and shall allow effective measures to be included in future projects based on the audit results. As per operative EIA documents in Tanzania, environmental audits would be a responsibility of the developer (TANROADS) and the National Environment Management Council (NEMC). ES-2.12: RESOURCE EVALUATION OR COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS Two design alternatives/options discussed in chapter 6 have been evaluated on their financial and/or economic feasibility. The values obtained in terms of the economic internal rate of return (EIRR) and the net present value (NPV) show that the investment proposals in the upgrading of Lake Manyara airport are viable for option 1, as the values of EIRR are well above the bench-mark rate, i.e. cut-off point of 12%, and also the values of NPV are positive in all the cases at 12% of the discount rate. The estimated total project cost is show in Table E-1 below. xvi Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. SN Cost item Estimated Amount (Tshs) 1. Environmental and Social Mitigation (ESMP) as well as ESHS 147,500,000.00 aspects, (Not inclusive other communicable diseases 2. HIV/AIDS Awareness Campaign and other communicable 80,000,000.00 diseases 3. Environmental and Social Monitoring (ESMP) 21,500,000.00 4. Compensation of affected properties as per approved RAP 3,260,722,008 Sub-Total of ESMP Cost 3,573,722,008.00 Sub -Total of Civil works 105,479,137,527.00 Grand Total 110,909,659,535.00 ES-2.13: DEBOBILIZATION OR DECOMMISSIONING Decommissioning is not anticipated in the foreseeable future. This project has been undertaken from engineering design from the year 2014 to 2017 as well as undertaking the review and updating of the ESIA from 2018 to 2023. The project has been designed for 20 years period which shall begin from end of construction phase. Therefore, even if the demobilization or decommissioning shall happen, it shall be after 20 years to come and may entail change of land use or functional changes or demolition triggered by the need of expansion or upgrading of the airport to a upper class category, hence this phase is not anticipated in need future. ES- 2.14: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The proposed Construction of Lake Manyara airport project was assessed from its inception stage through the decommissioning phase. This thoroughly assessment helped to exhaust all possible impacts be it to the immediate community, the region, or world. The assessment was greatly supported with site and regional-wide background information that gave clear insight on the current stature of the environment, its use, and more importantly official plans on site usage from the pertinent authorities. This helped in gauging both the negative and positive impacts of the project to the host environment -land, air, water- and social economic therein. Indeed, without such info, it would have been impossible to draw any causal linkages of impacts back to the project. Apart from the assessment of possible impacts, the report also highlighted stakeholder’s views on the project as well as mentioning a pool of laws and regulations that govern the operations of Upgrading Lake Manyara facilities. Indeed, these key integral parts of the project are crucial in the enforcement and successful implementation of the proposed monitoring plan which clearly defined impact mitigation measures, timings, costs, and responsible agents to carry-out checks on specific issues. In conclusion, the study has in great length assessed all aspects associated with the construction and operation of the proposed upgrading Lake Manyara airport in and out the project site. It has unveiled and weighed project’s pro and cons while keeping focus on the environment, as the main subject, thus arriving to this well-balanced EIA report. It should be noted that, there are nesting activities along the airport though none of the nesters is a threatened species. But for assurance it is advised to increase airport openness so as to deter bird movements around the airport. xvii Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. With concern to the threatened species White-backed Vulture and Lappet-faced Vulture; the escarpment is a necessary natural requirement for their flight since they are primarily sealers. Upon upgrading, the best approach to avoid aircraft-vulture collisions is to elevate aircraft pathways above birds’ pathways/flight height. Lake Manyara Airport Authority shall also update the current Safety Management System (SMS) to suit the upgraded class of the airport. The SMS shall include a comprehensive and effective Accident Prevention Program. The Airport operator shall also prepare the necessary Airport Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan (EPRP) that provides a coordinated response based on the required airport and community resources and the nature and severity of the emergency event. The EPRP shall specifically address potentially catastrophic incidents such as aircraft crashes and fires, including a firefighting plan and training program, applicable to airport and aircraft emergencies. As required by ESS4, this EPRP shall specifically address the risk to neighboring communities. However, the existing airport has EPRP in place which has been integrated with the ESMP of this report. In order to ensure safety of passengers, Lake Manyara Airport Authority shall prepare and implement a Security Plan which is also in place and in consistent with internationally recognized standards and procedures and collaborating with the competent public authorities as required to prevent, and respond to, security concerns. The airport shall allow larger planes such as ATR 72 and equivalent to land and takeoff, it is also expected that airport upgrading shall lead to an induced increase in aircraft movement. Noise monitoring shall be implemented on regularly in residential areas around the airport as detailed in the NMP. In terms of positive impact, the upgraded airport shall bring important economic benefits to Arusha Region and Karatu district in particular, especially for the tourism industry. The upgraded airport shall allow to improve safety in several ways, which is also positive impact. This ESIA concludes that, with appropriate mitigations, the Project shall enable to achieve objectives materially consistent with the requirements of the World Bank Environmental and Social Framework. However, the proposed mitigation measures proposed under ESIA if well implemented by TANROADS, TAA and TCAA the extent of the cumulative impacts shall be minimized. Refers to the attached commitment letter from TCAA and TAA. xviii Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We (TANROADS and TAA) express thanks and appreciation to all stakeholders who in one way or another supported the completion of this work. Thanks very much all of you. Special thanks to the Karatu district, Arusha Regional Office, Lake Nanyara National Park, Tanzania Wildlife Authority (TAWA), Airport Operator, Tours Operators and TANROADS Arusha region for their prompt assistance during the fieldwork. We are also thankful to the Engineering Design Team and other team members of the consultant for their technical inputs. Finally yet importantly, we thank the leadership of Ward Leaders and Local Communities in the project area for their cooperation and participation in the preparation of this ESIA updating exercise. EIA STUDY TEAM No. Name Areas of Expertise Signature 01. Nelson Omagor ESIA Team Leader 02. Andrew Nuwasiima Physical Environmental Specialist 03. Ben Kirunda Plant Ecologist 04. Beautus Mboya Senior Sociologist 05. Oscar Oswad Air quality, noise and Vibration Specialist 06. Ejoku Jireh Assistant Sociologist xix Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................ I ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................................................... XIX EIA STUDY TEAM ................................................................................................................................................. XIX LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................................................................... 1 LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................................... 2 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 12 1.1 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................................................ 12 1.2 LAKE MANYARA PROJECT JUSTIFICATION .................................................................................................................... 14 1.3 PROJECT DIRECT AND INDIRECT AREA OF INFLUENCE AND BOUNDARIES .......................................................................... 14 1.4 PROJECT SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES .............................................................................................................................. 18 1.4.1 Project Scope for engineering design. ............................................................................................ 18 1.4.2 Lake Manyara Project Objectives. .................................................................................................. 18 1.4.3 SCOPE OF THE ESIA STUDY .................................................................................................................................. 19 1.5. OBJECTIVES OF THE ESIA STUDY ............................................................................................................................. 19 1.6 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY USED TO UNDERTAKE ESIA STUDY................................................................................ 20 1.6.1 The Study Approach ....................................................................................................................... 20 1.6.2 The Study Methodology ................................................................................................................. 20 1.6.3 Study Team Composition and Scoping ........................................................................................... 21 1.6.4 Field Studies and Public Participation ............................................................................................ 21 1.6.5 Broader consultation ...................................................................................................................... 21 1.6.6 Focus Group Discussions ................................................................................................................ 22 1.6.7 Consultations with Government Authorities and local community around the project ................. 22 1.6.8 Direct observations ........................................................................................................................ 22 1.6.9 Secondary information ................................................................................................................... 22 1.6.10 Project Impact Assessment Techniques........................................................................................ 22 1.6.11 Identifying all Environmental, Social, Health and Safety Impacts ................................................ 23 1.6.12 Predicting Environmental, Social, Health and Safety Impacts ..................................................... 23 1.6.13 Determining the Significance of Impacts...................................................................................... 23 1.7 DURATION OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................................................................ 23 1.8 ESIA STUDY LIMITATIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 24 1.9 THE ESIA REPORT FORMAT ..................................................................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER 2 : PROJECT BACKGROUND AND DESCRIPTIONS ................................................................................... 25 2.1 PROJECT SITE DESCRIPTION ...................................................................................................................................... 25 2.1.1 Geographical Location of the Project Site ...................................................................................... 25 2.2 MAJOR FACILITIES OF THE EXISTING OF LAKE MANYARA AIRPORT PROJECT......................................................................... 29 2.2.1 Existing Airport features that shall be demolished after project completion ................................. 29 2.2.1.1 E XISTING A I RPORT O PERATIONS T OOL AND G UI DING M ANUALS . ............................................................ 31 2.2.2 NEW PROPOSED AIRPORT FACILITIES OR FEATURES TO BE CONSTRUCTED ................................ 32 2.2.3 Project Size and Area Coverage ...................................................................................................... 45 2.2.4 Materials Required for Project Implementation............................................................................. 45 2.2.5 Waste Generation and Management ............................................................................................ 51 2.2.6 Land acquisition and Compensation .............................................................................................. 55 2.3 PROJECT DIRECT AND INDIRECT AREA OF INFLUENCE AND BOUNDARIES .......................................................................... 56 2.4 PROJECT ACTIVITIES ................................................................................................................................................ 58 2.4.1 Phasing of the project works .......................................................................................................... 59 2.4.2 Activities During Project Mobilization Phase.................................................................................. 60 2.4.2.1 Contractor campsite ................................................................................................................... 61 2.4.2.2 Transportation of construction materials ................................................................................... 61 2.4.1.3 materials Storage ........................................................................................................................ 61 xx Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 2.4.2 Activities during Project Construction Phase .................................................................................. 62 2.4.4 Activities during Project Operation and Maintenance Phases ....................................................... 63 2.4.5 Airport Emergency Response Action Plan during operation and maintenance phases.................. 64 2.4.6 Activities During Project Decommissioning Phase ......................................................................... 65 CHAPTER 3 : POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ....................................................................... 66 3.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................... 66 3.2 NEED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ....................................................................................................... 66 3.3 WORLD BANK'S ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................... 66 3.3.1 Vision for Sustainable Development............................................................................................... 66 3.3.2 World Bank Environmental and Social Policy for Investment Project Financing ............................ 67 3.3.3 World Bank Environmental and Social Standards (ESS) ................................................................. 67 3.3.4. WORLD BANK GROUP EHS GUIDELINES......................................................................................................... 73 3.3.4.1 General EHS Guidelines for Airports ............................................................................................ 73 3.3.4.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL RISK CLASSIFICATION (ESRC) .................................................................................... 75 3.4 NATIONAL POLICIES FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................................................... 103 3.4.1 The Tanzania Development Vision 2025 ...................................................................................... 103 3.4.2 National Environmental Policy (NEP) of 2021 .............................................................................. 103 3.4.3 Tanzania Airport Authority Environmental Policy (2012) ............................................................. 104 3.4.4 National Transport Policy (2003) ................................................................................................. 104 3.4.5 National Mineral Policy (2018) ..................................................................................................... 105 3.4.6 National Construction Industry Policy (2003) ............................................................................... 105 3.4.7 National Land Policy (1995) ......................................................................................................... 105 3.4.8 National Energy Policy (2003) ...................................................................................................... 105 3.4.9 National Human Settlements Development Policy (2000) ........................................................... 106 3.4.10 National Gender Policy (2002) ................................................................................................... 106 3.4.11 The National Water Policy (2002) .............................................................................................. 106 3.4.12 National Forestry Policy (1998) .................................................................................................. 106 3.4.13 Agricultural and Livestock Policy (1997) .................................................................................... 107 3.4.14 National Policy on HIV/AIDS (2001) ........................................................................................... 107 3.4.15 Wildlife Policy of Tanzania (2007) .............................................................................................. 107 3.4.16 National Employment Policy, 1997 ............................................................................................ 107 3.4.17 National Tourism Policy (1999) .................................................................................................. 108 3.4.18 National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (2005) ................................................ 108 3.5 LEGAL FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................................................................ 108 3.5.1 The Environmental Management Act No. 20 of (2004), Cap. 191 ............................................... 108 3.5.2 The Land Act (2019) ..................................................................................................................... 108 3.5.3 The Water Resources Management Act (2019) ........................................................................... 109 3.5.4 The Road Act, 2007 ...................................................................................................................... 109 3.5.5 Public Health Act 2009 ................................................................................................................. 110 3.5.6 Land Use Planning Act (2018) ...................................................................................................... 110 3.5.7 Occupation Safety and Health Act (2018) .................................................................................... 110 3.5.8 Local Government Laws (Miscellaneous Amendment) Act, 2006 ................................................ 110 3.5.9 National Forest Act, 2002 ............................................................................................................. 110 3.5.10 Explosives Act, 56/63.................................................................................................................. 111 3.5.11 Regional and City Act No 9, 1997 ............................................................................................... 111 3.5.12 Mining Act (2019) ....................................................................................................................... 111 3.5.13 Land Acquisition Act 2019 .......................................................................................................... 112 3.5.14 Wildlife Conservation Act No 5/09 of 2009 ................................................................................ 112 3.5.15 Employment and Labour Relations Act (2017) ........................................................................... 113 3.5.16 Engineers Registration Act (2017) .............................................................................................. 113 3.5.17 Contractors Registration Act (2011) ........................................................................................... 113 3.5.18 HIV and AIDS (Prevention and Control) Act of 2008 ................................................................... 113 3.5.19 Industrial and Consumer Chemical (Management and Control) Act, 2017 ................................ 113 3.5.20 The Petroleum Act, 2015 ............................................................................................................ 113 3.5.21 The Civil Aviation Act, Cap 80, 2006 ........................................................................................... 113 3.5.22 The Tanzania Civil Aviation (Ground Handling Services) Regulations, 2007. ............................. 114 3.5.23 Workers’ Compensation Act (2017) ........................................................................................... 114 xxi Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 3.5.24 Antiquities Act of 1964 and the Antiquities Rules of 1991 ......................................................... 115 3.5.25 The Tanzania Bureau of Standards Act (2019) ........................................................................... 115 3.6 NATIONAL REGULATIONS AND GUIDELINES ............................................................................................................... 116 3.6.1 The Explosives Regulations of 1964, GN 56/64 ............................................................................ 116 3.6.2 Land (Assessment of the Value of Land for Compensation) Regulations, 2001 ........................... 116 3.6.3 Mining (Occupational Health and Environment Protection) Regulations, 2010 .......................... 117 3.6.4 Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations (2005) ............................................... 117 3.6.5 The Environmental Management (Air Quality) Regulation, (2007) ............................................. 117 3.6.6 The Environmental Management (Soil Quality) Regulation of, 2007 ........................................... 118 3.6.7 The Environmental Management (Water Quality) Regulations, 2007 ......................................... 118 3.6.8 Hazardous Waste (Control and Management) Regulations, 2021 .............................................. 119 3.6.9 The Environmental (Solid Waste Management) Regulations, 2009 ............................................ 120 3.6.10 Control of Noise and Vibrations Regulations, 2014.................................................................... 120 3.6.11 The Civil Aviation (Aerodromes) Regulation, 2017. .................................................................... 121 3.6.12 The Valuation and Valuers (General) Regulations, 2018 ........................................................... 121 3.6.13 Environmental Impact Assessment & Audit Regulations (2005). ............................................... 121 3.7 INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS AND GUIDELINES......................................................................................................... 121 3.7.1 International Agreements ............................................................................................................ 121 3.7.2 International Civil Aviation Organization, ICAO Second Edition of (1987) ................................... 122 3.7.3 Tanzania is a member of International Aviation of Transport Agency (IATA) of (1945). ............. 123 3.8 PROJECT INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK DURING CONSTRUCTION, OPERATIONAL AND MAINTENANCE PHASES ....................... 124 3.8.1 Ministry of MoW. ........................................................................................................................ 124 3.8.2 Tanzania National Roads Agency. .............................................................................................. 125 3.8.3 Tanzania Airport Authority (TAA). .............................................................................................. 127 3.8.4 Minister Responsible for Environment. ...................................................................................... 129 3.8.5 Regional Secretariat ................................................................................................................... 131 3.8.6 Ministry of Lands, Housing and Human Settlement Development ............................................ 133 3.8.7 Tanzania Civil Aviation Authority (TCAA): .................................................................................. 134 3.8.9 Lake Manyara Airport Manager ................................................................................................. 135 3.8.10 Required Permits ....................................................................................................................... 136 CHAPTER 4 : BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ............................................... 138 4.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 138 4.2 S UMMARY OF RESULT OF E NVIRONMENTAL , H EALTH AND S AFETY A UDIT ON T HE E XIS TING M ANYARA A IRPORT C OMPONENTS AND I TS IMPACTS ASSESSMENTS .................................................................................... 141 4.3 The Study Approach ................................................................................................................. 157 4.3.1 T HE S TUDY M ETHOD OL OGY FOR COLLECTION OF BASELINE DATA....................................................................... 157 4.3.2 Physical Environment .......................................................................................................... 162 4.3.3 Bio-Physical Environment Around the Proje ct ........................................................... 164 4.3.4 Vegetation Cover of the Area ........................................................................................... 168 4.3.5 Environmental Quality conditions ................................................................................................ 182 4.3.6 Water Supply ................................................................................................................................ 193 4.3.7 Waste Management.................................................................................................................... 193 4.4 GENERAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ................................................................................................................ 194 4.4.1 Land uses ...................................................................................................................................... 194 4.4.3 Human population and demography ........................................................................................... 195 4.4.4 Economic activities and marketing .............................................................................................. 195 4.4.5 Crop production and mechanization ............................................................................................ 196 4.4.6 Education ..................................................................................................................................... 199 4.4.7 Health ........................................................................................................................................... 201 4.4.7 Communication Facilities ............................................................................................................. 202 4.4.8 Trade and Industries ..................................................................................................................... 203 4.4.9 Energy and Mining ....................................................................................................................... 204 4.4.10 Tourism Industry Investment Opportunities ............................................................................... 204 4.4.11 Beekeeping Industry ................................................................................................................... 205 4.4.12 Administrative Levels ................................................................................................................. 205 4.4.13 Vulnerability Assessment ........................................................................................................... 205 4.4.14 Presence of Indigenous Communities ......................................................................................... 206 xxii Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 4.4.15 However, groups requiring special attention were found in the area and this included: .......... 207 4.4.16 Gender issues ............................................................................................................................. 209 4.4.17 Cultural Heritage ........................................................................................................................ 209 CHAPTER 5 :STAKEHOLDERS PARTICIPATION AND PUBLIC CONSULTATION ....................................................... 211 5.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................... 211 5.2 OBJECTIVES OF STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS .......................................................................................................... 211 5.3 STAKEHOLDER IDENTIFICATION ................................................................................................................................ 212 5.4 METHODOLOGY OF CONSULTATION PROCESS ............................................................................................................ 212 5.4.1 Broader consultation .................................................................................................................... 212 5.4.2 Focus Group Discussions .............................................................................................................. 212 5.4.3 Consultations with Government Authorities and villagers ........................................................... 213 5.4.4 Direct observations ...................................................................................................................... 213 5.4.5 Secondary information ................................................................................................................. 213 5.5 PROJECT’S LEVELS OF PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT AND CONSULTATIONS ................................................................................ 213 5.5.1 First Round Stakeholders Engagement........................................................................................ 214 5.6 ISSUES RAISED DURING FIRST ROUND PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS..................................................................................... 215 5.6.1 Main Issues: ................................................................................................................................. 215 5.6.2 Technical Issues: ........................................................................................................................... 215 5.5.3 Other Issues .................................................................................................................................. 216 5.5.4 2nd Round Communities’ Consultation Approach & Methodology .............................................. 222 5.5.5 Methodology ................................................................................................................................ 222 5.5.6 Issues Raised During 2nd Round Consultation ............................................................................... 223 5.6.7 Third Round Community Meetings and Issues Raised .................................................................. 227 CHAPTER 6 : IDENTIFICATION OF IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES AND MITIGATION MEASURES .... 231 6.1 ASSESSMENT OF PROJECT ALTERNATIVES .................................................................................................................. 231 6.1.1 The “no project” alternative- 1 .................................................................................................... 231 6.1.2 Project Alternative- 2 ................................................................................................................... 231 6.1.3 Project Alternative 3 ..................................................................................................................... 232 6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION.............................................................................................. 239 6.3 IMPACTS PREDICTION............................................................................................................................................ 240 6.4 RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY......................................................................................................................... 240 6.5 RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS .................................................................................................................................. 241 6.6 PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS.................................................................................... 242 6.7 EVALUATION OF RESIDUAL IMPACT ......................................................................................................................... 242 6.8 MITIGATION AND BENEFIT ENHANCEMENT ............................................................................................................... 244 6.9 IMPACT BOUNDARIES ..................................................................................................................................... 244 6.9.1 INSTITUTIONAL BOUNDARIES ..................................................................................................... 244 6.9 .2 TEMPORAL BOUNDARIES ............................................................................................................ 245 6.9.3 SPATIAL BOUNDARIES .................................................................................................................. 245 6.9. 10 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT DESCRIPTIONS ........................................................... 246 6.9.10.1 Positive Impacts during Pre-construction, Construction and Mobilization phase ................... 246 6.10 ANALYSIS OF NEGATIVE IMPACTS DURING ALL AIRPORT PROJECT PHASES. ................................ 248 6.10.1 NEGATIVE IMPACTS DURING PRE-CONSTRUCTION/MOBILIZATION PHASE .............................. 248 6.10.2 NEGATIVE IMPACTS IDENTIFIED DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE ............................................ 261 6.10.3. NEGATIVE IMPACTS DURING DEMOBILIZATION PHASE ............................................................ 289 6.10.4 NEGATIVE IMPACTS IDENTIFIED DURING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PHASES ........ 297 6.11 CUMULATIVE IMPACT ASSESSMENT ........................................................................................................................ 316 6.11.1 Assessment Methodology .......................................................................................................... 317 6.11.2 Spatial and Temporal Boundaries .............................................................................................. 317 6.11.3 Screening of the projects that could overlap in time and space with the airport upgrading ..... 317 6.11.4 Determination of the spatial and temporal boundaries of the cumulative impact assessment 317 6.11.5 Screening of the projects or development that could overlap in time and space with the upgrading of airport project ....................................................................................................................................... 317 6.12 CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT ......................................................................... 320 CHAPTER 7 : ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN .................................................................... 321 xxiii Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 7.1 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN. .................................................................................................. 321 7.2 OBJECTIVE AND COMPONENTS OF THE ESMP............................................................................................................ 321 7.3 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ESMP AND PROJECT RELATED SUB-PLANS .............................................................................. 322 7.4 RESPONSIBILITIES OF PROJECT KEY PLAYERS FOR C-ESMP AND RELATED SUB-PLANS IMPLEMENTATION ................................ 323 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES DURING PRE-CONSTRUCTION, CONSTRUCTION, OPERATIONAL AND MAINTENANCE PHASES ................ 323 7.4.1 Role of Developer (TANROADS) during implementation phase .............................................. 323 7.4.2 TAA ROLES FOR OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF THE AIRPORT PROJECT............................................................. 327 7.4.3 REPORTING PROCEDURES OF ESMP IMPLEMENTATION. ......................................................................................... 329 7.5 ESMP AND ESHS SUB PLANS REPORTING DURING PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION. .............................................................. 330 7.6 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT AND RESPONSIBILITIES FOR THE ESMP, C-ESMP, HSMP AND OTHER ESHS SUB PLANS IMPLEMENTATION DURING PROJECT UNDERTAKING AND MONITORING ................................................................................. 331 Ministry of (MoW) ................................................................................................................................ 331 Tanzania Civil Aviation Authority (TCAA): ........................................................................................... 335 7.7 CAPACITY BUILDING AND TRAINING AWARENESS DURING PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION........................................................ 339 7.8 GENDER BASED VIOLENCE AND SEXUAL EXPLOITATION ABUSE/SEXUAL HARASSMENT (SEA/SH) ....................................... 341 7.9 POTENTIAL GRIEVANCES UNDER THE PROJECT ........................................................................................................... 345 7.10 ESMP CONSOLIDATED TABLE OF MITIGATION AND RESPONSIBILITIES ......................................................... 347 7. 11 PREPARATION OF ESMP SUB-PLANS THAT COMPLEMENT THE PROJECT ESMP........................................... 394 7.12 RAP IMPLEMENTATION COST .............................................................................................................................. 399 7.13 SUMMARY OF ESMP AND ESHS SUB-PLANS RELATED COSTS .................................................................................... 399 7.14 CONCLUSION ON IMPACT IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS .......................................................................................... 400 CHAPTER 8 : ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN ...................................................................... 402 8.1 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING ............................................................................................................. 402 8.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT ....................................................................................................................................... 402 8.3 MONITORING PARAMETERS .................................................................................................................................. 402 8.4 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND REPORTING PROCEDURES. .................................................................................. 403 CHAPTER 9 : RESOURCES EVALUATION OR COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS.................................................................. 413 9.1 FINANCIAL COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF THE PROJECT ................................................................................................. 413 9.2 QUANTIFIABLE AND NON-QUANTIFIABLE BENEFITS TO THE COMMUNITIES ........................................................................ 413 9.3 POSSIBLE COSTS TO THE GOVERNMENT ................................................................................................................... 413 9.4 ENVIRONMENTAL COST- BENEFIT ANALYSIS............................................................................................................... 413 9.5 SOCIAL ECONOMIC COST -BENEFIT ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................ 414 9.6 RESULTS OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 415 CHAPTER 10 : DEMMOBILIZATION AND DECOMMISSIONING PHASE ................................................................. 417 10.1 PRELIMINARY DEMOBILIZATION PLAN .............................................................................................................. 417 10.2. DEMOLITION METHODS ................................................................................................................................ 417 10.3 MATERIALS HANDLING ................................................................................................................................. 417 10.4 PROPOSED SEQUENCE .................................................................................................................................. 418 10.5 PROTECTIVE MEASURES ................................................................................................................................ 418 10.6 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................................................ 418 10.7 BORROW PITS AND QUARRY SITES’ DEMOBILIZATION ACTIVITIES .......................................................................... 418 10.8 POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES............................................................................................. 419 10.9 DECOMMISSIONING ............................................................................................................................................ 419 CHAPTER 11 : CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION. ..................................................................................... 420 APPENDIX I: TOR FOR UNDERTAKING ESIA FOR LAKE MANYARA AIRPORT PROJECT ............................................ 421 APPENDIX II: NEMC LETTER FOR APPROVAL OF SCOPING REPORT AND DRAFT TOR .......................................... 426 APPENDIX III: EIA EXPERT’S CERTIFICATE ............................................................................................................. 427 APPENDIX IV: MINUTES OF CONSULTED STAKEHOLDERS .................................................................................... 428 APPENDIX V: LIST AND SIGNATURES OF CONSULTED STAKEHOLDERS ............................................................... 433 APPENDIX VI: PHOTO GALLERY OF PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS ............................................................................... 439 APPENDIX VII: PASSENGER TERMINAL DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS ......................................................................... 440 APPENDIX VIII: COMMENTS RESPONSE TABLE FROM CLIENT ............................................................................... 446 APPENDIX IX: REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................. 460 APPENDIX X: SUMMARY OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES BASED ON PROJECT PHASES .................................................. 461 xxiv Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. APPENDIX XI: CHANCE FINDS PROCEDURE PURPOSE .......................................................................................... 465 APPENDIX XII: LAYOUT MAP SHOWING MANYARA AIRPORT .................................................................................. 467 APPENDIX XIII: COMPREHENSIVE GRM FOR TANTIP ..................................................................................................... 468 APPENDIX XIV: COMMITMENT LETTERS FROM TCAA AND TAA ON THE REVIEW AND UPDATE THE AIRPORT OPERATIONAL MANUALS .............................................................................................................................................................................. 470 xxv Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. LIST OF TABLES Table 2-1: Maximum Discharge at existing streams ....................................................................... 40 Table 2-2: Volumes of Passenger Traffic ......................................................................................... 44 Table 2-3: Volumes of luggage Traffic Forecast from 2017 to 2034 .............................................. 44 Table 2-4: Comparison between current and future fleet mix .......................................................... 44 Table 2-5: Estimated Annual Aircrafts Movement ........................................................................... 44 Table 2-6: Size of Land Required for Each Airport Component Under Upgrading ......................... 45 Table 2-7: Types, Sources and Estimated quantities of Construction Materials ........................... 48 Table 2-8:Types and Amount of Equipment and Machinery Requirement ...................................... 50 Table 2-9: Shows Wastes Likely to be Generated During Project Execution Phases ....................... 52 Table 2-10: Types, amounts and treatment/disposal of generated wastes ........................................ 54 Table 3-1: Summary of ESSs relevant/applicable to the proposed upgrade of the Lake Manyara airport project ................................................................................................................................... 68 Table 3-2: Summary of project categorization based on ESF 2018 ...................................... 76 Table 3-3: The gap analysis between ESSs and Tanzania Legal requirement relevant to the proposed project. ..................................................................................................................... 79 Table 3-4: Summary Permits required during construction, operation and maintenance phases ......................................................................................................................................................... 136 Table 4-1: List of Observed Species at Manyara Airport with their Respective Abundances ........ 176 Table 4-2: Methodology for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring ................................................ 185 Table 4-3: Air quality monitoring tools ...................................................................................... 185 Table 4-4: Air Quality Measurements at Lake Manyara Airport .................................................... 187 Table 4-5: Air Quality Survey and Noise abatement at the Airport ................................................ 190 Table 4-6: Vibration Results from Measurements at the LMA ....................................................... 192 Table 4-7: Types, amounts and treatment/disposal of current generated wastes around the airport ............................................................................................................................................. 194 Table 4-8: Overview of education facilities .................................................................................... 200 Table 4-9: Teachers by qualification and gender ............................................................................ 200 Table 4-10: School Infrastructure and Furniture ............................................................................ 200 Table 4-11: Registration for STD one 2021 ..................................................................................... 201 Table 4-12: Enrolment in STD I-VII 2022 ..................................................................................... 201 Table 4-13: HIV status in the District .............................................................................................. 202 Table 4-14: Vulnerability by Categories .......................................................................................... 208 Table 5-1: First Round Stakeholders Consulted ............................................................................. 215 Table 5-2: Matrix of Responses to Issues/Comments During Public consultation ........................ 218 Table 5-3: Stakeholders’ Feedback Consultative Meeting at Kilimamoja, Rhotia Ward ............... 223 Table 5-4: The Types of Stakeholders Consulted. ........................................................................... 228 Table 6-1: Comparison across three identified project alternatives based on the critical aspects around lake manyara Airport.......................................................................................................... 233 Table 6-2: Table Determination of Impact Significance ................................................................. 242 Table 6-3: Consequence descriptions ............................................................................................. 242 Table 6-4 Common components that may be affected .................................................................. 319 Table 7-1: Roles and Responsibilities of Key Parties for ESMP, C-ESMP, HSMP and other ESHS sub- plans Implementation and Monitoring........................................................................................... 331 Table 7-2: Potential Grievances under TanTIP .............................................................................. 346 Table 7-3: Implementation of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (To be implemented in conjunction with the BMP and NMP for this project) ................................................................ 349 Table 7-4: Summary of RAP Cost Estimates ................................................................................. 399 Table 7-5: Total ESMP and RAP costs........................................................................................... 400 Table 8-1: Indicating Environmental, Social, Health and Safety Monitoring aspects under (ESMP) which also including some parameters of NMP and BMP which prepared part of this ESMP. The 1 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. table contains also some monitoring aspects e.g. EHS issues, water quality, storm water, loss of biodiversity which shall be implemented and monitored by airport operator during operation and maintenance phase. ........................................................................................................................ 404 Table 9-1: Summary of Construction Costs for Manyara Airport ................................................. 415 Table 9-2: Proposed Airport total Project Cost............................................................................... 416 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1 : The layout map indicating three project direct and indirect area of influence of the proposed project and the airport layout map .................................................................................. 17 Figure 2-1: National Setting Map Showing Location of Arusha Region ........................................ 25 Figure 2-2: National Setting Map Showing Location of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region.... 26 Figure 2-3: above indicates the airport layout with distinguishes airport proposed features such as the extended areas which was acquired after compensation, existing pavement, length of the proposed runway, proposed terminal building, proposed access road from the main road and car packing etc. as indicated in the legend ............................................................................................. 28 Figure 2-4: Photograph View of Existing Lake Manyara Airport Passenger Terminal Building which shall be demolished after completion of new terminal building. ..................................................... 28 Figure 2-5a: Below indicates the airport layout area with the total of 928,000m2 that distinguishes airport proposed features including extended areas which was acquired after compensation, existing pavement, length of the proposed runway, proposed terminal building, proposed access road from the main road and car packing etc. as indicated in the legend ....................................... 32 Figure 2-6: Indicating (half right side) of the airport area with proposed Runway End Safety Area (RESA) access road connecting to the main road and the extended area (portion) that was aquired after compensation to PAPs for extension of the airport. The following are the proposed new airport features to be constructed as per design report ................................................................... 33 Figure 2-7: Existing Runway Profile Versus Proposed Runway Vertical Profile ................................ 34 Figure 2-8 Airport Taxiway and Apron (Airside Facility). ................................................................. 35 Figure 2-9: Typical Chain-link fence to be erected ........................................................................... 35 Figure 2-10: Transitional Surface ...................................................................................................... 36 Figure 2-11: Sketch of Septic Tank with two compartments .......................................................... 39 Figure 2-12: Drainage system layout of the facility. ....................................................................... 40 Figure 2-13: Open Ditch Along the Runway .................................................................................... 41 Figure 2-14:Ground Floor Plan of new design of terminal Building including Offices, passengers terminal, security system, VIP lounge, Toilets, communication system, storage facilities, business kiosk etc. ............................................................................................................................ 42 Figure 2-15: First Floor Plan of the new design of Control Tower Building including offices, naval Aid room, communication rooms, toilets, etc. ................................................................................. 43 Figure 2-16: 3D View: Outlook of the new design terminal Building that include the Control Tower on the top. ............................................................................................................................. 43 Figure 2-17: Among other features the layout indicating phasing of project implementation. ...... 60 Figure 3-1: Institutional Framework for Environmental Management .......................................... 133 Figure 4-1: The layout figure indicate three area of influence to be affected by the airport project which is inner cycle within the first red line (5km radius), second cycle which is within the two red lines (5 to 10km radius) and the outside area or general area of influence which is from 10km and beyond . ......................................................................................................................... 140 Figure 4-2: : Geographical location of the project district-Karatu district ..................................... 164 Figure 4-3: View of Lake Manyara Escarpment in the Project Area of Influence ........................... 165 Figure 4-4: Marera seasonal stream (with heavy boulders at the riverbed).................................. 165 2 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Figure 4-5: Monthly Average Rainfall for Karatu ............................................................................ 166 Figure 4-6: Historical Rainfall for Karatu ......................................................................................... 166 Figure 4-7: Historical Humidity for Karatu ...................................................................................... 167 Figure 4-8: Monthly Average Temperature for Karatu ................................................................... 167 Figure 4-9: Commiphora/Acacia wood land, used for livestock grazing.( Airport view at end of run- way) ................................................................................................................................................. 169 Figure 4-10: The existing tree along the Access Road to the Airport (which shall be upgraded to tarmac and shall be confined within construction corridor of 10m RoW. ..................................... 170 Figure 4-11 above: The layout figure indicating three identified impacts zoning indicated in red colors lines as well as existing and new access road to the airport which is indicated in black colors lines from the main road to Karatu. ..................................................................................... 171 Figure 4-12: The vegetation and seasonal riverbed of granites, with Tamarindus tree where the box culverts shall be placed to allow new access road to airport. ................................................. 171 Figure 4-13: The figure indicating the land use plan around lake manyara airport project .......... 172 Figure 4-14: Locations for Lake Manyara Airport and National Park ............................................. 173 Figure 4-15: Migratory Movements of Individual Lesser Flamingos .............................................. 174 Figure 4-16: Map of Manyara Airport showing existing area and area to be expanded ............... 175 Figure 4-17: Map Of Manyara Airport Showing The Sampled Point Counts (Marked In Red) ....... 176 Figure 4-18: One Of The Roosts of Yellow-Billed Storks at Mto Wa Mbu ...................................... 179 Figure 4-19: Some of the Yellow-Billed Storks Were Busy making a Nest ..................................... 180 Figure 4-20:The Yellow-Billed Stork Carrying Nesting Materials On Flight At Mto Wa Mbu ......... 180 Figure 4-21: The flooded Lake Manyara ........................................................................................ 181 Figure 4-22: Dust emission due to airplane take off at LMA .......................................................... 188 Figure 4-23: Concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 at Site 1 – Existing Terminal Apron ................... 188 Figure 4-24: Concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 at Site 2 – Community at landing and taking off point ................................................................................................................................................ 188 Figure 4-25: Concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 at Site 3 – Hot Spring Pre- and Primary School . 189 Figure 4-26: Concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 at Site 4 – African Galleria ................................. 189 Figure 4-32: Vibration Meter used at the site. .............................................................................. 191 Figure 4-33: Commercial Vehicles for Tourist Travel at L. Manyara Airport Parking Area ............ 196 Figure 4-34: Cultivated Land Areas Nearby the Project Area ......................................................... 196 Figure 4-35: Animal Grazing by Communities Around the Airport area. ....................................... 198 Figure 4-36: View of Makuyuni Junction-Karatu/Ngorongoro Road .............................................. 203 Figure 4-37: The endoro water falls found at Karatu district ....................................................... 204 Figure 5-1:View of the areas on the eastern side behind security wires with Outfall/Escarpment Towards Threshold 30 which regarded as the end of the airport areas on this side, hence no any extension may be allowed. ............................................................................................................. 216 Figure 5-2: 2nd Round Stakeholders Consultation for the Proposed Lake Manyara Airport Project ......................................................................................................................................................... 227 Figure 5-3: Top meeting at Kilimamoja Village and Rhotia ward. Down meeting with LMA staff and businesses around the airport. 21.09.2023 .................................................................................... 230 Figure 6-1: Schematic perspective of the Easterly extension shown in black ................................ 232 Figure 6-2: Schematic Perspective of the Westerly extension of the runway in red color. ............ 233 Figure 7-1: Stepwise Procedure for Management of GBV Cases ................................................. 345 3 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AGL Aeronautical Ground Lighting ANC Air Navigation Commission APHA American Public Health Association ARFF Airport Rescue and Fire Fighting ARP Aerodrome Reference Point ATR Avions de transport régional BATNEEC Best Available Technology Not Entailing Excessive Cost BWO Basin Waters Office CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBO Community Based Organization CDO Community Development Officer CERC Contingency Emergency Response C-ESMP Contractor’s ESMP CFT Crash Fire Tender CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CO Carbon Monoxide COC Code of Conduct COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder CRB Contractors Registration Board DCs Development Corridors DED District Executive Director DoE Division of Environment DSE Department of Safety and Environment EAMGRS Environmental Assessment and Management Guidelines for Road Sector ECPRW Environmental Code of Practice for Road Works, 2009 EHMP Environmental Hazard Management Plan EHSGs Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines 4 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return EIS Environmental Impact Statement EMA Environmental Management Act EMO Environmental Management Officer EMP Environmental Management Plan ENRO Environmental and Natural Resources Officer EPA Environmental Protection Agency ERB Engineering Registration Board ERP Emergency Response Plan ESCP Environmental and Social Commitment Plan ESF Environmental and Social Framework ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESSs Environmental and Social Standards FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAARFIELD FAA Rigid and Flexible Iterative Elastic Layer Design GBV Gender-Based Violence GHG Green House Gases GoT Government of Tanzania GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism HC Hydrocarbon HIV/AIDS Human Immuno-deficiency Virus/Acquired Immuno-deficiency syndrome HSMP Health and Safety Management Plan IATA International Air Transport Association ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization ICB International Competitive Bidding IEC Information Education And Communication IFC International Finance Corporation ILO International Labor Organization IOSA IATA Operational Safety Audit IT Information Technology IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature 5 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. LGAs Local government authorities MEAs Multilateral Environmental Agreements MEM Ministry of Energy and Minerals MoW Ministry of Works MT Metric ton NACP National HIV/AIDS Control Programme NCB National Competitive Bidding NDP National Development Plan NEMC National Environment Management Council NEP National Environment Policy NCAA Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority NESC National Environment Standards Committee NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations NSGRP National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty OHSP Occupational Health and Safety Plan OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Agency PAPs Project Affected Persons PLO Planning Officer PM Project Manager PO-RALG President’s Office – Regional Administration and Local Government PPE Personal Protection Equipment PVC Polyvinyl Chloride QA Quality Assurance RAP Resettlement Action Plan RAS Regional Administrative Secretary RE Resident Engineer RESA Runway end safety Area SEA/SH Sexual Exploitation and Abuse and Sexual Harassment SEP Stakeholder Engagement Plan SEU Safety and Environment Unit SIA Social Impact Assessment SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment STDs Sexually Transmitted Diseases STI Sexually Transmitted Infections 6 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. TAA Tanzania Airports Authority TAC Technical Advisory Committee TACAIDS Tanzania Commission for AIDS TANAPA Tanzania National Park Authority TANESCO Tanzania Electrical Supply Company TANROADS Tanzania National Roads Agency TBS Tanzania Bureau of Standards TCAA Tanzania Civil Aviation Authority TMA Tanzania Meteorological Agency TMP Traffic Management Plan ToR Terms of Reference VPO Vice Presidents Office VAC Violence Against Children VC Village Council VEO Village Executive Officer VMC Visual Meteorological Conditions WB World Bank WCDO Ward Community Development Officer WEO Ward Executive Officer WHO-GPA World Health Organization Global Programme on AIDS 7 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. GLOSSARY Biodiversity: Short form for biological diversity. Biodiversity refers to the wealth of ecosystems in the biosphere, of species within ecosystems, and of genetic information within populations. Biosphere: That part of the earth – atmosphere system that supports and is characterized by life, encompassing all terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Biota: A collective term that denotes all the living organisms in a particular space. Borrower: Recipient of Investment Project Financing (IPF) and any other entity involved in the implementation of a project financed by IPF. Government of Tanzania is the borrower for TTIP. Environmental Code of Practice for Road Works (ECPRW): Instrument developed by the Ministry of Works, Transport and Communication and NEMC, in order to ensure good environmental practices in the road project stages. Cumulative impacts: Those impacts that result from the incremental impacts of individual events, when added to other past, present and foreseeable future events. The individual impacts contributing to the cumulative impacts may be minor on their own, but the impacts collectively may be significant. Direct impacts: Those impacts that are caused by a specific action and which generally occur at the same time and place as the action. Ecosystem: Ecosystems are the basic structural units of the biosphere, characterized by interdependent interaction between species and their physical surroundings. Each ecosystem occupies a space where macro-scale conditions and interactions are relatively homogeneous. Environment: Surrounding conditions that include all those physical, chemical, biological and socio-economic factors that impinge on an individual, a community, or a population. Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF): A management instrument that implemented by TANROADS in the “Tanzania Transport Integration Project – TTIP”, in order to ensure compliance with Tanzanian national law and the World Bank Safeguards Policies. Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP): A subproject’s specific synthesis report containing all proposed mitigations and monitoring actions, and, defining a timeline, budget, assigned responsibilities, and monitoring actions. The ESMP is one of the most important outputs of the environmental assessment process. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA): The systematic process by which the effects on the bio-geo-physical and socioeconomic environment of a proposed human action or set of actions are evaluated, producing a set of recommendations which serves as influential input to the design of the action or actions. Environmental Audit (EA): The evaluation of effectiveness of environmental management and monitoring practices and procedures during and after a project (e.g., post-project evaluation) so 8 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. that remedial measures can be taken. An audit may also be a comparison of actual impacts against predicted impacts. Environmental expert: Environmental expert means an individual person or a firm of experts which has requisite qualifications prescribed by the regulations on registration of environmental experts made under the Environmental Management Act and duly certified and registered in the Register of Environmental Experts as may be kept and maintained by the National Environment Commission (NEMC). Environmental impact: An effect (positive or negative) on an environmental component or value resulting from infrastructure development projects. Environmental Impact Statement (EIS): A document that contains the results of an ESIA study. Environmental management: Management and control of the environment and natural resource systems to ensure the long-term sustainability of development efforts. Environmental monitoring: Continuous or periodic surveillance of the project activities to ensure that mitigation measures are followed during project implementation. It involves repeated observation and measurement of environmental quality parameters to observe changes over a given period. Environmental planning: All planning activities with the objective of preserving or enhancing environmental values or resources. Environmental review: A process that entails preparing a detailed ESIA, a Preliminary Environmental Assessment, or no further action or analysis depending on the results of screening process. NEMC is responsible for Review, clearance, and approval of the operators ESIA/process for category A and B subprojects, Submission of recommendations to the Minister responsible for Environment to approve or disapprove the project. Environmental scoping: It is an early, open identification of potentially significant environmental impacts and the elimination of insignificant impacts or impacts that have already been addressed by other ESIAs. It may also simply refer to procedures for determining the scope of environmental issues to be covered in the ESIA process. Scoping also determines the Terms of Reference (ToR). NEMC is responsible for approval of ToRs for conducting ESIA studies. Environmental screening: It is the determination of the level of environmental impact assessment required for a particular proposed activity or project. It may also refer to procedures for categorizing projects based on professional judgment. NEMC is responsible for screening projects according to categories A/B1/B2 as per EIA & Audit Regulations 2005 and amendment of 2018. Impact: The effect of any action that affects one or more elements of the natural, social, or economic environment, either negatively or positively. Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities: these terms used in ESS7 designate communities that share distinct social and cultural features and have identities and aspirations that are distinct from mainstream groups. ESS7 ensures that the development process fosters full respect for the human rights, dignity, 9 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. aspirations, identity, culture, and natural resource-based livelihoods of Indigenous Peoples/Sub- Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities. ESS7 is also meant to avoid adverse impacts of projects on Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities, or when avoidance is not possible, to minimize, mitigate and/or compensate for such impacts Indirect impacts: Those impacts that are closely, but indirectly linked to the project activities that induce changes in the natural environment, population, economic growth, and land use. Key stakeholders: The inhabitants of an area affected by a project, who have the most to lose or gain from the completion of the project, and whose concerns must be addressed in an environmental assessment. Mitigation measures: Actions taken to reduce, avoid, or offset adverse (negative) impacts. Mitigation options include: (1) prevention (e.g., rejecting a project), (2) amelioration (e.g., modifying the design) and (3) compensation (e.g., replacing an economic activity or investment). Natural areas: Terrestrial and aquatic areas where ecosystems are characterized primarily by native species, and where human activities have not altered the ecological function to the point where the ecosystem has changed its character or distribution. Participation: A process through which stakeholders influence and share control over development initiatives and decisions on resources that affect them. Periodic maintenance: Activities that are typically scheduled over a period, such as road resurfacing and bridge repairs. Project affected people: Individuals, groups or communities, or other organizations, whose interests may be directly affected by the location, construction and operation of the project. Project area: The area that includes the immediate and the proximate area of a project that the project may have an environmental or social impact on. Stakeholder Engagement: An inclusive process conducted throughout the project life cycle. Where properly designed and implemented, it supports the development of strong, constructive, and responsive relationships that are important for successful management of a project’s environmental and social risks. Resettlement Action Plan (RAP): A plan prepared as part of an EIA process to address the issues of involuntary physical and/or economic displacement Rehabilitation/ Resettlement: A term often used to describe the process of re-establishing lifestyles and livelihood following the relocation of affected persons. Resilience: A measure of how quickly an ecosystem or environmental variable returns to its natural state after cessation of a disturbance. Routine maintenance: Refers to activities such as grading, grass cutting, drain clearing, pothole patching, and shoulder repairs, usually performed on a daily, weekly or monthly basis. 10 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Significance: An expert evaluation and judgment of the magnitude of impact or the degree to which a proposed activity or project may (potentially) impact on the environment if implemented. Significant impact: A substantial or potentially substantial, adverse change in any of the physical, biological, or social factors of the natural or built environment. Social impact: An effect (positive or negative) on a social issue resulting from an infrastructure project. Stakeholder: Any person or group having interest in or being directly or indirectly affected by a proposed or past project. Child-headed families – these refer to households with no adult caregivers available, and the children live alone. An older child typically cares for siblings, cousins, nephews, or nieces. 11 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Chapter 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The Tanzania Transport Integration Project (TanTIP) aims at addressing the priority investment needs, in selected Development Corridors (DCs) by supporting the upgrading and rehabilitation of Trunk and regional roads that are playing a key role in the socio-economic activities of the areas. The proposed program aims to improve the road transport connectivity of the country’s four development corridors. The program shall consist of four components namely; (i) upgrading and rehabilitation of Trunk and Regional Roads (ii) Institutional Support and Capacity Building in the Transport Sector (iii) Community Engagement; Inclusion and Protection and (iv) Contingency Emergency Response (CERC).The program shall be implemented by the Government of Tanzania (GoT) with support of the World Bank through Tanzania National Roads Agency (TANROADS). The Tanzania Transport Integration Project (TanTIP) to be financed by World Bank in Tanzania involves road infrastructure interventions to improve accessibility and connectivity, Institutional Support and Capacity Building in the Transport Sector. The immediate focus shall be to contribute to the efficient and safe movement of goods and people in accessing and traversing. The project shall also support Tanzania- wide geographical reach in development of Trunk and Regional roads respectively. It is with the above justification that the Government of Tanzania (GoT) through Tanzania Roads Agency TANROADS is currently preparing the TanTIP whose objective is to improve road accessibility in the project area and build capacity in the sustainable management of the proposed roads” The implementation of the TanTIP is centred on people and hence this SEP shall oversee to the involvement of the local population towards the success of its projects as well as to minimize and mitigate environmental and social risks related to the proposed projects. The project has four components: The TanTIP has four (4) components: Component 1: Upgrading and Rehabilitation of Trunk and Regional Roads Component 2: Institutional Support and Capacity Building in the Transport Sector Component 3: Community Engagement; Inclusion and Protection Component 4: Contingency Emergency Response (CERC) Project for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport has been among infrastructure projects to be financed by TanTIP. In view of the above inclusion into the programme, it was necessary for the previous ESIA study for the project to be reviewed and updated to comply with current World Bank’s Environmental and Social Safeguards. Tanzania Airports Authority (TAA) is a semi-Autonomous Government Executive Agency established on the 29th November 1999 vide Government Notice No. 404 of 1999 under section 3 the Executive Agencies Act No. 30 of 1997. It assumes the functions of the former Directorate of Aerodromes which was under the Ministry of Communications and Transport. It becomes operational on 3rd December 1999 and is now in its sixteenth (16) year of operations since establishments under the former Ministry of Transport. The major role of Tanzania Airports Authority is to operate, manage, develop and maintain Government owned airports and airstrip in Tanzania Mainland. Tanzania National Road Agency (TANROADS) is the government entity which was established on 1st July, 2000 by an order published in the Government Gazette, Notice No. 293 of 2000 under Section 3(1) of the Executive Agencies Act No. 30 of 1997, with the expectation of witnessing a significant improvement in road maintenance and development with respect to quality, efficiency and cost-effectiveness. The Agency is responsible for the management of 35,000 Km of roads made up of 12,786 Km of trunk roads 12 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. and 22,214 Km of regional roads according to the Roads Act No. 13 of 2007 and subsequent reclassification up to June 2015. Based on the government institution rearrangements in 2018, Tanzania National Roads Agency (TANROADS) was given another task of implementing the rehabilitation and upgrading of eleven (11) airports projects from designing to construction phase. These airports include; Musoma, Singida, Moshi, Tanga, Iringa, Njombe, Songea, Lindi, Kilwa Masoko and Lake Manyara airports) and construction of a new airport in Simiyu region. Under the new institutional rearrangement, Tanzania Airport Authority (TAA) shall remain to handle the operations and maintenance activities of the airports after being constructed under supervision of TANROADS. The upgrading and rehabilitation of eleven (11) airports in the country is a result of the commitment of both (TANROADS & TAA) to keep with National Development Plan (NDP) and in capitalizing the Transport Sector Improvement Programme Phase 2 (TSIP-II) whereby these airports are prioritized among others being potential for tourism, agriculture, and mining which are major economic drivers to the national economy. Since not all subprojects or TanTIP activities were known at some stage, Environment and Social Safeguard framework instruments for the TanTIP project were prepared by TANROADS as per the requirement of the Bank. These instruments include Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF), Labour Management Procedure (LMP), Gender Based Violence Action Plan, Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP), Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) and Vulnerable Groups Plan Framework (VGPF). These instruments have guided undertaking of the ESIA and ensure project is implemented with due care of environment and social issues. The ESMF contains measures and plans to reduce, and/or offset adverse risks and impacts, provisions for estimating and budgeting the costs of such measures, and information on the agency or agencies responsible for addressing project risks and impacts, including on its capacity to manage environmental and social risks and impacts. It includes adequate information on the area in which subprojects are expected to be sited, including any potential environmental and social vulnerabilities of the area; and on the potential impacts that may occur and mitigation measures to be applied. Therefore, this updated ESIA has largely borrowed from the ESMF for TanTIP which was approved by WB in 2019. Also, the project falls on the category of upgrading hence classified by the Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations, 2005 (as amended in 2018) as category A projects by which ESIA is mandatory to address the impacts and risks of the project. To fulfill this requirement reviewing and upgrading of ESIA was mandatory prior project implementation. The Need for Lake Manyara ESIA review and updating. Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport (the Project) was among the three airport infrastructure projects to be financed by TanTIP. Previously, on 2014 to 2017 the Consultants namely; Yooshin Engineering Corporation (South Korea) in association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd, (India) and Hyewonkaci Architect (South Korea) were contracted to undertake the feasibility study, engineering design as well as Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for the proposed airport project based on World Bank- Operation Policy (OPs). Hence, this airport Design of 2017 were considered as final project design but due to financial constrain were not implemented. However, in 2021 the World Bank under TanTip project agreed to finance this airport project after the employer fulfilment of all the mandatory World Bank (project’s financier) requirements that among others includes the undertaking of environmental and social risks and impacts of the project to be implemented, hence, the review and updating of the existing ESIA was mandatory in accordance with WB-ESF as well ESS 1–10 requirement which set among others, the obligations of the Borrower in identifying and addressing the specific environmental and social risks and impacts to each of the specific E&S instrument. The review and updating of ESIA was also, due to time lapse without implementing the project since 2017, hence brings possibility of changes in several aspects such as environmental and social setup, baseline data around the project. In regards to the above and as part of fulfilment Independent of the ESIA study undertaking, TANROADS was commissioned M/s RENADERT CONSULT to undertake review and updating of 13 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. existing ESIA study, which involved field visit, and consultation processes at different stages between March 2021 to December 2023 along with the existing airport detailed design, which was completed on 2017. The major issues during ESIA review and updating includes assessing the current environmental and social aspects, updating the environmental and social baseline data as well as incorporating the newly World Bank ESF requirements that requires the relevant ESSs to be integrated into the updated ESIA for Manyara airport ESIA. The original airport engineering design remain the same and shall be constructed as per design of 2017 and in case of any design changes may arise during undertaking, the Contractor ESMP shall incorporate those changed to be approved by employer, whereby any design changes shall be termed as an Addendum to the Contractor. This ESIA review and updating has been undertaken together with number of updating public consultations meetings started from 1st, 2nd and 3rd round between 2022 to 2023 as well as feedback stakeholders meeting were conducted during 3rd Round Consultations from September to December 2023 at Kilimamoja, Rhotia ward in Karatu District. These stakeholders include communities around the airport area, airport staff, tour operators, Karatu District Council, village council and other relevant Governmental Institutions within the project area. 1.2 Lake Manyara Project justification The upgrading of Lake Manyara airport shall ease and enhance communication and tourism sector cross the regions within Tanzania and the neighboring countries such as Kenya. The project shall be of economic and social important as shall contributes to the growth of the region economy under transportation tourism and trade sectors by facilitation the transportation of passengers, tourists, products to market, accesses to other cities; reduce transport costs and time as well as contribute to the growth of the national economy as whole. The project shall facilitate poverty alleviations efforts by providing better accessibility to industrial products, markets for agricultural products, economic activities, tourism sectors and other social and cultural amenities. The project is recommended with precaution to the proposed mitigation measures to reduce/minimize or avoid Environmental and Social adverse Impacts related to the proposed upgrading of Lake Manyara airport. The funds for the implementation of this Airport project shall be provided by the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania through World Bank financing agreement. The air transport sector in Tanzania is the fastest growing sub-sector within the transport area. The main drivers for this growth are business travel, tourism, horticulture, oil and gas, and mining exploitation activities. It caters for long distances, where time saving for passengers and luggage is inevitable to achieve economic advantages. Air transport provides the best and easy accessibility to distant and remote areas where surface transport is limited. Based on the potentials of the airports, the proposed Lake Manyara airport is among 11 airports to be upgraded by the government of Tanzania. 1.3 Project Direct and Indirect Area of Influence and Boundaries In line with WB ESS1, the airport upgrading project like this encompasses specifically identified physical elements, aspects, and facilities that are likely to generate direct and indirect impacts around areas of influence; hence, potential environmental and social-health related risks and impacts shall be identified and evaluated in the context of the project’s direct and indirect area of influence. That is, the area likely to be affected by the project including all its ancillary aspects such as within airport boundaries and outside airport. Project boundary helps to determine and evaluate the extent of the identified environmental and social impacts of the proposed Lake manyara airport upgrading project. The boundaries include institutional, temporal and spatial boundaries as described below. 14 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. I) INSTITUTIONAL BOUNDARIES Institutional boundaries refer to those institutions and sectoral boundaries in which the project is located or mandated. Primarily this entails institutional and sectoral margins associated with the administration of the project area and associated activities. These institutions have been determined from political boundaries, legislations, regulations, institutional mandates, and administrative structure from national to village and mtaa levels. They can influence or be influenced by the proposed Lake manyara airport upgrading project legally, technically, and socially. These include but not limited to the Vice President’s Office-Division of Environment (VPO-DoE); National Environment Management Council (NEMC); Ministry of Works, Ministry of Land, Housing and Human Settlements Development (MLHHSD); Occupational Health and Safety Authority (OSHA); TANROADS, Arusha Regional Secretariat, Karatu district Council, Lake manyara Airport Office. The role and involvement of each institution at all levels is thoroughly presented in Section 3.8 of this report. However, specifically, the management of environmental, social, health and safety as well as biodiversity aspect around Lake Manyara airport shall facilitate smooth implementation of the project as well as business of tourism activities around the areas. The institutional arrangements are such that TCAA, TAA, TMA and LGAs through annual operational plans and budgets shall cover day-to-day operations activities of the airport. As part of Law enforcement, the police force through traffic police and auxiliary police around the airport are responsible for traffic control along the road corridor and security assurance around the airport project shall use their annual allocated budget to undertake the above activities around the project. II) TEMPORAL BOUNDARIES Time horizons of the project consist what is referred to as temporal boundaries. This entails life span regarding the duration of associated impacts. The project is divided into different phases, that is, pre- construction, construction, demobilization, operation and maintenance. Further, as described in Section 6.10 of this report, the temporal boundaries of each of the identified positive and negative impact from the proposed project has been characterized in terms of their nature of occurrence as either direct, indirect, cumulative; duration i.e. long-term or short-term; reversible or irreversible; localized impact or regionalized impact; and time of their occurrence, i.e., mobilization; construction; operation and maintenance phases. III) SPATIAL BOUNDARIES The spatial boundary of the project covers mainly what is near the project area, including within primary and secondary influence areas. Primary boundaries include around airport area in karatu district. The secondary boundaries include the adjacent villages or wards surrounding the airport project, construction materials shall be sourced from Karatu district at large. In terms of the geographical spread of the impacts regardless of whether they are short term or long term, cumulative, the spatial scale considers environmental receptor component and can be on local or broader in scale. Following this, three zones of impact have been considered: • Direct or primary zone of impact which range from 0 to 5km radius: This include all impacts that shall originate as the result of construction works around the airport corridor. Major upgrading works to be undertaken within this area including, storage of construction materials such as sand, gravel, aggregates, wood, cutting and filling etc., demolishment activities and spoil materials, earthworks for construction of sub-grade, sub-base, base and surfacing; construction of 15 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. the main pavement, temporally workshop and campsite facilities, construction of new access road, provision of temporary crossings and traffic diversions, construction of terminal building, control tower, firefighting building and other airport ancillary facilities, construction of longitudinal and cross drainage structures plus associated water disposal systems. This zone does not include primary sources of construction materials and routes of transportation of materials to the airport. During operation phase, impacts are expected to extend up to 5km radial distance especially for noise impacts when planes land and take off. • Indirect or Secondary zone of impact which range from 5km to 10km radius: This is the areas outside the Primary area of influence and is normally characterized by several human or natural activities with substantial impacts associated with the proposed project. The area including sources of construction materials, transportation routes from sources of material to the airport project location, the secondary area also can be extended to the whole areas of Rhotia ward and neighboring wards and villages which indirectly be affected by the project activities during Mobilization, Construction, operation and maintenance phases. This zone shall indirectly impact or pose risks to the airport neighbourhood communities who are exposed to construction activities such as dust, noises, accident. GBV/SEA, OHS risks etc. that are undertaken within the airport boundaries, hence need to be covered by Contractor ESMP to minimize the adverse impacts. This airport neighborhood are at risks than those beyond 10km radius. • Zone of General project area of influence range from 10km and beyond: The general area of influence is determined based on distance of travel of noise, dust and exhausts from machines and equipment operating in the airport area, the area can also be extended along the transportation routes that can be used for the construction materials haulage as well as the distance from the area underneath fright paths during landing and taking off the aircrafts. This areas covering the distance from 10km radius and beyond from the secondary areas of influence. Such area including the road connecting to Ngorongoro conservation area, Lake Manyara National Park and Manyara natural forest as well as neighboring districts and regions etc. This community are found distance away from the airport boundaries but within Karatu district, hence considered to have minimum ESHS risks compared to the above areas of influence. The Contractors ESMP shall cover the impacts mitigations to those areas identified as sources of construction materials, transportation routes. Note that: The ESIA has identified three area of influence to be affected by the airport project which includes (i) Direct or primary zone of impact ( 5km radius) contains the airport boundaries with existing facilities and receptors around the airport (ii) Indirect or Secondary zone of impact which range from (5 to 10km radius) which contain the farmland, residential, commercial and neighbor communities to be affected indirect by the project and (iii) General project area of influence range from 10km and beyond which contain the whole areas of Karatu district (residential, farmland, commercial activities, forest reserves, tourism attraction areas which goes up to 30km from the project site. The identified impacts zones contain different levels of the ESHS risks that are posed to the project workers and neighborhood communities around the project areas of influence, hence this ESIA has defined several mitigation measures that cutting across impacts related to these zones as remedial measures to mitigated the identified adverse impacts as detailed in Chapter 6.0; section 6.10.1 to 6.10.4 and chapter 7.0 of the ESIA. All the above identified direct and Indirect Impact areas of Influence around the project are shown in the Figure 1-1 below. The three area of influence (Zones) around the airport project includes; the direct area 16 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. or primary which includes the Inner Cycle inside the First red line of the layout that extended from (0 to 2km radius), the Secondary or indirect area of influence includes Second Cycle inside the two red lines of the layout that extended from (5km to 10km radius) and final is the general areas of influence which includes the all general areas outside direct and Indirect areas of influence and on layout the areas is beyond the second red line Cycle from (10km and beyond) . Figure 1-1 : The layout map indicating three project direct and indirect area of influence of the proposed project and the airport layout map Sources. Tanroads designing Team, 2023 Figure 1.2: The figure below indicating the land use plan around lake manyara airport project 17 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Sources. Tanroads designing Team, 2023 1.4 Project Scope and Objectives 1.4.1 Project Scope for engineering design. • Carry out full detailed engineering design for upgrading of airside pavements (runway, taxiways RESA and aprons) and landside pavements (access road, car parking, etc.) to bitumen standards. Other facilities include Terminal building, Airport Control tower and Navigation, Airport Ground Lighting, airport drainage system, power supply, water supply, waste water management, Communication and MET facilities including any other relevant aviation support services and facilities. All proposed facilities shall be constructed to meet the Code 3C airport design to accommodate the aircrafts such as ATR 42, 72, bombardier Q400 and equivalent. • Prepare the Airport Layout/Land Use Plan to include other anticipated development activities (e.g. aviation related to commercial) around the airport as well as linkage of the airport with other modes of transport e.g. roads. • Carry out detailed engineering design; prepare bidding documents for International Competitive Bidding (ICB) or National Competitive Bidding (NCB) for the implementation of the projects. 1.4.2 Lake Manyara Project Objectives. The objective of the proposed Lake Manyara Airport project is to construct new airport facilities such as runway, Taxiway; Apron; Terminal building, and Control Tower; Navigational Aids; Fire tender; Access roads and car parking to meet the airport design standard and safety for all airport users. These proposed airport facilities shall be designed within the total area of 928,000m2 to accommodate all Airport new facilities as per design. The project implementation shall include among others. • To improve air-based transportation in the northern circuit and countrywide, • To expand and improve carriage of goods in various sectors such as agriculture, tourism, fishing, mining etc. • To enhance tourism in provision of transportation in various regions 18 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • To provide compensations to all project affected persons (PAPs) at the airport and expand airport facilities and infrastructures. • To generally upgrade the airport to accommodate bigger planes relatively to ATR 42, 72 and bombardier Q400. 1.4.3 Scope of the ESIA Study The scope includes establishment of social and environmental justification of the project by determining: the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Social Impact Assessment (SIA); the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) and Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), including related cost estimates in accordance with the guidelines issued by Government of Tanzania and the applicable World Bank guidelines. The following tasks was undertaken during the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment to meet the objectives of the services as described in the scope of this work as outlined in the ToR (Appendix I) which among others includes; • Description of the Physical, chemical and biological Environment around the project • To review of policies, legislation and administrative framework • Description of the Proposed Project to establish an environmental baseline data for the project area and description of the proposed works • To make analysis of Alternatives to the Proposed Project • To identify and assist in the Interagency Coordination and Public/NGO Participation • Description of the Proposed lake manyara airport Project to establish an environmental and social baseline for the project as well as description of the proposed works • Identification, Analysis and Assessment of Potential environmental and social direct, indirect and cumulative impacts and risks Impacts resulting from the airport Mobilization, construction, operation and maintenance phases • Identification and evaluation of the affected properties around the project • To develop an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) detailing, impacts, mitigation measures, mitigation costs, actions to be taken and responsibilities for impacts mitigation and monitoring. • To develop the Mitigation Measure relevant to all the project adverse impacts 1.5. Objectives of the ESIA Study This ESIA aims at addressing all impacts and risks (Positive and negative) pertaining to upgrading of the airport and its associated component in Kilimamoja Village, Rhotia ward, Karatu District in Arusha Region, besides, specifically the ESIA aims: • To carry out baseline activities to understand the environmental conditions and socioeconomic context of the project area. • To anticipate and avoid, minimize or offset the adverse significant biophysical, social and relevant effects of developmental proposal. • To provide comprehensive mitigation measures associated with project development and address the same in the entire lifespan of the project. • To study project alternatives in terms of design and consider location in case it is found to be unsuitable. • To ensure that environmental considerations are explicitly addressed and incorporated into the development decision making process. • To enable information exchange, notification and consultations among stakeholders. • To ensure the Project is prepared and implemented in compliance with the World Banks’ Environmental and Social Framework (ESF). 19 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 1.6 Approach and Methodology Used to Undertake ESIA Study 1.6.1 The Study Approach In this study, the Consultant’s approach was to divide the study into desk work and fieldwork and to define the study area. The desk work involved preparation of environmental impact identification checklist, acquisition, and review of relevant documents, reports maps, / drawings. Some of the important documents, which have been reviewed, include relevant policies and legislations including Environmental Management Act, 2005 and its Amendment Regulation of 2018; The ESMF, RPF, SEP, LMP and GRM prepared for Tanzania Transport Integration Project (TanTIP); Labour Management Procedure (LMP); Gender-Based Violence Action Plan; Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP); Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF); Vulnerable Groups Plan Framework (VGPF); WB Group General EHS Guidelines; EHS Guidelines for Airport, Biodiversity Management Plan and Noise Management Plan for Lake manyara Airport. The information gathered from secondary data also helped to supplement primary data obtained from the fieldwork. The fieldwork involved site visit to the project area, conducting baseline data for climatic conditions, flora and fauna, as well as environmental, social, health and safety data were collected, conducting visual survey and physical observation around the project area as well as conducting informal interviews with local people encountered within the project area and conducting consultations with relevant stakeholders. 1.6.2 The Study Methodology i. Biophysical and Socio-Economic Baseline Surveys The baseline surveys involved collection of primary and secondary data which was undertaken between 2021 to 2023. The primary data was obtained through site investigations, stakeholder consultations and interviews of relevant people. Secondary data was obtained through acquisition and reviews of relevant documents from various sources. ii. Biophysical Baseline Survey The biophysical survey was undertaken by the team of environmental and social experts on both direct and indirect area of impact around the project using vehicles and transect work around the project. The exercises involved using baseline data collection tools such as survey checklist, questionnaires, GPS, camera, digital vibration meter, sound level meter, air quality tester. Thereafter data measurements analysis and presentation were taken and presented in this ESIA accordingly. Secondary data was obtained through reviews of relevant documents from various sources including environment documents from other nearby projects of similar nature. These include but not limited to: relevant ESF documents, policy and legal documents, ESIA reports, country/district development plans and district socio-economic profiles. The Experts was recording any important significant features encountered in the project area through impact mapping exercises and for more details on baseline data collection refers to chapter 4.0. iii. Socio-Economic Baseline Survey The socio-economic baseline study was conducted by EHS experts around the project area. This involved collection of primary and secondary data. Primary data was obtained through consultation and interviews with relevant stakeholders. The expert used semi-structured interview questionnaires to collect socio- economic baseline data from households of the likely Project Affected Persons (PAPs). The information collected during household interviews includes housing conditions, property ownership, economic activities, source of income, and household expenditure. In addition, interviews were held with key informants, and local community leaders to get their opinions regarding the project. Secondary data was obtained through reviews of relevant documents from various sources including safeguards documents from other nearby projects of similar nature. These include but not limited to: relevant ESF documents, policy and legal documents, census reports, country/district development plans and district socio- economic profiles. 20 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. NOTE: During undertaking of consultation processes to key stakeholders and communities around the project areas several methodologies and materials were used by E&S Team during consultation exercises which includes checklist form, scoping reports, Districts social economic reports, ESMF and RPF and other ESF documents prepared for TANTIP project, ICAO guideline, flip chart, existing ESIA and RAP during second and third round of consultation. These materials enabled the communities to have access on the disclosed information regarding the project as well as getting feedback of the provided views and opinions during the study. 1.6.3 Study Team Composition and Scoping For the purpose of addressing the environmental and social issues properly, a well competent team of experts participated in undertaking this ESIA study. The experts included Environmentalist, Sociologist, airport planners, civil engineers, architects etc. Scoping was done through consultation and interviews with various relevant stakeholders, reviewing various reports, studies and literature relevant to environment and airport development in Tanzania. Related EIA studies in Tanzania were reviewed in order to draw existing knowledge and experiences. The information was further complimented by extensive field visits in the project area. The scoping exercise facilitated the identification of key stakeholders for the project and the main issues of concern to be addressed by the detailed ESIA study. 1.6.4 Field Studies and Public Participation The ESIA undertaking was from March 2018 whereby the World Bank-OPs was used accordingly, hence from March 2021 to December 2023 respectively the ESIA was reviewed and updated again as per WB- ESF requirements, The ESIA undertaking involved number of public consultations meetings started from 1st, 2nd and 3rd Round as well as bring feedback to stakeholders. As part of updating this ESIA, feedback stakeholders meeting was conducted during 3rd Round Consultations from September to December 2023 at Kilimamoja, Rhotia ward in Karatu District. These stakeholders include communities around the airport area, airport staff, tour operators, Karatu District Council, village council and other relevant Governmental Institutions within the project area. During consultative meetings, Key Informant Interviews (KII), Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and community meetings were held with relevant personnel, representatives and the community at large around the project area as per attached sample of participants list and minutes of consultation in Appendix V and VI below. After public participation exercises which was undertaken during second and third consultation, several issues were raised by stakeholders and most of them have been incorporated into the ESIA report (chapter 5) and Appendix IV, V and VI of the report. 1.6.5 Broader consultation The fieldwork involved reconnaissance in the project area through site visits and interviews with stakeholders as well as meeting relevant City officials and village/ward government leaders in Karatu district and Arusha region. The fieldwork and public consultation for this study was carried out at different phases by different ESIA consultants starting from scoping, preliminary and detailed ESIA study which takes place from the period between March, 2018 to February, 2019 and February 2021 to December, 2023 as details in chapter 5 of this ESIA. The field work studies helped to realize fully the scope of the project, the biophysical environment specific to the location and the socio-economic conditions in the project area. The information on socio-economic conditions was collected from various sources including Karatu district council, Airport operator, tours operators, Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority (NCAA), Lake Manyara National Park, TANAPA Headquarters in Arusha and all villages/communities around the airport project area. NGOs within the core impact area also provided relevant information that assisted impact analysis. Information and data collected include land use, ecosystems and human habitat, rural production, livestock, forestry, wildlife, demography, hydrology, and other indicators related to environmental and socio-economic trends of the 21 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. project area. Other information was appraised through key informants’ interviews and experts ‘observations. 1.6.6 Focus Group Discussions These discussions involved the specific and targeted groups in the society including women, youths and small business entrepreneurs, village leaders and environmental committees. The guiding questions or checklists were prepared to facilitate the discussions and to focus it on issues related to a particular group. Dynamics of focus group discussions were observed to ensure fruitful discussions under the leadership of the safeguard’s expert. 1.6.7 Consultations with Government Authorities and local community around the project The consultations with authorities were held in their offices and involved technical people. The Karatu district officers and Kilimamoja village community as well as local officers were consulted through meeting with the following officials; District Executive Director (DED), Regional Administrative Secretary (RAS), Planning Officer (PLO), District Engineer, Surveyor, Community Development Officer (CDO), Culture and Tourism Officer, Environmental and Natural Resources Officer (ENRO) etc. However, the meetings with local communities in the project village were more detailed containing a cross-section of people. A brief description of the project was explained to them by the safeguards experts before opening the floor for comments and opinions. The attendance and proceeding of the meetings were recorded by a secretary chosen among the attendee. The consultations were intended to ensure that all issues of concerns raised by the communities around the project are discussed in an open manner thus fostering a community participatory approach prior to project implementation. Clarifications and affirmations were made with regard to the expected impacts on individuals and the community in general. 1.6.8 Direct observations Both the environments, social, health and safety aspects of the proposed project and some facts were observed directly by the ESIA team. The information obtained from this technique assisted the study team to have the starting point during subsequent one – to - one interviews with stakeholders on various issues such as type of socio-economic activities (agriculture, trade, tourism and livestock keeping), vegetation in the project area etc. 1.6.9 Secondary information While the public consultations provided an opportunity to learn and share the salient information about the proposed project, the team obtained important socio-economic secondary data about the project area. Secondary data was obtained through reviews of relevant documents from various sources including safeguards documents from other nearby projects of similar nature. These include but not limited to: relevant ESF documents, policy and legal documents, census reports, country/district development plans and district socio-economic profiles. Semi-structured questionnaires were used for the purpose of obtaining baseline data on households in the villages along the project as well as socio-economic conditions and concerns of people living in the area. Survey interviews were conducted with all village leaders representing the villages which are within the impact areas. The stakeholders’ interviews and public meetings were followed by field visits on the project areas, the purpose of which was to get an overview of the study areas to compliment information gathered during the meetings with stakeholders. 1.6.10 Project Impact Assessment Techniques The superimposition of the project elements into the existing social, safety and environmental natural conditions have identified the potential environmental impacts of the proposed airport development. Among others the checklist method has been used to identify the impacts and to recommend mitigation measures. Furthermore, the Environmental, Social, Health and Safety impacts matrix method has been 22 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. adopted to identify impacts of major concern. A key guiding assumption in this study is that the project shall be designed, constructed, operated and maintained with due care for social, health, safety and environmental matters using current and practical engineering practice and well-designed environmental mitigation measures proposed by this ESIA. The implementation schedule of the mitigation measures is summarized in the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) of this ESIA. A close cooperation between the engineering, planning design and environmental and social team has led to the fruitful results of this environmental and social assessment study. In this process of Environmental, Social, Health and Safety impacts have been evaluated for various alternatives. Several project alternatives were considered including that of not implementing the project. The fundamental environmental and social protection strategy and environmental and social considerations influencing engineering design were incorporated. However, reasonable regard to technological feasibility and economic capability were taken into account. 1.6.11 Identifying all Environmental, Social, Health and Safety Impacts This was undertaken by compiling the issues of concerns from the following identified direct, indirect and cumulative impacts such as loss of flora and fauna, loss of wildlife, settlement patterns, social and cultural systems, water resources, land tenure systems just to mention the few etc. As part of ESIA undertaking some of the following documents were used as guidelines during impacts identification and development of impacts management plans and these includes; EMA act, 2005 and its Regulation of 2018, ICAO guidelines of 1984, IATA guideline of 1945, Valuers and Valuation Registration Act of 2018, Environmental Assessment and Management Guidelines for Road Sector (EAMGRS) of 2004 as well as the Environmental Code of Practice for Road Works (2008), Land and Village Act of 1999 and the World Bank ESF policies as well as World Bank EHS Guidelines, both the general guidelines and airport specific guidelines etc. 1.6.12 Predicting Environmental, Social, Health and Safety Impacts The environmental, social, health and safety impacts were identified and their potential size and nature were predicted. The prediction of impacts specified the impact’s causes and effects and its primary, secondary, cumulative and tertiary consequences for the environment and the local community was assessed. 1.6.13 Determining the Significance of Impacts In this process the key activity was to evaluate the significance and assessment of impacts, and consequently the judgments were made on adverse impacts are likely to occur and being able to propose the possible mitigation measures that can reduce/prevent, minimize/reduce or compensate the identified impacts around the project area. 1.6.14 Identifying Mitigation and Management Options The measures for dealing with identified and predicted impacts were considered. This enabled the study team to analyses proposed mitigation measures. A wide range of measures have been proposed to prevent, reduce, remedy or compensate for each of the adverse impacts evaluated as being significant. Analysis of the implications of adopting different alternatives was done to assist in clear decision-making. 1.7 Duration of the Study As part of fulfilment of Independent of the ESIA undertaking, the ESIA Consultant M/s Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd was commissioned by TANROADS to undertake ESIA study including field and consultation exercises at different stages between March 2018 to December, 2019 under World Bank OPs requirements based on existing detailed design of 2014-2017 although the study were not finalized. In February 2021 to December, 2023, TANROADS has Commissioned another independent consultant M/s Renadert Consult to undertake the second review and updating of the existing ESIA to reflect the new World Bank Environmental and Social framework (ESF) requirements as per project design 23 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. report of 2014 -2017, however, due to financier limitations from the employer the study were not completed until December, 2023 when the World Bank (WB) through TanTip project signed the financial agreement with GOT to finance the 7 projects including roads and airports whereby Lake Manyara is among them. Therefore, as part of fulfilment of WB ESF requirements and project effectiveness the Review and Updating of the existing ESIA for Lake Manyara was a mandatory requirement to the Employer. 1.8 ESIA Study Limitations The main limitation to this study was delay of project financing as well as changes of the financier E&S framework and policy requirements (from the previous World Bank OPs to the WB-ESF guidelines) that led to frequently reviewing and updating of the ESIA and ESMP documents from 2018 to December, 2023. Another challenge was unavailability of authentically and credible data from the Government institutions as most of them were unreliable and not updated frequently. Furthermore, other information was gathered from secondary sources such as previous similar studies. Unfortunately, most of these data were not reliable as they were not recently updated. Also, some of data included gender perspective issues which was also difficult to access due to their sensitivity. 1.9 The ESIA Report Format This report is divided into two main parts, whereby Part I is Executive Summary and Part II is the Main text This report is divided into the following chapters/sections: Chapter one: contains the introduction on the background information of the proposed project, its development objectives, rationale and the proposed project implementation arrangements; Chapter two: contains the project description, in which there is a description of the location and relevant components of the project and their activities; Chapter three: illustrates policy, legal and administrative framework, which are the relevant Tanzanian environmental policies and legislation applicable to construction projects, including applicable World Bank Environmental and Social Standards; Chapter four: has the baseline information relevant to environmental characteristics, which gives details concerning the Bio-physical environment and socio-economic environment at the project area. Chapter five: express the consultation exercise at the project area detailing the list of stakeholders consulted and the issues raised; Chapter six: presents Project Alternatives considered during the study; Chapter seven: presents conclusion on analysis of Environmental and Social risks; Chapter eight: describes the positive and negative environmental impacts of the project that are likely to be generated from the different phases (the planning and designing, construction, operation and maintenance and the demobilization phases); including the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) and the Environmental Monitoring Plan that contains the proposed institutions to carry out the monitoring activities, the monitoring indicators, time frame and the proposed budget for monitoring; Chapter nine: provides the decommissioning plan for the proposed project however the decommissioning is not anticipated in the foreseeable future; Chapter Eleven: gives the summary and conclusions of the study Appendices containing some key primary information collected during the study are attached at the end of this report. Report structure conforms to that specified on sections 18(2) and 19(1) & (2) of the Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations, 2005. 24 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Chapter 2 : PROJECT BACKGROUND AND DESCRIPTIONS 2.1 Project Site Description Arusha Region is one of Tanzania's 26 administrative regions. The regional capital is the town of Arusha. According to the 2022 population and housing census, the region had a population of 2,356,255, (1,125,616 males and 1,230,639 females) with sex ratio at 92. The number of households in the region was 615,782 and average household size was 3.8. on the other hand, the project area i.e. Karatu district had a total population of 280,454 (144,919 males and 135,535 females) with sex ratio of 107 and number of households of 63,685 with average household size of 4.4. 2.1.1 Geographical Location of the Project Site Lake Manyara airport is located in Karatu district which is in Arusha Region approximately 150 km from Arusha city and 25km from Karatu District Council, although the name sound Manyara airport but it is located in Arusha region and not Manyara region. The airport is located in north-western part of Tanzania in Arusha region, Karatu district serving tourists in Lake Manyara, Ngorongoro Crater and Lake Eyasi. The Manyara airport is located at the Manyara escarpment and it lies between latitude 03 22 S and longitude 035 49 E having elevation of 4150ft/1265m AMSL with reference temperature of 24.0oC. The airport is identified by IATA code-LKY and ICAO code-HTLM. Lake Manyara airport can be reached via Arusha – Karatu/Ngorongoro tarmac road just few kilometers after Mto wa Mbu Township. From the main tarmac road there is existing 1km distance access gravel/earth road leading to the airport. It is generally a major domestic airport in the northern circuit serving tourists. The airport has scheduled flight to Arusha, Nairobi, Dar es Salaam and the Zanzibar Archipelago islands of Unguja and Pemba. The district occupies an area of 3300 km2 classified under land use as follows: arable land 102,573 ha; pasture land 155,808 ha; forest, bush and tree cover 61,218 ha; and Lake Eyasi 1060 ha. Manyara airport is also 15km from Manyara National Park and 50km from Ngorongoro conservation area and hence the position does not directly influence impacts on the surrounded biodiversity. The district has 4 administrative divisions, 13 wards and 45 registered villages with its administrative headquarters in Karatu town approximately 150 km west of Arusha town. Specifically, the airport is located at Kilimamoja Village which is among the village in Rhotia ward. The project site location is illustrated in Figures 2-1 and 2-2 below illustrate location of the project, while figure 2-3, 2-4 and 2-5 illustrate the design of the proposed project for more clarity. Figure 2-1: National Setting Map Showing Location of Arusha Region Source: https://www.mapsof.net/uploads/static-maps/regions_of_tanzania.png, Edited by Eng. Nanai 25 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Figure 2-2: National Setting Map Showing Location of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region Source: Consultant Design Team,2023 26 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. The layout figure 2-3 above indicate three area of influence to be affected by the airport project which is inner part/ primary zone or first cycle within the first red line (5km radius), second cycle or secondary area of influence which is area within the two red lines (5 to 10km radius) and the outer area or general area of influence which is beyond the second red line (10km and beyond) . Source: Consultant Design Team,2023 27 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Figure 2-3: above indicates the airport layout with distinguishes airport proposed features such as the extended areas which was acquired after compensation, existing pavement, length of the proposed runway, proposed terminal building, proposed access road from the main road and car packing etc. as indicated in the legend Source: Design Team, 2023 Figure 2-4: Photograph View of Existing Lake Manyara Airport Passenger Terminal Building which shall be demolished after completion of new terminal building. Source: ESIA Team, 2023 28 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 2.2 Major facilities of the existing of Lake Manyara airport Project The existing Lake Manyara airport is in poor condition that needs major maintenance and reconstruction to meet the market demand, new design as well as international airport standards under ICAO. 2.2.1 Existing Airport features that shall be demolished after project completion Currently after compensation of affected PAPs and acquiring additional land, the Airport areas has the total of 928,000m2 which includes the existing airport features such as gravel/murram surfaced runway oriented at 12/30 with PCN 5300Kg with total length of length of 1220m and 23m, taxiway with 15m wide, a runway strip 50m, access road with gravel standard of 1km which is in bad condition, existing one building that include passenger pavilion that accommodate 70 passengers, office building and 2 small commercial buildings, firefighting building, poor drainage structure, apron, lifted water tank with capacity of 15,000 liters of water which meet the current demand of 70 peoples per day. Most of the existing airport facilities are in bad conditions and located in an area which is not compatible with the extension of the airport to code C requirements, hence need to be demolished after construction of the new proposed airport project. i. Runway of Lake Manyara airport The existing runway has 12/30 (1220m x 23m) PCN surface. Is unpaved surfaced runway oriented at 12/30 -IATA: IRI, ICAO: HTIR with PCN 15/F/B/Y/U and taxiway and an apron surfaced by tarmac with a PCN 15/F/B/Y/U. The aerodrome is elevated at 4678FT AMSL. Actual construction was 1950s which means the project needs major upgrading. The Lake manyara runway and its facilities are now in poor conditions that needs major repair or upgrading to meets the current demand and design requirements as per ICAO standard. Table 2.3: Existing Airside Facilities data No. Facility Dimensions (m) Strength 01. Runway (12-30) 1220m x 23m PCN 15/F/B/Y/U 02. Taxiway 75m X 75m /5 Cesena Taxiway PCN and Surface Apron 03. Apron 302m X 25m / 5 Cesena Need to be extended 04. Runway Strip 28 Need to be extended ii. ATC Tower Currently, there is no functional ATC Tower at the airport; normally operation depends on visual approach mechanism. When necessary the airport operation depends information from ATC Tower located at Arusha airport. iii. Terminal Building The existing Passenger Terminal is a small and can accommodate 70 passengers (arrival and departures). The terminal has very limited facilities, hence missing other major several services such as arrival lounge, VIP lounge, Offices for other airport departments. The terminal is in poor conditions for operation which needs major rehab or upgrading to meets the ICAO standard for Code C airport. iv. Power supply The power supply of the existing power supply at Lake manyara Airport is 400KVa, 50Hz three-phase overhead service line, supplied by Tanzania Electrical supply Company Limited (TANESCO). There is no power house and emergency power switch in the event of mains power supply failure in Lake manyara. There is Standby generator of (80KVA) around the terminal building in case of emergency. hence new 29 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. power line and standby generator is needed under the new airport construction. v. Access Road and car parking There is an existing access road of 1km with gravely standard to the airport from the Trunk road network. There is a car parking facility, which can accommodate 20 cars. The car parking is unpaved surface with capacity of accommodating 20 visitors, hence new parking needs to be constructed as per new design. vi. Security fence Partly fenced. The existing airport is partially surrounded with security fencing with a total length of 1237m, hence other airport areas remains openly and accessed my community which lead to safety risks. The new airport security fence needs to be constructed as per ICAO standards. vii. Fire house and ARFF Facilities Old Building adjacent to the terminal building equipped with fire extinguishers and forms for firefighting at the airport strip. The airport has no Fire Tender vehicle and there is no hydrants. The existing building has 15x10m with one vehicle bay, hence the upgrading of airport needs the new Fire Tender vehicle, hydrants system and water reservoir Tank for fire fighting vehicle. viii. Water supply system. The current airport is not connected by the district water pipe; hence the airport uses water from 1 drilled borehole with depth on 200 meters deep and with capacity of yielding 15,000 litters of water per day and stored in the 2lifted water tank of 7500 litters capacity. Currently, the water supply is enough to yield estimated 15,000 litters of water a day which is used for domestic use around the airport. The water was tested by the water authority and found suitable for uses. ix Sewage management. The existing airport facility’s sewage is discharged in a septic tank that is connected to different buildings. Currently there is no any sewer line connected to the airport, the wastes water are treated through soak away pits which is constructed within the airport. Currently there is 2 underground Soak away Pits of 1M diameter and 2.5 meter with 30*30cm long with capacity of 100,00Lts of sewage and is insufficient to meet the design demand. The wastes water is collected from Toilets, Manager Offices, Terminal building and small shops and disposed/discharged directly to the underground septic tank and soak away pit which is constructed by concrete pavements and cement bricks and when in full the waste water is emptied by the authorized waste dealer into District waste treatment plant which is located 20km from the airport site. The capacity is enough to meet current demand. The existing sewage system shall be dismantled and pits filled with spoil materials. ix. Wastes management Currently, Solid Waste generated around the airport is domestic wastes which estimated to (20-30kg per Month). Currently, the wastes are handled by dustbins located around the airport; However, there is no separation facilities. Currently there is no lavatory waste handled by the airport. Liquid waste from domestic and hygiene facilities are handled through septic tank and when in full is emptied by the authorized waste dealer for disposal. x. Storm water management Currently, the storm water from runway and existing buildings are discharge through existing natural streams (Marere) located around the airport. 30 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. ❖ Other airport Existing Utilities The existing airport related facilities such as drainage system, water supply, sewage system, power supply etc., but are in poor conditions, which needs to be reconstructed as per new design. The current airport does not have fuel supply and storage facilities, aircraft and vehicles maintenance hangar, no solid waste storage room (generated wastes are locally collected and handled to authorised waste dealer for disposal), no chemical wastes at the airport. However, as per new airport design all of these existing facilities shall be demolished after completion of upgrading of the new airport facilities and the areas shall be reinstated prior airport operation. More details on the E&S Auditing for existing airport facilities around Lake manyara airport can be referred in section 4.2 of the ESIA. NOTE: The airport design shall be as per ICAO requirement, hence other facilities such as Fuel storage facilities, Airplane and general maintenance hangar, Waste water treatment Plant etc. shall not be part of this airport project. 2.2.1.1 Existing Airport Operations Tool and Guiding Manuals. The Lake manyara airport is operational airport, which shall be operating while the upgrading activities is ongoing. Hence, the Contractor shall prepare construction procedures that shall be approved by TAA and issuing the NOTAM to airlines during construction. Effective management of airport operations tools and plans such as the Safety Management System, Emergency Response Plan, Waste management Plan, Airport Security Program, Hydromel Manual, Wildlife/animal management Manual, and Aircraft Landing Procedures is crucial for the smooth and safe implementation and operation of Lake manyara Airport. Each plan has specific impacts and requires mitigation measures to address potential challenges. Regular training, continuous improvement, advanced technology implementation, and strong coordination with local agencies are key strategies for ensuring these tools and plans effectively contribute to the airport overall safety, efficiency, and sustainability. 31 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 2.2.2 NEW PROPOSED AIRPORT FACILITIES OR FEATURES TO BE CONSTRUCTED The main phases of construction of Lake manyara airport shall include mobilization or pre-construction, construction; demobilization, operation and maintenance phases. The proposed airport project is designed for 20 years lifespan before any major repair. The project among others shall involve upgrading of the airport facilities such as new runway, taxiway and apron to a bitumen standard to accommodate ATR 42 and 72 as well as QR400 aircrafts. Therefore, the design of the proposed project shall include the following main project components, namely: • The construction of the new runway, taxiway and apron including asphalt pavement; • The construction of new terminal building; • The construction of a new control tower; • New Navigational aids • The construction of new drainage system and landscaping; • The construction of new rescue and firefighting station; • The erection of a new security fence around the perimeter of the airport • Sewage system around the airport; • Supply and installation of security and communication systems • Construction of new airport access road of 1.5km • Car parking • Aeronautical Ground Lighting (AGL) • Road, Runway and apron marking • Water Supply for the airport • Power supply • Storm water system Figure 2-5a: Below indicates the airport layout area with the total of 928,000m2 that distinguishes airport proposed features including extended areas which was acquired after compensation, existing pavement, length of the proposed runway, proposed terminal building, proposed access road from the main road and car packing etc. as indicated in the legend The figure below 2-5a: Indicating (half left side) of the airport area with proposed access road connecting to the main road and the extended area (portion) that was aquired after compensation to PAPs for extension of the airport. 32 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Figure 2-6: Indicating (half right side) of the airport area with proposed Runway End Safety Area (RESA) access road connecting to the main road and the extended area (portion) that was aquired after compensation to PAPs for extension of the airport. The following are the proposed new airport features to be constructed as per design report 33 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. i. Airport Runway The recommended requirement is for a paved asphalt runway of 1500mX 45m including RESA of 150m with 12/30m. PCN surface bitumen standard: Width: 75.0m (From the Center of runway to edge of strip) according to ICAO standards. ➢ New Runway Strip The new runway strip is to be upgraded to have the following dimensions; Width: 75.0m (From the Center of runway to edge of strip); Maximum Transverse Slope: 2.50%; Maximum Longitudinal Slope: 1.75%. ➢ New Runway end Safety Area This shall be provided to the following dimensions. Length: Recommendation: 150m Width: Minimum 60m, Same width of R/W strip Transverse Slope: Maximum 1.5%, Minimum 1.0% Longitudinal Slope: Not to exceed a downward slope 5.0% ➢ New Runway Profile Plan Due to the rapid hill shape of lake Manyara airport area, huge scale of earthwork construction is unavoidable. Total cutting volume would be 1,806,000㎥, and total filling volume would be 230,000㎡. Maximum cutting height would be 15.0m and filling height would be 13.8m. New runway profile plan is provided as per ICAO regulation; maximum longitudinal slope not exceed limitation (1.5%). Figure 2-7 shows the existing runway profile versus proposed runway profile plan. Figure 2-7: Existing Runway Profile Versus Proposed Runway Vertical Profile ii. Taxiway and Apron The proposed new taxiway and apron is designed to be larger with 22,097m2 served by a new taxiway with 1,486m2 incorporated taxiway shoulder with an area of 311m2 on both sides. These shall be constructed using crushed aggregates sub-base and base layer with a paved Asphalt surface. 34 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Figure 2-8 Airport Taxiway and Apron (Airside Facility). iii. Airport Pavement One of the ICAO approved method of pavement design is the US FAA method. This new pavement design is prepared by following regulation of FAA standards AC 150/5320-6E, its own field experiences, based on layered elastic and three-dimensional finite element-based structural analysis are developed to calculate design thicknesses for airfield pavements. The design is performed with using FAARFIELD (FAA Rigid and Flexible Iterative Elastic Layer Design) for pavement. iv. Airport Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF) Building The ARFF station is proposed as an independent building and is located to meet the service requirements. The fire stations shall be category V to meet the ICAO requirements and shall house one Crash Fire Tender (CFT). It shall house offices for the Chief Fire Officer and the Duty Officer, besides the crew room with lockers. A conference room/training room, workshops, foam storage, and first aid have also been proposed. An overhead water tank is proposed to fill up the CFT from outside the fire station. Paved areas on the airside and landside are proposed for training exercises. v. Perimeter Security Fence The new security fencing shall cover a total length of length of 7,5474m with a gate system all around the airport perimeter and at the boundary between the airside and the landside within the terminal area. Fencing is provided to deter the inadvertent access of unauthorized persons into ground installations and facilities essential for the safety of aircraft. The chain-link fence shall meet the requirements of FAA Item F- 162. Fences shall have the following characteristics: • Steel posts with concrete foundation placed at 3m intervals. The post height shall be 2.60 m minimum with inclined arms; • Top pipe rails and tension rods are provided between the line posts and • Barbed wire lines are provided between the inclined arms. Figure 2-9: Typical Chain-link fence to be erected vi. Navigational Aid (NDB, Communication, Metrological system) As air traffic activity continues to grow, there is an increasing need for navigational aids to narrow the limits of navigational error in horizontal or vertical separation. Navigational aids that are either ground- based or airborne may be conveniently functionally classified as route navigation aids, terminal area navigation and landing aids. vii. Air Traffic Control (ATC) Height Interface with transitional surface 35 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Reference: Annex 14. Vol. Ⅰ (Aerodrome Design and Operations) Limits of ATC: H = 1423.5+ (201.1-75) / 7 = 1,441.5m Figure 2-10: Transitional Surface1 ➢ ATC height Reference: FAA 6480.4A (Airport Traffic Control Tower Siting Process) Design program: http://www.hf.faa.gov/visibility/ Other requirement to be accommodated by the Tower Aids a. Line of Sight Angle of Incidence: Minimum 0.8 b. Object identify (Minimum): Detection 95.5%, Recognition 11.5% c. Tool: Tower Visibility Tool d. Air Traffic Control Tower: e. Light Level: Sunlight Clouds f. Ground Turbulence: Medium g. Target Object: Dodge Caravan, h. Target orientation: Front View i. Observer Eye Height: 36.080 j. Vertical Elevation Change Between Observer and Key Point (feet): 39.08 k. Ground Elevation at Tower (MSL): 4670 l. Ground Elevation at Key Point (MSL): 4667.0 m. Tower to Key Point Distance: 971 (feet) 0.296 (km) n. Visibility Range: 10 (miles) or 16.09 (km) Therefore, ATC height of airport is 12m to air traffic control. viii. Car Parking An adequate number of parking spaces shall be provided adjacent to the various facilities. These shall serve vehicles for airport staff, passengers and visitors. Passenger and visitor car parks are usually combined whereby, the capacity of service has been estimated for workers, passengers and VIP to be 150 slots. The parking area shall be surrounded by kerbstones estimated at 1,962.0m2 and the car parking shall be covered by paving blocks. ix. Access Road and marking The new access road of 1.5km shall be constructed to tarmac standard and shall be the main entrance to the proposed airport. The road shall originate at the end of the RESA and branch from the main road toward Karatu town. The road shall be of 7m width with drainage system on both sides. The contractor shall ensure that new access roads of 1.5km is opened for use prior closure of the existing access road. In other words, the project shall not close the existing access roads that leads to airport, commercial amenities and residential areas prior opening the new access road for use. The marking shall include runway designation, runway centreline, threshold, aiming point, touchdown zone, runway side stripes, taxiway centreline, taxi holding position, aircraft stand and other markings. The runway and taxiway 1 Final Engineering Design Report for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport, TANROADS, May 2017 36 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. marking shall meet the requirements of FAA Item P-620. Note. The existing airport shall be on use until opening of the new access road completed and open for use. x. Aeronautical Ground Lighting (AGL) Systems Lake Manyara Airport shall be planned visual meteorological conditions (VMC) runway operation with AGL system based on existing airport. Similarly, wind Direction Indicator, Aerodrome Beacons and Obstruction lights shall be planned in order to ensure the aeronautical safety. These items in Lake Manyara Airport shall be designed in compliance with the Requirements of ICAO Annex14, Vol.1 Design Manual Part 4, 5 & FAA AC 150 / 5340-30F (Design and Installation detail for Airport Visual Aids). xi. Power Supply To ensure the regularity and safety of aviation, it is necessary that aerodrome lighting have high integrity and reliability. In accordance with the requirements laid down in the ICAO documents as above, power from two separate sources from TANESCO shall be installed at the Airport. This shall be power line of 33kv, load transfer switch, line break switch with HV fuse and Digital Energy Metre, etc. Normally, one feeder shall be on load, and the second one shall be on standby. For integrity and reliability, upon the failure of the first feeder, the airport load shall be transferred to the second feeder through the transfer switch provided by TANESCO. The total power requirement for the Airport is 33KV (Non-Essential Load) and (Essential Load) to be received into power house that shall be located 700m from TANESCO power line as per design. The proposed new airport design shall include stand up generator of 400KVA in case of emergency. xii. Water Supply for the airport The Proposed new airport facilities upgrading shall require more water during operation and maintenance phases, hence due to the development and expansion of the airport facilities more water shall be needed for operations, hence 1- extra borehole with depth on 200 meters deep shall be drilled to increases additional water capacity of 15,000 litters per day for construction, firefighting and domestic uses. The annual water capacity for airport operation and maintenance is estimated to 200lts of water which are expected to be sourced from boreholes and rainwater harvest during rain seasons that shall be linked to the terminal building. As part of water storage and reliability the underground water tank with capacity of 200,000lts of water shall be constructed for storage of water from boreholes and rainwater harvesting sources at the airport. However, the lifted tank with capacity of 30,000lts of water shall be constructed for distribution of water around the airport. However, prior borehole drilling and use of water, the Contractor shall be required to apply for water use permit from the water authority and undertake water quality test and obtain certificates prior using the water for domestic and construction activities. The material of the water distribution pipeline would be GI. The buried pipe would be protected from corrosion with suitable coating/wrapping (depending on soil conditions) so as to give it a long life. The proposed water tanks shall Reinforced concrete with all required nozzles with puddle flanges, vents, fire hydrants, access etc. The tank shall be made in two compartments to facilitate cleaning and maintenance. Note: Note: Portable water for drinking on boards and to other airport workers during operation shall be supplied by the authorised drinking water supplier from Kataru district. xiii. Waste management system. This shall involve the Construction of Garbage House with 30 sqm for solid waste with garbage separation. Liquid wastes as per project design shall be collected through septic Tank for sewage system (septic tank and soak-ways) with capacity of 150,000 Lts a week to meet the demand of the upgraded airport. Solid Waste shall be Separated and stored in the designated garbage house facilities prior to be handled to the authorized waste dealer for Disposal. 37 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. There shall be no industrial wastewater since no aircraft maintenance during operation that shall take place at the airport. Based on the airport design and Code C airport requirement, the Lake Manyara airport shall not involve any maintenance activities of the aircrafts during operation phase. All Lavatory Wastes shall not be handled within the airport, rather shall be handled at Arusha and KIA airports which have facilities to handle the lavatory wastes. The maintenance shall be carried out in Kilimanjaro International Airport (KIA) which has all the facilities and expertise to handle such type of maintenance activities during operation. However, in case of any hazardous liquid wastes around the airport during operation and shall be terms as emergency, there shall be notification to airport operator and then collected by the Authorized wastes dealers for disposal. xiv. Airport waste water and Sewerage system The airport new proposed sewerage system has been designed to evacuated 90% of the daily domestic water consumption. Based on the design and passengers traffic, 2 new underground soak away pits each with capacity of 2.5 diameter and 4.5 meter with 45*45cm dry brick-water absorbing material honeycomb, shaft and drain pipe 160 mm diameter, 1.8 m long is to handle all waste discharges around the airport. The design report recommended that the main pipe transporting sewer to the septic tank should DN 200. Pipes for buildings connection to the main/truck sewer line minimum size should be DN 100 and maximum allowed should be DN 150. All pipes material for sewer line is recommended to be uPVC Class B. The interval from one manhole to another shall be not more than 30m for easy maintenance. The sewerage system shall be installed to effectively collect, drain and dispose of wastewater from various buildings. All piping shall be installed at depths of 3.0m below finished ground level so as not to get damaged by vehicular traffic. The disposal system shall include construction of all gully traps, manholes and interceptor chambers. The piping system shall be vented suitably at the starting point of all branch drains, main drains and the highest/ lowest point of drain and at intervals. Septic tanks and soak pits of suitable capacity as per the applicable standards and codes and connect all the sewerage. The number and size of soak pits and septic tanks shall be as per the requirements of the number of users and shall be designed as per the guidelines. Based on the design and passengers traffic, 2 new underground soak away pits each with capacity of 2.5 diameter and 4.5 meter with 45*45cm dry brick-water absorbing material honeycomb, shaft and drain pipe 160 mm diameter, 3.0 m long is recommended with capacity of 150,000Lts of sewage to handle all waste discharges around the airport. Karatu district sewage tankers shall be collecting sewage from the septic tanks for disposal. The sewage when full shall be emptied by authorized waste dealer for disposal in Karatu district wastewater treatment plant. No wastewater or sewage shall be discharged to surface waters. The below figure 2-14 indicates the layout of the proposed septic tanks. 38 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Figure 2-11: Sketch of Septic Tank with two compartments xv. Airport Storm Water Drainage The airport new storm water drainage is designed with capacity to accommodate storm water and shall include open concrete ditch (around the runway strip), covered concrete ditch (under the apron) and gravel ditch along the apron. Provision has made for a new airport drainage system of about 5km with 3.4km lined open ditch with average depth 1m, bottom 0.5m and top with of 1m to accommodate the requirements of the new runway, new taxiway and apron to the natural drains as indicated in figure 2-12 below. The proposed drainage system was planned in conformity with the distance, criteria and guidelines prepared by International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) recommends that, for civil airport drainage system be designed for a storm whose probability of occurrence is once in 5 years. The drainage systems were therefore designed to convey flood of 5-year return period (with a total discharge of all drains of 16.64 m3/s). Individually, drains are oversized and shall have a capacity higher than the 5-year return period from 0.31m3/s to 3.43 m3/s. The storm water drainage system is laid out to minimize the culvert crossing underneath the runway and taxiway. Storm discharge passes along natural channels downstream. Since there is no aircraft servicing at the airport, the probability of contamination of the storm water is low and therefore there is no treatment for storm water before discharge. The storm water from the roof of passenger building and other small buildings shall be collected through rainwater harvest pipes and discharging into underground reservoir water tank (approx. 200,000 liters storage) which shall be constructed at the airport to cater for miscellaneous water demands of the airport. Rainwater pipes would be of sufficient diameter to ensure that a back flow of water does not occur. However, the drainage system shall not contain sediment retention, instead the most of drainage shall be side drains from the runway with no much sediments and most of storm water shall be controlled through nature drains. 39 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Figure 2-12: Drainage system layout of the facility. Maximum discharge at the 2 existing streams (one to the East and one to the South) would be as follow. All storm water drains are discharged in two natural ditches which ends at marere natural stream, the most important one is located to the Southeast and connects with a natural stream. Table 2-1: Maximum Discharge at existing streams Drains Individual designed 5-year max flow (m3/s) Max. discharge in capacity of the drain stream (m3/s) L–5 3.43 2.51 2.75 R–2 0.31 0.24 - R–1–2 1.24 1.05 1.05 The drains are designed here to convey slightly bigger discharges, than the generated storm discharges assigned. This is to make sure that no overtopping shall occur and that the increase in the generated storm discharges resulting from climate change are accommodated. Drainage was sized based on the drainage catchment area, the rainfall and runoff coefficients (intensity, duration and frequency). The proposed drainage plan is generally open channels, lined to ensure smooth flow conveyance. Figure 2-13 below indicating the open concrete ditches that shall facilitate, cleaning and maintenance of the drainage. 40 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Figure 2-13: Open Ditch Along the Runway xvi. Passenger Terminal and its Facilities. The passenger Terminal shall be constructed in the new site area and has been designed to meet a passenger's base expectations for provision of quick, easy and comfortable transfers from one point in the terminal to another i.e. kerb to aircraft and aircraft to kerb, and a smooth flow of passengers approximately 250,000 annually and passengers baggage shall be handled inside the terminal building as the airport is mainly for tourists transfer rather than cargo transportation and handling. Efficiency of processing and facilitation, comfort levels, which are high on passengers’ expectations, has been considered for the design of the terminal. Passengers building has been designed to accommodate the anticipated future passengers demands including waiting lounge, security scanners, departure and arrival pavilion, luggage collection point, shops and restaurant, airport manager offices, customs and migration offices in accordance with the ICAO standard specifications. For more details of the terminal building design refer to Figures below which indicates ground plan layout and 3-D outlook of terminal building that include waiting lounge, security scanners, departure and arrival pavilion, luggage collection point, shops and restaurant, toilets, airport manager offices, customs, security and migration offices. The following figure 2-13 below indicates ground plan layout of the Control tower which shall be part of the terminal building which shall include offices, communication room, naval Aid room etc. 41 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Source: Design unit, October 2023 Figure 2-14:Ground Floor Plan of new design of terminal Building including Offices, passengers terminal, security system, VIP lounge, Toilets, communication system, storage facilities, business kiosk etc. 42 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Figure 2-15: First Floor Plan of the new design of Control Tower Building including offices, naval Aid room, communication rooms, toilets, etc. Source: Design unit, October 2023 Figure 2-16: 3D View: Outlook of the new design terminal Building that include the Control Tower on the top. Source: Design unit, October 2023 43 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Note: During undertaking of the project, TANROADS, Contractor and airport operator shall ensure that all construction activities does not interfere the operational activities of the airport as the existing facilities shall be in use timely and demolished upon completion of the proposed new airport facilities in order to continue servicing the tourism sector which is in high demand of the airport services. ➢ Traffic Forecast The forecast of passenger flow volume over the design period (between year 2017 and 2034) is shown in the Table 2-2 below, while Table 2-3 indicates the forecast of luggage flow volume and Table 2-4 & 2-5 shows the generated annual aircraft movement over the period of 18 years design life. Table 2-2: Volumes of Passenger Traffic AIRPORT 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 L/MANYA 33871 34618 35220 35922 36870 36645 40120 40345 42567 RA 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 (Person) 46970 62789 67523 89345 143980 168456 179678 180340 199456 Sources: Tanroads design team, 2023 Airport 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (Tonnage) 3.20 3.23 3.45 4.18 4.28 4.38 5.48 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 5.58 5.69 5.80 5.91 6.03 6.15 6.28 2031 2032 2033 2034 6.41 6.54 6.67 6.56 Table 2-3: Volumes of luggage Traffic Forecast from 2017 to 2034 Sources Tanroads design team, 2023 Table 2-4: Comparison between current and future fleet mix Table 2-5: Estimated Annual Aircrafts Movement Year Generated Traffic Category of Aircraft (AADT) 2017 0 (Cessna) 2019 5718 (Cessna) 2024 5912 (Cessna (5912)+ + ATR 42) (0) 2029 6,540 (Cessna (3392)+ ATR 42 (1308) + ATR 72, (1115) QR 400) (725) 2034 8,872 (Cessna (4115)+ ATR 42 (1808) + ATR 72, (1615) QR 400) (1334) 44 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Sources: Tanroads design team, 2023 However, the passenger traffic has almost drastically increased similarly without the project, hence the feasibility analysis will be updated in line with design review to capture the current data on passenger forecast. Given there is much more passenger traffic, it would seem there could likely be more future flights that presented in ESIA and noise study. 2.2.3 Project Size and Area Coverage The existing Lake Manyara airport covers an area of 451,000m2 for runway, main buildings and strip and other related facilities, however, the proposed new airport facilities shall need additional areas of 477,000m2 from land acquisition and compensation as shown on table 2-7 to accommodate the new airport runway, passengers terminal and other airport components. As per new design and after compensation the lake manyara airport shall have the total area of 928,000m2 to accommodate all the new proposed airport components. The table 2-7 below indicates the total area of the airport. Table 2-6: Size of Land Required for Each Airport Component Under Upgrading Land Use Area (㎡) Runway & Runway Strip Existing area 425,000 Apron& Taxiway Existing area 17,000 Terminal & Landside Existing area 9,000 New Additional areas for runway and runway strip Total additional Land acquired from PAPs extension as 477,000 Total airport Total Land required for new airport project land 928,000m2 2.2.4 Materials Required for Project Implementation 2.2.4.1 Power Sources. TANESCO power supply which is available alongside the airport project shall be used during construction and operation phases with providing of 33KV. Extra Power transformer shall be installed to maintain reliable power supply. Moreover, the standby generators with high capacity (400kVa) shall be installed as an alternative source of power in case of TANESCO power cut. 2.2.4.2 Water Supply The current airport is not connected by the district water pipe, hence the airport uses water from 1 drilled borehole with depth on 200 meters deep and with capacity of yielding 15,000 litters of water per day and stored in the raised water tank of 15,000 litters capacity. Currently, the capacity is enough which is 45 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. estimated to be 15,000 litters of water a day which are used for firefighting and domestic use around the airport. The water was tested by the airport authority and found suitable for uses. The Proposed new airport facilities upgrading shall require more water during operation and maintenance phases, hence due to the development and expansion of the airport more water shall be needed. The contractor shall drill the additional borehole that shall provide 10,000lts/day to supplement for water use during construction and operation phases. The water shall be pumped into lifted water tanks of 30,000Lts to be installed as part of the airport facility. The borehole shall have a depth of 200 meters deep to yield water with capacity of 30,000 litters per day for construction, operation (firefighting and domestic uses). As per airport design additional water shall be harvested from rainwater through terminal building and connected to new underground water tank which shall be constructed with storage capacity of 200,000 litres of water for airport uses during construction and operation phases. After drilling pump test shall be performed and water quality analysis shall be done to ascertain the quality of water. The water shall be used for construction and hygiene activity around the airport. The drinking water for workers and during operation phase shall be supplied by the private company licensed for supply drinking water from Arusha. Water shall be distributed through the Hydro-pneumatic System. The material of the water distribution pipeline would be GI. The buried pipe would be protected from corrosion with suitable coating/wrapping (depending on soil conditions) so as to give it a long life. All above tanks for natural water distribution shall be Reinforced concrete with all required nozzles with puddle flanges, vents, fire hydrants, access etc. The tank shall be made in two compartments to facilitate cleaning and maintenance.2.2.4.3 Gravel and stone aggregates materials Quarry site for stone aggregated materials have been identified at Utaho village along the tarmac road to Arusha which is about 75km from the proposed airport project. Several existing borrow sites for gravel have been identified around the proposed project at (Kilimamoja and Syrawan villages 35km) from airport project in Karatu district and sand shall be sourced from existing sand pit at Mungumaji village (23km) from project site in Karatu district. These sources of materials for quarry, gravel and sand are existing sources of materials which was used during construction of Makuyuni -Ngorongoro road project under TANROADS and are currently being used as sources of materials for roads maintenance activities. These identified sources of materials are currently owned by TANROADS and shall be part of the proposed project facilities which has been identified by the ESIA. The identified sources of construction materials includes Quarry sites and Borrow Pits are operated by TANROADS Regional Office as per guiding document which is Quarry site and Borrow Pits Management and Operation Plan (QBMOP) that are in place at regional level and being updated regularly as per requirements of Environmental Management Act of 2005 and Its Amendment Regulation of 2018 (See annex XIV bound separately as part of this ESIA) . However, in case Contractor shall choose to utilize the same site for materials sources, the review and updating of the guiding documents (QBMOP) shall be undertaken by the Contractor to ensure environmental liabilities prior operating the site. However, in case the Contractor shall identify another areas as sources materials apart from those identified shall be required to prepare the specific plans for Quarry and Borrow Pits Management and operational to be used for management of site and shall be approved by Employer prior project implementation. This plan shall be among the plan to prepare as per section 8.5 of the ESIA for the proposed airport project. During Mobilization phase the contractor shall decide to open new site for materials sources, hence be required to prepare specific Quarry and Borrow Pit Management and Operation plan (QBMOP) or if may decide to use the existing site for construction materials shall also be required to update the existing Quarry and Borrow Pit Management and Operation plan (QBMOP). In both scenario these documents shall be approved by the employer before use and this requirement is part of the ESMP of this ESIA report as well as Bid and Contract of this project as details in chapter 8 and 9 of the report, however, these identified sources of construction materials are not associated facilities as per ESF definitions. As per FIDIC guidelines there are some circumstances whereby the Contractor may choose to find his own alternative sources of materials apart from those identified during the project design, hence all these arrangement shall be undertaken upon approval of the Engineer and employer, In all cases the Contractor shall undertake the Quarry and Borrow Pits Management Plan (QBMOP) to be approved by the by the engineer and Employer 46 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. accordingly prior project implementation. According to Environmental Code of Practice for Civil Works (2009), ESS-1,6,8 and ESIA requirements in all cases the contractor shall be required to prepare the Quarry and Borrow Pits Management Plans to be approved by the employer before project execution. Together with obtaining a mining permit from the relevant authorities for smooth extraction of construction materials. The plan shall provide the roadmap on the best way to extract materials from all identified sources without compromising the need of the future generation. This plan shall be among the mandatory safeguards tools that form project site specific ESMPs. From ESIA study analysis and biological assessment undertaken has revered that, the vegetation around the identified existing borrow sites and quarry sites are generally characterized by grassland and scattered bushes and shrubs which are not among the sensitive species, hence there is no any endangered species to be affected around the existing borrow sites and quarry sites that may require additional study. However, more details on the biological characteristic around the project has been presented in chapter 4 of this report. At this time, it is not yet to know the exactly new alternatives land that shall be required by Contractor for borrow pit sites or quarry site until mobilization phase when the Contractor shall be on site. The project shall require a significant volume of materials estimated to be (40,000 m3 of aggregates, 250,000 m3 of gravel, 15,000 m3 of sand) that shall come from the identified quarries and borrow pits materials which shall be transported by approximately 20 tippers truck with ( 15 cubic meter) a day with 50 trips of haulage materials (to airport) shall also be covered by canvas to avoid dust spillage along the road to the project site. The mitigation measures for negative impacts for this material transportation and excavation is described in Chapter 7.0 and 8.0 of the report. Note: the construction materials such as aggregates and gravel shall be taken from the existing query site and borrow pits, However, other related materials under supply chain shall be sourced from primary source/service providers such as fuel supplier and bitumen to project site, hence this means that, several measures regarding the primary source/service providers have be included by Contractor into the C-ESMP while, other mitigation measures to be put in place by TAA to primary source/service providers during the O&M phase (e.g., for the private fuel suppliers). The locations of the identified sources and estimated quantities of gravel materials are listed in the table 7 below. 2.2.4.4 Project Materials and Equipment Requirements Airport construction materials for airport runway and other infrastructures shall include; • Cement to be used for construction of campsite and drainage structures (culverts, box culverts, Buildings, channels); • Gravels and aggregates of different sizes to be obtained from potential from borrow pits; • Timbers for installation of form works and shutters for concrete works; • Steel as reinforcement for reinforced concrete works as well as shutters; • Grease and oils to be used by machinery and vehicles during airport construction; • Sand from potential sand pits for construction of drainage structures; • Construction materials which estimated to (210,000 m3 of aggregates, 250,000 m3 of gravel, 235,000 m3 of sand) for construction of airport project; • Water for construction shall be obtained from drilled boreholes around the airport for construction activities and campsite; the water from the boreholes is estimated to yield 30,000 liters of water a day that shall be filling the underground tank with capacity of 200,000 liters of water to serve the construction and operation phases activities. All construction materials and equipment’s shall be stored at the workshop and campsite, which shall be close to the airport work site. Fuels and greases shall be stored in the drams or tanks, gravels and sand shall be stockpiled on the backyard and water tankers shall be used to ferry and store water for 47 Updated (ESIA) for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. construction works. Details on types, sources and estimated quantities of construction materials is shown on table 2-8 below: Table 2-7: Types, Sources and Estimated quantities of Construction Materials Measu Requirement Type (if Source/Location rement Amount/Quantity applicable) Unit Arusha region, Cum Raw Aggregates (existing Utaho quarry) (m³) 210,000 m³ 75km from project area along Arusha Materials Highway road Cum Fill/Gravel Generally, the existing borrow (m³) 250,000 m³ pits are located within free haul distance of 35km at Kilimamoja and Syrawan villages 48 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Requirement Type (if Source/Location Measurement Amount/Quantity applicable) Unit gravel /sand Mungumaji Village Cum (m³) 235,000 m³ 1 Extra borehole shall be drilled by Contractor within airport as source of water for construction and operation phases. The boreholes shall produce about 15,000liters a day for construction activities. Currently the airport has one borehole with capacity of 15000 liters a day for firefighting and domestic use and which suffice the current demand. However, during operation and as part of supplementing the underground water other water source shall be obtained from Approximately 30,000 liters of the rain water harvest which 15,000 Liters of water weekly to be shall be obtained from design water per day shall stored in of the roofing of the terminal be produced by the underground tank main building additional 1- of 200,000liters of Water borehole water Bitumen Imported Metric Tons 705 MT The cement shall be obtained from local market (Inside Tanzania factory), the cement shall be transported by tracks with capacity of carrying 40tonnes from Kilimanjaro cement factory which is located about 250km from the project site. The tracks shall be covered by canvas to avoid pollution from cement dusts. Note: the cement to site shall be delivered upon request and upon works progress and it shall be stored at cement storage rooms at the workshop. This shall pose the Cement along the risks to road safety49 Metric tons 3800 MT ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. transportation routes that needs to be addressed. The electricity shall be from TANESCO main grid which is already connected to airport, however, as part of backup power there shall be stand by diesel Generator with capacity of 500Kv to supply power during construction and operation phases of the Electricity airport. 500KV Reinforcement Local Metric Tone 975MT bars Manpower Skilled Arranged by Contractor Nos 50 Unskilled Local Nos 150 Source: ICT Designing Team, 2023 2.2.4.5 Proposed Equipment to be Used The construction equipment to be used during airport construction shall be stored and serviced or repaired at the workshop and campsite. The equipment includes Asphalt plant for bitumen related activities and concrete batching plant for cement related activities to be installed at the campsite as per manufacturing manual for airport construction activities. Other machinery and vehicles include; lorries, tippers, bulldozers, roller and plate compactors, wheeled loader, hydraulic excavator, vibrators, concrete mixers, fuel and water tankers, grader, poker, vehicles, trucks, dewatering pump, site dumper, hydraulic cranes and gantry. Moreover, the power generators shall be installed to produce power at the campsite and workshop for preparation of construction materials. These equipment’s and machinery shall be dismantling and removed from the project site after construction works as per C-ESMP. The detail analyses of construction equipment ‘s are provided in the table 2-9 below. Table 2-8:Types and Amount of Equipment and Machinery Requirement Sr. No. Type of Number Type of Fuel (i.e. Fuel consumption Equipment/Machineries diesel or petrol) rate per day 1 Dozer 1 nos. Diesel 50 litres 2 Grader 1 nos Diesel 25 litres 3 Excavator 12 nos. Diesel 30 litres 4 Payloader 2 nos. Diesel 20 litres 5 Vibratory roller 3 nos. Diesel 60 litres 4 Trucks Dumper/Mixer//water 13 nos. Diesel 200 litres 5 Cranes 1 nos. Diesel 20 litres 6 Jeep/ Pickups 10 nos Diesel 20 litres 7 Cars 5 nos. Petrol 15 litres 8 Asphalt plant for bitumen 1 nos Electric/ Diesel 50 litres 9 concrete batching plant for 1nos Electric/ Diesel 50 litres cement Source: Design Team, 2023 50 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 2.2.4.6 Staffing Requirement Approximately over 200 people both skilled and unskilled people shall be employed for construction periods of 2years. Employment priority for unskilled labour shall be given to the people from local communities located around the airport project. However, actual number of skilled staff shall be established during project implementation and these shall include: • Engineers for general supervising of construction works • Surveyors • E&S as well as ESHS safeguards staff • Technicians for supervision of artisans • Other skilled laborers include Artisans who are specialized in woodwork, steel fixing, concrete works, metal work, operators and drivers for operations of construction machinery, equipment, heavy duty trucks and light duty vehicles, and construction machines, and support staff such as accountants etc.); • Unskilled laborers who shall be required for general works which do not required specialized skills. It is anticipated that most of the unskilled laborers shall come from the project areas. 2.2.4.7 Construction of Temporary Campsite The proposed campsite shall be temporary and shall be constructed within the project site and shall require approximately 2acre and it is expected to accommodate temporally construction facilities for contractor such as Concrete batching plant, asphalt plant, workshop, office, toilets, changing rooms for workers and showers facilities for workers hygiene when on site and storage places of various kinds of construction materials. Also about 200 skilled and unskilled labors shall be employed by the proposed project and only 50 skilled labour shall be living in the campsite and majority (150 workers) shall be living outside the project in Kilimamoja village around the karatu district, which means shall be living off campsite around Kilimamoja village as long as majority of local workers shall be taken from Rhotia ward around the project. The workers skilled and unskilled shall be given free drinking water when on site, however food shall not be offered by the contractor because the salary has included costs for food during working days. As per labor law one hour shall be offered to all employees to attend lunchtime prior resuming at work. The temporally campsite shall be constructed for Contractor’s and Consultant’s key staff only ranging from 20 to 30 staff (national and foreigners) to facilitate the construction activities in all project phases. At the end of the project the temporary campsite shall be demolished and the area be reinstated. 2.2.5 Waste Generation and Management The main sources of the waste shall be from construction sites, campsites, workshops and materials yards. The types of wastes that are expected to be generated at different phases include solid, liquid, gaseous and semi-solid (sludge) wastes. The largest quantity of solid waste is expected to spoil from the excavation sites. The waste shall result from earthworks associated with project construction. Liquid waste shall include, lubricants, cement slurry, used oils from the operating machines and vehicles and sewerage generated from the workshop and campsite. On the other hand, solid wastes shall include scrapers, construction debris, wood, metal, tins, paper, plastic materials, drums, containers and other packaging materials. Fire training should take place on impermeable surfaces surrounded by a retaining dyke to prevent foam and powder or other environmentally hazardous fire extinguishing agents or polluted fire water from entering the storm water system. Water containing fire extinguishing agents 51 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. and non-combusted flammable materials should be treated prior to discharge to airport water drainage system. These solid and liquid wastes materials shall be corrected and handled over to Authorised and licenced waste dealer for disposal into the Karatu District dumpsite areas. All hazardous wastes both solid and liquid wastes shall be collected and stored into designated areas around the campsite (drums, concrete ponds) to be handled to the Authorised licenced waste dealers for disposal accordingly in the approved facilities belong to Karatu District which is located 17km from the airport project area. As such, spoil materials formation earthworks shall be stockpiled in one area, which the Contractor shall identify as a storage place within the existing acquired land for sources of materials and on the other hand, wastes generated from the removal of overburden and general preparation of borrow pits and quarries shall be stockpiled within the respective existing land for borrow pits and quarries site which belong to TANROADS Arusha region which contractually shall be used by the Contractor until the completion of the project. The stockpiled spoil shall eventually be used to reinstate the respective sites as well as landscaping the cut sections and side slopes at the end of the construction phase of the project. However, these identified materials sources areas shall be used by contractor prior to revert back to Employer as per Contract. All sewerage wastes that shall be discharged from the campsite and workshops shall be collected through the septic tanks constructed around the airport, and when full, it shall be emptied by cesspit emptier trucks owned by authorized and licenced waste agents and be disposed into Karatu district wastewater treatment site. Gaseous emissions shall include exhaust fumes containing mainly exhaust gases and particulate matter emitted by vehicles, plant and machinery operating in the project area and dust generated by construction activities. Summary of wastes to be generated are shown in Table 2-10 and 11 below. Table 2-9: Shows Wastes Likely to be Generated During Project Execution Phases Aspect/Activities Solid Waste Liquid Waste Gaseous Waste Project mobilization phase Site clearing and Spoils materials from Water slurry, wash- Emission of air excavation, Earth cutting and down water pollutants from construction of grabbing, vegetation operating machinery temporally campsite, clearance, (dust, HC, NOx, CO) construction of Pit latrines toilets, Removal of spoil materials Excavation of Spoils materials from Water slurry, wash- Emission of air construction materials Earth cutting and down water pollutants from from the identified grabbing, vegetation operating machinery quarry site and borrow clearance, (dust, HC, NOx, CO) pits areas Project Construction Phase Construction of Bitumen drums, Bitumen, Water and Emission of air Runway; Taxiway and scrapers, used woods cement slurry pollutants from access road and timbers, gravel, operating machinery concrete, spoil (dust, HC, Nox, CO) 52 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. materials, Cement bags Vehicles and Scrappers, used tires, Water slurry, Used oils Emission of air equipment’s servicing used batteries and and greases pollutants from and maintenance filters operating machinery (dust, HC, Nox, CO) Debris from Debris, spoils materials, Water and cement Emission of air Demolishment of Concrete, blocks, slurry pollutants from existing structures such hessian cement, Demolishment of as existing terminal timbers, tiles existing structures (PM) Buildings and its facilities, existing runway Construction scrapers, plastic, used Water slurry, Emission of air block/concrete works, woods and timbers, Wash-down water pollutants from Apron, security fence, gravel, concrete, spoil operating machinery and water supply. materials, Cement bags (dust, HC, Nox, CO) Construction of the Cement bags, mortar, Water slurry, paints, Emission of air terminal building, metal (reinforcements, Cement slurry pollutants from control tower and nails, timber, Paint operating machinery firefighting building. drums, iron sheet, (dust, HC, Nox, CO, cement bags fumes) Other Airport Water Pipes, plastic Water slurry, paints, from operating Infrastructure such as appliances, cement Cement slurry machinery (dusts, HC, communication and bags, timber, e-wastes CO) security system, storm water drainage and sewerage system around the airport. Domestic operations Food remaining wastes Sanitary Wastes water, None from contractor such as water bottles, drinks waste remaining campsites and ongoing plastic bags, papers, airport services. lunch boxes Project Operation and maintenance phases after completion of both Lots Passengers Packaging Sanitary Emission of air logistics/operation of wastes from retail Wastes and sewerage pollutants from the airport for facilities such as paper, wastes operating machinery commercial airport may bottles, plastic cane, (dust, HC, CO) generate solid, liquid newspaper, disposable and gases wastes which food containers, food some may be remaining wastes, hazardous wastes. Airport air emissions Scrapers, debris handling of fuels tanker Emission of air include combustion for pollutants from exhaust from aircraft (e.g. jet fuel, diesel, and operating machinery during landing and gasoline) primarily (fumes, HC, Nox, CO) takeoff and ground associated with operation, from ground aircraft fueling activities service vehicles, vapors as well as with ground from fuel handling, and support vehicles. 53 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. emissions from local ground transportation activities servicing the airport. Structures Cement bags, mortar, Sanitary Emission of air Maintenances activities metal (reinforcements, Wastes and sewerage pollutants from for buildings and other nails, timber, e-wastes wastes, Water slurry, operating machinery airport system. iron sheet, bitumen Cement slurry. (dust, HC, Nox, CO) (As per design, there drums. shall be no aircraft maintenance at the airport) Source: Designing Team, 2023 Table 2-10: Types, amounts and treatment/disposal of generated wastes Waste Types Generated amount Treatment on weekly basis Solid Waste Debris from demolished 150kg/day (based Collected by the authorised waste (degradable) facilities, on generation rate dealer for disposal into Karatu Packaging of 0.3kg/day/ district dumping site. wastes from retail person and 350 facilities such as paper, people) a week. newspaper, disposable food paper Approximately Collected and Storage on-site at containers, food 7.5kg/day (based on designated areas and when in full remaining wastes. generation rate of handled to authorised waste dealers 20g/day/ person for for disposal. 350 people) Solid Waste Demolition of existing 255kg per week To be collected by the authorised (Non- buildings, debris from waste dealer for reuse and disposal. Degradable) demolition waste; Other such as spoil materials shall bottles, plastic cane and be Re-used by contractors for containers, Tins, glasses landscaping around airport site, and plastics materials, Spoil wastes materials around the airport. Scrap metal 50kg per day To be collected by the authorised waste dealer for reuse and disposal Liquid waste Sewage. 10.04m3 /day (based Collected through Septic tank –Soak on 350 people a away system at the campsite and week, water mobile toilets around the airport consumption rate of construction site. 40L/cap/day and wastewater discharge factor of 80%); Used Oils and greases. 200 litters of used Regular Vehicles and machinery oils and grease per maintenance shall be done at day from servicing contractors workshop during vehicles and construction phase. The workshop equipment’s shall have special concrete pond and drums to collect and storage of used 54 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. oils prior handling to waste authorised dealer for disposal. Oils and greases from 1000 litters a week Service and maintenance of aircrafts workshop and shall done at workshop located at maintenance of DSM airport and vehicles/machinery operating machinery. shall be serviced at Karatu district garage dealers and for all maintenance activities undertaken within contractors workshop shall be done at designated concrete ponds to collect used oils and within garages, other kept in drums at the workshop prior to be collected by the authorised waste dealer for disposal. Oils leakage from oil Leakage of oils and The aircrafts fuelling shall be done tanker when filling the fuel 5liters a week at designated concrete surfacing aircrafts during around the airport to prevent oils operation phase. from entering the storm water system. Water containing oil spillage should be treated prior to discharge to airport water drainage system around the airport Hazardous Used Acid Lead batteries, 150kg per week To be collected by the authorised waste used oil filters, e-wastes waste dealer for reuse and disposal Source: Consultant calculation, 2023 2.2.6 Land acquisition and Compensation The airport upgrading project shall require land of about 928,000m2 to meet the required project facilities. In this regard, there shall be compensation to any land that shall be acquired from individual land owners and village government located along the project. RAP study, in accordance with the Environmental and Social Standard 5 (ESS5) of the World Bank’s Environmental and Social Framework (WB ESF) has been conducted where the team questioned villagers to provide their views on the project. Project Affected Persons (PAPs) were very positive about the project and were willing to move and be compensated for their properties. The proponent shall make sure that all procedures for acquiring land for the proposed project are followed to avoid land disputes, besides, all land which is outside the airport project shall not be compensated. PAPs shall be compensated fairly and promptly in accordance with the Land Act No. 4 and 5 of 1999 and Land Regulation of 2001 which require valuation of the properties to include the following aspects: • Market value of both land and un-exhausted improvements; • Disturbance allowance calculated as a percentage of market value of the acquired assets over twelve (12) months; • Transport allowance calculated by considering the actual cost of transporting 12 tons luggage by rail or road within a distance of 20 km; • Loss of profit assessed by establishing Net profit per month multiplied by 36 Months; • Accommodation allowance calculated by considering market rents of affected properties multiplied by 36 months (duration of constructing another house). 55 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. During acquisition of land for airport project the following normal procedure shall be followed: - • Make arrangements for consultation with affected parties; • The landowner receives a letter of intent for about inspection; • The landowner replies with a letter of acceptance; • Preparation of RAP and Valuation report • Formulation of the GRM and RAP implementation committees • The pit is located and the landowner is sent details of the site; • The landowner replies with a letter of acceptance; • The landowner receives a letter of upgrading activities and processes • The process closes with written notification from the landowner that he is satisfied; • Compensation payment agreement signed by the PAPs. 2.3 Project Direct and Indirect Area of Influence and Boundaries In line with WB ESS1, the airport upgrading project like this encompasses specifically identified physical elements, aspects, and facilities that are likely to generate direct and indirect impacts around areas of influence; hence, potential environmental and social-health related risks and impacts shall be identified and evaluated in the context of the project’s direct and indirect area of influence. That is, the area likely to be affected by the project including all its ancillary aspects. Project boundary helps to determine and evaluate the extent of the identified environmental and social impacts of the proposed Lake manyara airport upgrading project. The boundaries include institutional, temporal and spatial boundaries as described below. I) INSTITUTIONAL BOUNDARIES Institutional boundaries refer to those institutions and sectoral boundaries in which the project is located or mandated. Primarily this entails institutional and sectoral margins associated with the administration of the project area and associated activities. These institutions have been determined from political boundaries, legislations, regulations, institutional mandates, and administrative structure from national to village and mtaa levels. They can influence or be influenced by the proposed Lake manyara airport upgrading project legally, technically, and socially. These include but not limited to the Vice President’s Office-Division of Environment (VPO-DoE); National Environment Management Council (NEMC); Ministry of Works, Ministry of Land, Housing and Human Settlements Development (MLHHSD); Occupational Health and Safety Authority (OSHA); TANROADS, Arusha Regional Secretariat, Karatu district Council, Lake manyara Airport Office. The role and involvement of each institution at all levels is thoroughly presented in Section 3.7 of this report. However, specifically, the management and monitoring of ecosystem, biodiversity and tourism activities around lake manyara airport shall facilitate the core business of tourism activities for Ngorongoro, lake manyara and Serengeti national parks. The institutional arrangements are such that TAA through annual operational plans and budgets shall cover day-to-day operations around Lake manyara airport during operational phase. As part of Law enforcement, the police force through traffic police and auxiliary police around the airport are responsible for traffic control along the road corridor and security assurance around the airport project. Please note that, traffic and auxiliary police shall use their annual budget to undertake the above activities around the project. 56 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. II) TEMPORAL BOUNDARIES Time horizons of the project consist what is referred to as temporal boundaries. This entails life span regarding the duration of associated impacts. The project is divided into different phases, that is, pre- construction, construction, demobilization, operation and maintenance. Further, as described in Section 6.10 of this report, the temporal boundaries of each of the identified positive and negative impact from the proposed project has been characterized in terms of their nature of occurrence as either direct, indirect, cumulative; duration i.e. long-term or short-term; reversible or irreversible; localized impact or regionalized impact; and time of their occurrence i.e., mobilization; construction; operation and maintenance phases. III) SPATIAL BOUNDARIES The spatial boundary of the project covers mainly what is near the project area, including within primary and secondary influence areas. Primary boundaries including around airport area in Karatu district. The secondary boundaries include the adjacent villages or wards surrounding the airport project, construction materials shall be sourced from Karatu district at large. In terms of the geographical spread of the impacts regardless of whether they are short term or long term, cumulative, the spatial scale considers environmental receptor component and can be on local or broader in scale. Following this, three zones of impact have been considered: • Direct or primary zone of impact which range from 0 to 5km radius: This include all impacts that shall originate as the result of construction works around the airport corridor. Major upgrading works to be undertaken within this area including, storage of construction materials such as sand, gravel, aggregates, wood, cutting and filling etc., demolishment activities and spoil materials, earthworks for construction of sub-grade, sub-base, base and surfacing; construction of the main pavement, temporally workshop and campsite facilities, area along construction of new access road, provision of temporary crossings and traffic diversions, construction of terminal building, control tower, firefighting building, construction of longitudinal and cross drainage structures plus associated water disposal systems. This zone does not include primary sources of construction materials and routes of transportation of materials to the airport. The area shall also include impacts originate from aircrafts operation underneath fright paths during landing and taking off of the aircrafts. • Indirect or Secondary zone of impact which range from 5km to 10km radius: This is the areas outside the primary area of influence and is normally characterized by several human or natural activities with substantial impacts associated with the proposed project. The secondary area of impacts including sources of construction materials to site, transportation routes from material extraction site to project site, the secondary area also can be extend to the areas that shall undergo future development due to airport project such as other service linked to airport including food sellers, shops, residential, hotels outside the airport boundaries as well as the whole areas of Rhotia ward and neighboring villages which shall indirectly be affected by the project activities during Mobilization, Construction, operation and maintenance phases. 57 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. This zone shall indirectly impact or pose risks to the airport neighbourhood communities who are exposed to construction activities such as dust, noises, accident. GBV/SEA, OHS risks etc. that are undertaken within the airport boundaries, hence need to be covered by Contractor ESMP to minimize the adverse impacts. This airport neighborhood are at risks than those beyond 10km radius. • General project area of influence ranges from 10km and beyond: The general area of influence is determined based on distance of travel of noise, dust and exhausts from machines and equipment operating in the airport area, the area can also be extended along the transportation routes that can be used for the construction materials haulage as well as the distance from the area underneath fright paths during landing and taking off the aircrafts. This area covering the distance from 10km radius and beyond from the secondary areas of influence. The three area of influence (Zones) around the airport project were identified and includes; the direct area or primary which includes the Inner Cycle inside the First red line of the layout that extended from (0 to 5km radius), the Secondary or indirect area of influence includes Second Cycle inside the two red lines of the layout that extended from (5km to 10km radius) and final is the general areas of influence which includes the all general areas outside direct and Indirect areas of influence and on layout the areas is beyond the second red line Cycle from (10km and beyond). This community are found distance away from the airport boundaries but within Karatu district, hence considered to have minimum ESHS risks compared to the above areas of influence. The Contractors ESMP shall cover the impacts mitigations to those areas identified as sources of construction materials, transportation routes. Note that: The ESIA has identified three area of influence to be affected by the airport project which includes (i) Direct or primary zone of impact (5km radius) contains the airport boundaries with existing facilities and other receptors outside the airport within 5km radial distance (ii) Indirect or Secondary zone of impact which range from (5 to 10km radius) which contain the farmland, residential, commercial and neighbor communities to be affected indirect by the project and (iii) General project area of influence range from 10km and beyond which contain the whole areas of Karatu district (residential, farmland, commercial activities, forest reserves, tourism attraction areas which goes up to 30km from the project site. The identified impacts zones contain different levels of the ESHS risks that are posed to the project workers and neighborhood communities around the project areas of influence, hence this ESIA has defined several mitigation measures that cutting across impacts related to these zones as remedial measures to mitigated the identified adverse impacts as detailed in Chapter 6.0; section 6.10.1 to 6.10.4 and chapter 7.0 of the ESIA. 2.4 Project Activities The upgrading activities shall be according to conventional engineering scheduling, procedures and practices. Activities shall be predominantly confined to the runway, apron and taxiway, whilst other areas and structures within the airport shall be retained in their current state or rehabilitated to achieve current standards. The existing airport shall remain open (Operational) throughout the upgrading works which are estimated to be of 24 months duration, hence the new airport facilities shall be constructed in another location not similar to the existing facilities. To achieve this target the upgrading works shall be phased in a manner to enable sufficient runway to be available to allow the size of aircraft currently using the airport to safely operate. 58 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. However, during the project implementation Contractor in coordination with TAA and TCAA shall prepare the Airport Construction procedures and guideline which shall allow smooth implementation of the project without interfering the airport operational activities which is the pivotal for the tourism activities. Temporal closures of part of airport may be required to enable critical tie in works to be performed. In regards to the above, the current airport operations shall continue while upgrading activities of the new airport are ongoing. During this phase the contractor shall prepared construction methodology including schedule of works and construction plan to be approved by TAA in order to issue the NOTAM to airlines during construction of the airport. 2.4.1 Phasing of the project works Due to demand of the current airport services for tourist activities, it is expected to undertake the airport construction activities while the airport operations is continue as normal. This is normal procedure for airport construction or maintenance activities as provided into Airport Construction and Operational guideline procedure. This procedure shall include details of the construction methodology, location of active site, working hours, safety measures, CoEC for workers, machinery and vehicle involved, emergency rescue facilities etc., this procedure shall be approved by TAA and TCAA during mobilization phase in order to issues NOTAM to airlines operators using the airport facilities. TCAA shall also update the existing Aircraft Traffic Operations Procedures detailing the construction sequencing, Airport Operator and passenger’s information announcements. These documents shall assist to guide the Contractor works during construction phase. Note that: Runway construction shall be done in phases, whereby phase-1 of construction activities shall be done by extending one part of the existing runway while the remaining part of the runway shall be on operation (Phase 1 runway construction shall contain 600 m (minimum operating length). After completion of phase 1, then the remaining phase-2 of the runway shall also be constructed, this shall allow full completion of the new airport runway. A part from above explanation, TAA and airport authority shall also ensure the following criteria are adopted by Contractor and aircrafts operators: • Ensure protocol on a minimum operating length of the runway 6-24 of 600m for light aircraft up to 16 seats to operate are in place. • Ensure minimum length of 300m beyond at end of the reduced runway to be regarded as safety area (RESA). • Ensure the reduced operating length of runway to be marked in accordance with ICAO Annex 14 guidelines with materials that can be removed. • Provide the Notice to Air Mission (NOTAM) which containing (condition or change in any aeronautical facility, services, procedures or hazard and timely knowledge to fright operators) and ensure enforcement. • Ensure firstly contractor is constructing new access road of 1.5km to the airport prior to closure the existing access road to allow smooth accessibility to the airport. • Ensure contractor provide temporary Access roads to the new Taxiway location including Turn pads and Signals to cross the existing runway or taxiway. Runway construction works shall be done in phases, whereby phase 1 shall be implemented first to cover part of runway with a length of 600 m (minimum operating length) and phase 2 of the runway shall follow as indicated in figures 2-17 below. 59 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Figure 2-17: Among other features the layout indicating phasing of project implementation. 2.4.2 Activities During Project Mobilization Phase The mobilization phase shall last for about 3 months after signing the construction contract. This phase entails mobilization of labour force, construction equipment and machinery and establishment of offices/campsite as well as acquisition of various permits as required by the law. Other activities during this phase include route demarcation, topographical survey, geo-technical investigation, land acquisition; material storage and material preparation., construction of new access road to airport site, The locations and construction of the campsite shall be within the existing airport boundary and shall be temporary. The employment of construction laborers (both skilled and unskilled labour) shall be undertaken at this phase. Other activities shall include the following: 60 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 2.4.2.1 Contractor campsite The proposed campsite shall be temporary and shall be constructed within the project site and shall require approximately 2acre and it is expected to accommodate temporally construction facilities for contractor such as Concrete batching plant, asphalt plant, workshop, office, toilets, changing rooms for workers and showers facilities for workers hygiene when on site and storage places of various kinds of construction materials. Also about 200 skilled and unskilled labors shall be employed by the proposed project and only 50 skilled labour shall be living in the campsite and majority (150 workers) shall be living outside the project in Kilimamoja village around the karatu district, which means shall be living off campsite around Kilimamoja village as long as majority of local workers shall be taken from Rhotia ward around the project. The workers skilled and unskilled shall be given free drinking water when on site, however food shall not be offered by the contractor because the salary has included costs for food during working days. As per labor law one hour shall be offered to all employees to attend lunchtime prior resuming at work. The temporally campsite shall be constructed for Contractor’s and Consultant’s key staff only ranging from 20 to 30 staff (national and foreigners) to facilitate the construction activities in all project phases. At the end of the project the temporary campsite shall be demolished and the area be reinstated. The Contractor shall be required to prepare the Campsite Management Plan to address accommodation issues as part of the Contractor Site Specific Management Plan to be approved by the supervision consultant and employer. 2.4.2.2 Transportation of construction materials Materials (fine and course aggregates) from quarries shall be transported by trucks to the construction site. The materials shall be taken from Utaho village along the tarmac road to Arusha which is about 75km from the proposed airport project. Other several existing borrow sites for gravel have been identified around the proposed project at (Kilimamoja and Syrawan villages 35km) from airport project in Karatu district and sand shall be sourced from existing sand pit at Mungumaji village (23km) from project site in Karatu district. These sources of materials for quarry, gravel and sand are existing sources of materials which was used during construction of Makuyuni -Ngorongoro road project under TANROADS and are currently being used as sources of materials for roads maintenance activities. The project shall require a significant volume of materials estimated to be (40,000 m3 of aggregates, 250,000 m3 of gravel, 15,000 m3 of sand) that shall come from the above identified quarries and borrow pits areas which shall be transported by approximately 20 tippers truck with (15cubic meters) a day with 50 trips of haulage materials (to airport) which shall be covered by canvas to avoid dust spillage along the road to the project site. Water for construction shall be obtained from drilled boreholes around the airport for construction activities and campsite; the water from the boreholes is estimated to yield 15,000 liters of water a day that shall be filling the underground tank with capacity of 200,000 liters of water to serve the construction and operation phases. others Other materials like asphalts, cement, timber and reinforcement bars shall be transported by trucks to the construction site with quantities as indicated in section 2.2.4 above. The mitigation measures for negative impacts for this material transportation and excavation is described in Chapter 7.0 and 8.0 of the report. 2.4.1.3 materials Storage As for mobilization phase, there shall be materials which would require storage while others do not. Some of the materials from borrow pits shall be used directly after delivery and as such no piling shall be required. Other materials like aggregates and sand shall be stored at the backyard of camp sites ready for use. Cement and reinforcement bars shall be stored in special storage areas in the contractor's yard. Timber shall directly be used at the required areas and consequently there shall be no stockpiling of timber at the camp sites. The asphalt shall be stored in their respective containers within contractor's yard. Fuel shall be stored in drums or temporary filling station shall be established at contractors' campsite. 61 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 2.4.2 Activities during Project Construction Phase The first phase of construction activities shall be done by constructing the extension part of the runway while existing runway shall be on operation (Phase 1 runway shall have a length of 600 m (minimum operating length). After completing construction of one side of the airport, then the Contractor shall continue with second phase of the remaining side of the runway with the length of 600 m to allow full completion of the project and full airport operational activities to continue refers to figure 2-17 above. In term of Occupational, health and safety during this phase, the contractor shall ensure HSMP is in place and implemented by the responsible OHS experts to ensure Projects reduce the number of accidents among project workers (whether directly employed or subcontracted) to a rate of zero, especially accidents that could result in lost work time, different levels of disability, or even fatalities. The airport construction works at this phase shall consist mainly of: Upgrading of sub-base. The sub base for the new rehabilitated runway shall be constructed by utilizing the existing runway materials and/or imported materials as required. These materials shall be further stabilized and strengthened through the introduction and mixing of cement to achieve the desired strength characteristics. The new sub-base shall be shaped levelled and compacted to achieve the design profile. Upgrading of base. The initial base shall comprise an optimum thickness layer of bituminous material which shall be laid, spread and compacted over the surface of the sub-base using normal upgrading practices. Upgrading of Base-course and wearing course. The final paved surfacing shall comprise a two layers bitumen pavement upgrading of specified thickness that achieves the required design characteristics. The bitumen mixing process shall be accomplished using asphalt mixing plant which mixes a defined ratio of aggregates and bitumen together into a cohesive material. The asphalt mixing plant may be placed on the quarry site or at the upgrading site. The other activities shall include. • Exploitation of material sources for fill, sub-grade, sub-base, base and surfacing of the runway, apron, taxiway and vehicular parking. • Clearing of the right of way to relinquish the land for upgrading works. • Construction of new terminal building and its associated facilities (e.g. VIP lounge, passenger arrival and departure lounge, etc.), including other landside and airside facilities. • Construction of a tarmac access road connecting to the terminal building from the public main road. • Construction and installation of airport AGL, ARFF and Security Systems. • Construction of perimeter fence • Construction of airport drainage systems for the storm water, water supply and sewerage, including installation of power supply systems. • The duration of this phase is estimated to be two years (2) years. 2.4.3 Activities during Project Demobilization Phase The main activities shall include but not limited to: • Demobilization of temporary structures shall be done for proper restoration of the site(s). Demobilization of the Contractor is expected to be for three months before commencement of the defect notification period. • Other activities include reinstatement of campsite, workshops and stockpile yards at least to the original condition, clearance of all sorts of all wastes including removal of used oils, greases, 62 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. sewage, solid wastes (plastics, wood, metal, papers, etc.) by authorized waste dealers for disposal. • Closure of temporally contractor's and Supervision Engineer’s camp sites; • Landscaping (reclaiming, re-contouring and restoring of disturbed areas); • Reinstating of pits and quarries with clean and/ or granular material, levelling or sloping and if necessary re-vegetating the site. 2.4.4 Activities during Project Operation and Maintenance Phases The activities involved in this phase aims to maintain safety for all airport users after commencement of operational activities. The actual usage of the airport is expected to commence after the construction works. The design period is 20 years, after which further upgrading may be required. During this phase, TANROADS/TAA shall also carry out routine maintenance by attending to pot holes, clearing vegetation within the airport periphery and general monitoring. ➢ Other activities include installation of damaged airport signs, reinforcement and replacement of some furniture, management and control of wastes and litter accumulation from airport surrounding by engaging authorized waste dealer for collection and disposal of the wastes. In addition, other activities shall include Air Craft Accidents management practices around the airport. As per ICAO requirements, every airport operation shall have in place the comprehensive emergency practices and response mechanism which set out guidelines for actions to be taken by the responsible parties e.g. (TAA and airport operator) to prevent accident or after a crisis has occurred. Emergency preparedness is among the mechanism to ensure that accident is avoidable around the airport surroundings. During operation phase Airport operator should prepare necessary emergency preparedness and response plans that provide a coordinated response based on the required airport and community resources for the nature and severity of the emergency event. The emergency plans should specifically address potentially catastrophic incidents such as aircraft crashes and fires, including a firefighting plan and training program, applicable to airport and aircraft emergencies. An aircraft accident is a serious crisis that should not happen. A disproportionately high number of accidents take place prior to landing or soon after take-off. This, in turn, means a high proportion of aircraft accidents occur around airport. Such accidents cannot be foreseen, but it is essential that we consider the measures to save human lives, prevent the ripple effect from the accident, and maintain airport operations. In order to ensure this not happen during construction and operation phases the following shall be in place and ensured. • TAA and airport authority shall undertake regular runway maintenance and monitoring to identify and remove non-permissible objects on the runway (e.g. metal or other parts that may have fallen from other aircraft that may cause potential hazards to aircrafts. • TAA and TCAA shall ensure airport Occupational health and safety are included in an airport- wide comprehensive safety management system that incorporates other applicable aspects of airport safety. • TAA and Airport authority shall ensure Airport operators develop and implement a Safety Management System (SMS) which include comprehensive and effective Accident Prevention Program which effectively identify and correct unsafe conditions as the Airport operators have certain key responsibilities necessary for the safe operation of aircraft during the landing and takeoff cycle and during ground operations. • TAA and TCAA shall ensure airspace around airport are kept free of obstacles, although the enforcement of this requirement may be the responsibility of Manyara Airport authority. 63 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • TAA and TCAA shall ensure Airport operators should are prepare necessary emergency preparedness and response plans that provide a coordinated response based on the required airport and community resources for the nature and severity of the emergency event. • TAA and TCAA shall ensure Birds Strike and other animal management procedures are in place this is because wildlife strikes are most commonly management associated with birds and animals’ management around the airport areas. (e.g. avoiding use of vegetation, structural features or storm water management structures that can act as habitats or nesting places for birds, or use of anti-perching devises to avoid nesting in existing structures). Also, through applying wildlife repellent and harassment techniques if necessary, which may include the use of chemicals, audio techniques, or visual techniques to scare and repel wildlife • In addition to the environmental and occupational health and safety issues, also potential risks related to operational safety of aircraft during landing, takeoff, and ground operations, including adequate emergency response plan shall be in place. • TAA and airport authority shall undertake awareness rising to the communities around the airport areas on the proper management of the airport facilities. • TAA and airport authority shall ensure the airport is full covered by the fire trucks/fighting and tenderers full equipped with regular exercises on emergency issues. 2.4.5 Airport Emergency Response Action Plan during operation and maintenance phases Airport Emergency plans is an existing plan prepared by Airport operator and setting out guidelines for actions to be taken after a crisis has occurred and are part of the crisis management program. An ERP is among the living document which shall be updated time to time by airport operator during operation phase to respond to an individual crisis, which has been analysed as part of crisis management. Emergency action plans gives guideline in case of aircraft accidents and other emergencies in the event of malfunctioning of a key airport associated equipment. The ERP is among the airport confidential document and is normally not disclosed nor inspected by the public but is used under strict conditions. Hence, the documents outline forms part of this ESIA report to guide the contractor and airport operators on how to mitigate the risks of airport related accident during construction, operation and maintenance phases. The TAA shall review and update the ERP prior project construction to address the provisions of the ESIA requirements. Refers to the attached commitment letter from TAA. The possible crises that could occur around the airport can broadly be divided as follows: i. Natural Disasters In addition to meteorological phenomena such as typhoons, heavy rain, heavy snow and thunderstorms, this category also includes earthquakes, etc. The meteorological phenomena can be predicted in advance and normally have time to prepare. Their effects are temporary, but typhoons represent a crisis that can be dealt with adequately based on past experience. On the other hand, some disasters may be foreseen, but the time of occurrence and the extent/scope of impact are difficult to estimate in advance. The important point here is how to minimize the damage and promptly restore the normal operation of the airport while considering the secondary damage, such as general panic and harmful rumours, as well as shortages of supplies and looting etc. ii. Aircraft Accidents An aircraft accident is a serious crisis that should not happen. A disproportionately high number of accidents take place prior to landing or soon after take-off. This, in turn, means a high proportion of aircraft accidents occur around airport. Such accidents cannot be foreseen, but it is essential that we consider the measures to save human lives, prevent the ripple effect from the accident, and maintain airport operations. However, the TAA and TCAA have put in place the aviation operational guideline, procedures and best practices that shall have to be adhered by the aircrafts operators to ensure the 64 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. ICAO guideline and requirements are met to avoid any possible occurrence of accident whether technically or from negligible. iii. Disease Control With aircraft frequently crisscrossing the world, (pathogenic) viruses are spread rapidly. Particularly at airport, which are gateways to other nations, we need to deal with infected passengers entering the country and the spread of infection to airport employees. Pandemics cannot be forecasted, but we can specify accurately when influenza breaks out; therefore, we should be prepared every year. iv. Malfunctions or Damage to Key Airport Equipment In recent years, airports have introduced state-of-the-art equipment, such as in-line screening and IT systems, which have dramatically boosted user convenience. At the same time, however, if a malfunction affects the use of such equipment, an airport can be thrown into major turmoil. Preventative maintenance is important, as is the preparation of proper trouble-shooting manuals to deal with incidents or the installation of a backup system so that there is no ill effect on operations. v. Fire in the airport No records have been reported or obtained about Lake Manyara Airport regarding fire accident, since establishment. The airport operations may experience fire outbreak as an accident mainly from multifunction of the equipment and failure of operating system or wildfire outbreak. Therefore, fire accident is not a serious disaster as long as the airport operations and activities are substantially put in place best practices and administrative procedures acceptable for mitigating such accident around the airport. In addition, as part of remedial measures, the proposed airport project shall construct the security fence around all the project areas to ensure that there is no trespassing and any interference from outside communities that may risks to wildfire to airport surrounding. The TAA/airport authority has been undertaking regular vegetation clearance and pruning of grasses around the airport areas to ensure the minimizing of possibilities of wildfire occurrence and strategy for birds strike. In case of fire outbreak, the proposed airport shall be equipped with firefighting facilities to overcome the fire accident. Finally, the airport boundaries on outside the security fence there shall be gravel road of 5meters to act as the buffer zone which shall always be cleared and protected to ensure there is no chance of fire outbreak from outside the airport area. However, proper administrative arrangement shall be set out around the airport to ensure safety as well as ICAO and IATA standards are met as per requirement. vi. Spills of fuels, or other hazardous materials The airport operations involves airlines and equipment’s operations, which regularly need to be refuelled with oils and greases as per manufacturing guidelines and in the event of doing that, may cause the oils spillage around the airport and if not properly handled may result into accident risks such as fire outbreak, fumes pollution etc. that may affect the airport operations. 2.4.6 Activities During Project Decommissioning Phase Decommissioning phase is not anticipated in this project; however, it shall happen, shall involve closing the project for a new purpose. However, it is expected that the design life span of the airport project shall be approximately 20 years and it shall be not be decommissioned thereafter. Periodic maintenance and rehabilitation shall be performed. Two scenarios that can happen in the future: • Major rehabilitation and/or upgrading which could involve dismantling and erection of new runway and/or outer buildings • Development of a completely new airport at a new site. 65 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Chapter 3 : POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 3.1 Introduction Location, design, mobilization, construction/installation, operation and decommissioning of the proposed project components and its associated support services shall have both positive and negative impact on the ecological and social environment. On one hand, TANROADS and Tanzania Airports Authority (TAA) needs to ensure that during the project implementation phases they complying with relevant national polices, legislations and standards in Tanzania and World Bank ESF requirements. On the other hand, there are international agreements and/or conventions to which Tanzania is required to rectify and implement which are relevant with this project. These also need to be considered during project construction and operational phases. This ESIA review and update has been carried out in accordance with the following Policy, Laws and Regulations. 3.2 Need For Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Impact Assessment is one of the planning tools which are used to facilitate and promote sustainable development by integrating environmental consideration in the decision making process and ensuring that unnecessary damage to the environment is avoided and optimizes resources use and management opportunities. Due to the importance of Environment Impact Assessment, most sector policies and legislation have incorporated the requirement of undertaking Environmental Impact Assessment prior to the implementation of development projects. The following sections shall discuss relevant sector policies and legislation to the proposed project: 3.3 World Bank's Environmental and Social Framework The World Bank Environmental and Social Framework sets out the World Bank’s commitment to sustainable development, through a Bank Policy and a set of Environmental and Social Standards (ESS 1 to 10) that are designed to support Borrowers’ projects, with the aim of ending extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity. This Framework comprises: ➢ A Vision for Sustainable Development, which sets out the Bank’s aspirations regarding environmental and social sustainability; ➢ The World Bank Environmental and Social Policy for Investment Project Financing, which sets out the mandatory requirements that apply to the Bank; and ➢ The Environmental and Social Standards, together with their Annexes, which set out the mandatory requirements that apply to the Borrower and projects. This ESIA has reviewed the above framework’s components’ relevance to the Project as shown in the below sub sections; 3.3.1 Vision for Sustainable Development World Bank Group is globally committed to environmental sustainability, including stronger collective action to support climate change mitigation and adaptation, recognizing this as essential in a world of finite natural resources. It recognizes that climate change is affecting the nature and location of projects, and that World Bank-financed projects should reduce their impact on the climate by choosing alternatives with lower carbon emissions. Equally, social development and inclusion are critical for all of the World Bank’s development interventions and for achieving sustainable development. 66 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. At the project level, these global aspirations translate into enhancing development opportunities for all, particularly the poor and vulnerable, and promoting the sustainable management of natural and living resources. Therefore, within the parameters of a project, the Bank seeks to: • Address project-level impacts on climate change and consider the impacts of climate change on the selection, siting, planning, design and implementation and decommissioning of projects; • Maximize stakeholder engagement through enhanced consultation, participation and accountability. The design of Lake Manyara Airport has observed climate change adaptation strategies for sustainability of the project since extreme weather and climate related events are expected as climate continues to change worldwide. The frequency, intensity, duration and timing of events are expected to increase. 3.3.2 World Bank Environmental and Social Policy for Investment Project Financing This Environmental and Social Policy for Investment Project Financing sets out the mandatory requirements of the Bank in relation to the projects it supports through Investment Project Financing. The Bank is committed to supporting Borrowers in the development and implementation of projects that are environmentally and socially sustainable, and to enhancing the capacity of Borrowers environmental and social frameworks to assess and manage the environmental and social risks and impacts of projects. The Bank shall assist Borrowers in their application of the ESSs to projects supported through Investment Project Financing in accordance with this Environmental and Social Policy for Investment Project Financing (Policy). To carry out this Policy, the Bank shall: • Undertake its own due diligence of proposed projects, proportionate to the nature and potential significance of the environmental and social risks and impacts related to the project; • As and where required, support the Borrower to carry out early and continuing engagement and meaningful consultation with stakeholders, in particular affected communities, and in providing project-based grievance mechanisms; The Banks shall evaluate the environmental and social risks management plan including the extent of stakeholders’ engagement on the project throughout. 3.3.3 World Bank Environmental and Social Standards (ESS) The Environmental and Social Standards (ESS) set out the requirements for Borrowers relating to the identification and assessment of environmental and social risks and impacts associated with projects supported by the Bank through Investment Project Financing. The Bank believes that the application of these standards, by focusing on the identification and management of environmental and social risks, will support Borrowers in their goal to reduce poverty and sustainably increase prosperity for the benefit of the environment and their citizens. The standards aim at the following: (a) Support Borrowers in achieving good international practice relating to environmental and social sustainability. 67 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. (b) Assist Borrowers in fulfilling their national and international environmental and social obligations. (c) Enhance non-discrimination, transparency, participation, accountability, and governance. (d) Enhance the sustainable development outcomes of projects through ongoing stakeholder engagement. The Bank requires that the Borrower and the project apply the ESS through the project life cycle to manage environmental and social risks and impacts so that development opportunities are enhanced. The Bank ESSs are summarized in the box below. The following table 3-1 illustrate the ESSs which are relevant to this project and its applicability and indicates how the ESSs shall be triggered by the proposed airport project. Table 3-1: Summary of ESSs relevant/applicable to the proposed upgrade of the Lake Manyara airport project No. Environmental and Social Standards -ESS Trigge Remarks red/N ot Trigge red (/X) 01. ESS1: Assessment and Management of Environmental Much as Lake manyara is an existing and Social Risks and Impacts: This ESS makes it  airport, there shall be an aspects of land incumbent upon the project implementers through the take for accommodating the additional existing institutional framework to conduct airport facilities; Other land shall be comprehensive assessment and monitoring of required for extraction, processing, environmental and social risks and impacts that are storage of construction materials; anticipated to arise in the project during its impacts associated with transportation; implantation and subsequent implementation phases. labour influx; GBV and child labour as The environmental and social assessment informs how well as risks of teenage pregnancies the project shall be handled in a sustainable manner. which are all likely to occur in the project. In addition, the project shall be undertaken in the airport which shall be open to air traffic which makes conducting comprehensive ESIA imperative so as to identify its potential risks and put in place relevant mitigation measures in compliance with GIIP as spelt in ICAO requirements for such projects hence, the need for this ESIA. 02. ESS2 Labour and Working Conditions: recognizes the The airport project is expected to trigger importance of employment creation and income  labour influx as well as concerns generation in the pursuit of poverty reduction and regarding safety and health of the inclusive economic growth. ESS2 is cast in such a way as workforce while on the project is of to clarify workers’ rights, benefits and other general concern. Some of the requirements and work conditions irrespective of the category they find measures include providing a healthy themselves in. In all, this Standard recognizes and and safe working environment to all emphasizes the importance of employment creation, workers, providing workers with equal opportunities in employment, income generation amenities, providing workers with PPE, and poverty alleviation albeit the challenges of worker forming workers’ GRM, avoiding child exploitation, discrimination, sexual harassment, child and forced labour, etc. This ESS labour and a horde of other ills that may compromise emphasizes the need to: project benefits. a. promote safety and health at 68 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. work, b. promote the fair treatment, non- discrimination, and equal opportunity of project workers; c. protect project workers, including vulnerable workers such as women, persons with disabilities, children (of working age, in accordance with this ESS as well as national employment laws) and migrant workers, contracted workers, community workers, and primary supply workers, as appropriate; d. prevent the use of all forms of forced labour and child labour, support the principles of freedom of association and collective bargaining of project workers in a manner consistent with national law; and e. provide project workers with accessible means to raise workplace related concerns. Further, in line with ESS2 application of the project, ESF instruments such as Labour Management Procedure; Code of Conduct, GRM for workers shall be developed in order to address workers issues appropriately 03. ESS3 Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and The works in the airport project entail Management: recognizes that economic activity and  site clearance works, demolition works, related developments often generate pollution to air, excavations and general site water, and land, and consume finite resources that may preparations, transportation of threaten people, ecosystem services and the construction materials amongst others environment at the local, regional, and global levels. alongside provision of welfare measures This ESS sets out the requirements to address resource to the workforce. These in the end have efficiency and pollution prevention and management the potential to generate waste as well throughout the project life-cycle. as overexploitation natural resources base. The activities thus generating waste, dust, and noise. In addition, this ESS3 recognizes airport works shall trigger pollution to air, water, and land, and also lead to enhanced consumption of resources in non-sustainable manner and obliges TANROADS and TAA to undertake the project with measures geared towards addressing resource efficiency and pollution prevention and 69 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. management throughout the project life cycle consistent with Global International Industry Practice (GIIP). However, the project shall put in place measure to control ambient pollution and general perception of workers through appropriate PPEs. 04. ESS4 Community Health and Safety: This ESS4 focuses Ideally, ESS4 recognizes that airport on health, security and safety issues of project affected  construction activities related hazards communities. Project actions may compromise security, and risks may be minimized or avoided health and safety around its operation areas, public through (i) Infrastructure and areas and settlements, including through residual impacts, traffic accidents, pollution of water sources, Equipment Design and Safety; (ii) Safety reduced accessibility to social services, noise nuisance, of Services; (iii) Community Exposure to dust nuisance, community conflicts, non-payment for Health Issues; (iv) Management and community services as well as aspects of labour influx. Safety of Hazardous Materials; (v) Emergency Preparedness ,Response and operations in order to minimize potential hazards and risks to the community and workers. It therefore importance to design mitigation measures that can addresses the risks related to health, safety, security, HIV/AIDS and climate change to the project-affected communities and workers. This is pivotal corresponding responsibility of Borrowers to avoid or minimize such risks and impacts, with particular attention to vulnerable people and those who under the particular circumstances may be affected by the proposed project. In line with this ESSs, the ESIA has evaluated the potential risks and impacts of the project on the health, social and safety of the affected communities. For example, put in place to manage risks of crime, COVID-19, HIV/AIDS and related diseases. It has also identified environmental and social risks and impacts and propose mitigation measures in accordance with the mitigation hierarchy. Airport surrounding Communities shall be among to be mobilized and trained on health and safety aspects and requirements of all project activities, including the management and the safety in accordance with Standard Operating Procedures and shall put in place emergency preparedness and response measures. All workers shall be 70 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. required to sign a Code of Conduct in order to regulate their social behavior, and the project shall set up project Grievances Redress Mechanism with committees to deal with construction related grievances. All of these requirements and measures have been included in the project ESIA, ESCP, ESMP and CESMP. 05. ESS5 Land acquisition, restrictions on land use and This Standard is triggered in that, there involuntary resettlement: ESS5 recognizes that project-  shall be land uptake as such as a related land acquisition and restrictions on land use can detailed stand-alone RAP has been have adverse impacts on communities and persons. prepared and addresses issues of Project-related land acquisition or restrictions on land compensation, livelihood restoration use may cause physical displacement (relocation, loss of and resettlement. residential land or loss of shelter), economic displacement (loss of land, assets or access to assets, leading to loss of income sources or other means of livelihood) or both. 06. ESS6 Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable This Standard is triggered in that; there Management of Living Natural Resources: Environment  shall be clearance works, which shall and Social Standard 6 is relevant and anchors the trigger loss of vegetation thereby conservation of biodiversity and sustainable affecting biodiversity and habitats management of living natural resources. Biodiversity around the airport project. loss during project implementation shall likely impact on ecosystem services valued by humans. In addition to compromising utilitarian values, biodiversity carries inherent intrinsic value hence the protection of habitats is justified along these grounds. 07. ESS7: Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African This Standard is not relevant/applicable Historically Underserved Traditional Local X in this project because there are no Communities: deals with ensuring the meaningful known IP groups in the region and in inclusion of the concerns and related interests of particular around project areas of project-affected historically underserved traditional influence. local communities in all stages of the project’s life cycle, including ensuring that such communities are not disadvantaged in sharing in project benefits and development opportunities. This ESS recognizes that IPs have identities and aspirations that are distinct from the mainstream community groups in national societies and often are disadvantaged by traditional models of development. 08. ESS8 Cultural Heritage: is relevant/applicable to the This Standard is triggered because the project, since it entails civil works excavations,  planned airport rehabilitation works movement of earth or other changes in the physical shall entail excavations and, in the environment which may have a direct interaction process, accidentally encounter some and/or impact on Cultural Heritage. This ESS has the cultural heritage materials. A Chance main objectives to protect cultural heritage from Finds Procedure has been prepared and adverse impacts of project activities and support its it sets out how chance finds for cultural preservation. resources associated with the project shall be managed. 09. ESS9 Financial Intermediaries: ESS9 recognizes that ESS9 is not relevant/ applicable to the strong domestic capital and financial markets and X project activities since there are no access to finance are important for economic Financial Intermediaries participating in development, growth and poverty reduction. the project. 10. ESS10 Stakeholder Engagement and Information The ESIA identified and held 71 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Disclosure: This ESS recognizes the importance of open  consultations with a cross section of and transparent engagement between the Borrower stakeholders and this process was and project stakeholders as an essential element of guided by SEP which had been prepared good international practice. Effective stakeholder alongside the ESMF. This Standard is engagement can improve the environmental and social relevant to the proposed project and a sustainability of projects, enhance project acceptance, Stakeholder Engagement Plan has been and make a significant contribution to successful project prepared alongside the ESIA to guide design and implementation. meaningful stakeholder consultation and disclosure activities. Stakeholder engagement shall be undertaken throughout the project life, right from preparation and through its implementation and decommissioning phases. 72 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 3.3.4. WORLD BANK GROUP EHS GUIDELINES 3.3.4.1 General EHS Guidelines for Airports The proposed airport project undertaking is subjection to the compliance requirements of the EHS Guidelines as technical reference documents contained general and industry-specific examples of Good International Industry Practice (GIIP). The EHS Guidelines for Airports apply to the operation of commercial airports. The guideline does not include activities associated with aircraft operators including aircraft maintenance activities, which are covered by the EHS Guidelines for Airlines. The EHS general guidelines provides issues to consider during undertaking the proposed airport project and these includes issues related to: a) Environmental (air emissions and ambient air quality, energy conservation, wastewater and ambient water quality, water conservation, hazardous materials management, waste management, noise and contaminated land) b) Occupational Health and Safety (General Facility Design and Operation, Communication and Training, Physical Hazards, Chemical Hazards, Biological Hazards, Radiological Hazards, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), Special Hazard Environments, and Monitoring). c) Occupational Health and Safety: Includes issues associated with airport operations and among others shall ensure the airport operators train and certify all workers with access to airfield operations. Workers involved in the operation of aircraft support equipment shall be familiar with safety procedures applicable to ramp and taxiway traffic Operators should provide safety signs and pavement markings for ground support vehicle circulation and parking areas in ramps, taxiways, and any other areas with a risk of collision between ground vehicles and aircraft. Delineated safety areas shall include high risk locations such as jet engine suction areas to protect aircraft service workers; including communications with the air control tower; Safety features of ground support vehicles shall be maintained, including back-up alarms, moving part guards as well as and emergency stop switches d) Community Health and Safety (water quality and availability, structural safety of project infrastructure, life and fire safety, traffic safety, transport of hazardous materials, disease prevention, and emergency preparedness and response). Also includes issues regarding wildlife strikes, operational safety management and airport security. e) Construction and Decommissioning (Environment, Occupational Health & Safety, Community Health & Safety). 3.3.4.2 EHSG Guidelines for Construction Material Extraction The Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines provide general and industry-specific examples of Good International Industry Practice (GIIP)1. This guideline includes information relevant to construction materials extraction activities such as aggregates, limestone, sand, gravel, clay and etc. It addresses stand-alone projects and extraction activities supporting construction, civil works, and cement projects. Although the construction materials extraction guidelines emphasize major and complex extraction schemes, the concepts are also applicable to small operations project such as airport. Construction activities associated with construction material extraction typically include the removal of topsoil, overburden ground, trees, and vegetation. Stockpiles of these materials are stored in stable, protected, and monitored areas for use in reinstatement activities. Other preparatory work leading up to exploitation activities includes design and construction of water drains and ditches, access and internal roads, benches, and preparations for use of explosives. Upfront planning on EHS issues shall be undertaken prior Construction and operation phases of the project. 73 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Environmental issues during the operational, construction, and decommissioning phases which related to extraction of construction materials include the following: Air Emissions, Noise and Vibrations, Water quality, Waste management and Land degradation. ➢ Air emission: Toxic and nontoxic gases are normal byproducts generated by blasting activities, regardless of the explosive materials used. Emissions of NO2, CO, and NO are generated during the explosions. The following pollution prevention and control techniques are recommended: (i) Alternatives to blasting, such as hydraulic hammers or other mechanical methods; If blasting is necessary, planning of the blasting (arrangement, diameter, and depth and direction of blast holes) should be implemented; The correct burning of the explosive, typically composed of a mixture of ammonium nitrate and fuel oil, should be ensured by minimizing the presence of excess water and avoiding incorrect or incomplete mixing of explosive ingredients. (ii) Land clearing, removal of topsoil and excess materials, location of haul roads, tips and stockpiles, and blasting should be planned with due consideration to meteorological factors (e.g. precipitation, temperature, wind direction, and speed) and location of sensitive receptors; (iii) A simple, linear layout for materials-handling operations to reduce the need for multiple transfer points should be designed and installed (e.g. processing plants should be preferably located within the quarry area); (iv) Dust emissions from drilling activities should be controlled at the source by dust extractors, collectors, and filters, and wet drilling and processing should be adopted, whenever possible; (v) Dust emissions from processing equipment (e.g. crushers, grinders, screens) should be adequately controlled through dust collectors, wet processing, or water spraying. (vi) Dust-control applications should consider the final use of extracted material (e.g. wet- processing stages are preferred when wet materials or high water contents would not negatively affect their final use); ➢ Procedures to limit the drop height of falling materials which includes, Use of mobile and fixed- belt transport and conveyors should be preferred to hauling the material by trucks through internal roads (enclosed rubber-belt conveyors for dusty materials are recommended in conjunction with cleaning devices); Internal roads should be adequately compacted and periodically graded and maintained; A speed limit for trucks should be considered; Water spraying and surface treatment (e.g. hygroscopic media, such as calcium chloride, and soil natural–chemical ➢ Noise emissions are commonly associated with all extraction activities, including construction material and dimension stone quarrying. Noise is produced during all phases of exploitation. The recommended minimization and control techniques include the following: (i) Reduction of noise from drilling rigs by using downhole drilling or hydraulic drilling; Implementation of enclosure and cladding of processing plants; Installation of proper sound barriers and (or) noise containments, with enclosures and curtains at or near the source equipment (e.g. crushers, grinders, and screens); (ii) Use of rubber-lined or soundproof surfaces on processing equipment (e.g. screens, chutes, transfer points, and buckets); Use of rubber-belt transport and conveyors; Installation of natural barriers at facility boundaries (e.g. vegetation curtains or soil berms); Optimization of internal-traffic routing, particularly to minimize vehicle-reversing needs (reducing noise from reversing alarms) and to maximize distances to the closest sensitive receptors; 74 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. (iii) The use of electrically driven machines should be considered as well as speed limit for trucks should be considered. ➢ Water and Hydrology including Surface water regimes may be altered because of flow diversions, water intake, and changes to the drainage pattern. Techniques to prevent, minimize, or control impacts to the hydrologic regime caused by extraction activities include the following: (i) Storm water peak runoff rate should not exceed the peak predevelopment runoff rate for a particular design storm; Reintroduction of treated, abstracted water into streams to maintain the ecological flow; (ii) Superficial infiltration of treated water to aquifers should be allowed. Alternatively, reinjection of treated water into the aquifers through injection wells or infiltration galleries may be implemented, provided potential groundwater contamination can be avoided; (iii) Quarry pond dredging activities should be designed and implemented to minimize drawdown with consideration of potential impacts to surface and groundwater resource flow and availability, including potential ecological impacts; (iv) (iv) To the extent that it is consistent with the post-closure plan, a quarry pond should have a sufficient water depth to ensure the establishment of a stable aquatic ecosystem. ➢ Waste generated from materials extraction. Rock waste and removed topsoil–overburden are the main inert wastes produced by quarrying activities. Hazardous wastes may be generated from impurities and trace components included in the exploited (waste) rocks (e.g. asbestos or heavy metals or minerals that could result in acidic runoff). The recommended prevention and control methods to reduce wastes include the following: (i) Operational design and planning should include procedures for the reduction of waste production (e.g. blending high-quality rock with poor rock); Topsoil, overburden, and low-quality materials should be properly removed, stockpiled near the site, and preserved for site restoration activities; (ii) Hazardous and non- hazardous waste management plans should be developed and adopted during the design and planning phase. Impacts associated with specific chemical and / or physical properties of extracted materials should be considered during the design phase, and impacts from waste rock impurities should be adequately controlled and mitigated by covering waste disposals with no contaminated soil. ➢ Finally, the EHS guideline provides the road map for undertaking Occupational Health and Safety implementation during materials extraction. This may include monitoring of occupational hazards relevant to the specific project. Engagement of OHS specialists on specific site to guide the undertaking of extraction of materials as part of an occupational health and safety implementation and monitoring program. The site specific should also maintain a record of occupational accidents, diseases, and dangerous occurrences and other accidents. Additional guidance on occupational health and safety monitoring programs shall be provided in ESIA and HSMP for the project. 3.3.4.3 Environmental and Social Risk Classification (ESRC) The World Bank ESF 2018 classifies all projects (including projects involving Financial Intermedia Construes (FIs) into one of four classifications: High Risk, Substantial Risk, Moderate Risk or Low Risk (table 3-2). In determining the appropriate risk classification, the following parameters are taken into consideration: the type of project, its location, sensitivity, and scale of the project; the nature and 75 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. magnitude of the potential environmental and social risks and impacts; and the capacity and commitment of the Borrower (including any other entity responsible for the implementation of the project) to manage the environmental and social risks and impacts in a manner consistent with the ESSs. Table 3-2: Summary of project categorization based on ESF 2018 Aspect High Risk Substantial Risk Moderate Risk Low Risk Project type, Complex large to It is not as complex; No activities with Few or no adverse location, very large scale in large to medium high potential for risks and impacts. sensitive scale is not such a harming people or sensitivity, location(s). sensitive location. the environment; scale located away from sensitive areas. Nature and Mitigation Mitigation more Easily mitigated: Nothing to mitigate- magnitude of unproven: unable reliable: significant site-specific, low- no further risks and to entirely address risks but possible to magnitude risks. assessment after impacts, significant risk; high avoid or address. screening. available residual value. mitigation Borrower Challenges and Some concerns Sufficient borrower Minimal or capacity and concerns about about borrower experience, track negligible risks to commitment track record track record record, and and impacts on regarding E&S engagement stakeholder human populations issues, significant capacity are readily engagement and/or the stakeholder addressed. capacity. environment engagement capacity, commitment, and track record concerns. Context of Significant effects Some effects on the No effects on the Negligible risk. risk relevant on the ability to ability to mitigate ability to mitigate to ES mitigate risk - risk - known and risk–no contextual measures significant reliable mechanisms risks with effects on contextual risks to prevent or E&S performance outside project minimize, control impacting enforcement is E&S performance weak in some and outcomes. respects, some stakeholder engagement concerns but readily addressed. 76 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. The proposed upgrading of lake manyara airport was screened against the E&S aspects contained under the project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) screening process as per EFS requirements. (refers to the ESMF project screen form in Appendix VIII) of this report, The following areas of concern were noted as follows: a) The project activities shall involve a considerable number of local labourers and workers from other parts of Tanzania as well as from other countries (i.e. issues of labour influx and its attendant effects); b) The project workers may be operating in difficult-to-supervise rural areas where women/girls may be at risk when going to school or while conducting their daily activities; c) Cultural and social norms discriminate against women/girls, and male domination prevails. It is reported that more than half of all Tanzanian women have survived domestic violence at some point in their lives, while an estimated 23% of women experience intimate partner violence (IPV) in 12 months, and about 48% experienced IPV at least once in their lifetime with another 30% have suffered from non-partner violence during their lifetime. Sadly, half of the population believes that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife if she burns food, goes out without telling him, neglects the children or argues with him2, and d) The project shall directly influence settlements and socio-economic livelihoods, hence present multiplier effects on both environment, social and economic aspects of the communities in its alignment, i.e. terms of land and property take, disruption of livelihoods activities amongst others; and e) There are reported common incidences of teenage pregnancies in the project areas. Therefore, based on these, its rating was taken as Substantial risk project and some of the key considerations are summarized in table above. 3.3.4.4 The gap analysis between ESSs and Tanzania Legal requirement and its Relevant to the proposed airport project. The following is the table 3-3 which describes the gap analysis between Tanzania legal requirements and the World Bank ESF requirement in relation to the proposed airport project and proposed measures adopted to fill the identified gap. 2 Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) Country Report for Tanzania 2022: https://www.oecd.org/dev/sigi-country-report-for-tanzania-06621e57-en.htm 77 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Table 3-3: The gap analysis between ESSs and Tanzania Legal requirement relevant to the proposed project. World Bank ESS Tanzania Legislations Gaps Measures to fill the Gap ESS1: Social and Environmental Management Act The laws of Tanzania The project shall Environmental Assessment No. 20 of 2004 provide mandatory adopt ESS1 and and Management System The Act prohibits any development to be the assessment of TanTIP ESMF and Environmental and Social project to be initiated without an EIA environmental and social RPF as well as the Assessment Certificate. Environmental Impact Assessment risks anticipated but not specific project It requires carrying out an study shall be carried prior to the providing much ESIA, ESMP and environmental and social commencement or financing of a project or requirement on the RAP to address the assessment of the project to undertaking. assessment of the project gaps. assess the environmental and It also provides for the adoption of the affected person through social risks and impacts of the guidelines by the council on public undertaking specific project throughout the participation, especially those likely to be study like RAP. The project life cycle. affected by the project being the subject of an national Laws and Environmental Impact Assessment study or regulation has taking Ecosystem Services review. Section 90 provides for calling of public care of this issues The project’s direct impacts hearing by the council. on ecosystem services may result in adverse health and safety risks to and impacts on affected communities. With respect to this ESS, ecosystem services are limited to provisioning and regulating services as defined in ESS1. Where appropriate and feasible, the Borrower shall identify the project’s potential risks and impacts on ecosystem services that may 79 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. World Bank ESS Tanzania Legislations Gaps Measures to fill the Gap be exacerbated by climate change. Adverse impacts shall be avoided, and if they are unavoidable, the Borrower shall implement appropriate mitigation measures. Environmental and Social The laws of Tanzania do not provide the The laws of Tanzania do The project shall Commitment Plan requirement of preparation of the not provide the adopt ESCP Under ESS1, the Environmental and social commitment plan requirement of prepared for environmental and social (ESCP) by the borrower, hence not reflected in preparation of the TanTIP project and commitment plan which shall the environmental legislations of Tanzania Environmental and social which provide the set out measures and actions commitment plan by the commitment required for the project to borrower, hence not statements and achieve compliance with the reflected in the milestone of the ESSs over a specified time environmental employer to frame which is required to be legislations of Tanzania archive the developed and implemented. recommended project mitigation measures. Stakeholder Engagement and According to EMA, 2005, Environmental Impact National laws does not The project shall Information Disclosure Assessment study shall be carried prior to the mention information adopt the ESMF, As part of the ESIA commencement or financing of a project or disclosure as mandatory ESCP prepared for undertaking, continuous undertaking. during ESIA undertaking TanTIP project and engagement with It also provides for the adoption of the to the community rather specific ESIA which stakeholders and provide guidelines by the council on undertaking public depends on call from the provide the sufficient information participation, especially those likely to be National Management commitment throughout the life cycle of affected by the project being the subject of an Council when there is a statements and the project, in a manner Environmental Impact Assessment study or need to do so. The milestone of the appropriate to the nature of review. Section 90 provides for calling of public national Laws and employer to their interests and the hearing by the council. regulation has taking archive the potential environmental and care of this issues recommended social risks and impacts of the project mitigation 80 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. World Bank ESS Tanzania Legislations Gaps Measures to fill the Gap project measures. ESS 2: Labour and Working The Employment and Labour Relations Act No. There is no significant For the project to Conditions 6 of 2004 gap between the national adequately capture Protecting the Workforce This Act requires the Proponent to observe all laws and the WB-ESS-2. labour and working Child Labour and Minimum core labour rights and related matters including The labour Law of condition issues, Age. establishing basic employment standards, Tanzania presents the the ESIA, LMP, A child under the minimum providing a framework for collective bargaining, Labor and Working GRM shall be age shall not be employed or and providing for the prevention and conditions issues in implemented as engaged in connection with settlement of disputes. No person shall employ particular. The national part of the WB ESS- the project. The minimum age a child under the age of fourteen years. Any Laws and regulation have 2 as well as specific specified 14years unless person who procures, demands or imposes taking care of this issues airport project C- national law specifies a higher forced labour, commits an offence. ESMP, P-LMP, P- age. GRM shall be Every employer shall ensure that he promotes implemented an equal opportunity in employment and strives accordingly. to eliminate discrimination in any employment policy or practice. Forced Labor The Employment and Labour Relations Act No. There is no gaps The TANTIP project It prohibits the employment 6 of 2004 identified between the ESMP, LMP, GRM of forced labor, which consists This Act requires the Proponent to observe all two instruments as the as well as specific of any work or service not core labor rights and related matters including Issues regarding to ESIA and ESMP voluntarily performed that is establishing basic employment standards, forced labor has been shall be in place to exacted from an individual providing a framework for collective bargaining, captured in the National manage all matters under threat of force or and providing for the prevention and Legislations. However, it regarding labor penalty. This covers any kind settlement of disputes. No person shall might not be an issue in issues. of involuntary or compulsory undertake forced labor of any kind within the the project as the nature labor, such as indentured Country to women, child or any group of the of the project does not labor, bonded labor, or similar community within Tanzania territory. Any confined to such labor-contracting person who procures, demands or imposes laborers. The national arrangements. The borrower forced labor, commits an offence. Laws and regulation has shall not employ trafficked taking care of this issues persons 81 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. World Bank ESS Tanzania Legislations Gaps Measures to fill the Gap Occupational Health and The Occupational Health and Safety Act No. 5 There is no significant The TANTIP project Safety of 2003 gap between the ESMP, LMP, GRM It is a responsibility of the The law requires employers to provide a good National laws and the as well as specific project implementer to working environment to workers in order to WB ESS on the OHS ESIA, ESMP, EHS, provide a safe and healthy safeguard their health and ensure safety at the issues. The national Laws HSMP shall be in work environment taking into workplace all the time. and regulation have place to manage all account inherent risks in its The Workers Compensation Act No. 20 of 2008 taking care of this issues. matters regarding particular sector and specific The Act governs adequate and equitable The national Laws and Occupational classes of hazards in the work compensation for all employees on grounds of regulation have taking Health and Safety areas. Measures relating to injury, rehabilitation for occupational illnesses care of this issues. issues. occupational health and or injury and compensation to dependents and safety shall be applied to the relatives upon fatality. Under this Act, the project. The OHS measures contractor/s are obliged to compensate shall take into account the employees in the case of injuries, death, and General Environmental Health diseases while rendering their services to the and Safety Guidelines (EHSGs) employer/developer. and, as appropriate, the industry specific EHSGs and other Good International Industry Practice (GIIP). The OHS measures applying to the project shall be set out in the legal agreement and the Environmental and Social Commitment Plan (ESCP). Grievance Redress The Occupational Health and Safety Act No. 5 However, these Tanzania The project shall Mechanism of 2003 laborer related Laws adopt the ESMF, It requires provision of a The law requires employers to provide a good does not provide the ESCP prepared for grievance mechanism for all working environment to workers in order to clear procedures and TanTIP project and direct workers and contracted safeguard their health and ensure safety at the requirements on the specific the issue 82 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. World Bank ESS Tanzania Legislations Gaps Measures to fill the Gap workers (and, where relevant, workplace all the time. Grievances Redress shall be addressed their organizations) to raise The Employment and Labour Relations Act No. Mechanism at project through project workplace concerns. Such 6 of 2004 level, rather identify all specific ESIA, LMP, workers shall be informed. This Act requires the Proponent to observe all grievances have to be SEP, GRM to be Measures shall be put in place core labor rights and related matters including channeled into national implemented by to make the grievance establishing basic employment standards, police system, Court the Contractors. mechanism easily accessible providing a framework for collective bargaining, procedural and referrals. to all such project workers. and providing for the prevention and The national Laws and settlement of disputes. regulation has taking care of this issues. The Workers Compensation Act No. 20 of 2008 The Act governs adequate and equitable compensation for all employees on grounds of injury, rehabilitation for occupational illnesses or injury and compensation to dependents and relatives upon fatality. Under this Act, the contractor/s are obliged to compensate employees in the case of injuries, death, and diseases while rendering their services to the employer/developer. Contracted Workers The Employment and Labour Relations Act No. There is no gaps The TANTIP project The Borrower shall make 6 of 2004 identified between the ESMP, LMP, GRM reasonable efforts to ascertain This Act requires the Proponent to observe all two instruments as the as well as specific that third parties who engage core labor rights and related matters including Issues regarding to ESIA, LMP and contracted workers are establishing basic employment standards, contracted laborers has ESMP shall be in legitimate and reliable entities providing a framework for collective bargaining, been captured in the place to manage all and have in place labor and providing for the prevention and National Legislations. matters regarding management procedures settlement of disputes. However, it might not be labor issues. applicable to the project that Also, the Borrower allowed to make reasonable an issue in the project as shall allow them to operate in efforts to ascertain that third parties who the nature of the project accordance with the engage contracted workers are legitimate and does not confined to 83 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. World Bank ESS Tanzania Legislations Gaps Measures to fill the Gap requirements of this ESS. reliable entities and have in place labor such laborers. The management procedures applicable to the national Laws and project that shall allow them to operate in regulation have taking accordance with the national law’s care of this issues requirements. Community Workers The Employment and Labour Relations Act No. There is no gaps The TANTIP project Projects may include the use 6 of 2004 identified between the ESMP, LMP, GRM of community workers in a This Act requires the Proponent to observe all two instruments as the as well as specific number of different core labor rights and related matters including Issues regarding to ESIA, LMP and circumstances, including establishing basic employment standards, community laborers has ESMP shall be in where labor is provided by the providing a framework for collective bargaining, been captured in the place to manage all community as a contribution and providing for the prevention and National Legislations matters regarding to the project, or where settlement of disputes. However, it might not be labor issues. projects are designed and Also, the Borrower allowed to use the an issue in the project as conducted for the purpose of community laborers or shall be provided on a the use of community fostering community driven voluntary basis as an outcome of individual or workers is not foreseen. development, providing a community agreement. The national Laws and social safety net or providing However, shall be required to have in place the regulation have taking targeted assistance in labor management procedures applicable to care of this issues. ecologically sensitive and the project that shall allow them to operate in conflict-affected situations. accordance with the national law’s Given the nature and requirements. objectives of such projects, the application of all requirements of ESS2 may not be appropriate. In all such circumstances, the Borrower shall require measures to be implemented to ascertain whether such labor is or shall 84 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. World Bank ESS Tanzania Legislations Gaps Measures to fill the Gap be provided on a voluntary basis as an outcome of individual or community agreement. Primary Supply Workers The Employment and Labour Relations Act No. There are no gaps The TANTIP project As part of the environmental 6 of 2004 identified between the ESMP, LMP, GRM and social assessment, the This Act requires the Proponent to observe all two instruments as the as well as specific Borrower shall identify core labor rights and related matters including Issues regarding to ESIA, LMP, HSMP potential risks of child labor, establishing basic employment standards, Primary Supply Workers and ESMP shall be forced labor, and serious providing a framework for collective bargaining, has been captured in the in place to manage safety issues which may arise and providing for the prevention and National Legislations all matters in relation to primary settlement of disputes. However, it might not be regarding Primary suppliers. Also, the Borrower allowed to use the Primary an issue in the project as Workers Supply laborers suppliers during project undertaking, the use of Primary issues. however, Borrower shall ensure those Primary Workers Supply is not the Workers Supply identify potential risks of child best practices to many of labor, forced labor, and serious health and the contractors. The safety issues which may arise and how to deal national Laws and with in accordance with national laws. regulation have taking However, Primary Supply Workers care of this issues. shall be required to have in place the labor management procedures applicable to the project that shall allow them to operate in accordance with the national law’s requirements. The Workers Compensation Act No. 20 of 2008 The Act governs adequate and equitable compensation for all employees on grounds of injury, rehabilitation for occupational illnesses or injury and compensation to dependents and relatives upon fatality. Under this Act, the 85 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. World Bank ESS Tanzania Legislations Gaps Measures to fill the Gap contractor/s or Primary Workers Supply are obliged to compensate employees in the case of injuries, death, and diseases while rendering their services to the employer/developer. ESS 3: Resource Efficiency and Water Resources Management Act, 2019: This There is no significant TanTIP ESCP and Pollution Prevention and legislation is based on the principles of gap between the ESS 3 ESMF shall be Management sustainable water resources management and the national applied as well as Pollution Prevention and guided by; legislations regarding to specific ESIA and Management a) the precautionary principle; resource efficiency and ESMP shall be It requires avoidance to pollution prevention. The prepared and b) polluter pay principle; release of pollutants or, when national Laws and implemented by avoidance is not feasible, c) the principle of eco-system integrity; regulation have taking contractor minimize and control the d) the principle of public participation in the care of this issues. accordingly. concentration and mass flow development policies, plans and processes of their release using the for the management of the water performance levels and resources; measures specified in national law or the EHSGs, whichever is e) the principle of international co-operation most stringent. This applies to in management of environmental the release of pollutants to resources shared by two or more states; air, water, and land due to and routine, non-routine, and f) the principle of common but differentiated accidental circumstances, and responsibilities. with the potential for local, regional, and transboundary This legislation requires application of permit by impacts. any person who diverts, dams, stores, abstracts or uses water from surface or underground water source, or for any such purpose constructs or maintains any works from the 86 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. World Bank ESS Tanzania Legislations Gaps Measures to fill the Gap respective Basin water Board. A person who diverts, dams, impounds, store, abstracts or uses water without water use permit commits an offence and shall, on conviction. The Environmental Management (Water Quality Standards) Regulations, 2007: The regulations require application of water right by the developer and comply with prescribed effluent or receiving water standards, which are not below the standards specified in the regulations if the water right or permit is granted. Noise Pollution Management Environmental Management (Standards for There is no significant TanTIP ESCP and In addition to the resource the Control of Noise and Vibration Pollution) gap between the ESS 3 ESMF shall be efficiency measures described Regulations, 2015 and the national applied as well as above, the Borrower shall The regulations provide for a prohibition for any legislations regarding to specific ESIA and consider alternatives and person to make or cause to be made any loud, Noise Pollution ESMP and NMP implement technically and Noises unreasonable, unnecessary or unusual Management during shall be prepared financially feasible and cost- noise that annoys, disturbs, injures or undertaking of the and implemented effective options to avoid or endangers the comfort, repose, health or safety project. The national by contractor minimize project-related noise of others and that of the environment. Laws and regulation have accordingly. pollution during the design, taking care of this issues construction, and operation of the project. Management of Chemicals Environmental Management (Hazardous There is no significant TanTIP ESCP and and Hazardous Materials Waste Management) Regulations, 2021: gap between the ESS 3 ESMF shall be The Borrower shall avoid the Hazardous wastes are always associated with and the national applied as well as manufacture, trade, and use the construction projects and operation of the legislations regarding specific ESIA and of chemicals and hazardous subcomponents of this project such as health handling of Chemicals ESMP and WMP materials subject to centers (medical waste). The regulations and Hazardous Materials shall be prepared 87 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. World Bank ESS Tanzania Legislations Gaps Measures to fill the Gap international bans, provide for proper management of these during undertaking of the and implemented restrictions or phase outs wastes in accordance with relevant law project. The national by contractor unless for an acceptable governing the operation of the facilities. Any Laws and regulation has accordingly. purpose as defined by the damage is caused by hazardous waste which taking care of this issues conventions or protocols or if has been deposited into the environment, a an exemption has been person who deposited, caused or permitted a obtained by the Borrower, waste to be deposited, is liable for the damage consistent with Borrower to the environment and human health. government commitments Environmental Management (Solid Waste under the applicable Management) Regulations, 2019: This international agreements. regulation details the requirements and responsibilities for managing solid waste in Management of Pesticides Tanzania. It also highlights waste minimization Where projects involve and cleaner production principles alongside the recourse to pest management duty to safeguard the public health and the measures, the Borrower shall environment from adverse effects of solid give preference to integrated waste. It also highlighted the role of Local pest management (IPM) or Government Authority to manage wastes integrated vector including issuing permit to a person or firm management (IVM) which wish to operate solid waste disposal approaches using combined sites. or multiple tactics. Management of Hazardous Environmental Management (Hazardous There is no significant TanTIP ESCP and and Non-hazardous Waste. Waste Management) Regulations, 2021: gap between the ESS 3 ESMF shall be The Borrower shall avoid the Hazardous wastes are always associated with and the national applied as well as generation of hazardous and the construction projects and operation of the legislations regarding specific ESIA and non-hazardous waste. Where subcomponents of this project such as health handling of wastes and ESMP and WMP waste generation cannot be centers (medical waste). The regulations Hazardous wastes during shall be prepared avoided, the Borrower shall provide for proper management of these undertaking of the and implemented minimize the generation of wastes in accordance with relevant law project. The national by contractor waste, and reuse, recycle and governing the operation of the facilities. Any Laws and regulation have accordingly. 88 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. World Bank ESS Tanzania Legislations Gaps Measures to fill the Gap recover waste in a manner damage is caused by hazardous waste which taking care of this issues that is safe for human health has been deposited into the environment, a and the environment. Where person who deposited, caused or permitted a waste cannot be reused, waste to be deposited, is liable for the damage recycled or recovered, the to the environment and human health. Borrower shall treat, destroy, Environmental Management (Solid Waste or dispose of it in an Management) Regulations, 2019: This environmentally sound and regulation details the requirements and safe manner that includes the responsibilities for managing solid waste in appropriate control of Tanzania. It also highlights waste minimization emissions and residues and cleaner production principles alongside the resulting from the handling duty to safeguard the public health and the and processing of the waste environment from adverse effects of solid material. waste. It also highlighted the role of Local Government Authority to manage wastes including issuing permit to a person or firm which wish to operate solid waste disposal sites. The Environmental Management (Water Quality Standards) Regulations, 2007: The regulations require application of water right by the developer and comply with prescribed effluent or receiving water standards, which are not below the standards specified in the regulations if the water right or permit is granted. Air Pollution Management Environmental Management (Air Quality There is no significant TanTIP ESCP and In addition to the resource Standards) Regulations, 2007: These gap between the ESS 3 ESMF shall be efficiency measures described regulations require compliance with the and the national applied as well as above, the Borrower shall minimum water quality standards. It prohibits legislations regarding specific ESIA and consider alternatives and release of hazardous substances, chemical, gas handling of air pollution ESMP and WMP 89 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. World Bank ESS Tanzania Legislations Gaps Measures to fill the Gap implement technically and or mixture containing gaseous and hazardous during undertaking of the shall be prepared financially feasible and cost- substances into the environment unless the project. The national and implemented effective options to avoid or release or emission is permitted. Laws and regulation has by contractor minimize project-related air taking care of this issues. accordingly. emissions during the design, construction, and operation of the project. ESS4: Community Health and Public Health Act, 2009: This Act provides for There is no significant ESS 4 shall apply in Safety the promotion, preservation and maintenance gap between the case of any ESS4 addresses the health, of public health with a view of ensuring the National laws and the situation involving safety, and security risks and provision of comprehensive, functional and WB ESS on the OHS security personnel. impacts on project-affected sustainable public health services to the general issues. The national Laws TanTIP LMP, and communities and the public and to provide other related matters. It and regulation have EHS shall be corresponding responsibility secures the improvement of health habits and taking care of this issues. adopted as well as of Borrowers to avoid or life style of people, environmental sanitation The national Laws and specific ESIA, minimize such risks and and hygiene, preventing and controlling living regulation have taking HSMP, OHS and impacts, with particular infectious or communicable and other diseases. care of this issues ESMP shall be attention to people who, It requires notification of any infections or prepared and because of their particular communicable diseases to the responsible implemented circumstances, may be authorities to protect other members of the accordingly vulnerable. community. Community Health and Safety The Borrower shall evaluate Environmental Management (Hazardous Waste the risks and impacts of the Management) Regulations, 2021: Hazardous project on the health and wastes are always associated with the safety of the affected construction projects and operation of the communities during the subcomponents of this project such as health project life cycle, including centers (medical waste). The regulations those who, because of their provide for proper management of these particular circumstances, may wastes in accordance with relevant law be vulnerable. The Borrower governing the operation of the facilities. Any 90 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. World Bank ESS Tanzania Legislations Gaps Measures to fill the Gap shall identify risks and impacts damage is caused by hazardous waste which and propose mitigation has been deposited into the environment, a measures in accordance with person who deposited, caused or permitted a the mitigation hierarchy. waste to be deposited, is liable for the damage Infrastructure, Equipment to the environment and human health. Design and Safety The Borrower shall design, Environmental Management (Solid Waste construct, operate, and Management) Regulations, 2019: This decommission the structural regulation details the requirements and elements of the project in responsibilities for managing solid waste in accordance with national legal Tanzania. It also highlights waste minimization requirements, the EHSGs and and cleaner production principles alongside the other GIIP, taking into duty to safeguard the public health and the consideration safety risks to environment from adverse effects of solid third parties and affected waste. It also highlighted the role of Local communities. Structural Government Authority to manage wastes elements of a project shall be including issuing permit to a person or firm designed and constructed by which wish to operate solid waste disposal competent professionals and sites. certified or approved by competent authorities or The Environmental Management (Water professionals. Structural Quality Standards) Regulations, 2007: The design shall take into account regulations require application of water right by climate change the developer and comply with prescribed considerations, as effluent or receiving water standards, which are appropriate. not below the standards specified in the Community Exposure to regulations if the water right or permit is Disease granted. The Borrower shall avoid or minimize the potential for community exposure to waterborne, water based, 91 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. World Bank ESS Tanzania Legislations Gaps Measures to fill the Gap water-related, and vector- borne diseases, and communicable and non- communicable diseases that could result from project activities, taking into consideration differentiated exposure to and higher sensitivity of vulnerable groups. Where specific diseases are endemic in communities in the project area, the Borrower is encouraged to explore opportunities during the project life cycle to improve environmental conditions that could help minimize their incidence Emergency Preparedness and Response The Borrower shall identify and implement measures to address emergency events. An emergency event is an unanticipated incident, arising from both natural and man- made hazards, typically in the form of fire, explosions, leaks, or spills, which may occur for a variety of different reasons, including failure to implement 92 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. World Bank ESS Tanzania Legislations Gaps Measures to fill the Gap operating procedures that are designed to prevent their occurrence, extreme weather, or lack of early warning. The measures shall be designed to address the emergency event in a coordinated and expeditious manner; to prevent it from injuring the health and safety of the community; and to minimize, mitigate, and compensate for any impacts that may occur. Traffic and Road Safety The Roads Act No. 13 of 2007: This legislation There is no significant TanTIP ESCP and The Borrower shall identify, governs the formulation of the road authorities gap between the ESS 3 ESMF shall be evaluate, and monitor the and their duties. On the community health, the and the national applied as well as potential traffic and road road authorities under this act has a legislations regarding specific ESIA, HSMP safety risks to workers, responsibility to ensure safety of the road safety issues during and ESMP and TMP affected communities, and community by; ensure that the necessary road undertaking of the shall be prepared road users throughout the furniture is erected on the public roads, ensure project. The national and implemented project life cycle and, where to the safety of road users during the design, Laws and regulation have by contractor appropriate, shall develop construction, maintenance and operation of a taking care of this issues accordingly. measures and plans to public road by providing sidewalks, overhead address them. The Borrower bridges, zebra crossings and other matters shall incorporate technically related thereto. The road authorities are also and financially feasible road vested powers to close the road when it has safety measures into the been satisfied that it has a road safety concern project design to prevent and to ensure safety of the public. mitigate potential road safety Other relevant legislations are as provided in risks to road users and the section under Resource Efficiency and affected communities. Pollution Prevention and Management above 93 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. World Bank ESS Tanzania Legislations Gaps Measures to fill the Gap Security Personnel The Employment and Labour Relations Act No. The laws of Tanzania do The project shall When the Borrower retains 6 of 2004 not provide the adopt ESMF, ESCP direct or contracted workers This Act requires the Proponent to observe all requirement of attention prepared for to provide security to core labor rights, safety and related matters to Security Personnel TanTIP project and safeguard its personnel and including establishing basic employment during undertaking of which provide the property, it shall assess risks standards, providing a framework for general the project, hence not commitment posed by these security safety and obligation of workers when on site reflected in the specific statements on arrangements to those within and providing the collective responsibility for safety legislations of safety issues during and outside the project site. In prevention and security measures on site. Tanzania. The issue undertaking of the making such arrangements, Also, the Borrower allowed to use the security related to safety project. Hence the the Borrower shall be guided personnel during project undertaking, however, personnel are not specific ESMP, by the principles of Borrower shall ensure that security personnel common practices during GBV/SEA, OHS shall proportionality and GIIP, and does not pose potential risks on community, undertaking of similar be prepared and by applicable law in relation to and serious health and safety issues in project in Tanzania. The implemented. hiring, rules of conduct, accordance with national laws. security personnel are training, equipping, and However, security personnel shall be required normally on local basis as monitoring of such security to follow labor management issues and security watchmen’s workers. The Borrower shall requirements applicable to the project that which falls on general prohibit any use of force by shall allow them to operate in accordance with safety of workers. direct or indirect by the the national law’s requirements. security watchmen. Borrower shall ensure workers and community safety is guaranteed, hence the Borrowers shall (ii) train them adequately (or determine that they are properly trained) in the use of force (and where applicable, firearms) and appropriate conduct toward workers and affected communities; and (iii) require them to act within the applicable law and any requirements set out in the Environmental and Social Commitment (ESCP). 94 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. World Bank ESS Tanzania Legislations Gaps Measures to fill the Gap Hazardous Materials Environmental Management (Hazardous There is no significant TanTIP ESCP and Management and Safety Waste Management) Regulations, 2021: gap between the ESS 3 ESMF shall be The Borrower shall avoid or Hazardous wastes are always associated with and the national applied as well as minimize the potential for the construction projects and operation of the legislations regarding specific ESIA, HSMP community exposure to subcomponents of this project such as health handling of wastes and and ESMP and hazardous materials and centers (medical waste). The regulations Hazardous wastes during WMP shall be substances that may be provide for proper management of these undertaking of the prepared and released by the project. Safety wastes in accordance with relevant law project. The national implemented by of Services Where the project governing the operation of the facilities. Any Laws and regulation has contractor involves provision of services damage is caused by hazardous waste which taking care of this issues accordingly. to communities, the Borrower has been deposited into the environment, a shall establish and implement person who deposited, caused or permitted a appropriate quality waste to be deposited, is liable for the damage management systems to to the environment and human health. anticipate and minimize risks Environmental Management (Solid Waste and impacts that such services Management) Regulations, 2019: This may have on community regulation details the requirements and health and safety. In such responsibilities for managing solid waste in circumstances, the Borrower Tanzania. It also highlights waste minimization shall also apply the concept of and cleaner production principles alongside the universal access, where duty to safeguard the public health and the technically and financially environment from adverse effects of solid feasible. waste. It also highlighted the role of Local Government Authority to manage wastes including issuing permit to a person or firm which wish to operate solid waste disposal sites. 95 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. World Bank ESS Tanzania Legislations Gaps Measures to fill the Gap ESS5: Land Acquisition, Land Acquisition Act No. 4 and 5 (1967) Currently in Tanzania ESS5 shall apply. Restrictions on Land Use and Provides for the following: there is no specific- Specific project Involuntary Resettlement Minister responsible for land to authorize any resettlement policy RAP shall be Entitlements and eligibility person to enter upon the land and survey the itemizing procedures and prepared by Affected persons may be land to determine its suitability for a public processes to prevent following both classified as into three purpose. PAPs from being left TanTIP RPF, ESS-5 categories: ▪ The Government of Tanzania is supposed to worse off by a project. and applicable a) Persons with formal pay compensation to any person who suffers national legal rights to the land damage as a result of any action. There is no gap between compensation or assets they occupy Eligibility under Tanzanian Law is limited to Tanzanian Law and ESS5 guidelines. or use; those who can prove de jure or de facto land with regard to eligibility ownership. Seasonal land/resource users are for compensation of b) Persons with no formal not covered, nor are persons who have persons with formal legal legal rights to land or constructed on or otherwise use road reserves rights and those without assets, but have a (i.e., “encroachers”). formal legal rights but claim to the land or According to the Land Assessment of the value with a claim to land assets they occupy or of Land for Compensation) under customary use that is recognized Regulations, 2001, as well as the Village Land practices. ESS5, however, or recognizable under Regulations, 2001, compensation for loss of any has stronger protections national law; and interest land shall include loss of profits. for informal residents c) Persons with no Tanzanian Law provides for the calculation of and land users than does recognizable rights to compensation on the basis of the market value Tanzanian Law. land or assets they of the lost land and unexhausted improvements occupy or use. plus disturbance and accommodation Tanzanian regulations Compensation for loss of allowances as well as loss of profits where provide for income profit and income applicable. restoration allowances In cases where land Tanzanian Law has no provisions requiring the where the PAPs have acquisition or restrictions on government to pay special attention to incurred losses of land use affect commercial vulnerable groups in the administration of business income. This has enterprises regardless of size compensation. not, however, been and whether licensed or Tanzania law on compulsory acquisition and applied in practice. unlicensed. compensation is limited to those who can prove There is a gap between 96 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. World Bank ESS Tanzania Legislations Gaps Measures to fill the Gap Compensation for loss of de jure or de facto land ownership. the two approaches of assets Under S.13 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1967, if Market Value and When land acquisition or dispute or disagreement regarding the below- Replacement Cost. Under restrictions on land use listed below is not settled by the concerned the Market Value (whether permanent or parties within six weeks of the date of approach, the amount temporary) cannot be publication of the expropriation notice, the paid often fails to replace avoided, the Borrower must Minister or person holding claim in the land the lost land and assets. offer affected persons may institute a suit in the high court of Tanzania There are no provisions compensation at replacement for the determination of the dispute. requiring government to cost, as well as other pay special attention to assistance as necessary to vulnerable groups or help them improve or at least indigenous peoples. restore their pre-intervention Tanzanian Law does not standards of living and recognize seasonal livelihoods. land/resource Assistance to vulnerable and users/persons who have severely affected PAP Public done any development Land Users (“Encroachers”) on affected land as The RAP must provide eligible for compensation transitional relocation for assets or provision of assistance to physically resettlement and displaced persons during their livelihood assistance. relocation to the new site, Tanzanian Law does not which may include but not be provide for the limited to, transportation, establishment of food, shelter, and social grievance resolution services. mechanisms specific to User rights particular resettlement Land users/residents with no operations. Tanzania has recognizable legal rights or a well-established and claim to the land or assets accessible local grievance they occupy or use are redress mechanism 97 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. World Bank ESS Tanzania Legislations Gaps Measures to fill the Gap recognized as having a right to through existing systems compensation for lost and structures. The housing, income generation, national Laws and livelihood activities, and regulation has taking access to resources, although care of this issues not for the land itself. Grievance Handling Procedures Stakeholder engagement and information disclosure A project grievance mechanism must be in place as early as possible in project development to address specific concerns about compensation, relocation or livelihood restoration measures raised by the displaced persons (or others) in a timely manner ESS 6: Biodiversity Wildlife Conservation Act of 2009: Prohibits There is no significant The ESIA study was Conservation and Sustainable livestock keeping, crop cultivation or any gap existing. The national prepared by Management of Living agricultural activities in any wetland reserve Laws and regulation have following the Natural Resources areas taking care of this issues requirement of ESS6 recognizes the Tanzania Forest Act of 2002: Safeguards TanTIP -ESMF, ESS- importance of maintaining ecosystem stability through conservation of 6 and other core ecological functions of water catchments and Requires all relevant ESF habitats, including forests, developmental projects in watersheds to guiding documents and the biodiversity they adhere to Environmental Impact Assessment as well as support. Habitat is defined as (EIA) mitigation measures provisions of a terrestrial, freshwater, or National Environment Policy of 2021: Aims at national marine geographical unit or strengthen conservation of wildlife habitats and legislations. 98 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. World Bank ESS Tanzania Legislations Gaps Measures to fill the Gap airway that supports biodiversity; enhance conservation of forest assemblages of living ecosystems for sustainable provision of organisms and their environmental goods interactions with the non- and services; manage pollution for safe and living environment. All healthy environment; enhance conservation of habitats support complexities aquatic ecosystem for sustained ecological of living organisms and vary in services and socioeconomic wellbeing terms of species diversity, Environment Management Act No. 20 of 2004: abundance, and importance. Recognizes wetlands as fragile ecosystems that ESS 6 also addresses play an important role in water systems and sustainable management of Mandates the National Environmental primary production and Management Council (NEMC) to oversee the harvesting of living natural management of all-natural resources including resources. ESS6 recognizes the wetlands. need to consider the livelihood of project-affected parties, including Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities, whose access to, or use of, biodiversity or living natural resources may be affected by a project. The potential, positive role of project-affected parties, including Indigenous Peoples, in biodiversity conservation and sustainable management of living natural resources is also considered. ESS8: Cultural Heritage The Antiquities (Amendment) Act, 1979, and The National Legislation The ESS8 shall be 99 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. World Bank ESS Tanzania Legislations Gaps Measures to fill the Gap It requires avoidance of the Antiquities Act, 1964 (hereinafter referred does not provide a need complied during impacts on cultural heritage to as the ''principal Act''), and The for development of implementation of and identify measures to Environmental Management Act, 2004, Section cultural management the project and in mitigate its impacts when 73 – “Protection of natural and cultural heritage plan, consultation of line with the encountered including - Any matter or activity relating to protection stakeholders during TanTIP ESMF development of a Cultural and conservation of natural and cultural assessments and Heritage Management Plan heritage shall take into account necessary implementation, A chance finds procedure requirements for the protection of environment disclosure requirements shall be developed and as provided for under this Act”. If encountered & procedures, among followed if previously a chance finds procedure shall be applied. others. The national Laws unknown cultural heritage is and regulation have encountered during project taking care of this issues activities ESS 10: Stakeholder The Environmental Management Act, 2004: The legislations do not ESS 10 shall apply Engagement and Information Provides for ESIA studies to conduct robust clearly indicate the need for the project as Disclosure. stakeholder engagement and information for stakeholder well as TanTIP SEP. This ESS recognizes the disclosure. engagement plan and The ESIA and importance of open and EIA/EA regulations 2005 and amendments grievance redress ESMP, SEP shall be transparent engagement 2018: Public participation is a key requirement mechanism. It also does observed between the Borrower and during the ESIA process. The regulations require not clearly define the project stakeholders as an environmental experts or firm of experts to information disclosure essential element of good ensure that there is adequate stakeholder requirement. The international practice. participation in all stages of the Environmental national Laws and Effective stakeholder Impact Assessment and their concerns are fully regulation has taking engagement can improve the taken into account during the assessment of care of this issues. environmental and social impact. The ESIA shall define the mechanisms sustainability of projects, for stakeholder participation during the enhance project acceptance, monitoring and auditing process followed and make a significant through. contribution to successful The regulations require constant liaising with project design and relevant authorities and consult stakeholders implementation. including local communities in case of any new 100 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. World Bank ESS Tanzania Legislations Gaps Measures to fill the Gap development or changes as regards to implementation of your project plan or activities. 101 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 3.4 National Policies Framework The following are relevant sectoral and cross–sectoral policies which provide directives on how projects should be implemented in relation to concerned environmental and socio- economic settings. The project proponent shall consult these policies in the course of designing and implementing the proposed project activities. 3.4.1 The Tanzania Development Vision 2025 The Tanzania Vision 2025 aims at achieving a high-quality livelihood for its people attain good governance through the rule of law and develop a strong and competitive economy. Specific targets include: i. A high-quality livelihood characterized by sustainable and shared growth (equity), and freedom from abject poverty in a democratic environment. Specifically, the Vision aims at: food self- sufficiency and security, universal primary education and extension of tertiary education, gender equality, universal access to primary health care, 75% reduction in infant and maternal mortality rates, universal access to safe water, increased life expectancy, and absence of abject poverty, a well-educated and learning society. ii. Good governance and the rule of law moral and cultural uprightness, adherence to the rule of law, elimination of corruption. iii. A strong and competitive economy capable of producing sustainable growth and shared benefits a diversified and semi-industrialized economy, macro-economic stability, a growth rate of 8% per annum, adequate level of physical infrastructure, an active and competitive player in regional and global markets. Good airports are one of the most important agents to enable Tanzania achieve its Development Vision objectives (both social and economic), such as eradicating poverty, attaining food security, sustaining biodiversity and sensitive ecosystems. Upgrading of Lake Manyara airport through this project contributes to the attainment of the 2025 Vision. 3.4.2 National Environmental Policy (NEP) of 2021 Tanzania currently aims to achieve sustainable development through the rational and sustainable use of natural resources and to incorporate measures that safeguard the environment in any development activities. The environmental policy document seeks to provide the framework for making the fundamental changes that are needed to bring consideration of the environment into the mainstream of the decision-making processes in the country. The National Environmental Policy as a national framework for environmental management emphasized that the transport sector shall focus on the following environmental objectives: ➢ Ensuring sustainability, security and the equitable use of resources for meeting the basic needs of the present and future generations without degrading the environment or risking health or safety ➢ To improve the condition and productivity of degraded areas including rural and urban settlement in order that all Tanzanians may live in safe, healthful, productive and aesthetically pleasing surroundings. ➢ To raise public awareness and understanding of the essential linkages between environment and development and to promote individual and community participation in the environmental action ➢ To promote international co-operation on the environment and expand our participation and contribution to relevant bilateral, sub-regional, regional, and global organizations and programs, including implementation of treaties. 103 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. ➢ With specific regard to the transport sector, the National Environmental Policy (in Section 51) focuses on the following ➢ Improvement in mass transport systems to reduce fuel consumption, traffic congestion and pollution; ➢ Control and minimization of transport emission gases, noise, dust and particulates; ➢ Disaster/spills prevention and response plans and standards shall be formulated for transportation of hazardous/dangerous materials. ➢ Critically, the National Environmental Policy emphasize the following aspects of natural resources management taking into account that the project proposal has impacts on natural resources: ➢ Wildlife resources should be protected and utilized in a sustainable manner; and on the basis of careful assessment of natural heritage in flora and fauna, fragile ecosystem, site under pressure and endangered species, with participation of, and benefits to, the local communities. Environmentally adverse impacts of development project in wildlife conservation area e.g. (tourist hotels, airport construction) shall be minimized by Environmental Impact Assessment studies. ➢ It encourages the development of sustainable regimes for soil conservation and forest protection, taking into consideration the links between desertification, deforestation, freshwater availability, climatic change and biological diversity. ➢ On addressing the issues of poverty alleviation, the policy recognizes its impact to the environment. The policy focuses on the satisfaction of basic needs of citizens with due cognizance to protecting the environment. This project shall ensure that the above policy objectives are met. The NEP advocates the adoption of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) as a tool for screening development projects which are likely to cause adverse environmental impacts. 3.4.3 Tanzania Airport Authority Environmental Policy (2012) Tanzania Airports Authority (TAA) highly values the health and wellbeing of its employees, neighboring communities and all other stakeholders that use and visit its airports and believes that everyone has a right to operate in clean, safe and healthy environment. The Policy therefore strives continually to mitigate negative environmental impacts on airport operations through promoting an environmentally sound manner, guided by various environmental protection principles. In order to achieve this, Tanzania Airports Authority shall put the following environmental principles into practice: Relevance to the project Tanzania Airports Authority (TAA) has adopted the policy through the provision of equal opportunities to both men and women in airport construction works and related activities. This project shall develop an environmental management system that meets ISO standards, to ensure that objectives and targets are continually monitored, reported and improved upon to ensure sound environmental performance. Prevent and/or minimize adverse environmental impacts of airports development and operations. Conduct environmental audit for every airport and continually assess environmental and social impacts of all development projects and implement a comprehensive impacts management plan. Work in consultation with major stakeholders including the surrounding communities to ensure that their views and concerns regarding environmental aspects are considered during planning 3.4.4 National Transport Policy (2003) The vision of this policy is “to have an efficient and cost-effective domestic and international transport service to all segments of the population and sectors of the national economy with maximum safety and minimum environmental degradation”. Its mission is to “Develop safe, reliable, effective, efficient and fully integrated transport infrastructure and operations which shall best meet the needs of travel and transport at improving levels of service at lower costs in a manner which supports government strategies for socio-economic development whilst being economically and environmentally sustainable”. 104 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. The National Transport Policy acknowledges that in the rural areas of Tanzania the transport situation is highly affected by poor infrastructure, specifically airports. Hence the key objective of the transport policy is to improve the transport infrastructure to enable easier movement of agricultural and livestock inputs and outputs to and from rural and urban areas. Agricultural and Livestock inputs need to be transported into villages and surplus outputs need to be transported to markets which are normally located in urban areas. To facilitate such goals, efficient and all-weather airports are needed. In transport, the main objective of the policy is to improve infrastructure whilst minimizing wasteful exploitation of natural resources and enhancing environmental protection. Improving infrastructure assists in poverty reduction and eradication which is a major goal in Tanzania. Most activities in the project area depend in one way or another on the environment and therefore protection of the environment is vital. • In order to promote environmental protection whilst reducing poverty in rural areas, the policy direction is to: • Influence use of alternative energy sources such as biogas and solar available at the residential localities instead of travelling long distances in search of firewood as a source of power; and • Raise environmental awareness. Sections 5.9 and 6.13 on Airport Transport and Environment and Rural Transport and Environment respectively give policy directions towards enhancing environmental protection through environmentally friendly and sustainable transport infrastructure both in the rural and urban areas. This project is the Implementation of this policy since the Project airport shall provide a reliable means of transporting goods and agriculture products to from the farms to the Markets. 3.4.5 National Mineral Policy (2018) The National Mineral Policy requires that mining activities are undertaken in a sustainable manner. Reclamation of land after mining activities is recommended. Section 3.3.12 states that “To ensure Sustainability of mining there is a need to Integrate Environmental and Social concerns into Mineral development programmes. Sustainable mining development requires balancing the protection of flora and fauna and Natural Environment with the need for social and economic development." As far as this project is concerned, mining activities refer to quarrying and gravel extraction (borrow pits) activities. 3.4.6 National Construction Industry Policy (2003) The airport sector is among the key areas covered by this policy. Among the major objectives of the policy, which supports a sustainable airport development sector, include the promotion and application of cost effective and innovative technologies and practices to support socio-economic development activities such as airport-works, water supply, sanitation, shelter delivery and income generating activities and to ensure application of practices, technologies and products which are not harmful to either the environment or human health. This project shall give priority to local consultants and contractor and also use of locally available materials as emphasized in the Policy. 3.4.7 National Land Policy (1995) The National Land Policy states that, “the overall aim of a National Land Policy is to promote and ensure a secure land tenure system, to encourage the optimal use of land resources, and to facilitate airport - based social and economic development without upsetting or endangering the ecological balance of the environment”. This ESIA partly responds to this requirement. 3.4.8 National Energy Policy (2003) The first energy policy for Tanzania was formulated in April 1992. Since then, the energy sector has undergone a number of changes, necessitating adjustments to this initial policy. These changes include changes in the role of the government from a service provider to a facilitator, liberalization of the 105 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. market and encouragement of private sector investment. The overall objective of the National Energy Policy of 2003 is to contribute to the development process by establishing efficient energy production, procurement, transportation, distribution and end-user systems in an environmentally sound manner and with due regard to gender issues. The continuing decline in industrial and agricultural production during the period between 1980 and 1985 led to increased inflation and a decline in the standard of living. In order to arrest this decline, the government gave priority to the rehabilitation of basic economic infrastructure, especially communication, so that they can fully support the production sector. The energy policy considers the condition of airports as a determinant factor in vehicle energy use. Rough and pothole filled airports necessitate frequent braking and acceleration, leading to wasteful use of fuel. The project airport shall provide smooth, well-surfaced and well-maintained airport which lead to energy savings. 3.4.9 National Human Settlements Development Policy (2000) Among the objectives of this policy that touch the airport sector are to improve the level of the provision of infrastructure and social services for the development of sustainable human settlements and to make serviced land available for shelter to all sections of the community. Such infrastructure and services constitute the backbone of urban/rural economic activities. All weather airports and a reliable and efficient transport system are essential to increase productivity and the establishment of manufacturing industries. 3.4.10 National Gender Policy (2002) The key objective of this policy is to provide guidelines that shall ensure that gender sensitive plans and strategies are developed in all sectors and institutions. While the policy aims at establishing strategies to eradicate poverty, it puts emphasis on gender quality and equal opportunity of both men and women to participate in development undertakings and to value the role-played by each member of society. The ministry of Transport and Tanzania Airport Authority have adopted the policy through the provision of equal opportunities to both men and women in airport works and related activities. This project shall also ensure that local women are adequately involved at all levels of project implementation. 3.4.11 The National Water Policy (2002) The policy objective is to develop a comprehensive framework for sustainable management of the national water resources. In this case, the policy recognizes the need to protect water sources against pollution and environmental degradation. The policy insists on the integrated water resources management involving all stakeholders. It further emphasizes that water resources shall be conserved, and water pollution should be avoided. This policy is relevant as water for construction shall be abstracted from the borehole at the project. The project operations shall ensure that there shall be no oil spills, wastes of harmful substances or any other substances that may cause water pollution. 3.4.12 National Forestry Policy (1998) The national forest policy is based on macro-economic, environmental and social framework. Its overall aim is to manage Tanzania’s forest resources as a national heritage on an integrated and sustainable basis to optimize their environmental, economic, social and cultural values. The policy drives towards implementing the directives contained in the National Environmental Policy (1997) in regard with forest resources management. For instance, the forest policy advocates and directs the conduction of EIA for development projects that shall affect forest reserves including services crossing them (e.g. airports). The upgrading of airport may require utilization of various forest resources such as timber and wood which may be obtained from the available forest areas in the project region. The contractor shall observe this policy utilization of these resources. 106 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 3.4.13 Agricultural and Livestock Policy (1997) The number and nature of guidelines that constitute Tanzania Agricultural and Livestock policy is complex. However, the overall aim is to promote and ensure a secure land tenure system to encourage the optimal use of land resources, and facilitate airport-based social and economic development without upsetting or endangering the ecological balance of the environment. The major theme is the conversion of land into an economic asset to which all citizens should have equal access, especially in response to the vulnerability of smallholders and livestock keepers who do not produce a surplus. The airport upgrade may enhance the commercialization of agriculture so as to increase income levels and alleviate poverty in the Arusha Region. 3.4.14 National Policy on HIV/AIDS (2001) The National Policy on HIV/AIDS (2001) was formulated by the Government of Tanzania (GOT) under technical support from the World Health Organization Global Programme on AIDS (WHO-GPA) that led to the establishment of National HIV/AIDS Control Programme (NACP) under the Ministry of Health. However, due to its multi-sectoral nature there was a need to involve all sectors and community participation was found to be crucial. One of the government strategic initiatives is to establish Tanzania Commission for AIDS (TACAIDS) under the Prime Minister’s Office. The Commission provides leadership and coordination of national multi-sectoral response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The management functions, institutional and organizational arrangement of TACAIDS are outlined in the National Policy. The policy identifies HIV/AIDS as a global disaster, hence requiring concerted and unprecedented initiative at national and global levels. It recognizes HIV/AIDS as an impediment to development in all sectors, in terms of social and economic development with serious and direct implication on social services and welfare. Thus, the policy recognizes the linkage between poverty and HIV/AIDS, as the poor section of the society are the most vulnerable. This project can be a precursor of Incidents of HIV/AIDS due to the influx of people into the area including construction workers. This would result in an increase in the incidence of diseases including STI, and HIV/AIDS. 3.4.15 Wildlife Policy of Tanzania (2007) The vision of the wildlife sector for the next 20 years conforms to the Development Vision 2025 on sustainable environmental and socio-economic transformation. Inter alia, the vision of the wildlife sector is to: • Promote conservation of biological diversity; • Administer, regulate and develop wildlife resources; • Involve all stakeholders in wildlife conservation and sustainable utilization, as well as in fair equitable sharing of benefits; • Promote sustainable utilization of wildlife resources; and • Contribute to poverty alleviation and improve the quality of Tanzania. The Wildlife Policy envisages addressing several national challenges. For instance, conserving representative areas of the key habitats with great biological diversity; continuing to support and where necessary, enlarge the protected area network as the core of conservation activities; integrating wildlife conservation with rural development; and minimizing human-wildlife conflicts whenever it occurs. The project ToR explains Lake Manyara airport to be prioritized on the basis of potential for tourism through use of Ngorongoro and Serengeti national park in Arusha Region, hence the relevance of wildlife policy to this project. 3.4.16 National Employment Policy, 1997 The policy aims at promoting employment opportunities by identifying potential areas for employment, and to lay down strategies of how to utilize such areas in promoting employment in the country, to identify and elaborate the status and roles of the government, private sector and Non-Governmental Organizations, local and foreign donors in promoting and sustaining employment. The policy mentions promotion strategies for some special groups such as women, youth and disabled persons who need 107 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. special consideration. This project shall consider providing employment by taking into consideration gender issues. 3.4.17 National Tourism Policy (1999) The national tourism policy seeks to assist in the efforts to promote the economy and livelihood of people, essentially poverty alleviation, through encouraging the development of sustainable and quality tourism that is culturally and socially acceptable, ecologically friendly, environmentally sustainable and economically viable. The government of Tanzania is determined to maintain its tourist resources base in an adequate manner as it forms part of the public resources, improve the existing tourism infrastructure and to develop it further so as to accrue higher revenues from the sector. 3.4.18 National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (2005) One of NSGRP objective is to improve the quality of life and social wellbeing. This can be achieved through improving passable (good/fair condition) rural airports from 50% in 2003 to at least 75% in 2010. The strategy shall also ensure that the health facilities are improved and accessible and drugs are made available throughout the year (NSGRP, 2003). Upgrading of Lake Manyara airport shall contribute to Poverty Reduction within the project area through tourism activities. 3.5 LEGAL FRAMEWORK 3.5.1 The Environmental Management Act No. 20 of (2004), Cap. 191 The Environmental Management Act No. 20 of 2004 is the principle legislation governing environmental management in the country. The Act recognizes the right of every citizen to clean, safe and heath environment, and the right of access to environmental resources for recreational, educational, health, spiritual, cultural, and economic purposes. Thus, the Act provides a legal framework for coordinating harmonious and conflicting activities by integrating those activities into overall sustainable environmental management system by providing key technical support to Sector Ministries. The Act is relevant to the project because the project is expected to have some impacts to the environment. Thus, monitoring of the mentioned parameters shall be carried out by adhering to the developed environmental standards (international and/or national). 3.5.2 The Land Act (2019) These laws declare all land in Tanzania to be “Public land” to be held by the state for pu blic purposes. The Acts empower the President of the United Republic of Tanzania, to revoke the “Right of Occupancy” of any landholder for the “public/national interest” should the need arise. The laws also declare the value attached to land. Land tenure system: The existing land ownership system has a history of more than forty years. At present the Land Act (1999) and the Village Land Act (1999) provide guidance to land ownership in Tanzania. The laws vest all land in the President and grant occupancy rights to individuals, legal persons and territorial communities. The President holds land in trust for all citizens and can acquire land for public use and benefit, for instance, to resettle people from densely populated areas to sparsely populated areas, settle refugees and so forth. The President can also acquire land for other national projects, like airport construction. Compensation rules: Under the Government Standing Order on expropriation for public utility, the holder of a Right of Occupancy is guaranteed a free enjoyment of the land and is entitled to compensation if dispossessed 108 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. by the Government for public use. In many cases whilst the holders agree to leave their land they are not happy with the amount and delay of the compensation. Often, for example, improvements that they have made to the land are omitted or underrated. The expropriation should match the price that improvements can fetch if sold in the open market. Replacement value (defined as the cost of putting up a structure equivalent to the evaluated one) makes allowance for age, state of repair and economic obsolescence. The compensation must therefore include: - • The replacement value of the un-exhausted improvements • Disturbance and transport allowance • Loss of income • Cost of acquiring or getting an equivalent land • Actual value of the present property/utility available in the land and • Any other immediate costs or capital expenditure incurred in the development of the land. This project shall involve resettlement of people as there is a need for extra land especially the access road 1.5km and some land for the extension within the existing airport boundary. However, this Act is being referred to apply for any piece of land that would have to be acquired outside the airport in case there shall be a need of extra land for source of construction materials etc. 3.5.3 The Water Resources Management Act (2019) This is a new legislation that has repealed the Water Resources Management Act, 2009. The Act provides for institutional and legal framework for sustainable management and development of water resources; outlines principles for water resources management; for prevention and control of water pollution; and provides for participation of stakeholders and general public in implementation of the National Water Policy. Its main objective is to ensure that the nation’s water resources are protected, used, developed, conserved, managed and controlled in ways that among others meets the basic human needs of present and future generations, prevents and controls pollution of water resources and protects biological diversity especially the aquatic ecosystems. In accordance with this law, all water resources in Mainland Tanzania shall continue to be public water and vested in the President as the trustee for and on behalf of the citizens. The power to confer a right to the use of water from any water resource is vested in the Minister responsible for water. Therefore, the responsible water authorities shall be consulted to meet the requirement of this policy before construction begins. 3.5.4 The Road Act, 2007 For purposes of this project, the Road Act 2007 serves as a guide to the use of the airport access road. Contrary to previous informal understanding the reserve is exclusive to airport related activities that do not include other utilities. However, clause 29 (2) does give provision for the request and terms of approval for use of the access road by utilities such as power lines and water pipes. On land acquisition the Act clearly states in part III, Section 16 that ‘where it becomes necessary for the road authority to acquire a land owned by any person, the owner of such land shall be entitled to compensation for any development on such land in accordance with the Land Act and any other written law’. The pavement design and construction of runway, taxiway and apron sections of Lake Manyara airport project shall be implemented within the area to be acquired by TANROADS approximately (7000m2) for access road construction and therefore compensation is mandatory. 109 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 3.5.5 Public Health Act 2009 An Act provide for the promotion, preservation and maintenance of public health with the view to ensuring the provision of comprehensive, functional and sustainable public health services to the general public and to provide for other related matters. Section 54 of this law states that “a person shall not cause or suffer from nuisance, likely to be injurious or dangerous to health, existing on land, premises, air or water”. Therefore, the airport authority shall develop this project in a way that nobody suffers from nuisance or cause danger to people’s life. 3.5.6 Land Use Planning Act (2018) The Act provides for the procedures for the preparation, administration and enforcement of land use plans; to repeal the National Land Use Planning Commissioning Act and to provide for related matters. Among the objectives of the Act as given in Section 4 are to facilitate the orderly management of land use and to promote sustainable land use practices. This project is expected to affect land use and livelihood and shall comply with the provisions of this Act. Any infringement on existing land use shall need consultation with land use planning authorities. 3.5.7 Occupation Safety and Health Act (2018) The law requires employers to provide a good working environment to workers in order to safeguard their health. The employers need to perform medical examinations to determine fitness before engaging employees. Employers must also ensure that the equipment used by employees is safe and shall also provide proper working gear as appropriate. TANROADS and Contractor shall observe this law during construction. 3.5.8 Local Government Laws (Miscellaneous Amendment) Act, 2006 The Local Government Act directs the registrar of villages to register an area as a village and issue a certificate of incorporation which enables the village council to become a corporate body with a perpetual succession and official seal; in its corporate name a village is capable of suing and being sued; and a village is capable of holding and purchasing or requiring in any other way any movable or immovable property. The Act gives authority to local governments to regulate matters that are local. A pertinent example of such authority to the project airport is that the local government may opt to regulate extraction of minerals or building material, through their by-laws. Despite the authority of local governments, the by- laws should not derogate any principal legislation e.g. in the case of extraction of material, the Mining Act. The matters pertaining to the project which are local shall be handled at the local level by Karatu District Council. 3.5.9 National Forest Act, 2002 This Act deals with the protection of forests and forest products in forest reserves and the restrictions and prohibitions in forest reserves. Forest Management plans are administered under the Forest ordinance (1957). Any contravention of the restrictions and prohibition is considered an offence under this ordinance and subject to enforcement. The law was revised in 2002 to meet the new requirements under the Forest Policy. The new Forest Act No 14 of 2002 requires that for any development including mining development, construction of dams, power stations, electrical or telecommunication and construction of building within a Forest Reserve, Private Forest or Sensitive Forest, the proponent must prepare an Environmental Impact Assessment for submission to the Director of Forestry. The law also requires licenses or permits for certain activities undertaken within the national or local forest reserves, such as, among others, felling or removing trees, harvesting forest produce, entering a forest reserve for the purpose of tourism or camping, mining activities, occupation or residence within the reserve, cultivation, erecting any structures. This EIA has been prepared to fulfil the requirements of this law. 110 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 3.5.10 Explosives Act, 56/63 This Act gives the Commissioner for Mines responsibility for regulating explosives. First, section 3 stipulates that no import, manufacture, possession, acquisition, or disposition of explosives is allowed unless the substance is approved for use by the Commissioner. Sections 7-9 stipulate that a person must have a license from the Commissioner for Mines to legally manufacture explosives. Penalty for failure to have a license is 5,000 and/or 2 years. Part V of the Act further requires a permit for transport of explosives. Part VI requires a permit for acquisition, possession, and disposal of explosives. Part VII requires a permit for storage of explosives. Part VIII requires a permit for use of explosives. An explosives permit can give conditions. The following applications and sample permits are included in Appendix A to the Act: • Application for Import Permit • Import Permit • Import Permit (General Authority to Import Explosives) • Application for License to Purchase or Acquire Explosives • License to Purchase or Acquire Explosives • Magazine License • Explosive Store License • Application for Blasting Certificate • Blasting Certificate • Return of Explosives In addition to these general permitting requirements, section 12 provides that the person in charge of the explosives is liable if an "unauthorized person" has access thereto or possession thereof. Section 51 establishes general penalties and/or 1-year imprisonment. Finally, under section 53, the Commissioner has authority to revoke a license or blasting certificate. For this airport project, these permits and applications applies to the use of material from any quarries and borrow pits where blasting is to be employed for the new or existing quarry site. 3.5.11 Regional and City Act No 9, 1997 The Act provides for Regional Commissioners to oversee Regional Secretariats, with City Commissioners directly supervising the City Councils. Local authorities oversee the local planning processes, including establishing local environmental policies. The National Environmental Policy establishes a policy committee on Environment at Regional level chaired by the Regional Commissioner, mirrored by environmental committee at all lower levels, i.e. at the City, Division, Ward and Village or Mtaa Councils. Under the EMA 2004, the Regional Secretariat is responsible for coordination for all advice on environmental management in their respective region and in liaison with the Director of Environment. At Local Government level, an Environmental Management Officer should be designated or appointed by each City, City, City or Town Council. In each City or City Environmental Committees should be established to promote and enhance sustainable management of the Environment. The Village/Mitaa Development Committee is responsible for proper management of the environment in their respective areas. The City Council designates for each administrative area as township, ward, village, sub-street and Environmental Management Officer to coordinate all functions and activities related to protection of environmental in their area. TAA/TANROADS and Contractor shall observe all local environmental bylaws set by Karatu District Council and Arusha Regional Secretariat. 3.5.12 Mining Act (2019) This Act states that “building material” includes all forms of rock, stones, gravel, sand, clay, volcanic ash or cinder, or other minerals being used for the construction of buildings, airports, dams, aerodromes, or similar works but does not include gypsum, limestone being burned for the production of lime, or material used for the manufacture of cement. 111 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Section 6(1) states that "no person shall, on or in any land to which this act refers, prospect for minerals or carry on mining operations except under the authority of Mineral Right granted, or deemed to have been granted under this Act." For this project the Contractor shall apply for Mining permit before starting Quarrying Activities in case of new quarries. 3.5.13 Land Acquisition Act 2019 Under the Land Acquisition Act, 2019, the President may, subject to the provisions of this Act, acquire any land for any estate or term where such land is required for any public purpose. Land shall be deemed to be acquired for a public purpose where it is required, for example, for exclusive Government use, for general public use, for any Government scheme, for the development of agricultural land or for the provision of sites for industrial, agricultural or commercial development, social services, or housing or; where the President is satisfied that a corporation requires any land for the purposes of construction of any work which in his opinion would be of public utility or in the public interest or in the interest of the national economy, he may, with the approval, to be signified by resolution of the National Assembly and by order published in the Gazette, declare the purpose for which such land is required to be a public purpose and upon such order being made such purpose shall be deemed to be a public purpose; or in connection with the laying out of any new city, City, township or minor settlement or the extension or improvement of any existing city, City, township or minor settlement; etc. Upon such acquisition of any Land the President is compelled on behalf of the Government to pay in respect thereof, out of moneys provided for the purpose by Parliament, such compensation, as may be agreed upon or determined in accordance with the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act, 1967. The President may also revoke a right of occupancy if in his opinion it is in public interest to do so. Accordingly, the land for which a right of occupancy has been revoked reverts back to the Government for re-allocation pursuant to the existing need (s). It should also be noted here that, though the land belongs to the government some changes on the land act has taken place. Land has value to the owner; therefore, any land taken from the user has to be compensated. Based on this act the villagers affected by the project are claiming that they should be compensated for the lost farms and land used for residential purposes. Any land acquisition that shall be done during the implementation of this project shall be guided by this law. 3.5.14 Wildlife Conservation Act No 5/09 of 2009 The prime purposes of this Act are: • To make better provisions for the conservation, management, protection and sustainable utilization of wildlife and wildlife products • To repeal the Wildlife Conservation Act Cap. 283 and • To provide for other related matters Section 74 of the Act states that "A human activity, settlement or any other development that shall adversely affect wildlife shall not be permitted within five hundred meters from the wildlife protected area borderline without the permission of the, Director." An airport operation is expected to attract tourism in Manyara, Tarangire, Serengeti National Park and Ngorongoro Conservation Authority. The use of national parks and others tourist sites by tourists may cause detrimental effect to the biological diversity of any place and any kind regardless whether the area is protected or not. 112 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 3.5.15 Employment and Labour Relations Act (2017) The Act makes provisions for core labour rights; establishes basic employment standards, provides a framework for collective bargaining; and provides for the prevention and settlement of disputes. TAA/TANROADS shall enforce this Act to ensure that the Contractor adheres to employment standards as provided for by the law. 3.5.16 Engineers Registration Act (2017) The Acts regulate the engineering practice in Tanzania by registering engineers and monitoring their conduct. It establishes the Engineering Registration Board (ERB). Laws require any foreigner engineer to register with ERB before practicing in the country. Foreign engineers working with this project shall abide to the law requirement. 3.5.17 Contractors Registration Act (2011) The Contractors Registration Act requires contractors to be registered by the Contractors registration Board (CRB) before engaging in practice. It requires foreign contractors to be registered by the Board before gaining contracts in Tanzania. TANROADS shall comply with the law requirement during the recruitment of contractors for project implementation. 3.5.18 HIV and AIDS (Prevention and Control) Act of 2008 The law provides for public education and programmes on HIV and AIDS. Section 8(1) of the law states that “The Ministry (Health), health practitioners, workers in the public and private sectors and NGOs shall for the purpose of providing HIV and AIDS education to the public, disseminate information regarding HIV and AIDS to the public”. Furthermore, Section 9 states that “Every employer in consultation with the Ministry (Health) shall establish and coordinate a workplace programme on HIV and AIDS for employees under his control and such programmes shall include provision of gender responsive HIV and AIDS education. This project shall abide to HIV/AIDS Act in the fight against the disease. 3.5.19 Industrial and Consumer Chemical (Management and Control) Act, 2017 The Act provides for among other issues, importation, transportation, storage, use and disposal of chemicals in Tanzania. Airport Contractor is required by law to have a certificate from the Chief Government Chemist for importation, storage or disposal of any chemicals (Asphalt, Lime, etc.). Furthermore, Airport Contractor as any other individual dealing with chemical is required to comply with all provisions/regulations regarding packaging, handling, storage, use and disposal of chemicals, as set by the this Act. The minister appoints an inspector from time to time to ensure compliance. Failure to compliance might lead to revocation of the certificate. This law shall guide the contractor and TANROADS on importation of construction materials such as Asphalt. 3.5.20 The Petroleum Act, 2015 This act makes provisions for Importation, Exportation, Transportation, Transformation, Storage and wholesale and retail distribution of petroleum products in a liberalized market and to provide for related matters. Section 7 of the act restricts persons/Institutions from performing petroleum supply operations without having obtained a license in accordance with the provision of this act. Section 8 (1) states that " Prior to the issuance of the license, the applicant must comply with all necessary Environmental requirements as provided for under the Environmental Management Act." TANROADS and the contractor shall see to it that the provisions of this law are taken into task during construction of the Lake Manyara airport. 3.5.21 The Civil Aviation Act, Cap 80, 2006 This Act provides for establishment of the Tanzania Civil Aviation Authority. The Authority is a government executive agency responsible for the provision of Air Navigation services and for Safety, Security and Economic Regulation of Civil aviation in Tanzania. The current mandate is drawn from the 113 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Tanzania Civil Aviation Act Cap 80 of 2006. The Act covers the provision of air navigation services and the regulation of safety and security aspects of the industry, and also extends the regulatory mandate of the Authority to cover the economic regulation of air transport services, aeronautical airport services (airside airport operations, ground handling, refueling, in-flight catering etc) and air navigation services. The economic regulation mandate involves the monitoring of the performance of service providers in relation to levels of investment; availability, quality and standards of services; the cost of services; the efficiency of production and distribution of such services; protection of the environment and the safeguarding of consumers and the general public. Relevance to the project Additionally, section 25 (f) require the Authority during carrying out its functions to strive to enhance the welfare of Tanzania society by Taking into account the need to protect and preserve the environment. 3.5.22 The Tanzania Civil Aviation (Ground Handling Services) Regulations, 2007. “Airport ground handling service provider” means a service provider licensed to provide one or more categories of ground handling services defined in the First Schedule; The regulation provides Services at an airport that includes: (a) passenger and baggage handling; (b) Ramp handling; (c) Fuel and oil handling; (d) freight and mail handling as regards the physical handling of freight and mail, whether incoming, outgoing or being transferred, between the terminal building and the aircraft. The airport operator shall take the necessary measures to ensure that suppliers of ground handling services and airport users wishing to self-handle have access to airport installations to the extent necessary for them to carry out their activities. The regulation provide guidance to space availability for ground handling at an airport must be divided among the various suppliers of ground handling services and self-handling airport users including new entrants in the field, to the extent necessary for the exercise of their rights and to allow effective and fair competition, on the basis of the relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory rules and criteria. Where access to airport installations gives rise to the collection of a fee, the latter shall be determined according to relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory criteria. TANROADS and the contractor shall see to it that the provisions of this law are taken into task during construction of the Lake Manyara airport. 3.5.23 Workers’ Compensation Act (2017) The Act provides for compensation of employees for disablement or death caused by or resulting from injuries or diseases sustained or contracted in the course of employment; establishes the Fund for administration and regulation of workers compensation and provides for related matter. The objectives of the Act are as follows: i. Provide for adequate and equitable compensation for employees who suffer occupational injuries and in the case of death, for their dependents; ii. Provide for the rehabilitation of employees who have suffered occupational injuries in order to assist in restoring their health, independence and participation in society; iii. Provide for a framework for the effective, prompt and empathetic consideration, settlement and payment of compensation benefits to employees and their dependents; iv. Provide for the establishment, control and administration of the Workers' Compensation Fund, and the legal framework for contributions to and payments from the Fund; v. Give effect to international obligations with respect to workers' compensation; and vi. Promote prevention of accidents and occupational diseases. 114 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. TANROADS and the contractor shall see to it that the provisions of this law are taken into task during construction of the Lake Manyara airport. 3.5.24 Antiquities Act of 1964 and the Antiquities Rules of 1991 The Antiquities Act of 1964 and as amended in 1979, and the Antiquities Rules of 1991 govern archaeological research in Tanzania. Under the Act, all objects (relics) that were made or modified by man before the year 1864 are automatically protected under the law. Section 16 of the 1964 Act gives powers to Local Government Authorities, to pass by-laws (with the approval of the Minister responsible for Antiquities) with respect to the preservation of the archaeological heritage in their areas of jurisdiction. They also have mandates to spearhead developments in districts and urban centres (for cities and municipalities) respectively. The project involves soil excavations at the proposed site for extraction of construction materials, hence may result into excavation of archaeological artefacts. The Contractor shall protect archaeological materials and report on any archaeological findings to the Director of Antiquities and the relevant local government authorities. 3.5.25 The Tanzania Bureau of Standards Act (2019) The Tanzania Bureau of Standards is the designated national authority (TBS Act 1975) for developing all kinds of national standards, including environmental standards. The TBS Act establishes the National Environment Standards Committee (NESC) which is responsible for developing environmental standards. The National Environment Management Act 2004 recognizes the existence of the NESC. Part X enumerates the types of environmental standards to be established, they include water quality, discharge of effluent into water, air quality, control of noise and vibration pollution, sub-sonic vibrations, soil quality, control of noxious smells, light pollution, and electromagnetic waves and microwaves. Development of national environmental standards is still at its infancy stage. Only 9 compulsory environmental standards (those that require compulsory compliance) have been developed so far. Although, it is not stated in the Acts, in the absence of national standards, project proponents are encouraged to use international standards such as those of WHO, World Bank, BS, EU, American Public Health Association (APHA), US EPA, etc. Relevant national environmental standards (to a limited extent though) include: TZS 860: 2005 Municipal and Industrial Waste waters – General Tolerance Limits for Municipal and Industrial Wastewaters. This standard provides permissible limits of important environmental parameters such as BOD, COD, pH, Color, Temperature range, Total suspended solids and turbidity. It also gives permissible limits of a range of inorganic and organic components. TZS 845:2005 Air Quality – Specification: This standard gives permissible emission limits of sulphur oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons (as total organic carbon), Dust, Nitrogen oxides and lead. EMDC 2(1758): Air Quality - Vehicular Exhaust Emissions Limits and This standard is mainly derived from EU Directives 96/69/EC, 91/542/EEC and 97/24/EC. This Tanzania Standard gives permissible limits of some common substances found in exhaust emissions of motor vehicles, namely carbon monoxides, suspended particulate matter (PM), oxides of nitrogen, and hydrocarbons. The standard covers all types of vehicles namely, passenger cars, light commercial vehicles, heavy-duty vehicles, and two and four strokes motorcycles and scooters. AESL need to ensure that the hired vehicles or its own meets this standard. 115 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. EMDC 6 (1733) P 2: ACOUSTICS - General Tolerance Limits for Environmental Noise: This standard focuses on urban environmental noise, and does not cover occupation environment. In the absence of other standards, it may be used to give indication of permissible noise levels in factory/workshop environment. TANROADS shall ensure that the Contractor adhere to these standards during construction of the project. 3.6 National Regulations and Guidelines 3.6.1 The Explosives Regulations of 1964, GN 56/64 The Explosives Regulations of 1964, GN 56/64, establish conditions for licensing stores, magazines and general precautions for explosives. They also stipulate the nature of work which is permissible when blasting, and the requirement that storage places for explosives be at a certain distance from other buildings. A condition on all of the licenses is that the explosives must be stored in a licensed magazine or store or approved storage boxes. The contactor for this project shall apply for a license before the use of explosives for blasting. 3.6.2 Land (Assessment of the Value of Land for Compensation) Regulations, 2001 This regulation is made under the Land Act No 4 of 1999. The regulations provide criteria for the assessment of compensation on land, as per market value for real property; disturbance allowance is calculated as a percentage of market value of the acquired assets over twelve months; and transport allowance calculated at the cost of 12 tons hauled over a distance not exceeding 20 km. The other criteria include loss of profit on accommodation based on business audited accounts and accommodation allowance equivalent to the rent of the acquired property per month over a 36 month period. According to these regulations, the following are eligible for compensation / resettlement: • Plot of land of comparable quality, extent and productive potential to the land lost; • A building or buildings of comparable quality, extent and use comparable to the building or buildings lost • Plants and seedlings • Loss of profits: Loss of profit is estimated by assessing the net monthly profit of the business carried out on the land (evidenced by audited account where necessary and applicable) and multiplying by thirty-six months. • Accommodation allowance: Accommodation allowance is estimated by assessing the market rent of the building and multiplying it by thirty-six months. • Disturbance allowance: Disturbance allowance is calculated by multiplying value of the land by average percentage rate of interest offered by commercial banks on fixed deposits for twelve months at the time of loss of interest in land. • Transport allowance: Transport allowance is determined by taking actual costs of transporting twelve tons of luggage by rail or airport (which ever cheaper) within twenty kilometres from the point of displacement. No payment shall be made for transport allowance, accommodation allowance, and loss of profit for unoccupied land at the date of loss of interest on land. • Interest: Interest is determined by average percentage rate of interest offered by commercial banks on fixed deposits and shall be recoverable until such compensation is paid (Sub-section 3 of Section 13). The following procedures outlined in Section 6 of the regulation shall apply: • Notification of the occupier of the land; • Submission of claims for compensation by occupier; • Physical appearance of occupier on specified date, time and place where assessment is to be made • Valuation for compensation by Commissioner or the authorized officer • Preparation of compensation schedule and submission of the schedule with claim for compensation to the Compensation Fund 116 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • Verification and acceptance of rejection of payment by the Fund within not more than 30 days from the date of receipt of claim • If the person does not agree with the amount or method of payment or dissatisfied with time taken to pay compensation, he /she may apply to the High Court. The high court shall determine the amount and method of payment and make any additional costs and inconveniences incurred. • Prompt compensation to be paid for acquired land or damaged properties. • Project to involve Qualified Valuation Officer and follow all procedures as outlined in The Land (Compensation Claims) Regulations (2001) and The Land (Assessment of Value for Compensation) Regulations (2001). Relevance to this Project: Currently according to the Lake Manyara airport design there shall be compensation of affected properties because the area of about 26,000m2 shall be required for construction activities to accommodate all the proposed facilities. 3.6.3 Mining (Occupational Health and Environment Protection) Regulations, 2010 These regulations apart from other things give the Minister responsible for mining the mandate to exempt or ask for environmental information during application for mining license. Section (4) of this regulation’s states that “Except in cases where an exemption has been to require EIA granted under section 64 (2) of the Act, an environmental impact statement and environmental management plan must accompany applications for Mineral Rights in all special mining license applications”. These regulations require the contractor to apply for mining license for new borrow pits/quarry sites. The application should be accompanied by EIA. For all new quarry sites to be opened shall undergo Operational Plan first. 3.6.4 Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations (2005) These regulations set procedures for conducting EIA and environmental audit in the country. The regulations also require registration of EIA experts. This ESIA has been conducted following the above stated regulations. 3.6.5 The Environmental Management (Air Quality) Regulation, (2007) The national air quality standards are formulated under the EMA Act No. 39 of 2004 of air quality standards in Tanzania. Under this Regulation air pollution is defined as any change in the composition of the air caused by smoke, soot, dust (including fly ash), cinders, solid particles of any kind, gases, fumes, aerosols and odorous substances. The objective of the air quality law is to regulate and protect the environment by providing reasonable measures for the prevention of pollution and ecological degradation and for securing ecologically sustainable development while promoting justifiable economic and social development; to provide for national norms and standards regulating air quality monitoring, management and control by all spheres of government; for specific air quality measures. Under the law everyone has the constitutional right to have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and future generations, through reasonable legislative and other measures that prevent pollution and ecological degradation; promote conservation; and secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources while promoting justifiable economic and social development. Relevance to the project The air quality standard regulation entails on minimization of pollution through vigorous control, cleaner technologies and cleaner production practices is key to ensuring that air quality is improved; And whereas additional legislation is necessary to strengthen the Government s strategies for the protection of the environment and, more specifically, the enhancement of the quality of ambient air, in order to secure an environment that is not harmful to the health or well-being of people. 117 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. However, the proposed Airport project shall impacts on air quality through dusts emission and smoke from the operating aircrafts and machinery from construction to operation phases and therefore the project proponent is responsible for preparing an environmental implementation plan or environmental management plan in terms of Chapter 3 of the National Environmental Management Act that requires the EIA and ESMP to include air quality management plan and mitigation measures. 3.6.6 The Environmental Management (Soil Quality) Regulation of, 2007 The national Soil quality regulation were formed under the EMA Act, 2004 to oversee the issue of soil management in relation to any development involves with and that can cause any pollution impacts to such soil or land and therefore the regulation provide guideline and management under this law whereby any person undertaking any activity which impacts upon soil shall comply with soil quality standards that may be prescribed by the National Environmental Standard Committee. The objective of the soil quality standard is to regulate and protect the soil and land by providing reasonable measures for the prevention of soil for ecological function and sustainable development while promoting justifiable economic and social development; to provide for national norms and standards regulating soil quality monitoring, management and control by all spheres of government and for specific soil quality measures. The soil quality standard prescribed under these regulations or under any written law, the Council or any person directed by the Council may; - • order or carry out investigation of actual or suspected soil pollution including the collection of samples, records and data; • upon reasonable notice served on the occupier enter, any place, area, premise, or vehicle, vessel, boat, aircraft, on which the Council has reasonable grounds to believe that the activity is or is likely to lead to violation of prescribe soil quality standards; • Take necessary measures to ensure that industry and other facilities adopt cleaner technology to meet the requirements of the prescribed soil quality standards; or • perform or do anything or act that is necessary for the monitoring or control of pollution of soils. Relevance to the project. The soil quality standard regulation entails on minimization of soil pollution and land degradation through vigorous control pollution, technologies that support air quality and cleaner production practices is key to ensuring that soil quality is improved; And whereas additional legislation is necessary to strengthen the Government s strategies for the protection of the environment and, more specifically, the enhancement of the quality of soil in order to secure an environment that is not harmful to the health or well-being of people. The proposed airport project shall affect soil through land degradation and pollution by earth cutting and filling, oils and fuel spillage from machines and wagon, establishment of borrow pits. The construction activities are expected to have minimum impacts on soils that can be mitigated through good engineering methods proposed in this ESIA report. However, methods for Determination of soil quality provided that the National Environmental Standards Committee may at its own motion or following the recommendation of any sector Ministry, recommend to the Minister amendment, variation, repeal or replacement of methods of determination of soil quality. 3.6.7 The Environmental Management (Water Quality) Regulations, 2007 The national water quality standards are formulated under the EMA Act of 2004, CAP 191 for water quality standards in Tanzania. Under this Regulation water pollution is prohibited and is an offence. Under this regulation water includes drinking water, river, stream, water-course, reservoir, well, dam, canal, channel, lake, swamp, open drain, or ground water. Any person who knowingly puts or permits 118 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. to be put or to fall to be carried into any stream, so as either singly or in combination with other similar acts of the same nature or interfere with its due flow or pollute its waters; puts solid refuse of any manufactory or manufacturing process, or puts any rubbish or puts any other waste or puts any putrid solid matter into such stream; causes to fall or flow or knowingly permits to fall or flow or to be carried into any stream any poisonous, noxious or polluting liquid discharged from any factory or manufacturing process; pollutes water sources or interferes with soils and vegetation that protects water sources; and pollutes any ground water potential commits an offence. Furthermore, the regulation is designed to protect human health and conservation of the environment; enforce minimum water quality standards prescribed by the National Environmental Standards Committee; and ensure all discharges of pollutants take account the ability of the receiving waters to accommodate contaminants without detriment to the uses specified for the waters concerned. The regulation places a legal responsibility to waste producer and any person to protect streams and water sources (avoid disposal of waste in water sources and other water bodies) from pollution and to comply with environmental quality standards and criteria specified in this Regulations. Relevance to the project. The objective of the water quality law is to regulate and protect the environment, protect human health and conservation of the environment; enforce minimum water quality standards prescribed by the National Environmental Standards Committee; enable the National Environmental Standards Committee to determine water usages for purposes of establishing environmental quality standards and values for each usage; and ensure all discharges of pollutants take account the ability of the receiving waters to accommodate contaminants without detriment to the uses specified for the water concerned. In case of water pollution from construction activities the mitigation measures has been designed to minimize and reduce such possible impacts on water resources as part of reasonable measures for the prevention of water pollution and for securing ecologically sustainable development while promoting justifiable economic and social development; to provide for national norms and standards regulating water quality the sample shall be taken by the contractor quarterly for monitoring purposes. 3.6.8 Hazardous Waste (Control and Management) Regulations, 2021 The Hazardous waste control and management regulation standards are formulated under the EMA, Act, and CAP 191. 39 of 2004 in Tanzania. Hazardous waste shall be clarified in accordance with the criteria set out in the 3rd Schedule on the basis of listed waste stream constituents and other waste to be controlled which are hazardous under part I of the first schedules, read with or continue with hazardous characteristic listed under part II of the First schedules. Under this Regulation Hazardous waste defined as any solid, liquid, gaseous of sludge waste which by reason of its chemical reactivity, environment or human hazardousness, its infections, toxicity, explosiveness and corrosiveness is harmful to human health, life and environment. The regulation provides control on management of hazardous wastes. The mixing of hazardous with non-hazardous waste is prohibited and require special disposal of hazardous waste. The regulations require any person who owns or controls a facility or premises which generates waste to minimize the waste generated by adopting cleaner production principles: Improving production process through conserving raw materials and energy; Monitoring the product cycle from beginning to the end. Furthermore, the regulation places responsibility to any person living in Tanzania to take measures to protect the environment from adverse effects of hazardous waste. 119 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Relevance to the project. The Minister shall all waste generated, transported, stored, disposed or exported from the Tanzania on the basis of the methods used under the basis’s convention and the Bamako Convention. The objective of the Hazardous waste control and management regulation is to regulate and protect the environment by providing reasonable measures for the prevention of pollution and Hazardous waste for securing ecologically sustainable development while promoting justifiable economic and social development; to provide for national norms and standards regulating Hazardous waste through management and control by all spheres of government and development project. The Project proponent and contractor of this Airport project should adhere to this regulation in dealing with all possible generated waste material identified in this ESIA report. 3.6.9 The Environmental (Solid Waste Management) Regulations, 2009 These regulations provide guide for waste management in Tanzania. It requires waste disposal and management to be guided by Precautionary principle, Polluter pays principle and the producer extended responsibility principle. The duty of minimizing waste generation applies to any one owns premises or facility that generates waste. Disposal of hazardous waste such as corrosive, carcinogenic, flammable, persistent, toxic, explosive, and radioactive waste, in non-hazardous waste collection receptacles is prohibited. Also the regulations prohibit, among others, disposal of medical wastes (needle, syringe etc) unless the receptacle has been approved in accordance with these regulations. The regulations places responsibility of managing waste generated within the premises of an institution to be managed by the entire institution. Relevant to the project. The objective of the Solid Waste Management is to regulate and protect the environment by providing reasonable measures for the prevention of pollution and solid waste for securing ecologically sustainable development while promoting justifiable economic and social development; to provide for national norms and standards regulating Hazardous waste through management and control by all spheres of government and development project. The Project proponent and contractor of this Airport project should adhere to this regulation in dealing with all possible generated waste material identified in this ESIA report. 3.6.10 Control of Noise and Vibrations Regulations, 2014 Objective of these regulations is to ensure the maintenance of a healthy environment for all the people the tranquility of their surrounding and their psychological wellbeing by regulating noise and vibration levels. It also prescribes the maximum permissible noise and vibration levels from a facility or activity to which a person may be exposed and provide for the control of noise and vibration and mitigating measures for the reduction of noise and vibration. It establishes noise levels and noise emission standards applicable to construction sites, plants, machinery, motor vehicles, and aircrafts, including sonic booms, industrial and commercial activities. The regulations prohibit making of excessive noise or vibrations which annoy, disturb, injure or endanger the comfort, repose, health or safety of others and the environment. For the construction sites which falls under the construction phase of this project, these regulations set 75 dBA (Leq) and 65 dBA (Leq) as the maximum noise level permitted for the day and night respectively. It also set the permissible noise level for residential and industry small–scale production and commerce as 70 dBA (Leq) for daytime and 60 dBA (Leq) for the night. Since the area in which the airport is located falls under this category, landing, departing as well as scheduling of the aircrafts shall be managed in a manner that it shall not exceed these levels. The project shall procure and make use of low noise and vibration equipment that shall also be monitored for regular servicing. 120 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. No works shall be permitted at night that might generate noise and vibrations above the permitted level during construction. 3.6.11 The Civil Aviation (Aerodromes) Regulation, 2017. These regulations provide requirements for Design and construction of aerodrome, classification of aerodrome, safety of aerodromes, aerodrome maintenance requirement, Land use in the vicinity of an aerodrome and obligations of aerodrome operator as well as maintenance of environmental management programmer. Regulations 63 requires an operator to ensure that the environment management programme is established to minimizes the effects of any hazards or potential hazards considering the provisions of the laws on environmental management. Construction and operation of Manyara airport shall comply to provisions of these regulations to ensure passenger safety and environmental management. 3.6.12 The Valuation and Valuers (General) Regulations, 2018 The Regulations are mainly used in guiding and regulating specific issues related to valuation practices and Valuers conduct. As per the regulations, it is mandatory for any valuation activity to be performed by a registered and certified Valuer under the Valuers Registration Board. In respect to the proposed upgrading of Tanga Airport project, the Regulations provides for the: Assessment of value for land for compensations (Regulations 8-16); procedures for the management of complaints and appeals (Regulations 25-50); procedures for verification of valuation (Regulation 51); manner of assessing crop value rates and preparation of crops value schedules (Regulation 52); manner of assessing land value rates and preparation of land values schedules (Regulation 53); assessing of compensable items (Regulations 54-55); and procedures for undertaking valuation for compensation (Regulation 64). 3.6.13 Environmental Impact Assessment & Audit Regulations (2005). These regulations set procedures for conducting EIA and environmental audit in the country. The regulations also require registration of EIA experts. The project falls under the mandatory list of projects that requires full Environmental Impact Assessment. This EIA has been conducted following the above stated regulations by using a registered EIA expert. 3.7 International Agreements and Guidelines 3.7.1 International Agreements Tanzania has ratified a number of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) and consequently is bound by obligations under these agreements. The most relevant MEAs to this particular project include: ➢ Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) of 1992: ratified by Tanzania in 1996. Its importance comes with the ecosystem existing close to the airport project. Meddling with the flora and fauna in the vicinity is contravening the CBD. ➢ African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources(1968). Like the CBD, this Convention alerts nations on the conservation the African nature and natural resources in their widest sense. In this regards the airport project is not interfere with any natural habitat/endangers species along the area because it is located in Karatu District which is characterized by tourism attraction, agriculture, industrial and settlement surroundings. ➢ Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of Wild Fauna and Flora, 1990: This convention protects forests as habitat for endangered species. The project involves material sourcing from different areas that may lead to destruction of habitat. This convention shall be complied with by avoiding material sourcing in the sensitive habitats that may contain endangered species. ➢ The Basel Convention: This is the Convention on the Control of Trans Boundary Movements of Hazardous Waste and their Disposal. The Convention came into force Entry into force on 5th May 1992 and ratified by Tanzania on 7th April 1993. Its overall goal is to protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects resulting from generation, movement and management of hazardous waste. This Convention requires that the Parties exercising their right 121 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. to prohibit the import of hazardous wastes or other wastes for disposal should inform the other Parties. It also requires parties to ensure that the trans-boundary movement of hazardous wastes and other wastes is reduced to minimum levels consistent with sound environmental management of such wastes, and that it is conducted in a manner which shall protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects which may result from such movement. The proposed project shall involve use of solvents, emulsifiers, petroleum products and thus the requirements of the agreement should be observed by not importing or accepting expired inputs or others termed as hazardous. ➢ ILO Conventions: These are legal instruments developed by the ILO's constituents for setting out basic principles and rights at work. The ILO Core Labour Standards to which Tanzania is a party include: Article No.29 (Forced Labour Convention); Article No. 87 (Freedom of Association and Protection and the Right to Organize Convention); Article No. 98 (Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining Convention); Article No. 100 (Equal Remuneration Convention); Article No. 105 (Abolition of Forced Labour Convention; Article No. 111 Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention; Article No. 138 (Minimum age Convention); and Article No. 182 (Worst forms of Child Labour Convention). The proposed project shall follow the requirement of all ratified conventions in conjunction with the national laws. 3.7.2 International Civil Aviation Organization, ICAO Second Edition of (1987) Defines the protocols for air accident investigation followed by transport safety authorities in countries signatory to the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention). The Air Navigation Commission (ANC) is the technical body within ICAO. The Council, which is the governing body and comprises 33 Contracting States, gives continuing direction to the work of ICAO. The ICAO Council enjoys comprehensive legislative power. Thus, it holds authority to promulgate "International Standards and Recommended Practices" as Annexes to the Chicago Convention upon approval by two-thirds of the Council members. Traditionally, ICAO has focused on technical and navigation issues rather than economic aspects of international aviation. With the emergence of United States initiated deregulation, however, a growing number of nations have utilized the multilateral forum of the organization as an area in which to register their disapproval with the disruptive effects of unilateral efforts of the United States to impose its shall upon the international aviation community. Formal protests to United States unilateral initiatives, particularly in the fields of antitrust and ratemaking, have been adopted by ICAO on several occasions since the "open skies" regime began. The ICAO has grown increasingly active in this area. As "open skies" began in 1977, the ICAO convened what has been described as "the most important gathering since Chicago," a Special Air Transport Conference in Montreal which adopted Recommendation 11 advising that "unilateral action by governments which may have a negative effect on carriers' efforts toward reaching agreement should be avoided as far as possible." When the United States Civil Aeronautics Board issued its International Air Transport Association (IATA) Show Cause Order in 1978 threatening revocation of the antitrust shield for consensual ratemaking activities, the ICAO Council adopted a Resolution requesting Contracting States "to refrain from any unilateral action which would endanger multilateral fares and rate setting systems." The lATA system was supported at Montreal by more than 100 governments, leaving the United States almost isolated. Relevance to the project Tanzania is also a member of ICAO and therefore TAA shall be required to comply with the standards and guideline of ICAO from the project design, construction and operation of the 122 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. proposed airport project. The project proponent shall adhere to all standards and procedures as outlined in regulations. 3.7.3 Tanzania is a member of International Aviation of Transport Agency (IATA) of (1945). IATA was formed in April 1945 in Havana, Cuba. It is the successor to the International Air Traffic Association, which was formed in 1919 at The Hague, Netherlands. At its founding, IATA consisted of 57 airlines from 31 countries. Much of IATA’s early work was technical and it provided input to the newly created International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), which was reflected in the annexes of the Chicago Convention, the international treaty that still governs the conduct of international air transport today. The Chicago Convention couldn’t resolve the issue of who flies where, however, and this has resulted in the thousands of bilateral air transport agreements in existence today. IATA was also charged by the governments with setting a coherent fare structure that avoided cut-throat competition but also looked after the interests of the consumer. The first Traffic Conference was held in 1947in Rio de Janeiro. IATA’s work transformed its trade association activities to take account of the new dynamics in aviation, which was seeing increasing demand from the leisure sector. Price flexibility became increasingly important and the United States led the way into deregulation in 1978. Safety is the number one priority for IATA. The main instrument for safety is the IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) and its successor, Enhanced IOSA. IOSA has also been mandated at the state level by several countries. In 2012, aviation posted its safest year ever. In June 2014 the IATA set up a special panel to study measures to track aircraft in flight in real time. Environment is the second priority for IATA. IATA members and all industry stakeholders have agreed to three sequential environmental goals: • An average improvement in fuel efficiency of 1.5% per annum from 2009 through 2020 • A cap on net carbon emissions from aviation from 2020 (carbon-neutral growth) • A 50% reduction in net aviation carbon emissions by 2050 relative to 2005 levels. At the 69th IATA AGM in Cape Town, South Africa, members overwhelmingly endorsed a resolution on “Implementation of the Aviation Carbon-Neutral Growth (CNG-2020) Strategy.” The resolution provides governments with a set of principles on how governments could: Establish procedures for a single market-based measure (MBM) Integrate a single MBM as part of an overall package of measures to achieve CNG-2020 IATA member airlines agreed that a single mandatory carbon offsetting scheme would be the simplest and most effective option for an MBM. Relevance to the project Tanzania is also a member of IATA and therefore TAA shall be required to comply with the standards and guideline of IATA for Aviation sector in aircraft operations. The project proponent shall adhere to all bilateral air transport agreements. 123 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 3.8 Project Institutional Framework during construction, operational and maintenance phases TANROADS shall be the main project implementing entity responsible for project execution. TANROADS shall establish a Project Implementation Team (PIT), which shall include dedicated E&S capacity. To ensure adequate preparation, monitoring, and supervision of the implementation of the E&S risk management instruments under this project, the Environmental and Social Commitment Plan requires that TANROADS engage fully dedicates qualified staff/consultants (with expertise in environmental, OHS, GBV, resettlement, labour, stakeholder engagement, and GRM) to be part of the project PIT to assist in project environmental and social management as additional to that the ESCP requires TANROADS to engage independent E&S Audit Consultant to conduct regular environmental and social management Audit Compliance to all TanTip subprojects to assess the E&S implementation, enhancement measures as well as challenges for smoothly implementation of the project. A part from the PIT for this project, the ESCP requires establishment of Project Technical Committee which comprising representatives from MoFP, MOW, relevant experts from TAA, TCAA, TMA, and the PIT from TANROADS for coordination of the project to ensure all airport infrastructure and facilities, are implemented as per design and ICAO guideline and standards. TCAA and TMA shall review specifications and requirements concerning air navigation and meteorological facilities, while TAA in collaboration with TANROADS shall undertake technical and operational assets management of the terminal building and pavement of runway, taxiways and aprons as per design. TANROAD’s Environmental specialists shall be responsible for monitoring contractor ESHS implementation as well as coordination of the quarterly environmental and Social progress reports to be submitted to the relevant stakeholders including World Bank. Any serious ESHS incident shall be reported to the Bank immediately (as described in the WB EHS guideline and this project ESMP).The responsibility for mitigation measures monitoring during the operation and maintenance phases shall lie with TAA. A part from TANROADS, TAA and other stakeholders mentioned in the above paragraph, there are several particular stakeholders with responsibilities to ensure that environment, social, health and safety aspects are attained as per national and WB requirements and these includes the following Institutions in regarding Lake manyara Airport. 3.8.1 Ministry of MoW. The Ministry of Works is the main stakeholder in the infrastructure sector (Roads and airports). The MoW formulates policies, sets standards and specifications; defines the long-term strategic plans; and participates to the management of the executives agencies. As stipulated in the Government Instrument; the roles and functions of the Ministry of Works for this specific project shall include: • Follow up on the implementation of sector policies, plans and strategies to be implemented by the employer and contractor for upgrading and Management of the airport Construction project covering short, medium and long term. • Follow up on the aviation sector provided standards and Monitoring of quality compliance during detailed designs of Airports as well as Construction and Maintenance phases of this airport project. • To oversee and monitor airport project compensation and resettlement exercises are completed timely and promptly as well as ensure Health, safety and environmental aspects are implemented accordingly. 124 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • To promote and foster capacity building to employer staff and young graduates on airport project implementation project. • Overall Monitoring & Supervision of Construction and Maintenance of Airport project, • Supervision and coordination of various stakeholders participation such as Agencies/Parastatals, World Bank, Boards and Institutions on smooth implementation of the airport project. • Preparing and coordinating the implementation of environmental action plans at the national and local levels as required under the EMA for smooth implementation of the airport project; • Promoting public awareness of environmental issues through educational programs and dissemination of information around Lake manyara airport project; • Overseeing the preparation and implementation of Environmental and Social Management Plan required for airport project; • Ensuring compliance with various environmental and social World Bank guideline, national regulations and procedures as per EMA act, 2005. • Follow up and timely ensure that endorsement and approval arrangements of raised certificates from contractor and supervision consultant in order to fact truck the completion of the project. Finally, the MoW including departments, agencies etc. are responsible to ensure the health, safety and environment aspects are considered by all parties in project cycle during planning or executing of roads and airports projects or managing their operations in accordance with the prescriptions in the Roads Act, 2007 and Civil Aviation Act, Cap 80, G.N. 298, 2003. 3.8.2 Tanzania National Roads Agency. The Tanzania National Roads Agency (TANROADS) was set up in July 2000, as a semi-autonomous agency under the Ministry of Works. It is the road authority for the maintenance and development of the trunk and regional roads, however, from an institutional restructuring point of view in 2018, TANROADS was also commissioned to handle the design and supervision of the airport construction project facilities, while TAA shall handle all the operation and maintenance of the airport project facilities. TANROADS and TAA both have the responsibility for ensuring the design and developing lake manyara Airport in smoothly manner. The airport project after construction completion shall be under the jurisdiction of TAA- Arusha Office. The airport construction activities shall be conducted by TANROADS while TAA shall handle the operation and maintenance of the airport. Note: Other road categories including districts and streets roads falls under TARURA which is under the President’s Office – Regional Administration and Local Government (PO-RALG). TANROADS it operate and implements road and airport projects through its regional offices. The main objective of TANROADs is to support the socio-economic growth through constructing infrastructure development that can help among others reduce poverty through: promotion of trade; support for the economic sectors such as agriculture, mining, tourism, industry; and provision of access to social services such as health, education and recreation. The roles and functions of TANROADS for lake manyara airport project: • Undertake monitoring compliance of the Contractor through project implementation channels comprising technical staff from TANROADS, government institutions (National Environment Management Council-NEMC, Ministry of Works, (MoW), Ministry of Lands, Housing and Human Settlements Development-MoLHHSD, Chief Government Valuer-CGV) and Civil Society Organizations (CSOs). • Undertake of engineering design for lake manyara airport and it related structures. 125 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • Undertake the preparation of World Bank ESF documents including ESMF, RPF, LMP, SEP, GRM, GBV/SEA action plan as well as ensure that the specific studies are prepared by independent Consultant such as ESIA , RAP and ESMP are prepared in accordance with WB- ESF and ESS-1 to ESS-10. • Undertake the disclosure of ESF document after clearance as per WB requirements. • Commissioning the independent consultant E&S to undertake the specific safeguards documents such as ESIA, RAP, ESMP, NMP and BMP for airport project in accordance with the requirement of ESF as well as national guideline for undertaking E&S studies. • Undertaking procurement process for engaging the Contractor and Supervision Consultant for airport construction. • Ensure that all mandatory safeguards tools such as C-ESMP, HSMP, are prepared by the Contractor prior project implementation. • Undertaking regular monitoring of the implementation of the airport project • Review and approve all reports and payment from the contractor and supervision consultant for airport. • ensure recruitment of permanent EHS staff and provide regular training to all ESHS supervision team during construction phase. • Ensure preparation of monthly ESH performance reports and submit to the relevant authority during construction phase. • Ensure preparation of emergency scenario reports and submit to the relevant authority during construction phase phases. • Ensure that preparation and updating of EHS plans during construction phase to reflect final design and in build construction to be handled to TAA. • Ensure coordinate all stakeholders such as TAA, WB, TCAA, TMA, LGAs, utilities company regarding the implementation of the airport project. • Undertaking of monitoring and evaluation on the airport implementation project for assessing performance and failures or challenges during undertaking. • Ensure that contractor adhere to all contractual obligation in regarding to airport implementation. • Engage the Valuer and Supervise the undertaking of the valuation of affected properties and preparation of Valuation report and Compensation schedules for approval by Government Valuer. • Participate in disclosure and verification excises of the affected PAPS prior effecting compensation. • Undertake fairly, timely and promptly payment of compensation to the affected PAPs around the airport project after approval of the valuation report. • Ensure all affected PAPs are relocated from the construction site and supervise the operationalization of the GRM for compensation grievances. • Supervise and coordinate all the project GRM and GRCs in all levels during undertaking of the project. • Advising the MoW on any issues regarding the smooth implementation of the airport project. In relation to its structure, the agency is headed by a Chief Executive, there are five functional Directorates: Maintenance, Planning, Procurement, Projects and Management Services. The Regional Managers and heads of Legal and Internal Audit Units report directly to the Chief Executive. The Agency has established the Safety and Environment Unit (SEU) under the Directorate of Planning and its main purpose is to ensure the environmental sustainability of the projects that TANROADS 126 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. promotes. The main responsibility of the SEU is to ensure compliance with environmental law and follow-up environmental management during the project cycle. 3.8.3 Tanzania Airport Authority (TAA). Tanzania Airports Authority (TAA) was established by GN.No.404 of 1999 which was made under section 3 of the Executive Agencies Act, 1997. It is a semi-autonomous government executive agency tasked to manage and operate 57 Government owned airports and airstrips in Tanzania mainland. Major airports in Tanzania includes Julius Nyerere International Airport, Mwanza airport, Mtwara airport, Bukoba airport, Kigoma airport, Lake manyara airport, Tanga airport, Iriga airport, Tabora airport, Songwe airport, Mafia airport, Mpanda airport and Arusha airport. In addition, there is Kilimanjaro International Airport (KIA), which is currently operated by KADCO as a company under the Ministry of Works. The TAA is responsible for operational and maintenance of the airport project in Tanzania. The airport operator shall also have roles for monitoring compliance of the Contractor through its implementation agency, and participate as stakeholder wide monitoring group comprising technical staff from different government institutions during project undertaking. The roles and functions of TAA for lake manyara airport project: • Ensure all mandatory procedures and plans during operation phase are reviewed and updated and put in place and implemented accordingly, (Waste (Solid and lavatory) Management Plan, fuel Handling Management Procedures, Wildlife Manual (Birds Strike and Vegetation Management Plan), Safety Management System (Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Management), Airport Regular Maintenance Procedure, Airport Emergence Preparedness Plan, Aircrafts Landing and Taking off procedures, Hydromel Manual (Airport General Operational Procedure), Noise Management Plan, Airport Security Program (Airport Security Operation Protocol and Procedure). These management guideline and plan shall the approved by TCAA prior implementation by the airport operator during construction, operation and maintenance phases. • Undertake monitoring compliance of the airport construction and operational activities • Coordinate with key stakeholders such as TCAA, TMA, Police, TANROADS, LGAs on smooth operation of the airport. • TAA shall ensure recruitment of permanent EHS staff and provide regular training to all ESHS team during operation and maintenance phase. • TAA shall ensure preparation of monthly ESH performance reports and submit to the relevant authority during O&M phases. • TAA shall ensure preparation of emergency scenario reports and submit to the relevant authority during O&M phases. • TAA shall ensure preparation and updating of EHS plans during O&M phase to reflect final design and in build construction. • TAA shall ensure airport have in place the Noise Management Plan (NMP) and is implemented accordingly as well as undertaking regular updating when needed as per requirement for smooth implementation and ensure these strategies are included in an airport-wide comprehensive Health and Safety management system that incorporates other applicable aspects of airport safety. • TAA shall undertake regular runway inspection and monitoring to identify and remove non- permissible objects on the runways (e.g. metal or other parts that may have fallen from other aircraft that may cause potential hazards to aircrafts. 127 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • TAA shall ensure airport have in place the OHS staff to overseen the implementation of Occupational health and safety strategies and ensure these strategies are included in an airport-wide comprehensive safety management system that incorporates other applicable aspects of airport safety. • TAA shall ensure providing necessary budget and resources for compliance with all ESHS requirements during O&M phase. • TAA shall ensure all necessary ESHS plans necessary for O&M phase are timely prepared and implemented. • TAA authority shall ensure Safety Management System (SMS) which include comprehensive and effective Accident Prevention Program which effectively identify and correct unsafe conditions as the Airport operators have certain key responsibilities necessary for the safe operation of aircraft during the landing and takeoff cycle and during ground operations are in place. • TAA shall ensure Emergency Preparedness and Response Plans is in place and updated regularly as well as provide response based on the required airport and community resources for the nature and severity of the emergency event are in place and implemented by all responsible stakeholders as well as ensure regular update of the plan to accommodate changes if my arise. • TAA shall ensure Birds Strike mechanism and other animal management procedure is in place and implemented. Birds strikes are most commonly management associated with birds and animals management around the airport areas. (e.g. avoiding use of vegetation, structural features or storm water management structures that can act as habitats or nesting places for birds, or use of anti-perching devises to avoid nesting in existing structures). Also through applying wildlife repellent and harassment techniques if necessary, which may include the use of chemicals, audio techniques, or visual techniques to scare and repel wildlife. The TAA shall ensure that birds strike mechanism is regularly updated. • TAA shall also ensure potential risks related to operational safety of aircraft during landing, takeoff, and ground operations are included in emergency response plan to be prepared for airport. • Ensure preparation of detailed O&M phase mandatory EHS plans (i.e. updated to reflect final design and construction).Undertake regular supervision monitoring of the airport facilities to ensure all system are working as per design and guideline. • Undertake regular inspection on runway prior landing and taking off as well as undertaking birds strike technique to reduce risks of birds collision. • Ensure that all mandatory ESHS plans are prepared and implemented during O&M phases as per guidelines • Ensure that all construction activities does not interfere the operational activities of the airport as the existing facilities shall be demolished upon completion of the proposed new facilities in order to boost the tourism sector that is in high demand of the airport services. • TAA –EHS manager shall be responsible for overall supervision of ESMP provision during construction and O&M phases and taking decisions in case severe non-compliances to the ESMPs.; • Allocating necessary budget and resources for compliance with all ESHS requirements • TAA authority shall undertake awareness rising to the communities around the airport areas on the proper management of the airport facilities. • TAA authority shall ensure the airport is full covered by the fire trucks/fighting facilities and tenderers full equipped with regular exercises on emergency issues. 128 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • They shall also need to prepare and submit routine (monthly) EHS performance reports related to O&M, including reports of any serious ESHS events/accidents. • TAA authority shall ensure the airport is full prepared and have in place all the required operational and guidelines manuals and plans as per ICAO and IATA requirements. Finally as general safety procedure and as per ICAO requirement, the TAA has established in place among others, the standard working Emergency Preparedness document that entails the common practices for handling emergency situations during airport construction and operation of lake manyara airport. This confidential document shall be updated and is normally not disclosed nor inspected by the public but is used under airport operation with strict conditions to be implemented, hence during construction the Contractor shall adopt some provisions related to this document as part of ESMP implementation. The existing EHS staffing for TAA and that TAA will update their operational manual including EHS staffing and their corresponding responsibilities based on the requirements of the ESIA. 3.8.4 Minister Responsible for Environment. The Minister is responsible for matters relating to environment, including giving policy guidelines necessary for the promotion, protection and sustainable management of the environment in Tanzania. The Minister approves an ESIA for the airport project and may delegate the power of approval for an ESIA to the DoE, Local Government Authorities or Sector Ministries. The Minister shall perform the following regarding lake manyara airport: • Shall review and approve as Prescribes (in the regulations) the qualifications of persons who may conduct an ESIA for lake manyara airport; • Shall review and approve ESIA report after being reviewed and submitted by NEMC for EIA certification; • Shall be responsible for Issuance of an ESIA certificate for Lake manyara airport prior undertaking of the project. • Shall undertake any disciplinary measures regarding ESIA noncompliance and even Suspends an ESIA certificate in case of non-compliance (i) National Environmental Advisory Committee The National Advisory Environmental Committee is comprised of members with experience in various fields of environmental management in the public and private sector and in civil society. The committee advises the Minister on any matter related to environmental management. The roles and function of the NEAC committees in regards to airport project are as follows.: • Examine any matter that may be referred to it by the Minister or any sector Ministry relating to the protection and management of the environment around the airport project; • Review and advise the Minister on any environmental plans, environmental impact assessment of lake manyara airport project and activities for which an environmental impact review is necessary; • Review the achievement by the NEMC of objectives, goals and targets set by the Council to the airport project and advise the Minister accordingly; • Review and advise the Minister on any environmental standards, guidelines and regulations regarding implementation of the airport project; • Receive and deliberate on the reports from Sector Ministries regarding the protection and management of the environment around the airport project; • Perform other environmental advisory services to the Minister as may be necessary. 129 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. (ii) Division of Environment (DoE) The functions of the Division of Environment include: • Coordination of various environmental management activities undertaken by other agencies on airport project implementation; • Promotion of the integration of environmental considerations into development policies, plans, programmes, strategies in airport project implementation; • Undertaking strategic environmental risk assessments for airport project with a view to ensuring the proper management and rational utilization of environmental resources on a sustainable basis for the improvement of quality of human life in Tanzania; • Advise the Government on legislative and other measures for the management of the environment or the implementation of the relevant international environmental agreements in the field of environment when GOT is undertaking the airport development project; • Monitoring and assessing activities undertaken by relevant Sector Ministries and agencies such as TANROADS on implementation of the airport project; • Coordination of issues relating to articulation and implementation of environmental management aspects of other sector policies and the National Environment Policy that is implemented by TANROADS/TAA. (iii) National Environment Management Council (NEMC) The NEMC's purpose and objective is to undertake enforcement, compliance, review and monitoring of ESIA’s and to facilitate public participation in environmental decision-making. According to the Environmental Management Act (2004) the NEMC has the following responsibility pertaining airport project implementation: • Registers experts and firms authorized to conduct ESIA for Lake Manyara airport; • Undertaking screening and Registers of ESIA for Lake manyara airport ; • Determines and approve the scope and TOR for undertaking of ESIA for Manyara airport; • Set-ups cross-sectoral Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) to advise on this airport ESIA reviews; • Requests additional information and provide some comments regarding the completion of the ESIA review and approval; • Assesses and comments on airport ESIA report, in collaboration with other stakeholders, • Convenes public hearings and public disclosure to obtain comments on the proposed airport project; • Recommends to the Minister to approve, reject, or approve with conditions specific for this particular ESIA report; • Monitors the effects of the project activities in regarding to the environment and social aspects implementation; • Review and undertake monitoring inspection on the implementation of the Environmental and social Management Plan (ESMP); • Makes recommendations on whether to revoke airport ESIA Certificates in case of non- compliance by the employer or project Contractor; • Promotes public environmental awareness around the airport; • Conducts annual Environmental Audits to assess the implementation of the ESIA certificate conditions (iv) Sector Ministries The existing institutional and legal framework the Sector Ministries are required to establish Sector Environmental Sections headed by the Sector Environmental Coordinator. The Sector Ministries’ Environmental Sections have the following functions in regards to the airport project implementation; 130 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • Ensure all environmental matters falling under the sector ministry regarding the proposed airport project are implemented and report of their implementation is submitted to the DOE; • Liaise with the DOE and the NEMC on matters involving the environment and all matters with respect to which cooperation or shared responsibility is desirable or required for smooth implementation of the airport project; • Ensure that environmental concerns are integrated into the ministry or departmental development planning and project implementation in a way which protects the environment around the proposed airport project; • Evaluate existing and proposed policies and legislation and recommend measures to ensure that those policies and legislation take adequate account of effect on the environment and social aspects around the airport project; • Prepare and coordinate the implementation of environmental and social action plans at national and local levels around the airport project; • Promote public awareness of environmental issues through educational programmes and dissemination of information in regarding to the proposed project; • Undertake analysis of the environmental and social impact of sectoral legislation, regulation, policies, plans, strategies and programmes through strategic environmental assessment SEA and Ensure that sectoral standards are environmentally sound by ensuring that preparation and implementation of ESIA’s and ESMP recommendation and mitigation measures required for investments in the aviation sector; • Ensure compliance with the various regulations, guidelines and procedures issued by the Minister responsible for the environment and; Work closely with the ministry responsible for local government to provide environmental, health and social advise and technical support to district level staff working in supporting the proposed airport project. Finally, each road and airport sub-sector, has established the Division of Safety, health and Environment in which among others its role is to oversee the above implementation aspects related to the proposed project. 3.8.5 Regional Secretariat The Regional Secretariat, which is headed by the Regional Environmental Management Expert, is responsible for the co-ordination of all environmental and social management programmes in their respective regions. The Regional Environmental Expert: • Advises local authorities on matters relating to the implementation and enforcement of environmental laws and regulations around the airport project; • Creates coordination between the region and the DOE and the Director General of the NEMC on monitoring the implementation of ESMP and HSMP of the proposed airport project. (i) Local Government Authorities Under the Local Government Act of 1982 (Urban and District Authorities), Local Government Authorities include the City Councils, Municipal Councils, District Councils, Town Councils, Township, Kitongoji, Ward, and Village. The Environmental Management Committee of each jurisdiction: • Initiates inquiries and investigations regarding any allegation related to the environment and social implementation or violation of the provisions of the Environmental Management Act during implementation of the airport project; • Requests any person to provide information or explanation about any matter related to the environment and social aspect implementation around airport project; 131 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • Resolves conflicts among individual persons, companies, agencies non- governmental organizations, government departments or institutions about their respective functions, duties, mandates, obligations or activities regarding to the airport project; • Inspects and examines any airport premises, vehicle, aircraft or any other place or article which it believes, or has reasonable cause to believe, that pollutant or other articles or substances believed to be pollutant are kept or transported around the project; • Requires any person to remove such pollutants at their own cost without causing harm to health and surrounding community adjacent to the airport project; • Initiates proceedings of civil or criminal nature against any person, company, agency, department or institution that fails or refuses to comply with any directive issued by any such Committee during implementation of the proposed airport project. Under the Environmental Management Act (2004), the City, Municipal, District and Town Councils are headed by Environmental Inspectors who are responsible for environmental, health and social matters during project implementation. The functions of the inspectors are to: • Ensure enforcement of the Environmental Management Act in their respective areas; • Advise the Environmental Management Committee on all environmental and social matters around the project; • Promote awareness in their areas on the protection of the environment and conservation of natural resources around the project; • Collect and manage information on the environment and the utilization of natural resources around the proposed airport project; • Prepare periodic reports on the state of the local environment and social aspect around the project; • Participate in identification of any sources of construction materials and advice the contractor on the contractual and local government regulation procedures prior utilization of such materials. • Participate on identification affected persons (PAPs) who shall be affected as the matter of materials extraction for airport project. • Review and inspect environmental and social management compliance undertaken by the Contractor. • Report to the DOE and the Director General of the NEMC on the implementation of the Environmental and social Management Act in regarding the airport project implementation; • Perform other functions as may be assigned by the local government authority from time to time regarding the airport project. The Road Act 2007 which is currently govern airports construction has illustrated the direct link with the Land use planning and resettlement compensation process. Section 14(I) directs that The Minister of Ministry of Works: (MoW) shall cause a plan or survey to be prepared of all public roads and airports declared under this Act and require that the authenticated plans or survey shall be submitted to the Director of Surveys and Mapping for registration. Section 16 requires following land acquisition procedures and resettlement compensation in accordance with the Land Acquisition Act. Land Act, Village Land Act and any other written law. Figure 3-1 below shows Institutional Framework and model for Environmental and Social Management for the proposed airport project. 132 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Figure 3-1: Institutional Framework for Environmental Management Source: Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline and Auditing Regulation, 2005. 3.8.6 Ministry of Lands, Housing and Human Settlement Development • The Ministry of Lands and Human Settlement Development is responsible for policy, regulation and coordination of matters pertaining to land in Tanzania. The Ministry has the following responsibilities in regarding to the airport project. • The Ministry administers the various land acts: Land Acquisition Act, the Land Act and the Village Land Act and ensure that all PAPs around the project are timely. fairly and promptly compensated. • Participate in compensation grievances that may need expertise of land issues or disputes around the project. • Conducts Land use planning, management and land delivery activities around the airport areas. • The Ministry is responsible for land use planning, surveying and demarcating land/parcel/farms, and provision of land ownership and tenancy in both rural and urban areas and provide the title deed for lake manyara airport. The Commissioner of Lands administers most issues to do with land allocation, acquisition, registration and land management in general. All instances of acquisition of land for public purposes and the need for resettlement and/or compensation have to be referred to the Commissioner for land. i. Survey and Mapping Division The Surveys and Mapping Division also provides land survey services to government agencies, maintains geodetic survey control networks, prepares and maintains cadastral and topographic maps for the entire country. The Director of Surveys is responsible for coordinating all public sector mapping activities and for maintaining records of all maps, plans and land surveys, which are conducted by government agencies. 133 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • Providing Geo-data and reference for TANROADS and Contractor during project design and implementation. • Providing mapping layout of the proposed project site, land use and planning around the project. ii. Government Chief Valuer The Chief Valuer is the principal advisor to the Government on all matters relating to valuation, and the Head of the Valuation Department within the Ministry, and has have the following functions: • Advice the Government on valuation matters and activities, including valuation rates in purchase and dispose of Government properties in particular on compensation around airport project; • Undertaking the valuation of properties or other assets to the affected PAPS around the proposed project upon request from the Employer (TANROADS). • Prepare and maintain a database on property assessed and valuated, transaction or related data relating to the Government projects involving land acquisition; • Preparation of the Valuation report and Compensation schedules, undertaking of disclosure of affected properties, verification of affected properties and ensure approval of all compensation documents prior effecting compensation to the affected PAPs. 3.8.7 Tanzania Civil Aviation Authority (TCAA): Tanzania Civil Aviation Authority is a government executive agency and aviation regulator responsible for the provision of Air Navigation services for Safety, Security and Economic Regulation of Civil aviation in Tanzania. Air Navigation Services include Air Traffic Services, Communications, Search and Rescue, and Aeronautical Information Services. Apart from airport Safety, economic aviation and Security Regulation is also responsible for the development, promotion and ensuring compliance of safety standards and requirements in airworthiness industries. TCAA Officers were consulted as major stakeholders regarding to this airport project and were positively concerning the project hence shall contribute to promote economic development via tourism sector in Arusha region. A disproportionately high number of accidents take place prior to landing or soon after take-off. This, in turn, means a high proportion of aircraft accidents occur around airports. Such accidents cannot be foreseen, but it is essential that we consider the measures to save human lives, prevent the ripple effect from the accident, and maintain airport operations. In order to ensure this not happen during construction and operation phases the TCAA as civil aviation regulator has mandate to ensure the following. • TCAA shall ensure airport operators has in place, the Security Management System, Occupational Health and Safety Management Plan, Wildlife Management Plan, Emergency Response Plan, Airport Security Plan, Airdrome Manual, Airport Approaching procedures, Noise Management Plan. these management guideline and plan shall the approved by TCAA prior implementation by the airport operator during construction, operation and maintenance phases. • TCAA shall ensure airspace around airports are kept free of obstacles before landing and taking off of the aircrafts. • TCAA shall ensure Airport operator put in place the emergency preparedness and response plans that provide a coordinated response based on the required airport and community resources for the nature and severity of the emergency event around lake manyara airport. • TCAA shall ensure management associated with birds and animals management around the airport areas. (e.g. avoiding use of vegetation, structural features or storm water management structures that can act as habitats or nesting places for birds, or use of anti- perching devises to avoid nesting in existing structures) is undertaken regularly. Also 134 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. through applying wildlife repellent and harassment techniques if necessary, which may include the use of chemicals, audio techniques, or visual techniques to scare and repel wildlife can be adopted by operator. • TCAA shall ensure landing procedures are in place to control accident risks related to operational safety of aircraft during landing, takeoff, and ground operations. • TCAA shall undertake awareness rising to the communities around the airport and passengers on the proper management of the aviation sector facilities and information. TCAA shall ensure the airport operator has recommended fire trucks/fighting and tenderers full equipped with regular exercises on emergency issues. Finally, TCAA shall be requirements to review and update their existing procedures and protocol for regulating the airport activities including review and approve of all updated airport manual and plans that prepared by the TAA for lake manyara airport based on the requirements of this ESIA. Refers to the attached commitment letter from TCAA and TAA. 3.8.9 Lake Manyara Airport Manager TAA as the airport operator in Tanzania, has several airport in each region, and therefore has regional airport officers in every region with airport infrastructure to oversee the airport operational. Lake manyara Airport is among the existing airport managed from the regional level with the number of workers including Airport Manager assisted by OHS officer, security and communication officer, airport system operator, control tower manager, firefighting manager, airport security officer, machinery operator and other staff. These staff are working in coordination to ensure smooth delivering of the airport services to meet customers expectation. Hence as long as the airport shall be functioning while construction activities is on-going, these staff shall be of duties during construction and operation phases to ensure management of environmental, health and safety adverse impact are eliminated to minimum level if not avoided. The existing EHS staffing for TAA and that TCAA will update their operational manual including EHS staffing and their corresponding responsibilities based on the requirements of the ESIA .Refers to the attached commitment letter from TCAA and TAA. . Function of the airport manager shall include the following: • Through responsible experts the manager shall supervise the reviewing and updating the existing guidelines and plans at the airport which includes; Waste (Solid and lavatory) Management Plan, fuel Handling Management Procedures, Wildlife Manual (Birds Strike and Vegetation Management Plan), Safety Management System (Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Management), Airport Regular Maintenance Procedure, Airport Emergence Preparedness Plan, Aircrafts Landing and Taking off procedures, Hydromel Manual (Airport General Operational Procedure), Noise Management Plan, Airport Security Program (Airport Security Operation Protocol and Procedure) this shall be done prior construction and operation phases. • Airport manager shall uundertake monitoring compliance of the airport operational activities • Airport manager shall ccoordinate with key stakeholders such as TCAA, TMA, Police, TANROADS, LGAs on smooth operation of the airport. • Airport manager shall uundertake regular runway maintenance and monitoring to identify and remove non-permissible objects on the runways (e.g. metal or other parts that may have fallen from other aircraft that may cause potential hazards to aircrafts. • Airport manager shall eensure airport occupational health and safety are implemented as part of the airport-wide comprehensive safety management system that incorporates other applicable aspects of airport safety. • Airport manager shall ensure Safety Management System (SMS) which include comprehensive and effective accident prevention program are in place which effectively 135 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. identify and correct unsafe conditions as the Airport operator. Ensure certain key responsibilities necessary for the safe operation of aircraft during the landing and takeoff cycle and during ground operations. • Airport manager shall ensure airspace around airports are kept free of obstacles prior landing and taking off of the aircrafts. • Airport manager shall eensure regular implementation of Necessary Emergency Preparedness and Response practices as part of rehearsal that provide a coordinated response based on the required airport and community resources for the nature and severity of the emergency event. • Airport manager shall ensure Birds Strike and other animal management procedures is undertaken regularly around the airport. (e.g. avoiding use of vegetation, structural features or storm water management structures that can act as habitats or nesting places for birds, or use of anti-perching devises to avoid nesting in existing structures). • Airport manager shall ensure all necessary ESHS plans necessary for O&M phase are timely prepared and implemented. • Airport manager shall ensure preparation of monthly ESH performance reports and submit to the relevant authority during O&M phases. • Airport manager shall ensure preparation of emergency scenario reports and submit to the relevant authority during O&M phases. • Airport manager shall coordinate the implementation of safety awareness to the communities around the airport • Airport manager shall ensure the fire trucks/fighting facilities and tenderers are in orders with regular exercises on emergency issues. 3.8.10 Required Permits During construction and operation phase of the airport there are several mandatory permits to be acquired by the Contractor and his workers, airport staff, Contracted companies, services providers inside the airport, businesses inside the airport etc. For safety and security of the airport during construction and operation phases it is necessary to obtain several authorizations and permits from local and central government authorities in Tanzania. These permits and authorizations are summarized in Error! Reference source not found.table 3.4 below, including a description of the p ermits/authorization and the government authority responsible for permits issuance. Table 3-4: Summary Permits required during construction, operation and maintenance phases No. Permit/Authorization Issuing Authority Purpose 01. EIA Certificate NEMC/VPO Approval of project implementation. 02. Resettlement Valuation Government Chief To allow compensation and resettlement Report Valuer-CGV procedures. 03. TTCL Infrastructure TTCL-Regional Office To allow relocation of utility for upgrading of Relocation Approval the airport project. 04. TANESCO Infrastructure TANESCO Regional To allow relocation of utility for airport Relocation Approval Office upgrading works. 06. Water Use Permit Pangani River To allow the abstraction of water from Watershed Basin boreholes 07. Mining Permit Zonal Mining Office To allow extraction of construction minerals from quarry sites and borrow pits for project construction. 136 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 08 Airside Vehicle TAA Headquarter To allow vehicles operation within airport Operation Permit boundaries (AVOP) 09 Aerodrome Operational TCAA headquarter To allow aircraft operating and using Management Permit airspace 10 Security Permits for TAA-Headquarter This enable employees of Civil Aviation, Airport Entry contractor employees, airport staff and the employees for contracting services companies to enter and deliver services inside the airport. 11 Construction and TAA-headquarter This enable airport staff or contracted maintenance permits company to undertake the maintenance inside the airport activities inside the airfield facilities 12 Airport services TAA-headquarter, This enable airport staff or contracted delivering Permit airline operators. company to deliver services inside the airports such as foodstuff, fuel-Jet, water, cleaning services, collection of wastes from aircraft or airport areas for disposal as well as shop and catering services. 13 All general airport TCAA and ICAO For smooth airport construction and operational manual and operation undertaking the following guideline as per ICAO mandatory airport guideline and manual requirements. shall be reviewed and updated by the airport The TAA shall be authority and these includes; Waste (Solid required to review and and lavatory) Management Plan, fuel update these plans Handling Management Procedures, Wildlife prior project Manual (Birds Strike and Vegetation construction to address Management Plan), Noise Management the provisions of the Plan, Safety Management System ESIA requirements. (Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Management), Airport Regular Maintenance Procedure, Airport Emergence Preparedness Plan, Aircrafts Landing and Taking off procedures, Hydromel Manual (Airport General Operational Procedure), Airport Security Program (Airport Security Operation Protocol and Procedure) 137 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Chapter 4 : BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 4.1 Overview The Aviation sector has been relatively among the transport sector that is considered a key contributor of the driving global economy and the only mode of rapid trans-national travel to customers. In Tanzania airport development has been significantly increase in aviation activities while challenges like environmental e.g. (climate change); funding of airport projects and rapid change in aviation technologies are still are major challenges especially to the developing countries. Therefore innovative social-economic and environmental planning approaches are needed to solve these challenges. Airport development may create a wide range of impacts on the environmental and social issues and in accordance with the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), Second Edition of 1987, Airport Project Planning, Construction and operations phases shall consider details analysis on the following major sources of the adverse impacts on airport development projects; • Location of the airport • Construction activities • Sources of construction materials • Construction Materials storage, and land transport • Airport operation, including air traffic and associated noise and emission. The environmental and social consideration in airport related development project can be categorized into the following groups (a) land use (b) ground/surface water quality (c) air quality (d) biological changes (e) noise and vibration pollution (f) socio-economic and health environment (g) solid waste management. These form the basis of the baseline data for environmental facets. As part of baseline information, the proposed airport project is new project and as per design to meet Code C airport requirements, the proposed new buildings and facilities shall be constructed in the new site, hence no existing buildings or facilities shall be maintained, however, all the existing facilities such as buildings and other exhausted infrastructure shall be demolished, hence all the debris and removed materials shall be collected by the Authorized waste dealers for disposal prior operation of the new airport. The baseline data has captured the conditions of the existing buildings and other related features around the airport to assess the significant of the impacts and mitigation measures to be designed. Most of information provided in this section were gathered through observation and measurements during field survey. Some of the data were obtained through literature search. The baseline information provided below belongs to spatial boundaries that encompass the geographical spread of the impacts regardless of whether they are short term or long term, cumulative, the spatial scale considers environmental receptor component and can be on local or broader in scale. Following are three project direct and indirect areas of influence that have been considered by the study: (i) Direct or Primary zone of impacts range from 0 to 5km radius: This include all impacts that shall originate as the result of construction works around the airport corridor.Major upgrading works to be undertaken within this area including (ii) , storage of construction materials such as sand, gravel, aggregates, wood, etc., for fill, construction of sub-grade, sub-base, base and surfacing; construction of the main pavement, temporally workshop and campsite facilities, construction of new access road, provision of temporary crossings and traffic diversions, construction of terminal building, control tower, firefighting building and other airport ancillary facilities, construction of longitudinal and cross drainage structures plus associated water disposal systems. This zone does not include primary sources of construction materials and routes of transportation of materials to the airport. During operation phase, impacts are expected to extend up to 5km radial distance especially for noise impacts when planes land and take off. 138 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. (iii) Indirect or secondary zone of impacts range from 5km to 10km radius: This areas includes impacts associated with off-site activities related to project construction which includes sources of construction materials e.g. aggregates and gravel, transportation routes from sources of material to the project location in Karatu and neighboring districts, involving civil works/extraction activities done by or on behalf of the project. (The areas covering 2km to 10km radius from the project). Also, this area covers the impacts related to waste disposal sites, the immediate outflow of airport drainage system, neighboring residential and economic activities surrounding the project sites including Serena hotel, as well as impacts originate from aircrafts operation underneath fright paths during operation phase. (iv) Zone of General project area of influence range from 10km and beyond : Is the areas outside the core area of the airport project where several human or natural activities are occurred with minor impacts associated with the proposed project. The area including sources of construction materials, transportation routes from sources of material to the project location in Karatu and neighboring districts Roughly, this area includes the whole areas of Rhotia ward which shall be affected indirectly from the project impacts during implementation and operation. The general area of influence is determined on the basis of distance of travel of noise, dust and exhausts from machines and equipment operating in the airport area, also the distance from the area underneath fright paths during landing and taking off of the aircrafts. This areas covering the distance of 10km radius and above from the project site. Such area including Ngorongoro conservation area, Lake Manyara National Park and manyara natural forest etc. All the above Impact zone around the project area are shown in the Figure 4-1 below which indicates three area of influence (Zones) to be affected by the airport project which includes the area within inner cycle found inside the first red line (5km radius), the areas within second cycle which is inside the two red lines (5km to 10km radius) and the areas outside the second zone or general area of influence which is beyond the second red line from (10km and beyond). 139 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Figure 4-1: The layout figure indicate three area of influence to be affected by the airport project which is inner cycle within the first red line (5km radius), second cycle which is within the two red lines (5 to 10km radius) and the outside area or general area of influence which is from 10km and beyond . Source; Google Earth and Field site visit, 2023. 140 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 4.2 Summary of result of Environmental, Health and Safety Audit on the Existing Manyara Airport Components and its impacts assessments The existing Lake manyara airport is the operational airport since 1950s that accommodate the aircrafts of Cessna Type and equivalent. The review and updating of ESIA among others, undertaking the Environmental, Social and Health Auditing on the operation activities of the airport facilities to assess presence of (i) any existing contamination (soil, ground water, etc.) (ii) env liabilities (e.g., asbestos, lead based paints, PCB transformers, etc.) and (iii) any existing non-compliances such as potable water, waste water, air emissions, noise, etc. around the airport in order to recommend on the best approach to address the anomalies around the project. The ESHS Auditing was focused among others, on the assessment of current function and status of the facilities such as pavement airside, Terminal building, Fire house, ATC, sewage system, access road, drainage system, power supply and water supply which all together are in operational, despite that are in poor conditions and does not meet the ICAO requirement and therefore needs upgrading as per current design. The ESHS audit and assessment revered that all the airport facilities mainly made up of materials such as timber; collocated iron sheets, cements, parts of pavements structure, bars, gypsum boards, iron pipes, doors, windows, paints etc that used to construct the existing airport facilities. Most of these materials can be recyclable or collected for disposal, hence not harmful to the environmental and community if well handled by the Contractor during demolition. All debris and spoil materials from the demolition of these existing facilities shall be collected and removed from site by Authorized waste dealer for disposal as part of the project ESMP as well as best practices for protecting the surrounding environment. There are no areas of contaminated soil such as due to fuel spills associated with temporary fuel storage or fueling aircraft, emergency generators, fire training pits, waste water disposal pits etc. within the existing airport. The auditing duo diligence also, revealed that the existing airport facilities does not have any harmful materials originated from asbestos, lead based paints, PCB transformers, etc, hence, after completion of new airport facilities, these existing building and other facilities shall be demolished by the Contractor and the areas shall be reinstated and landscaped as presented in chapter 6;7 and 8 of the ESIA. The authorized waste dealer shall collect all debris and spoils material for disposal as per project waste management plan and project ESMP. As part of ensuring compliance and EHS liabilities by the existing airport, several standard operational procedures and mandatory manuals and plans were prepared by airport operator and are in place to facilitate the airport construction, operation and maintenance activities and these includes. Waste (Solid and lavatory) Management Plan, fuel Handling Management Procedures, Wildlife Manual (Birds Strike and Vegetation Management Plan), Safety Management System (Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Management), Noise Management Plan, Airport Regular Maintenance Procedure, Airport Emergence Preparedness Plan, Aircrafts Landing and Taking off procedures, Hydromel Manual (Airport General Operational Procedure), Airport Security Program (Airport Security Operation Protocol and Procedure) and etc as per ICAO and TCAA requirements; hence these plans and guidelines are crucial tools for the smooth and safe implementation and operation of Lake manyara Airport. Each plan has analyses on how to deal with specific impacts related to airport operations and maintenance phase with required mitigation measures to address potential challenges. Regular training, updating, continuous improvement, advanced technology implementation, and strong coordination with local agencies are key strategies for ensuring these airport operational tools and plans effectively contribute to the airports overall safety, efficiency, and sustainability. During project implementation, the Contractor shall be responsible to adopt and implements some provisions from these plans and 141 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. tools as per requirements to ensure smooth implementation of this project. NOTE: The TAA shall be required to review and update the these plans prior project construction and operation to address the provisions of the ESIA requirements. Refers to the attached commitment letter from TAA. The table 4-2 below elaborate more on the ESHS auditing undertaken. 142 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Table 4-2: Indicates the summary of Environmental, Health and Safety Audit result on the Existing project components and management strategies that to be undertaken around lake manyara Airport. SN EXISTING DETAILS ON THE EXISTING FEATURES AND EXISTING E&S IMPACT AND EXISTING E&S MITIGATION MEASURES CONDUCTED BY THE AIRPORT AUTHORITY AIRPORT EXISTING ITS CONDITIONS STATUS ANALYSIS COMPONE FEATURES NTS 1 Airport ✓ The existing runway The environmental and social Environmental and Social impacts mitigation measure associated with the existing Maneuveri at Lake manyara impacts of airport infrastructure runway at Lake Manyara Airport, a comprehensive mitigation plan has been ng Airport is in poor components such as taxiways, developed under this ESIA. This plan considered various factors to ensure that both surfaces condition that needs runway, and aprons, it is crucial to the environment and local communities are protected and benefit from the airport (Airside upgrading. Currently consider both direct and indirect operations. Here are the key environmental and social mitigation measures: Pavements) ✓ Length the airport runway effects Emissions Control: Implement measures to reduce aircraft emissions, such as has the following promoting the use of more efficient, low-emission aircraft more than Cessna which a. Runway ✓ Pavement status • Air Quality: Emissions from carries passengers between 4 to12 peoples. Hence, this is challenging since most of dimensions (IATA: aircraft, ground support aircrafts using the airport are producing high emission. ✓ Capacity in IRI, ICAO: HTIR) is equipment, and Use low-emission vehicles and equipment, implement operational procedures to handling aircraft length of 1220m and reduce idling times, and use cleaner fuels, hence this is challenging since most of 23m. construction activities can vehicles around the airport are exhausted with high emission. ✓ oriented at 12/30 degrade air quality with PCN 5300Kg. Implement noise abatement procedures, use quieter aircrafts operational, construct ✓ Transverse Slope: noise barriers, and schedule flights to minimize disruption or earth berms around the 3.20% • Noise Control: Aircraft airport perimeter to reduce noise pollution. Hence, this is challenging since most of ✓ Longitudinal Slope: 1. operations can generate aircrafts using the airport are producing more noise. 55% significant noise, affecting ✓ The existing RESA nearby communities Implementation of NMP and Monitor air and noise pollution levels, establish health- area have the monitoring programs, and implement measures to reduce pollution exposure. following; To eliminate these impacts the new airport is recommended with new runway, Length: Minimum 60m, • Public Health: Increased air taxiway and apron. Transverse Slope: and noise pollution can Maximum 1.5%, affect the health of Currently, the existing lake Manyara airport needs upgrading which shall allows Minimum 1.0% innovation and technology that can support reduction of air emission and noises nearby residents Runway Strip 60 around the airport. However, with new proposed airport, the ESIA has listed b. Taxiway ✓ Status The existing Taxiway at mitigation measures, which has been discussed in details in chapter 6, 7 and 8 of this lake manyara Airport is • Flight Path Optimization: ESIA report. Most of these shall be implemented to minimize its environmental ✓ Pavement in poor condition that Optimize flight paths to footprint and enhance its positive impact on the local community, ensuring needs rehab or sustainable and socially responsible airport operations. ✓ Length minimize noise impact on upgrading. Currently the airport taxiway has the residential areas. following dimensions; 75m X 75m /5 accommodate Cesena . 143 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. c. Apron ✓ Status The existing apron at lake manyara Airport is ✓ Length in poor condition that needs rehab or ✓ Pavement upgrading. Currently the standard airport apron has the following dimensions Apron surfaced by tarmac with a PCN 15/F/B/Y/U; 302m X 25m / 5 Cesena 2. Access ✓ Length There is an access road By analysing the environmental and The impacts associated with using the access road to airport in regarded with low Road and of 1km gravel standard social impacts of access road and car significant impacts since the access road 400m is partially used because the existing Car parking ✓ Width to the airport from the parking facilities associated with an airport is not fully functioning due to limited infrastructures. Trunk road network. airport, it is crucial to consider both ✓ Encourage the use low fuel consuming vehicles around the airport. ✓ Status There is a car parking direct and indirect effects; - facility, which can ✓ implement speed limits to reduce noise. accommodate 30 cars. Air Quality: ✓ Design safe pedestrian crossings, improve signage and road lighting, and The car parking is ✓ Emissions: Increased vehicle unpaved surface with implement traffic calming measures traffic on access roads and in capacity of parking facilities leads to higher ✓ Use administrative measures such as limiting speeding when on aces road to accommodating 30 emissions of pollutants such as airport as well as use of CoEC for workers and airport users. visitors, hence new parking needs to be CO2, NOx, and particulate matter (PM). The airport access road in in poor standards, hence need to be upgraded to Bitumen constructed as per new standards. design. ✓ Noise from vehicular traffic can To ensure these existing E&S impacts are minimized to the acceptable level, it is affect nearby residential areas. suggested that, the development of new access roads and car parking facilities shall be the solution to eliminate these impacts to the acceptable level. Hence, this ESIA ✓ Community Health and Safety: report has incorporated associated risks along the access road and mitigation Increased traffic can lead to air measures to minimize negative effects while maximizing benefits for the local and noise pollution and accident community and environment. This balanced approach is essential for sustainable airport development. risks to population. 3. Security ✓ Size Partly fenced. The ✓ Impact: Without a security fence, ✓ For airport security purposed and as per ICAO, the new airport project needs to be fence existing airport is wild animals and trespasser can constructed with wired security fence of around 10km for security purposes. around the partially surrounded easily access the airfield, leading airport with security wired ✓ Implement birds/wildlife management programs, through regular monitoring of to potential hazards for aircraft fencing with a total birds and wildlife away from airport areas. However, the nature of the airport does length of 1237m, hence and human health. not favor the wildlife habitat other airport areas remains openly and ✓ Lack of a fence can lead to human accessed which lead to ✓ The existing airport needs the security fencing to assisting the regular conducting encroachment into airport safety risks. of patrols to prevent unauthorized access. Engage community awareness programs surrounding for farming which can about the importance of airport security. cause threat to airport security. 144 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. ✓ The presence of security personnel for regular patrols, and respond to intrusions ✓ An unsecured perimeter increases promptly the risk of unauthorized access, posing security threats, including ✓ Regular security training for airport staff, create public awareness campaigns about terrorism, smuggling, and the dangers of accessing restricted areas, and ensure rapid response protocols for vandalism dealing with intrusions around the airport. ✓ Engage with local communities to ensure security measures in place, establish a community liaison office to address concerns, and regularly update the public on security enhancements and incident responses. 4. Airport ✓ Status There is no functional Safety Risks: Visual approach is not There is no ATC at the airport; Needs new Technological Modernization: However, Control ATC Tower at the airport reliable hence may obstruct views of the new proposed airport upgrading is needed that shall include the Upgrade Tower ✓ Design runway, taxiways, and aprons that Communication Systems: new ATC, Install modern digital communication systems to strip. Normally visual may increasing the risk of accidents. ensure clear and reliable communication between air traffic controllers and pilots. ✓ Capacity approach mechanism is used for operation. Inadequate Equipment: visual The new design shall include structural Improvements: Enhance Visibility: Modify or ✓ Location Other aviation approach can lead to rebuild the control tower to ensure unobstructed views of runway and taxiways. information depend miscommunication and increased from Arusha airport ATC risk of air traffic incidents. The new design shall include ergonomic Design: Redesign workspaces to improve Tower. ergonomics and efficiency for air traffic controllers. The new airport can ensure new Control Towers operate safely, efficiently, and in compliance with modern standards, ultimately enhancing overall airport operations and passenger safety. 5. Terminal ✓ Capacity (size) The existing Terminal ✓ Passenger Experience: The existing terminal building has been there for long time and is in poor condition Building building is considered that cannot meet the current and future demand of the airport operations, hence the ✓ Design inadequate and too old Limited Amenities: An outdated terminal building is needed with new Infrastructure Modernization in terms of (Single building with terminal lack modern amenities such designing, Technological Enhancements in term of facilities to need the design ✓ Other Facilities as lounges, shops, and dining 13m*30m) for the demand which can includes, Accessibility Improvements in terms of designing of such as; - predicted future usage it options, negatively impacting space and access: accommodate 70 passengers satisfaction. ✓ This is small and accommodate about 70 passengers per day with limited of other ➢ Security passengers and other terminal services that meets the ICAO standard. stations airport workers, hence Crowding and Congestion: Old missing other major designs might not accommodate several services such as current passenger volumes, leading Hence, the new proposed Terminal airport building shall accommodate the ➢ Toilet to overcrowded spaces and long wait arrival lounge, VIP following aspect ➢ Offices lounge, Offices for other times. ✓ Infrastructure Modernization: airport departments. ➢ Dust bin Terminal building has Poor Accessibility: Inadequate • Renovate Facilities: Modernize restrooms, waiting areas, and other 340m and Designed for facilities for passengers with passenger facilities to improve comfort and convenience. Cessna operations disabilities can create accessibility issues. • Expand Capacity: Add more check-in counters, security lanes, and baggage The terminal is in poor ✓ Operational Inefficiencies: handling areas to accommodate higher passenger volumes. conditions for operation Inadequate Space: Limited space for needs major rehab or check-in counters, security screening, • Improve Layout: Redesign the terminal layout to enhance passenger flow upgrading. 145 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. small rooms for toilets and baggage and reduce congestion. handling can cause delays and inefficiencies to passengers. • Ensure terminal building has connected with Rainwater Harvesting system: Implement rainwater-harvesting systems to supplement water supply around the airport. Poor Layout: Inefficient layouts can lead to bottlenecks and slow ✓ Technological Enhancements: passenger flow, affecting overall airport efficiency. • Upgrade Security Systems: Install modern security screening and ✓ Safety and Security Concerns: surveillance systems to enhance safety. Outdated Security Systems: Old security infrastructure may not meet • Install new water and power system that shall be efficient for daily use and current standards, posing risks to that consider the technological advancement: passenger safety. Fire Safety Issues: Older buildings • Introduce self-service check-in and baggage drop kiosks to reduce wait may lack modern fire suppression times and improve efficiency. systems, increasing the risk of fire hazards. • Integrate Modern Systems: Ensure new systems are compatible with ✓ Environmental Impact: modern airport management and aircraft technologies. Energy and water Inefficiency: Older ✓ Accessibility Improvements: terminal building are often less energy-efficient, no rainwater • Enhance Accessibility: Ensure the terminal is accessible to passengers with harvesting due lack of facilities to disabilities by adding ramps, elevators, and accessible restrooms. accommodate rain water leading to higher energy consumption, un • Signage and Information: Improve signage and information systems to proper water usage and costs. assist all passengers in navigating the terminal. In order to address these impacts and implementing mitigation measures, The new airport terminal building shall be constructed to operate safely, efficiently, and in compliance with modern standards, ultimately enhancing overall airport operations and passenger safety. 6. Fire Station ✓ Size Old Building adjacent to ✓ Operational Efficiency: ✓ The existing fire building has been there for long time and is in poor condition that house and the terminal building cannot meet the current and future demand of the airport operations, hence the ARFF ✓ Facilities Response Time: Older facilities may equipped with fire fire building has no Infrastructure Modernization in terms of designing, facilities not be optimized for quick access to extinguishers used when all areas of the airport, potentially Technological Enhancements in term of facilities: Accessibility Improvements in only Cessna were increasing response times in terms of designing of space and access: Currently there is uplifted Tank of carrying operating at the airport.. emergencies. 15,000lts of water for domestic uses. ✓ Water for Fire The building has 15x10m Equipment Adequacy: Outdated The new airport needs the fire station house with modern facilities that shall improve ✓ Storage with one vehicle bay, facilities might lack modern airport safety and meets the ICAO standards. The design shall among others includes: with sufficient fire ✓ Fire application firefighting equipment, impacting extinguisher for Cessna the effectiveness of fire response. ✓ 1-fire hydrants to be installed as part of the airport design project; additional operation (Application of ✓ Safety Concerns: boreholes shall be drilled for increase water capacity which shall be stored in the 146 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Safety Management Fire Safety Standards: Older facilities underground water tank with capacity of 200,000lts of water for airport uses. System). No Fire vehicle may not meet current fire safety standards, posing risks to ✓ Need the fire tender vehicle around the airport and fire hydrants at the passengers, staff, and infrastructure. airport, hence the new Currently, the Environmental Management is implemented through: Establish ✓ Training and Preparedness: design shall protocols for the safe disposal of firefighting chemicals and waste, and use Limited facilities might hinder environmentally friendly firefighting agents where possible. accommodate these comprehensive training programs facilities for firefighting for firefighting personnel, affecting preparedness levels. By addressing these effects and implementing these mitigation measures, The new Fire station house can operate safely, efficiently, and in compliance with modern ✓ Environmental Impact: standards, ultimately enhancing overall airport operations and passenger safety. Energy Efficiency: Environmental Hazards: Lack of modern containment and disposal systems for firefighting chemicals could lead to environmental contamination. 7. Power ✓ Capacity The capacity of the ✓ Power Capacity: The existing airport has power line that link to national grid with capacity of 11KVA. Supply existing power supply at The existing power supply is sufficient for current demand. around the ✓ Source of power lake manyara Airport is Insufficient Capacity to future However, there is standby generator of (70KVA) around the airport. airport 400KV, 50Hz three-phase demand: If the power supply The new airport project requires new power line with capacity of 11KVA from ✓ Capacity of capacity is inadequate, it can lead to overhead service line, national grid and that shall be controlled under power house and shall be located as generation supplied by Tanzania frequent outages, affecting airport part of the airport facility to meets the proposed airport design. Electrical supply operations such as lighting, security ✓ Standby systems, and communication Company Limited ✓ Standby Generator of 400KV shall be installed as part of the new airport facility: generator (TANESCO). There is no networks. powerhouse and Overloading: Insufficient capacity • Capacity Planning: Ensure the standby generator has sufficient capacity to emergency power switch can result in overloading of electrical handle critical loads during an outage. in the event of mains systems, causing equipment damage and increased maintenance costs. power supply failure in • Regular Testing: Conduct regular testing and maintenance of the standby lake manyara Airport. ✓ Source of Power: generator to ensure it is always ready for operation. There is Standby Reliability: Dependence on a single generator of (70KVA) power source (e.g., the national grid) • Fuel Management: Implement an efficient fuel management plan to around the terminal can be risky if that source is ensure an adequate fuel supply for the generator during prolonged building in case of unreliable or prone to outages. outages and ensure no land pollution. emergency. Hence new Sustainability: Non-renewable power power line and standby By addressing these impacts and implementing the appropriate mitigation measures, sources can have environmental generator is needed lake manyara Airport can enhance the reliability, efficiency, and sustainability of its impacts and contribute to higher under the new airport power supply, thereby ensuring smooth and safe operations. carbon footprints. construction. ✓ Capacity of Generation: Self-Sufficiency: Limited power capacity can reduce the airport's self- sufficiency, making it more vulnerable to external power disruptions. 147 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. ✓ Power House: Infrastructure Quality: Lack of proper power house can be a source of safety hazards, and operational disruptions. Security: Inadequate security of the power house can lead to vandalism, theft, or sabotage. ✓ Standby Generator: Reliability: A poorly maintained or insufficiently powerful standby generator can fail to provide necessary backup during power outages. Operational Costs: Frequent use of standby generators can increase fuel costs and maintenance requirements. 8. Water ✓ Water Source The current airport is not ✓ Water Quality: poor water supply The existing water supply along the airport is inadequate and not reliable because the Supply and connected by the district systems may have corroded pipes, water system are in poor condition that need major rehab. storage ✓ Water storage water pipe, hence the Currently the airport receive underground water from boreholes with capacity of leading to contamination of around the lifted tank airport uses water from about 15,000lts a day, which has been stored into lifted tank of 7500lts each for drinking water. This can pose airport Capacity (2) 1 drilled boreholes with domestic and airport activities. depth on 200 meters health risks to passengers and ✓ The new airport needs the new water system that shall provide additional water ✓ Quantity deep and with capacity staff. supply for almost 15,000lts of water a day from 1 extra boreholes to be drilled of yielding 15,000 litters and additional water sources from rainwater harvesting system that shall be ✓ Pipe used of water per day and installed at the terminal building to meets the airport design demand. The new ✓ Sanitation: Poor water supply ✓ Hydrant stored in the 2-lifted airport shall construct the underground storage tank with capacity of 200,000lts water tank of 7500 affects the cleanliness of of water for airport use. litters capacity. restrooms and other facilities, ✓ The airport project shall construct 2- lifted water tank with capacity of 30lts for Currently, the water potentially leading to unsanitary distribution through natural pressure around the airport. supply is enough to yield conditions to passengers, and ✓ The new airport shall ensure terminal building has connected with Rainwater estimated 15,000 litters other airport users. Harvesting system: Implement rainwater-harvesting systems to supplement water of water a day which is supply around the airport. used for domestic use around the airport. The ✓ Maintenance Issues: Aging ✓ hydrant system shall be installed around the airport to connect water to the fire water was tested by the infrastructure often requires more stations house. water authority and frequent repairs and found suitable for uses. ✓ Portable water for drinking on airplanes and other for airport workers shall be maintenance, leading to potential supplied by private water supplier authorized for airport use from Karatu district. disruptions in airport operations. This ESIA report has incorporated associated risks and mitigation measures related to water supply and quality around the project. The identified measures shall minimize ✓ Fire fighting: Inadequate water negative effects while maximizing benefits for the airport users, local community and supply can compromise fire 148 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. suppression systems, such as environment. sprinklers and hydrants, posing a significant safety hazard. 9. Fuel ✓ Fuel supply Jet -1 ✓ Environmental Impact: The exiting airport has no fuel storage system in place; hence, the new airport shall Manageme ✓ No fuel Tank around not accommodate the fuel infrastructure too. nt issues the airport. The transportation and handling The airlines are currently using the fuel service from the private company who ✓ Safety handling of Jet-A1 fuel can lead to spills, supply fuel upon request, hence the airport operator and fuel-servicing company ✓ Hence private emissions, and contamination of has in place the environmental management plan to control risks related to fuel ✓ Mechanism of local environments. company upon spillage around the airport. handling spillage request and demand ✓ Safety Handling The new airport construction facilities shall consider the operation of fuelling ✓ No Fuel storage from karatu district activities around the airport through the following aspects: supplies Fuel. Impact: Improper handling of fuel ✓ Safety Handling can result in accidents, fires, and ✓ Fuel Truck tank with health hazards for workers. capacity of (1000Lts) • The airport project shall not establish the fuel storage Tank around the airport. used to deliver fuel to the airport. • Private fuel Tank company from Karatu district upon request shall supply ✓ Administratively all fuel for aircrafts with ensuring safety protocols as per airdrome procedures to handle operation manual. spillage of oils during refueling is in place. • Training Programs: Regular training for all personnel handling fuel to ensure they are aware of safety protocols and emergency procedures also Provide appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and ensure its proper use. • All fueling activities shall be done to the designated areas especial concrete floor, location and handling basins that can accommodate spillage in case happened. Effective fuel management at lake manyara airport requires fuel delivering approach that addresses supply reliability, fuelling management , safety, spillage handling, and environmental protection as per existing Airport fuel management and operational manual. By implementing robust mitigation measures, the airport can minimize the risks associated with fuel management, ensuring safe and efficient operations while protecting the environment. The specific requirements to each materials supplier/provider to be engaged by the Contractor during construction phase shall be included as part of C-ESMP and TAA shall provide specific requirements into updated airport manuals and plans to those suppliers/services providers to be engaged during O&M phase . However, there are no areas of contaminated soil such as due to fuel spills associated with fuel storage or fuelling aircraft, emergency generators, fire training pits, etc. 149 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 10. Sewage ✓ Size The existing airport ✓ Size The existing terminal building is also including sewage system from for toilets and manageme facility’s sewage is hygiene, which is connected to the existing septic tank around the project . nt around ✓ Types discharged in a septic Impact: Inadequate size of toilet When the septic is full, the waste authorized dealer for disposal empties it upon the airport tank that is connected to facilities can lead to long queues, request. Currently there is 2 underground Soak away Pits of 1M diameter and 2.5 ✓ Sewage system discomfort for passengers, and different buildings. meter with 30*30cm long with capacity of 100,000Lts of sewage and is insufficient to and connectivity Currently there is no any negative perceptions of the airport. meet the design demand. sewer line connected to Overcrowded facilities can also pose ✓ Septic tank hygiene risks. the airport, the wastes The current carrying capacity is enough for current use; however, from the proposed capacity water are treated airport design needs the new sewage system that shall be constructed to meet the through soak away pits ✓ Sewage System and Connectivity current and future demand of the new airport with capacity to handle 150,000Lts of which is constructed sewage a week.. Key issues to consider by the new airport project sewage system. Impact: Efficient and reliable sewage within the airport. ✓ Size system connectivity is essential for Currently there is 2 maintaining hygiene and preventing underground Soak away environmental contamination. • Adequate Planning: The new design has considering the size of toilet Pits of 1M diameter and facilities which is proportional to passengers volume, with sufficient units 2.5 meter with 30*30cm to prevent overcrowding. ✓ Septic Tank Capacity long and is insufficient to meet the design Impact: Insufficient septic tank ✓ Sewage System and Connectivity demand. The wastes capacity can result in frequent water is collected from overflows, unpleasant odors, and • Robust Infrastructure: design is well-designed and robust sewage Toilets, Manager Offices, health hazards. infrastructure that can handle peak loads and prevent blockages. Terminal building and small shops and ✓ Septic Tank Capacity disposed/discharged directly to the • Proper Sizing: The septic tanks with capacity of 200,00lts is adequately to underground septic tank handle the expected waste volume, with a buffer for peak usage periods and soak away pit which and Regular Emptying and Maintenance: The proper Schedule for regular is constructed by emptying and maintenance of septic tanks to prevent overflows and concrete pavements and cement bricks and when ensure proper functioning shall be in place. in full the waste water is Effective management of toilet facilities at lake manyara Airport involves careful emptied by the consideration of facility size, toilet types, sewage system connectivity, and septic tank authorized waste dealer capacity of 150,000ts a week. By implementing these mitigation measures, the airport into District waste can ensure passengers comfort, maintain hygiene, and minimize environmental treatment plant which is impacts. Proper planning, regular maintenance, and investment in efficient located 20km from the infrastructure are key to achieving these goals. airport site. The capacity is enough to meet current demand. The existing sewage system shall be dismantled and pits filled with spoil materials. 150 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 11. Waste ✓ Solid Waste Currently, Solid Waste ✓ Solid Waste ✓ Generation of liquid and Solid Wastes Manageme generated around the nt Issues ✓ Lavatory Waste Impacts from existing airport: Poor The existing terminal building is contributing to solid waste to about 10-20kg a day. airport is domestic and Inefficient management of solid However, the wastes is collected via dustbins, which are located around the terminal ✓ Separation of wastes which estimated wastes such as bottles, papers, airport, hence this waste, are collected by authorized waste dealer for disposal. Waste to (20-30kg per Month). domestic wastes, sanitary wastes Currently there is no lavatory waste handled by the airport. Liquid waste from Currently, the wastes are can lead to littering, pest domestic and hygiene facilities are handled through septic tank and when in full is ✓ Storage facilities infestations, and health hazards. emptied by the authorized waste dealer for disposal into Karatu waste landfill. handled by dustbins located around the Also, create negative impressions ✓ Disposal among passengers. airport; However, there ✓ Quantity ✓ Lavatory Waste The new proposed airport project among others shall establish proper management is no separation of waste from mobilization, construction and operation phases for compliance of EHS ✓ Hazardous Waste facilities. Currently there Impact: Poor and Improper handling issues around the airport project. of lavatory waste around the existing ✓ How collect and is no lavatory waste airport causes the airlines not to • Comprehensive Waste Management Plan: the project shall develop and handled by the airport. implement a waste management plan that addresses the collection, dispose offload the lavatory waste in this Liquid waste from sorting, and disposal of liquid and solid wastes and Educate passengers airport, hence taken back to Dsm domestic and hygiene and airport staff on proper waste disposal practices for waste such as Airport when the handling of such facilities are handled waste is available. This is not well bottles, papers, domestic wastes, lavatory and sanitary wastes. through septic tank and handled may result in sanitation when in full is emptied issues, odors, and health risks by the authorized waste ✓ Separation of Waste ✓ Lavatory Wastes dealer for disposal. Impact: No waste separation around • Sanitary Systems: The design and airport operation shall install and the airport. Failure to separate waste maintain modern sanitary systems for the efficient handling of lavatory can reduce recycling rates and waste and Schedule regular servicing of lavatory waste systems to prevent increase landfill use, leading to overflows and malfunctions around the airport. higher and Mixed waste streams complicate recycling efforts and can ✓ Separation of Waste lead to the contamination of recyclable • Recycling Programs: Implement recycling programs with clearly marked ✓ Storage Facilities bins for different types of waste (e.g., plastic, paper, organic) and Train Impact: Poor and Inadequate storage staff on the importance of waste separation and proper sorting techniques facilities around the airport lead to shall be put in place. spillage, contamination, and inefficient waste management. ✓ Storage Facilities ✓ Disposal • Secure Storage: The wastes storage facilities shall be constructed as part of Impact: Poor and Inefficient disposal the project to ensure well-designed storage facilities to prevent leaks and methods around the airport result in spills around the airport. long-term environmental and health issues, including contamination and ✓ Disposal greenhouse gas emissions around 151 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. the airport. • The designated waste authorized dealers shall be engaged to ensure Currently the wastes are collected proper handling and disposal of wastes around the airport. The waste via dustbins around the airport disposal shall use environmentally friendly disposal methods, such as without separation and then taken into small storage facilities prior composting organic waste and recycling materials. being collected by the waste ✓ Quantity authorized waste dealer’s for disposal. • Waste Reduction Initiatives: Implement initiatives to reduce waste ✓ Quantity generation, such as promoting reusable materials and reducing packaging. Impact: The airport produces The new airport is designed to produce the estimated of 100kg of solid moderate solid waste of about 15kg wastes per day during full operational. per day that require robust management systems and ✓ Hazardous Waste infrastructure for collection and handling prior taken by the • Specialized Handling: The hazardous waste such as spillage from fuelling authorized waste dealer for disposal activities are expected during operation phase. The designated waste ✓ Hazardous Waste authorized dealers shall be engaged to ensure proper handling of Impact: Improper handling of hazardous waste for disposal, except the lavatory waste shall be handled hazardous waste can pose significant at Arusha and KIA airport with facilities to handle such wastes. There shall health risks to workers and be no emptied of lavatory wastes from the aircrafts at the airport. passengers and lead to severe environmental damage.However, Waste management at lake manyara Airport requires a comprehensive approach that currently there is no hazardous addresses the various types of waste, their impacts, and appropriate mitigation waste produced around the airport. measures. By implementing robust waste management plans, promoting recycling and waste reduction initiatives, ensuring proper handling of hazardous waste, and using efficient collection and disposal methods, the airport can maintain high standards of hygiene, reduce environmental impact, and enhance passenger’s satisfaction. Regular training, public awareness campaigns, and adherence to regulations are also crucial for successful waste management. 12 Drainage ✓ Size ✓ N/A ✓ Operational Efficiency: The existing airport facilities such as terminal building, runway, taxiway and apron System contributing to the storm water around the airport. The current management of around the ✓ Location ✓ Natural Trench and Surface Water Accumulation: Poor storm water around the airport uses the natural drains and natural flows that airport local drains drainage can lead to water accommodate the storm water naturally. There is no proper drainage system that ✓ Capacity accumulation on runway and control water around the project, hence new design shall need proper and enhanced ✓ N/A taxiways, causing delays and drainage system to accommodate the storm water around the airport with the ✓ Disposal of storm disruptions to airport operations. following distinction. water ✓ Through natural protection and local Flooding: Inadequate drainage can ✓ Infrastructure Upgrades: drains result in flooding, affecting airport buildings, hangars, and other critical • Modern Drainage Systems: Install modern drainage systems that efficiently infrastructure. channel water away from runway, taxiways, and airport buildings. This ✓ Safety Concerns: includes proper grading, stormwater drains, and retention basins. Aircraft Safety: Standing water on runway can lead to hydroplaning, • Regular Maintenance: Implement a regular maintenance schedule to increasing the risk of accidents 152 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. during takeoff and landing. ensure drainage systems remain clear of debris and fully functional. Structural Integrity: Persistent waterlogging can damage the ✓ Environmental Management: pavement and substructure of runway and taxiways, leading to • Water Treatment mechanism: Set up water treatment mechanism to safety hazards. handle runoff with hazardous materials before they enter into local water ✓ Environmental Impact: bodies through natural drains. Water Contamination: Poor drainage • Sustainable Practices: Use permeable pavements and green infrastructure, can result in the contamination of such as biomass and green gardens, to manage stormwater naturally and local water bodies with oil, fuel, and other pollutants from airport reduce the environmental impact. operations. ✓ Design Considerations: Land degradation from poor storm water management around the • Proper Grading and Sloping: Ensure that the airport's layout includes airport. proper grading and sloping to facilitate natural drainage that shall reduce land degradation. • Weather Resilience: Design drainage systems to handle extreme weather conditions, considering the local climate and rainfall patterns to mitigate the risks of land degradation. By addressing these impacts and implementing effective mitigation measures, lake manyara Airport can improve its drainage system's efficiency, enhance safety, reduce environmental impact, and manage maintenance costs more effectively. 13. Storm ✓ Source of Storm Currently, on the ✓ Source of Stormwater The exiting airport facilities such as terminal building, runway, taxiway and apron Water water existing airport the contributing to the storm water around the airport. The current management of Issues storm water from Roofing: storm water around the airport uses the natural drains and natural flows that around the ✓ From Roofing and runway and existing Impact: Stormwater runoff from accommodate the storm water. Hence, new design shall need proper and enhanced airport runway buildings are discharge roofing can lead to localized drainage system to accommodate the storm water around the airport from the through 1 existing flooding, erosion around buildings, following distinction. ✓ Management natural stream located and increased load on drainage ✓ Roofing: Issues around the airport which systems and Runoff from roofing can drains the discharged carry pollutants such as dust, debris, • Rainwater Harvesting: Implement rainwater harvesting systems to collect water marere stream as and roofing materials into the and reuse stormwater for non-potable purposes, such as irrigation and the main natural stream drainage system and nearby water cleaning around the airport. around the airport to bodies. ✓ Runway: accommodate storm • Construction of new underground reservoir tank with capacity of 250,00lts water from the airport Impact: Runoff from runway can to accommodate the water from boreholes and storm water from facilities. cause flooding and standing water, harvested from building. No facilities to harvest which can disrupt airport operations rain water from the terminal building, hence and pose safety hazards. • Proper Maintenance: Ensure regular maintenance of roofing systems to increase runoff. prevent blockages and leaks that can exacerbate runoff issues. • The new airport design has included construction of underground water 153 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. tank of about 200,000lts of water for storage water from rain harvest that can help to reduce storm water around the airport. ✓ Runway, taxiway and apron: • Permeable Pavements: maintain some areas with permeable pavements along runway and taxiways to allow water infiltration and reduce runoff. • Runoff Management Systems: design and Install storm water systems such as French drains, swales, and retention basins to manage and direct runoff away from critical areas. • Use natural drains to manage storm water into natural system around the project. • Regular Cleaning: Maintain clean drainage system to minimize the presence of pollutants that can be carried away by stormwater. • Drainage system along the runway, taxiways to manage storm water around the airport Effective storm water management at Lake manyara Airport involves addressing both the sources of storm water (roofing and runway) and the broader management issues such as flooding, erosion, pollution, and infrastructure strain. By implementing mitigation measures such as green roofs, permeable pavements, enhanced drainage systems, and pollution prevention plans, the airport can minimize the impacts of storm water and ensure safe, efficient, and environmentally responsible operations. Regular maintenance, infrastructure upgrades, and innovative storm water management solutions are essential for achieving these goals. 14. Existing ✓ Safety The Lake manyara As per TCAA and ICAO requirements, Airport Management airport is operational the existing Lake manyara airport Effective management of airport operations tools and plans such as the Waste (Solid Operations System airport, which shall be operation activities is guided with and lavatory) Management Plan, fuel Handling Management Procedures, Wildlife Tool and operating while the the existing operational manual Manual (Birds Strike and Vegetation Management Plan), Safety Management System guiding ✓ Emergency upgrading activities is including; Waste (Solid and lavatory) (Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Management), Airport Regular Maintenance Manuals Response Plan ongoing. Management Plan, fuel Handling Procedure, Airport Emergence Preparedness Plan, Aircrafts Landing and Taking off Hence, the Contractor Management Procedures, Wildlife procedures, Aerodrome Manual (Airport General Operational Procedure), Noise ✓ Airport Security shall prepared Manual (Birds Strike and Vegetation Management Plan, Airport Security Program (Airport Security Operation Protocol and Program construction procedures Management Plan), Safety Procedure) and etc as per ICAO and TCAA requirements; are crucial tools for the that shall be approved Management System (Environmental smooth and safe implementation and operation of lake manyara Airport. Each plan ✓ Airdrome Manual by TAA and issuing the Health and Safety (EHS) has to address the specific impacts and requires mitigation measures to address NOTAM to airlines Management), Airport Regular potential challenges. Regular training, continuous improvement, advanced ✓ Wild animal during construction. Maintenance Procedure, Airport technology implementation, and strong coordination with local agencies are key management Emergence Preparedness Plan, strategies for ensuring these tools and plans effectively contribute to the airport Manual Aircrafts Landing and Taking off overall safety, efficiency, and sustainability. procedures, Hydromel Manual ✓ Aircraft landing The TAA shall be required to review and update these plans (Airport General Operational 154 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Procedures Procedure), Airport Security Program prior project construction and operations phases to address the (Airport Security Operation Protocol ✓ Waste and Procedure). These plans and provisions of the ESIA requirements. Refers to the attached management Plan manuals shall be reviewed and commitment letter from TAA. updated regularly by Airport operator during project implementation and operation/maintenance phases. Contractor shall be required to adopt the plans and manuals as well as implement all provisions that fall on his duties accordingly. 155 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Finally, the ESHS Auditing and due diligence was undertaken as part of this ESIA updating by assessing the environmental, social, health and safety related of the existing airport facilities and ongoing airport operational activities in order to comply with regulations/standards etc. It is therefore concluded that the noted shortfalls are within the manageable limits and it is recommended that, this ESIA has accommodated all the adverse impacts and associated remedial measures to be implemented during project undertaking and operations (Refers to chapter 6; 7 and 8 of the ESIA). 4.3 The Study Approach In this study, the Consultant’s approach was to divide the study into desk work and fieldwork and to define the study area. The desk work involved preparation of environmental impact identification checklist, acquisition, and review of relevant documents, reports maps, / drawings. Some of the important documents, which have been reviewed, include relevant policies and legislations including Environmental Management Act, 2005 and its Amendment Regulation of 2018; The ESMF, RPF, SEP, LMP and GRM prepared for Tanzania Transport Integration Project (TanTIP); Labour Management Procedure (LMP); Gender-Based Violence Action Plan; Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP); Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF); Vulnerable Groups Plan Framework (VGPF); WB Group General EHS Guidelines; EHS Guidelines for Airport and Noise Management Plan for lake Manyara Airport. The information gathered from secondary data also helped to supplement primary data obtained from the fieldwork. The fieldwork involved a visit to the project area, conducting baseline data for climatic conditions, flora and fauna, as well as environmental, social, health and safety data were collected, conducting visual survey and physical observation around the project area as well as conducting informal interviews with local people encountered within the project area and conducting consultations with relevant stakeholders. 4.3.1 The Study Methodology for Collection of Baseline Data After defining the scope of ESIA study for the airport project, the collection of baseline data was conducted at different phases between 2021 to 2023 for assessment and analysis of environmental, social, safety and economic issues. These data enlightened on whether and where more detailed information on environmental conditions at the development site and its surroundings are needed. For the purpose of this study, the Rapid Assessment Methodology for collection of socio-economic data was adopted. The approach used extensively the qualitative as well as quantitative data collection methods. Qualitative method was used to determine the perspectives and the opinions of the interested and affected parties, while the quantitative data was equally important to provide statistical estimates on the quantitative situation of socio-economic life of people in the project areas (health, education and HIV/AIDS prevalence rates, etc.). The sample of the study consisted mainly sub-ward and ward executive officers, member of committees on social services and environmental protection and the members from the general public who were supposed to be potential affected persons or interested parties. All respondents were selected through convenience sampling techniques. Both primary and secondary data were collected. Primary data were collected by direct measurement, observations and using semi-structured interviews. Consultation with key informants in the project area was done in order to obtain additional socio-economic data and information. Secondary data was obtained from various relevant sources of information such as district profiles and wards reports, education and health reports and many other official and non-official documents. Field surveys and 157 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. investigations were done around the project area within the project’s sphere of influence. The surveys and investigations covered roadside features and attributes with respect to environmental and socio- economic aspects. The baseline survey also include EHS Audit on the existing facilities and operations to assess presence of (i) any existing contamination (soil, ground water, etc.) (ii) envy liabilities (iii) any existing non- compliances such as potable water, waste water, air emissions, noise, etc. as well as EHS audit on the ongoing airport operation activities to assess if any existing EHS impacts/risks are present or if any material impacts occurred during operation that were not properly mitigated/compensated or if any significant OHS accident occurred. 158 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. i. Identification and Consultations of Stakeholders The scoping exercise which was conducted before ESIA study helped to identify relevant stakeholders of the project and main issues to be addressed during the actual ESIA study. Roles and relevance to the proposed project were used as a basis for identifying key stakeholders. Given the nature of the project, three main groups of stakeholders were predetermined. These includes; Municipal and District Government officers and Local Government leaders. Also other professionals in the area of environmental/natural resources conservation, interested groups, affected groups and individuals (current users of the project area and residents in nearby areas) were consulted for baseline data collection. The consultation process ensured that stakeholders were given opportunity to participate in the scoping exercise by using different participatory methods i.e. one-to-one discussions with individual stakeholder and focused group discussions or through representatives of groups or organizations. The Consultant made efforts to discuss with those who shall be directly affected by the project regardless of whether they were using the area legally or illegally. Through interviews, discussions and other communication channels the stakeholders pointed out issues and concerns to be addressed during EIA undertaking. An issue raised by one individual or a group of people was cross-checked by discussing it over with other people or groups. Stakeholders’ views were also sought on their acceptance of the project. ii. Literature review Secondary data was obtained through review of relevant National Policies, Laws, Regulations and Guidelines for environmental management in Tanzania to ascertain the optimal management of impacts. Other literatures relevant to road development in Tanzania, Feasibility and detailed design reports for this project and other similar EIA studies (on airport development project in Tanzania) were extensively reviewed in order to underscore some commonalities and experiences. Information on the bio-physical, socio-economic environment, institutional and regulatory regimes was collected from a variety of sources, namely the project documents and general literature review. Some of the relevant National Policies and Laws which were reviewed include the following: ➢ National Water Policy, 2002; ➢ National Forest Policy, 1998 ➢ World Bank/AfDB Safeguard Policy ➢ Environmental Management Act of 2004; ➢ National Environmental Policy, 1997; ➢ EIA and Audit Regulations of 2005; ➢ Urban Land and Village Land Acts, 1999; ➢ Road Act , 2007;; ➢ Mining Act, 2010; ➢ The Occupational Health and Safety Act, 2003 ➢ Road Sector Compensation and Resettlement Guidelines (2009) ➢ Environmental Code of Practice for Road works (2009). The baseline data information was further complimented by interviews with various stakeholders and field visits in the project area. 159 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. iii. Field Data / Information Collection In order to capture broad picture of the prevailing situation on the site the field surveys or visual inspection and expert opinion were also considered during EIA study. This involved visiting all sites for extraction of construction materials (Quarry site and borrow pits) to be used for construction as well as visiting karatu wastes disposal areas for wastes such as construction debris, solid waste, hazardous wastes were visited. Also, existing airport facilities, Contractor proposed campsite, communities around the project areas etc. ➢ Appraisal of physical and environmental conditions of the project site and areas that may be impacted by influence the project i.e. climate, topography, soils, drainage/hydrology, flora, fauna etc. ➢ Appraisal of adjacent land use, alternative sites for the project and assessment of other relevant socio-economic parameters. ➢ Detailed project description. Moreover, other primary data were collected by direct observations and using semi-structured interviews. Interviews and focus group discussions with key informants along the project roads and off site areas within the project’s sphere of influence were done to obtain their views on the positive and negative impacts of the roads development, on proposed actions and engaging them in a two-way dialogue. iv. Professional Judgement Another key activity conducted during the study was to determine Impacts Significance and identify mitigation measures. This key activity entailed evaluating the significance of impacts, that is, judgment about which impacts identified in the study are considered important and therefore making decision on what mitigation measures need to be taken against the identified and predicted impacts. v. Socio-Economic Baseline Survey The socio-economic baseline study was conducted by Social experts around the project area. This involved collection of primary and secondary data. Primary data was obtained through consultation and interviews with relevant stakeholders. The expert used semi-structured interview questionnaires to collect socio-economic baseline data from households of the likely Project Affected Persons (PAPs). The information collected during household interviews includes housing conditions, property ownership, economic activities, source of income, and household expenditure. In addition, interviews were held with key informants, and local community leaders to get their opinions regarding the project. Secondary data was obtained through reviews of relevant documents from various sources including safeguards documents from other nearby projects of similar nature. These include but not limited to: relevant ESF documents, policy and legal documents, census reports, country/district development plans and district socio-economic profiles. vi. Study Team Composition and Scoping For the purpose of addressing the environmental and social issues properly, a well competent team of experts participated in undertaking this ESIA study. The experts included Environmentalist, Sociologist, airport planners, civil engineers, architects etc. Scoping was done through consultation and interviews with various relevant stakeholders, reviewing various reports, studies and literature relevant to environment and airport development in Tanzania. Related EIA studies in Tanzania were reviewed in order to draw existing knowledge and experiences. The information was further complimented by 160 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. extensive field visits in the project area. The scoping exercise facilitated the identification of key stakeholders for the project and the main issues of concern to be addressed by the detailed ESIA study. NOTE: During undertaking of consultation processes to key stakeholders and communities around the project areas several methodologies and materials were used by E&S Team during consultation exercises which includes checklist form, scoping reports, Districts social economic reports, ESMF and RPF and other ESF documents prepared for TANTIP project, ICAO guideline, flip chart, existing ESIA and RAP during second and third round of consultation. These materials enabled the communities to have access on the disclosed information regarding the project as well as getting feedback of the provided views and opinions during the study. vii. Biophysical Baseline Survey The main objectives of the study were to conduct a detailed biodiversity and ecological (flora and fauna) survey, describe the environmental conditions of the area, and identify and document the species and habitats of conservation concern as per regional and international (IUCN and CITES) standards. For terrestrial fauna, the emphasis was on mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians, while for terrestrial flora, the emphasis was on different vegetation physiognomies and plant life forms (trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, sedges, lianas and climbers). The biophysical survey was undertaken by the team of environmental and social experts on both direct and indirect area of impact around the project using vehicles and transect work around the project. The exercises involved using baseline data collection tools such as survey checklist, questionnaires, GPS, camera, digital vibration meter, sound level meter, air quality tester. Thereafter data measurements analysis and presentation were taken and presented in this ESIA accordingly. Secondary data was obtained through reviews of relevant documents from various sources including environment documents from other nearby projects of similar nature. These include but not limited to: relevant ESF documents, policy and legal documents, ESIA reports, country/district development plans and district socio-economic profiles. The Experts was recording any important significant features encountered in the project area through impact mapping exercises. • Vegetation and Flora data collection and analysis The data analysis on vegetation composition and species around area was undertaken through combined methodology of field observations, using Global Positioning System (GPS Garmin 60CSx) unit, was used to identify and . Mostly the vegetation and shrubs species were identification inside the airport areas, hence planted trees and residential houses and commercial areas were observed outside the airport areas. Inventories of demarcated plots have been widely used in floristic sampling and ecological studies in recent years (Poulsen 1997); however, the results of species richness depending on the size, shape and number of the plots being used and the choice of the shape depends on the scope of the study (Grieg Smith, 1983). Circular plots are easier to measure and have fewer edge errors because edge length is minimised (Grieg Smith, 1983). Circular nested plots of a 20m radius were used during the field visit to make estimates comparable with previous surveys of researchers in the region. Two transects of 3 km were established around the proposed airport areas and existing airport facilities, whereby random plot sampling techniques were applied for flora surveys. 6 plots around the area, were randomly overlaid along the transects with a minimum distance of 65m. A Global Positioning System (GPS) device was used to locate the points and to lay nested plots with the largest accumulating to 161 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 3.768Ha for sampling large trees, 0.942Ha for shrubs/saplings, and 0.03768 Ha for the Herbaceous plants. All plants found rooted within the plot were recorded in their respective life forms. Details on flora findings attached in the appendix of this ESIA. Tree diameters along the transect work at breast height (Dbh) were measured and recorded in their respective diameter classes of 2.5-9.9cm, 10-29.9cm, 30 cm-49.9cm, and ≥ 50cm. The ≥ 50cm classes are grouped in one class because their numbers have always been low. The presence or absence mechanism recorded Lianas in the same plots as the trees. Daubenmire’s canopy cover ranking and frequency method was employed for herbaceous cover estimates. • Fauna Surveys Faunal identifications were confirmed using field guides in particular; Stephen et al. (2006) and Spawls et al. (2002) for reptiles, Alden et al. (1995) and Kingdon (2007) for mammals; and Schiotz (1999), Hanning and Howell (2006), Louis du Preez and Vincent Carruthers (2009) for amphibians. Species listings follow that in the Checklist of Tanzanian Species (Gideon et al., 2012). The specialist observed and recorded some fauna species while on-site. This included small animals and micro-organism such lizards, rats, snakes and insect were observed around the project. The species, location (GPS waypoint), date, time, number of individuals, and broad habitat type were recorded for each observation. During this transect walk several fauna composition of the site was recorded. Time was spent actively searching each transect and noting the presence of tracks, nests, scats. (identified to species level if possible). Opportunistic collection/observation and vocalizations of birds, amphibians were expected to be particularly useful in revealing the presence of species not encountered in the transect walk survey. • Interviews and questionnaire survey Informal interviews, key informants and questionnaire surveys were conducted with residents, farmers, communities and wildlife experts regarding the types of wildlife in the project areas and any areas regularly used by them (for drinking, feeding, roosting, movements etc.). The informal questions asked to local people were aimed at gathering more information regarding the potential presence and use of the project area by important species (e.g. crop raiding, pest species, human-wildlife conflict/coexistence, hunting, movement corridors and bush meat). • Data Processing and Analysis Different methods and tools were used in processing and analyzing data and information collected during field work and consultations. Triangulation of baseline data and information collected from relevant and reliable sources of information was conducted with purpose of analyzing the accuracy. 4.3.2 Physical Environment The parameters studied included: • Ambient Air Quality, Noise and Vibration Assessment The methodology outlines the procedures and methods used to collect and analyse data for establishing an air quality noise and vibration baseline. A baseline survey was conducted in the project area zone to collect levels of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, VOCs, and CO, as well as baseline data on the locations. The sampling stations were established along the potential areas within the selected villages, and measurements were taken according to TZS 837 and WHO Guidelines considering the sensitivity receptors to noise, air pollution and vibration impact. • Criteria for Selection of Sampling Sites The Tanzania Environmental Management (Air Quality Standards) Regulations, 2014 further define limits and outline specific guidelines for assessing and managing air quality for various land use zones’ These 162 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. include the general environment (any building used as hospital, convalescence home, home for the aged, sanatorium and institutes of higher learning, conference rooms, public library, environmental or recreational sites, residential building, mixed residential (with some commercial and entertainment), residential and industry small–scale production and commerce), construction site and industrial areas. Therefore, the sampling points were selected to represent at least any of the above land uses. The World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines were also considered a benchmark to ensure that the monitoring efforts align with international standards. To determine the optimal locations for monitoring stations, a preliminary analysis of meteorological conditions was conducted. During the assessment, the selected receptors for air quality assessment were purposively sampled based on professional judgement and other factors including the sensitivity of the receptors in and around the site. Surveys by walking through the site to ascertain the number, distribution of the sensitive receptors and their distance from the proposed project was done. The selection of location and number of points was guided by the topography of the project area; mainly be characterized by the terrain. Flat terrain influences the horizontal mixing of air over long stretches as opposed to mountainous areas/complex terrains with flagpoles that triggers vertical mixing of air. Additionally, around the proposed project site had vegetation which partially constrain air mixing to cause variation in baseline air quality. Therefore, the baseline focused on selected sensitive receptors mainly based on their location/distances from the proposed project site. Furthermore, the selection of sampling points in this ESIA was guided by the provisions of the Environmental Management (Standards for the Noise and Vibrations Pollution) Regulations, 2014 which defines air quality limits for various land uses zones i.e., general environment (any building used as hospital, convalescence home, industrial, conference rooms, , environmental or recreational sites, Residential building, Mixed residential (with some commercial and entertainment), industry small–scale production and commerce), construction site and industrial areas. Therefore, the sampling points were selected to represent at least any the above land uses. Based on site survey four (4) sensitive receptors were selected as sampling sites for the proposed Lake manyara airport from 18 to 22 August 2023 and other measurement for data verification undertaken from 20 to 22 September, 2023. The selected sampling point includes; (i) representatives of the different land uses, activities in and around the project sites; (ii) candidates for air pollution mitigation through site hoarding; and (iii) sections within the project sites/areas. These included existing terminal apron, community, primary school and its environs, (vi) landing and taking off route path points along point of aircraft throating up engines at the airport. The measurement were taken according to TZS 837 and WHO Guidelines. Fumes generated from aircrafts and vehicle engines operations such as, Carbon Monoxide (CO); Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx); Hydrocarbons (HC) originated from machinery and engines combustion which emits fumes which can affect local air quality at ground level which in turn affects people. As the airport shall be operating while construction is on-going, It is therefore emission from aircraft below 1,000ft, above the ground (typically around 3km from departure or arrivals, and around 6km from touchdown this affects local air quality. These emissions disperse with the wind and blend with emission from sources such as aircrafts, operating machinery, equipment and vehicles shall have negative impact to the air quality. Noise Management Plan (NMP) (final version) shall be part and parcel of this ESIA as annex XIV once completed. All issues regarding noise levels including measurements, modelling, impacts and risks, mitigation measures and capacity building shall be covered in the NMP. Due to time limit on noise data collection, more noise monitoring shall be carried out by TAA during 163 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. O&M phase of the project and this shall be included in an updated operational manual and plans to be reviewed and updated by TAA. 4.3.3 Bio-Physical Environment Around the Project i. Geographical Location Lake Manyara airport is located in Karatu District (figure 4-2) hence experience similar geographical features with the Karatu district. It is located south of the equator between latitude 3°22'26" South and longitude 35 48'59" East and borders Karatu District to the west, Ngorongoro District to the north, Babati District to the south-east, and Monduli District to the east. The district occupies an area of 3300 km2 classified under land use as follows: arable land 102,573 ha; pastureland 155,808 ha; forest, bush and tree cover 61,218 ha; and Lake Eyasi 1060 ha. E. The aerodrome is elevated at 129 ft/39m AMSL and reference temperature 29.90C. Figure 4-2: : Geographical location of the project district-Karatu district Sources: Consultant design team, 2023 ii. Topography and Landscape Lakes Manyara and Eyasi in the district influence the climate through low and high pressure belt mechanisms, especially at the end of the dry season when winds blow vigorously drying up the landscape and vegetation as well as moving the clouds away from localized areas. Based on relief, land physiography and drainage pattern, Karatu can be categorized into three zones—uplands, midlands and lowlands—with altitude ranging from 1000 to 1900 m. There is a clearly defined escarpment in the Rift Valley, rising to more than 400 m. Lake Manyara and Manyara National Park occupy the plains at the bottom of the Rift. At the top of the Manyara Escarpment (Figure 4-3) in the highlands around Karatu, vegetation becomes more lush and green. The extinct, gently sloping Oldeani volcano is a prominent feature of the landscape. 164 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Figure 4-3: View of Lake Manyara Escarpment in the Project Area of Influence Sources: Consultant design team, 2023 Marera Stream is a natural seasonal river in Karatu district near lake manyara airport which drain its water into Lake manyara. It originates from the northern highlands traversing the Rhotia Ward passing along airport area towards southern up to lake manyara. The stream crosses the proposed Lake Manyara airport access road of 1.5km where it has to be crossed through box culvert at GPS location (812143.05 mE, 9627228.83 mS) before traversing the Manyara trading centre at GPS location (812131.00 mE, 9626847.47 mS). This is where it crosses the Makuyuni – Musoma (B144 or T17) Road that heads to Ngorongoro and Serengeti National Parks. However, marera stream is the seasonal natural stream which shall have less impacts related to project due to its seasonal occurrence especially during rain seasonal. The river bed is completely dry and formed of numerous boulders and a deep cross- section see figure 4-4. The drainage (stream) traverses the neighborhood of the proposed expansion airport land and it crosses the access road from the northwest through the western part to the south of the airport. Therefore, it mainly drains the northeast section of the ward, pouring its seasonal waters into Lake Manyara. Figure 4-4: Marera seasonal stream (with heavy boulders at the riverbed) 165 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. iii. Rainfall Rainfall in the district is bimodal; the short rains fall between October and December and the long rains (masika‘) between March and June (KDC 2001). Rainfall may range from less than 400 mm in the Eyasi Basin to over 1000 mm in the highlands with rain zones classified as semi-arid (300–700 mm/year) and sub-humid (700–1200 mm/year) respectively. The wettest month is April. Rainfall varies considerably between years, especially in the semi-arid region, where the coefficient of variation of annual rainfall is 30–40%. Duration and intensity of individual storms are unpredictable. Rainfall intensity can be very high, causing erosion, particularly at the onset of the rainy season when soils are bare. Figure 4-5 & 4-6 as shown below provide information on rainfall at karatu Figure 4-5: Monthly Average Rainfall for Karatu Source: https://www.worldweatheronline.com/karatu-weather-averages/arusha/tz.aspx Figure 4-6: Historical Rainfall for Karatu Source: https://www.worldweatheronline.com/karatu-weather-averages/arusha/tz.aspx iv. Humidity and evapotranspiration Relative air humidity increases during the rainy months from about 55% in October to about 75% in April/May. Potential evapotranspiration measured at Karatu is about 1440 mm per year (average 120 mm per month) and generally increases during the dry season, reaching a maximum in November just before the rains start. Historical Humidity for Karatu is shown on figure 4-7 below 166 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Figure 4-7: Historical Humidity for Karatu v. Temperature Temperature decreases with increasing elevation by about 0.6 C for every 100 m. Mean annual temperature ranges from 15 C in November (forest) to 24 C at the level of Lake Eyasi and Manyara. The coldest months are June–August, the warmest October–April. Figure 4-8 below shows monthly average temperature for Karatu Figure 4-8: Monthly Average Temperature for Karatu vi. Soils and Geology Soils vary depending on their origin and location. Shallow soils with low fertility are found on summits and slopes. Clay soils of moderate fertility are found in the valleys in gently rounded summits and on slopes overlying soft gneiss rocks. Volcanic origin are the predominantly clay soils, some very shallow but very fertile found in the Ngorongoro land system which also they include moderately steep foothill ridges of volcanic cones, lava plains and foothill slopes. Soils with recent ash deposits are rich in salts and are highly erodible Soils on the long, gentle slopes at the lower ends of foothills, scarp slopes and the flat plains of Lake Eyasi are mainly sand and clay, derived from basement gneiss and granite, but around Oldeani volcano clays are derived from basalt by the action of wind, water and gravity. Fertility is low to moderate. This land system also includes most mbuga soils in which evaporation causes sodium and calcium salts to accumulate. 167 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. vii. Biological Characteristics Due to sensitivity and location of the airport project, the separate study on the Biodiversity Management assessment (BMP) has been prepared to define and analyses the biological characteristic of an area including Flora and Fauna that can be affected by the airport project or that can affect the airport operational. Study also revered that around the airport there is no evidence of wildlife animals due to modified ecosystem system that does not fever the presence of big mammals around the areas rather than small biodiversity species such as rats, reptilian, amphibians, insects etc. As observed, the critical biodiversity species around the area are birds nesting activities around the airport though none of the birds or nesters are threatened species to the proposed project. But for assurance it is advised to increase airport openness so as to deter bird movements around the airport during operation phase. Now, with concern to the biodiversity assessment the only threatened species includes White-backed Vulture and Lappet-faced Vulture, though are found away almost 15km from the airport location area; hence the presence natural escarpment on one side of the runway location is a necessary natural requirement for the flight since they are primarily sealers. Upon upgrading, the best approach to avoid aircraft-vulture collisions is to elevate aircraft pathways above birds’ pathways/flight height which is the best practice currently used by aircraft operators using lake manyara airport. As part of this project ESIA, the BMP study was prepared as part of this ESIA, hence it revered that during project undertaking there shall be no any significant impacts to be caused by the proposed project on birds and other biodiversity of unique importance, however, there shall be common biodiversity impacts related to airport project that can be mitigated by the proposed mitigation measures contained in this ESIA and BMP.” The detailed information on the biodiversity assessment and analysis including birds assessment around the airport has been prepared as part of this ESIA on the Biodiversity Management Plan (BMP for this project). The following section contained the detailed discussion on the vegetation and biodiversity assessment around or near the lake manyara airport. 4.3.4 Vegetation Cover of the Area Main vegetation cover on the site, (and immediate landing and take-off paths) is characterized by grass and secondary vegetation that has been evened out by constant slashing. Others are acacia and several exotic trees. Vegetation tends to thin out during the dry season leaving bare patches. The proposed development of the Lake Manyara Airport project site lies on top of the escarpment, at an altitude range of 1235 meters above the Indian Ocean, an area characterized by woodland of short trees dominated by Acacia nilotica, Terminalia brownii, Commiphora africana, Azanza garckeana, Trimeria grandifolia, and Lannea discolor mixed with distant trees of Lannea schweinfurthii and Acacia xanthophloea. The existing Lake Manyara airport covers an area of 451,000m2 for runway, main buildings and strip, however, the proposed new airport facilities shall need additional areas of 477,000m2 from land acquisition and compensation as shown on table 2-7 to accommodate the new airport runway, passenger terminal and other components. As per new design the airport shall have the total area of 928,000m2 to accommodate all the new proposed airport components. The table 2-7 below indicates the total area of the airport. According to the land use of the existing Airport, the entire project area has gone through several vegetal transformations, all the primary vegetation mosaics were degraded and replaced with secondary vegetation which can be described as; open fallows with remnant riparian trees dominated with exotic species, very few pockets of indigenous trees remain within the vicinity the airport land mainly around the airport access road. The vegetation cover around the proposed site for the development of airport facilities which shall include the run-way, airstrip, apron, security fence and terminal buildings can be classified as remnant riparian trees. i) Open fallows/crop farmlands as a mechanism of bush clearance to mitigate wild wire occurrence at the airport. This accounts for about 50% and some remnant trees of Lannea schweinfurthii, Acacia 168 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. nilotica, and Azanza garckeana. The airport run-way divides the entire piece of land into two, the Eastern and Western. During the wet season, the two pieces of land beside the runway are planted with Helianthus annuus commonly known as Sunflower, Cajan Cajanus (Pigeon pea), and Zea mays (Maize) crops, and during the dry season the area is used for livestock grazing, this mechanism helps to maintain and eliminates the bushes around the airport, figure 4-9 shows the land that is used for livestock grazing. Figure 4-9: Commiphora/Acacia wood land, used for livestock grazing.( Airport view at end of run-way) ii) The riparian plantation of exotic trees for shade and fruits, located at the airport-associated infrastructure area which included the access road, terminal building, and staff quarters. Dominant planted trees include; - Senna siamea, Croton megalocarpus, Azadirachta indica, Delonix regia, Senna spectabilis, Terminalia catapa, Leucaena leucocephala, and Jacaranda mimosifolia. Vegetation around the airport areas including the access Road of 1.5km. The proposed airport areas is surrounded by short grasses and planted trees. The new airport runway shall involve extra land for extension, hence vegetation clearance is inevitable. The project shall also involve new access road to the new airport building and runway which shall pass through the virgin land that shall need to be cleared. These airport facilities shall require section of land that needs to be cleared, hence may lead into loss of biodiversity as well as some section of the access road shall cross the seasonal river called merera stream which covered with woodland characterized by; -Terminalia brownie, Acacia nilotica, Balanites aegyptiaca, Cordia sinensis, Azanza garckeana, Ficus sycomorus, Ximenia caffra, combretum mole, Ziziphus mucronate and Senna spectabilis. Part of the access road (shown in figure 4-10). The adjacent areas along the access road has been covered by the modified land use including crops cultivation and grazing the area has been portioned in small paddocks and riparian vegetation created by Euphorbia tirucali shrub. Airport operator shall among others cutting or removing trees from the airport. Many observed nesters had their nests built in trees like Senna siamea, Vachellia spp., etc. Therefore, cutting trees shall increase airport openness, scare birds and force them to shift naturally to other places beyond airport boundaries. Airport operator ensure that trees and grasses are maintain low; shrubs and other plants in order to reduce the possibility of providing food, shelter or roosting sites for birds;. In addition, the operator can opt to use herbicides for vegetation control and use of pest management measures (e.g. Rodents, etc.) The plan may include use herbicides for vegetation control and use of pest management measures (e.g. Rodents, etc.) 169 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Figure 4-10: The existing tree along the Access Road to the Airport (which shall be upgraded to tarmac and shall be confined within construction corridor of 10m RoW. The figure below 4.11: Indicating (half left side) of the airport area with proposed access road connecting to the main road and the extended area (portion) that was aquired after compensation to PAPs for extension of the airport as well as other exsting and proposed features of the project as indicated in the legend. Source; Design team, 2023. 170 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Figure 4-11 above: The layout figure indicating three identified impacts zoning indicated in red colors lines as well as existing and new access road to the airport which is indicated in black colors lines from the main road to Karatu. Source; Google Earth and Field site visit, 2023. Figure 4-12: The vegetation and seasonal riverbed of granites, with Tamarindus tree where the box culverts shall be placed to allow new access road to airport. 171 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Figure 4-13: The figure indicating the land use plan around lake manyara airport project Non-bird biodiversity around the project area: There is an important population of Loxodonta Africana (EN) within the National Park and Marang Forest Reserve. There are a few prides of Panthera leo (VU) within the National Park. However the proposed Manyara airport if found at the high point of escarpment range about 15km from the boundary of Manyara National park as shown on figure 4-15 below which is located at the lower ground valley, hence reduces risks of affecting the surrounding biodiversity. Despite the recorded varieties of birds around Karatu escarpment still there is no records of birds strike at the airport for past 10 years due to the fact that there two angles of aircraft path during landing and take-off which are 15km away from the location of the Manyara lake and national park. For more details on biodiversity issues the BMP has been prepared as part of this ESIA to analyse more on the impacts of the biodiversity issues around Lake Manyara airport project. Figure 4- 16 shows migratory movements of individual lesser flamingos 172 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Figure 4-14: Locations for Lake Manyara Airport and National Park Source: Google Maps 173 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Figure 4-15: Migratory Movements of Individual Lesser Flamingos Source: Ministry Of Natural Resources And Tourism - Wildlife Division, Feb 2022 • Study on biodiversity issues around the project As part of biodiversity management for the airport project, TANROADS through RENARDET conducted specific study on biodiversity assessment around Lake Manyara Airport( refers to separate study on Birds and BMP studies). The study considered the structure of the current airport, two line transects were established along the airport landline each on either side, and in between the current and expanded boundary of the airport (shown in figure 4-17). Point counts were established in each line transect whereby consecutive points were distanced systematically at 250m . Coordinates for each 174 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. point were recorded, birds and extra information as well (shown in figure 4-18). The selected parameters with regard to data collection were species richness, abundance, movement of birds and nesting activities. Collection of data was done during morning hours from 0700hrs to around 1100hrs; this is the best time as far as birds’ study is concerned as they move here and there to search for food and nesting materials before weather changes to hotness. On another occasion, total count was applied during counting of the birds roosting and nesting at the offices of Lake Manyara National Park and along the road from Mto wa Mbu to the park entrance. The used nomenclature in this study was of Bird Life International - Handbook of Birds of the World (HBW), version 5. In addition, some discussions were done with airport staff especially with the airport manager. The intention was to flashback and explore if there are records of aircraft-bird collisions. Such important information would tell us about the projected impacts once the airport is upgraded. However, the BMP as separate study in line with this ESIS report has revered that there is no any significant impacts to be caused by the proposed airport on birds and biodiversity as whole around the airport project. The BMP is attached in appendix VIX of this report for more reference. Figure 4-16: Map of Manyara Airport showing existing area and area to be expanded 175 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Figure 4-17: Map Of Manyara Airport Showing The Sampled Point Counts (Marked In Red) A total of 1020 birds from 72 species were observed from the sampled points at Manyara Airport (shown in table 4-1). These constitute raptors, grassland birds, bushland/woodland birds and those associated with human settlements. Among the observed birds, the Yellow-billed Stork had the highest abundance 91 followed by Rufous-tailed Weaver 73, Bronze Mannikin 68, Speke’s Weaver 64 and House Sparrow 48. Ecologically, the area within the airport boundaries has average diversity of birds as confirmed by the computed Shannon Wiener diversity index (H’) value 3.648 Table 4-1: List of Observed Species at Manyara Airport with their Respective Abundances S/N Common name Scientific name Individuals 1 Red-eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata 8 2 Ring-necked Dove Streptopelia capicola 4 3 Laughing Dove Spilopelia senegalensis 5 4 Diederik Cuckoo Chrysococcyx caprius 7 5 Red-chested Cuckoo Cuculus solitarius 5 6 African Cuckoo Cuculus gularis 1 7 Yellow-billed Stork Mycteria ibis 91 8 Black-chested Snake-eagle Circaetus pectoralis 1 9 White-backed Vulture3 Gyps africanus 12 4 10 Lappet-faced Vulture Torgos tracheliotos 1 176 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 11 Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax 1 12 Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis 5 13 Verreaux's Eagle Aquila verreauxi 6 14 African Hawk-Eagle Aquila spilogaster 2 15 Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus 3 16 Gabar Goshawk Micronisus gabar 1 17 Black Kite Milvus migrans 5 18 Augur Buzzard Buteo augur 5 19 Speckled Mousebird Colius striatus 41 20 Blue-naped Mousebird Urocolius macrourus 20 21 Little Bee-eater Merops pusillus 2 22 Red-and-yellow Barbet Trachyphorius erythrocephalus 4 23 Red-fronted Tinkerbird Pogoniulus pusillus 2 24 Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus 1 25 Yellow-collared Lovebird Agapornis personatus 22 26 Chinspot Batis Batis molitor 6 27 Black-backed Puffback Dryoscopus cubla 1 28 Black-crowned Tchagra Tchagra senegalus 20 29 Slate-coloured Boubou Laniarius funebris 1 30 Fork-tailed Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis 2 31 Isabelline Shrike Lanius isabellinus 2 32 Common Fiscal Lanius collaris 13 33 Pied Crow Corvus albus 22 34 Fischer's Sparrow-Lark Eremopterix leucopareia 9 35 Rufous-napped Lark Mirafra africana 3 36 Flappet Lark Mirafra rufocinnamomea 1 37 Yellow-breasted Apalis Apalis flavida 4 38 Grey-backed Camaroptera Camaroptera brachyura 7 39 Rattling Cisticola Cisticola chiniana 15 40 Tawny-flanked Prinia Prinia subflava 30 41 Barn Swallow Hirubdo rustica 38 42 Yellow-bellied Greenbul Chlorocichla flaviventris 1 43 Common Bulbul Pycnonotus barbatus 19 44 Hildebrandt's Starling Lamprotornishildebrandti 32 45 Superb Starling Lamprotornis superbus 30 46 White-browed Scrub Robin Cercotrichas leucophrys 4 47 African Grey Flyatcher Bradornis microrhynchus 7 48 Collared Palm Thrush Cichladusa arquata 13 49 Eastern Violet-backed Sunbird Anthreptes orientalis 1 50 Scarlet-chested Sunbird Chalcomitra senegalensis 2 51 Variable Sunbird Cinnyris venustus 11 5 52 Rufous-tailed Weaver Histurgops ruficauda 73 53 Southern Red Bishop Euplectes orix 15 177 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 54 Yellow Bishop Euplectes capensis 5 55 Baglafecht Weaver Ploceus baglafecht 21 56 Spectacled Weaver Ploceus ocularis 4 57 Lesser Masked Weaver Ploceus intermedius 23 58 Vitelline Masked Weaver Ploceus vitellinus 8 59 Speke's Weaver Ploceus spekei 54 60 Village Weaver Ploceus cucullatus 4 61 Golden-backed Weaver Ploceus jacksoni 22 62 Red-billed Firefinch Lagonosticta senegala 2 63 Purple Grenadier Granatina ianthinogaster 2 64 Blue-capped Cordon-bleu Uraeginthus cyanocephalus 45 65 Bronze Mannikin Spermestes cucullata 68 66 Village Indigobird Vidua chalybeata 2 67 House Sparrow Passer domesticus 48 68 Kenya Sparrow Passer rufocinctus 4 69 Northern Grey-headed Sparrow Passer griseus 6 70 Yellow-rumped Seedeater Crithagra xanthopygia 29 71 White-bellied Canar(s)y Crithagra dorsostriata 31 72 Yellow-crowned Canary Serinus flavivertex 5 TOTAL 1020 • Bird Flight Versus Aircraft Flight A total of 172 bird movements/flights were observed, out of which only 24 movements (13.95%) were of birds flying either across the airport or to-and-from the airport at different times. Let it be noted that a group of birds of the same species observed flying at one time was categorized as a single movement. These findings indicate that bird movements across the airport are infrequent. Some of the birds like Little Bee-eater, Black-crowned Tchagra, Chinspot Batis and Collared Palm-thrush do fly to the airport across the fence then dive for insects on the grass ground. Such birds are negligibly affected by aircraft flight because they don’t fly at high height above the ground level. The height at which large birds were seen flying ranged from 50m to 100m, with Yellow-billed Storks and Vultures at the highest height. This height is below normal flight height of the aircraft and as informed by pilots at Manyara airport, during landing and taking-off the pilots prefer to use 298o bearing direction relative to the airport. Birds at the highest flight: The Yellow-billed Stork, Augur Buzzard, Verreaux’s Eagle and White-backed Vulture were observed in absence of aircraft landing and taking off; however, amongst these birds, the White-backed Vulture has ever been reported for aircraft crashes in other countries including Kenya – only one case reported between 1955 and 1999 (Satheesan and Satheesan 2000). Moreover, bird flights especially of raptors and others like Pied Crow, Barn Swallow and Red-eyed Dove were observed just closer and beyond the airport fence rather than inside. In addition, soaring birds seemed to fly up the escarpment in a circular movement and restricted to the cliff; this is probably associated with gaining more energy for flight. Navjot in 2002 reported that, considering all things being equal, a solitary individual shall cause less damage to an aircraft than shall a flock. • Nesting Versus Upgrading Activities of the Airport Sixteen nesting activities were observed at some points during the survey. One hundred thirty-seven active nests were recorded during the survey in some areas beyond the fence at Manyara airport; of these, 90 were of Village Weaver, 33 of Speke’s Weaver, 7 of Rufous-tailed Weaver, 5 of Vitelline Masked Weaver and 2 of Golden-backed Weaver. However, other species were observed carrying nesting materials; these include Tawny-flanked Prinia, Blue-capped Cordon-bleu and Yellow Bishop. 178 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Some individuals of Southern Red Bishop were seen in breeding plumage, an indication of ongoing breeding. In general, nesting activities were more obvious among species whose foraging depend much on grass seeds, and there are normally two peaks of breeding for such species (Oschadleus & Underhill 2006). The peaks occur in April and December following rains which are significant to availability of food (grass seeds with insects as supplement). These nesting birds (most of them being passerines) may negligibly cause damage. However, nesting activities can be controlled by applying the so-called Birds scaring techniques. One among such techniques is cutting or removing trees from the airport. Many observed nesters had their nests built in trees like Senna siamea, Vachellia spp., etc. So, cutting trees shall increase airport openness, scare birds and force them to shift naturally to other places beyond airport boundaries. In an attempt to understand the movement of some birds, another survey was conducted which aimed at finding out where the Yellow-billed Storks come from, in large numbers. On 4th March 2021 during the evening from 1500hrs a survey was conducted at Lake Manyara National Park offices and along the main road from Mto wa Mbu to the park entrance. One thousand two hundred individuals of Yellow- billed Stork were counted with an average of 120 individuals per large tree. Also, 280 individuals of Pink-backed Pelican were counted. On 5th March 2021 the count was repeated during the morning from 0800hrs. One thousand four hundred individuals of Yellow-billed Stork (See Figure 4-19) and 220 individuals of Pink-backed Pelican were counted. The two-times count gave an average count of 1300 individuals of Yellow-billed Stork and 250 individuals of Pink-backed Pelican. There were also ongoing nesting activities at this area (See figure 4-20); 20 nests of Pink-baked Pelican and 40 nests of Yellow- billed Stork were counted. Many Yellow-billed Storks were seen carrying nesting materials on flight (figure 4-21 below). Juveniles were seen as well as some eggs which had dropped down from the nests. This area is actually potential and a good breeding site for the two species as reported by Baker and Baker, 2002. But in relation to the airport upgrading, there would be less impact to this area as it is at lower elevation and out of aircraft pathways. Figure 4-18: One Of The Roosts of Yellow-Billed Storks at Mto Wa Mbu 179 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Figure 4-19: Some of the Yellow-Billed Storks Were Busy making a Nest Figure 4-20:The Yellow-Billed Stork Carrying Nesting Materials On Flight At Mto Wa Mbu • Lesser Flamingo - Phoeniconaias minor It was expected to encounter migratory birds at or nearby the airport, especially water birds like Flamingos but none was observed. Flamingos, particularly the Lesser Flamingos are said to be charismatic, tourist attraction and iconic symbol of conservation. The Tanzania National Single Species Action Plan-SSAP (2010-2020) of the Lesser Flamingo mentions the nine major rift valley soda lakes where this species is mostly confined, Lake Manyara being one in the list. Moreover, SSAP provides guidelines for protecting the species. Among the migratory birds, the Palearctic visitors migrate to Africa (Southward migration) from late August to November and return to the Palearctic region (Northward migration) from March to May (Pearson and Lack 1992). In addition, Lake Manyara which is famous for inhabiting water birds is currently over-flooded (see figure 4-22) hence not suitable as foraging site. This might be one of the reasons for not observing frequent movements of flocks. The Yellow-billed Storks (most probable resident in the area) on the other hand seem to roam along the river which runs from the North to the underground water forest. 180 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. The Lesser Flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor) (LF), the smallest flamingo species in size, but the most numerous in number, is an ornithological spectacle of high and diverse ecological and economic value in East Africa, charismatic tourist attraction, and an iconic symbol of conservation. Despite its numbers, this bird is currently categorised as globally “Near Threatened”, listed in the 2009 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Its vulnerability is highlighted by the fact that there are only five known, natural, regular breeding sites in the world, and that 75-80% of the global population, the whole of the East Africa stock (EA), depends entirely on Lake Natron for its breeding success and survival. Lesser Flamingos have many important roles, both economic (through eco-tourism) and ecological. Their populations and concentrations in East Africa are unique and of global, regional and national conservation concern, and economy. The birds are sensitive and respond to seasonal (and manmade) changes in the environmental conditions of their habitats. Their movements between the lakes are indicative of the nature of the inter-connected, inter-dependent linkages between food chains, ecological and biological, shared between the saline-alkaline lakes in the region. The study revealed that these birds shall not be affected by the proposed project, hence their movement is on opposite direction to airplane pathways, hence no any biological evidence that these birds shall be affected by the project. In Tanzania the Lesser Flamingo is largely confined to the Rift Valley soda lakes of which 50-60% occur inside or adjacent to protected areas. Concentration that meet the Ramsar criteria of 1% population (ie 20 000) have been counted at Lakes: Natron,Eyasi, Manyara, Magadi, Empakai, Momella, Ndutu, Burunge, Balangida Lalu, Kitangiri and Singida. (Baker & Baker 2002, Mlingwa & Baker 2006), and Bahi Swamp (Baker in prep) and most likely occur at these sites on a regular basis. Lake Rukwa, which shall be the key lake for movement between Eastern & Southern populations most probably holds high numbers on a regular basis but has never been counted, and the local PA management notes birds have been absent in recent times. High concentrations often exceeding several hundred thousand birds, occur at lakes: Natron, Manyara, Empakai and Eyasi. Breeding periods are erratic, depending on the timing of seasonal rains, but most breeding occurs: October and January in Tanzania. Breeding however, can occur all year round in Lake Natron, if conditions are right.[ Ministry Of Natural Resources And Tourism - Wildlife Division, Feb 2010. Figure 4-21: The flooded Lake Manyara 181 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • Conclusion and recommendations on the biological characteristics The avian diversity at Manyara Airport is accounted by presence of various vegetation mosaics. These include thickets at the edge of the escarpment, the forest on the north and cultivation areas on the east and south of the airport. However, native trees such as Vachellia spp and exotic Senna siamea contribute greatly as roosting and nesting sites of many species which were observed. So, during implementation of upgrading project it is worth to consider uprooting nearby vegetation especially trees. This approach shall increase airport openness hence scare birds. Study also revered that around the airport there is no evidence of wildlife animals due to modified ecosystem that does not fever the presence of big mammals around the areas rather than small biodiversity such as rats, reptilian, amphibians, insects etc. As observed, the critical biodiversity around the area are birds nesting activities along the airport though none of the nesters is a threatened species. But for assurance it is advised to increase airport openness so as to deter bird movements around the airport. Now, with concern to the biodiversity assessment the only threatened species includes White-backed Vulture and Lappet-faced Vulture, though are found away almost 15km from the airport location area; hence the presence natural escarpment on one side of the runway location is a necessary natural requirement for the flight since they are primarily sealers. Upon upgrading the best approach to avoid aircraft-vulture collisions is to elevate aircraft pathways above birds’ pathways/flight height which is the best practice currently used by aircraft operator using lake manyara airport. The detailed information on the biodiversity assessment and analysis including birds assessment around the airport has been prepared as part of this ESIA on the Biodiversity Management Plan (BMP for this project). 4.3.5 Environmental Quality conditions Due to sensitivity and nature of the airport project, the Noise Management study (NMP) has been prepared as part of this ESIA to define and analyses the noise baseline data around the airport (annex XV bound separately as part of this ESIA). This parameters if not well defined can affect the airport operational during construction and operational phase. From field data collection (study), the selected sampling point includes; (i) representatives of the different land uses, activities in and around the project sites; (ii) candidates for noise and air pollution mitigation through site hoarding; and (iii) sections within the project sites/areas. These included existing terminal apron, community, African galleria and Hot spring pre & primary school and its environs, (vi) landing and taking off points along point of aircraft throating up engines at the airport. The measurement were taken according to TZS 837 and WHO Guidelines. The measurement conducted were describe as separated (air quality, noise and vibration) In the noise measurement, assessment comparing of existing situation and proposed future situation wherein the airport infrastructure is require to be upgrading. In the future situation, the numbers of air traffic movements are also expected to double during the daytime period. The airport also expects nighttime operations in the future. The following section contained some analysis of the baseline data undertaken around Lake Manyara airport. In the air quality, assessment the study was conducted to evaluate the existing condition of the lake manyara airport as the baseline data used to monitoring project during construction and operation phase. The same sampling location point (receptor location) used during noise measurement assessment were used. In the air quality parameter measured include particulate matter emitted (dust) and gaseous emission The measurements (noise and air quality) were conduct based on IFC/WHO Standard and Tanzania regulations (TBS, Environmental Management (Standards for the Noise and Vibrations Pollution) Regulations, 2021 and Environmental Management (Air Quality Standards) Regulations, 2021. Due to time frame and important of having data the two separated measurement was done in separate month one on August 2023 (Noise) and air quality on September 2023. According to law and regulation to each 182 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. receptor location, the measurement shall be conducted for 24hrs then the average values obtained by formula computation shall be used. The study teams (expert) opt to have many device and personal in order to monitor and collect data for single day as representative data. However, during baseline data collection, the teams uncounted data inferences due to time limitation and recording few event, hence, acquiring very limited data representativeness (i.e. one day) and care was undertaken during data analysis and presentation for data authentication. The data collected for a single day were analyzed and presented in the report. More noise monitoring data will be carried out by TCAA and this will be included in an updated operational manual. More details on noise measurements, modeling, impacts and mitigation measures are provided in annex XV (separately bound Noise Management Plan (NMP)) as part of this ESIA. Air Quality Measurement The methodology outlines the procedures and methods used to collect and analyze data for establishing baseline for air quality during construction and operation phase. A baseline survey was conducted in the project area zone to collect levels of (Dust) Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and (gaseous) include Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), baseline data on the locations, as these pollutants have significant impacts on human health and the environment From field study, four (4) sensitive receptors were selected as sampling sites for the proposed lake Manyara airport on 13 August 2023 (noise) and other measurement for data verification undertaken on 15 September 2023 (air quality). The selected sampling point includes; (i) representatives of the different land uses, activities in and around the project sites; (ii) candidates for noise and air pollution mitigation through site hoarding; and (iii) sections within the project sites/areas. These included existing terminal apron, community, African galleria and Hot spring pre & primary school and its environs, (vi) landing and taking off points along point of aircraft throating up engines at the airport. To measure gaseous (Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)) pollutant levels, an advanced and highly responsive environmental kit instrument, the 3M™ EVM 7 Environmental Monitor Kit and M 2000C (Field Gas detector), were utilized. The portable air samplers are equipped with cutting-edge technology and adheres to various international and industry-specific standards, ensuring reliable and accurate results. The 3M™ EVM 7 Environmental Monitor Kit and M 2000C meets stringent Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) standards, which ensure that the instruments operate effectively without interference from other electronic devices. Additionally, it complies with Generic Emissions Standard for Residential, Commercial, and Light Industry (EN50081-1:1992 and EN 50081-2:1993), ensuring its suitability for a wide range of monitoring scenarios. To determine the mass concentration of particulate matter (Dust), a potable air sampler device was used on the study. Portable air sampler (Particulate Matter Monitor) (ECO 12) complies with Electromagnetic compatibility. Generic emissions standard, Residential, commercial and light industry (EN50081-1:1992 and EN 50081-2:1993), the manual determination of mass concentration of particulate matter (ISO 9096:2003) and meets the requirements of Air Quality General Considerations TZS 836-part 1:2004 and Manual determinations of mass concentration of particulate matter; TZS 837 parts 3:2004. This device measure Particulate Matter (PM 10), Particulate Matter (PM 2.5), carbon dioxide and HCHO.. From data logger device the data was downloaded on a PC in excel and analyzed. Figure 4-22 shows air quality detectors and monitors. 183 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Figure 4 22: Particulate Matter Monitor LHS and Field Gas detector for Air quality RHS A. Methodology for air Quality Sampling and Analysis Places and locations were chosen for the sampling are carefully selected to ensure they are representative of the entire project area. The sampling and monitoring activities were conducted at sensitive receptors, which refers to specific locations where the potential for environmental impact is higher or where vulnerable populations reside. In order to capture the overall air quality in the area, one sampling point was taken per village along the proposed project location. This approach helped in obtaining a comprehensive assessment of the air quality across the project area. The selection of sampling points was guided by the Tanzania Environmental Management (Air Quality Standards) Regulations, 2021, which outline specific guidelines for assessing and managing air quality. Additionally, the World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines were also considered as a benchmark to ensure that the monitoring efforts align with international standards. To determine the optimal locations for monitoring stations, a preliminary analysis of meteorological conditions was conducted. The locations of the ambient air quality monitoring stations in the project area are provided below. During testing, the sampling equipment was fixed at a breathing height of approximately 1. 3 or 1.5 meters above the ground Equipment used in the study complies with the international and nation standard as mention in the general overview of air quality, noise and vibration measurement. All equipment are automatic recording data so the device is setting to record data over every 5 minutes for gaseous and to every one minutes for particulate matter (dust) then devices record data continuously for a period of 24hrs. data recorded these period of time shall produce the realist average value of pollutant gases and easily analysis for maximum and minimum value in a day. The results obtained from these efforts serve as a crucial foundation for environmental management, ensuring that appropriate measures are 184 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. implemented to safeguard public health and the environment in the proposed project area. Methodology and tools used for air quality monitoring are shown in table 4-2 and 4-3 respectively. Table 4-2: Methodology for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Parameter Measurement Methods As Per PM10 Gravimetric TZS 837, Part 7: PM 2.5 Gravimetric TZS 837, Part 7: SO2 Colorimetric (EPA modified West & Gaeke Method) TZS 837 Parts (1, 2, and 4). NOx Colorimetric (Arsenite modified Jacobs & Hochheiser TZS 837 Part 1, 2, and 5 Method) CO Non-Dispersive Infra-Red (NDIR) Spectroscopy Technique -TZS 837 Parts 1,2, and 6 Table 4-3: Air quality monitoring tools S/N. Name Tool Parameters 1. The 3M™ EVM 7 Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Oxides of Environmental Monitor Kit Nitrogen (NOx) 2. M 2000C Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5) C: NOISE MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGY The noise assessment for the Lake Manyara Airport was performed based on a 3-step approach, i.e., assessment of the current and future noise situation, impact assessment, and establishment of the noise management strategy (NMP, 2024). Some common impacts of noise include annoyance, sleep disturbance and interference with community activities. The monitoring in the noise measurement were based on the norms prescribed by local standard (TBS and The Environmental Management (Standards for the Noise and Vibrations Pollution) Regulations, 2021 and International guidelines The following are the criteria used to govern the noise measurement in the aircraft area. • Equipment/Method used Noise measurement was collected periodical by using data measurement or calculation method. During site data collection measurement were collected or recorded by using a duly calibrated Picollo II Environmental & Occupational Noise Meter. The Picollo II instrument provides SPL(Sound Pressure Level), Integrating and Octave band noise measurements compliant with the following international standards: a)IEC 61672-1: 2013 (Electro-Acoustics–Sound Level Meters) Group “X” instruments. Performance of Class 2 as relevant to the instrument model. b) Group X, ANSI S1.43 (2007) Type 2 c)IEC 61260-1 (2014) ; Class 2, Group X (1/1 Octave), Group Z (1/3 Octave); ANSI S1.11-1 (2014) Class 2, Group X (1/1 Octave); The Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT) 1 (version 3e, licensed by the FAA) was used to model the results for impact assessment. The noise modelling5 only considered the noise generated by aircraft movements. Device for noise data collection were setting at selected receptor points in order to respond in the same manner as the human ear for a period of 8 hour during a daytime and nighttime to have the data for a single day (24hrs) as recommended in Tanzania regulation. Allowable time setting by Tanzania regulation explain that the daytime starting from 06:00am to 22:00pm and nighttime to be 22:00pm to 06:00am. For IFC standard Day, time start on (7:00 to 22:00). Representative data collected in a one day shall be used on analysis by computation method or modeling for future data result. Device has capacity of logging data so to obtain raw data the device were setting for interval of 30 second to record data automatic and allow saving data for 8hrs in a single sampling location. Monitoring personal present 185 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. on sampling location has the duty of recording events occurred and it time for norm the exactly source of data recorded during analysis. Equivalent noise levels were computed. The device was stationed approximately 1.5 m above the surface and at least 3.5 m away from hard-reflecting surfaces. Due to urgency of the data, this measurement equipment’s were set to each establish receptor point in a single day and each point has the personal to monitoring equipment’s. The measurement was held on 13 August 2023 (noise) and during that day; there were no any construction progress of lot 1, which may be counted as the source of noise in the area on that day. Source of noise pollution to each point were identified as such as aircraft operation (landing, take-off and overflight), meteorology of area especial wind, human activities such as movement of vehicles and other activities; • Measurement of events (recording format) The noise measurements were taking either by continuer recording or single event measurement. Continuer measurement involve the recording of a data continually for a certain period of time while record the events which seem to contribute to pollution of parameter measured for easily computation/interpretation of data collected. The data collected include background noise during normal condition of area (L90) and contributing noise activities’ (L10) such human activities, aircraft event (take-off, landing and overflight in the same data sheet. The study adapt these modes to obtain a good data for interpretation/analysis and device were setting for almost 16 hrs. For a single event measurement, the data were recorded according to occurred event and interpreted as separate (example during landing, take-off and overflight or other activities). Collection of single event data shall taking for a period of one hrs to each event in the sampling location to get representative data for analysis. Our study was not adapt this mode. During Continuor measurement data were record for period of 24hrs to record all events depend on the guideline/regulation such as IFC Day time (7:00 to 22:00) and Tanzania regulation (6:00 to 22:00). • Meteorological condition The noise measurement assessment undertaking on a range of meteorological condition such as Temperature from -10 to 500C, humidity range from 25% to 98%, wind speed up to 5m/s and atmospheric pressure from 900hPa to 1100hPa • Criteria for Selection of Sampling Sites for noise and vibrations During the assessment, the selected receptors for noise, air quality and vibration assessment were purposively sampled based on professional judgement and other factors including the sensitivity of the receptors in and around the site. Surveys by walking through the site to ascertain the number, distribution of the sensitive receptors and their distance from the proposed project were done. The selection of location and number of points was guided by the topography of the project area; mainly be characterized by the terrain. Flat terrain influences the horizontal mixing of air over long stretches as opposed to mountainous areas/complex terrains with flagpoles that triggers vertical mixing of air. Additionally, around the proposed project site had vegetation, which partially constrain air mixing to cause variation in baseline air quality. Therefore, the baseline focused on selected sensitive receptors mainly based on their location/distances from the proposed project site. Furthermore, the selection of sampling points in this ESIA was guided by the provisions of the Environmental Management (Standards for the Noise and Vibrations Pollution) Regulations, 2021 which defines noise limits for various land uses zones i.e., general environment (any building used as hospital, convalescence home, home for the aged, sanatorium and institutes of higher learning, conference rooms, public library, environmental or recreational sites, Residential building, Mixed residential (with some commercial and entertainment), Residential and industry small–scale production and commerce), construction site and industrial areas. 186 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Therefore, the sampling points were selected to represent at least any the above land uses. In conclusion, four (4) sensitive receptors were selected as sampling sites for the proposed Lake Manyara airport site being; (i) representatives of the different land uses, activities in and around the project sites; (ii) candidates for noise and air pollution mitigation through site hoarding; and (iii) sections within the project sites/areas. These including all areas surrounding airport project. ➢ RESULTS AND DISCUSSION From the active data collection by sampling method described, the results of the data collected as the baseline data and for modeling were recorded from several receptors around the project. These including existing terminal apron, community along the aircraft pathways during landing and taking off points along the existing airport, African galleria and Hot spring pre & primary school and its environs. Note that Tanzania does not have national standards for PM2.5, thus a comparison with the Environmental Management (Air Quality Standards) Regulations, 2007 and IFC/WHO Air Quality Guidelines was completed to make inferences on the ambient air quality in the Project area. For the baseline survey, particulate matter was captured for those 10 micrometers or less in diameter i.e., PM10. This is because particles in this diameter range constitute the majority of pollutants absorbed by the lungs (dust, pollen). PM2.5 measures finer particles of 2.5 micrometers or less in diameter. By volume, ambient air contains 78.09% Nitrogen, 20.95% Oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% CO2 plus a host of other gases in small amounts (Cox, VOC & SOx). Due to urgency of the data, this measurement equipment’s were set and taken by different equipment’s in a single day on each of the chosen sampling points. Table 4-4: Air Quality Measurements at Lake Manyara Airport Project Site/Date/GPS Parameter Time Min Ave Max WHO/IFC Area Location (μg/m³) (μg/m³) (μg/m³) Guideline Limits (μg/m³) Lake Site 1 – PM2.5 9:39 - 16.5 25.0 81.3 25 (24-hour Manyara Existing PM10 10:46am 30.5 54.6 131.2 mean) Airport Terminal 50 (24-hour Apron mean) 20/09/2023 Site 2 – PM2.5 11:13 - 15.9 22.1 69.6 Community PM10 12:26pm 28.1 50.8 107.5 20/09/2023 Site 3 – Hot PM2.5 13:14pm 12.9 23.0 51.1 Spring Pre-& PM10 - 17.4 48.9 96.4 Primary School 14:07pm 20/09/2023 Site 4 – African PM2.5 15:38pm 12.9 23.0 51.1 Galleria PM10 - 17.4 48.9 96.4 20/09/2023 16:43pm National Air Quality Standards: PM10 50 μg/m³ (24-hr averaging) and WHO Guidelines: PM10 50 μg/m³ (24-hour mean), PM2.5: 25 μg/m³ (24-hour mean). • Inference from Measurements During baseline data collection, the teams uncounted data inferences due to time limitation events captured, hence, acquiring very limited data representativeness (i.e. one day) and care was undertaken during data analysis and presentation for data authentication. These measurements indicate an urban environment with relatively higher values with respect to IFC/WHO air quality standards; 187 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. a) Mostly in all sites where measurements were conducted, air quality levels for PM2.5 was found to be within the limits and standards of the IFC/WHO limits of 25 μg/m3 and for PM10 (shown on figure 4- 24 to figure 4-28), all measured areas were above IFC/WHO limits of 50 μg/m3 (24-hour mean). b) Mostly, the exceedance of the particulate levels were contributed by the ongoing airport activities at the receptors point including landing and taking off areas of the airplanes (see figure 4-24), heavy blowing winds within and outside the site, movement of light trucks and vehicles, etc. Figure 4-22: Dust emission due to airplane take off at LMA Figure 4-23: Concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 at Site 1 – Existing Terminal Apron Figure 4-24: Concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 at Site 2 – Community at landing and taking off point 188 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Figure 4-25: Concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 at Site 3 – Hot Spring Pre- and Primary School Figure 4-26: Concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 at Site 4 – African Galleria ➢ Gaseous Emissions The site measurements for NO2, SO2, CO and VOC at Lake Manyara airport site show that the average values were very low compared to the IFC/WHO limits although there are no standards for VOCs yet (see table 4-5). These gases are products of combustion of fossil fuels (coal, gas, wood, kerosene, tobacco products and oil) especially fuel used in cars/trucks/machines. VOCs can also come from personal care products such as perfume and hair spray, cleaning agents, dry cleaning fluid, paints, lacquers, varnishes, hobby supplies and from copying and printing machines. Gases emission at site are contributed with the airplanes engines, light and heavy vehicles passing along the roads, etc. The gas emission around the airport site explicitly showed conformity to WHO Ambient Air Quality standards at the time of the survey. 189 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Table 4-5: Air Quality Survey and Noise abatement at the Airport Project Site Paramete Time Min Ave Max WHO/IFC Remark(s) Area r(s) (mg/m³) (mg/m³) (mg/m³) Guideline Limits Location ID Lake Site 1 - NO2 9:39am - 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.2 (1-hour mean) Manyara Existing 10:46am Airport Terminal SO2 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.2 (24-hour Apron mean) VOC 0.00 0.00 0.00 (-) CO 0.000 0.000 0.000 30 (1-hour mean) Site 2 – NO2 11:13am 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.2 (1-hour mean) adjacent - Community SO2 12:26pm 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.2 (24-hour including mean) landing and VOC 0.00 0.000 0.00 (-) taking off CO 0.00 0.00 0.00 30 (1-hour mean) point Site 3 - Hot NO2 13:14pm 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.2 (1-hour mean) spring Pre - SO2 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.2 (24-hour & Primary 14:07pm mean) School VOC 0.00 0.000 0.00 (-) CO 0.00 0.000 0.00 30 (1-hour mean) Site 4 – NO2 15:38pm 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.2 (1-hour mean) African SO2 - 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.2 (24-hour Galleria 16:43pm mean) VOC 0.00 0.000 0.00 (-) CO 0.00 0.000 0.00 30 (1-hour mean) • Inference from Measurements During baseline data collection, the team uncounted data inferences due to time limitation, hence, acquiring very limited data representativeness (i.e. one day) and care was undertaken during data analysis and presentation for data authentication. These measurements indicate a reasonably clean environment with respect to air quality (gas emissions); a) At the secluded locations where measurement was conducted, gas emission levels conformed to the Environmental Management (Air Quality Standards) Regulations, 2007 and WHO/IFC Standards. Gas detectors equipment detected low levels of SO2, NO2, CO and VOC (combustible gases). ➢ NOISE LEVELS MEASUREMENTS • Noise Management Plan (NMP) (final version) shall be part and parcel of this ESIA as annex XIV once completed. All issues regarding noise levels including measurements, modelling, impacts and risks, mitigation measures and capacity building shall be covered in the NMP. ➢ GROUND VIBRATIONS MEASUREMENTS Vibrations produced by the proposed project activities may have the potential to cause annoyance to human receptors and where possible to cause damage to other building structures. Construction sources on the other hand include pile driving, dynamic compaction, blasting, and operation of heavy construction equipment. These vibrations may affect surrounding buildings, and their effect ranges from disturbance of residents to visible structural damage. For the site baseline ground vibrations measurements, a factory calibrated digital detached probe type vibration meter (shown on figure 4-35) model TA8663 utilized to quantify the ground vibration at the 190 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. study area. The meter has an accuracy of ±5%± 2digits, acceleration of 1-199.9 m/s2, a wide frequency range of 1 Hz to 15 kHz for capturing almost all possible vibrations during assessments. This meter adopts piezoelectric effect of artificial polarized ceramic for design. The machine continuously records vibrations data which allows user to observe easily and record the collected data to a sheet for further analysis. The distance from the point of measuring and the vibration source were measured and recorded. The machine was connected to a transducer on the seismic source. ➢ Set-Up and Measurement This was a 6-inch nail using the magnetic adapter and the nail mounted and firmly into the ground near the facility and pointed towards the suspected ground vibrations source where vibrations were to be measured from. Measurement criteria was to capture existing vibration frequencies before the anticipated expansion and modernization of the facilities. The parameters measured were velocities and frequencies in the vertical, longitudinal and lateral axes (‘R’, ‘T’, and ‘V’) axes whose combination gives the Peak Particle Velocity (PPV). PPV is commonly used in monitoring construction vibration. The machine was switched on and allowed 1 minute to settle, it set to start detecting and measure data at a frequency of 1 minute. The peak/maximum particle velocity (PPV) was measured in mm/s. ➢ Results From measurements of sampled sites taking from landing and taking off point, baseline vibration levels for the Lake Manyara airport and its environs ranged between 0.0 – 0.1mm/s, which according to IFC and BS 5228-2:2009, is within the limits and perceptible in residential environments. Depending on equipment used and soil characteristics, ground vibration levels from compaction can span a wide range from 0.4 mm/s PPV to a maximum of 11.0 mm/s PPV. There is often expectation that the softer soils would produce higher amplitude vibrations but this is not always the case. Also contrary to expectation, there is usually no significant correlation between weight of compaction equipment and resulting ground vibration level. Figure 4-27: Vibration Meter used at the site. 191 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Table 4-6: Vibration Results from Measurements at the LMA Velocity (mm/s) Site Min Ave Max IFC Limit TZS Ppv Site 1 – Existing terminal 0.0 0.05 0.1 20.000 1.15m\s Ppv Site 3 – Hot spring Pre & Primary School 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.000 5m\s • Inference from Measurements. During baseline data collection, the team uncounted data inferences due to time limitation, hence, acquiring very limited data representativeness (i.e. one day) and care was undertaken during data analysis and presentation for data authentication. The following are the baseline data result. a) The existing terminal apron has high number of airplanes landing and taking off which is an existing source of vibrations albeit not significant to cause destruction of buildings in and around the site. b) Nearby sensitive receptors such as landing and taking off points are likely to perceive vibration levels to be produced during operation of aircrafts which may range from 0.4 mm/s PPV to a maximum of 11.0 mm/s PPV though it shall be of no impact although the vibration generation interaction with the ground and its transmission through the ground from the source to the receiver is possible as it was measured at Hot spring pre & primary school village. For more detailed on Noise baseline data parameters refers to NMP prepared as part of this ESIA. 192 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 4.3.6 Water Supply The Karatu District water supply system comes from three different sources - two on the surface and one underground: The surface sources are Endorodoro and Marere rivers. The underground water sources are boreholes. The three underground sources are situated in the forested highlands in the northern region of Karatu. As a consequence, the whole area can be supplied with water just by gravity. According to the Karatu District Council, mostly the water sources for domestic uses in Karatu are sourced from boreholes which some have salinity and salt, hence some few identified underground water from boreholes found to have less salinity for domestic uses. Due to water scarcity most of Karatu residents uses the water from rainwater harvest system taped from residential buildings during rain seasons and stored into underground tanks for uses. The current airport is not connected by the district water pipe, Specifically, the water for current airport operation is sourced from the existing borehole within the airport with total depth of 200 meters deep and with capacity of yielding 15,000 litters of water per day and stored in the raised water tank of 15,000 litters capacity. The available water serve about 70 peoples a day around the airport for domestic uses, hygiene etc., hence this water suffice the current demand of the airport. The water was tested by the airport authority and found suitable for uses. Due to scarcity of water supply in Karatu district, the proposed airport project is designed to find its own sources of water for construction and operation uses as the way of reducing pressure on water resources within Karatu district. The Proposed new airport facilities upgrading shall require more water during operation and maintenance phases, hence due to the development and expansion of the airport facilities more water shall be needed for operations, hence 1- extra borehole with depth on 200 meters deep shall be drilled to increases additional water capacity of 15,000 litters per day for construction, firefighting and domestic uses. The annual water capacity for airport operation and maintenance is estimated to 200lts of water which are expected to be sourced from boreholes and rainwater harvest during rain seasons that shall be linked to the terminal building and this water shall be used for firefighting, gardening and clearness around the airport. As part of water storage facilities the underground water tank with capacity of 200,000lts of water shall be constructed for storage of water from boreholes and rainwater harvesting sources at the airport. However, the lifted tank with capacity of 30,000lts of water shall be constructed for distribution of water around the airport. Note: Portable water for drinking on boards and to airport workers shall be supplied by the authorised water supplier with the contract to supply portable water around the airport during operations. However, prior borehole drilling and use of water, the Contractor shall be required to apply for water use permit from the water authority and undertake water quality test and obtain certificates prior using the water for domestic and construction activities. 4.3.7 Waste Management Currently the airport is contributing to domestic solid wastes of approximately 200kgs annually, and wastewater from the toilets facilities approximately 20,000 liters weekly through soak away pits, which later are emptied by tankers to the districts waste water treatment site. Other wastes around the airport facilities are collected through dustbins and handled to the authorized waste dealer for disposal. The new airport proposed design indicated the waste water shall be increased mainly from domestic and toilets facilities of approx. 300,000 liters annually and solid wastes shall be collected through dust bins to be collected by the authorized waste dealers for disposal. During construction phase main sources of wastes shall be from the construction sites and material yard/workshop and camp. The 193 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. largest quantity of solid wastes is anticipated to be spoil from the excavation materials around the airport, which later shall be used for reinstatement and landscaping activities. A summary of wastes to be generated by the proposed airport project is shown in details in section 2.2.5 above. The following table 4-7 indicating the existing waste generated by the current airport activities. Table 4-7: Types, amounts and treatment/disposal of current generated wastes around the airport Waste Types Generated amount Treatment/ disposal Disposal quantity Solid Waste Domestic wastes 800m3 Collected through 800m3 (degradable) dustbins and collected by authorized waste dealer Food remnants; 50kg/day (based on generation Storage on-site through 100kg/day cardboards and rate of 0.3kg/day/ person and dustbins for collected papers 100 people) by authorized waste dealer Solid waste Wastes from the 100kg Re-used in landscaping Nil (non- maintenance at the site, degradable) activities; Spoil materials Scrap metal, Nominal To be sold for reuse; Nil Glasses and Nominal Offer to recycle agents Nil plastics Liquid waste Sewage 7.04m3 /day (based on 100 Discharged into septic 5.04m3 people, water consumption tank system when full is /day rate of 40L/cap/day and emptied by waste wastewater discharge factor of tanker 80%); Oils and greases Nominal Service and Nil maintenance of vehicles is currently done outside airport area Source: Consultant calculation, 2023 4.4 General Socio-Economic Conditions 4.4.1 Land uses The airport area is strictly designated for its particular facilities such as runway, passenger building, office buildings, firefighting building, access road, drainage structure, apron, water tank and security fence as per ICAO and IATA standard and requirements. TAA is responsible for planning for land use, management and enforcement of laws pertaining to land within the airport area. The study assessments and information from stakeholders reveal that there are several activities such as farming which are carried out on the existing airport grounds illegally due to lack of security fence around the airport boundaries. Major land uses in all directions in the vicinity of airport ground is given below; ➢ East Within and immediately after the east boundary on the approach area immediately at the end of the runway the airport is bordered with deep escarpment and mountainous feature of associated with Lake Manyara. These features tend to limit further extension of runway to the east. There is no settlement or even economic activities immediately after the runway end towards this direction. ➢ West 194 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Within and immediately after the west boundary, there is an open grassed space and village settlement of kilimamoja village (Sangaryani hamlet). Other features include planted trees, small bushes and farms. ➢ South Within and immediately after the south boundary there is open farm land bordering airport boundaries which extend further south to meet the Arusha to Ngorongoro/karatu highway. The road serves as main access tarmac road from Arusha to Lake Manyara airport. It is only 700m away from the airport area. In this side too there are few dispersed settlement of Sangaryani hamlet in kilimamoja village. ➢ North Within and immediately after the north boundary, the airport is neighbored by farms, tourist business shops, grazing land and no settlement on this side. Thus, main land uses in the vicinity of the airport are farming, livestock keeping, tourism and transportation. Main crops grown include maize, millet, sorghum, legumes (groundnuts, peas), sunflower and sweet potatoes which some of them are grown inside airport boundaries. Livestock keeping around the kilimamoja village including big heads of cattle, sheep, goats and donkeys. 4.4.3 Human population and demography The district is a traditional home to the Iraqw tribe. Other minor tribes are the Bardaigs, who are pastoralists, and the Hadzabe, noted mainly as hunters and gatherers. The official population of the district is 178,434 people: 92,895 men and 85,539 women, growing at an annual rate of 3.2% and aggregated into 33,000 households. The average population density is 52 persons/km2 with low densities in the western zone along Lake Eyasi (7–10 persons/km2) and higher densities (100 persons/km2) in Karatu and Mbulumbulu division, (URT 2004b). Most people live in the higher rainfall areas where the average population density tends to be high. In regarding to the marginalized society Hadzabe is among the tribe in this region which meet ESS-7 criteria as per ESF requirement, however from duo-diligence undertaking from to the consulted stakeholders and communities during baseline data collection, it revered that the Hadzabe community leaves about 70km away from the proposed airport areas which is far away from the proposed project, hence ESS- 7 is not applicable in this project. 4.4.4 Economic activities and marketing Arable farming and pastoralism are the two main kinds of land use. Crop and livestock production are by far the most important economic sectors, employing over 90% of the labor force in the district. Farming is largely rain-fed. Variation in soil, topography and climate determine land-use potential. Apart from agriculture, tourism (Figure 4-36) and associated businesses such as shops, hotels and restaurants are another significant source of income for the people of Karatu. Besides, other local economic activities include producing beer, bee- keeping and selling forest products such as charcoal. Farms provide a significant source of income, especially during planting and harvesting, when many people are employed as casual labourers. 195 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Figure 4-28: Commercial Vehicles for Tourist Travel at L. Manyara Airport Parking Area Sources: design team, 2023 4.4.5 Crop production and mechanization About 102,578 ha of the district‘s land area is classified as suitable for cultivation (see figure 4-37 below). The principal crops grown in Karatu include maize, beans and paddy (rice). Mbulumbulu and Karatu Divisions in the highlands produce wheat, barley, beans, maize, coffee, flowers, pigeon pea and safflower. Endabash Division in the midlands produces maize, beans, pigeon pea, sorghum, finger millet and sunflower. Previously, with adequate and well-distributed rainfall (> 800 mm), agriculture in the highlands was very productive but in recent years crop yields have declined, mainly due to unreliable rainfall (erratic precipitation and lower annual totals) and poor soil fertility (KDC 2001). Households have responded by diversifying into producing Dolichos lablab, finger millet, sorghum and short-term maize varieties, which are more droughts tolerant. Maize and beans are primarily grown as staple subsistence food crops but in some high-potential areas in the highlands, they are both cash and subsistence food crops. Figure 4-29: Cultivated Land Areas Nearby the Project Area Sources: design team, 2023 Improvements to crop production have focused on introducing improved varieties, replenishing soil fertility with inorganic fertilizers, controlling erosion, planting well timed and with proper spacing, and weeding. Maize intercropped with pigeon pea is the most common crop-production system in the highlands and midlands. In the lowlands agriculture is unsuitable unless irrigated. The most limiting factor in the lowlands is low rainfall, an average of 300 mm. 196 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. The district has a good number of farm implements: 1700 tractors, 21 combine harvesters, 3900 ox ploughs, and a good number of draught animals (URT 2004b), but their utility to some extent tends to follows the agro-ecological zones, for instance, in the highlands where wheat and barley are mostly cultivated tractors are used for ploughing, harrowing, applying herbicides, harvesting and transportation. Animal draught power is used for ploughing with a mould board plough. Oxen are normally used as a source of animal power, mainly for ploughing and transportation, while donkeys are normally used for transportation. Seeding is often done by hand behind the plough. i. Agriculture Production The District has 102,573ha that are good for cultivation. The main cash crops are coffee, onion, wheat, barley and pigeon peas while food crops comprise of maize, beans, finger millet and sorghum. The main crops’ diseases are gray leaf spot, coffee berry, and wheat leaf rust. In 2016/2017 the District expected to cultivate 66,336ha of various food and cash crops. The actual hectors cultivated were 58,727. Expected production was 201,059 tons during the period. However, actual production was 161,078 tons only. The production is seen to be low due to high price of inputs. However the District strategy is to increase production per unit area e.g. maize from the present 8-10 bags per acre up to 15bags per acre. Reaching this target, food shall be sufficient in the district. During 2020/2021 the District is expecting to cultivate 66,516 hectors for both cash and food crops (56,287 ha for food crops and 10, 229ha for cash crops) that is estimated to produce the total of 201,291(105,537 tons for food crops and 95,754 tons of cash crops). ii. Irrigation opportunity There is a total of 6,231 Ha suitable for irrigation. However, the opportunity has been exhausted only by 70%, equivalent to 4,380 Ha which are cultivated. Irrigation area increased from 2,598 ha in 2008 to 4050 ha for 2016. The district to date has 10 irrigation schemes which are Endashangwet, MbugaNyekundu, Qang’dend, Mang’ola Barazani, Maleckchand, Laghangarer, Jobaj, Dumbechand and Chemchem. These schemes produce 100,721.5tonnes per year. The schemes can be expanded to save more people and produce more crops. There is a potential for investing by building processing and packaging plant also building a modern crops market. The effort has started expanding the irrigation scheme by soliciting fund for expansion from donors. Onions is one of the best performing crop in the irrigation schemes that attracted a lot of investors. iii. Flower Production opportunity Flower production in Karatu District is one of economic activity not practiced much by the community due to lack of knowledge in dealing with it. But given the International Airport KIA, Manyara Airport and favorable weather condition, the council is inviting investors to carry out this activity so as to impart knowledge to the residents and raise the council’s economy in general. Flower production are carried out at Mbulumbulu ward Kambi ya simba village and it can be practiced even at Rhotia, Karatu, Qurus and other places in the district. The production area in Kambi ya simba is 119 Ha. Contract farming is more encouraging for floriculture activity in Karatu District council. iv. Livestock Keeping Animals kept in the district are mainly indigenous cattle (149,242), dairy cattle (2892), goats (239,052), dairy goats (100), sheep (43,961), indigenous chickens (62,062), pigs (8836) and donkeys. An average of 197 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 7.5% of the population engages only in livestock keeping, especially the Barbaigs being the pastoralist community (URT 2019b). About 90% of the households engage in mixed farming. Crop–livestock integration helps farmers minimize risk and recycle nutrients. Crop residue is used as animal feed and in turn farmyard manure is applied on the field to improve soil fertility. Donkeys and oxen are used for cultivation and transportation. Heifer Project Tanzania has been promoting zero grazing and improved dairy cattle and goats in the area. Due to land scarcity, it is increasingly difficult for pastoralists to find adequate open grazing land for their livestock. Village governments try to balance the need for land between crop farmers and pastoralists and to minimize conflict by allocating areas where pastoralists can graze their livestock. The upgrading of airport project shall promote and increase growth of livestock sector in karatu district. The following figure 4-38 below indicates some of the livestock keeping in karatu district. Figure 4-30: Animal Grazing by Communities Around the Airport area. Sources: design team, 2023 v. Establishment of modern Abattoir in Rhotia kati village About 3ha are available and prepared in Karatu town at Rhotia Kati village for construction of a modern abattoir. This area is good and suitable for the proposed project as it is close to Karatu town and 2 cattle auctions are conducted monthly where by cattle are sold in big numbers. Moreover, this abattoir shall be serviced by a cattle fattening centre expected to be established at Matala village which is 60 km from Karatu town. Most of the residents at the project site are farmers and cattle keepers, the abattoir shall be a solution for cash earning and improved livelihood. vi. Opportunity for milk production and processing Average milk production per annum is estimated at 2,980,000 liters. Referring to international recommended dietary requirement for human, liters of milk required by Karatu District community is 8,671,320 liters/year mainly from Rhotia ward. The estimated production is far more behind from recommended consumption. Given available pasture land, possibility of improving the indigenous-local breeds and quality animal feeds, there shall be a possibility of raising milk production and so into processing for variety of products for human consumption. The livestock sector is faced by forge/fodder shortages. To curb the situation, zero grazing style is advocated. In addition, improved diary is introduced through artificial insemination (AI) services, which 198 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. is provided by the District. The veterinary services are operated by private enterprises/shops. The District is gearing towards privatizing the 26 defunct dip facilities so as to revive them. However, the council shall remain with advisory roles using the present qualified staff. vii. Skin Processing Min factory The council has planned to construct min industry for skin processing at Karatu . The district allocated fund in its budget (own source revenue) for the financial year 2020/2021. To start with the council planned to construct one mini-skin processing factory near the present slaughter house area in Rhotia. The industry shall process skin and produce simple skin products like belt Sandals and bags initially. viii. Increasing Production of chicken by using Modern Hatcheries Karatu District is estimated to have 119,121indigenous chicken and 46,766 exotic chicken, potentially producing 60 to 70 eggs with the possibility of hatching 40 to 50 chicks and average 142.9452 tons per year the produce per annum, comparing with the growing population does not meet the required proteins needed in the district. Indigenous chicken in the district have the potential to prosper and grow due to the availability of materials (sunflower seed cake, maize bran, fish remains) which can be used to manufacture chickens feeds. Normally, indigenous chicken uses 88 days from the day of laying eggs, hatching and rearing chick to the next cycle (20 days laying eggs, 28 hatching and 40 days of rearing chicks). Therefore the council is planning to shorten the period from laying eggs, hatching to rearing chicks by using hatchery machines as well as combating the rampant shortage of protein for the people by increasing the production of eggs and white meat from indigenous chicken by establishing a hatchery unit in the district whereby farmers shall get chicks within the district with affordable price also increasing production of eggs from 60 to 120 and 150 while white meat up to 428.8356 tons per year. The council advice the plant to be constructed at Karatu District involving 50 villages which are well equipped with electricity and all necessary infrastructures needed for the hatchery. The council is expecting to utilize the sum of Tshs.218,540,000 /=for the Construction of the fully operating hatchery. Among the 119,121 chickens in the district 109,121 can lay eggs up to 7,638,470 per year of which 60% shall be hatched by the hatchery machine and the chicks shall be reared professionally, while 40% shall be used domestically, therefore in the same year we expect to have 4,583,082 chickens. The investment expected to reduce income poverty among the community of Karatu people including Rhotia ward. 4.4.6 Education • Education Overview Karatu District council like other councils in the country has a major role of providing education including pre-primary and also post primary level schooling. Table 4-8 below gives an overview of education facilities in the council for the year 2020/2021. 199 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Table 4-8: Overview of education facilities Description Government Private Total Pre-primary schools 80 28 108 Primary schools 88 1 89 Secondary schools 26 2 28 Source: Karatu Districts Council 2023 • Primary Karatu District council has 88 public primary schools. Enrolment in public schools for 2020 was 49,175 pupils; 24,820 are boys and 24,355 are girls. There other 2 English Medium Pre and Primary schools. In these primary schools there are 80 pre- primary schools with 4597 children 2340 boys and 2257 are girls. There are 807 permanent classrooms, 558 teachers’ houses and 1207 pit-latrines in the public schools in the district. Current Status on teachers, school infrastructure and furniture is as presented in tables 4-9 and 4-10 below. Table 4-9: Teachers by qualification and gender GRADE MALE FEMALE TOTAL IIIB/C 58 81 139 IIIA 337 471 808 DIPLOMA 8 3 11 TOTAL 403 555 958 Source: Karatu District profile-2023 The number of teachers required was 1093 while there are 958, hence creating a shortage of 135 teachers. Table 4-10: School Infrastructure and Furniture NO. TYPE REQUIRED AVAILABLE DEFICIT % OF DEFICIT 1. Classrooms 1093 807 286 26 2. Teachers houses 958 558 400 42 3. Latrines 2207 1207 1000 45 4. Offices 208 155 53 25 5. Store 166 62 104 63 6. Desks 24587 15556 9021 37 7. Tables 1805 1109 976 41.9 8. Chairs 1805 1352 453 25 9. Cupboards 1156 405 751 65 10. Water Tanks 88 10 78 88 Source: Karatu District Profile. • Post Primary Education The District council is also involved in facilitating secondary school provision. The District has a total of 28 Day secondary schools. Out of these 2 are private Secondary schools located at Rhotia ward. 200 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Currently, as an impact of the programme challenges has risen concern on how would the central government and local government deal with the highest demand in terms of finances for teaching and learning materials. Five Secondary schools are under various stages of construction. The existing schools have a total number of 8297 students and 198 teachers. • Enrolment and Access Enrolment and Access to primary education has been given priority by the council prior and since the inception of PEDP. Registration of children into standard one in the District is high as indicated in the following table 4-11 and 4-12. Table 4-11: Registration for STD one 2021 Year Age 7 expected Age 7 registered Age 8-10 registered Total registered % (Population) B G T B G T B G T B G T 2018 3157 3077 6234 3426 3241 6667 641 512 1153 4067 3753 7820 125 2019 3002 2829 5831 3597 3208 6805 922 714 1638 3872 3472 7344 126 2020 3093 2987 6080 2975 2945 5920 234 182 414 3214 3147 6361 104.6 2021 3098 3003 6101 3021 2991 6012 486 379 500 3825 3601 7426 100 Source: Karatu District profile Table 4-12: Enrolment in STD I-VII 2022 Year Total enrolled Enrolled Population I-VII Age 7 Age 7-13 B G T GER% B G T NER% B G T 2019 25979 24729 50708 118.4 3426 3241 6667 84.4 21701 21116 42817 2020 24707 23912 48619 121.7 3597 3208 6805 101.1 20511 19411 39922 2021 24985 24274 49259 119.5 2975 2945 5920 100 21163 20072 41235 2022 24820 24355 49175 119.5 3021 2991 6012 100 20808 20343 41151s Source: Karatu district Profile 4.4.7 Health The District has no standard ‘DISTRICT HOSPITAL’’ However there are health facilities as follows: One modern private hospital which is now DDH, (Lutheran Hospital) and 44 dispensaries and 8 health centers. A large contribution of the medical /health facilities in the District are privately owned (19 dispensaries, 5 heath centers, and 1 hospital). Due to the above situation and the existence of serious killer diseases, the District is improving one health center into outpatient dispensary (OPD) that shall be central. The killer diseases, prevalent in Karatu include malaria, ARI, Tuberculosis (TB), Diarrhea, Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), Pneumonia, HIV/AIDS, Eye infection, and internal worms. The District infant mortality rate is 49/1000 and maternal mortality rate is 73/100000 generally, the demand for medical/ health facilities is quite with and that needs considerable improvement. The upgrading of the Manyara airport at is another push towards the growth of health sector in the area. • HIV/AIDS During the year 2021 the percentage of HIV infection was around 8.7 and the number of voluntary tested were 10,728 and are distributed as in table 4-13 follows; 201 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Table 4-13: HIV status in the District Gender Total Voluntary HIV Total Positive Percentage Test Male 4,671 223 5% Female 6,057 440 7% Total 10,727 663 6% Source: Karatu District Council • Establishment of Vocational Training college (VETA) There is a great need for vocational training collage in Karatu district due to availability of large number of youth who completed their elementary education and lack tertiary education facilities in the district. This is in line to national education policy which requires every district to have a vocational training collage in order to prepare youth for self-employment and employable. There is no vocational training collage established in Karatu district until now. Statistics shows that about 6,415 secondary students who complete their o-level education for the past years, only 3,505 students succeeds to continue with further studies, while 2,910 students remain in the society with no proper duties to perform. Establishment of vocational training collage in Karatu district shall ensure about 200 school leavers are enrolled in Vocational Training Colleges every year. This shall reduce number of youth engaging in drug abuse and theft, also shall lead to a quality labour force at the district council. The vocational training collage shall be constructed at Karatu town in the area where Council’s office were situated before the construction of the new council offices near Arusha main road. This collage shall be accessible by all students in need of VTC due to its location and shall useful to Karatu youth as well as youths of Tanzania as whole. 4.4.7 Communication Facilities The only tarmac road in the study area connects Makuyuni and Ngorongoro Conservation Area (Figure 4-39). The district has gravel roads totaling 514 km, district roads 210 km, regional roads 108 km, and a trunk road 52 km. This implies that it is easily accessible during dry weather but generally poorly to very poorly accessible during rainy seasons, when, and often with great difficulty, only four-wheel- drive vehicles can pass with possibility estimated at 62%. Main road outlets are Makuyuni–Ngorongoro that proceeds to Serengeti up to Shinyanga and Arusha. In Karatu there is a road connection to Mbulu and Babati Districts. Karatu town has good telephone services, provided by a number of mobile phones— Vodacom, airtel and Tigo at Karatu town, Internet services are available. Personal communication with farmers has shown that accessibility to mobile phones has helped them to get reliable information about inputs and availability of markets (prices and type of community required). The district‘s four airstrips are used mainly by tourists and large-scale farmers. The upgrading of airport project shall promote and increase growth of Communication sector in karatu district. 202 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Figure 4-31: View of Makuyuni Junction-Karatu/Ngorongoro Road Sources: design team, 2023 4.4.8 Trade and Industries Trade and Industries activities are growing rapidly due to the fact that the Karatu District is in the outskirt of national major commercial city of Arusha as such; both local and foreign investors are attracted by the potential economic opportunities available in Karatu. The upgrading of Manyara airport is another push towards the growth of more trade in the area. i. Trade Currently, significant number of Karatu residents are engaged in trading whereas more than 2,000 trading entities are in place ranging from retail and wholesale shops; hospitality industries such as kiosks, restaurants and hotels; apartments, boarding houses, lodging and guest houses as well as liquors stores and bars; transport business; banking; bookshops, stationeries and printing; beauty salon and barber shops; professional consultancies; farm implements; butchers; pharmacies; mobile phone shops etc. At the project site there are several petty traders dealing in sale of touristic items such as wearables. The upgrading of the LMA shall improve the area used by these traders in order to attract more customers while at the airport. Close to the airport at the entrance of the proposed access road there is the art galleria which is a big and leading art gallery at Kilimamoja Village. The gallery provides among other things training to locals and sale of different items to tourists visiting Karatu and Ngorongoro Conservation Area. The upgrading of airport project shall promote and increase growth of commercial sector in karatu district. ii. Industry Industrialization is taking good shape especially in small scale industries establishment compared to medium and large scale establishments. There are 5 small scale industries at Karatu district mainly processing agricultural and livestock produce; 1 medium industry processing and canning milk (Ayalabe Diary milk industry) . Small scale industries mostly are agricultural produce processors while others use other types of inputs such as coffee. The upgrading of airport project shall promote and increase growth of industry sector in karatu district. 203 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 4.4.9 Energy and Mining • Mining Karatu district as does other districts of Tanzania mainland, has some mineral deposits. There are different mines for sand and stones for construction. It is expected some precious metals may be available but still a subject to more exploration. Some gold deposits are found at Endabash and small scale minors are given mining permits to explore the precious minerals. The upgrading of airport project shall promote and increase growth of mineral sector in karatu district. • Energy There is electricity from TANESCO national grid which is currently around the whole karatu district and also separate line from national grid with capacity of 500KV has been installed within the existing airport project to supply power for airport uses. However, as per airport design there shall be stand up generator with capacity of 500Kv to compliment the electricity power from TANESCO during airport construction and operation and this shall suffice the power demand of the airport project. 4.4.10 Tourism Industry Investment Opportunities • Potential tourism for Investment The project site has a number of attractive tourism potentials which include several natural features in Mto wa Mbu, Lake Manyara the escarpment etc. There are several attractive natural habitats within Karatu district including wild animals, Agro tourism in onions cultivation at Eyasi, Wheat and Flowers cultivation at Mbulumbulu, Endoro Water falls, hot water spring lake Eyasi and Old age drawings cave of Mumba at lake Eyasi. All these areas are potential for Investments. Tourism hotels such as Serena and Ngorongoro have been invested around these attractions and the district earn foreign currency. figure 4-40 below indicating Endoro waterfalls, which is used for attracting tourists, hence is contributing to revenue sources for the council. it is expected that with this new airport project the tourism sector shall speedily grow by adding more tourists to the district, hence shall provides conducive and favorable environment for investors in tourism industry such as tourism hotels, endoro area water falls which shall contributes to the growth of national economy. The upgrading of airport project shall promote and increase growth of tourism sector in karatu district. The following figure indicates one of the existing tourism attraction area (endoro water falls) in Karatu district. Figure 4-32: The endoro water falls found at Karatu district 204 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • Cultural Tourism Business The airport project shall attract Tourism services, manmade attractions and other related businesses like curry shops, traditional ngoma, sculptures, traditional clothes, drums, bangles, belts, Hadzabe traditional sleeping materials and other handmade traditional stuffs for tourism tour guide, hotels, and animal trophy dealers within karatu district. It shall also cover development of heritage centers. The centre shall be used for selling cultural products to tourists these products including pictures of wild animals, handcrafts, selling of traditional foods from Karatu tribes. The upgrading of airport project shall promote and increase growth of tourism sector in karatu district. • Tourist Hotels The district is endowed with tourism hotels which scattered in the whole district, offering services to tourists who are coming to see our tourism attractions and heritage including cultural tourism such as Hadzabe and black smith who are located 70km from karatu town. This area if suitable for investing as the district receiving about 120,000 tourist per year good and reliable hotels is highly needed to accommodate the tourists. The upgrading of airport project shall promote and increase growth of tourism sector in karatu district. 4.4.11 Beekeeping Industry Bee- keeping in Karatu District Council, is an economic activity practiced by the community, however the council have few beekeepers who practice beekeeping as a major economic activity. But recently the Karatu residents are increasingly engaging in Beekeeping activities in many villages and they have formed beekeeping groups to produce honey and wax products in large amount. All wards in the council have suitable environment for beekeeping activities. The activities are being carried out in water catchment areas and the 15 villages around Ngorongoro conservation Authority Endabash division and Lake eyasi Division. Also there many groups formed dealing with beekeeping such groups are Lake Eyasi bee keeping women group, apart from being beekeeper they also own mini processing and packaging factories. Sumawe beekeeping group, Emillian galla group found at kilimamoja village they are greater producer of natural honey. Almost all 14 wards in the district are potential for beekeeping and groups and individuals are provided modern bee hives. 4.4.12 Administrative Levels The district has 4 administrative divisions, 13 wards and 45 registered villages with its administrative headquarters in Karatu town approximately 150 km west of Arusha town. It is an important stopover for most tourists heading for Ngorongoro and Serengeti National Parks. The Karatu District is administratively divided into thirteen wards; namely Baray, Buger, Daa, Endabash, End Arushariek, Kansay, Karatu, Mang'ola, Mbulumbulu, Oldeani, Qurus and Rhotia ward which is the custodian of the airport project. 4.4.13 Vulnerability Assessment Incorporating vulnerable people, such as widows, orphans (below the age of 18), and older people who are elderly, into project activities is not just a moral imperative but also essential for the overall success and sustainability of the project. The vulnerability assessment conducted through focus group discussions and KIIs clearly highlights the unique challenges these vulnerable project-affected persons (PAPs) face. Here are compelling reasons why they should be incorporated into project activities: Protection and Assistance: Vulnerable PAPs, like widows, orphans, and the elderly, require special protection and assistance during the project’s life cycle. This is not only a matter of social responsibility 205 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. but also a legal obligation in many jurisdictions. Ignoring their needs could lead to human rights violations and potential legal consequences. Economic Empowerment: The vulnerable individuals identified expressed a need for business skills and financial literacy training. By incorporating them into project activities, they can access training and resources that empower them economically. This, in turn, reduces their vulnerability and dependency on external support. Financial Inclusion: Improved access to finances is crucial for these vulnerable groups. By including them in project activities, strategies can be developed to ensure they have access to financial services, which can help them start small businesses, save, and invest in their futures. Enhanced Project Resilience: The successful relocation and participation of these vulnerable PAPs can enhance the overall resilience of the project. When these groups are supported, they are less likely to resist or disrupt project activities. Their participation can contribute positively to project outcomes. Social Cohesion: Incorporating vulnerable PAPs into project activities fosters social cohesion and inclusivity. It sends a message of equity and fairness, promoting goodshall within the community and reducing potential conflicts related to the project. Sustainable Development: In the long term, incorporating vulnerable individuals into project activities contributes to sustainable development. These groups can become self-reliant and contribute positively to their communities when they are given the necessary support and opportunities. 4.4.14 Presence of Indigenous Communities In the ESS7, the term “Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities” (or as they may be referred to in the national context using an alternative terminology) is used in a generic sense to refer exclusively to a distinct social and cultural group possessing the following characteristics in varying degrees: (a) Self-identification as members of a distinct indigenous social and cultural group and recognition of this identity by others; (b) Collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats, ancestral territories, or areas of seasonal use or occupation, as well as to the natural resources in these areas; (c) Customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions that are distinct or separate from those of the mainstream society or culture; and (d) A distinct language or dialect, often different from the official language or languages of the country or region in which they reside—footnote 6. “Collective attachment” means that for generations, there has been a physical presence in and economic ties to land and territories traditionally owned, or customarily used or occupied, by the group concerned, including areas that hold special significance for it, such as sacred sites. Additionally, The ESS 7, also applies to communities or groups of Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities who, during the lifetime of members of the community or group, have lost collective attachment to distinct habitats or ancestral territories in the project area because of forced severance, conflict, government resettlement programs, dispossession of their land, natural disasters, or incorporation of such territories into an urban area. The determination as to whether indigenous communities existed or not was premised on the WB-ESS7, especially paragraphs 8 and 9, which define the parameters for indigenous communities: 206 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Guided by the above VGPF and ESS 7 parameters, consultations and duo- diligence were held with local leaders, community meetings, including local NGOs, affected PAPs, householders etc to establish whether people with the above characteristics were present in the project area. However, the study revered that, the most predominant tribes in the airport project area are the Iraqw tribe which modified tribes and are not among the indigenous community as per ESS 7 criteria. Also the ESIA study revered that, in karatu and Mbulu districts there other minor tribes which are Barbaigs and the Hadzabe who are predominantly are pastoralists, hunters and gatherers and these can be refers to the indigenous community as per ESS-7. However, these tribes are found about 70km away from the project site and on general areas of influence, hence not regarded as part of the affected community around the project as well as the VGPF and ESS -7 requirement in this context are not applicable for this airport project as Karatu district is concerned. However, in any case these tribes shall be identified around the project during project implementation, then the VGPF and ESS-7 requirement shall be applied. Chapter 5.0 of the ESIA provide more details on the duo-diligence undertaken on indigenous peoples and how was not found to be around the airport project. Also, is present the response to particular group of stakeholders involved in discussion on issues regarding the special group in terms of social economic imbalances who need assistance such as poor female-headed; elderly; physically disabled; orphans; poor widowed and terminally ill around the project. 4.4.15 However, groups requiring special attention were found in the area and this included: • Widowed Women, Elderly, Child – headed family, chronically ill and Disabled people. These group of people includes: • Widowed women – in rural areas, widowed women are associated with poverty and have limited access to productive resources, as well as being unlikely to access sources of income. • Elderly – Consultations with local leaders and NGOs in the project area revealed that this group of people was increasingly left to fend for themselves in rural areas and sometimes in very remote areas, often without traditional family support and financial resources. Although the government of Tanzania supports older people, participants noted that much more needs to be done to reach more people in remote areas. • Child-headed families – these refer to households with no adult caregivers available, and the children live alone. An older child typically cares for siblings, cousins, nephews, or nieces. This is increasingly common in areas with high AIDS mortality and war-affected regions. These families face severe challenges of malnutrition as well as lack of education. They may be prevented from accessing Orphan and Vulnerable Child (OVC) benefits and other services requiring identification documents, as some do not have a caregiver and may not name someone. In most cases, such households are extremely vulnerable to fraud and abuse during project implementation activities, for example, resettlement action planning and others. Thus, measures need to be taken to protect such groups. • Chronic patients - are more dependent on others, including professional helpers, and are therefore more vulnerable. • People with disabilities – people with disabilities are often discriminated against and excluded from development activities, often due to cultural and traditional beliefs. In the project area, people with disabilities often do not have access to employment opportunities. 207 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • Single women – Adolescent girls and young single rural women face multiple constraints that limit their ability to make choices and thrive. Some of these restrictions include being outside of cultural norms, low levels of education, early marriages, and early pregnancies. Young single women generally have a low asset base, meaning they lack land, money, knowledge, experience, access to opportunities, social capital, and influence. Rural development interventions rarely target this group, explicitly or inadvertently. Women in these groups also generally do not participate in community affairs. Young single women are, in a way, "invisible" to communities and projects. Socially, they go from being someone's daughter to another man's wife. In situations of poverty, young single women are more susceptible than any other subgroup of women to transgenerational and transactional sex and much more exposed to acquiring HIV than their male peers. • Sex workers are sometimes single mothers whose children are vulnerable, people living with HIV- AIDS or STDs. Therefore, measures should be taken to ensure that the above-listed groups have equal access to project resources at all stages. ➢ Vulnerable Groups under context of social economic severity The ESIA study assessment and RAP have revered that, these people needs special attention and equal opportunities during project implementation include poor female-headed; elderly; physically disabled; orphans; and poor widow. The identified numbers are in table 4-14 below: Table 4-14: Vulnerability by Categories S/N Type of Vulnerability Frequency 1. Orphans 14 2. Female-Headed Households 10 3. 60 and above years of age 34 4. Widows 12 5. Physically Disabled 6 Total 76 Sources: design team, 2023 In conclusion, the vulnerability assessment highlights the need to incorporate widows, orphans, and the elderly into project implementation. The identified groups needs the special needs and doing so aligns with ethical and legal principles and benefits the project by promoting inclusivity, enhancing resilience, and fostering sustainable development. Currently the study revered that the airport areas has 76 vulnerable people with this categories who were identified during ESIA updating and highlighted several measures to be undertaken prior and during implementation of the project. This ESIA and RAP have 208 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. accommodated several livelihood mitigation measures and specific interventions and strategies to address the unique needs of these group throughout the project life cycle. 4.4.16 Gender issues i. Gender Equality Gender relations among the villagers is rooted in the social and cultural traditions. Sustainable development comes when both women and men are given equal chances and opportunities to participate fully in all development projects at all stages. In the project area women are significantly involved in implementing activities especially in economic activities. 65% of the women apart from being farmers (peasants) were also engaged in business activities. The most common activity involving women is petty businesses such as food vending and local beer brewing (34%). Also small scale agriculture where vegetables for domestic consumption are grown. The other significant activities include retail shops 75%. The unequal access to economic opportunities such as sharing of farm produce and other family/clan wealth existing between men and women leaves women with minimal options of earning their lives decently. It is reported that sometimes some of the women resort to promiscuity in order to meet their needs. With the prevalence situation of HIV/AIDS, gender violence they place themselves in a high-risk. ii. Gender Based Violence The study has revered that among challenges facing gender to attain their goal is gender based violence which mainly caused by cultural, social and economic inequalities among the communities, therefore as the means of addressing the risks of gender violence during the project implementation it is therefore proposed that Contactor shall develop gender based violence protection plan as the tools to help eliminate any related gender violence issues to be caused by the project. 4.4.17 Cultural Heritage The WB ESS8 recognizes that cultural heritage provides continuity in tangible and intangible forms between the past, present and future. People identify with cultural heritage as a reflection and expression of their constantly evolving values, beliefs, knowledge and traditions. Cultural heritage, in its many manifestations, is important as a source of valuable scientific and historical information, as an economic and social asset for development, and as an integral part of people’s cultural identity and practice. ESS8 sets out measures designed to protect cultural heritage throughout the project life cycle. This ESS addresses physical cultural resources, which are defined as movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, and natural features and landscapes that have archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic, or other cultural significance. Physical cultural resources may be located in urban or rural settings, and may be above or below ground, or under water. Their cultural interest may be at the local, provincial or national level, or within the international community. Cultural resources are important as sources of valuable historical and scientific information, as assets for economic and social development, and as integral parts of a people's cultural identity and practices. The objective of this ESS on Physical Cultural Resources is to avoid, or mitigate, adverse impacts on cultural resources from development projects that the World Bank finances. However, there are no such sites where the airport is to be rehabilitated and upgraded but they may be encountered in the search for borrow areas. 209 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. The 2023 ESIA report revealed that the most predominant form of cultural heritage in the project vicinity was Maasai handcrafts and nomadic who are dominantly associated with tourism business. Furthermore, site visits during the ESIA update around the project area guided by local leaders and opinion leaders revealed that there was no cultural heritage located within the project vicinity. However, it is still recommended that a chance find procedure be put in place for the contractor to reduce the vulnerable of cultural heritage and enhance proper handling in case any is found in the course of project implementation. 210 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Chapter 5 :STAKEHOLDERS PARTICIPATION AND PUBLIC CONSULTATION 5.1 Introduction The ESIA of this project have been upgraded as per ESF requirement. The Consultation and Public Engagement, Impacts Identification and Analysis, Compensation and Relocation of the affected properties, Vulnerable Group consideration, Labour Relation aspects, Grievances Redress Mechanism, as well as Occupational Health and Safety Management shall be undertaken as per requirements of the WB- ESS 1-10 of the World Bank. As part of the TanTIP further TANROADS prepared an ESMF that shall be used to guide the projects and this update of the ESIA was conducted based on the TANTIP ESMP and RPF requirements as the main ESF documents for this project. Stakeholders’ consultation is one of the key tools for preparation of this ESIA study. It captures the views and perceptions of people who may be affected or have an interest in a development project and provides a means to take their views into account as inputs to improved project design and implementation, thereby avoiding or reducing adverse impacts, and enhancing benefits. During the preparation of this ESIA, stakeholders were identified and involved as guided by SEP for TanTIP. Stakeholder consultation was conducted during scoping exercise and several times in the preparation of environmental impact statement. The most recent stakeholder consultation was held in June and September 2023. Engagement shall continue during project implementation as per the TanTIP Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP). During undertaking of consultation processes to key stakeholders and communities around the project areas several methodologies and materials were used by E&S Team during consultation exercises which includes checklist form, scoping reports, Districts social economic reports, ESMF, RPF, SEP, LMP, GRM, GBV/SEA, ESCP prepared for TanTIP project, ICAO guideline, flip chart, ESIA and RAP guidelines, draft ESIA and RAP during second and third round of consultation. These materials enabled the communities to have access on the disclosed information regarding the project as well as getting feedback of the provided views and opinions. 5.2 Objectives of stakeholder consultations The main objective of consultation is information dissemination and awareness creation to the community on the importance of the project and how to positively handle the project impacts in a sustainable way. This is important in order to ensure that correct and accurate information is shared, and misconceptions and wrong information do not take root thus interfering with the smooth implementation of the project. The consultation also aims at getting feedback from the community about the project. The specific objectives of the stakeholders’ consultation process are: • To create awareness and gather up support for the proposed project. • To engage the local community especially the Interested and Affected Parties about the project benefits and problems in order to plan how these can be mitigated. • To consult and gather recommendations from the local administration, e.g. Municipal Councils, Councilors, Village Elders and communities that have a stake in the project. • To provide an opportunity to all the communities in the areas where the proposed airport upgrading project is expected to be established and obtain their views and concerns pertaining to the project and allow the identification of alternatives and recommendations. • Provide correct and accurate information regarding the project. 211 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 5.3 Stakeholder identification Identification of stakeholders is guided by TanTIP SEP. Identified stakeholders are categorized as: ➢ Negatively affected – Stakeholders with properties or other developments within or outside the airport boundary who shall be affected by the loss of the land, structures and economic earnings, construction noise, dust and traffic etc. These include local communities of Kilimamoja village, Rhotia ward. These also include persons living around the airport that may experience changes in noise levels during to increase in air traffic and arrival of larger planes with the upgrading of the airport. ➢ Other interested parties – group of persons or organizations interested in the project. These include: • Vice President’s Office (Division of Environment and NEMC). • Ministry of Lands, Housing and Human Settlements Development. • Ministry of Energy and Minerals. • Ministry of Water and Irrigation. • Tanzania Civil Aviation Authority (TCAA). • Tanzania Meteorological Agency (TMA). • Airport Authorities (TAA and Lake Manyara airport office). • Karatu District Council (DED office). • Development Committees consisting of Councilors and Ward • Executive Officers (WEOs). • Mtaa, Ward Offices. • Vulnerable individuals including, children, women, people with disabilities, the elderly and youth. The assessment team held interviews and meetings with officials from government ministries, departments and agencies, District authorities, public and private organizations and NGOs. The ESIA team also organized public consultation meetings with airport manager’s office at Lake Manyara airport and advertisements soliciting for public opinions. More information of the stakeholder engagement is found in the TanTIP SEP. 5.4 Methodology of Consultation Process 5.4.1 Broader consultation The fieldwork involved reconnaissance in the project area through site visits and interviews with stakeholders as well as meeting relevant officials and village/ward government leaders in Arusha and Karatu district Councils. The fieldwork for this study was carried at different periods from scoping, preliminary to detailed study all in the period between April 2014 to May 2017 (Final design), March 2018 to December 2023 (Final ESIA). The field work studies helped to realize fully the scope of the project, the biophysical environment specific to the location and the socio-economic conditions in the project area. The information on socio- economic conditions was collected from various sources including Arusha regional Office. Other information was obtained from communities in the project area. NGOs within the core impact area also provided relevant information that assisted impact analysis. Information and data collected include land use, ecosystems and human habitat, rural production, livestock, forestry, wildlife, demography, hydrology, and other indicators related to environmental and socio-economic trends of the project area. Other information was appraised through key informants interviews and experts’ observations 5.4.2 Focus Group Discussions These discussions involved the specific and targeted groups in the society including women, youths and small business entrepreneurs, village leaders and environmental committees. The guiding questions or 212 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. checklists were prepared to facilitate the discussions and to focus it on issues related to a particular group. Dynamics of focus group discussions were observed to ensure fruitful discussions under the leadership of the sociologist. 5.4.3 Consultations with Government Authorities and villagers The consultations with authorities were held in their offices and involved few technical people. The Karatu District Council was consulted and meeting held with the following officials; District Executive Director (DED), Planning Officer (PLO), Engineer (water and roads), Surveyor, Community Development Officer (CDO), Environmental and Natural Resources Officer (ENRO), Tourism officer, Valuer, surveyor, Land officer. However, the meetings with local communities in the project village were more detailed containing a cross-section of people. A brief description of the project was explained to them by the Sociologist before opening the floor for comments. The attendance and proceeding of the meetings were recorded by a secretary chosen among the attendee. The consultations were intended to ensure that all issues of concerns raised by the villagers related to the project are discussed in an open manner thus fostering a community participatory approach prior to project implementation. Clarifications and affirmations were made with regard to the expected impacts on individuals and the community in general. 5.4.4 Direct observations Both the environments of the proposed project and some facts were observed directly by the ESIA team. The information obtained from this technique assisted the study team to have the starting point during subsequent one-to-one interviews with stakeholders on various issues such as type of socio economic activities (agriculture, livestock keeping, trade and tourism), vegetation in the project area etc. 5.4.5 Secondary information While the public consultations provided an opportunity to learn and share the salient information about the proposed project, the team obtained important socio-economic secondary data about the project area. The information was obtained from existing reports especially the Arusha and Karatu Socio- economic profiles. Semi-structured questionnaires were used for the purpose of obtaining baseline data on households in the villages along the project as well as socio-economic conditions and concerns of people living in the area. Survey interviews were conducted with all village leaders representing the villages which are within the impact areas. The stakeholders’ interviews and public meetings were followed by field visits on the project areas, the purpose of which was to get an overview of the study areas to compliment information gathered during the meetings with stakeholders. The evidence of public consultation process is illustrated in this report through signatures of PAPs and other key stakeholders who were consulted (Appendix V) and group photographs of the stakeholders taken during consultative meetings (Appendix VI). 5.5 Project’s Levels of Public Engagement and Consultations The public engagement and consultations were conducted in two phases which are; First Round Consultation and second Round Communities’ Consultation. 213 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. First Round Stakeholders engagement involved: a) To Inform: Provide stakeholders with balanced and objective information to help them understand the project, the problem, and the solution alternatives b) To Consult: Gather feedback on the information given. This was followed by: second Round communities engagement which: a) Involve: Worked directly with communities during the process to ensure that their concerns and desired outcomes are fully understood and taken into account and b) Collaborate: Partner with communities on the decision-making, including developing alternative solution ideas and choosing the preferred solution together. 5.5.1 First Round Stakeholders Engagement The assessment team held interviews and meetings with officials from government ministries, departments and agencies, City authorities, public and private organizations and NGOs. The EIA team also organized public consultation meetings with airport manager’s office at Lake Manyara airport and publication of advertisements soliciting public opinions. The meetings in this round were held between 18th March 2018 and 22nd March 2019. The following emerged as the key stakeholders for the Lake Manyara airport upgrading project: • Vice President‘s Office (Division of Environment, NEMC), • Ministry of Lands, Housing and Human Settlements Development • Ministry of Energy and Minerals • Ministry of Water and Irrigation • Ministry of Tourism and Natural Resources • Project Proponent – TANROADS • Arusha Regional Secretariat • Karatu District Commissioner‘s Office • Karatu District Council (DED office) • Karatu District Mayor, councilors • Development Committee consisting of Ward Councilors, Ward Executive Officers • NGOs such as Tours Operator Companies (e.g. Dorobo Tours, AWF, etc.) • Local communities in Kilimamoja village; • 5.5.1.2 Stakeholders Analysis After identifying and grouping stakeholders, stakeholder analysis was used to characterize stakeholder groups’ interests, how they shall be affected by the proposed airport project and to what degree, and how those groups may influence the project. The stakeholder analysis process revealed important differences among groups, including their concerns and priorities. Communities and other stakeholders that shall be affected by a project were engaged as early as possible during project design. By engaging with the stakeholders early, it may be possible to avoid, mitigate, or decrease the project’s impact. It is generally not practical or feasible to engage with every single stakeholder group at every level. Note. NOTE: The consultation materials used by E&S Team during consultation exercises includes checklist form, scoping reports, Districts social economic reports, ESMP and RPF prepared for TANTIP project, ICAO guideline, flip chart, ESIA and RAP guidelines, draft ESIA and RAP during second and third round of consultation. • 5.5.1.3 Public Meetings Dissemination of project information among communities along the road through VEOs and WEOs and later through meetings was an important aspect of the public participation process, they needed to be appropriately informed about what is planned in their area. 214 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. The community consultations were conducted with the intention to; • Provide clear and accurate information about the Project to the communities • Inform communities along the way leave about the Project schedule; • Gathering from population and their representatives about main environmental and social concerns and perceptions regarding the road upgrading; • Gather opinions and suggestions directly from the communities on their preferred mitigation measures; • Gather opinions and concerns of the various minority groups of women, children, disabled and youth on the proposed upgrading road were noted. • 5.5.1.4 Consultative Meetings with Other Stakeholders Consultative meetings at districts’ and regional levels (see table 5-1) included discussions with some of the districts’ technical staff from various departments and regional officers. Stakeholders’ meetings / interviews from other sectors included both managerial and technical staff. Table 5-1: First Round Stakeholders Consulted Stakeholder Institution Number Date Government institutions TANROADS 9 20/03/2018 TAA 1 20/03/2018 Local Government Authorities Karatu District Council (KDC) 7 22/03/2018 Rhotia ward and Kilimamoja 20 18/03/2018 village Minutes for the above meetings are presents in Appendix IV and the names and signatures of the stakeholders are presented in appendix V 5.6 Issues Raised During First Round Public Consultations 5.6.1 Main Issues: ➢ Defining airport boundaries: The airport (like other government owned properties) shall have the land with Title Deed to be issued by the Ministry of Lands and Human Settlement Development / Karatu District Council. However on this matter TAA confirmed to have the project land Title deed after undertaken all land acquisition processes. As part of security and maintain ownership, the project among others shall include the construction of the security fence surrounding all the airport boundaries for safety of the airport as well as to meets ICAO standard. 5.6.2 Technical Issues: ➢ Escarpment Feature on eastern side: There is huge outfall/escarpment eastwards of existing threshold 30 hence extension of the runway toward this side may not be possible. The outfall is also a safety hazard for aircraft landing and taking off. In order to reduce the impact of this outfall the extension of the airport shall be done towards the westwards or the opposite side of the existing runway as shown in figure 5-1. 215 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Figure 5-1:View of the areas on the eastern side behind security wires with Outfall/Escarpment Towards Threshold 30 which regarded as the end of the airport areas on this side, hence no any extension may be allowed. Sources: Design team, 2023 ➢Meeting ICAO standards: Even without planned expansions, current dimensions of the airport do not meet standards required by the International Civil Aviation Organizations. The airport is narrow and all sides fringed with human activities. ➢Actual Valuation for compensation: The community properties must be fairly valued for timely compensation. The valuation exercise has to be guided by regional /district authority under close corporation of the village leaderships. When shall actual valuation take place? It should be conducted as soon as possible to avoid bigger compensation cost in the future because people shall not stop development on their land. 5.5.3 Other Issues • Possible pollution of Lake Manyara • Destabilization of land and consequent soil erosion due to construction activities • Degradation at Points of Sources of Upgrading Materials • Reduced air transport cost due to increases competition: the upgrading and expansion of the airport shall attract many air travel service providers and the ensuing competition among them may bring travel cost down. • Increased goods and services to Karatu/Arusha from neighboring regions and countries. • Reduce waiting time: as the aircraft destined to Karatu gets bigger the waiting time at airport (Arusha and Karatu) shall become less. • Upgrading the airport to meet international standards shall mean less risks and more safety. • The upgraded airport shall stimulate other developments (induced developments and spins offs). • Employment and income opportunities during airport upgrading and operations - to local employees and service providers (food and refreshments, shops, airport delivery etc.); • Increased traffic volumes; • Increased investments into Karatu District and Arusha Region • Increased tourism, visitors and holidays to Karatu and Arusha Region • Land Acquisition and resettlement: For the expansion of the airport, land take issue shall affect a number of existing homesteads properties and services. • Land take pose two challenges; timely and adequate compensations for the affected 216 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • families and business; and finding alternative sites for resettlements. • There is tendency not to pre-inform affected people about the impending resettlements; delays in payments after valuations have been done; the valuation process not being open and transparent and over/under - pricing of properties. More details of issues related to land acquisition, valuation, compensation and resettlement are given in the RAP report which is presented as part of this ESIA. Table 5-2 below shows responses to issues/comments during public consultation 217 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Table 5-2: Matrix of Responses to Issues/Comments During Public consultation Stakeholder Group Issues/comments raised by stakeholder ESIA Response to issues/comments Section in ESIA report Ranking of Stakeholders where issues are incorporated National -Proponent should submit project brief and NEMC approved ToR is attached to this Appendix I. National level Environment scoping report for approval of terms of EIA report. Management Council reference to be used in subsequent EIA study ( NEMC) -Proponent should submit comprehensive EIA ToR and relevant EIA regulations and Throughout the report. National level reports incorporating all issues earmarked guidelines have been followed during scoping study and conduct EIA as per throughout the report. This EIA report approved ToR and EIA& Audit regulations and shall be submitted to NEMC for review guidelines. and decision making. Ministry of Lands, Relevant regulations pertaining to the project EIA report recommends compliance to Chapter 3 & appended National level Housing and Human should be considered, such as those on land national land laws and associated summary of ARAP report Settlement acquisition, compensation and resettlement regulations in the execution of land Sections 3.4.6, 3.5.2, Development acquisition, valuation, compensation and 3.5.6, 3.5.14 resettlement issues related to the project. Ministry of Energy Relevant regulations pertaining to the project EIA report recommends compliance to Chapter 3 sections 3.4.7 National level and Minerals should be considered, such as those on national mining policy and regulation by extraction of raw materials for constructions the contractor during his operation. Ministry of Water Water permit must be obtained from relevant EIA report recommends application of Chapter 3, section 3.5.3 National level and Irrigations (Lake authority before exploitation of water national water policy and regulation by Manyara Water resources by the contractor during the contractor during his operation. Basin) construction phase Ministry of Tourism Ngorongoro Conservation area, Manyara, Ngorongoro Conservation area and Chapter 5, section 3.4.16 National level and Natural Serengeti and Tarangire National Park offices Manyara National Parks offices in Arusha Resources must be consulted in the project area were consulted and their views noted in this report. Tanzania Civil Airport must be designed to ensure there is no ESIA report recommends compliance to Chapter 3. section 3.5.22 Ministerial level Aviation Authority erection of high buildings or structure in the Civil Aviation regulation in the design (TCAA) vicinity that obstruct landing and taking off of and use airport. an aircraft such as caused by high Arusha Regional If upgrading of airport shall require acquisition ESIA shows the impact of land Chapter 3. section 3.4.6 Regional level (LGA) Secretariat – RAS of land and relocation of public or community acquisition and relevant laws have been 218 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Stakeholder Group Issues/comments raised by stakeholder ESIA Response to issues/comments Section in ESIA report Ranking of Stakeholders where issues are incorporated office properties –relevant laws must be followed, referred in the ESIA report. e.g. Valuation must be done and affected people must be fairly and timely compensated. Karatu District Councils (DED office must be DED office were consulted. Chapter 5. 5.5.7 Ward and village leader consulted to get their views. And local communities District Council Local communities affected by the project ESIA conducted consultative meetings Chapter 5., 5.5.7 District level (LGA) Director’s Office must be thoroughly consulted and their with affected communities and their concerns taken care off in the project views noted in this report. implementation. Local communities If upgrading of airport shall require acquisition ESIA shows the impact of land Chapter 3. 3.4.6, 3.5.6 Ward and village leader of land and relocation of public or community acquisition and relevant laws have been And local communities properties –relevant laws must be followed, referred in the EIA report. e.g. Valuation must be done and affected people must be fairly and timely compensated. District Land Office Land around the airport is surveyed. . ESIA recommends compensation to Chapter 3. 3.4.6, 3.5.6 District level (LGA) department follow Land Act, 2009 which entitles PAPs to customary right of occupancy. CED- CDO There are several NGO /CBO operating in the ESMP recommends participation of Chapter 5 &r 8 section District level. department project area. Therefore DCDO must be NGO/CBO through liaison with MCDO Ward and village leader consulted during project implementation for 5.5.7 And local communities the arrangement of appropriate NGO/CBO to help in provision of training and education to local community and construction workers. District- Environment The cliff or escarpment on eastern side of ESIA report incorporates design output Chapter 2.section 5.5.2 District level and Natural existing runway is a serious sensitive which suggests extension of runway Resources environmental feature which may cause towards western side. department accident and health hazards during operation of the airport. Depleted borrow pits and quarry sites due to ESIA identifies exploitation of natural Chapter 6 &7. Section District level. construction activities must be reinstated to materials as one of impacts and 6.7.2.1 Ward and village leader their original conditions or to a state that shall appropriated mitigation measures are And local communities not lead to health hazards or change of included in this report. 219 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Stakeholder Group Issues/comments raised by stakeholder ESIA Response to issues/comments Section in ESIA report Ranking of Stakeholders where issues are incorporated landscape.. Materials site sources must be valued and ESIA recommends compliance to land Chapter 3. section 3.4.6, Local communities their individual owners compensated. laws related to land acquisition. 3.5.6 District Tourism The proposed project is highly recommended ESIA should analyses the positive impact Chapter 7 and 8 of the District level. Department because of social economic importance that shall result from the project ESIA report Ward and village leader implementation. And local communities Tourism sector shall develop fast as the result of airport project District- Planning Airport upgrading shall lead to increased ESIA report incorporates these issues as Chapter 6. section 6.7.1 District level. Department tourism business, improved community positive impacts Ward and village leader income and development of settlement And local communities around the airport. The area earmarked for airport upgrade is ESIA report is in line with project ToR Chapter 1. District level designated for the airport development according to the current District profile. According to the current district profile there As a result no cumulative impacts were Chapter4. section 6.8 District level is no other planned development in the identified in this ESIA report. vicinity of airport land that shall conflict with or affect the proposed airport upgrade. District Engineer -Airport upgrading shall lead to relocation of Addressed as the impacts identified, and Chapter 6&7 District level. (Water & Roads) existing access road to the airport and shifting mitigation measured given. Ward and village leader of electric poles And local communities -There is no underground water supply, drainage and sewerage systems which shall be affected by airport upgrade. Local communities Participation in possible job opportunities Local people shall be given priority of Chapter 7 Ward and village leader during the project implementation being employed in labour works and for And local communities those with required skills. When shall this project start? This shall depend on availability of funds Chapter1. Ward and village leader within government/TANROADS. And local communities However it is expected not to take long time. 220 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Stakeholder Group Issues/comments raised by stakeholder ESIA Response to issues/comments Section in ESIA report Ranking of Stakeholders where issues are incorporated Need for proper design and appropriate signs This airport shall be designed following Chapter 2 Ward and village leader to show airport boundaries and reserve areas national, ICAO and IATA standards. And local communities Therefore all airport furniture shall be incorporated. Tanzania The rainfall and wind data checked and Data were obtained from TMA and Chapter 2 of EIA report. National level Meteorological approved by TMA should be incorporated in applied in the design report. Agency (TMA) the airport design and forecasting of future conditions Tanzania Civil Consideration of applicable international All airports are designed as per ICAO Chapter 2 of EIA report National level Aviation Authority standards is necessary during design as well as standards recognizable internationally. (TCAA) shall be during upgrading and operations Communities of Chapter 5 and Ward and village leader Kilimamoja and What considerations shall be given to Appendix on summary And local communities Rhotia ward vulnerable groups of PAPs (e.g. orphans, They shall be given special Appendix on widow, elders and victims of HIV/AIDS)? considerations as per applicable laws. summary PAPs shall be orderly informed and Ward and village leader How many days after compensation have been given formal notices on how they Chapter 3 & and local communities paid are we allowed to stay on the acquired should vacate from their already Appendix on summary land? acquired land. RAP report Local leaders of The affected Land must be compensated prior All the affected properties shall be Chapter 8 and 2 of the Ward and village leader Kilimamoja and to the project implementation. compensated prior to the project ESIA report And local communities Rhotia ward Project developer must ensure fair and prompt implementation. compensation according to the Laws. Compensation shall be effected in accordance to Land Act, 1999 and its Regulations of 2001. Sources. Design Team, 2023 221 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 5.5.4 2nd Round Communities’ Consultation Approach & Methodology • 5.4.4.1 Approach This second round of communities’ consultation was conducted between 27th February and 1st March 2021, (refer 1st round section 5.4.1 above) it focused on disclosing and consulting on the draft project design. The specific objectives for the draft design consultation/engagement were to: • Present feedback to the communities on the draft airport design, design and associated infrastructures/components and all other design features relevant to the community); and • Gather communities’ further specific inputs from FGs on the draft design • To discuss risks and mitigation approaches that would comply with the ESF Consultation/engagement and disclosure activities were designed along the following principles: • Communities’ Consultation events were communicated to the communities through Districts’ Executive Director and Village Executive Officers/Chairmen prior to meetings; • Identification of Focus Groups’& Special/Vulnerable Groups’ representatives was essential part of preparation for this consultation process. It was more appropriate to invite a range of representative individuals and groups to the consultation activities. Community Development Departments from Karatu District were involved on identification of participants although key players for the task were villages’ chairmen and villages’ & wards’ executive officers. • The Draft Design drawings were prepared to ensure that airport design and its components can be easily understood by the project’s communities; • The location for the consultation meetings were at villages’ offices. • Information presented were clear and non-technical, and were presented in the local language understood by the communities; • Facilitation was provided to ensure that communities are able to raise their concerns and meetings were held separately for each Focus Group. • Issues raised were answered at the meeting/s or actively followed up; and • All attendees registered and minutes of the meeting/s were taken and prepared. 5.5.5 Methodology During undertaking of consultation processes to key stakeholders and communities around the project areas several methodologies and materials were used by E&S Team during consultation exercises which includes checklist form, scoping reports, Districts social economic reports, ESMP and RPF prepared for TANTIP project, ICAO guideline, flip chart, ESIA and RAP guidelines, draft ESIA and RAP during second and third round of consultation. These materials enabled the communities to have access on the disclosed information regarding the project as well as getting feedback of the provided views and opinions. • 5.5.5.1 Invitation for Meetings Invitation of Focus Group members were done via letters to the DED and copied to project’s Village and Ward Executive officers. • 5.5.5.2 Preparation of the Consultation Documents ➢ Consultation documents for the meeting/s were made clear and readable. Design Drawings books were produced to be distributed in each focus group for discussion. ➢ Copies of minutes of the previous consultation meeting/s were in place for review of the community/ies proposals where necessary. • 5.5.5.3 Consultation Team’s Roles ▪ Roles Roles of the team members participating in the consultations were as follows: 222 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. ➢ TANROADS: • Overall leadership of the consultations in close collaboration with all stakeholders. • General introduction during plenary session • Facilitation coordination of WEOs & VEOs, Chairpersons and Community Development Officers to invite participants, ensuring all groups of the community are represented and no group is left unrepresented • Facilitation coordination with WEOs & VEOs to arrange venues for consultation activities ➢ RENARDET: • Overall management and successful completion of consultations • Facilitation of consultations in line with agreed methodology • Provision of meaningful documentation, note-taking, participation documentation, etc for all plenary and focus group sessions ➢ Design Consultants: • Presentation of the proposed design and answering technical questions. ➢ Local participants: active participation during the meetings. 5.5.6 Issues Raised During 2nd Round Consultation During the 2nd round communities’ consultation, participants had the following contributions for the improvement of design, construction and operation of Lake Manyara Airport , shown on table 5-3 and figure 5-2. Table 5-3: Stakeholders’ Feedback Consultative Meeting at Kilimamoja, Rhotia Ward S/N STAKEHOL ISSUES/CONCERNS RESPONSE /REFERENCE O DER DOCUMENT 1. Manyara • The existing flight runway is narrow and short. National The project is supported because it shall Park significantly contribute to tourism Design Report /Drawings development at Manyara National Park as The proposed (i) Assistant well as Ngorongoro Conservation Area and extension/upgrading shall be to Commissio Serengeti National Park. It is our expectation acceptable standards taking ner that, the completed airport project shall care of all dangers associated result to increase in the number of aircrafts with the operation of the landing direct at Manyara Airport and thus, airport during landing and take- increase the number of Tourists visiting the off. Park. Besides, the number of travel days shall be reduced and spend more days in the park and increase revenue to the Park. • The improved Airport shall also include construction of important facilities such as terminal building, firefighting section and so forth that shall bring employment opportunities to the local community and boost their socio-economic development. • Local Community members shall expand their business ventures and improve their incomes and economic growth. • There is no information regarding the big animals crossing or roaming in the existing 223 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Manyara airport. As such even when the Airport is improved, we expect the situation to remain the same. • Regarding the possibility of occurring the interactions between the aircrafts and birds the Manyara Airport Manager could have been consulted as well. Park • Manyara National Park is endowed with a ESIA Document, Chapter 4 Ecologist number of attractions including the Lake Manyara and various migratory birds including Flamingos. Flamingos migrate from their breeding and residing site of Lake Natron to Lake Manyara seasonally between May and November for feeding salty seaweeds (Mwani) that grow in the Lake Manyara. • The Lake Manyara Airport existed for many years as well as the seasonal migration of Flamingos but we have got no record of any interactions or accidents between the aircrafts and birds. • It is difficult to establish the impacts of birds to aircrafts operations and vice versa. But, to substantiate this, a thorough assessment and analysis on the birds movements and associated impacts is required following the upgraded status of the airport and expected increase of aircrafts operations when the airport is upgraded. • Apart from Flamingos there are also other species of birds that seasonally visit Manyara National Park for feeding. Karatu • The project is strongly supported because it District shall have significant positive impacts to Commissio socio-economic development of Karatu ner (DC) District. • Karatu is one of potential Tourism zones in Tanzania. Therefore the improved Airport shall stimulate fast economic growth because Aircraft passengers especially tourists shall be directly land to the Lake Manyara Airport. • The improved airport shall go along with provision of other services like Immigration office, Firefighting services, TRA, Police post and so forth that shall also help the local communities. • Increased investments into Karatu District and Arusha Region • Increased tourism, visitors and holidays to Karatu and Arusha Region 224 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Karatu • Reduced air transport cost due to increases District competition: the upgrading and expansion of Executive the airport shall attract many air travel Director service providers and the ensuing (DED) competition among them may bring travel cost down. • Increased goods and services to Karatu/Arusha from neighbouring regions and countries. • Upgrading the airport to meet international standards shall mean less risks and more safety. • The upgraded airport shall stimulate other developments (induced developments and spins offs). • Employment and income opportunities during airport upgrading and operations - to local employees and service providers (food and refreshments, shops, airport delivery etc.) Kilimamoja • The project is supported because it shall bring ESIA Report – employment opportunities to the project Community itself and investors • The improved Airport shall stimulate Tourism industry; economic development in the area. • Local community members shall interact with newcomers during project construction and operations. Since compensation to the valued properties was Construction and development delayed, some people have decided to construct activities at the Airport site new houses and establish new. What shall be the should be avoided. All graves fate? shall be relocated before construction activities. However, the local government is advised to designate a new grave yard for the community instead of continuing to burry at proposed Airport site. We have been informed that, compensation shall The Signed date of Valuation be paid with interests once a period of six (6) Report September 2020 was months is elapsed after approval date of the known and PAPs should make Valuation Report by Government Chief Valuer. use of District Commissioner Why the PAPs were not informed regarding the Office and TANROADS to get approval of the Valuation report? How are we the status of the compensation going to get information about the status of instead of skipping the levels. compensation arrangement? The percentage rate of the interest shall depend to the How much percentage of the Interest to be paid? interest rates offered by commercial Bank at present time. 225 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. The growth rates has increased for already The disturbance allowance valued trees, how shall they be compensated? covers for associated discrepancies. What if the house is damaged by wind or rain? Damaged houses by rain or wind they shall be compensated as long as the details are available. You are experts, you could have conducted your Local people are involved assessment on your own, but why are involving during the impact assessment us? because it is the best practice and opportunity for the community to be informed of project implementation progress. Also to get people’s concerns regarding the project as well as to gather information/local knowledge on the existing environment and social issues in the area. Besides, stakeholders consultations is a requirement of both National Laws and regulations and World Bank safeguard policy. Can we employ our own lawyer to help in follow- Hiring the Lawyer is costly to up and resolving compensation conflicts? PAPs, TANROADS office and District office can help the PAPs to resolve compensation issues, since all updates and elaboration of compensation issues can be found to these offices. Our houses are connected to electricity and The costs for water and water supply; is TANROADS going to recover the electricity services have been costs for re-connecting these facilities where we included in the compensation. are going to resettle? Besides, a computed Disturbance allowance shall cater for all indirect costs. Kar Inclusion of How can the project ensure these people are Vulnerable groups, particularly atu vulnerable considered during project implementation. disabled, and elderly, have Dist persons in lower access to employment rict employmen opportunity than youths and t non-disabled. As part of an opportuniti economic empowerment es contractor, shall ensure vulnerable groups are given priorities to all works that can perform. For example, involving female-headed family/ poor households, and women-widow groups to 226 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. prepare food for its staffs or to provide place adjacent workers camps to cook food for its workers Figure 5-2: 2nd Round Stakeholders Consultation for the Proposed Lake Manyara Airport Project Source: Site Pictures, March 2021 5.6.7 Third Round Community Meetings and Issues Raised The stakeholders consultations were conducted at the project area starting September to December, 2023, involving mainly the leaders of the people. The choice was based on the type information sought from the stakeholders. All stakeholders consulted during this session acknowledged to know the project and were involved during the second-round consultations in 2021. The leaders disclosed that the villagers are eagerly waiting for the project to take off but stressed on the compensation process to take place on time , shows table 5-4. During undertaking of consultation processes to key stakeholders and communities around the project areas several methodologies and materials were used by E&S Team during consultation exercises which includes checklist form, scoping reports, Districts social economic reports, ESMP and RPF prepared for TANTIP project, ICAO guideline, flip chart, ESIA and RAP guidelines, draft ESIA and RAP during second and third round of consultation. These materials enabled the communities to have access on the disclosed information regarding the project as well as getting feedback of the provided views and opinions. The following leaders were Consulted. i. TANROADS Regional Managers Office ii. Lake Manyara Airport Management iii. Karatu District Council (DED, Community Development Office, Environmental Officer and Education Officers – Primary and Secondary) iv. Rhotia ward and Kilimamoja Village v. Art Gallery Karatu 227 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. vi. Flight operators vii. Traders and Businesses at the airport Table 5-4: The Types of Stakeholders Consulted. Type of Stakeholder Venue Number of Dates participants TANROADS TANROADS regional 3 19/09/2023 office Lake Manyara Airport Airport Managers 5 20/09/2023 and Staff Office 14/12/2023 Karatu District Council DEDs office 5 20/09/2023 Rhotia /Kilimamoja Ward offices at 7 21/09/2023 and leaders Kilimamoja 14/12/2023 Art Gallery Company offices 4 23/09/2023 Airline Operators and Departure lounge 24 23/09/2023 Traders at the airport NB: there were no vulnerable groups identified in the project area. The meetings involved leaders of the people from the groups above (the ward and village leaders are the representative of the villagers). The main discussion was on the envisaged risks during construction and operation phases, availability of PWDs, SEA, GBV, and the vulnerable and marginalized groups in the community, shown on figure 5-3. According to the KDC leaders, ward and village/street leaders the vulnerable persons found in the project corridor were mainly elderly-headed households, people with disabilities, long term chronically-ill, (HIV/AIDS, TB), female-headed households, poorest households, widows, orphans and vulnerable children. The issues raised were; i. Most of the residents are eagerly awaiting for the compensation process to take place and the road construction activities to take place immediately. ii. The traders and businesses at the airport should be given awareness programs on the safe use of the area during construction. Consider construction of temporary shades for the traders in the area. iii. The design to allow for safe passage, speed limits including speed humps, road signs and instructions along the access road to the airport. iv. Consider employment to the female heads of families. v. The project to give back to society in form of capacity building to the marginalized and vulnerable groups so that they become independent. vi. On the issues of GBV it was discovered that it exists in some families, but not very much pronounced. It is expected that the project may increase cases of GBV if more male population is employed in the project. The project should consider balance of gender in employment. vii. The project employees shall have higher income compared to the rest of the population who are not employed in the project. This may lead to sexual exploitation especially where young girls and women are forced to accept sex for money due to life hardships. It was suggested that, 228 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. the contractor include in the work plan a special consideration for women like providing opportunities to operate restaurants for the work crew (Mamalishe). viii. The elderly, widows and marginalized in these areas are available and live with hardships. The government through TASAF has identified household with special needs for social benefits but the aid is not satisfactory. It is proposed that if possible the project to institute credit facility like SACCOS in order for these people to have access to borrowing money for small businesses and in groups. Regarding to the project implementation, stakeholders have the following recommendations: • TANROADS/Contractor to collaborate with local authorities including working with the existing GBV and VAC local committee to deal with GBV and VAC that might be caused by the project implementation; • Contractor should establish an action plan that shall show how GBV and VAC cases shall be prevented or handled; • Contractor should establish a specific committee to deal with the prevention of GBV and VAC, and shall have to work with the village and ward committee or leaders; • Contractor should have an awareness campaign to his/her employee on the GBV and VAC; • Contractor should conduct GBV and VAC assessment before and after implementation of the project to be in a position to establish a monitoring program during and after the project implementation; • To prevent increasing rate of GBV and VAC contractor may consider sourcing labors within the project area; and • Contractor should consider gender intervention/mainstreaming in each stage of the project implementation. 229 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Figure 5-3: Top meeting at Kilimamoja Village and Rhotia ward. Down meeting with LMA staff and businesses around the airport. 21.09.2023 230 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Chapter 6 : IDENTIFICATION OF IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES AND MITIGATION MEASURES 6.1 Assessment of Project alternatives The consideration of project alternatives is crucial in ensuring that the developer and decision-makers have a wider base from which they can choose the most appropriate option. In the ESIA process it is important to consider different alternatives, or options, which shall achieve the project’s objectives. It is also important to include a consideration of what would happen without the project – that is, the no project alternative. Environmental and social assessment for each proposed alternative are also carried out, since each alternative is likely to have a different set, or degree, or impacts. The critical environmental, health and social aspects were considered for identification of alternatives possibility for the project. The assessed aspects based on following related risks such as; Hydrology and storm water, land cover, air quality and Noise, Birds and wildlife strike, natural habitat (flora and fauna), biodiversity with special value, Roads and Traffic conditions, public utility, population and settlement around the airport, safety and security, cultural and historical site as well as road traffic accident as detailed in table 6- 1 below. The following are 3 project alternatives discussed under this section namely; the “no project” alternative- 1; project alternative- 2 and project alternative -3. 6.1.1 The “no project” alternative- 1 The first project alternative assumes no development takes place and that the status quo remains would have significant policy implications. Adopting this option would mean continuation of poor and unreliable transport conditions which have negatively affected attitudes and perceptions about working in Arusha and Karatu in specific. Adopting the “no project” alternative would mean continuation of air transport hardships with poor airport facilities such as runway, apron, terminal building, drainage system, firefighting house etc. In fact, adopting the “no-project” alternative would deteriorating the tourism sector hence, not contracting to the social-economic development of Karatu district in Arusha region and nation as well. The consideration of No-Project or Do-Nothing option can be dismissed as an alternative due to the need and desirability of this airport project in order to cope with rapid increase in demand for tourism sector, transit of passengers, mining, agricultural goods and services into this special parts of the region, hence other alternative shall be considered. 6.1.2 Project Alternative- 2 Alternative 2 Extension of runway towards eastern side: The second alternative considered implementing the project by extension of the existing runway through 30 direction/threshold (easterly). This alternative was disqualified based on presence of cliff or deep escarpment feature at eastern side which would limit extension of the runway to the required length, However, in order to accommodate the new airport features, there shall be more earth filling materials and activities required, hence this alternative 2 found to be more costly in term of engineering design and costs for vegetation clearance as shown on figure 6-1. Project Alternative- 2 was also found to be covered with natural vegetation that is considered as the only sanctuary of biodiversity around this area with complex geographically location which lead to complication of aviation safety and technicalities that shall be difficult to handle, hence limiting the implementation of the airport project. This option is implemented shall require more vegetation clearance as well as materials for filling the deep cliff feature found around the area, hence the alternative shall be more costly in term of engineering design and costs for vegetation clearance. Figure 6.1 below is the Schematic map indicating the proposed alternative -2 runway extension toward eastern side on the cliff escarpment as shown on black lines color crossing Karatu- Arusha main road. 231 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Figure 6-1: Schematic perspective of the Easterly extension shown in black 6.1.3 Project Alternative 3 Alternative 3 Extension of runway towards western side: After reviewing and updating of the previous Project alternative of the project, it was revered that new site alternative is not available due to land scarce in karatu district, hence requirement of additional land outside the existing airport boundaries within the existing airport site become more preferably option as detailed here under. The alternative-3 considered implementing the airport project by extension of the existing runway through 12 direction/threshold (westerly) toward the areas with several social economic activities such as residential, farming, shops in one of the kilimamoja suburb. The identified E&S risks on this alternative includes; land acquisition, loss of opportunity, flora and fauna, poor drainage system, air quality and noise abatement, land use change, birds and animal strike, biodiversity with special value, public utility which can be manageable and mitigated by well-designed engineering and environmental related methods as detailed in table 6-1 of this ESIA. This alternative was the best option for implementation as the land acquisition from this alternative allows more runway extension despite land acquisition and resettlement shall be put in place. The alternative is more feasible as long as all affected PAPs have already being compensated and relocated since 2022. Therefore the alternative 3 was feasible and proposed for implementation. This alternative shall require the land acquisition, compensation and relocation of all affected properties in order to have additional land required with total area of 477,000m3 to accommodate the airport design. Figure 6.2 below is the Schematic map indicating the proposed alternative -3 runway extension toward western side on the land portion which partly covered by farmland, residential and some economic activities such as shops as shown on red lines color parallel to Karatu - Ngorongoro main road as shown in figure 6-2 below. 232 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Figure 6-2: Schematic Perspective of the Westerly extension of the runway in red color. Therefore table 6-1 below identified E&S risks such as land acquisition, loss of opportunity, flora and fauna, po drainage system, air quality and noise abatement, land use change, birds and animal strike, biodiversity with spe value, public utility in relation with project alternatives. The risks identified in each of the alternatives were assess and weighted from very low risks to high risks, hence the alternative with very low risks were selected to be the b alternative for the proposed airport project. Table 6-1: Comparison across three identified project alternatives based on the critical aspects around lake manyara Airport Critical No. Project PROJECT ALTERNATIVE-2: PROJECT ALTERNATIVE-3: After reviewing aspects for ALTERNATIVE- requires additional land and updating of the previous Project E&S 1 No any outside the airport alternative of the project, it was revealed assessment construction boundaries that new site alternative is not available activities, due to land scarce in karatu district, hence no. hence requirement of additional land additional land outside the existing airport required boundaries within the existing airport outside the site become more preferably option as airport detailed here under. boundaries Additional Continuation of presence of cliff or deep presence of additional land and Land cover impacts related escarpment feature covered geographical location allows more runway and to modified with natural vegetation extension despite the required additional availability land use as the around this area which is land belong to community and used for airport area immediately after the end of residential, farming and other economic has been the existing runway which activities, hence land acquisition and encroached would limit extension of the resettlement to the affected PAPs shall be with other runway to the required length. 233 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. social hence not recommended provided. economic • Additional land is covered by short activities such grasses and being used for farming and as farming, grazing. residential building etc. • Land acquisition has been undertaken impacts on prior project implementation. land cover as • Additional land acquired is enough to there is no land accommodate the new proposed use change airport facilities (e.g. new runway) to around the accommodate aircrafts such as ATR 72 airport and equivalent. • The additional land among other shall improve safety of the airport, hence the public has been removed away from the airport areas. • Additional land has been acquired to accommodate new facilities, hence relocation of affected properties has been undertaken Hydrology and continuation of The areas has more gullies and The existing storm water is in poor storm water non-efficient cliff that contributes to storm condition, hence the Improved storm storm water water flow which contributes water drainage system around the airport drainage to flooding downstream shall help to assist storm water system around towards Mto wa Mbu suburb management and reduces degradation the airport hence, affect hydrological flow around the area. without being around the area. • Improved storm water drainage system upgraded through new drainage system as well as allowing natural drains. • The proposed areas is in gentle slope with less impacts on water flow on down ward. • Harvesting rainwater from terminal roofing and channel it into reservoir Tank as part of reducing storm water flow Compensation No No additional Land to be Additional land shall be acquired, hence for land compensation acquired, hence no compensation to PAPs shall be undertaken acquisition needed. compensation to be done prior project implementation Public shall Public shall continue utilizing continue land within the existing 234 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. utilizing land airport. within the existing airport. Air quality continuation of Air emissions from operating Air emissions from operating machinery Noise impact machinery and aircrafts and aircrafts exhaust shall rise with the from airport exhaust shall be minimal as increase in air traffic during construction operation the natural of the areas shall and operation phases. activities, reduce air emission by However, this impacts can be mitigated by hence the absorption from the presence recommendation as provided in ESMP and residential of natural vegetation. NMP. buildings are so However, this impacts can be close to the mitigated by recommendation aircraft as provided in NMP. pathway and around the airport. Noise quality continuation of Increase in noise level due to Increase in noise level due to larger and Noise impact larger and more frequent more frequent aircrafts shall affect from airport aircrafts shall result to noise residential areas especially along aircraft operation abatement. However, the pathway and it is expected to increase as activities, eastern side of the runway per noise projection 2034. However, this hence the have cliff or deep escarpment impacts can be mitigated as per residential feature covered with natural recommendation provided in ESMP and buildings are so vegetation that may assist to NMP. close to the reduce noises by absorption aircraft during landing and taking off pathway and around the areas. around the However, this impacts can be airport. mitigated as per recommendation provided in NMP. Threatened No impacts as presence of cliff or deep The proposed eastern site for runway Natural there is no land escarpment feature covered extension has no natural vegetation, habitats( use change with natural vegetation which hence is regarded as modified ecosystem fauna and around the provide sanctuary to number with number of activities such as flora) airport of biodiversity such as birds residential, farming etc. hence no natural and small mammals to be habitat of concerned to be affected. affected. However, the study However, this alternative shall also involve revered that the identified land grabbing and extraction of areas for sources of construction materials which in turn shall construction materials has no affected the natural habitat around the critical habitat of concern to area., However these impacts shall be be affected. However, this mitigated as proposed in ESMP and BMP 235 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. alternative shall also involve report. land grabbing and extraction of construction materials which in turn shall affected the natural habitat around the area., Birds and Continuation of presence of cliff or deep Limited risk due to the absence of natural wildlife strike risks of Birds escarpment feature covered habitat near the airport. However, the and wildlife with natural vegetation which study has proposed number of mitigation strike from provide sanctuary to number to be implemented as birds strike is airport of biodiversity such as birds concerned as per ESMP mitigation. operation and small mammals to be around the affected airport Internationally No impacts as presence of cliff or deep This project alternatives has No evidence recognized there is no land escarpment feature covered of recognized areas of high biodiversity areas of high use change with natural vegetation which value as it falls within the modified biodiversity around the provide sanctuary to number ecosystem value airport of biodiversity such as birds and small mammals to be affected, although these habitat not recognized as high biodiversity value Population Continuation of Due to geographical limit such The project alternatives shall involves distribution Safety related as cliff and sharp additional land take of about 477,000 m3 and impacts to embankment, the alternative through land acquisition and resettlement settlement community shall not lead to any to the affected PAPs around the area. around the around airport resettlement around the area. • Land acquisition has been undertaken airport and along No additional land to be prior project implementation. aircrafts acquired, hence all the pathways • Additional land acquired is enough to proposed airport facilities shall around the accommodate the new proposed be confined within the limited airport who airport facilities (e.g. new runway) to land available. were supposed accommodate aircrafts such as ATR 72 to be Some human activities such as and equivalent. relocated. farming and grazing shall • The additional land among other shall continue be undertaken improve safety of the airport, hence adjacent the existing airport the public has been removed away facilities, hence airport safety from the airport areas. risks shall be high. • Additional land has been acquired to accommodate new facilities, hence relocation of affected properties out of airport boundaries has been 236 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. undertaken to accommodate new airport facilities and improve airport safety. Public Utilities No impacts as Due to geographical limit such The project alternatives shall involves there is no land as cliff and sharp additional land take of about 477,000 m3 use change embankment, the alternative through land acquisition and resettlement around the on this eastern side shall not to the affected PAPs, hence may affect airport engage on any relocation of some public utility system along access public utilities due for being road such as electricity poles and water preserved for natural forest. system which need to be relocated prior project execution. Need for additional water and electricity using existing connections. Hence, improved The alternative need for new electricity service delivery line of 33KV to connect into new airport No public utilities to be facilities location, hence, improved service affected, hence need delivery. relocation. Safety, Continuation of Geographically the area does The propose alternative and airport security and Safety, security not provide assurance of project shall ensure Safety, security and hazard and hazard Safety, security and hazard hazard management are attained, hence risks due lack management, hence not the alternative is feasible. of security recommended for the project. Improvement of airport safety in term of fence, and poor Improvement of airport safety construction of new airport facilities e.g. access road in term of rehabilitation of the runway, taxiway, apron, terminal building and airport existing airport facilities e.g. as per ICAO standard. facilities. runway, taxiway, apron, larger plane shall be accommodated under Continuous terminal building. this alternative. degradation of No larger plane shall be airport safety. Airport safety risks is minimal due to accommodated under this relocation of human activities out of High risks of alternative. airport facilities through compensation, airport due to Airport safety risks is high due hence new security fence shall be poor runway. to presence of human constructed. Safety risks due activities adjacent the airport Low risks of birds strike due nature of absence of facilities which shall not be vegetation cover security fence relocated. Hence no security fence shall be constructed as Risks of human encroaches shall not be activities in relocated side airport areas. Low risks of birds strike due nature of vegetation cover Livelihood, Continuation of Improved air transport, Project implementation shall improved air 237 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. employment risks related to allowing for economic transport, allowing for economic and economic Loss of development. The development which shall support the activities Livelihood, attractiveness of the region growth of Tourism sector within the employment for investors would be region. and economic improved. Improved air transport, allowing for opportunities Allows the employment economic development. The within the opportunities. attractiveness of the region for region investors would be improved. Allows the employment opportunities Roads and Continuation of Due to geographical location The proposed airport among others shall Traffic Safety, security of this airport alternative shall improve airport access road and traffic to conditions and hazard then provide more risks on link with the main road to Ngorongoro, risks due lack Roads and Traffic hence shall boost connectivity and tourism of security conditions as it moves to within the region fence, and poor crosses the main roads to The existing trunk road is passing in front access road Arusha. of the airport extended areas. Hence new and airport The existing trunk road is airport access road (1.5km) shall be facilities.. passing in front of the airport constructed to bitumen standard. existing infrastructure and is All safety sign and marking shall be connecting to the existing installed at T-junction towards the airport airport access road (1km) private road. which is gravel standards. Cultural and No impacts as • Low Risks as the Moderate Risks as the construction Natural there is no land construction activities shall activities shall be confined into site Heritage use change be confined into location for airport facilities. around the rehabilitation of the In any case the heritage issue discovered airport existing airport facilities. around the construction site, quarry and • In any case the heritage borrow Pits areas Contractor shall ensure issue discovered around the Chance finding procedures is in place the construction site, accordingly. quarry and borrow Pits areas Contractor shall ensure the Chance finding procedures is in place accordingly. Effectiveness • Unable to • Partially able to handle the • Decreases aircraft occupancy time on for future handle the air traffic forecast traffic the runway towards the location of the expansion and air traffic and passengers for a short new terminal building, hence increases 238 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. accessibility of forecast period. runway pavement capacity. the proposed traffic and airport • Increased aircraft • Reduces fuel consumption to aircraft passenger facilities occupancy time on the operators due to less time used • hence runway causes decreased towards the apron and terminal increases runway capacity because building which is located in the middle loss of of the location of the of the runway. economic terminal facility. • New terminal building shall benefit • Increase fuel consumption accommodate more passengers to for airline operator due to meet future passengers demand. maneuverability of aircraft after landing towards the terminal building which is location on the other side of the runway. Total Score 9 12 5 Negative risks Positive 5 8 15 impacts Legend Level High Low Very low Score 3 2 1 In conclusion, the critical environmental, land availability, health and social-economic aspects were considered for identification and assessment of project alternatives, hence alternative- 3 found to have very low negative weight (5 score) and 15 high positive score of impacts in relation to other project alternatives analyzed above. The project alternative -3 was the best and feasible option compared to others due to the fact that, it is the only available land within geographical location that allows runway extension to accommodate the new airport design despite the additional land that may requires land acquisition and resettlement from the affected PAPs prior project implementation. Therefore the identified E&S risks such as land acquisition, airport safety risks, loss of opportunity, flora and fauna, poor drainage system, air quality and noise abatement, land use change, birds and animal strike, biodiversity with special value, public utility can be manageable and mitigated by well-designed engineering and environmental related methods as detailed in chapter 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0 of this report during project implementation. 6.2 Environmental and Social Impacts Identification This involved outline of potential impacts of the airport project activities during preparation, operation, and post-operation phases and it was informed by the review of: ❖ Project designs; ❖ Similar project ESIA reports; and ❖ Sector-specific guidelines. Potential impacts were assessed with regard to environmental and social aspects including potential impacts on human health and safety as well as the natural environment that are transmitted through air, 239 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. water, soil, wastes, accidents, water usage, climate change, socio-cultural (archaeological) ecosystems, fauna and flora. This also included social impacts relating to migration of population and involuntary resettlement, a local economy such as employment and livelihood, utilization of land and local resources amongst others. The environmental and social assessment also identified and assessed, to the extent appropriate, the potential environmental and social risks and impacts of Ancillary/Associated Facilities such as borrow pits and campsites. As required in the World Bank ESF, the ESIA also addressed the risks and impacts of associated facilities in a manner proportionate to its control or influence over the associated facilities. 6.3 Impacts Prediction The main objective of prediction was to determine impact significance. The evaluation of significance informed assessment on the appropriate level of mitigation efforts. The degree of changes or their magnitude described using the following general descriptors: a. Extent: indicating the affected geographical area, for example, in acreage or the proportion of affected population or community; b.Duration: how long the change is expected to last; c. Frequency: how often the impact was likely to occur, e.g., a single, intermittent, or continuous event; and d.Reversibility: whether or not the impacted area can return to the baseline condition and, if reversible, in what time frame it can return, e.g., in a short term or long term. The sensitivity of a receptor indicates how a particular component of the natural or human environment, e.g., land cover and water quality could be more or less resilient to changes brought about or induced by the Project. Similar to impact magnitude, the sensitivity of a given receptor shall be defined using the following descriptors: a. Vulnerability: indicates the degree to which a given receptor is susceptible to change; b.Value: It indicates the degree to which a receptor is valued by a community or a land holder or has a specific conservation value; and c. Resilience: the degree to which a receptor is able to return to the baseline condition in the absence of human interventions. 6.4 Risk Assessment Methodology The risk assessment has been conducted prior to consideration of management and mitigation to identify the most significant potential risks. These risks are assigned rankings in order of magnitude/probability in the absence of mitigation. Once initial risks have been assessed and ranked, proposed controls are identified to avoid or reduce the anticipated impacts. Control measures focus on either reducing the likelihood of occurrence or decreasing the magnitude of the consequence to reduce the residual risk ranking to acceptable levels. The expected residual risks are generally lower by one or two orders of magnitude than the initial risk ranking. Risks associated with the Project have been assessed for the following phases: pre-construction, construction, and operation. In addition, risks have been classified by thematic areas (i.e. physical, biological and social). The risk assessment focuses on the potential impacts of the Project as per the current design assessed in the ESIA and does not assess alternatives that are no longer being considered. Risk Identification The risk identification process involved the generation of a comprehensive list of potentially significant environmental and social risks based on events that might create, enhance, prevent, degrade, accelerate or delay the achievement of Project objectives. For the current risk assessment, this process included: 240 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. a. A review of risks previously; b. Consultations with relevant stakeholders; c. ESIA Scoping Study and Terms of Reference for the Project; d. Feasibility and engineering studies; e. ESIAs and associated plans for the project; f. Relevant WB/IFC guidelines and performance standards; g. Review of risks and impacts in ESIAs for similar projects; and h. Benchmarking against international standards. As part of this process, existing controls and design measures relevant to the risks were also identified and are to be included in design modifications and studies to be implemented to reduce the environmental and social risks of the Project. Risk Analysis The risk analysis was conducted based on available project information and consultation with the various stakeholders. Physical and biological risks tended to be more quantifiable and assessed more objectively than social risks. Likelihood was assessed as the probability of those consequences occurring and was considered independently of consequence. Likelihood and consequence classification of risk requires a thorough understanding of: a. Project environmental and social baseline; b. Presence/absence of existing controls and design measures; c. Predictions based upon common risks experienced by other similar projects and d. Potential impacts of Project implementation and the likely effectiveness of mitigation measures. This process was used to inform risk evaluation and guide the treatment of risks. Risk Evaluation The initial risk exposure for each risk was calculated as the multiple of the likelihood and consequence ranking. For this part of the risk assessment process, additional controls/management measures have been identified for the mitigation and/or reduction of risk after careful evaluation of anticipated Project risks from a ‘business as usual’ scenario. The identification of controls was conducted in consultation with TANROADS and other key Project stakeholders and took into consideration national and international standards and guidelines, as well as the Consultant’s experience with industry best practices. Upon implementation of these controls, the consequences and likelihood of the risk have been re-evaluated to assess the anticipated residual level of overall risk exposure. Risks and their mitigation measures have been incorporated into the management and mitigation measures as per the ESMP. 6.5 Risk Assessment Process The methodology used for each step in the risk assessment process for the ESIA is outlined below. Establishing the Context A comprehensive review of internal and external factors was undertaken for this risk assessment. This included internal factors that shall be under the control of TANROARDS (e.g. OSH) and external factors that are beyond TANROADS control to manage (e.g. natural disasters). The analysis of risk included collecting information from Field and site visits, Consultations with relevant stakeholders, and Available Project information. 241 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Communication and Consultation Engagement and consultation with the affected communities and stakeholders were also conducted throughout the ESIA process, which has informed the completion of the risk assessment. This included discussion with various stakeholder groups, including affected communities (including communities directly impacted by the Project and those who interface with its impacts, i.e. airport facilities workers and users etc.); government (from all relevant levels including central government Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs); local level governments, and lower local governments); businesses, community facilities and utility/infrastructure owners (including both private and government ownership); and CSOs. 6.6 Prediction and Assessment of Environmental Impacts The most significant positive and negative impacts were detailed, specifying direct, indirect, cumulative, and short-and long-term consequences on physical, biological, socio-economic, and cultural (human) environments. The assessment of project-related impacts was based on a systematic approach adopted from the General IFC EHS Guidelines and IFC EHS Guidelines for Airports. (2007). These were backed by the GoT ESIA guidelines and World Bank ESF requirements. When the magnitude and the receptor sensitivity are determined, impact significance shall be derived as a product of both concepts. The Error! Reference source not found.table 6-2 presents a matrix illustrating all p ossible significance ratings calculated by the following formula: Impact Significance = Magnitude x Receptor Sensitivity. Table 6-2: Table Determination of Impact Significance Sensitivity of Receptor Very low Low Medium High Impact Magnitude 1 2 3 4 Very low 1 1 Negligible 2 Minor 3 Minor 4 Minor Low 2 2 Minor 4 Minor 6 Moderate 8 Moderate Medium 3 3 Minor 5 Moderate 6 Moderate High 4 4 Minor 6 Moderate 6.7 Evaluation of Residual Impact Following the identification of mitigation options, the ESIA determined whether or not the proposed measures were adequate to reduce impacts to an acceptable level, in this case, a minor or negligible significance rating. A summary of detailed environmental and social risks is in table 6-3. Table 6-3: Consequence descriptions No. Consequence Environmental Social Health Slight/temporary impact on the Slight impact on No immediate health environment. community well-being. effects, but if Any amount contained within Written/verbal prolonged, cause 1 Very low design requirements without complaint from the health effects to one additional impact. Or minor < community. Immediately or more persons 242 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 50 litres non-acutely hazardous rectifiable. requiring first-aid spill or emission on or off-site. treatment or having Corrected < 1 day. low-level impacts on quality of life or well- being. Immediately rectifiable. Low impacts on the biophysical Low but ongoing impact Health effects on one environment. on community or more persons Affects a small proportion of a health/well-being. requiring first-aid non-endangered flora/fauna Attracts stakeholder treatment or having 2 Low (including aquatic life) concern at the local low-level impacts on population but does not level. Takes some time to quality of life or well- substantially affect other resolve. being. species dependent on it. Any amount contained within secondary containment has no additional impacts. Or < 500 litres of non-acutely hazardous spill or equivalent emission on site. Minor non-compliance was resolved within one week. Non-compliance(s). Impacts on Attracts stakeholder Health effects to one biophysical environment concern at the or more persons managed locally. Loss of >1 prefecture/regional level requiring medical hectare of non-endangered but recovered quickly treatment and/or 3 Medium flora or reversible impacts on and without significant hospitalization, non-endangered fauna. Any lasting reputational or exacerbating illness amount >500 litres contained relationship impacts. or causing quality of within the area already life impacts with impacted by mining. Quickly respect to physical contained and corrected and mental health. hazardous spills or emissions on or off-site. Requires <2 weeks remediation. Significant non-compliance National and One or more human (against local or recognized international concerns. deaths, international standards.) High Sustained incapacitation or local impacts on the biophysical NGO/stakeholder similar. 4 High environment are resolvable but activism resulting in up to $5M. Loss of endangered reputational damage. /highly regarded flora/fauna Difficult to resolve (including aquatic life). quickly. Significant contaminant outside containment but on the mine site. Non-acutely hazardous spill (5000–15,000 litres)/or equivalent emission off-site. Severe impacts on the A complete breakdown Multiple human biophysical environment. Very of relationships with key deaths. difficult to resolve and stakeholders. Sustained 243 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 5 Extreme remediation >$5M. Significant negative media coverage loss of endangered/highly on a national and regarded flora/fauna (including international level. aquatic life). Acutely hazardous Cessation or severe spill or equivalent emission on restriction of operations. or off-site. Public outrage. 6.8 Mitigation and Benefit Enhancement Benefit Enhancement: much as the ESIA looked more into negative impacts that are likely to arise in the project, it is clear, the fundamental purpose for the planned upgrading of the Lake Manyara airport is to stimulate development of the country, thus benefiting the communities at its alignment and within its area of influence. The ESIA then addressed positive impacts that are anticipated to arise from the project and identified ways to enhance such the positive impacts. Mitigation: Once impacts were identified and described, it was worth going back to the causes of such impacts. Mitigation measures were developed to address the causes of such impacts and in most cases, in a most cost effective and efficient manner. The environmental and social assessment shall apply a mitigation hierarchy, which shall: a. Anticipate and avoid risks and impacts; b.Where avoidance is not possible, minimize or reduce risks and impacts to acceptable levels; c. Once risks and impacts have been minimized or reduced, mitigate; and d. Where significant residual impacts remain, compensate for or offset them, where technically and financially feasible. Evaluation of Residual Impact Following the identification of mitigation options, the ESIA determined whether the proposed measures were adequate to reduce impacts to an acceptable level, in this case most of impacts expected to be low or moderate significance rating. 6.9 IMPACT BOUNDARIES 6.9.1 INSTITUTIONAL BOUNDARIES Institutional boundaries refer to those institutions and sectoral boundaries in which the project is located or mandated. Primarily this entails institutional and sectoral margins associated with the administration of the project area and associated activities. These institutions have been determined from political boundaries, legislations, regulations, institutional mandates, and administrative structure from national to village and mtaa levels. They can influence or be influenced by the proposed Lake manyara airport upgrading project legally, technically, and socially. These include but not limited to the Vice President’s Office-Division of Environment (VPO-DoE); National Environment Management Council (NEMC); Ministry of Works, Ministry of Land, Housing and Human Settlements Development (MLHHSD); Occupational Health and Safety Authority (OSHA); TANROADS, Arusha Regional Secretariat, Karatu district Council, Lake manyara Airport Office. The role and involvement of each institution at all levels is thoroughly presented in Section 3.7 of this report. However, specifically, the management and monitoring of ecosystem, biodiversity and tourism activities around lake manyara airport shall facilitate the core business of tourism activities for Ngorongoro, lake manyara and Serengeti national parks. The institutional arrangements are such that TAA through annual operational plans and budgets shall cover day-to-day operations around Lake manyara airport during operational phase. 244 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. As part of Law enforcement the police force through traffic police and auxiliary police around the airport are responsible for traffic control along the airport access road corridor and security assurance around the airport project. Please note that, traffic and auxiliary police shall use their annual budget to undertake the above activities around the project. 6.9 .2 TEMPORAL BOUNDARIES Time horizons of the project consist what is referred to as temporal boundaries. This entails life span regarding the duration of associated impacts. The project is divided into different phases, that is, pre- construction, construction, demobilization, operation and decommissioning. Further, as described in Section 6.3 of this report, the temporal boundaries of each of the identified positive and negative impact from the proposed project has been characterized in terms of their nature of occurrence as either direct, indirect, cumulative; duration i.e. long-term or short-term; reversible or irreversible; localized impact or regionalized impact; and time of their occurrence, i.e., mobilization phase; construction phase; operation and maintenance phases. 6.9.3 SPATIAL BOUNDARIES The spatial boundary of the project covers mainly what is in the vicinity of the project area, including within primary, secondary and general area of influence. Primary boundaries include areas around airport project boundaries where specific construction activities is undertaken. The secondary boundaries include the adjacent villages or wards surrounding the airport project including sources of construction materials from Karatu district at large and general areas of influence is covering the area outside the primary and secondary zones. Following this, three zones of impact or influence have been considered as follows: (a) Direct or Primary zone of impacts range from 0 to 5km radius : This include all impacts that shall originate as the result of construction works around the airport corridor.. Major upgrading works to be undertaken within this area including, sources storage of construction materials such as sand, gravel, aggregates, wood, etc., for fill, construction of sub-grade, sub-base, base and surfacing; construction of the main pavement, temporally workshop and campsite facilities, construction of new access road, provision of temporary crossings and traffic diversions, construction of terminal building, control tower, firefighting building and other airport ancillary facilities, construction of longitudinal and cross drainage structures plus associated water disposal systems. This zone does not include primary sources of construction materials and routes of transportation of materials to the airport. During operation phase, impacts are expected to extend up to 5km radial distance especially for noise impacts when planes land and take off. (ii) Indirect or secondary zone of impacts range from 5km to 10km radius : This areas includes impacts associated with off-site activities related to project construction which includes sources of construction materials e.g. aggregates and gravel, transportation routes from sources of material to the project location in Karatu and neighboring districts, involving civil works/extraction activities done by or on behalf of the project. (the areas covering 5km to 10km radius from the project). Also, this area covers the impacts related to waste disposal sites, the immediate outflow of airport drainage system, neighboring residential and economic activities surrounding the project sites including Serena hotel, as well as impacts originate from aircrafts operation underneath fright paths during operation phase. (iii) Zone of General project area of influence range from 10km and beyond : Is the areas outside the core area of the airport project where several human or natural activities are occurred with minor impacts associated with the proposed project. The area including sources of construction materials, transportation routes from sources of material to the project location in Karatu and neighboring districts Roughly, this area includes the whole areas of Rhotia ward which shall be affected indirectly 245 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. from the project impacts during implementation and operation. The general area of influence is determined on the basis of distance of travel of noise, dust and exhausts from machines and equipment operating in the airport area, also the distance from the area underneath fright paths during landing and taking off of the aircrafts. This areas covering the distance of 10km radius and above from the project site. Such area including Ngorongoro conservation area, Lake Manyara National Park and Manyara natural forest etc. Note: the construction materials such as aggregates and gravel shall be taken from the existing query site and borrow pits, However, other related materials under supply chain shall be sourced from primary source/service providers such as fuel supplier and bitumen to project site, hence this means that, several measures regarding the primary source/service providers have be included by Contractor into the C-ESMP while, other mitigation measures to be put in place by TAA to primary source/service providers during the O&M phase (e.g., for the private fuel suppliers). 6.9. 10 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT DESCRIPTIONS The proposed airport construction activities have the potential to generate a wide range of environmental impacts on ecologically sensitive habitats for fauna and flora species on forest reserves, water sources, conservation and community reserves amongst others. Also, may generate excessive range of environmental impacts on noise and vibration which affect human environment. Due to these indispensable reasons the BMP for biodiversity study and NMP for noise study was specifically prepared as part of this ESIA for airport project to guide the Contractor and other airport operators on way mitigate the associated impacts during project implementation and operation. However, apart from these specific inline studies other project adverse impacts have been identified and assessed accordingly in chapter 6.0 and 7.0 and table 7.3 of this ESIA. 6.9.10.1 Positive Impacts during Pre-construction, Construction and Mobilization phase Apart from the adverse impacts that have been discussed associated with the proposed airport pr oject, the project is expected also to have several positives impacts that ranging from pre-construction to operation phases as discussed here under. ➢ Job Creation And Increased Income Establishment of construction campsite shall create direct and indirect employment to the local people as well as people from other places. This shall create opportunities for skills development and training for local communities. This shall absorb not less than 50 skilled and 150 non-skilled personnel. ➢ Enhancement Measures - The laborers shall be sourced locally from Rhotia ward and Kilimamoja Village. The Client and the contractor through the village offices shall recruit laborers locally within Rhotia ward and Karatu district unless where the required skills is not available. - The materials for construction of the workers camp to sourced and or bought at Karatu district suppliers. - Food vendors (mamalishe) and boda boda riders shall get more customers as the works start at the camp. The contractor shall set up a special areas for mamalishe to vend their food to the construction workers. ➢ Improvement of local commercial activities The upgrading of the Airport project would attract private capital investment in mining, industry, commerce, agriculture, livestock and forestry sectors in the Region. Such investments both from domestic and foreign sources would create additional employment for the people, increase the Region’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and uplift Government revenue for social services support. Existing small scale activities around villages around the proposed airport project including, food vendors and agricultural products shall be improved as a result of upgrading of the airport project. 246 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. ➢ Diffusion of know how The project shall attract people of diverse skills and experience that would interact with the locals to improve their skills in various productive sectors. Apart from benefiting from working skills and knowledge to be obtained from qualified experts the casual labors shall also benefit from formal training opportunities which may be offered by the Contractor during construction period. Thereby enable them to become more employable, earn more income and consequently improve their standard of living. ➢ Creation of employment opportunities During construction work a number of local people shall have a diversity of opportunities to be employed by the project for skilled, semiskilled and unskilled labours and enable them to boost their incomes. ➢ Increased socio-cultural interactions Construction of Lake manyara airport project shall make the area more accessible, increase population mobility and hence increase socio-cultural interactions with people from different backgrounds and environments. This phenomenon shall result into change of cultural behaviors. ➢ Improve economic growth The construction of the airport project shall reduce travel time, travel costs and shall increase travel comfort to people hence this factor direct or indirect shall contribute to the growth of the economic to community and the Nation. ➢ Improved Transport Services and reduced travel time and costs The upgrading of Lake manyara airport project shall increase the number of operating aircrafts using this proposed airport thus lowering transport costs (less fare rates). Aircraft operation companies are currently reluctant to bring their aircraft to this route due to high operation costs associated with poor airport condition. Therefore improved airport shall attract more aircraft companies. The proposed project is expected to reduce air transport costs and travel time as well as increase travel comfort. ➢ Improved access to social services Residents including disabled can access social services more easily. Patients and pregnant women shall access medical services more easily. Better airport shall ease issues of travel across Tanzania and easy access to social services. ➢ Increased availability of consumer goods Information about the general consumer item prices in the area indicates prices are generally higher due to high transport costs. It is anticipated that with the airport improvement and subsequent increase in operating aircraft and reduced transport cost, there shall be an increase in the availability of consumer goods in the Arusha region and beyond at lower prices. ➢ Availability of alternative and cost-effective means of transport: Construction of Lake manyara airport project shall increase options for cost-effective means of transport particularly in districts rural areas where road transport is inadequate and unreliable. Air transport offer sustainable means of transport for passengers and freight. ➢ Growth of trade, commerce and investments: The construction of Lake manyara airport project shall increase income to the individuals and households through accessing to the markets and to various goods and materials. It is envisaged that Arusha region shall benefit from trading with other cities across the country especially in agricultural and industrial produce. 247 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. ➢ Accelerated tourism activities in the southern tourism circuit: In the developing world most tourists use air transport to reach different destinations. The upgrading of airport to international standard is expected to boost tourism sector in a region to different part of the country. This project is expected to provide an additional means of transport and facilitate access to the attractive tourist destinations i.e. Lake manyara, Ngorongoro, and Serengeti national parks etc. 6.10 ANALYSIS OF NEGATIVE IMPACTS DURING ALL AIRPORT PROJECT PHASES. 6.10.1 NEGATIVE IMPACTS DURING PRE-CONSTRUCTION/MOBILIZATION PHASE During this phase, the Contractor shall be required to engage the key personnel including Environmental and Social experts, OHS experts, GBV/SEA expert, preparation/update of specific Quarry site and Borrow Pits Management and Operation Plan (QBMOP) including compliance, existing significant issues/risks, etc., Health and Safety Management Plan (HSMP), Labor Management Procedures, development (updating) of Traffic Management Plan which would include details on allowable truck routes, speed controls, sensitive receptor or high risk spots prior materials extraction. The following impacts have been identified and assessed. • 6.10.1.1 Land expropriation, loss of property and resettlement The proposed project shall involve the relocation/resettlement of properties because the available land shall not be enough for the proposed airport project. Therefore the extra land of about 477,000m 2 shall be acquired from the private owned land to accommodate all proposed airport facilities to bring the total area of 928,000m3. The proposed additional land for acquisition is currently used for agriculture, residential and commercial. The fairly, prompt and timely compensation shall be effected to all affected PAPs prior to the project implementation. The RAP for this project was conducted in 2021 and a total of 189 PAPs were identified for compensation. However, all PAPs have already being compensated since 2021, and the RAP indicated that 189 PAPs was affected by the proposed project, whereby 114 PAPs was physically displaced while 75 PAPs was economically displaced. Currently and as per RAP Audit undertaken in 2023, revered that all PAPS have already being relocated out of the airport project accordingly and there are no resettlement grievances noted during consultation processes. During this phase, the Contractor shall operate Quarry site for stone aggregated materials which have been identified at Utaho village along the tarmac road to Arusha which is about 75km from the proposed airport project. Several existing borrow sites for gravel have been identified around the proposed project at (Kilimamoja and Syrawan villages 35km) from airport project in Karatu district and sand shall be sourced from existing sand pit at Mungumaji village (23km) from project site in Karatu district. These sources of materials for quarry, gravel and sand are existing sources of materials which was used during construction of Makuyuni -Ngorongoro road project under TANROADS and are currently being used as sources of materials for roads maintenance activities. As part of minimizing the impacts, these identified sources of materials are currently owned by TANROADS and shall be part of the proposed project facilities which has been identified by the ESIA. The identified sources of construction materials includes Quarry sites and Borrow Pits which are existing and operated by TANROADS Regional Office as per guiding document which is Quarry site and Borrow Pits Management and Operation Plan (BQMOP) and being updated regularly as per requirements of Environmental Management Act of 2005 and Its Amendment Regulation of 2018. However, in case Contractor shall choose to utilize the same site for materials sources, the review and updating of the guiding documents (BQMOP) shall be undertaken by the Contractor to ensure environmental liabilities prior operating the site. However, in case the Contractor shall identify another areas as sources materials apart from those identified shall be 248 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. required to prepare the specific plans for Quarry and Borrow Pits Management and operational to be used for management of site and shall be approved by Employer prior project implementation. This sub plan is among the mandatory plan as per section 8.5 of this ESIA for the proposed airport project. The sensitivity of this impact is ranked as high on account of cost of replacement and relocation of affected properties around the additional land in the airport area, also the impacts shall affect those areas around sources of construction of materials in case of expansion of areas or opening the new sources of materials. Given low population densities in Karatu and outside district areas, land for resettlement is available and since compensation shall be provided for lost land and affected properties, magnitude of this impact shall be low resulting due to issuing compensation in a moderate overall significance level. Likelihood of Occurrence Certain Likely Possible Unlikely Rare 5 4 3 2 1 Impact High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 8 Minor 4 Magnitude 12 Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 6 Minor 3 12 5 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 4 Insignificant 10 8 6 2 Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 Mitigation Measures a. TANROADS shall commits to provide due compensation for loss of assets at replacement cost to all affected land and property owners to ensure post-project conditions do not make them worse off than they were before the project, as required by the GoT laws and World Bank ESS 5. All affected properties have been surveyed and valued for compensated at current market rates as determined by respective district councils; However, the compensation have already issued to all PAPS since 2021 and all have reallocated out of project acquired land b. TANROADS shall allocate suitable budget to ensure that the implementation of the compensation and resettlement process is suitably resourced. The resettlement budget has been estimated to be TShs. 3.2billion and include cash compensation at full replacement value, costs for livelihoods restoration, staffing and other related costs; c. TANROADS shall implement provision of this RAP over a period of 12 months from the provision of formal notice to affected persons of TANROADS intent to compensation them; and d. TANROADS shall institute a strong Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) so that complaints and dissatisfactions about the resettlement/compensation process do not unduly delay contractors progressing works. A grievance appeals procedure has been developed and appended to this document. e. TANROADS shall ensure that 6 months after effecting compensation all PAPs are relocated from the compensated land prior project commencement. Residual Impact When equitable compensation is provided to restore livelihoods and property of affected households, residual impacts of involuntary resettlement shall be moderate with high significance. 249 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • 6.10.1.2 Loss of biodiversity and natural habitat Loss of biodiversity shall be experienced during the clearing of the construction site. Natural grasses and planted trees within the construction areas shall be cleared in order to give way for construction airport facilities. The airport is surrounded by natural as well as planted tress where birds’ nests and other microorganism shall be impacted by construction activities The airport started operations in the earlier 1950s as such most of the natural vegetation at the runway was cleared long time ago. The envisaged expansion may open up some new areas mainly farms that are compensated by TANROADS prior project implementation. The impact has minor significance though of long term duration. Sensitivity Very High High medium Low Very Low 5 4 3 2 1 High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 8 Minor 4 Impact 9 Magnitude Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 6 Minor 3 8 6 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 4 Insignificant 10 6 6 2 Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 Mitigation Measures a. The contractor shall avoid as much as possible cutting/clearing of vegetation outside the construction site. b. The Contractor shall be responsible for trees and flowers planting around the airport facilities as part of gain- loss for potential cleared trees. c. TANROADS and Contractor shall ensure that after completion of the construction works the plantation of grasses, trees and flowers avoid invasive tree species. d. Airport security unit shall conduct regular runway inspection, undertake birds strike and monitoring before aircrafts take-off and landing to avoid any related aircrafts-birds collision. e. TANROADS and TAA shall ensure that airport design has included among others the security fences around the airport boundaries to avoid interferences of wild animals and trespassing into the runway. f. As long as the airport is operational, the birds strike control mechanism is in place and always shall be implemented on routine basis by special security unit or firefighting. This technique also includes Broadcast of bird distress signals and Firing of pyrotechnic bird-scaring cartridges around the Lake Manyara airport. g. Airport security unit shall also use bird-scaring techniques such as Broadcast of bird distress signals; Firing of pyrotechnic bird-scaring cartridges around the airport. Residue Impact. With the implementation of mitigation measures, intensity of the impact would be reduced to low and the significance would remain minor. 250 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 6.10.1.3 Risk to health and safety The mobilization activities can create occupational health and safety risks to workers from chemical, physical and biological hazards at workplace. The chemical OHS risks are those associated with exposure to slips, trips, falls, electricity, noise, vibration, radiation, heat, cold and fire. Chemical hazardous are those originate from paints, cleaning chemicals, degreasers, detergents, gas cylinders, refrigerant gases and biological hazards are those from human bodily matters, pathological waste, sharp wastes, Molds and yeasts, organic materials at workplace. Procedures to limit the drop height of falling materials which includes, Use of mobile and fixed-belt transport and conveyors should be preferred to hauling the material by trucks through internal roads (enclosed rubber-belt conveyors for dusty materials are recommended in conjunction with cleaning devices); Internal roads should be adequately compacted and periodically graded and maintained; A speed limit for trucks should be considered; Water spraying and surface treatment. The common health and safety problems associated with construction phase include: • chemical hazards associated with works which entails direct contact with fuels or other chemicals used on machinery operations. Work with fuels may present a risk of exposure to volatile organic compounds via inhalation or skin contact during normal use or in the case of spills. • Hand-arm vibration due to frequent use of handheld power tools like concrete breakers and vibrating compactor. • Loss of hearing due to regular and/or frequent exposure to loud noise during operating power tools such as concrete breakers, compactors and hammer drills. High noise levels can also create safety risk due to difficulty of workers to hear warning signs. • Biological hazards from inhale of emission from Carbon Monoxide (CO); Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx); Hydrocarbons (HC) which can affect human respiratory system • Biological hazards can also result into respiratory diseases such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD), asthma and silicosis due to exposure to harmful dust, fumes and gases from construction site. For example Occupational asthma can be caused by exposure to substances like wood dust. Carpentry and painting activities is known to be one of the main causes of respiratory diseases. • Contact dermatitis due to handling of corrosive substances such as wet cement, grease or chemicals. • Physical hazards from Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) due to manual works like handling pipe works, laying paving slabs and installing mechanical electrical equipment at height. • Loss of hearing due to regular and/or frequent exposure to loud noise during operating power tools such as concrete breakers, compactors and hammer drills. High noise levels can also create safety risk due to difficulty of workers to hear warning signs. The environmental, health and safety hazards that can cause risks to health and safety associated with this project are likely to occur from various sources depending on the type of construction activities and location of project site. Some of the hazards directly emanate from the mobilization activities and others from outside the pre-construction works or project site. For example, hazards from operation of construction equipment / machinery can be considered to be direct hazards, but the effect of fire outbreak to the campsite is direct hazard. The following sub-section describe the nature of hazards and their mitigation measures. 251 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Sensitivity Very High High medium Low Very Low 5 4 3 2 1 High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 8 Minor 4 Impact 8 Magnitude Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 6 Minor 3 12 6 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 4 Insignificant 10 8 6 2 Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 Mitigation Measures a. Contractor shall ensure Health and Safety Management Plan is in place and used by the Contractor during construction phase. b. Contractor shall ensure appropriate working gear (such as nose, ear mask and clothing) and good working management is implemented. c. Contractor shall ensure that the campsite is fenced and hygienically kept with adequate provision of facilities including waste disposal receptacles, sewage, firefighting and clean and safe water supply. The contractor may be required to drill a borehole for obtaining water for construction. d. Contractor shall ensure well-stocked First Aid kit (administered by medical personnel) be placed and maintained at each campsite, quarry sites around the airport. e. Contractor shall ensure Workers working on terminal building on heavy lifting objective are trained in the use of proper lifting, bending, and turning techniques to avoid back injury or extremities f. TAA, TANROADS and Contractor shall ensure proper planning of site for airport location (new developments and expansion of existing facilities), and orientation of routes for arriving and departing aircraft relative to actual and projected residential development and other noise sensitive receptors in the surrounding area. g. Contractor shall ensure medical personnel are responsible for primary treatment of minor medical cases as well as providing some health education to the workforce. h. Contractor shall ensure risk of accidents reduced by restricting operation of machinery / equipment to the trained personnel only. There shall be a First Aid Kit on-site administered by a qualified person. The airport management shall be fully responsible for health and safety of employees and passengers, including providing all workers with personal protection equipment (PPE) against noise, impact and dust. i. Contractor shall ensure educating of workers and other airport users on rescue and safety issues in case of emergency such as occurrence of fire. Safety signal devices shall be installed and warning measures shall be taken to ensure safety during project operation to reduce accidents. j. Contractor shall ensure control of air pollution through regular servicing of operation vehicles and equipment’s to reduce excessive emission of Carbon Monoxide (CO); Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx); Hydrocarbons (HC) that can affect the heath of the workers and surrounding population. k. Contractor shall ensure reduction of noise from ground operations at the source or through the use of sound barriers and deflectors. l. Contractor shall ensure generation and storage of hazardous wastes are undertaken in the designated areas and subsequent collected by the Authorized waste dealers for disposal. Duties and responsibilities – details on the roles and responsibilities of airport employees and management on OHS issues; 252 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. a. Communication resources- how information regarding OH&S issues shall be communicated, which include project management meetings, inductions, training and outcomes from inspections; b. Reporting – how OH&S issues and incidents shall be reported. This may include incident and incidents reports and project safety reports. c. Rules for safety – the rules related to workplace safety in terms of: behavior; use of First Aid Kit, maintenance; site layout; storage areas; manual handling; use of workplace equipment; fire alarm response; and security. ➢ Workers shall be provided with the necessary Protective Equipment (PPEs) including clothing and fluids to prevent weather-related stress and apply other relevant recommendations for working environment temperature. Personal Protective Equipment According to Hazard Objective Workplace hazards Suggested PPE Eye and face protection Flying particles Safety glasses Head protection Falling objects, inadequate height Plastic hard hats with top and clearance, and overhead power cords side impact protection Hearing protection Noise Ear plugs or muffs Foot protection Falling or rolling objects pointed objects Safety shoes and boots Hand protection Hazardous materials, cuts or lacerationsGloves made of rubber or synthetic materials Respiratory protection Dust, lime operations, stone quarries Facemask filters for dust removal Body/leg protection Hazardous materials, biological agents, Overalls /coveralls cuttings and lacerations. Residue Impact With the implementation of mitigation measures, intensity of the impact would be moderate and the significance would remain low. 6.10.1.4 Loss of scenic view and visual quality The impact shall be caused by stockpiling of construction materials; Dusts overburden materials, land excavation. This is a short – term impact during construction period. Sensitivity Very High High medium Low Very Low 5 4 3 2 1 Impact High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 8 Minor 4 Magnitude 8 Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 6 Minor 3 12 6 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 4 Insignificant 10 8 6 2 Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 253 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Mitigation Measures a. Contractor shall ensure that overburden and spoils materials are removed and stockpiled in the designated areas around the project in order to be used in reinstatement degraded areas, borrow pits and quarry site. b. Contractor shall undertake water sprinkling during site clearance and preparation earth works to avert the impact of visual impairment. c. Contractor shall avoid unnecessary clearance of trees, grasses around the airport. d. Contractor shall plant grasses and flowers around the degraded areas around the project facilities. Residue Impact With the implementation of mitigation measures, intensity of the impact would be reduced to low and the significance would remain minor. 6.10.1.5 Production of Noise and Vibration Some common impacts of noise include annoyance, sleep disturbance and interference with community activities. The acceptable levels of noise as per Tanzania national standard and IFC/WHO standards for Noises are regarded to be 45 and 70 dBA during the night and 55 and 85 dBA during the day respectfully. Since mobilization and construction activities are expected to take place during the day only 55 and 85 dBA as per TZS and IFC standards shall be monitored accordingly. The major sources of noise / vibration are expected from contraction vehicles / equipment / machinery during mobilization. Noise nuisance shall be more perceived near residential areas or village centres. Other source of noise and vibration shall be expected from the use of explosives during rock blasting at the quarry sites. However, the effect of noise during project mobilization shall have more effect to the construction workforce rather than the local communities residing around the project area because noise levels usually decrease significantly with increasing distance from the source. For example, technically it is known that in the absence of acoustic barriers noise levels from a point source is reduced by 6 dBA for every doubling of distance from the noise source due to atmospheric and ground absorption. Noise and vibration during mobilization shall emanate from movement and of heavy equipment and machinery, vehicles movement during mobilization phase. Sensitivity Very High High medium Low Very Low 5 4 3 2 1 High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 8 Minor 4 Impact 12 Magnitude Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 6 Minor 3 12 6 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 4 Insignificant 10 8 6 2 Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 254 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Mitigation Measures Based on the vibration measurement results obtained from the monitoring locations during the ESIA for the LMA upgrading project, it can be concluded that the recorded vibrations are within acceptable limits according to Tanzania's environmental management noise and vibration standards of 2015. The following measures shall be instituted to minimize the noises and vibration around the project areas: i. Contractor shall ensure the Noise Management Plan (NMP) which has been prepared by Consultant in line with this ESIA is used and instituted accordingly during construction operation and maintenance phases. ii. Contractor shall prepare work Scheduling to minimize the duration and intensity of activities that generate higher vibrations. This may involve reducing operating hours to reduce hours of exposure to the equipment; iii. Contractor shall establish buffer line between construction activities and sensitive locations such as residential and office areas to avoid potential impact of vibrations on human health; iv. Contractor shall monitor vibrations during mobilization phase and promptly address any exceedances by adjusting construction and manufactures practices and limits v. Contractor shall ensure Noise levels are within acceptable limits, and construction activities shall, where possible, be confined to normal working hours; vi. Contractor shall ensure drivers are trained in the management of noise pollution from operating vehicles and machinery through considering manufactures guideline and limits; vii. Contractor shall ensure all construction machinery is maintained and serviced in accordance with the manufactures specifications and limits as well as Asphalt plants and concrete batching plants are well sealed and equipped with a dust removal device; Workers are trained in noise minimization techniques . viii. Contractor shall ensure drivers keep good conditions of trucks that transporting construction materials, so they cause no loud noise beyond limits and control the truck speed, i.e. project equipment and transport be operated at set time in line with the manufactures Standard and Specifications ix. Contractor shall ensure that no truck associated with the work shall be left standing with its engine operating in the street adjacent to a residential area and offices premises around the airport. x. Contractor shall ensure Providing noise protection kits, such as ear plugs and earmuffs, for workers working in an area with a noise level higher than 85 dB(A). It is designated as a regulation that workers must wear protection kits in case of working in a noisy area. xi. Contractor shall ensure reduction of noise from drilling rigs by using downhole drilling or hydraulic drilling; Implementation of enclosure and cladding of processing plants; Installation of proper sound barriers and (or) noise containments, with enclosures and curtains at or near the source equipment (e.g. crushers, grinders, and screens); xii. Contractor shall ensure use of rubber-lined or soundproof surfaces on processing equipment (e.g. screens, chutes, transfer points, and buckets); Use of rubber-belt transport and conveyors; Installation of natural barriers at facility boundaries (e.g. vegetation curtains or soil berms); Optimization of internal-traffic routing, particularly to minimize vehicle-reversing needs (reducing noise from reversing alarms) and to maximize distances to the closest sensitive receptors; 255 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. xiii. Contractor shall continuously monitor vibrations during the construction phase on site involving Hand held vibration machine, concrete vibration, pneumatic drill, hammers, industrial grinders as well as compactor and promptly address any exceedances by adjusting construction and manufactures practices or implementing additional mitigation measures including operating the machine within the recommended hours. xiv. Undertake environmental sampling (Vibration and noise levels would be the key parameters) over the baseline data. xv. Contractor shall ensuring compliance with Tanzania's environmental management and IFCs standards and promoting the well-being of the local communities. xvi. Contractor and airport operator shall use administrative procedures such as reducing risks to exposures, CoEC, follow roles and procedures at working place, impose penalty and suspends, disciplinary measures at work place. Other mitigation on Noise impacts during pre-construction phase while operations of the existing airport is ongoing shall include : a. The airport and airline operators shall ensure encouraging airlines use engineering maneuverability of the aircraft during landing or landing point to the angles opposing the wind flow and direction for Optimize the routes i.e., identify turning points for departing and taking off aircraft pathway to avoid residential areas or specific points of interest. b. The airport and airline operators shall ensure encouraging airline to switched off aircraft engine immediately after landing a per ICAO guidelines. c. The airport and airline operators shall ensure proper servicing of aircraft engine as per manufacturers guideline. d. The airport and airline operators shall ensure encouraging the use of technological advancements in aircrafts operation such as the use of modern aircrafts such as ATR 72 and bombardier Q400 which are among the modern aircrafts in term of minimum fuel combustion and noise pollution. e. airport and airline operators shall ensure encouraging optimizing the runway to reduce noise pollution in specific areas of interest by opting the North direction of the airport based on wind flow during arrivals to runway 20 and departures from 02 this could provide intermittent and periodic relief to residents. f. airport and airline operators shall ensure encouraging utilizing of the ICAO balanced approach methodology for noise reduce at the airport by including reduction of noise at the source through; Fleet optimization, which involves opening up discussion with airlines/operators about the aircraft they use to fly into Lake Manyara Airport looking at their entire fleet. Fleet renewal, which encouraging airlines/operators to fly newer generation aircraft; Incentives discount on airport charges or incentives for airlines/operators that use quieter aircraft; increase the airport charges for airlines/operators that use noisy aircraft as well as land use planning and management, noise abatement operational procedure and operation restriction. Residue Impact With the implementation of mitigation measures, intensity of the impact would be reduced to low and the significance would remain moderate. 6.10.1.6 Impacts related to sources of construction materials. The study identified construction materials site and shall be sourced by contractor himself from the identified Quarry site, hence shall be no primary materials supplier. However, During this phase, the Contractor shall be required to engage the key personnel including Environmental and Social experts, OHS experts, GBV/SEA expert. Undertake preparation/update the existing specific Quarry site and Borrow Pits 256 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Management and Operation Plan (QBMOP) including compliance, existing significant issues/risks, etc., Health and Safety Management Plan (HSMP), Labor Management Procedures, development of Traffic Management Plan which would include details on allowable truck routes, speed controls, sensitive receptor or high risk spots prior materials extraction. The following impacts have been identified and assessed. During this phase, the Contractor shall operate the existing Quarry site for stone aggregated materials which have been identified at Utaho village along the tarmac road to Arusha which is about 75km from the proposed airport project. However, several existing borrow sites for gravel have been identified around the proposed project at (Kilimamoja and Syrawan villages 35km) from airport project in Karatu district and sand shall be sourced from existing sand pit at Mungumaji village (23km) from project site in Karatu district. These sources of materials for quarry, gravel and sand are existing sources of materials which was used during construction of Makuyuni -Ngorongoro road project under TANROADS and are currently being used as sources of materials for roads maintenance activities. Note: the construction materials such as aggregates and gravel shall be taken from the existing query site and borrow pits, However, other related materials under supply chain shall be sourced from primary source/service providers such as fuel supplier and bitumen to project site, hence this means that, several measures regarding the primary source/service providers have be included by Contractor into the C-ESMP while, other mitigation measures to be put in place by TAA to primary source/service providers during the O&M phase (e.g., for the private fuel suppliers). As part of minimizing the impacts, these identified sources of materials are currently owned by TANROADS and shall be part of the proposed project components that has been identified by the ESIA. The identified sources of construction materials are existing and operated as per guiding document which is Quarry site and Borrow Pits Management and Operation Plan (BQMOP) that are in place at TANROADS regional office and shall be updated by Contractor as per requirements of Environmental Management Act of 2005 and Its Amendment Regulation of 2018. However, in case Contractor shall choose to utilize the same site for materials sources, the review and updating of the guiding documents (BQMOP) shall be undertaken by the Contractor to ensure environmental liabilities prior operating the site. However, in case the Contractor shall identify another areas as sources materials apart from those identified shall be required to prepare the specific plans for Quarry and Borrow Pits Management and operational to be used for management of site and shall be approved by Employer prior project implementation. This is among sub-plan to be prepared as per section 8.5 of this ESIA. Some secondary impacts of stone quarrying, such as injury or death caused by fly rock, are irreversible. Damage to dwellings near quarries would have a considerable social impact on rural poor communities. Impact magnitude is also low (can be further lowered). Impact significance is therefore Moderate. Impact receptors shall be communities along the material transportation route, quarry workers and people living near an unrestored or improperly rehabilitated quarry or borrow sites. Sensitivity Very High High medium Low Very Low 5 4 3 2 1 High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 8 Minor 4 Impact 12 Magnitude Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 6 Minor 3 12 9 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 4 Insignificant 10 8 6 2 257 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 Mitigation measures Several preventive measures shall be implemented in accordance with the Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Construction Materials Extraction (from the World Bank Group). a) Contractor shall ensure land stability are maintained using geological and geotechnical expertise of slopes and disposal sites. All areas at risks shall be stabilized at the end of works and fenced with clear signage. b) Contractor shall ensure updating quarry site and borrow pit management plan are in place and implemented by the Contractor prior opening of the quarry site. c) Contractor shall ensure blasting activities are preceded by an alarm and inspection of the vicinity to ensure that no person is present on site. Access to blasting site shall always be controlled. The Kilimamoja quarry is far from houses, however the quarry site management plan shall be put in place by the contractor and ensure that all precaution of notifying nearest residents ahead of rock extraction is undertaken accordingly. d) Contractor shall ensure all slopes are modified at the end of work to create gentle slopes. As mentioned earlier, river-sand pits shall be stabilized and leveled at the end of the operation to avoid creating mosquitoes breeding grounds. e) Contractor shall ensure all trucks for construction materials are always covered to avoid losing material and speed limited to ensure that no pedestrian is hurt. Water spraying shall be done on access roads during the dry season to minimize dust which reduces visibility and increases the risk of collision with pedestrians. f) Preparation of Traffic Management Plan which would include details on allowable truck routes, speed controls, sensitive receptor or high risk spots, etc. g) Around the active borrow area and quarry, land stability shall be monitored using geological and geotechnical expertise of slopes and disposal sites. All areas at risks shall be stabilized at the end of works and fenced with clear signage. h) Blasting activities shall be preceded by an alarm and inspection of the vicinity to ensure that no person is present on site. Access to blasting site shall always be controlled. The quarry site management plan shall be put in place by the contractor and ensure that all precaution of notifying nearest residents ahead of rock extraction is undertaken accordingly. i) All slopes shall be modified at the end of work to create gentle slopes. As mentioned earlier, river- sand pits shall be stabilized and leveled at the end of the operation to avoid creating mosquitoes breeding grounds. Residue Impact. With the implementation of mitigation measures, intensity of the impact would be reduced to low and the significance would remain moderate. • 6.10.1.7 Possible road traffic accidents During this phases materials such as cement shall be obtained from local market (Inside Tanzania factory), the cement shall be transported by tracks with capacity of carrying 40tonnes from Kilimanjaro cement factory which is located about 250km from the project site. The tracks shall be covered by canvas to avoid pollution from cement dusts. 1 truck with 4tonnes hauling the cement bags from factory twice a month. Note: the cement to site shall be delivered upon request and upon works progress and it shall be stored at cement storage rooms at the workshop. This shall pose the risks to road safety along the route. During this phase there shall be transportation of construction of materials as part of project activities, hence shall increase the traffic volume as well as movements along the main road to Karatu as well as 258 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. access road to airport due to construction truck movement. The number of trucks per day are expected to be 15 trucks with 15 cubic meters for haulage the materials from query and borrow site areas. Increased traffic movements is likely to cause traffic congestion and disruption; and accidents. The negative impacts due to increase of traffic are anticipated to be direct, moderate, irreversible and long term since they span over construction as well as operation phase of the project. The materials haulage to site shall be transported using part of existing road section (55km) from Karatu to Ngorongoro which is tarmac road with several mitigation measures such as road signs, road humps, marking and traffic police doing regular patrol visit to ensure all road users are adhered to road traffic regulations. Hence the project drivers shall have to adherence to these regulation as well as provided with road traffic awareness and training when on site. The impact is moderate with low significant. Sensitivity Very High High medium Low Very Low 5 4 3 2 1 High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 8 Minor 4 Impact 8 Magnitude Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 6 Minor 3 12 6 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 4 Insignificant 10 8 6 2 Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 Mitigation Measures a. Contractor shall prepare and implement the traffic management plan to be used within the airport project during mobilization phase. b. Contractor shall Install speed limit gadgets including speed limit of 30km around borrow pits and airport areas. c. Contractor shall installation of proper and adequate road signage in both English and Kiswahili around the construction site; d. Contractor shall conduct training to airport access road users and site workers on how use the PPEs when on site such as reflective jackets, helmets and safety boots when on site; e. Contractor shall ensure the proposed access road is completed first before opening other areas for construction so that shall allow the accessibility to the airport areas before closing the existing access road which has to be closed; f. Contractor shall Ensure Safe driving practices is enforced in and out the site with speed regulated to the possible minimum, all personnel shall be given and required to wear safety protective gears on- site at all times, site emergency tool kit shall be placed at all active site; g. Contractor shall train and certify all drivers with access to airfield operations. Workers involved in the construction activities within the airport operation should be familiar with safety procedures applicable to ramp and taxiway traffic, including communications with the air control tower; h. Contractor shall ensure Safety features of ground support vehicles are maintained, including back-up alarms, moving part guards, and emergency stop switches. i. Contractor shall conducting regular toolbox meetings and training for all workers on work zone safety, discussing potential hazards; equipment blind spots movement precautions in the activity area. j. Contractor shall ensure that workers always wear high visibility safety apparel (vest and head gear). 259 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. k. Contractor shall ensure that materials Truck has an operable automatic reverse signal alarm, which is audible above surrounding noise levels at least fifteen feet from the rear of the vehicle, or install a Video Camera to provide a driver with a full view of the area behind the Dump Truck. l. Contractor shall ensure that all trucks are covered properly when carrying materials to control dust abatement. Residue Impact. With the implementation of mitigation measures, intensity of the impact would be moderate with reduction to minor. Especially given the existing traffic accident levels 260 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 6.10.2 NEGATIVE IMPACTS IDENTIFIED DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE • 6.10.2.1 Soil and water pollution Excavated land, temporary borrow pits and cleared land if not reinstated and rehabilitated after project completion may cause landscape scarring which creates soil and water pollution. Other impacts that cause land degradation are those related to fuel storage and handling, vehicle maintenance, waste burials, oils spillage, burning activities, fire training and use of surfactants etc. Also, Pollution of water and soil can occur during construction phases due to accidental spillage/leakage of oils, fuels, chemicals, and asphalt and other hazardous materials as well as sedimentation that shall be taken by runoff during rainfall season into seasonal river around the project. Other impacts during construction phase may originate from catering and domestic facilities as well as sewage around the airport and if these wastes not properly handled can be taken by storm water into seasonal river around the project. The water sources during construction and operation shall come from borehole located at the airport site. However during operation rainwater harvesting shall be harvested from terminal building and be stored in the underground tank for green belt development and fire tenderers. However conservation measures for ground water sources shall reduce the impacts on water resources drastically and these includes tree planting. Sensitivity Very High High medium Low Very Low 5 4 3 2 1 High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 8 Minor 4 Impact 8 Magnitude Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 6 Minor 3 8 7 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 3 Insignificant 10 8 6 2 Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 Mitigation Measures a. Contractor shall ensure drainage and runoff flow patterns on the construction site is avoid causing of local flooding into downstream that could affect crops and residential areas. Excavated material storage sites must never be done close to a watercourse to avoid impede the free flow of water or create bottlenecks. In order to minimize the impact of stocked material and spoils on water quality, the contractor shall have to select storage sites that are far from any watercourses and wetlands. b. Contractor shall ensure Limiting unnecessary clearance of vegetation during site clearance for runway extension and terminal building construction. c. Contractor shall ensure all stockpiles materials and debris from demolished structures and site clearance are stockpiles in the designated area within the airport boundaries for being used for land scarping and reinstatement during demobilization phase. d. Contractor shall ensure wastes water from airport facilities are collected and stored through septic tank and soak away pit which shall be constructed as part of project within the airport and when 261 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. in full shall be emptied by the Authorized wastes dealer through waster tanker truck for disposal within Karatu District waste disposal site. e. Contractor shall ensure refueling of engines or transfer of materials are not carried out near drainage system, and any local spillage are contained within the designated facilities at work place and shall immediately be remedied. f. Regarding the risk of oil spills, all machinery shall have certified emergency spills containment which include silt floating and oil spill containment booms. A skimmer to suck up the contained spill shall also be foreseen on site. g. TAA shall ensure that, Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan (EPRP) are in place to address among others, minor and major oils spills, storm water managements from rainfall event, which would require to mobilize storage drums and construct the concrete slab mechanism to control oils spillage around the campsite and workshop. h. The contractor shall avoid all discharge of concrete sludge into waterbodies or on the ground. Temporary washout containers shall be installed to allow wash water to evaporate. The hardened cementitious solids could then be recycled. i. The contractor shall ensure, grey water or wastewater never be discharged in a natural waterbody and natural ditches without been treated before discharged into septic tanks to avoid contamination with watercourses j. Contractor shall maintain and services of construction equipment within the workshop and campsite within the designated areas with drums/container or concrete slab that are designed to collect all used oils and greases to be collected by the authorized waste dealer for disposal. k. The contractor shall obtain a water drilling permit before any abstraction of construction water from borehole in the project area. l. Contractor and airport operator shall use administrative procedures such as reducing risks to exposures, CoEC, follow roles and procedures at working place, impose penalty and suspends, disciplinary measures at work place. Residue Impact With the implementation of mitigation measures, intensity of the impact would be reduced to low and the significance would remain minor. 6.10.2.2 Impact of Noise during construction As long as the airport shall be operational when the construction works is undertaken, noise is likely to be generated from construction equipment, plant and vehicle equipment at the airport, and aircraft operations, amongst others. Overall, the noise monitoring results emphasize the need for feasible noise reduction and management measures in the airport upgrading project. The potential noise-related issues during the construction of the project are a disturbance to sensitive receptors like business premises, and residential areas in the Project area. Some common impacts of noise include annoyance, sleep disturbance and interference with community activities. The acceptable levels of noise as per Tanzania national standard and IFC/WHO standards for Noises are regarded to be 45 and 70 dBA during the night and 55 and 85 dBA during the day respectfully. Since construction activities are expected to take place during the day only 55 and 85 dBA as per TZS and IFC standards these shall be monitored accordingly. The level of noise exposure and associated risks for the health and well-being of the workforce shall depend on the individual workplace and the type of equipment used such as construction machinery, the 262 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. personnel operating the machines and the workers stationed close to the identified noise receptors shall be prone to exposure to high levels of noise. The noise level shall be major for construction workers and those receptors within less than 50 m of the construction site and moderate for those living 100-200 m away. Also due to the high noise levels of operating aircraft during landing and taking off, the Noise study (NMP) has identified the noise impacts during construction and operational phases that may be caused by the landing and taking off events while the construction activities shall be taking place on two phases that shall allows operation of the airport to continue delivering the services. These operation mainly can affect airport users and workers during construction phase, hence needs to be mitigated. Indeed, high noise could have a health impact, especially on airport users and workers who shall be exposed if working up to 10 hours daily. Overall impact significance during construction phase is also moderate. Sensitivity Very High High medium Low Very Low 5 4 3 2 1 High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 8 Minor 4 Impact 12 Magnitude Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 6 Minor 3 6 6 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 4 Insignificant 10 8 6 2 Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 Mitigations By addressing the noise pollution issue, the project can improve the acoustic environment and enhance the overall likability and sustainability of the surrounding areas. In many of the areas with aircraft traffic noise impacts, and machinery operational noises around the airport applying effective noise barriers may not be feasible, or the cost-benefit value for an effective barrier may be prohibitive. Therefore, not all impacted areas are recommended for noise mitigation. However, some receptors, such as landing and taking off points, schools, communities can be prioritized. However, based on general observations, we can make some predictions and provide insights on potential mitigation measures during the airport section's construction and operation phases. To address the temporary elevated noise levels that may be experienced during construction, standard mitigation measures shall be incorporated into construction contracts where it is feasible to do so; Noise emissions are commonly associated with construction activities, including extraction of construction material and dimension stone quarrying. The recommended minimization and control techniques include the following: a. Contractor shall ensure Noise Management Plan(NMP) put in place and to be implemented. The NMP has been prepared by the Consultant who was commissioned by the employer to assess the noise impacts related to the airport construction and operation as per ICAO guideline. The NMP is part of this ESIA which has been approved by the TANROADS, TAA and the WB, hence shall be used by the Contractor and airport operator to address the issues of Noise around the airport. b. Contractor shall ensure noise levels are within acceptable limits, and construction activities shall, where possible, be confined to 8 normal working hours during day time; 263 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. c. Contractor and airport operator shall ensure noise-sensitive areas like offices, existing terminal building users are notified prior undertaking the construction works that may result into excessive noise around the airport. Any excessively noisy activity around the airport shall be conducted upon issuing prior notice and PPEs to those likely to be affected, d. Contractor and airport operator shall ensure workers are trained in the management of noise pollution from vehicles and machinery; e. Contractor shall ensure all construction machinery is maintained and serviced in accordance with the manufactures specifications; Asphalt plants and concrete batching plants are well sealed and equipped with a dust removal device; Workers are trained in noise minimization techniques . f. Contractor shall ensure good conditions of trucks that are used to transport construction materials to have mufflers that meet emission limits as per manufactures, so they cause no loud noise and control the truck speed, i.e. project equipment and transport be operated at set time in line with the Standard Specifications for Road Works 2000 for Tanzania; g. Contractor shall ensure unless otherwise, no truck associated with the work should be left standing with its engine operating in the street adjacent to a residential area and offices around the airport. h. Contractor shall ensure Providing noise protection kits, such as ear plugs and earmuffs, for workers working in an area with a noise level higher than 85 dB(A). It is designated as a regulation that workers must wear protection kits in case of working in a noisy area. (iv) Contractor shall ensure reduction of noise from drilling rigs by using downhole drilling or hydraulic drilling; Implementation of enclosure and cladding of processing plants; Installation of proper sound barriers and (or) noise containments, with enclosures and curtains at or near the source equipment (e.g. crushers, grinders, and screens); (v) Contractor shall ensure use of rubber-lined or soundproof surfaces on processing equipment (e.g. screens, chutes, transfer points, and buckets); Use of rubber-belt transport and conveyors; Installation of natural barriers at facility boundaries (e.g. vegetation curtains or soil berms); Optimization of internal-traffic routing, particularly to minimize vehicle-reversing needs (reducing noise from reversing alarms) and to maximize distances to the closest sensitive receptors; (vi) Contractor shall ensure the use of electrically driven machines as well as speed limit for trucks should be considered. Other mitigation on Noise impacts during construction phase while operations of the existing airport is ongoing includes : a. Airlines and aircraft operator shall ensure encouraging aircraft Noise reduction by the engineering maneuverability of the aircraft during landing or landing point to the angles opposing the wind flow and direction for Optimize the routes i.e., identify turning points for departing and taking off aircraft pathway to avoid residential areas or specific points of interest. b. The airlines and aircraft operator shall ensure encouraging aircraft engine is switched off immediately after landing a per ICAO guidelines. c. The airlines shall ensure proper servicing of aircraft engine as per manufacturers guideline. d. TANROADS, airport operator and Contractor shall ensure workers are given PPEs and ensuring that they wear and use them during working hours to mitigate noise pollution. e. Airlines and aircraft operator shall encouraging use of technological advancements in aircrafts operation such as the use of modern aircrafts such as ATR 72 and bombardier Q400 which are among the modern aircrafts in term of minimum fuel combustion and noise pollution. f. Airlines and aircraft operator shall encourage optimizing the runway to reduce noise pollution in specific areas of interest by opting the North direction of the airport based on wind flow during 264 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. arrivals to runway 20 and departures from 02 this could provide intermittent and periodic relief to residents. g. Airlines and aircraft operator encouraging utilize the IATA and ICAO balanced approach methodology for noise reduce at the airport by including reduction of noise at the source through; Fleet optimization, which involves opening up discussion with airlines about the aircraft they use to fly into Lake Manyara Airport looking at their entire fleet. Fleet renewal, which encouraging airlines to fly newer generation aircraft; Incentives discount on airport charges or incentives for airlines that use quieter aircraft; increase the airport charges for airlines that use noisy aircraft as well as land use planning and management, noise abatement operational procedure and operation restriction. Note: The above mitigations measures which will be implemented by the airport operators around the airport after upgrading of the project and not during construction phase of this project. If there is no construction activities (during operation phase) these mitigation measures may not be implemented. TCAA will update their operational manual based on the ESIA which shall include procedures for construction and maintenance during operation phase. Refers to the attached commitment letter from TCAA. Additional Noise mitigation measures shall include the following ➢ Reduction of noise at source The first pillar of the Balanced Approach aims to reduce the noise coming from the aircraft. Reducing aircraft noise at the source can be achieved by: a. Fleet optimisation Opening up discussion with airlines/operators about the aircraft they use to fly into Lake manyara Airport looking at their entire fleet. b. Fleet renewal Encouraging airlines/operators to fly newer generation aircraft c. Incentives Discount on airport charges or incentives for airlines/operators that use quieter aircraft. Increase the airport charges for airlines/operators that use noisy aircraft. ➢ Land-use planning and management The second pillar of the Balanced Approach aims to introduce/extend land-use planning around the airport. The calculated noise impact of the current and future situation around Lake manyara Airport doesn’t result in a direct need for Land-use planning and management activities. Although noise levels exceed permissible limits for Kilimamoja Community, the increase may not perceptible if background noise levels are around 45 dB(A). It is advised to conduct noise measurements for an extended period of time (entire daytime) and isolate the noise impact due to aircraft operations and establish background noise levels more accurately. It would also be advisable to establish whether measures should be taken to protect the surrounding residential areas from (excessive) ground noise caused by the larger turboprop aircraft such as the ATR-42 and ATR-72. We advise to monitor this once these aircraft are operational and over a longer period of time. The 3rd and 4th pillar of the Balanced Approach can be used to identify noise mitigation measures; in case the outcome of the noise monitoring campaigns requires action. 265 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. ➢ Noise Abatement Operational Procedures The third pillar of the Balanced Approach aims to reduce noise by optimizing the operational procedures. This includes optimisations in runway use, routes flown and procedures. Some examples of optimisations that can be considered if deemed necessary: Runway use • Optimise runway use for specific time periods (e.g. late evening, night time, early morning) to reduce nuisance. • Optimise runway use to reduce noise in specific areas of interest. If obstacle situation improves in the North of the airport, arrivals to runway 20 and departures from 02 could be considered. • This may provide relief intermittent and periodic to residents Routes • Identify turning points for departing aircraft to avoid residential areas or specific points of interest. ▪ Optimise arrival routes. ▪ Curved (visual) approaches when landing. ▪ Combination of the measures mentioned above procedures Optimise vertical profiles (optimal height and speed) for both arrivals and departures to minimise noise impact at areas of interest. ➢ Operating restrictions The fourth pillar of the Balanced Approach should only be considered if measures for the first three pillars are deemed inadequate. This pillar therefore contains ‘the last resort’ measures, including: • Reducing/restricting movements during specific periods of time (e.g. night time, evening, or specific time periods such as breakfast or dinner) • Night-time closure • Cap on the (annual) number of movements • Not allowing specific aircraft (e.g. not allowing older generation aircraft with high noise levels ➢ Other Noise Management Strategy for Lake manyara Airport Considering the increase in traffic and associated noise, it would be our advice to start exploring whether measures from the 1st and 2nd pillar of the balanced approach need to be considered at L.Manyara Airport. However, the results of the noise modelling doesn’t result in an urgent noise problem and the noise levels remain within the guidelines from the ICF World Bank Group. • Periodic noise measurements to accurately establish background noise levels should be undertaken by Tanzanian Airport Authority (TAA). • Turning of runway for departures away from the residential areas below the extended runway centre line may be considered by Tanzanian Civil Aviation Authority (TCAA) in consultation with TAA and airlines on its feasibility as a noise preferential route. 266 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Residue Impact With the implementation of mitigation measures, intensity of the impact would be reduced to moderate during undertaking, this is due to the fact that other impact shall be associated with the aircrafts pathways around the residential areas. 6.10.2.3 Impact of Vibration The findings on the vibration measurements during baseline studies provide valuable insights for the airport upgrading project and emphasize the importance of minimizing the adverse effects of vibrations on the surrounding environment and communities. Vibration monitoring NM-1 NM-2 NM-3 NM-4 location Min. (mm/s) 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 Max. (mm/s) 2.0 2.3 3.3 2.0 Tanzania Environmental Management Noise and Vibration Standards: Tanzania's environmental management noise and vibration standards set a permissible maximum limit of 5mm/s for vibration measurements. The results show that the maximum measured vibrations at all monitoring locations are below the permissible limit of 5mm/s set by Tanzania's environmental management standards. Based on the vibration measurement results obtained from the monitoring locations, it can be concluded that the recorded vibrations are within acceptable limits according to Tanzania's environmental management noise and vibration standards of 2015. The upcoming airport upgrading project shall lead to potential impacts of vibrations on structures and human health. However, the study notes that a number of project-related works, such as stone quarrying and compressor vibrators alongside equipment works, include the movement of trucks and civil works (excavation, grabbing, compaction, power generators, etc.). This may happen as stone quarrying takes place, but it can be managed following approved procedures by the Resident Engineer/contractor on site. Impact sensitivity and magnitude are thus medium. Overall impact significance is therefore ranked as Moderate. Sensitivity Very High High medium Low Very Low 5 4 3 2 1 High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 8 Minor 4 Impact 8 Magnitude Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 6 Minor 3 12 6 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 4 Insignificant 10 8 6 2 Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 Mitigation Measures Based on the vibration measurement analysis obtained from the monitored locations as background and vibration projection during construction works, it can be concluded that the recorded vibrations are within 267 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. acceptable limits according to Tanzania's environmental management noise and vibration standards of 2015. The following measures shall be instituted: a. Contractor shall Provide Work Scheduling to minimize the duration and intensity of activities that generate higher vibrations. This may involve reducing operating hours to reduce hours of exposure to the equipment; b. Contractor shall Provide workers with PPEs such as anti-vibration groves to try to mitigate the impact of vibration and related noise; c. Contractor shall establish buffer zones between construction activities and sensitive locations such as residential areas and shared community facilities. These zones can help reduce the potential impact of vibrations on human health; d. Contractor shall continuously monitor vibrations during the construction phase on site involving Hand held vibration machine, concrete vibration, pneumatic drill, hammers, industrial grinders as well as compactor and promptly address any exceedances by adjusting construction and manufactures practices or implementing additional mitigation measures including operating the machine within the recommended hours. e. Contractor shall ensuring compliance with Tanzania's environmental management and IFCs standards and promoting the well-being of the local communities. f. Contractor shall Provide workers with limited time of limited time of exposure when on site. Residue Impact. With the implementation of mitigation measures, intensity of the impact would be reduced to low and the significance would remain moderate. 6.10.2.4 Air pollution (Air quality) Pollution of Ambient Air (Increase of air pollution during mobilization and construction activities e.g. Carbon Monoxide (CO); Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx); Hydrocarbons (HC) from vehicles engines combustion and operating machines). Also, Particulate matters (PM) emissions from land clearance, cement works, quarry plant operation as well as concrete segregation. Fumes generated from vehicle engines operations such as, Carbon Monoxide (CO); Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx); Hydrocarbons (HC) originated from vehicles engines combustion. Vehicle engines produce emissions that are similar to other emissions and these can affect local air quality at ground level which in turn affects people. As the airport shall be operating while construction is on-going, It is therefore emission from aircraft below 1,000ft, above the ground (typically around 3km from departure or arrivals, and around 6km from touchdown this affects local air quality. These emissions disperse with the wind and blend with emission from other sources such as operating construction machinery, equipment and vehicles shall have negative impact to the air quality. Environmental issues during the construction phase which related to extraction of construction materials include Air Emissions which can be mitigated as follows. 268 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. This impact shall be of short-term nature though its impact can be reversible in nature giving overall impact which is of moderate nature. Sensitivity Very High High medium Low Very Low 5 4 3 2 1 High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 8 Minor 4 Impact 8 Magnitude Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 6 Minor 3 12 6 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 4 Insignificant 10 8 6 2 Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 Mitigation Measures. i. The specific Contractor ESMP and NMP shall be put in place as the working instrument to address several project impacts including this. ii. Contractor shall undertake the maintenance of machinery and operating as per Manufacture requirements in construction site. machines operation such as the use of modern machine with minimum fuel combustion and air pollution, regular services of engines and switching off the engine immediately after works. iii. Contractor shall undertake construction activities by vehicles with less emission of CO2. These vehicles shall be maintained regular maintenance as per Manufacture requirements in order to reduce carbon emission. However, based on the environmental concern it is recommended to practice afforestation/tree and flowers planting around the airport areas so that to increase carbon sink as mitigation of Green Houses Gases (GHG). iv. Contractor shall undertake measure to avoid emissions from materials transportation, land clearing, extraction, offloading, stockpiling of construction materials as well as operating construction machinery by undertaking water sprinkling during construction activities as well as provide workers to limited time of exposure to impacts as well as use of PPEs such as masks to prevent them from inhaling polluted air. v. Contractor shall ensure Switching off the machines and vehicles when not in use in order to minimize the exhaust fumes. vi. Contractor shall prepare and put in place the Query site and Borrow Pits Management and Operation Plan (QBMOP) to address several impacts including this by providing the mandatory requirement of installment of Water sprinkle on the existing query site which was used by TANROADS or any new query site to be identified and the mechanism shall be operated regularly on active site. ➢ Air emission: Toxic and nontoxic gases are normal byproducts generated by blasting activities, regardless of the explosive materials used. Emissions of NO2, CO, and NO are generated during the explosions. The following pollution prevention and control techniques are recommended: • Contractor shall undertake the alternatives to blasting, such as hydraulic hammers or other mechanical methods; If blasting is necessary, planning of the blasting (arrangement, diameter, and depth and direction of blast holes) should be implemented; The correct burning of the explosive, 269 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. typically composed of a mixture of ammonium nitrate and fuel oil, should be ensured by minimizing the presence of excess water and avoiding incorrect or incomplete mixing of explosive ingredients. • Contractor shall undertake Land clearing, removal of topsoil and excess materials, location of haul roads, tips and stockpiles, and blasting should be planned with due consideration to meteorological factors (e.g. precipitation, temperature, wind direction, and speed) and location of sensitive receptors; • Contractor shall undertake simple, linear layout for materials-handling operations to reduce the need for multiple transfer points should be designed and installed (e.g. processing plants should be preferably located within the quarry area); • Contractor shall undertake dust emissions from drilling activities should be controlled at the source by dust extractors, collectors, and filters, and wet drilling and processing should be adopted, whenever possible; • Contractor shall undertake dust emissions from processing equipment (e.g. crushers, grinders, screens) should be adequately controlled through dust collectors, wet processing, or water spraying. ➢ Contractor shall undertake dust-control applications by consider the final use of extracted material (e.g. wet-processing stages are preferred when wet materials or high water contents would not negatively affect their final ➢ Contractor shall ensure that all other active sites such as runway are undergone watering to reduce air pollution hence protecting workers and adjacent community. Residue Impact. With the implementation of mitigation measures, intensity of the impact would be reduced to moderate and the significance would remain minor. 6.10.2.5 Increased liquid and solid waste generation Both liquid and solid wastes are expected to be increased during the construction phase. The sources of these wastes are both all construction domestic activities of the workers at the campsite and workshop. The solid wastes include, spoil, rubbles, Tree logs, metals, glasses, papers etc. while the liquid waste include Sewage, oils etc. The quantities are provided in chapter two of this report. These wastes if not well handled can change the aesthetic nature of the project area and can even lead to water pollution in case of improper disposal of oils and scrapers. Waste generated from materials extraction, Rock waste and removed topsoil–overburden are the main inert wastes produced by quarrying activities. Hazardous wastes may be generated from impurities and trace components included in the exploited (waste) rocks (e.g. heavy metals or minerals that could result in acidic runoff). Other preparatory work leading up to exploitation activities includes design and construction of water drains and ditches, access and internal roads, drainage system. Sensitivity Very High High medium Low Very Low 5 4 3 2 1 High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 8 Minor 4 270 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Impact 8 Magnitude Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 6 Minor 3 12 6 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 4 Insignificant 10 8 6 2 Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 Mitigation Measures. ➢ The recommended prevention and control methods to reduce wastes include the following: i. Contractor shall prepare and implement the Waste Management Plan prior construction works to be approved by the employer. The plan shall include methodologies of dealing with generation wastes such as topsoil, overburden and stockpiled materials near the site, and how to preserved them for site restoration activities; ii. The Contractor shall ensure the waste management plan includes Hazardous and non- hazardous. Impacts associated with specific chemical and / or physical properties of extracted materials should be analyzed, and impacts from these waste should be adequately controlled and mitigated by ensuring that waste does not contaminate with water bodies and soil. iii. Contractor shall ensure storm water peak runoff rate not exceed the peak predevelopment runoff rate for a particular design storm; Reintroduction of treated, abstracted water into streams to maintain the ecological flow; iv. Contractor shall ensure superficial infiltration of treated water to aquifers is allowed. Alternatively, reinjection of treated water into the aquifers through injection wells or infiltration galleries may be implemented, provided potential groundwater contamination shall be avoided; v. Contractor shall ensure Quarry pond dredging activities are designed and implemented to minimize drawdown with consideration of potential impacts to surface and groundwater resource flow and availability, including potential ecological impacts; vi. Contractor shall ensure all waste water and spillages from construction sites and facilities are collected in the designated ponds to be collected by authorized dealers for disposal. vii. Contractor shall ensure the installation of Sorting wastes mechanism according to their type and quality, recycle and dispose in designated damping sites. Recyclable materials and worn-out construction equipment and scrapers, used plastics, papers, drums, tires, metals, spare parts, paper, glass, metals, kitchen waste are collected by authorized waste dealers for disposal accordingly. viii. Contractor shall ensure the airport drainage system are functional and storm water peak runoff rate not exceed the peak predevelopment runoff rate for a particular design storm; Reintroduction of treated, abstracted water into streams in order to maintain the ecological flow; ix. Contractor shall ensure toilets waste and domestic sanitary are collected through underground septic tank and soak pits and when in full are emptied away by tanker truck using the authorized waste dealers. x. Contractor shall ensure that all Liquid sewage wastes collected from terminal building toilets and domestic effluent are discharged to the permanent underground tank and septic tanks around the airport and when it became full shall be emptied by cesspit emptier trucks owned by Authorized waste dealer with license for disposal in Karatu district. xi. The Contractor shall ensure no refueling or repairing the airport vehicles and equipment as well as fire training using extinguishing agents such as foam and powder undertaken except in designated areas that have an impermeable surface to enable proper and effective clean-up of any spills. Spill 271 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. kits with suitable absorbent and adsorbent materials and equipment shall be present to ensure timely and appropriate clean-up of any spills as well as use drip pans underneath standing machinery/generators to prevent contamination of the ground. xii. Contractor shall construct storm water system from roofing and runoff from paved structures like runway, taxiways and provide drains for oils separation tanks and sedimentation basins to accommodate the effluent before being discharged into storm water drainage system. xiii. Contractor shall construct proper storm water drainage for discharging storm water from the air- field to avoid flooding and water logging in airport areas during rainy season. Residue Impact. With the implementation of mitigation measures, intensity of the impact would be reduced to moderate and the significance would remain medium. 6.10.2.6 Land degradation and soil erosion All activities to be undertaken during the Construction shall have direct impacts related to the loss of definite materials as well as land degradation. Excavation, quarrying and deposition of spoil material are significant agents of this damage. Significant volumes of earthworks fill; gravel and rocks shall be extracted during project execution. Since the runway shall be upgraded to bitumen standard, then, significant use of definite materials is expected. Site clearance involves clearing the vegetation at the site (refer section 4.5.3), excavation and transportation of the materials. Thus, construction activities shall cause habitat change, land degradation (due to removal of fertile top soil), landscape impairment (visual intrusion) and soil erosion. Excavation and the disposal of spoil material can destroy the economic and aesthetic value of public and/or private property including land. Some species may be affected during construction, but not to the level of extinction. However clearing shall only be around the existing airport premises and the contractor shall have to replace the cleared trees by planting other trees as part of greening mechanism around the airport. Excavation work as well as presence of construction vehicles, plant and equipment shall also add to scenic quality deterioration. Scenic quality deterioration shall also occur off-site, at the sources of construction materials, the quarries and sand mines. If these are not well kept they may become an eyesore. Scenic quality deterioration can destroy the economic and aesthetic value of public and/or private property including land. Scenic quality degradation effects shall be significant, short term and direct. They shall, in spite of everything, be manageable given proper site operation and prior warning as well as issuance of site operation guidelines. Mitigation Measures. a. Contractor shall ensure earthworks are observed in order to confine land clearance within the airport reserve boundaries. b. The contractor shall develop the grasses and flowers planting programme through establishment of nursery for grasses and flowers around the project to take a lead into conservation efforts as well as replacement of affected vegetation around the airport during construction phase. c. Contractor shall identify the designated areas for storage of spoil materials which shall be used for reinstatement of affected areas and undertaking of landscaping around the airport d. Contractor shall ensure topsoil are stockpiled and used for reinstating around the airport and filling the pits.. e. Contractor shall ensure proper care are taken to minimize damage by not disturbing areas outside the engineering design perimeters, hence some trees, greenery, and birds, are anticipated to continue with existence during and after construction. 272 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Residue Impact. With the implementation of mitigation measures, intensity of the impact would be reduced to low and the significance would remain minor. 6.10.2.7 Risks on disruption antiquities and historical site The site clearance and land grabbing on borrow pit and quarry site may lead into identifying the unique historical value that was buried or found underground. Also during construction works, archaeological findings may be encountered and potentially damaged or disturbed. Culturally sensitive areas (where cultural practices occur) may become affected by both construction and operation works around borrow pits and quarry site. In term of the religious or cultural value amenities, the consultation revered that around the project areas there is no any properties that that meets the ESS 8 criteria that shall be affected, hence no gravel identified to be among the relocated properties. In case of identifying any archaeological or culture, findings the Contractor shall put the chance find procedure in place as per applicable Laws. However, the ESIA study and RAP did not identify any historical, heritage, archaeological/cultural or religious site at the project area and hence no compensation for such sites that was done. The impact magnitude is rate very low since the airport areas was identified and established long time ago (less chances of findings) and the sensitivity is low hence insignificant impacts. Sensitivity Very High High medium Low Very Low 5 4 3 2 1 High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 8 Minor 4 Impact 12 Magnitude Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 6 Minor 3 12 9 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 4 Insignificant 10 8 6 2 Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 Mitigation Measures. a. Contractor shall ensure that site clearance and land grabbing on borrow pit and quarry site does not degrade the possibilities of unique historical value which was buried or found underground around the airport project. Due to uniqueness of the historical value the chance find procedure shall be put in place by the Contractor as per applicable Laws. b. Contractor shall prepare chance find procedure to be in place prior to the extraction of construction materials or earth works. c. If Contractor identified any valuable materials shall immediately report it to the Resident engineer and other procedures on change finding may follow. Residue Impact With the implementation of mitigation measures, intensity of the impact would be reduced to low and the significance would remain minor. 273 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 6.10.2.8 Risks of Gender-Based Violence and Violence Against Children The baseline results on women and GBV issues around the proposed project shows that several forms and risks related to GBV exists in the communities. Presence of construction workers and establishment of campsite(s) nearby villages, communities, and trading centres around the project may result on increased GBV cases and VAC if proper measures and control mechanism shall not be put in place. Women, commercial sex workers (e.g. in Karatu), and girls from secondary schools around kilimamoja village are potentially vulnerable. It is believed that construction workers shall have money that can be used as the catalyst and pose the risks of sexual exploitation and abuse against women and children. The impact significance As for all risks that may affect the physical or emotional integrity of persons, GBV cases are of high intensity. In addition, the GBV risk for TanTIP has been rated “Substantial”. Impact could be long-lasting and the extent punctual (given the small size of the work area). Sensitivity Very High High medium Low Very Low 5 4 3 2 1 High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 8 Minor 4 Impact 8 Magnitude Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 6 Minor 3 12 6 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 4 Insignificant 10 8 6 2 Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 Mitigation Measures a. The Contractor shall prepare the Gender Based Violence Protection Plan and Community Engagement Plan to be implemented in all project cycle. b. The Contractor shall ensure GBV among others to analyze the social group which are on risks of gender violence, provide education on gender issues to workers, monitor the Compensation of affected properties to PAPs and assess the feedback on compensation beneficiaries. c. Contractor shall provide complaint desks/box for receiving complaints at the construction site, deploy the gender based expert to follow and monitor all gender based related issues, coordinate with Police, Community Development Officers on gender issues and reported cases which need government intervention. d. Contractor shall provide awareness regularly to workers due to the fact that construction workers shall have money that can be used as a catch in engaging in sexual relationships and abuse against women and therefore gender awareness shall be provided regularly. e. Contractor shall prepare and implement the Community Engagement Plan to facilitate the information sharing and accessibility between the project and the communities. The plan shall provide the procedure for reporting complaints related to the project and the way of receiving feedback from the project. The plan is among the important tools for smooth implementation of the project. Residue Impact. With the implementation of mitigation measures, intensity of the impact would be reduced to low and the significance would remain moderate. 274 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 6.10.2.9 Land Degradation from Borrow pits and Quarry areas Extensive excavations due to extraction of construction materials (soil and rocks), disposal of spoil and other construction debris and demolition wastes, landscape impairment, siltation of water ways caused by erosion exposure to the agents of erosion and all earthworks connected with airport construction shall result in impacts related to loss of materials and land degradation. Consequently the land's susceptibility to soil erosion, degradation and sedimentation in Borrow pits and Quarry areas increases ultimately resulting into land degradation around the project sites. On the worst case, a severe accident could be of high intensity, permanent in duration and of punctual extent. However, this is a risk with a low probability to take place. In other cases, such impacts would be moderate, and the significance would be minor. Sensitivity Very High High medium Low Very Low 5 4 3 2 1 High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 8 Minor 4 Impact 8 Magnitude Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 6 Minor 3 12 7 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 4 Insignificant 10 8 5 2 Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 Mitigation measures Several preventive measures shall be implemented in accordance with the Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Construction Materials Extraction (from the World Bank Group). a) Contractor shall ensure land stability are maintained using geological and geotechnical expertise of slopes and disposal sites. All areas at risks shall be stabilized at the end of works and fenced with clear signage. b) Contractor shall ensure that quarry site and borrow pit management plan are in place and implemented by the Contractor prior opening of the quarry site. c) Contractor shall ensure blasting activities are preceded by an alarm and inspection of the vicinity to ensure that no person is present on site. Access to blasting site shall always be controlled. The Kilimamoja quarry is far from houses, however the quarry site management plan shall be put in place by the contractor and ensure that all precaution of notifying nearest residents ahead of rock extraction is undertaken accordingly. d) Contractor shall ensure all slopes are modified at the end of work to create gentle slopes. As mentioned earlier, river-sand pits shall be stabilized and leveled at the end of the operation to avoid creating mosquitoes breeding grounds. e) Contractor shall ensure all trucks for construction materials are always covered to avoid losing material and speed limited to ensure that no pedestrian is hurt. Water spraying shall be done on access roads during the dry season to minimize dust which reduces visibility and increases the risk of collision with pedestrians. f) Contractor shall ensure Reinstatement be undertaken immediately after completion of the extraction of construction materials and shall be approved by the engineer. 275 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. g) Preparation of Traffic Management Plan which would include details on transportation routes, allowable truck routes, speed controls, sensitive receptor or high risk spots, etc. h) Along access road, trucks shall always be covered to avoid losing material and speed limited to ensure that no pedestrian is hurt. Water spraying shall be done on access roads during the dry season to minimize dust which reduces visibility and increases the risk of collision with pedestrians. Residue Impact. With the implementation of mitigation measures, intensity of the impact would be reduced to low and the significance would remain minor. 6.10.2.10 Destruction of Public Utilities and Services Public utilities shall be affected to pave the way for construction of new airport access road 1.5km and other related facilities. The utilities such as electrical poles (10poles) shall be relocated away from the proposed access road. This exercise shall result unto negative impact due to disruption of public utilities and services, hence some days and hours of missing electricity around the areas. The impacts shall be short term, and reversible. Sensitivity Very High High medium Low Very Low 5 4 3 2 1 High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 8 Minor 4 Impact 12 Magnitude Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 6 Minor 3 12 6 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 4 Insignificant 10 8 6 2 Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 Mitigation Measures a. Contractor shall Involve respective authority to remove the utilities such as electrical poles along the airport access road; b. Contractor shall provide early notice to the community before any service interruption; c. Contractor shall ensure relocation of this infrastructure be part and parcel of the project; d. Contractor shall all properties to be affected by the construction of airport facilities shall be compensated; e. Contractor shall ensure public utilities be relocated prior to the execution of the project; f. Contractor shall taking all measures to avoid unnecessary public utilities disruption; Residue Impact. With the implementation of mitigation measures, intensity of the impact would be reduced to low and the significance would remain minor. 276 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 6.10.2.11 Possible road traffic accidents During this phases materials such as cement shall be obtained from local market (Inside Tanzania factory), the cement shall be transported by tracks with capacity of carrying 40tonnes from Kilimanjaro cement factory which is located about 250km from the project site. The tracks shall be covered by canvas to avoid pollution from cement dusts. 1 truck with 4tonnes hauling the cement bags from factory twice a month. Note: the cement to site shall be delivered upon request and upon works progress and it shall be stored at cement storage rooms at the workshop. This shall pose the risks to road safety along. During this phase there shall be transportation of construction of materials as part of project activities, hence shall increase the traffic volume as well as movements along the main road to Karatu as well as access road to airport due to construction truck movement. The number of trucks per day are expected to be 15 trucks with 15 cubic meters for haulage the materials from query and borrow site areas. Increased traffic movements is likely to cause traffic congestion and disruption; and accidents. The negative impacts due to increase of traffic are anticipated to be direct, moderate, irreversible and long term since they span over construction as well as operation phase of the project. The materials haulage to site shall be transported using part of existing road section (55km) from Karatu to Ngorongoro which is tarmac road with several mitigation measures such as road signs, road humps, marking and traffic police doing regular patrol visit to ensure all road users are adhered to road traffic regulations. Hence the project drivers shall have to adherence to these regulation as well as provided with road traffic awareness and training when on site. The impact is moderate with low significant. Sensitivity Very High High medium Low Very Low 5 4 3 2 1 High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 8 Minor 4 Impact 8 Magnitude Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 6 Minor 3 12 6 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 4 Insignificant 10 8 6 2 Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 Mitigation Measures m. Contractor shall prepare and implement the traffic management plan to be used within the airport project. n. Contractor shall Install speed limit gadgets including speed limit of 30km around borrow pits and airport areas. o. Contractor shall installation of proper and adequate road signage in both English and Kiswahili around the construction site; p. Contractor shall conduct training to airport access road users and site workers on how use the PPEs when on site such as reflective jackets, helmets and safety boots when on site; q. Contractor shall ensure the proposed access road is completed first before opening other areas for construction so that shall allow the accessibility to the airport areas before closing the existing access road which has to be closed; r. Contractor shall Ensure Safe driving practices is enforced in and out the site with speed regulated to the possible minimum, all personnel shall be given and required to wear safety protective gears on- site at all times, site emergency tool kit shall be placed at all active site; 277 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. s. Contractor shall train and certify all drivers with access to airfield operations. Workers involved in the construction activities within the airport operation should be familiar with safety procedures applicable to ramp and taxiway traffic, including communications with the air control tower; t. Contractor shall ensure Safety features of ground support vehicles are maintained, including back-up alarms, moving part guards, and emergency stop switches. u. Contractor shall conducting regular toolbox meetings and training for all workers on work zone safety, discussing potential hazards; equipment blind spots movement precautions in the activity area. v. Contractor shall ensure that workers always wear high visibility safety apparel (vest and head gear). w.Contractor shall ensure that materials Truck has an operable automatic reverse signal alarm, which is audible above surrounding noise levels at least fifteen feet from the rear of the vehicle, or install a Video Camera to provide a driver with a full view of the area behind the Dump Truck. x. Contractor shall ensure that all trucks are covered properly when carrying materials to control dust abatement. Residue Impact. With the implementation of mitigation measures, intensity of the impact would be moderate with reduction to minor. Especially given the existing traffic accident levels 6.10.2.12 Increased Risks of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse/Child labor The GBV issues and use of child labor is among the major concern related to construction project. This could lead to high rates of truancy and possible involvement in untimely sexual relationships. The issue of GBV/SEA and child labor was raised and discussed during public consultations. However, an overwhelming opinion was that this could be mitigated by enforcing by-laws on GBV/SEA and child labor and taking both workers, community, parents and children to task of mitigations. Construction activities may increase number of GBV/SEA and child labor cases in the project. The victims and oppressor may come from workers and the local community at the vicinity (e.g. construction workers). Sensitivity Very High High medium Low Very Low 5 4 3 2 1 High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 8 Minor 4 Impact 8 Magnitude Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 6 Minor 3 12 8 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 4 Insignificant 10 8 6 2 Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 Mitigation Measures a. The Contractor shall prepare the Gender Based Violence Protection Plan and Community Engagement Plan to be implemented in all project cycle. b. The Contractor shall ensure GBV among others analyze the social group which are on risks of gender violence, provide education on gender issues to workers, monitor the Compensation of affected properties to PAPs and assess the feedback on compensation beneficiaries. c. The Contractor shall provide complaint desks/box for receiving complaints at the construction site, deploy the gender based expert to follow and monitor all gender based related issues, coordinate 278 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. with Police, Community Development Officers on gender issues and reported cases which need government intervention. d. The Contractor shall ensure that GBV awareness is provided to construction workers as long as shall have money that can be used as a catch in engaging in sexual relationships and abuse against women and therefore gender awareness shall be provided regularly. e. The Contractor shall ensure Community Engagement Plan prepared to facilitate the information sharing and accessibility between the project and the communities. The plan shall provide the procedure for reporting complaints related to the project and the way of receiving feedback from the project. The plan is among the important tools for smooth implementation of the project. f. Contractor shall Integrate provisions related to sexual harassment and sexual exploitation and abuse in the employee Code of Conducts (COCs). g. Contractor shall Undertake regular sensitization of staff on responsibilities related to the GBV/SEA and consequences of non-compliance; h. Contractor shall Provide and adopt to SEA/SH: including survivor-cantered coordinated multi- sectoral referral and assistance to complainants, i. Contractor shall ensure in place the written procedures related to case oversight, investigation and disciplinary procedures at the project level, including confidential data management. j. Contractor shall Integration of prevention and response to SEA/SH in job descriptions, employments contracts, performance appraisal systems, etc.; k. Contractor and airport operator shall ensure in place the dedicated PSEA/SH focal points in the project and trained community liaison officers. l. Contractor shall Informing workers about national laws that make sexual harassment and gender- based violence a punishable offence which is prosecuted; m. The contractor, airport operator shall implement provisions that ensure gender-based violence at the project level is not triggered by the Project, n. contractor shall announce employment opportunities and recruitment notices widely, targeted at women as well as men around the project o. contractor shall ensure that basic facilities (separate toilets, clean water) are equal provided to female and male at construction sites. p. The Contractor shall ensure Community Engagement Plan prepared to facilitate the information sharing and accessibility between the project and the communities. The plan shall provide the procedure for reporting complaints related to the project and the way of receiving feedback from the project. The plan is among the important tools for smooth implementation of the project. q. Contractor and airport operator shall use administrative procedures such as reducing risks to exposures, CoEC, follow roles and procedures at working place, impose penalty and suspends, disciplinary measures at work place. Residue Impact. With the implementation of mitigation measures, intensity of the impact would be reduced to low and the significance would remain minor. 6.10.2.13 Increased spread of HIV/AIDS and STDs and other communicable diseases. The aviation transport is among the catalyst for growth of tourism sector which enable socio-economic interconnectivity around the world , hence enable more tourists to travel to Tanzania and Arusha in particular which may pose risks of communicable diseases around the areas such as increased level of HIV/AIDS and other STIs, tuberculosis, viral hepatitis, ebora, CoVId 19, cholera, typhus, smallpox, yellow fever and plague are among the possible negative impact risks which have to be addressed during the airport project operation phase. The airport operator and contractor have the mandatory obligation to take all precaution measures to prevent, control and contain within the area the communicable diseases with the potential to cause public health emergency through air transport . As per ICAO guidelines the airport operator during operation phase shall have in place the emergency preparedness plan which among others shall focus on reducing the risk of spread of diseases by air transport through application of 279 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. technical and operation procedures, availability of health and medical emergence room with health technical staff. Due to human intermingling around the airport areas during construction phase may influence the high infection rate of communicable diseases, hence difficult efforts to combat the epidemic. However, the HIV/AIDS risks can also be influenced by the problem of low or irregular incomes among young women which pose them on the risks of involving into sex hence can influence high infection rate in the project area. An increased level of HIV/AIDS and other STIs during the project construction phase is a possible negative impact which has to be addressed. However, this may also occur due to lack of awareness. sensitivity and impact magnitude are moderate. This is, therefore, an impact of medium significance. Sensitivity Very High High medium Low Very Low 5 4 3 2 1 High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 8 Minor 4 Impact 7 Magnitude Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 6 Minor 3 12 8 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 4 Insignificant 10 8 6 2 Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 Mitigation Measures. a. The contractor shall engage the HIV/AIDS services provider to undertake the awareness to project workers and community to reduce risk of spreading of communicable diseases (especially STD). a. The Contractor shall prepare emergency preparedness plan which among others shall focus on preventive measure to address the communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS, STI, tuberculosis, viral hepatitis, ebora, CoVId 19, cholera, typhus, smallpox, yellow fever and plague to workers around the airport. b. The airport operator shall ensure the application of technical and operation procedures focusing of health and safety risks are in place and used by stakeholders. c. The Contractor shall ensure medical personnel is available for mobilizing risk mitigation through public awareness, social distancing from the outbreak area, control the affected person in isolation and quarantine, application of prophylactic medication and vaccination depend on the nature of the diseases, d. The contractor shall undertake regularly the workers awareness and training on the identification and preventive measures of the communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS, STI, tuberculosis, viral hepatitis, ebora, CoVId 19, cholera, typhus, smallpox, yellow fever and plague around the airport. e. The contractor shall engage with medical authority on information sharing and materials dissemination, seminal and training on strategies to combat communicable diseases around the airport areas, f. The contractor shall provide the dissemination materials with health and safety awareness to workers around the airport through posters, T.V screen, banners, stickers with massages on health and safety risks in construction site. g. The contractor shall collaborate with HIV regional coordinator to ensure availability and access of free condom in all strategic areas around the project site for workers. 280 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Residue Impact. With the implementation of mitigation measures, intensity of the impact would be moderate and the significance would be minimum. 6.10.2.14 Risk to health and safety The section provide the impacts and mitigation measures analysis to meet ESS4 requirements related to; Infrastructure and Equipment Design and Safety; Safety of Services; Community Exposure to Health Issues - due to workers; Management and Safety of Hazardous Materials around the project site. • The construction activities can create occupational health and safety risks to workers from chemical, physical and biological hazards at workplace. The OHS risks are those associated with exposure to slips, trips, falls, electricity, noise, vibration, radiation, heat, cold and fire. Chemical hazardous are those originate from paints, cleaning chemicals, degreasers, detergents, gas cylinders, refrigerant gases and biological hazards are those from human bodily matters, pathological waste, sharp wastes, Molds and yeasts, organic materials at workplace. Procedures to limit the drop height of falling materials which includes, Use of mobile and fixed-belt transport and conveyors should be preferred to hauling the material by trucks through internal roads (enclosed rubber-belt conveyors for dusty materials are recommended in conjunction with cleaning devices); Internal roads should be adequately compacted and periodically graded and maintained; A speed limit for trucks should be considered; Water spraying and surface treatment. The common health and safety problems associated with construction phase include: chemical hazards associated with works which entails direct contact with fuels or other chemicals used on machinery operations. Work with fuels may present a risk of exposure to volatile organic compounds via inhalation or skin contact during normal use or in the case of spills. • Biological hazards can also result into respiratory diseases such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD), asthma and silicosis due to exposure to harmful dust, fumes and gases from construction site. For example Occupational asthma can be caused by exposure to substances like wood dust. Carpentry and painting activities is known to be one of the main causes of respiratory diseases. Contact dermatitis due to handling of corrosive substances such as wet cement, grease or chemicals. Hand-arm vibration due to frequent use of handheld power tools like concrete breakers and vibrating compactor. Loss of hearing due to regular and/or frequent exposure to loud noise during operating power tools such as concrete breakers, compactors and hammer drills. High noise levels can also create safety risk due to difficulty of workers to hear warning signs. Biological hazards from inhale of emission from Carbon Monoxide (CO); Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx); Hydrocarbons (HC) which can affect human respiratory system. • Physical hazards from Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) due to manual works like handling pipe works, laying paving slabs and installing mechanical electrical equipment at height. Loss of hearing due to regular and/or frequent exposure to loud noise during operating power tools such as concrete breakers, compactors and hammer drills. High noise levels can also create safety risk due to difficulty of workers to hear warning signs. The environmental, health and safety hazards that can cause risks to health and safety associated with this project are likely to occur from various sources depending on the type of construction activities and location of project site. Some of the hazards directly emanate from the mobilization activities and others from outside the pre-construction works or project site. The following section describe the EHS impact mitigation measures and responsibilities. 281 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Sensitivity Very High High medium Low Very Low 5 4 3 2 1 High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 8 Minor 4 Impact 8 Magnitude Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 6 Minor 3 12 6 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 4 Insignificant 10 8 6 2 Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 Mitigation Measures a. Contractor shall ensure Health and Safety Management Plan is in place and used by the Contractor during construction phase. b. Contractor shall ensure appropriate working gear (such as nose, ear mask and clothing) and good working management is implemented. c. Contractor shall ensure that the campsite is fenced and hygienically kept with adequate provision of facilities including waste disposal receptacles, sewage, firefighting and clean and safe water supply. The contractor may be required to drill a borehole for obtaining water for construction. d. Contractor shall ensure well-stocked First Aid kit (administered by medical personnel) be placed and maintained at each campsite, quarry sites around the airport. e. Contractor shall ensure Workers working on terminal building on heavy lifting objective are trained in the use of proper lifting, bending, and turning techniques to avoid back injury or extremities f. TAA, TANROADS and Contractor shall ensure proper planning of site for airport location (new developments and expansion of existing facilities), and orientation of routes for arriving and departing aircraft relative to actual and projected residential development and other noise sensitive receptors in the surrounding area. g. Contractor shall ensure medical personnel are responsible for primary treatment of minor medical cases as well as providing some health education to the workforce. h. Contractor shall ensure risk of accidents reduced by restricting operation of machinery / equipment to the trained personnel only. There shall be a First Aid Kit on-site administered by a qualified person. The airport management shall be fully responsible for health and safety of employees and passengers, including providing all workers with personal protection equipment (PPE) against noise, impact and dust. i. Contractor shall ensure educating of workers and other airport users on rescue and safety issues in case of emergency such as occurrence of fire. Safety signal devices shall be installed and warning measures shall be taken to ensure safety during project operation to reduce accidents. j. Contractor shall ensure control of air pollution through regular servicing of operation vehicles and equipment’s to reduce excessive emission of Carbon Monoxide (CO); Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx); Hydrocarbons (HC) that can affect the heath of the workers and surrounding population. k. Contractor shall ensure reduction of noise from ground operations at the source or through the use of sound barriers and deflectors. l. Contractor shall ensure generation and storage of hazardous wastes are undertaken in the designated areas and subsequent collected by the Authorized waste dealers for disposal. m. Contractor shall prepare Campsite Management Plan that will provide among other things specific mitigation measures for risks and impacts associated with workers housing and accommodation. 282 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Duties and responsibilities – details on the roles and responsibilities of airport employees and management on OHS issues; • Ensure Communication resources- how information regarding OH&S issues shall be communicated, which include project management meetings, inductions, training and outcomes from inspections; • Ensure Reporting – how OH&S issues and incidents shall be reported. This may include incident and incidents reports and project safety reports. • Ensure Rules for safety – the rules related to workplace safety in terms of: behavior; use of First Aid Kit, maintenance; site layout; storage areas; manual handling; use of workplace equipment; fire alarm response; and security. • Ensure Workers are provided with the necessary Protective Equipment (PPEs) including clothing and fluids to prevent weather-related stress and apply other relevant recommendations for working environment temperature. Personal Protective Equipment According to Hazard Objective Workplace hazards Suggested PPE Eye and face protection Flying particles Safety glasses Head protection Falling objects, inadequate height Plastic hard hats with top and clearance, and overhead power cords side impact protection Hearing protection Noise Ear plugs or muffs Foot protection Falling or rolling objects pointed objects Safety shoes and boots Hand protection Hazardous materials, cuts or lacerationsGloves made of rubber or synthetic materials Respiratory protection Dust, lime operations, stone quarries Facemask filters for dust removal Body/leg protection Hazardous materials, biological agents, Overalls /coveralls cuttings and lacerations. Residue Impact With the implementation of mitigation measures, intensity of the impact would be moderate and the significance would remain low. 6.10.2.15 Risks of Vehicle and Heavy Equipment Blind Spots A blind spot (or blind area) is defined as the area around a vehicle or piece of construction equipment that is not visible to the operator, either by direct LINE of SIGHT or indirectly by use of internal and external mirrors. The major cause of obstruction in a driver’s LINE of SIGHT might include: Mirrors; Cab arrangements; Door and windows post; Stacks and air cleaners; Bug shield or other ornamentations; Box, tank and other equipment configurations. Also, tools attachments on vehicles can create greater blind spots, reduce visibility or swings that increase the risk of workers being struck or pinned. In this case the potential risks include: running over or striking pedestrians; smashing other equipment or vehicle; rollover on steep slope; contact with utilities (e.g. overhead power lines by moving equipment with raised bucket). 283 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Sensitivity Very High High medium Low Very Low 5 4 3 2 1 High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 8 Minor 4 Impact 6 Magnitude Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 6 Minor 3 12 6 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 4 Insignificant 10 8 6 2 Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 Mitigation Measures a. Contractor shall ensure risk of accidents reduced by restricting operation of machinery / equipment to the trained personnel only. There shall be a First Aid Kit on-site administered by a qualified person. The airport management shall be fully responsible for health and safety of employees and passengers, including providing all workers with personal protection equipment (PPE) against noise, impact and dust. b. Contractor shall ensure educating of workers and other airport users on rescue and safety issues in case of emergency such as occurrence of fire. Safety signal devices shall be installed and warning measures shall be taken to ensure safety during project operation to reduce accidents c. Contractor shall provide awareness materials such as banners, brochures, stickers around the project and on operating vehicles. d. Contractor shall provide regular training on health and safety issues e. Contractor shall ensure precautions are taken by drivers and machine operators all the time on works f. Contractor shall undertake regular maintenance and safety check-up of vehicles before operation Residue Impact With the implementation of mitigation measures, intensity of the impact would be reduced to low and the significance would remain minor. 6.10.2.16 Risks of Working at Night The working at night creates hazards due to reduced visibility during the night. The risk of workers getting injured or killed by vehicles increases in the dark due poor visibility. Drivers may be more tired, sleepy and less attentive. The potential cause of hazards include: poor visibility; glare of lights; adverse weather; tired drivers; and inattentive workers. Mitigation Measures a. Contractor shall ensure no works at night and if necessary shall be conducted under the supervision of the OHS specialist b. Contractor shall ensure all vehicles have lighting to be used to night c. Contractor shall ensure if working at night reflective signs are provided to all workers. 284 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. d. Contractor shall ensure Flaggers and other workers assigned traffic control responsibilities work very close to speeding motor vehicles, hence being exposed to risk of getting struck or run-over by vehicles. e. Contractor shall ensure all operational and activities to be done at night are supervised by the responsible staff f. Contractor shall provide regular training on health and safety issues for working that working at night. g. Contractor shall ensure that materials Truck has an operable automatic reverse signal alarm, which is audible above surrounding noise levels at least fifteen feet from the rear of the vehicle, or install a Video Camera to provide a driver with a full view of the area behind the Truck. h. Contractor shall ensure precautions are taken by drivers and machine operators all the night time when on works. 6.10.2.17 Risks of Movement of Tippers or Truck from Borrow Pits / Quarry site The movement and turning of tippers or trucks to and from Borrow pits along main road may pose a potential risk of traffic accidents due to collision with other vehicles. On the worst case, a severe accident could be of high intensity, permanent in duration and of punctual extent. However, this is a risk with a low probability to take place. In other cases, such as a minor accident, the intensity would be low, and the significance would be minor. Sensitivity Very High High medium Low Very Low 5 4 3 2 1 High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 8 Minor 4 Impact 12 Magnitude Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 6 Minor 3 12 6 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 4 Insignificant 10 8 4 2 Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 Mitigation Measures The Contractor shall take the following mitigation and precautions as follows: a. To minimize the impact, serious care shall be exercised to prevent OHS risks to workers, supporting staff and even locals. Safe driving practices shall be enforced in and out the site with speed regulated to the possible minimum, all personnel shall be given and required to wear safety protective gears on-site at all times, site emergency tool kit shall be placed; b. Contractor shall train and certify all drivers with access to quarry and borrow pits areas. Workers involved in the operation of quarry and borrow pits areas shall be familiar with safety procedures applicable as per EHS Plan. c. Contractor shall prepare and implement the traffic management plan to be used within the airport project. d. Contractor shall Install speed limit gadgets including speed limit of 30km around borrow pits and airport areas. e. Contractor shall installation of proper and adequate road signage in both English and Kiswahili around the construction site; 285 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. f. Contractor shall conduct training to airport access road users and site workers on how use the PPEs when on site such as reflective jackets, helmets and safety boots when on site; g. Contractor shall ensure Safe driving practices is enforced in and out the site with speed regulated to the possible minimum, all personnel shall be given and required to wear safety protective gears on- site at all times, site emergency tool kit shall be placed at all active site; h. Contractor shall ensure workers involved in the construction activities within the airport operation zones are familiar with safety procedures applicable to ramp and taxiway traffic, including communications with the air control tower; i. Contractor shall ensure Safety measure to all ground support vehicles working on quarry and borrow pits sites by maintained them, including back-up alarms, moving part guards, and emergency stop switches. j. Contractor shall conducting regular toolbox meetings and training for all workers on work zone safety, discussing potential hazards; equipment blind spots movement precautions in the activity area. k. Contractor shall ensure that materials Truck has an operable automatic reverse signal alarm, which is audible above surrounding noise levels at least fifteen feet from the rear of the vehicle, or install a Video Camera to provide a driver with a full view of the area behind the Truck. l. Contractor shall ensure that all trucks are covered properly when carrying materials to control dust abatement. Residue Impact With the implementation of mitigation measures, intensity of the impact would be moderate and the significance would remain low. 6.10.2.18 Soil and water pollution from Spillage of fuels and sanitary wastewater Construction activities shall cause landscape scarring which creates soil and water pollution. Other impacts that cause Soil and water pollution are those related to fuel storage and handling, vehicle maintenance, waste burials, oils spillage, burning activities, fire training and use of surfactants etc. Also, Pollution of water and soil can occur during construction phases due to accidental spillage/leakage of oils, fuels, chemicals, and asphalt and other hazardous materials as well as sedimentation that shall be taken by runoff during rainfall season into seasonal river around the project. Other impacts during construction phase may originate from campsite catering and domestic services as well as sewage around the airport and if these wastes not properly handled can be taken by storm water into seasonal river around the project, hence lead to water pollution. The water sources during construction and operation shall come from borehole located at the airport site. However during operation rainwater harvesting shall be harvested from terminal building and be stored in the underground tank for green belt development and fire tenderers. However conservation measures for ground water sources shall reduce the impacts on water resources drastically. Sensitivity Very High High medium Low Very Low 5 4 3 2 1 High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 8 Minor 4 Impact 8 Magnitude Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 6 Minor 3 8 7 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 3 Insignificant 286 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 10 8 6 2 Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 Mitigation Measures a. Contractor shall limit unnecessary clearance of vegetation during site clearance for runway extension and terminal building construction. b. Contractor shall collect all debris and spoil materials from demolished structures and site clearance and stockpiled materials shall be stored in the designated area within the airport boundaries for being used for land scarping and reinstatement during demobilization phase. c. Contractor shall ensure wastes water from airport facilities are collected and stored through septic tank and soak away pit which was constructed as part of project within the airport and when in full shall be emptied by the Authorized wastes dealer through waster tanker truck for disposal within Karatu district waste disposal areas. d. Contractor shall ensure refueling of engines or transfer of materials not carried out near water bodies, and any local spillage shall immediately be remedied. e. Contractor shall ensure risk of oil spills from operating machinery are contained through regular maintenance of the machines, vehicles as well as ensure all the machinery are certified as per manufactures manual. Provide the emergency spills containment which include silt floating and oil spill containment booms at the workshop. A skimmer to suck up the contained spill shall also be foreseen on site. f. Contractor shall take into account drainage and runoff flow patterns on the construction site to avoid causing of local flooding into downstream that could affect crops and residential areas. Excavated material storage sites shall never be done close to a watercourse to avoid impede the free flow of water or create bottlenecks. In order to minimize the impact of stocked material and spoils on water quality, the contractor shall also select spoil materials sites that are far from any watercourses and wetlands. g. Contractor shall ensure storm water drainage system are constructed as per design around the airport for controlling storm water runoff. h. The contractor shall ensure all discharge of concrete sludge, grey water or wastewater are not discharged in a natural waterbodies or ground, hence are collected in septic tanks to avoid discharge in natural ditches and in watercourses. Temporary washout containers shall be installed to allow wash water to evaporate. i. The Contractor shall ensure all maintenance and services of construction equipment and vehicles are undertaken within the establishment of workshop within campsite and special container or concrete slab shall be designed to collect all used oils and greases to be collected by the authorized waste dealer for disposal. j. The Contractor shall ensure undertaking repair of overflowing or leaking septic tanks immediately to avoid contamination of surface and ground water. Residue Impact: With the implementation of mitigation measures, intensity of the impact would be low and the significance would remain minor. 6.10.2.19 Risks of bush fires occurrences The incidence of bush fires is very common in rural areas, especially during dry seasons. The bush fire from nearby villages and mitaa may pose a risk of fire outbreak to airport facilities and Contractor Campsite. The impact is of short term duration and low significance. Sensitivity Very High High medium Low Very Low 287 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 5 4 3 2 1 High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 6 Minor 4 Impact 12 Magnitude Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 6 Minor 3 12 6 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 4 Insignificant 10 8 6 2 Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 Mitigation measures. a. Contractor shall ensure the airport buildings and facilities surrounded by security fence and gravel road as buffer zone to demarcate the areas covered by grasses from the built up areas. b. The contractor shall ensure that campsite is provided with firefighting equipment’s such as portable fire extinguishers, sand buckets and water and workers shall be trained to use and operate those facilities in case of emergency. c. TAA shall provide the awareness and training to local community on the dangers of bush fires around the airport in relation to air pollution and possible causes of airborne diseases. d. Ensure public awareness is provided to communities around the airport areas. 6.10.2.20 Impacts on Vulnerable Individuals, Households and Groups Baseline conditions reveal the existence of vulnerable individuals, families, households and groups of people in the project areas (Chapter 5.0). Vulnerabilities noted include child abuse, teenage pregnancies, prostitution, food insecurity and poverty amongst others. It is therefore of concern that, the road project could easily entrench these vulnerability levels in terms of possible exclusion of the vulnerable groups from gainful employment and exploitation. Children under 18 years could be attracted to airport works and abandoning school. The girl child shall be more vulnerable to male construction workers while young males could develop drug abuse tendencies resulting from fraternization with adult construction labour. Sexual harassment around the airport project can derail individuals affected and consequently deter other livelihood activities hence affecting women and their entire households. Sexual harassment could easily lead to HIV/AIDS infections. In addition, airport construction could also result into constrained access to social services like homes, gardens, water sources, places of worship and schools around the airport, especially for women, children, elderly and disabled people. Temporary “bridges” improvised to abate this impact are often inadequate and unsafe for use by vulnerable people. Access to compensation is also fraught with bottlenecks due to gender and social stigmatization. The likelihood of this impact occurring is ranked as possible and sensitivity of this impact has been ranked as high and magnitude is medium. Overall impact significance is thus moderate. Sensitivity Very High High Medium Low Very Low 5 4 3 2 1 High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 8 Minor 4 Impact 12 Magnitude Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 6 Minor 3 8 9 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 4 Insignificant 10 8 6 2 288 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 Mitigation measures. a. Contractor shall Carry out sensitization in schools on issues of drugs, sex and fraternization with airport contract workers; b. Contractor shall Identify vulnerable individuals within the Project affected People (PAPs) and liaise with local authorities to determine on how best they can access their compensation and resettlement emoluments; c. Contractor shall ensure Children below 14 years are not recruited to work in the airport project d. Contractor shall ensure all project employees are dressing with labeled uniforms when out of site. This shall be for easy identification in case of child abuse practices and misconduct; e. Contractor shall provide safe temporary project facilities that is both gender-friendly and usable by disabled persons. Residue Impact: With the implementation of mitigation measures, intensity of the impact would be low and the significance would remain minor. 6.10.2.21 Risks on Storm Water flow The airport construction including runway and surface structure may pose the risks on the storm water flow around the area, hence may affect catchment through erosion and sediments deposition. The intensity of the impact would be low and the significance would remain minor. Mitigation measures: i. The contractor shall ensure proper functional of drainage system through regular maintenance that allows water and hydrology including Surface water regimes not be altered because of flow diversions, water intake, and changes to the drainage pattern. ii. The contractor shall ensure the airport drainage system are functional and storm water peak runoff rate not exceed the peak predevelopment runoff rate for a particular design storm; Reintroduction of treated, abstracted water into streams in order to maintain the ecological flow; iii. The contractor shall ensure runoff is routed to the rainwater harvesting structures for further use in firefighting operation, cooling plant and air conditioners after treatment. iv. The contractor shall ensure regular check up on storm water from roofing and runoff from paved structures like runway, taxiways are routed through drains to oils separation tanks and sedimentation basins before being discharged into storm water drainage system. v. The contractor shall ensure proper function of the constructed storm water drainage built for discharging storm water from the air-field to avoid flooding and water logging in airport areas during rainy season. Residue Impact: With the implementation of mitigation measures, intensity of the impact would be low and the significance would remain minor. 6.10.3. NEGATIVE IMPACTS DURING DEMOBILIZATION PHASE The demobilization activities is anticipated as the final phase in the life cycle after, mobilization, construction and before operation and maintenance phases. It is a process involving operations such as, dismantling of equipment, landscaping and reinstatement activities around the airport and at borrow pits areas, demolition of airport temporary and existing structures, decontamination and management of resulting materials. All these activities take into account of the environmental, health and safety 289 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. requirements for operating personnel and the general public, and any implications for the environment. As per the requirement, the Upgrading of Lake manyara airport has been made a subject of screening and detailed environmental assessment pursuant to the Environmental Management Act 2004 prior to issuance of the environmental clearance. The environmental assessment has addressed all life-cycle states of upgrading the airport including mobilization, construction, demobilization and final operation. In this phase, the Contractor shall also clean areas where he worked, remove foreign materials and debris resulting from the contracted work and shall maintain the site in a clean, orderly and safe condition. Materials and equipment shall be removed from the site as soon as they are no longer necessary to minimize the demobilization work after completion of the project. Before the final inspection, the site shall be cleared of equipment, unused materials and rubbish so as to present a satisfactory clean and neat appearance. These activities during demobilization phase may be associated with the following adverse impact. 6.10.3.1 Risks associated with Dismantle of Workshops / Garages and Materials storage areas The plan shall among others, provides a brief outline of the works required to demolish the temporary infrastructures as well as equipments and mashinery on the site prior project operation. This Plan shall be used as a reference document that provides the framework to ensure that demolition activities on the site do not adversely affect the health, safety, traffic or the environment as well as the adjacent communities. The Contractor shall be required to prepare a detailed Plan to br approved by the employer prior to the commencement of demobilization works on site. The following aspect and activities shall be part of the demobilization phase i. Demolition Methods It is anticipated that the Contractor shall prepare a detailed Demolition Plan prior to the commencement of work on site, however, the indicative demolition methodology shall be as follows: ▪ The strip out and removal of non-structural elements shall be undertaken utilising manual labour and small plant including – bobcats, 3-5t excavators and dingo type loaders. ▪ The materials shall be removed from site using small to medium sized trucks. ▪ The structures shall be demolished using larger plant and equipment including 15-40t hydraulic excavators. These machines shall be equipped with rock breakers, pulverisers and the like which would be used in a sequential manner. ▪ During the demolition process erosion control measures shall be established. These shall include treatment of hazadous waste as per ESMP. ii. Materials Handling Materials handling shall be by mechanical plant (including excavators and bobcats) loaded into trucks (bogie tippers and semi trailers). The debris shall be collected and disposed to the waste disposal within the Karatu district. The contractor shall submit a Project Demolition Management Plan to the proponent which outlines among others the: ▪ maximisation, reuse and recycling of demolition material; ▪ minimisation of waste disposal; ▪ evidence of implementation for specified arrangements of waste management; ▪ Reistatement of querry and borrow pits areas 290 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. ▪ Dismatlering of mashinery and equaipents All recycling and disposal containers as well as Hazardous materials should be accommodated within the campsite prior being collected by the authorised waste dealer for dispasal. Hazardous materials shall be removed in accordance with EMA 2004. iii. Proposed Sequence The Contractor shall be required to prepare the following documentation prior to the commencement of demolition and/or excavation works: ▪ Dilapidation Survey ▪ Construction Waste Management Plan ▪ Demolition Management Plan iv. Protective Measures Class hoarding shall be erected around the perimeter of the construction site prior to the commencement of demolition works. Additionally, wherever the risk arises of material falling into public areas, overhead protection shall be provided in the form of a B Class hoarding. Scaffolding shall be erected to facades where materials could fall in excess of 4m. The scaffolding shall be clad with chainwire and shadecloth to enclose debris and dust onto the site. During the demolition, dust control measures shall be used to minimise the spread of dust from site. The Contractor shall have a senior representative on site at all times to ensure compliance with the safety guidelines and agreed work methods. v. Traffic Management The management of construction traffic during the deccommissioning phase shall be subject to the provision of a detailed traffic management plan. This plan shall be prepared by the Contractor for the various stages of demolition. During demolition, all traffic shall be held within the site boundaries. The site shall remain closed to pedestrian traffic and shall be generally manned by security. vi. Borrow Pits and Quarry Sites’ Demobilization Activities The exsting and approved Borrow pits and query site management and reinstatement plan, shall be reviewed and updated as part of the Demobilization Plan. This plan shall involve all process of materials handling and dismantle of equipments. Reinstatement shall involve: • remove all foreign material (e.g., debris, structures, or equipment) • bury coarse material within pit or utilize for slope reconstruction • recontour and grade overburden to eliminate stockpiles (contours should not disrupt drainage and reconstruct slopes to restore natural drainage) • drainage ditches maintain grade and capacity for diverting runoff from reclaimed site to aid vegetation establishment • rip-rap, boulders, or roughening soil surface to slow erosion o restore topsoil and initiate revegetation • spread topsoil evenly over disturbed area 291 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • roughen surface to provide micro-sites for revegetation • natural revegetation optimizes native species and prevents invasive plants • Where cliff faces exist, access restricted and safety signs installed or, where possible, graded to a stable slope The intensity of the impact would be reduced to moderate and the significance would remain medium. Sensitivity Very High High medium Low Very Low 5 4 3 2 1 High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 8 Minor 4 Impact 12 Magnitude Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 6 Minor 3 12 6 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 4 Insignificant 10 8 3 2 Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 Among others during this project phase the Contractor shall undertake the following mitigations: a. Contractor shall undertake cleaning of all work areas, offices, workshops /garages and other temporary installations and resolution of all site environment to the acceptable standard. These includes removal or re-use of temporary buildings, materials, wood, refuse, surplus materials, embankments or any other material that are within the airport areas. b. Contractor shall ensure natural drainages be restored and excavated materials be used to backfill excavated areas. The damaged areas shall be restored to make it compatible with future use. However, the contractor shall consult the local authority to obtain information about the envisaged use of the area. Natural drainage shall be preserved during restoration works. c. Contractor shall ensure ditches be created to facilitate water run-off by installing drains and derivation ditches perpendicular to the slopes. All superfluous temporary drainage elements must be removed. Permanent installations must be restored / repaired to their initial state. d. Contractor shall ensure compacted soils be scarified to at least 15 cm deep to loosen it and facilitate vegetation growth. Concrete surfaces, paving stones and flagstones shall be removed or broken and covered with 1m of topsoil. The site shall be cleared of equipment, materials, provisional installations, wastes, debris and overburden resulting from construction works. The eliminated dry materials should form a stable slope and must be in harmony with the surrounding landscape. The loss soils shall be compacted thoroughly, the slope flattened and spread a layer of additional cover material and cover with topsoil to allow growth of natural vegetation. Upon completion of the Contracted Work, the contractor shall remove all of its tools, materials and other facilities from the construction area. e. Contractor shall ensure workshop and other materials storage areas are cleaned to remove petroleum products like oils and grease and other hazardous materials shall be collected and 292 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. handled to the Authorized waste dealers for disposal. Scrapers, spoils, plastics, wood, metal, papers materials etc. and all asphalts product remaining, cements bags, stockpiled gravels and any other surplus materials shall also be collected by the Authorized Waste dealer for disposal in accordance with the provisions given in the Waste Management Plan. Finally the airport surrounding shall be planted with grasses and flowers as part of the beatification. f. Contractor shall ensure restoration of borrow pits is done in accordance with the approved Borrow Pit and Quarry site Operation and Restoration Plan and the site shall be reshaped to reduce steep slopes to the safety acceptable limits and backfilling with surrounding top soils and spoil materials to allow growth of natural vegetation. The area must fit well with the surrounding landscape and should be sufficiently drained. 6.10.3.2. Risk of accidents and health hazards The section provides impact and the mitigation measures analysis to meet ESS4 requirements on: Infrastructure and Equipment Design and Safety; Safety of Services; Community Exposure to Health Issues - due to workers; Management and Safety of Hazardous Materials related to demobilization phase. Risks of accidents are anticipated to occur where health and safety standards are not properly enforced and adhered-to during the machine and equipment dismantle exercise. The exercise includes transportation, handling, removal, and uninstallation of machines which may cause injuries to both humans and environment such as the case of incident and accident. Sensitivity Very High High medium Low Very Low 5 4 3 2 1 High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 8 Minor 4 Impact 12 Magnitude Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 6 Minor 3 12 6 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 4 Insignificant 10 8 3 2 Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 Mitigation Measures The contractor shall adhere to OHS policy and plan and a risk management plan with a clear assignment of responsibilities, which should, among others, address the following: a) The contractor shall prepare and implement the HSMP during demobilization phase b) The contractor shall ensure safety features of ground support vehicles are maintained, including back-up alarms, moving part guards, and emergency stop switches; c) The contractor shall ensure all workers involved machine handling, whether as a regular or incidental aspect of their work function, be trained in the use of proper lifting, bending, and turning techniques to avoid back injury or extremities during dismantle exercise; d) The contractor shall provide training to workers working at standing height (requiring special lifting or pushing techniques) by providing equipment’s which may present tripping and slipping hazards; 293 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. e) The contractor shall be provide appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs), such as knee pads when dismantle the construction facilities f) The contractor shall provide the frequency and duration of worker assignments to heavy lifting activities should be mitigated through rotations and rest periods; g) The contractor shall train workers on the prevention of heat stress, including the identification of early symptoms and management techniques (e.g. hydration, rest); and h) The contractor shall provide workers with the necessary PPEs such as clothing and fluids to prevent weather-related stress and apply other relevant recommendations for working environment temperature. Residue Impact With the implementation of mitigation measures, intensity of the impact would be reduced to low and the significance would remain minor. 6.10.4.3. Loss of employment Loss of employment may occur where contractor may terminate all unskilled and skilled employment from the construction activities. This is expected to be a temporary impact as the workers shall have to move or find another source of income such as business or other job opportunities that have influenced by the completed project. The intensity of the impact would be low and the significance would remain minor. Sensitivity Very High High Medium Low Very Low 5 4 3 2 1 High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 8 Minor 4 Impact 12 Magnitude Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 6 Minor 3 8 9 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 4 Insignificant 10 8 6 2 Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 Mitigation Measures a. Contractor shall ensure that workers are treated according to the working contracts agreements and as per Employment and Labour Relations Act of 2004. Workers shall be trained on construction working skills during project implementation. Acquired working skills and exposure shall give them an opportunity to be employed by other similar projects within the region. b. Contractor shall ensure that workers are treated according to the working contracts agreements and as per Project labor management procedures. 6.10.3.3 liquid and solid waste generation The demobilization phase may entail the dumping of waste materials and equipment from the removed construction equipment’s and construction debris that may contribute to waste generation in terms of solid, liquid and air pollution. After completion of the project, the contractor should remove all temporary infrastructure including installations, spoil materials, generated wastes, and construction equipment. The removal of campsite and workshop may result into generation of liquid and solid wastes. The campsite and workshop site should be well reinstated to its original form through planting of grasses and trees species acceptable to the airport 294 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. that shall influence the ecological function. All the remains waste materials including solid and hazardous liquid wastes shall be collected by the authorized waste dealers to be dumped appropriately and accordingly as per approved Waste Management Plan. The intensity of the impact would be reduced to moderate and the significance would remain medium. Sensitivity Very High High medium Low Very Low 5 4 3 2 1 High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 8 Minor 4 Impact 12 Magnitude Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 6 Minor 3 12 6 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 4 Insignificant 10 8 3 2 Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 Mitigation Measures a) Contractor shall ensure restoration of borrow pits is done in accordance with the approved Borrow Pit and Quarry site Operation and Restoration Plan and the site shall be reshaped to reduce steep slopes to the safety acceptable limits and backfilling with surrounding top soils and spoil materials to allow growth of natural vegetation. The area must fit well with the surrounding landscape and should be sufficiently drained. b) Contractor shall ensure compacted soils be scarified to at least 15 cm deep to loosen it and facilitate vegetation growth. Concrete surfaces, paving stones and flagstones shall be removed or broken and covered with 1m of topsoil. The site shall be cleared of equipment, materials, provisional installations, wastes, debris and overburden resulting from construction works. The eliminated dry materials should form a stable slope and must be in harmony with the surrounding landscape. The loss soils shall be compacted thoroughly, the slope flattened and spread a layer of additional cover material and cover with topsoil to allow growth of natural vegetation. Upon completion of the Contracted Work, the contractor shall remove all of its tools, materials and other facilities from the construction area. c) Contractor shall ensure workshop and other materials storage areas are cleaned to remove petroleum products like oils and grease and other hazardous materials shall be collected and handled to the Authorized waste dealers for disposal. Scrapers, spoils, plastics, wood, metal, papers materials etc. and all asphalts product remaining, cements bags, stockpiled gravels and any other surplus materials shall also be collected by the Authorized Waste dealer for disposal in accordance with the provisions given in the Waste Management Plan. Finally the airport surrounding shall be planted with grasses and flowers as part of the beatification. d) Contractor shall undertake cleaning of all work areas, offices, workshops /garages and other temporary installations and resolution of all site environment to the acceptable standard. These includes removal or re-use of temporary buildings, materials, wood, refuse, surplus materials, embankments or any other material that are within the airport areas. 295 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. e) Contractor shall ensure natural drainages be restored and excavated materials be used to backfill excavated areas. The damaged areas shall be restored to make it compatible with future use. However, the contractor shall consult the local authority to obtain information about the envisaged use of the area. Natural drainage shall be preserved during restoration works. f) Contractor shall ensure ditches be created to facilitate water run-off by installing drains and derivation ditches perpendicular to the slopes. All superfluous temporary drainage elements must be removed. Permanent installations must be restored / repaired to their initial state. Residue Impact. With the implementation of mitigation measures, intensity of the impact would be reduced to moderate and the significance would remain medium. 296 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 6.10.4 NEGATIVE IMPACTS IDENTIFIED DURING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PHASES The Lake manyara is among the existing airport with the long history which is operating since 1975. However, the airport runway is in gravel standard with minor facilities such as building used for passengers and offices as well as fire tenders. The airport shall be operating while the construction is taking place in order not to limits the services of the tourism sector which is in high demand of the airport services. In this regards several airport plans and procedures are in place and shall regularly be reviewed and updated by TAA as per requirement prior Construction, Operation and Maintenance Phases of the new upgraded airport and these shall be approved by TCAA and ICAO. The airport operator (TAA) shall ensure regular (Reviewing and Updating) the mandatory available Airport Operational plans and Procedures for the existing lake manyara airport which includes; Waste (Solid and lavatory) Management Plan, fuel Handling Management Procedures, Wildlife Manual (Birds Strike and Vegetation Management Plan), Safety Management System (Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Management), Noise Management Plan, Airport Regular Maintenance Procedure, Airport Emergence Preparedness Plan, Aircrafts Landing and Taking off procedures, Aerodrome Manual (Airport General Operational Procedure), Airport Security Program (Airport Security Operation Protocol and Procedure) and etc as per ICAO and TCAA requirements;. As strategies for controlling bird’s collision the airport operator shall undertake the regular runway inspection before landing and taking off aircrafts. The EHS personnel’s under the airport operator, airline, and services providers shall be responsible for managing and supervising the undertaking of EHS mitigation during operation and maintenance phases around the airport project. NoTE: This airport project shall not include the building of maintenance hangar for the aircrafts or operational vehicles. These activities shall be undertaken in in karatu private garages and for aircrafts shall be undertaken Moshi airport which is designated to offer such services and which is about 170km from the proposed project. However, the general airport maintenance activities shall be undertaken as per airport established Regular Maintenance Procedure that shall be updated by TAA prior airport operations phase. The aircrafts refueling and other operational vehicles shall be supplied by the private Oil company in Karatu who shall be supplying the fuel through fuel tanker upon demand as per airport established fuel Handling Management Procedures that shall be reviewed and updated by the TAA prior airport operations phase. As part of resource use efficiency, the terminal building and its associated facilities shall be connected with getters to harvesting rain water, use most of the automated electric appliances such as energy serving lights, automated and sensing light, automated and sensing toilets water tap etc. which aimed at service the resources use. Table 6.0: Indicating the existing airport Operational plans and Procedures for the existing lake manyara airport that shall be reviewed and updated by the TAA prior construction, operation and maintenance phases of the project. SN Lists of procedure and Prepared Approved timeframe Summary of the Plan plans to be reviewed \Updated by by and updated 1 Aerodrome Manual TAA TCAA, ICAO Prior Provides general and (Airport General operation specific airport guidance Operational and procedures to airlines, Procedure) airport users as per ICAO standards 2 Airport Security TAA TCAA, ICAO Prior Provides airport general Operation Protocol and IATA construction rules and security protocol and Procedure and operation to address the security 297 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. issues related to aircrafts, passengers, workers and general airport users when at the airport. 3 Aircrafts Landing and TAA TCAA, ICAO Prior Provides general and Taking off procedures and IATA operation specific guidance and procedures to airlines on how to take off and landing at particular airport as per ICAO standards 4 Wildlife manual (Birds TAA TCAA Prior Provides general and Strike and Vegetation construction specific guidance and Management Plan) and operation management of vegetation and wildlife including birds strike around the airport to ensure safety of the aircrafts during take-off and landing at particular airport as per ICAO standards. E.g. It provide among others; both pest management aspects (e.g., use of herbicides) and invasive species control; 5 Safety management TAA TCAA, ICAO Prior Provides general and system and IATA construction specific guidance and (Environmental management of EHS issues Health and Safety to passengers, workers (EHS) Management) around the airport as per ICAO standards 6 fuel Handling TAA TCAA Prior Provides general and Management construction specific guidance for fuel Procedures and operation handling and management at airport surrounding and during fueling the aircrafts and vehicles around the airport e.g. provide the guideline to private fuel supplier, management of fuel trucks at the airport and fueling operations; 7 Waste (Solid and TAA TCAA, ICAO Prior Provides general and lavatory) construction specific guidance and Management Plan and operation management of wastes (Solid and lavatory) around the airport and on aircrafts in particular as per ICAO standards; 8 Airport Regular TAA TCAA, ICAO Prior Provides general and 298 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Maintenance construction and IATA specific guidance and Procedure and operation management of undertaking of maintenance activities at the airport facilities (Buildings, Runways, aircrafts and other related systems) during maintenance phase as per ICAO standards 9 Airport Emergence TAA TCAA, ICAO Prior Provides general and Preparedness Plan and IATA construction specific guidance and and operation management of emergency related issues and provides the preparedness plan for mitigations around the airport as per ICAO and aviation safety standards 10 Noise Management TAA/TANROADS TCAA/ICAO Prior Provides general and Plan construction specific guidance and and operation management of Noise risks related to airport activities and to provide the mitigation measures to address the impacts to airports users, neighbors, passengers and workers during operation phase. Note: The TAA shall be required to review and update these plans prior project construction and operation phase to address the provisions of the ESIA requirements. Refers to the attached commitment letter from TAA. 6.10.4.1 Noise and Vibration during operation: The noise and vibration assessment compares the existing situation at the airport with a proposed future situation wherein the airport infrastructure is upgraded. The upgrades include a proposed extension to the existing runway and resurfacing using asphalt material. In the future situation, the number of air traffic movements are also expected to double during the daytime period. The important receptors considered were Kilimamoja school, art galleria and the community around the airport during landing and taking off time. Some common impacts of noise include annoyance, sleep disturbance and interference with community activities. The acceptable levels of noise as per Tanzania national standard and IFC/WHO standards for Noises are regarded to be 45 and 70 dBA during the night and 55 and 85 dBA during the day respectfully. Since operation activities are expected to take place during the day only 55 and 85 dBA as per TZS and IFC standards shall be monitored accordingly. Noise during operation phase shall be generated by aircrafts engines and other airport vehicles and machinery around the airport. However, it is clear that the aircrafts noise and vibration is significant due to its movement on the ground and on air. The types of the aircrafts, number of aircrafts and distribution of flight during the day and night can determine the level of the noise at the particular airport. The aircraft 299 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. noise can be generated in the air and during take-off and landing, also the ground noise can originate from activities due to taxiing of aircraft, ground running of engines, auxiliary power units and ground services vehicles etc. The measurements and assessment of environmental noise levels were determined in accordance to ISO standards using SLM-25 sound level meter. On taking measurements, the device-meter scale was set to the “A” weighed measurement scale which enables the devices to respond in the same manner as the human ear. Data were recorded at the interval of 5 seconds at representative1 hour period at night time and day time and Equivalent noise levels were computed. where the sound level meter was at a distance of 3.5 m from reflecting walls and set. Measurement made according to ISO 1996-1 and BS 7445-1. The device was stationed approximately 1.5 m above the surface and at least 3.5 m away from hard-reflecting surfaces. Due to urgency of the data, this measurement equipment’s were set and taken by different equipment’s in a single day on each of the chosen sampling points. Each individual measurement was taken over a representative period of time 8 hours during day time and 8 hours night time to ensure that all possible variations in noise generation in the area, i.e., all possible noise sources was included in the measurement. Care was taken to take enough measurements, over long enough periods of 16 hours including 8 hours during day time and 8 hours night time specifically setting the measurement between 12.00am to 10.00pm night when most of people shall be on work and 10.00pm to 12.00 am when most of people shall be sleeping as to evaluate noise levels as near as possible to represent potential exposure levels. The measurement time intervals were, as far as reasonably practicable, chosen to be representative of the reference time intervals (considerable care shall therefore be taken to ensure that variations in noise propagation and representative cycles were adequately covered by the selected time intervals). The sound level meter was checked immediately before and after each series of sound level measurements using the acoustic calibrator. During the assessment, the selected receptors for noise, air quality and vibration assessment were purposively sampled based on professional judgement and other factors including the sensitivity of the receptors in and around the site. Surveys by walking through the site to ascertain the number, distribution of the sensitive receptors and their distance from the proposed project was done. From field four (4) sensitive receptors were selected as sampling sites for the proposed lake Manyara airport from 18 to 22 August 2022 and other measurement for data verification undertaken from 20 to 22 September, 2023. The selected sampling point includes; (i) representatives of the different land uses, activities in and around the project sites; (ii) candidates for noise and air pollution mitigation through site hoarding; and (iii) sections within the project sites/areas. These included existing terminal apron, community, African galleria and Hot spring pre & primary school and its environs, (vi) landing and taking off points along the existing airport. For more details on Noise a refers to NMP prepared as part of ESIA report. Overall impact is moderate and the significance would be medium. Sensitivity Very High High medium Low Very Low 5 4 3 2 1 High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 8 Minor 4 Impact 12 Magnitude Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 6 Minor 3 9 6 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 4 Insignificant 10 6 6 2 300 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 Mitigation Measures Mitigation on Noise and vibration impacts during operation phase around the airport includes; h. Airport operator shall ensure Noise Management Plan(NMP) is in place to be implemented by the airlines, airport users and other operators. The NMP has been prepared by the Consultant who was commissioned by the employer to assess the noise impacts related to the airport construction and operation as per IATA and ICAO general airport guideline. The NMP is the separate document which has been approved by the TANROADS, TAA and the WB, hence shall be used by the Contractor during construction and airlines, airport operator during operation phase to address the issues of Noise around the airport. i. Airlines and Airport operator shall ensure encouraging aircrafts noise are mitigated by the engineering maneuverability of the aircraft during landing or landing point to the angles opposing the wind flow and direction for Optimize the routes i.e., identify turning points for departing and taking off aircraft pathway to avoid residential areas or specific points of interest. j. Airliner and Airport operator shall ensure encouraging aircraft engine to be switched off immediately after landing as per IATA and ICAO airport general guideline during operation. k. TAA and Airport operators shall ensure proper servicing of aircraft engine as per manufactures guideline l. TAA and Airport operators shall ensure nuisance of noise and vibration are mitigated by implementing transient and good work practice around the airport m. Airport operators shall ensure all airport workers are given PPEs and ensuring that they wear and use them during working hours to mitigate noise pollution. n. Airline and Airport operators shall ensure encouraging utilization of the IATA and ICAO balanced approach methodology for noise reduce at the airport by including reduction of noise at the source through; Fleet optimization, which involves opening up discussion with airlines about the aircraft they use to fly into Lake Manyara Airport looking at their entire fleet. Fleet renewal, which encouraging airlines to fly newer generation aircrafts; Incentives discount on airport charges or incentives for airlines that use quieter aircraft; increase the airport charges for airlines/operators that use noisy aircraft as well as land use planning and management, noise abatement operational procedure and operation restriction. o. Airline and Airport operator shall ensure encouraging use of technological advancements of machinery and aircrafts operation such as encouraging use of modern aircrafts such as ATR 72 and bombardier Q400 which are among the modern aircrafts in term of minimum fuel combustion and noise pollution. p. Airport operator shall ensure optimize the runway: use optimize runway to reduce noise pollution in specific areas of interest by opting the North direction of the airport based on wind flow during arrivals to runway 20 and departures from 02 this could provide intermittent and periodic relief to residents. g. Airlines and Airport operator shall ensure noise levels are within acceptable limits, and operation activities shall, where possible, be confined to 8 normal working hours during day time; h. Airport operator shall ensure noise-sensitive areas like offices, existing terminal building users are notified prior undertaking the operation works that may result into excessive noise around the airport. Any excessively noisy activity around the airport shall be conducted upon issuing prior notice and PPEs to those likely to be affected, i. Airlines and Airport operator shall ensure workers are trained in the management of noise pollution from vehicles and machinery; 301 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. j. Airlines and Airport operator shall ensure Providing noise protection kits, such as ear plugs and earmuffs, for workers working in an area with a noise level higher than 85 dB(A). It is designated as a regulation that workers must wear protection kits in case of working in a noisy area. (vii) Airport operator shall ensure use of rubber-lined or soundproof surfaces on processing equipment (e.g. screens, chutes, transfer points, and buckets); Use of rubber-belt transport and conveyors; Installation of natural barriers at facility boundaries (e.g. vegetation curtains or soil berms); Optimization of internal-traffic routing, particularly to minimize vehicle-reversing needs (reducing noise from reversing alarms) and to maximize distances to the closest sensitive receptors; Airport operator shall ensure encouraging the use of electrically driven machines as well as speed limit for trucks should be considered. Based on the vibration measurement analysis obtained from site during monitoring of locations as background and vibration projection during airport operation phase, it can be concluded that the recorded vibrations are within acceptable limits according to Tanzania's environmental management noise and vibration standards of 2015. The following measures shall be instituted during this phase: a) Airlines and airport operator shall ensure proper work Scheduling to minimize the duration and intensity of activities that generate higher vibrations. This may involve reducing operating hours to reduce hours of exposure to the equipment; b) TCAA, Airlines and airport operator shall Provide workers with PPEs such as anti-vibration groves to try to mitigate the impact of vibration and related noise; c) Airport operator shall establish buffer zones between operational areas and sensitive locations such as offices and passengers waiting lounge areas this separation can help reduce the potential impact of vibrations on human health; d) Airlines and Airport operator shall adhering to manufactures practices or limits for operating the machine within the recommended hours. e) TCAA, Airlines and airport operator shall ensuring compliance with Tanzania's environmental management and IFCs standards and promoting the well-being of the airport users. TCAA, Airlines and airport operator shall provide workers with limited time of exposure when on site. Additional Noise mitigation measures shall include the following ➢ Reduction of noise at source The first pillar of the Balanced Approach aims to reduce the noise coming from the aircraft. Reducing aircraft noise at the source can be achieved by: a. Fleet optimisation Opening up discussion with airlines/operators about the aircraft they use to fly into Lake manyara Airport looking at their entire fleet. b. Fleet renewal Encouraging airlines/operators to fly newer generation aircraft c. Incentives Discount on airport charges or incentives for airlines/operators that use quieter aircraft. Increase the airport charges for airlines/operators that use noisy aircraft. ➢ Land-use planning and management The second pillar of the Balanced Approach aims to introduce/extend land-use planning around the airport. The calculated noise impact of the current and future situation around L.Manyara Airport doesn’t result in a direct need for Land-use planning and management activities. Although noise levels 302 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. exceed permissible limits for kilimamoja Community, the increase may not perceptible if background noise levels are around 45 dB(A). It is advised to conduct noise measurements for an extended period of time (entire daytime) and isolate the noise impact due to aircraft operations and establish background noise levels more accurately. It would also be advisable to establish whether measures should be taken to protect the surrounding residential areas from (excessive) ground noise caused by the larger turboprop aircraft such as the ATR-42 and ATR-72. We advise to monitor this once these aircraft are operational and over a longer period of time. The 3rd and 4th pillar of the Balanced Approach can be used to identify noise mitigation measures; in case the outcome of the noise monitoring campaigns requires action. ➢ Noise Abatement Operational Procedures The third pillar of the Balanced Approach aims to reduce noise by optimizing the operational procedures. This includes optimisations in runway use, routes flown and procedures. Some examples of optimisations that can be considered if deemed necessary: Runway use • Optimise runway use for specific time periods (e.g. late evening, night time, early morning) to reduce nuisance. • Optimise runway use to reduce noise in specific areas of interest. If obstacle situation improves in the North of the airport, arrivals to runway 20 and departures from 02 could be considered. • This may provide relief intermittent and periodic to residents Routes • Identify turning points for departing aircraft to avoid residential areas or specific points of interest. ▪ Optimise arrival routes. ▪ Curved (visual) approaches when landing. ▪ Combination of the measures mentioned above procedures Optimise vertical profiles (optimal height and speed) for both arrivals and departures to minimise noise impact at areas of interest. ➢ Operating restrictions The fourth pillar of the Balanced Approach should only be considered if measures for the first three pillars are deemed inadequate. This pillar therefore contains ‘the last resort’ measures, including: • Reducing/restricting movements during specific periods of time (e.g. night time, evening, or specific time periods such as breakfast or dinner) • Night-time closure • Cap on the (annual) number of movements • Not allowing specific aircraft (e.g. not allowing older generation aircraft with high noise levels ➢ Other Noise Management Strategy for Lake manyara Airport Considering the increase in traffic and associated noise, it would be our advice to start exploring whether measures from the 1st and 2nd pillar of the balanced approach need to be considered at Lake 303 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. manyara Airport. However, the results of the noise modelling doesn’t result in an urgent noise problem and the noise levels remain within the guidelines from the ICF World Bank Group. • Periodic noise measurements to accurately establish background noise levels should be undertaken by Tanzanian Airport Authority (TAA). • Turning of runway 20 departures away from the residential areas below the extended runway centre line may be considered by Tanzanian Civil Aviation Authority (TCAA) in consultation with TAA and airlines on its feasibility as a noise preferential route. Residue Impact With the implementation of the preventive measures, intensity of the impact would be reduced to moderate and the significance would remain minor. 6.10.4.2 Air pollution during operation The methodology outlines the procedures and methods used to collect and analyze data for establishing baseline for air quality during operation phase. A baseline survey was conducted in the project area zone to collect levels of Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5) Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), baseline data on the locations. From field four (4) sensitive receptors were selected as sampling sites for the proposed lake Manyara airport from 18 to 22 August 2022 and other measurement for data verification undertaken from 20 to 22 September, 2023. The selected sampling point includes; (i) representatives of the different land uses, activities in and around the project sites; (ii) candidates for noise and air pollution mitigation through site hoarding; and (iii) sections within the project sites/areas. These included existing terminal apron, community, African galleria and Hot spring pre & primary school and its environs, (vi) landing and taking off points along point of aircraft throating up engines at the airport. The measurement were taken according to TZS 837 and WHO Guidelines. Fumes generated from aircrafts and vehicle engines operations such as, Carbon Monoxide (CO); Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx); Hydrocarbons (HC) originated from machinery and engines combustion which emits fumes which can affect local air quality at ground level which in turn affects people. As the airport shall be operating while construction is on-going, It is therefore emission from aircraft below 1,000ft, above the ground (typically around 3km from departure or arrivals, and around 6km from touchdown this affects local air quality. These emissions disperse with the wind and blend with emission from sources such as aircrafts, operating machinery, equipment and vehicles shall have negative impact to the air quality. A. Methodology for air Quality Sampling and analysis Places and locations were chosen for the sampling are carefully selected to ensure they are representative of the entire project area. The sampling and monitoring activities were conducted at sensitive receptors, which refers to specific locations where the potential for environmental impact is higher or where vulnerable populations reside. In order to capture the overall air quality in the area, one sampling point was taken per receptors around the proposed project location. This approach helped in obtaining a comprehensive assessment of the air quality across the project area. The selection of sampling points was guided by the Tanzania Environmental Management (Air Quality Standards) Regulations, 2007, which outline specific guidelines for assessing and managing air quality. Additionally, the World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines were also considered as a benchmark to ensure that the monitoring efforts align with international standards. To determine the optimal locations for monitoring stations, a preliminary analysis of meteorological conditions was conducted. The locations of the ambient air quality monitoring stations in the project area are provided below. B. Ambient air quality monitoring Methodology In the assessment of air quality, particular attention was given to the levels of Particulate Matter (PM 10 and PM2.5) Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), as these pollutants have significant impacts 304 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. on human health and the environment. To measure Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) pollutant levels, an advanced and highly responsive environmental kit instrument, the 3M™ EVM 7 Environmental Monitor Kit and M 2000C, were utilized. The portable air samplers are equipped with cutting-edge technology and adheres to various international and industry-specific standards, ensuring reliable and accurate results. The 3M™ EVM 7 Environmental Monitor Kit and M 2000C meets stringent Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) standards, which ensure that the instruments operate effectively without interference from other electronic devices. Additionally, it complies with Generic Emissions Standard for Residential, Commercial, and Light Industry (EN50081-1:1992 and EN 50081-2:1993), ensuring its suitability for a wide range of monitoring scenarios. To determine the mass concentration of particulate matter, the manual method outlined in ISO 9096:2003 was followed. Moreover, the equipment used adhered to the requirements of Air Quality General Considerations TZS 836-part 1:2004 and Manual Determinations of Mass Concentration of Particulate Matter TZS 837 parts 3:2004, further ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the data collected. Each monitoring station underwent testing for a minimum period of one hour to ensure adequate data collection and to capture variations in air quality over time. The duration of the sampling allowed for the assessment of short-term fluctuations and provided valuable insights into the potential risks posed by different pollutants. The results obtained from these efforts serve as a crucial foundation for environmental management, ensuring that appropriate measures are implemented to safeguard public health and the environment in the proposed project area. Methodology and tools used for air quality monitoring. Environmental issues during the operational phase which related airport operation include Air Emissions which can be mitigated as follows. The impact is long-term, with a medium magnitude to the projected increase in aircraft traffic with low sensitivity since the airport has been in operation and aircraft have been landing on it. The impacts would be reduced to Medium and the significance would remain Minor. Sensitivity Very High High medium Low Very Low 5 4 3 2 1 High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 8 Minor 4 Impact 12 Magnitude Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 6 Minor 3 8 6 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 4 Insignificant 10 8 4 2 Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 Mitigation Measures a. Airlines and airport operator shall ensure encouraging the use of technological advancements in airport operation such as the use of modern machinery and aircrafts with minimum fuel combustion and air pollution, regular services of aircrafts engines and switching off the engine immediately after landing. b. airport operator shall ensure encouraging airlines operator uses maneuverability area operational procedures during Landing and taking off. These are existing procedures within the aviation sector and has been approved and certified by TCAA, ICAO and IATA for airport operational. The airlines operational procedures shall include limitation to aircrafts holding and taxiing times; aircraft queuing on the ground; unnecessary use of aircrafts auxiliary power units; Low fuel/emission 305 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. aircrafts departure procedures and Continues Descent Approach and low power-low drop technique. c. Airlines and airport operator shall undertake the regular maintenance of machinery and operating equipment’s as per Manufacture requirements in airport operation such as the use of modern machine with minimum fuel combustion and air pollution, regular services of engines and switching off the engine immediately after works. d. TCAA, Airlines and airport operator shall ensure encouraging operations activities involved vehicles and machinery with less emission of CO2. These vehicles shall be maintained regular maintenance as per Manufacture requirements in order to reduce carbon emission. e. Airlines and airport operator shall ensure encouraging switching off the machines and vehicles when not in use in order to minimize the exhaust fumes. Residue Impact. With the implementation of mitigation measures, intensity of the impact would be reduced to low and the significance would remain minor. 6.10.4.3 Aircrafts Accident at the airport runway The upgrading of the airport shall be compliant with safety requirements and ICAO standards and IATA regulations. According to the Design, all design plans follow the latest ICAO standards and IATA regulations. The upgraded airport shall allow to improve safety in several ways, which is a positive impact: ➢ The runway shall be rehabilitated and extended. ➢ People that have properties on the airport should be compensated and resettled. ➢ Security Fences shall be installed around the airport perimeter. ➢ The upgraded airport shall comply with latest ICAO and IATA standards. ➢ Aeronautical ground lights shall be installed along the runway and apron. During operation it is expected some wild animals and bird strike e.g. hyenas and birds from the surrounding natural vegetation around Lake Manyara airport shall/may interfere the aircrafts operation during take-off and landing along the runway and this might cause accidents. The surrounded area of the airport are covered by natural vegetation and tall grasses which attract animals and birds habitat and therefore can easily access the runway and therefore cause accident risks to aircraft during takeoff or landing. However, there may be possibility of Birds at the highest flight: The Yellow-billed Stork, Augur Buzzard, Verreaux’s Eagle and White-backed Vulture were observed in absence of aircraft landing and taking off; however, amongst these birds, the White-backed Vulture has ever been reported for aircraft crashes in other countries including Kenya – only one case reported between 1955 and 1999 (Satheesan and Satheesan 2000). The impact significance is minor. Moreover, bird flights especially of raptors and others like Pied Crow, Barn Swallow and Red-eyed Dove were observed just closer and beyond the airport fence rather than inside. In addition, soaring birds seemed to fly up the escarpment in a circular movement and restricted to the cliff; this is probably associated with gaining more energy for flight. Navjot in 2002 reported that, considering all things being equal, a solitary individual shall cause less damage to an aircraft than shall a flock. Furthermore due geographical position of the eastern escarpment that may interfere aircraft landing, the design has extended the runway towards western site and the landing and taking off shall always take place on western side. Also the airport facilities shall include the control tower to ensure that landing and taking off of the aircraft are safely handled as pre requirements. The impact is long-term, reversible with a 306 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. medium magnitude to the projected increase in aircraft traffic with low sensitivity since the airport has been in operation and aircraft have been landing on it. In the long term, the TCAA is looking into acquiring technological methods such as the Dutch Radar Observation of Bird Intensity (ROBIN), which the Royal Netherlands Airforce developed. ROBIN is a near real-time monitoring system for birds' flight movements and can detect birds' flocks within the signals of large radar systems. The information is used to give Air Force pilots warnings during landing and take-off. It is reported that, since the implementation of the ROBIN system at the Royal Netherlands Air force, the number of collisions between birds and aircraft in the vicinity of military airbases has decreased by more than 50%. As part of this project, the BMP study was prepared as part of this ESIA, hence it revered that during project undertaking there shall be no any significant impacts to be caused by the proposed project on birds and other biodiversity of unique importance, however, there shall be common biodiversity impacts related to airport project and that can be mitigated by the proposed below mitigation measures contained in this ESIA and BMP. Sensitivity Very High High medium Low Very Low 5 4 3 2 1 High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 8 Minor 4 Impact 12 Magnitude Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 3 Minor 3 12 9 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 4 Insignificant 10 8 6 2 Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 Mitigation Measures a. The airport design shall include among others the security fences around the airport runway to avoid interferences of wild animals and trespassing into the runway. b. The airport firefighters and security shall ensure conducting of regular runway monitoring and inspection at least during aircrafts take-off and landing to avoid any related possibilities of aircrafts accidents to occur. They might also adjust flight times and paths to avoid peak times and places for bird activity. c. Airports operator shall ensure updating and implementing appropriately the Bird strike Management Plan which is in place at lake manyara airport. The plan also includes Broadcast of bird distress signals and Firing of pyrotechnic bird-scaring cartridges around the Lake Manyara airport. d. Airport operator shall among others cutting or removing trees from the airport. Many observed nesters had their nests built in trees like Senna siamea, Vachellia spp., etc. Therefore, cutting trees shall increase airport openness, scare birds and force them to shift naturally to other places beyond airport boundaries. Airport operator ensure that trees and grasses are maintain low; shrubs and other plants in order to reduce the possibility of providing food, shelter or roosting sites for birds;. In addition, the operator can opt to use herbicides for vegetation control and use of pest management measures (e.g. Rodents, etc.) e. Employer and Contractor have designed the project by extending the runway towards western site and the landing and taking off shall always take place on western side this is due to geographical position of the eastern escarpment that may interfere aircraft landing 307 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. f. The employer and Contractor among others shall Construct the new control tower to ensure that landing and taking off of the aircraft are safely handled as pre requirements. g. Airport operator shall Liaison with local authorities to ensure that landfill waste disposal sites are not operated in the vicinity of the airport as these create an aircraft hazard and h. Airport operator Liaison with local farmers to control farming types in the environs of the airport especially restricted cultivation of cereals around the airport periphery. TAA shall also use bird- scaring techniques such as Broadcast of bird distress signals; Firing of pyrotechnic bird-scaring cartridges around the airport Residue Impact. With the implementation of the preventive measures including conducting regular birds strike and management technique around the airport, intensity of the impact would be reduced to low and the significance would remain minor. 6.10.4.4 Increased spread of HIV/AIDS and STDs as well as other communicable diseases The aviation transport is among the catalyst for growth of tourism sector which enable socio-economic interconnectivity around the world , hence enable more tourists to travel to Tanzania and Arusha in particular which may pose risks of communicable diseases around the areas such as increased level of HIV/AIDS and other STIs, tuberculosis, viral hepatitis B&C, ebora, Covid 19, cholera, typhus, smallpox, yellow fever and plague are among the possible negative impact risks which have to be addressed during the airport project operation phase. The airport operator has the mandatory obligation to take all precaution measures to prevent, control and contain within the area the communicable diseases with the potential to cause public health emergency through air transport . As per ICAO guidelines the airport operator shall have in place the emergency preparedness plan which among others shall focus on reducing the risk of spread of diseases by air transport through application of technical and operation procedures, availability of health and medical emergence room with health technical staff. Due to human intermingling around the airport areas may influence the high infection rate of communicable diseases, hence difficult efforts to combat the epidemic. However, the HIV/AIDS risks can also be influenced by the problem of low or irregular incomes among young women which pose them on the risks of involving into sex hence can influence high infection rate in the project area. However, this may also occur due to lack of awareness. sensitivity and impact magnitude are moderate. This is, therefore, an impact of medium significance. Sensitivity Very High High medium Low Very Low 5 4 3 2 1 High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 6 Minor 4 Impact 12 Magnitude Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 6 Minor 3 12 8 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 4 Insignificant 10 8 6 2 Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 308 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Mitigation Measures a. The airport operator shall prepare emergency preparedness plan which among others shall focus on preventive measure to address the communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS, STI, tuberculosis, ebora, CoVId 19, viral hepatitis B&C ,cholera, typhus, smallpox, yellow fever and plague around the airport. b. The airport operator shall ensure the application of technical and operation procedures focusing of health and safety risks are in place and used by stakeholders. c. The airport operator shall ensure the airport contain among others, health and medical emergence room with facilities and health technical staff. d. The airport operator shall ensure medical personnel are available for mobilizing risk mitigation through public awareness, social distancing from the outbreak area, control the affected person not to travel outside, isolation and quarantine, application of prophylactic medication and vaccination, e. The airport operator shall ensure the airport protocol contain screening travel procedures, medical assessment to travelers as well as public awareness to passengers before arrangement of their journey. f. The airport operator shall undertake regular awareness and training to the workers and passengers on the identification and preventive measures of the communicable diseases around the airport. g. The airport operator shall engage with medical authority on information sharing and materials dissemination, seminal and training on strategies to combat communicable diseases around the airport areas, h. The airport operator shall provide the dissemination materials with health and safety awareness to travelers around the airport through posters, T.V screen, banners, stickers with massages on health and safety risks in the aviation sector. The airport operator shall collaborate with HIV/AIDS regional coordinator to ensure availability and access of free condom in all strategic areas around the project site for employee and travelers. Residue Impact. With the implementation of the preventive measures around the airport, intensity of the impact would be reduced to moderate and the significance would remain medium. 6.10.4.5 Increased insecurity and crime incidences around the airport Increased access as a result airport operations may also bring into the area bad people from different places from in and outside country and hence increasing crimes in the area. Mitigation Measures. a. Airport operator shall cooperate with local government authority who shall help to lessen criminal incidents and maintain security of people and their properties; b. Airport operator shall collaboration with Police at Karatu to include some police among the airport staff for security and criminal control which shall help to reduce crime risks. c. Airport operator shall ensure the airport security check up protocol are implemented as per ICAO and IATA requirements and national guideline from the airport entrance gate, passenger terminal checkup points and scanners. d. The airport design among other shall include the check point gate, passenger security scanners, luggage security scanners as per airport security protocol check. e. The airport facilities shall include the security fence around the boundaries to avoid trespassing as well as to ensure assisting on management of security and crime monitoring incidences 309 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 6.10.4.6 Birds’ Killing through aircrafts collision around the airport A bird strike is defined as a collision between a bird and an aircraft that is in flight or on a take-off or landing roll. On 11th December 2018, Precision Air ATR 72-500 (5H-PWD) suffered a bird strike while landing at Mwanza Airport. The aircraft was flying from Nairobi via Kilimanjaro to Mwanza, and some parts of the aircraft were damaged. Though no casualties were reported, the aircraft was grounded. Two days before, i.e., 9 December 2018, Air Tanzania’s Bombardier 5H-TCE aircraft hit birds while landing at the Lake Zone’s major airport. Both incidents are a threat to flight safety and cause accidents with human casualties, according to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). ICAO’s website shows that the birds, usually flying over airport located close to lakes and wildlife areas, could collide with aircraft at altitudes as high as 6,000 to 9,000ft6. Airport authorities in Tanzania are currently relying on ground-level mechanisms, such as foot patrols and the use of vehicles to scare away birds from the airports. Mwanza and Shinyanga airports are now employing the use of catapults to avert bird strike disasters. Regarding lake manyara Airport, this has never been reported; hence, it is not a concern. Lesser Flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor) are among the “Near Threatened” species as listed by IUCN Red List in 2009. Operation of the airport might have killing impact on number of flamingos during take-off and landing. These birds are normally attracted to their ecology by nesting points, food and reproductive needs. The airport does not support any of these attractions. It is therefore expected little or no any chance of occurrence of such killings. The impact is local, medium term and irreversible with minor significance. In the long term, the TCAA is looking into acquiring technological methods such as the Dutch Radar Observation of Bird Intensity (ROBIN), which the Royal Netherlands Airforce developed. ROBIN is a near real-time monitoring system for birds' flight movements and can detect birds' flocks within the signals of large radar systems. The information is used to give Air Force pilots warnings during landing and take-off. It is reported that, since the implementation of the ROBIN system at the Royal Netherlands Air force, the number of collisions between birds and aircraft in the vicinity of military airbases has decreased by more than 50%. As part of this project, the BMP study was prepared as part of this ESIA, hence it revered that during project undertaking there shall be no any significant impacts to be caused by the proposed project on birds and other biodiversity of unique importance, however, there shall be common biodiversity impacts related to airport project and that can be mitigated by the proposed below mitigation measures contained in this ESIA and BMP. Sensitivity Very High High medium Low Very Low 5 4 3 2 1 High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 8 Minor 4 Impact 12 Magnitude Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 3 Minor 3 12 6 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 4 Insignificant 6 New Elites News Report 2018 https://www.newselites.com/2018/12/tanzania-bird-strikes-pose-major.html 310 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 10 8 3 2 Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 Mitigation Measures a. The airport design shall include among others the security fences around the airport runway to avoid interferences of wild animals and trespassing into the runway. b. The airport firefighters and security shall ensure conducting of regular runway monitoring and inspection at least during aircrafts take-off and landing to avoid any related aircrafts accidents to occur. For example, airport might make surrounding lands less attractive to birds by removing seed-bearing plants, removing trees used for nesting, covering water sources with netting, and keeping grass mowed short. They might also adjust flight times and paths to avoid peak times and places for bird activity. c. Airports operator shall ensure Bird strike Management Plan which is in place at lake manyara airport shall be implemented appropriately by firefighting and security unit. This technique also includes Broadcast of bird distress signals and Firing of pyrotechnic bird-scaring cartridges around the Lake Manyara airport. i. Airport operator shall among others cutting or removing trees from the airport. Many observed nesters had their nests built in trees like Senna siamea, Vachellia spp., etc. So, cutting trees shall increase airport openness, scare birds and force them to shift naturally to other places beyond airport boundaries. Also the operator can opt to use herbicides for vegetation control and use of pest management measures (e.g. Rodents, etc.) d. Employer and Contractor have designed the project by extending the runway towards western site and the landing and taking off shall always take place on western side this is due to geographical position of the eastern escarpment that may interfere aircraft landing e. The employer and Contractor among others shall Construct the new control tower to ensure that landing and taking off of the aircraft are safely handled as pre requirements. f. Airport operator ensure that trees and grasses are maintain low; shrubs and other plants in order to reduce the possibility of providing food, shelter or roosting sites for birds; g. Airport operator shall Liaison with local authorities to ensure that landfill waste disposal sites are not operated in the vicinity of the airport as these create an aircraft hazard and h. Airport operator Liaison with local farmers to control farming types in the environs of the airport especially restricted cultivation of cereals around the airport periphery. TAA shall also use bird- scaring techniques such as Broadcast of bird distress signals; Firing of pyrotechnic bird-scaring cartridges around the airport Residue Impact With the implementation of mitigation measures, intensity of the impact would be reduced to low and the significance would remain minor. 6.10.4.7 Wastes Generation (solid and Liquid) During airport operation phase the number of liquid and solid wastes shall be generated from aircrafts (in- flight) waste and airport operations such as scrap waste, catering waste, plastic bottlers, used papers, toilets products, oils and solvent from aircraft operation and these solid wastes shall be collected and stored in appropriate containers or dustbin, including litter bins that are placed at strategic positions around the airport project prior to be collected by the Authorized waste dealer for disposal. The estimated solid waste per day shall be 40kg and liquid waste discharge (sewage) shall be 15,000 liters per week. 311 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. All Liquid sewage wastes shall be collected from terminal building toilets and domestic effluent and discharged to the permanent underground tank and septic tanks which was constructed to collect sewerage system around the airport and when it became full shall be emptied by cesspit emptier trucks owned by Authorized waste dealer with license for disposal in Karatu district. However, pollution of water and soil can occur during operation phase due to accidental spillage/leakage of hazardous waste such as oils, fuels, chemicals, and other materials from aircraft operations as well as machinery and vehicles around the airport as well as aircraft and vehicle washing, aircraft potable water supply, catering facilities and toilets, hence these wastes if not proper handled may be taken by runoff during rainfall season into soil through percolation and other into perennial rivers around the project. The wastes management around the airport shall include waste segregation and identifying mechanism by sorting waste characteristic for easier disposal which may include method of management such as burning, burying or recycle. Recycling of wastes such as paper, glass, metals, kitchen waste should be collected by authorized waste dealer for disposal effectively. Overall, minimizing overall waste throughout airport operation and value chain shall entail maximizing the amount of reused and recycled items from waste and considering social, economic, environmental, and operational aspects of waste in the broader context of airport management. It is imperative the airport operator ensure their commitment, define clear roles and responsibilities of stakeholders involved, and share overall objective for managing the waste around airport. Other waste shall come from Fuel supply management for aircrafts and other vehicles/equipment during operation, the proposed airport shall not have permanent fuel tank installed inside the airport areas, rather than the fuel services for aircrafts and other operational vehicles shall be supplied by the fuel tanker from the licensed service oil provider who shall be delivering the fuel upon demand. Hence the associated risks shall be from the refueling the vehicles or airlines at the airport, hence may cause oils and grease spillage into ground if not properly handled which may lead into hazardous liquid waste that can affect surface water quality system. As part of control mechanism the liquid hazardous waste shall be collected into special containers and kept into designated areas around the airport to be collected by the Authorized waste dealer with license for disposal. All technical engine check and Fire training shall be taken on the place covered by impermeable surfaces surrounded by a retaining dyke to prevent extinguishing agents such as foam and powder from entering the storm water system. The water containing hazardous materials such as fire extinguishing agents and other materials should be treated prior to discharge into storm water drainage system. Sensitivity Very High High medium Low Very Low 5 4 3 2 1 High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 8 Minor 4 Impact 12 Magnitude Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 6 Minor 3 12 6 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 4 Insignificant 10 8 6 2 Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 312 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Mitigation Measures i. Airport operator shall update and implement the available Waste Management Plan (WMP) prior operation phase as per ICAO guideline to be approved by the TAA. As long as the airport is operational the WMP is in place and during operational shall have to be updated by the TAA to accommodate the design changes of the project. The plan shall include methodologies of dealing with generation wastes from aircrafts (in-flight) waste and airport operations such as scrap waste, catering waste, plastic bottlers, used papers, toilets products, oils and solvent from aircraft operation and etc. ii. The airport operator shall ensure the installation of Sorting wastes mechanism according to their type and quality, recycle and dispose in designated damping sites. Recyclable materials and worn-out construction equipment and scrapers, used plastics, papers, drums, tires, metals, spare parts, paper, glass, metals, kitchen waste are collected by authorized waste dealers for disposal accordingly. iii. The airport operator shall ensure proper functional of drainage system that allows water and hydrology including Surface water regimes not be altered because of flow diversions, water intake, and changes to the drainage pattern. i. The airport operator shall ensure the airport drainage system are functional and storm water peak runoff rate not exceed the peak predevelopment runoff rate for a particular design storm; Reintroduction of treated, abstracted water into streams in order to maintain the ecological flow; ii. As part of control mechanism the liquid hazardous waste shall be collected into special containers and kept into designated areas around the airport to be collected by the Authorized waste dealer with license for disposal. All technical engine check and Fire training shall be taken on the place covered by impermeable surfaces surrounded by a retaining dyke to prevent extinguishing agents such as foam and powder from entering the storm water system. The water containing hazardous materials such as fire extinguishing agents and other materials should be treated prior to discharge into storm water drainage system. iii. The airport operator shall ensure toilets waste and domestic sanitary are collected through underground septic tank and soak pits and when in full are emptied away by tanker truck using the authorized waste dealers. iv. The airport operator shall ensure the Waste Management Plan includes Hazardous and non- hazardous wastes such as those related to chemical and physical properties of extracted materials and these waste shall be adequately controlled and mitigated. The waste waters contain hazardous wastes shall be contain into segregation ponds prior being collected by the authorized waste dealer for disposal in order to ensure that wastes does not contaminate with water bodies and soil. v. All Liquid sewage wastes shall be collected from terminal building toilets and domestic effluent and discharged to the permanent underground tank and septic tanks which was constructed to collect sewerage system around the airport and when it became full shall be emptied by cesspit emptier trucks owned by Authorized waste dealer with license for disposal in Karatu district. vi. The airport operator shall ensure no refueling or repairing the airport vehicles and equipment as well as fire training using extinguishing agents such as foam and powder undertaken except in designated areas that have an impermeable surface to enable proper and effective clean-up of any spills. Spill kits with suitable absorbent and adsorbent materials and equipment shall be present to ensure timely and appropriate clean-up of any spills as well as use drip pans underneath standing machinery/generators to prevent contamination of the ground. 313 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. vii. The airport operator shall ensure runoff is routed to the rainwater harvesting structures for further use in firefighting operation, cooling plant and air conditioners after treatment. viii. The airport operator shall ensure regular check up on storm water from roofing and runoff from paved structures like runway, taxiways are routed through drains to oils separation tanks and sedimentation basins before being discharged into storm water drainage system. ix. The airport operator shall ensure proper function of the constructed storm water drainage built for discharging storm water from the air-field to avoid flooding and water logging in airport areas during rainy season. x. Machinery and vehicles around the airport shall undergo regular checkup and services as per maintenance manuals to reduce risks of spillage. Residue Impact With the implementation of mitigation measures, intensity of the impact would be reduced to low and the significance would remain moderate. 6.10.4.8 Risks on Storm Water flow The airport operational including runway and surface structure may pose the risks on the storm water flow around the area, hence may affect catchment through erosion and sediments deposition. most of storm water shall be treated through ditches and flow into natural drains (perennial river). The intensity of the impact would be low and the significance would remain minor. Mitigation measures: i. The airport operator shall ensure proper functional of drainage system through regular maintenance that allows water and hydrology including Surface water regimes not be altered because of flow diversions, water intake, and changes to the drainage pattern. ii. The airport operator shall ensure the airport drainage system are functional and storm water peak runoff rate not exceed the peak predevelopment runoff rate for a particular design storm; Reintroduction of treated, abstracted water into streams in order to maintain the ecological flow; iii. The airport operator shall ensure runoff is routed to the rainwater harvesting structures for further use in firefighting operation, cooling plant and air conditioners after treatment. iv. The airport operator shall ensure regular check up on storm water from roofing and runoff from paved structures like runway, taxiways are routed through drains to oils separation tanks and sedimentation basins before being discharged into storm water drainage system. v. The airport operator shall ensure proper function of the constructed storm water drainage ditches that built for discharging storm water from the air-field to avoid flooding and water logging in airport areas during rainy season. 6.10.4.9 Exposure of workers and passengers to occupational health and safety risks The operation activities can create occupational health and safety risks to passengers and workers from chemical, physical and biological hazards at airport operational site. The OHS risks are those associated with exposure to slips, trips, falls, electricity, noise, vibration, radiation, heat, cold and fire. Chemical hazardous are those originate from paints, cleaning chemicals, degreasers, detergents, gas cylinders, refrigerant gases and biological hazards are those from human bodily matters, pathological waste, sharp wastes, Molds and yeasts, organic materials at workplace. Procedures to limit the drop height of falling materials which includes, Use of mobile and fixed-belt transport and conveyors should be preferred to hauling the material delivered by trucks to the airport. The environmental, health and safety hazards that can cause risks to health and safety associated with this project are likely to occur from various sources depending on the type of operating activities and location of works. For example, risks associated with 314 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. poor air and water quality management around the airport surroundings. hazards from operation of construction equipment / machinery can also be considered to be direct hazards. The common health and safety problems associated with operational phase include: • Contact dermatitis due to handling of corrosive substances such as grease or chemicals during operational phase. • chemical hazards associated with works which entails direct contact with fuels or other chemicals used on machinery operations. Work with fuels may present a risk of exposure to volatile organic compounds via inhalation or skin contact during normal use or in the case of spills from the operating vehicles and machinery. • Loss of hearing due to regular and/or frequent exposure to loud noise during landing and taking off of the aircrafts. High noise levels can also create safety risk due to difficulty of workers to hear warning signs. • Biological hazards from inhale of emission from Carbon Monoxide (CO); Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx); Hydrocarbons (HC) which can affect human respiratory system • Biological hazards can also result into respiratory diseases such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD), asthma and silicosis due to exposure to harmful dust, fumes and gases from operating machinery. • Biological hazards from poor air and water quality management that can lead into respiratory diseases and water borne diseases to workers and passengers • Physical hazards (back injury or Extremities) to workers involved in luggage handling, whether as a regular or incidental aspect of their work function. • Physical hazards from Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) due to manual works like handling pipe works, laying paving slabs and installing mechanical electrical equipment at height. Sensitivity Very High High medium Low Very Low 5 4 3 2 1 High 4 Major 20 Major 16 Moderate Moderate 8 Minor 4 Impact 8 Magnitude Medium 3 Major 15 Moderate Moderate Minor 6 Minor 3 12 6 Low 2 Moderate Moderate Minor Minor 4 Insignificant 10 8 6 2 Negligible 1 Minor 5 Minor 4 Minor Insignificant Insignificant 3 2 1 Mitigation Measures The following sub-section describe the nature of OHS hazards and their mitigation measures. i. Airport Operator shall ensure Health and Safety Management Plan is in place and used by the operators during operation and maintenance phase. The plan shall be prepared by the airport operator and approved by Aviation authority. ii. Airport Operator and airlines shall provide appropriate working gear ((PPE) against air pollution due to emission of Carbon Monoxide (CO); Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx); Hydrocarbons (HC) and noise impact) related to aircrafts and machinery operation around the airport and provide good working conditions and administer site management to their employees. iii. Airport Operator and airlines shall ensure that the airport is kept hygienically with adequate provision of facilities including waste disposal receptacles, food and drinks, toilets, sewage, firefighting and clean and safe water supply. 315 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. iv. Airport Operator and airlines shall ensure that the airport workers and passengers are supply with safe drinking water in dispensers and bottles which are hygienically tested and approved for use. v. Airport Operator and airlines shall ensure the First Aid kit are in place (administered by medical personnel) and maintained at each strategic places and active work section around the airport. vi. Airport Operator shall ensure optimizing ground service infrastructure to reduce aircraft and ground vehicle movements on taxiways and idling to reduce the air and noises pollution . vii. Airport Operator shall ensure all workers working on luggage lifting areas be trained in the use of proper lifting, bending, and turning techniques to avoid back injury or extremities to workers viii. Airlines Operator shall ensure aircraft maneuverability for orientation of aircrafts routes and pathways for arriving and departing are considering actual and residential development as noise sensitive receptors hence shall be diverted. These procedures may include instructions on the use of descent profiles or “noise preferential” routes (NPRs), such as the “continuous descent approach” to avoid noise-sensitive areas, the use of “Low Power / Low Drag” (LPLD) procedure to fly the aircraft in a 'clean ‘conditions. ix. Airport Operator shall ensure restricting operation of machinery / equipment to the trained personnel only. x. Airport Operator shall ensure all workers, passengers and other airport users are provided with safety awareness including emergency preparedness such as occurrence of fire and accidents. Safety signal devices shall be installed and warning measures shall be taken to ensure health and safety environment in working place. . xi. Airport Operator shall ensure reducing noise of ground operations at the source or through the use of sound barriers and deflectors and provide provision of power supply to the aircraft to reduce or eliminate the need for use of APUs. xii. Airport Operator shall ensure minimizing fugitive air emissions from jet kerosene and other fuel storage and handling activities. xiii. Airport Operator shall provide safety signs and pavement markings for ground support vehicle circulation and parking areas in ramps, taxiways, and any other areas with a risk of collision between ground vehicles and aircrafts. xiv. Airport Operator and airlines shall ensure encouraging proper management of rules for safety – the rules related to workplace safety in terms of: behavior; use of First Aid Kit, maintenance; site layout; storage areas; manual handling; use of workplace equipment; fire alarm response; and security. xv. Airport Operator and airlines shall ensure generation and storage of hazardous wastes and their subsequent treatment and disposal should be collected by the Authorized waste dealers for disposal. xvi. Airport Operator shall train workers on the prevention of heat and cold stress, including the identification of early symptoms and management techniques (e.g. hydration, rest); and shall ensure providing with the necessary clothing and fluids to airport staff to prevent weather-related stress and apply other relevant recommendations for working environment temperature. Residue Impact With the implementation of mitigation measures, intensity of the impact would be moderate and the significance would remain low. 6.11 Cumulative impact assessment This section presents the cumulative impact assessment (CIA) of the Project, comprising a description of the potential cumulative Indirect Impacts/risks of the Project with respect to other identified significant projects being developed within or near the sphere of influence of the Project. It identifies and describes planned or existing projects or programs that overlap in space and time with the Project and that may affect common environmental and social components. 316 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Cumulative impact cover (i) other existing projects or conditions, and (ii) other future developments (including future stages of the project itself) that are realistically defined at the time the ESIA is undertaken and for with the sphere of influence of the various projects or developments may overlap. Cumulative impacts are thus defined for this ESIA as impacts which result from incremental changes caused by the Project together with other presently ongoing, or reasonably foreseeable future planned actions/projects within the Project Area. 6.11.1 Assessment Methodology As presented in this ESIA, the Project shall not lead to any transboundary impacts given that no one identified around the road project. In order to determine the cumulative impacts, the following steps have been undertaken: • Identification and description of the environmental and social components that may be cumulatively impacted by these projects. • Screening of the projects that could overlap in time and space with the project rehabilitation. • Determination of the spatial and temporal boundaries of the cumulative impact assessment. • Identification and description of possible leverage to develop shared mitigation measures. • Limitations and uncertainties of the cumulative impact assessment. • Determination of cumulative impacts. 6.11.2 Spatial and Temporal Boundaries The Limited Study area is the spatial boundary used in this assessment. It is the area where increase in noise level may be felt in the future. In terms of temporal boundaries, given that the airport shall take 2 years to be upgraded the boundary would cover the period from 2024 until 2026, as well as the period covered by the noise impact assessment (until 2034). 6.11.3 Screening of the projects that could overlap in time and space with the airport upgrading The purpose of the Screening is to identify other projects and activities in Karatu district that could potentially have impacts that overlap spatially and temporally with impacts of the Project on any components. The findings show that in the vicinity of the project areas there are several social economic development that is taking place including residential buildings, commercial buildings such as hotels, guest houses, food vendors and tourists camps as well as tourist shops. Therefore round the airport it is not anticipated in near future to have activities such as parking, storage warehouses, rental cars, etc. 6.11.4 Determination of the spatial and temporal boundaries of the cumulative impact assessment The Limited study area is probably too small to allow for cumulative impact assessment, because some of the cumulative effects shall travel in a wider area, and the Extended study area is most likely too wide. For the purpose of the impact assessment, the spatial boundary would entirely cover all areas around the airport project within Karatu district. This would allow to capture all potential social impacts. 6.11.5 Screening of the projects or development that could overlap in time and space with the upgrading of airport project The following are current identified project that are close to the proposed airport Project: • Construction of tourist shops and rest houses around the airport project • Construction of tourism campsite and shops around the airport • Construction of tourist hotel around the airport • Residential houses around the airport 317 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • Construction of street roads 4.5km to gravel standards in karatu town The following table presents the project and determines whether there is an overlap in time and space with the airport project. Table 6-1 Projects that may overlap in time and space with the airport Project Ongoing or Overlap in time and space with the Conclusion planned projects airport upgrading project Construction of This project is advanced as it on This project may lead to cumulative tourist shops and finishing stage, however uses water impacts such as water scarcity, loss of rest houses and construction materials as well as biodiversity, dust pollution, OHS risk to around the airport laborers workers around the project areas. project Construction of This project is at mobilization stage, This project may lead to cumulative tourism campsite however uses water and construction impacts such as water scarcity, loss of and shops materials as well as laborers biodiversity, dust pollution, OHS risk to workers around the project areas. Construction of This project is advanced as it on This project may lead to cumulative tourist hotel finishing stage however, uses water impacts such as water scarcity, loss of and construction materials as well as biodiversity, dust pollution, OHS risk to laborers workers around the project areas. Construction of 6 This project is at construction stage This project may lead to cumulative Residential houses however, uses water and construction impacts such as water scarcity, loss of materials as well as laborers biodiversity, dust pollution, OHS risk to workers around the project areas. Construction of This project is advanced as it is on This project may lead to cumulative street roads 4.5km construction stage however, uses impacts such as water scarcity, loss of to gravel water and construction materials as biodiversity, noise, dust pollution, risks of standards well as laborers accident, OHS risk to workers around the project areas. Both identified project are the catalyst for cumulative impact to the surrounding environment and human population although the magnitude of impact may differ from one project to another. Among all the identified project, the airport project is of its kind due to magnitude, significant impacts and space, hence ESIA was undertaken to assess the adverse impacts that may affect the surrounding environment whether positively or negatively. Implementation of the mitigation measures, as mentioned in the ESIA, by TANROADs and TCAA the extent of the cumulative impacts shall be minimized. 6.11.6 Identification and description of the environmental and social components that may be cumulatively impacted by these projects The main environmental and social components that may be cumulatively impacted by these projects are presented in the following table, they are almost similar to Lake manyara airport project, due to the fact that they are somehow similar in nature for undertakings in term of resources use, OHS risks, construction materials, surrounded environment within Karatu district. 318 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Table 6-4 Common components that may be affected Upgrading of Lake manyara airport Construction of tourist shops, tourist hotels, campsite, residential buildings, street roads around the airport project Topography, land use and cover ✓ Geology and soils and materials ✓ Climate change ✓ Water use and Hydrology ✓ Groundwater resources ✓ Water quality ✓ Noise and vibration ✓ Air quality ✓ Natural hazards Terrestrial habitats and wetlands and ✓ associated flora Natural drainage and storm water flow ✓ Alien and invasive plant species Little risk of cumulative impact since work shall be done by separate contractors Population distribution and settlement ✓ pattern around the project Loss of biodiversity All projects spatially overlap with the Project in urban/rural areas, however have no any critical habitat to be affected, since the project studies has not found any impact on threatened plant or animal. Occupational health and safety ✓ Livelihood and economic activities ✓ Critical habitats All projects have no any impact on critical habitat Community use of the road and safety ✓ aspects Gender aspects ✓ Vulnerable groups/persons ✓ HIV and AIDS situation ✓ Child labor and forced labor ✓ Poor labor conditions ✓ Gender-based violence ✓ Cultural heritage It is recommended that the chance-find procedure for this impact be common to all projects and be augmented and in line with this ESIA to meet with WB ESS 8. Based on this table, biophysical cumulative impacts are unlikely to results in effects that are beyond the vulnerability or sustainability of the affected components because of the nature of the projects However, the proposed lake manyara airport project due to its nature and complexity shall lead to substantial risks. As shown in the above table, if all the project could have been constructed at the same time with Lake manyara airport the Social cumulative impacts may have resulted in effects or changes beyond acceptable limits because of the associated risks on communities (risk associated with worker influx, OHS, increase in GBV, HIV/AIDs, nuisances). However, the airport project has not started yet. Finally, by implementing the mitigation measures, as mentioned in the ESIA, by TANROADs and TCAA the extent of the cumulative impacts shall be minimized. Refers to the attached commitment letter from TCAA and TAA. 319 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 6.11.7 Identification and description of possible leverage to develop shared mitigation measures Given that project are implemented by different contractors, hence the proposed mitigations and the common management shall be difficult in term of supervision and responsibilities. However, in regards to lake manyara airport, TANROADS, TAA and Contractor shall be able to implement common management approaches for several actions that shall include engagement activities, grievance redress mechanism, land use management, water and hydrology use, OHS risk management, Climate change aspects, Noises and vibration, wastes management aspect, compensation for PAPS, GBV prevention and management, Labor Management Procedures. It is therefore TANROADS and TAA have assured sufficient contractual leverage for contractor to their work approach, commitment and implementation of best practices in line with this ESIA and WB-ESF. 6.12 CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT The study involved different climate variables with possible impacts on the proposed upgrading and operation of Lake Manyara Airport which are: Temperature, Precipitation and Wind. • 6.12.1 Increased Heat Waves A light increase of mean temperatures has no remarkable impact on airport usability, but extreme increase of temperature/number of days of heat waves may cause: fires which may induce traffic interruptions, damages to paved infrastructures, deterioration of engine performance and lift capabilities and need for additional energy consumption during heat wave periods because of air conditioning • 6.12.2 Increased Winds More days with extreme winds must cause damage on buildings and infrastructures and on the usability of the runway and other equipment. 320 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Chapter 7 : ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 7.1 Environmental and Social Management Plan. The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) presents the implementation schedule of the proposed mitigation measures to both environmental, health, safety and social impacts as well as planning for long-term monitoring activities. For the proposed upgrading of Lake Manyara airport the impacts and mitigation measures are given in ESMP chapter and on Table 7.3. The ESMP also includes the associated environmental, health, social and safety related mitigation costs that are needed to be implemented as well as mitigation as recommended. The engineering design have already included some of the mitigation measures which shall be implemented as part of the BOQ as per recommendation of this report. Other mitigation recommendations shall be undertaken during operation and maintenance phases by airport operator and other stakeholders to enable the airport project to operate smoothly and environmentally friendly. The mitigations implementation shall involve several stakeholders among others; the contractor, the Resident Engineer, LGAs, TANROADS, Airport Authority (TAA), Tanzania Civil Aviation Authority (TCAA), airport users and the local communities at large. The ESMP aspects involving identifying measures to prevent, minimize, mitigate or compensate negative impacts as well as to enhance potential benefits of the selected alternative. The selection of the appropriate measures was based on findings in the impact identification, their nature and magnitude. For example, recommended measures could include changes in the optimal plan or program, conditions on project or activities arising from the plan or program, or compensation measures. This step also requires to evaluate uncertainties and to determine the means to acquire further information on uncertain factors. The World Bank ESF defines the Environmental and social management plan (ESMP) as an instrument that details (a) the measures to be taken during the implementation and operation of a project to eliminate or offset adverse environmental and social impacts, or to reduce them to acceptable levels; and (b) the actions needed to implement these measures. The ESIA has included cost-effective measures for minimizing or eliminating adverse impacts of the proposed airport upgrading works. Measures for enhancing beneficial impacts have also be recommended. The these measures has been presented. The ESMP shall present among others the impacts identification, mitigation measures proposed, costs of implementation, schedules of implementation, responsibilities, and training requirements. 7.2 Objective and Components of the ESMP The basic objectives of the ESMP are to: i. To ensure that all mitigation measures and monitoring requirements shall actually be carried out at different stages of project implementation - pre-construction, construction, and operation and maintenance; ii. Recommend a plan of action and a means of testing the plan to meet existing and projected environmental, health, safety and social problems; iii. Establish the roles and responsibilities of all parties involved in the project’s environmental, health, safety and social management; iv. Describe mitigation measures that shall be implemented to avoid or mitigate adverse environmental, health, safety and social impacts and maximizing the positive ones; v. Ensure implementation of recommended actions aimed at environmental, health, safety and social management and its enhancement; 321 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. vi. Ensure that the environment and its surrounding areas are protected and developed to meet the needs of the local people, other stakeholders and safeguard the interests of the common people. vii. Ensure sufficient stakeholder engagement activities to mitigate communities and project itself against the various risks; and viii. Include specific measures and ensure views from vulnerable groups (e.g. children, women, disabled and elderly) have been incorporated into the project’s design. 7.3 Implementation of the ESMP and project related sub-plans The Contractor (guided by his Environmental, Social, Health and Safety (ESHS) Officers shall be the implementers of the specific Contractor Environmental and Social Management Plan C-ESMP and related subplans during mobilization, construction and demobilization phases under the supervision of the Engineer and the employer. The C-ESMP is among the working tools prepared by the contractor and shall be approved by the engineer and employer/WB before use. The Environmental expert, Social and GBV expert as well as OHS expert from both supervision engineer and Contractor shall be among the employed staff in full basis in order to implement and supervise the C-ESMP undertaking. The E&S staff shall also be responsible to liaise with other relevant project stakeholders and public agencies as part of facilitating undertaking their assignment obligations . The Contractor shall be responsible for preparing of all mandatory E&S safeguards plans to guide him during undertaking of the airport project and these plans includes; site-specific Contractor Environmental and Social Management Plan (C-ESMP), Health and Safety Management Plan (HSMP), Labor Management Procedures (LMP), Grievances Redress Mechanism (GRM), Stakeholders Engagement Plan (SEP), GBV-SEA action plan, Quarry Site and Borrow Pit Operation and Reinstatement Plan (BPQSMP) that are in line with the ESIA and Lake manyara airport updated provisions of the existing Operational Manuals and Plans as well as WB- ESF requirements. TANROADS as the employer of the project, shall be the overseer of the C-ESMP and other relevant sub- plans implementation as part of this ESIA in collaboration with Supervising engineer. The engineering and environmental measures specification and requirements shall be incorporated in the tender documents and on contract documents of the Contractor. Airport operator shall be responsible for management and operational of the airport after completion, however, during undertaking shall also be responsible for design recommendation and participating in the team of inspection and monitoring of the construction activities as well as management of the current operational activities of the airport. As part of ESMP implementation by the Contractor shall be required to adopt some provisions of the airport existing manuals and plans as per ESIA requirements and these provisions shall be in line with the existing Waste (Solid and lavatory) Management Plan, fuel Handling Management Procedures, Wildlife Manual (Birds Strike and Vegetation Management Plan), Safety Management System (Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Management), Noise Management Plan, Airport Regular Maintenance Procedure, Airport Emergence Preparedness Plan, Aircrafts Landing and Taking off procedures, Aerodrome Manual (Airport General Operational Procedure), Airport Security Program (Airport Security Operation Protocol and Procedure); hence the implementation of these plans by both parties (Contractor, TAA, TANROADS, TCAA as well as Airlines) from mobilization, construction, operation and maintenance phases shall ensure smoothly and safely implementation of the proposed airport project. Refers to the attached commitment letter from TCAA and TAA. 322 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 7.4 Responsibilities of Project Key Players for C-ESMP and related sub-plans Implementation Roles and Responsibilities during pre-construction, construction, operational and maintenance phases In order to be effective, environmental and social management must be fully integrated with overall project management effort at all levels, which itself should be aimed at providing a high level of quality control, leading to a project which has been properly designed and constructed and functions efficiently throughout its life. Some of these management issues are sectoral in nature, requiring participation of other Government authorities or the NGOs. Most of the project environmental and social management activities shall be carried out during the preconstruction, construction, operational and maintenance phases, since this is when most impacts can be expected to arise. Management shall largely be concerned with controlling impacts which may result from the actions of the Contractor, through enforcement of the construction contract clauses related to protection of the environment, health, safety and social aspects as a whole and of the components within it during mobilization, construction, demobilization, operation and maintenance phases of the project. Among key stakeholders for the implementation of the C-ESMP includes the following. 7.4.1 Role of Developer (TANROADS) during implementation phase TANROADS shall be the employer of the project to be undertaken which among others shall be responsible to supervise and monitor compliance of the Contractor through its implementation arrangement. Shall also ensure Contractor complies with the WB ESF requirement and ESCP as per TanTip project. Ensure that the project is implemented and completed on time, ensure that all E&S staff are engaged and all the mandatory E&S working plans are on place. Undertake regular monitoring of the safeguards issues undertaken by Contractor, providing to WB progress report on time, Ensure timely payment to Contractors, ensure final preparation of project completion report. Ensure proper coordination among stakeholders including stakeholder wide monitoring group comprising of technical staff from government institutions (National Environment Management Council-NEMC, Ministry of Works, (MoW), Tanzania airport authority (TAA), Tanzania Civil Aviation Authority (TCAA), Tanzania Metrological Agency (TMA) Ministry of Lands, Housing and Human Settlements Development-MoLHHSD, and Non-governmental organization (NGOs). The Developer shall monitor compliance of the Contractor through its implementation arrangement. The airport project implementation shall be assisted among others, by the following key professional staff including E&S safeguards experts from both Contractor and supervision Consultant as follows. a. Roles of Resident Engineer for supervision The Resident Engineer in coordination with TANROADS/TAA shall be responsible for approving the Contractor mandatory management plans, review and recommend contractor work plan, review and endorse contractor payment invoices, supervising and approval works progress, advice employer on all technical issues regarding the project, overall supervisor of the airport project implementation, prepared progress reports and chair monthly meeting with stakeholders on works progress. c. Roles of Site Manager (SM) for Supervision. Site Manager shall be fully in charge of the site construction activities. He shall make detailed site construction scheme and arrange site construction teams accordingly to ensure each construction milestone goal is achieved. d. Roles of Material Engineer for Supervision. This shall be in charge of QA team and the laboratory. He shall be responsible for making quality assurance plan and assurance procedures to ensure that all site personnel know of and implement the right procedure. The entire laboratory test shall be under his control to ensure the project accomplished with good quality. 323 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. e. Roles of Environmental, Health and Social Team for supervising Consultant Consultant’s Environmental, Social and Health team shall review and comments on the Contractors prepared and updated ESMP and related plans as well as ongoing construction plans with regards to their potential for adverse impacts to work being undertaken during the construction of the proposed project. The Team shall be on site daily during the initial start-up of mobilization, construction to the demobilization phase of the airport. At a minimum, weekly site visits are required if construction crews are working on site to ensure all mitigation measures are undertaken as intended. Environmental, Health and Social Team shall be responsible for the following activities: • Develop in conjunction with Contractor an ESHS Action Plan to resolve any non- compliances, deficiencies. • Review work schedules with respect to environmental, social , health and safety management and monitoring; • Supervise the implementation of the environmental social, health and safety management plan (ESHS) and all the other required sub- plans; • Check condition and operational efficiency of all sediment control facilities. In accordance with the Sediment and drainage management plan; • Supervise the implementation of the environmental social management plan and all the other required plans; • Develop environmental orientation meetings; • Work with TANROADS/TAA Safeguards team in supervising and guiding construction contractor(s); • Monitoring and ensuring compliance of all the contractor requirements of the this C-ESMP and other related ESHS plans as well as conditions of contract. • Ensure ESHS terms and conditions are in Contract and supervise the implementation of the environmental social management plan and all the other required plans; • Undertake scheduled site supervision of state of environmental compliance as documented or executed by the contractor’s environmental officer; and • Any other specific duties are prescribed in terms of reference developed for the supervising consultant and TANROADS. • Working with other Contractor and employer safeguard team to implement the C-ESMP, LMP, SEP, GBV/Action plan and GRM as part of contractor obligation; • Undertake scheduled site monitoring to ensure compliance as documented and executed by the contractor; • Work with Contractor OHS officers to establish GRM committees; • Work with contractor to ensure a smooth compensation and resettlement process on land acquisition for materials; • Monitor fuel delivery procedure and any primary suppliers for materials regularly and check all equipment on site on a regular basis; • Undertake all recommendation regarding the OHS issues to workers and surrounding communities • Any other duties as may be assigned by the employer and Resident Engineer (RE). f. Roles of Project Manager (PM) for Contractor: PM shall be the official representative of the Contractor’s company on the site, he shall be responsible for dealing with Employers, (TANROADS), and shall be responsible for executing and maintaining the works according to the Contract specifications, ensuring the project to be accomplished with high quality with time and acceptable costs. He is responsible for the implementation of regulations, full in charge of site management organization, allocation of personnel and other resources, making decision on critical construction method and financial works. Ensure that all required C-ESMP have been prepared, updated 324 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. accordingly top the provisions of the ESIA and existing Airport manual and plans in the specific plans of the Contractor. g. Roles of Environmental, health and Safety Manager for Contractor This shall be overall in-charge of OHS management with preliminary responsibility and sufficient authority for implementation of EHSMP during construction phase. • The duties of the Health Safety Officer shall be to ensure that occupational health and safety issues as well as the following; • Ensure Review and update all provisions of the ESMP related to health and safety issues in the specific plans of the Contractor. • Advise the Contractor on types and measures of personal protective equipment; • Ergonomics’ of the working conditions; and • Close work as a team member in implementing environment management and Monitoring Plan. • The manager shall be full time basis working for Contractor and being responsible for day-to-day implementation and monitoring of Construction activities, • Preparation of all mandatory ESHS safeguards working tools such as C-ESMP, HSMP, C- LMP, C-SEP, C-GRM, GBV-SEA action plan, Borrow Pits and Quarry site Management Plan to be used by Contractor. • Ensure that all recommended environmental and social mitigation measures are implemented, Preparation of required ESHS reports, attending site meetings, and advising the Contractor on the environmental and social procedures related to the implementation of the airport project as per ESIA, ESMF, RPF and all applicable ESSs as per National and WB requirements. • Preparation of a monthly environmental, social health and safety monitoring report as per ESCP. This monthly report shall be submitted to the Engineer for initial approval and shall also require approval by the employer prior submitted to the WB; h. Roles of Environmental officer for Contractor • Preparation of a standalone C-ESMP linking environmental and social activities of the airport works in line with guidance issued by TANROADS and WB-ESF; • Review and update all provisions of the ESMP related to environmental issues in the specific plans of the Contractor. • Monitoring and ensuring compliance of all the contractor/s’ workers to the requirements of the contract and this C-ESMP; • Monitoring and ensuring compliance to all GoT orders, rules, laws and regulations, WB ESF requirements with respect to environmental and social matters; • Day to day monitoring of environmental matters–this shall include wider environmental aspects including matters not directly concerned with the actual construction such as contractor/s camps, off-site temporary storage and temporary works areas; • Working with the Contractors Health and Safety Officer to manage community liaison issues and oversee the effective management of the project grievance mechanism as defined in Section 1800 of the special specification and the original ESIS; • Working with the Contractors Health and Safety Officer and the Clients nominated subcontractor to facilitate the successful delivery of the project HIV/AIDS programme as defined in Section 1800 of the special specification; • Working closely with the Engineers Environmental Officer to ensure full compliance with all environmental and social aspects of this ESMP, the contract documents and any other GoT rules, regulations, orders or community requests as necessary and as required; • Awareness raising and training of contractor staff with respect to environmental issues; this shall include notification of the severe penalties for non-compliance with instructions which may include dismissal; 325 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • Preparation of a monthly environmental monitoring report. This monthly report shall be submitted to the Engineer for approval Attend all monthly site meetings and shall report on their findings–problems, issues and corrective action taken–all of which shall be included in the monthly report format; • Any other matters or issues relating to environmental and social aspects of the works as defined by the Engineer; • Review on-going construction plans with regards to their potential for adverse impacts, particularly if work is being undertaken in environmentally sensitive areas. Maintain a log of community complaints/ grievances related to cultural heritage and corrective actions taken to address them; • Ensure that planned activities are implemented, monitored and reported to the Supervising Engineering Consultant; i. Roles of Health and Safety expert for Contractor • Review and update all provisions of the ESMP related to health and safety issues in the specific plans of the Contractor. • Working with other Contractor and employer safeguard team to implement the C-ESMP, GBV/Action plan, LMP, SEP, and GRM as part of contractor obligation; • Undertake scheduled site monitoring to ensure compliance as documented and executed by the contractor; • Work with supervision consultant to establish GRM committees; • Work with contractor to ensure a smooth compensation and resettlement process on land acquisition for materials; • Undertake all recommendation regarding the OHS issues to workers and surrounding communities • Any other duties as may be assigned by the contractor and Resident Engineer (RE). j. Roles of Social expert for Contractor • To manage community liaison issues and oversee the effective management of the project grievance mechanism as defined in Section 1800 of the special specification and the original ESIS; • Review and update all provisions of the ESMP related to social aspects in the specific plans of the Contractor. • To work with the clients’ nominated subcontractor to facilitate the successful delivery of the project HIV/AIDS programme as provided for in the Standard Specifications for Road Works in Tanzania 2000; • Undertake mainstreaming of gender issues into the entire project including but not limited to work placements, tools and fixtures, sanitary utilities, creating awareness on sexual harassment and any other forms of discrimination based on gender, ethnic background and race; • Work with communities to address sexual harassment, adultery, sexual relations with minors and any other forms of anti-social behavior like drug peddling associated with contract workers; • To ensure full compliance with all social aspects of the SMP, the contract documents and any other Government of Tanzania rules, regulations, WB E&S guidelines, orders or community requests as necessary and as required; • Ensure strong and open communication with Local authorities, communities and faith organizations among other along the entire project route; • Monitor resettlement activities involving project affected communities and identify individual liable to compensation due land acquisition for material take; • Produce monthly reports on social aspects of the project and submit them to the Engineer. 326 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 7.4.2 TAA roles for operation and maintenance of the airport project. Tanzania Airports Authority (TAA) was established by GN.No.404 of 1999 which was made under section 3 of the Executive Agencies Act, 1997. It is a semi-autonomous government executive agency tasked to manage and operate 57 Government owned airports and airstrips in Tanzania mainland. Major airports in Tanzania includes Julius Nyerere International Airport, Mwanza airport, Mtwara airport, Bukoba airport, Kigoma airport, Lake manyara airport, Tanga airport, Iringa airport, Tabora airport, Songwe airport, Mafia airport, Mpanda airport and Arusha airport. In addition, there is Kilimanjaro International Airport (KIA), which is currently operated by KADCO as a company under the Ministry of Works. The TAA is responsible for operational and maintenance of the airport project in Tanzania. The airport operator shall also have roles for monitoring compliance of the Contractor through its implementation agency, and participate as stakeholder wide monitoring group comprising technical staff from different government institutions during project undertaking. The roles and functions of TAA for lake manyara airport project: Shall ensure all mandatory procedures and plans during operation phase are prepared, reviewed and updated and put in place and implemented accordingly, these are; (Waste (Solid and lavatory) Management Plan, fuel Handling Management Procedures, Wildlife Manual (Birds Strike and Vegetation Management Plan), Safety Management System (Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Management), Airport Regular Maintenance Procedure, Airport Emergence Preparedness Plan, Aircrafts Landing and Taking off procedures, Aerodrome Manual (Airport General Operational Procedure), Airport Security Program (Airport Security Operation Protocol and Procedure), Noise Management Plan. The TAA shall be required to review and update these plans prior project construction and operation to address the provisions of the ESIA requirements. These management guideline and plan shall the approved by TCAA prior implementation by the airport operator during construction, operation and maintenance phases. Refers to the attached commitment letter from TCAA and TCAA. TAA has committed to ensure that they include recommendations in their operation manual and shall ensure during operation that noise levels at sensitive receptors are within permissible levels during operation. Refers to Appendix XIV of the report. Other roles includes: ➢ Undertake monitoring compliance of the airport construction and operational activities ➢ Coordinate with key stakeholders such as TCAA, TMA, Police, TANROADS, LGAs on smooth operation of the airport. ➢ TAA shall ensure recruitment of permanent EHS staff and provide regular training to all ESHS team during operation and maintenance phase. ➢ TAA shall ensure preparation of monthly ESH performance reports and submit to the relevant authority during O&M phases. ➢ TAA shall ensure preparation of emergency scenario reports and submit to the relevant authority during O&M phases. ➢ TAA shall ensure preparation and updating of EHS plans during O&M phase to reflect final design and in build construction. ➢ TAA shall ensure airport have in place the Noise Management Plan (NMP) and is implemented accordingly as well as undertaking regular updating when needed as per requirement for smooth implementation and ensure these strategies are included in an airport-wide comprehensive Health and Safety management system that incorporates other applicable aspects of airport safety. 327 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. ➢ TAA shall undertake regular runway inspection and monitoring to identify and remove non- permissible objects on the runway (e.g. metal or other parts that may have fallen from other aircraft that may cause potential hazards to aircrafts. ➢ TAA shall ensure airport have in place the OHS staff to overseen the implementation of Occupational health and safety strategies and ensure these strategies are included in an airport-wide comprehensive safety management system that incorporates other applicable aspects of airport safety. ➢ TAA shall ensure providing necessary budget and resources for compliance with all ESHS requirements during O&M phase. ➢ TAA shall ensure all necessary ESHS plans necessary for O&M phase are timely prepared and implemented. ➢ TAA authority shall ensure Safety Management System (SMS) which include comprehensive and effective Accident Prevention Program which effectively identify and correct unsafe conditions as the Airport operators have certain key responsibilities necessary for the safe operation of aircraft during the landing and takeoff cycle and during ground operations are in place. ➢ TAA shall ensure Emergency Preparedness and Response Plans is in place and updated regularly as well as provide response based on the required airport and community resources for the nature and severity of the emergency event are in place and implemented by all responsible stakeholders as well as ensure regular update of the plan to accommodate changes if my arise. ➢ TAA shall ensure Birds Strike mechanism and other animal management procedure is in place and implemented. Birds strikes are most commonly management associated with birds and animals management around the airport areas. (e.g. avoiding use of vegetation, structural features or storm water management structures that can act as habitats or nesting places for birds, or use of anti-perching devises to avoid nesting in existing structures). Also through applying wildlife repellent and harassment techniques if necessary, which may include the use of chemicals, audio techniques, or visual techniques to scare and repel wildlife. The TAA shall ensure that birds strike mechanism is regularly updated. ➢ TAA shall also ensure potential risks related to operational safety of aircraft during landing, takeoff, and ground operations are included in emergency response plan to be prepared for airport. ➢ Ensure preparation of detailed O&M phase mandatory EHS plans (i.e. updated to reflect final design and construction). ➢ Undertake regular supervision monitoring of the airport facilities to ensure all system are working as per design and guideline. ➢ Undertake regular inspection on runway prior landing and taking off as well as undertaking birds strike technique to reduce risks of birds collision. ➢ Ensure that all mandatory ESHS plans are prepared and implemented during O&M phases as per guidelines ➢ Ensure that all construction activities does not interfere the operational activities of the airport as the existing facilities shall be demolished upon completion of the proposed new facilities in order to boost the tourism sector that is in high demand of the airport services. ➢ TAA –EHS manager shall be responsible for overall supervision of ESMP provision during construction and O&M phases and taking decisions in case severe non-compliances to the ESMPs.; ➢ Allocating necessary budget and resources for compliance with all ESHS requirements 328 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. ➢ TAA authority shall undertake awareness rising to the communities around the airport areas on the proper management of the airport facilities. ➢ TAA authority shall ensure the airport is full covered by the fire trucks/fighting facilities and tenderers full equipped with regular exercises on emergency issues. ➢ They shall also need to prepare and submit routine (monthly) EHS performance reports related to O&M, including reports of any serious ESHS events/accidents. ➢ TAA authority shall ensure the airport is full prepare and have in place all the required operational and guidelines manuals and plans as per ICAO and IATA requirements. Finally as general safety procedure and as per ICAO requirement, the TAA has established a standard working Emergency Preparedness document that entails the common practices for handling emergency situations during airport construction and operation of lake manyara airport. This confidential document is normally not disclosed nor inspected by the public but is used under airport operation with strict conditions to be implemented, hence during construction the Contractor shall adopt this document as part of ESMP implementation. Other roles and responsibilities of Airport project during O&M has been summarized in Table 7.1 below. 7.4.3 Reporting Procedures of ESMP implementation. Employer Environment, health and Social specialists, shall be responsible for reviewing civil works contracts in accordance with the ESIA report; coordinating the implementation of the ESMP among the contractor, local Environmental authorities (e.g. District Council and Village Development Committees; monitoring the implementation of the ESMP and the civil work contractor in collaboration with TANROADS and shall prepare annual Environmental progress reports. The purpose of Environmental and social monitoring is to quantitatively measure the Environmental effects of the airport project. The Environmental monitoring program shall operate through the pre- construction, construction, and operation phases. It shall consist of a number of activities, each with a specific purpose, key indicators, and significance criteria. Environment, health and Social specialists designated by the developer (TANROADS) shall carry out the monitoring of mitigation measures during design and construction. He/she shall conduct mitigation monitoring as part of the regular works inspections. The responsibility for mitigation monitoring during the operation and maintenance phases shall lie with the Environmental/Social Specialist under Environmental Section within TAA. TANROADS shall provide NEMC and World Bank with reports on Environmental and social compliance during implementation as part of their annual and semi-annual progress reports and annual Environmental and social monitoring reports for their review and reference. World Bank shall be provided with monthly and quarterly progress report for review and comments on the Environmental and Social performance as well as reporting to WB in case of significant ESHS incident as per Project ESCP requirement. During operation and maintenance phase, TAA as the airport operator shall ensure that monthly/quarterly progress report are prepared by the designated staffs to be submitted to TCAA, MoW and other relevant stakeholders in aviation sector. These reports shall include among others; Health and Safety aspect, accident and hazard implementation and compliance report; environmental management system for airport, emergence and rescue management report, Bird strike and animal management reporting, reporting on airport implementation and operational procedures, airport security and incidences report. 329 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 7.5 ESMP and ESHS sub plans Reporting during project implementation. Employer Environment, social, Health and safety specialists, shall be responsible for reviewing civil works contracts in accordance with the ESIA report; coordinating the implementation of the C-ESMP, HSMP, LMP, GBV/SEA, SEP, GRM and HIV/AIDS awareness programme. The supervision monitoring shall be undertaken in collaboration with local authorities. The purpose of Environmental and social monitoring is to quantitatively measure the Environmental effects of the airport project. The Environmental monitoring program shall operate through the pre- construction, construction, and operation phases. It shall consist of a number of activities, each with a specific purpose, key indicators, and significance criteria. An Environmental/Social Specialist designated by the developer (TANROADS) shall carry out the monitoring of mitigation measures during design and construction. He/she shall conduct mitigation monitoring as part of the regular works inspections. The responsibility for mitigation monitoring during the operation phase shall lie with the Environmental Section within TAA. TANROADS shall provide NEMC and World Bank with reports on Environmental and social compliance during implementation as part of their annual and semi-annual progress reports and annual Environmental and social monitoring reports for their review and reference. World Bank shall be provided with monthly and quarterly progress report for review and comments on the Environmental and Social performance. During operation and maintenance phases, TAA as the airport operator shall ensure that monthly/quarterly progress report are prepared by the designated staffs to be submitted to TCAA, MoW and other relevant stakeholders in aviation sector. These reports includes; Health and Safety, Accident and hazard risks management and implementation as part of compliance; also the report shall cover the environmental management system for airport, emergence and response management, wildlife management strategy, Airdrome management and implementation related reports. 330 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 7.6 Institutional Arrangement and Responsibilities for the ESMP, C-ESMP, HSMP and other ESHS sub plans Implementation during project undertaking and monitoring The Institutional arrangements and overall responsibility of environmental, social, health and safety performance monitoring including ESMP, C-ESMP, HSMP and other ESHS sub-plans implementation of the Project shall rest with the supervision engineer, TANROADS through Project Implementation Team (PIT), Tanzania Airport Authority, Ministry of Works (MoW) are given in table 7-1 below. Table 7-1: Roles and Responsibilities of Key Parties for ESMP, C-ESMP, HSMP and other ESHS sub-plans Implementation and Monitoring. Institution Functions Overall Responsibilities Ministry of The Ministry of Works • Formulation of policies, plans and strategies towards (MoW) is the main stakeholder development, upgrading and Management of the in the infrastructure Construction Sector covering short, medium and sector. The MoW long term. formulates policies, • Setting standards and Monitoring of quality sets standards and compliance in Construction, Rehabilitation and specifications; defines Maintenance of Roads and Airports the long-term strategic • To oversee and monitor roads and airports safety and plans; and participates environmental issues to the management of • To promote and foster capacity building in road and the executives aviation sectors agencies. As stipulated • Monitoring & Supervision of Construction, in the Government Rehabilitation and Maintenance of Roads and Instrument; the roles Airports, preliminary and detailed designs of and functions of the Airports and Trunk & Regional Roads. Ministry of Works and • Monitoring, supervision and coordination of various Transport are: activities of Agencies/Parastatals, Boards and Institutions which are under the Ministry of Works Sourcing of internal and external funds for financing of various projects under the Ministry. • Supervision of axle load control and transport safety; and • Human Resources development for Ministry’s Employees at all levels. TANROADS TANROADS HQ is • Supervise the contractor on the implementation of the responsible for the airport project overall • Supervise contractor on operation of the existing quarries implementation, and borrow pits areas owned by Tanroads through administration and updating and implementing the Quarry and Borrow Pits enforcement of the Operation and Management Plan. recommendations of • Undertake coordination with TAA, TCAA and other key the ESIA, ESMP, C- player agencies on the smooth implementation of the ESMP, HSMP and other project ESHS sub plans during • Ensure that the ESMP, HSMP and ESHS sub plans project undertaking provisions are included in tender documents issued for construction work and included into Contract and shall ensure monitor/enforce that the Tenderers/Contractor abides by the specifications 331 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Institution Functions Overall Responsibilities • Coordinating the implementation of the ESMP, HSMP and ESHS sub plans by the Contractor in coordination with district authority (Karatu), Ministry of Natural Resources and tourism, Water Basin, and other agencies; • Holding monthly coordination meetings on safeguard implementation with the Contractor, consultant, PIT specialists and WB and preparing meeting minutes that summaries TanTIP progress, issues, and good practices. • Conducting training for institutional capacity building; • Provide NEMC with reports on environmental and social compliance as part of their annual progress reports and annual environmental monitoring reports; • Report to World Bank on the status of safeguard matters through submission of annual progress reports. • Visit and inspect major project site regularly, to ascertain the level of compliance of works and report back environmental issues; • Prepare timely the monthly inspection reports and submit to the relevant authority on time; • Working with the Resident Engineers who have day-to-day interaction through supervisory staff; • Ensures the Contractor/s have all plans including, C-ESMP, HSMP and ESHS sub plans procedures, approvals, and documentation in place to ensure ESIA and ESMP compliance prior to commencement of any work; • Ordering the removal of person(s) and/or equipment not complying with the C-ESMP, HSMP and ESHS sub plans specifications; • Taking decisions in case severe non-compliances to the C- ESMP, HSMP and ESHS sub plans are detected; • Providing input for internal review and approval of the C- ESMP, HSMP and ESHS sub plans ; • Stopping works in case of emergency or if significant environmental impacts are apparent or imminent; • Monitoring and verifying that environmental, social, health and safety impacts are minimized accordingly; • Effecting compensation and facilitate the GRM operational logistics • Ensure availability of funds to implement the EHS measures during construction phase. • Ensure that monthly performance reports are prepared and submitted to the relevant authority during construction phase • Ensure the EHS specialists are employed and trained all the airport operation staff on the mandatory ESHS requirements. Tanzania TAA is responsible for Undertake the review and updating of the existing Airport the overall operation mandatory procedures and plans during construction and authority and maintenance of operation phase to be approved by TCAA and (TAA) the airport project. implemented accordingly; these plans are; (Waste (Solid 332 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Institution Functions Overall Responsibilities and lavatory) Management Plan, fuel Handling Management Procedures, Wildlife Manual (Birds Strike and Vegetation Management Plan), Safety Management System (Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Management), Airport Regular Maintenance Procedure, Airport Emergence Preparedness Plan, Aircrafts Landing and Taking off procedures, Aerodrome Manual (Airport General Operational Procedure), Airport Security Program (Airport Security Operation Protocol and Procedure), Noise Management Plan. TCAA and TAA have committed to ensure that they include recommendations in their operations manual and shall ensure during operation that noise levels at sensitive receptors are within permissible levels during operation and maintenance phases and Refers to the attached commitment letter from TAA Appendix XIV. Other roles includes: • Ensure that the construction of the airport meets the ICAO and IATA operation requirement. • Ensure O&M recommendation as part of the ESMP are taken into airport own/existing operational plans/procedures/systems. • Ensure all mandatory procedures and plans during operation phase are in place and implemented accordingly, these shall include Waste Management Plan, Birds strike Management Plan, OHS guideline, Emergence Preparedness plan, Landing and Taking off procedures, Airport operational procedure, Security Operation Procedure and etc. • Ensure participating into monthly and quarterly progress meeting to assess the airport project implementation and provide the recommendation • Provide guideline and guidance on the technical aspect regarding the airport construction during construction and operation phases • Ensure that all national guideline and regulation as well as ICAO and IATA guidelines for airport construction and operations are met by the contractor and airport uses. • Ensure Coordination with the employer on the approval of all necessary requirements needed for airport construction and operation. • Undertake implementation of the provision of ESMP, C- ESMP and other ESHS requirement proposed during O&M phases of the airport. • Ensure the EHS specialists are employed and trained all the airport operation staff on the mandatory ESHS requirements. • They shall also need to prepare and submit routine 333 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Institution Functions Overall Responsibilities (monthly) EHS performance reports related to O&M, including reports of any serious ESHS events/accidents. • Ensure preparation of detailed O&M phase mandatory EHS plans (i.e. updated to reflect final design and construction).Undertake regular supervision monitoring of the airport facilities to ensure all system are working as per design and guideline. • Undertake regular inspection on runway prior landing and taking off as well as undertaking birds strike technique to reduce risks of birds collision. • Advice on the daily construction activities around the airport • Undertake and supervise all operational activities of the airport • Ensure availability of funds to implement the EHS measures during O&M phase. • Ensure that monthly performance reports are prepared and submitted to the relevant authority during O&M phase. • Ensure that the specific airport have full time EHS staff to supervision and implement the airport safety management system. • Ensure that all emergency issues are reported immediately to the relevant authority during O&M phase. • Ensure that all mandatory ESHS plans are prepared and implemented as per guidelines • Ensure that all construction activities does not interfere the operational activities of the airport as the existing facilities shall be demolished upon completion of the proposed new facilities in order to boost the tourism sector that is in high demand of the airport services. • TAA –EHS manager shall be responsible for overall supervision of ESMP provision during construction and O&M phases and taking decisions in case severe non- compliances to the ESMPs.; • Providing input for internal review of the airport safety procedure. • Allocating necessary budget and resources for compliance with all ESHS requirements 334 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Institution Functions Overall Responsibilities Tanzania TCAA is responsible for The roles and functions of TAA for lake manyara airport Civil regulating the project: Aviation functioning or Ensure all mandatory procedures and plans during Authority operational of the construction and operation phase are approved and (TCAA): Aviation sector implemented accordingly; these are; (Waste (Solid and including airport and lavatory) Management Plan, fuel Handling Management airplane facilities in Procedures, Wildlife Manual (Birds Strike and Vegetation Tanzania Management Plan), Safety Management System (Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Management), Airport Regular Maintenance Procedure, Airport Emergence Preparedness Plan, Aircrafts Landing and Taking off procedures, Aerodrome Manual (Airport General Operational Procedure), Airport Security Program (Airport Security Operation Protocol and Procedure), Noise Management Plan. The TCAA shall be required to undertake regular monitoring the implementation of these plans prior project construction and operation phases to assess the provisions of the ESIA requirements. TCAA has committed to ensure that they include recommendations in their operations manual and shall ensure during operation that noise levels at sensitive receptors are within permissible levels during operation and maintenance phases and Refers to the attached commitment letter from TCAA Appendix XIV. Other functions includes: • As aviation regulatory ensure that all airport and airlines are functioning as per national regulations, guidelines as well as ICAO and IATA requirements • Ensure that all ICAO and IATA, and FAA protocol and international requirement are met by aviation user • Ensure that permits for airport and airlines operators are given and controlled accordingly • Ensure that all activities regarding aviation sector are given permits and license accordingly. • Undertake monitoring and inspection around the operated airport and airplanes. • As part of key stakeholder shall ensure participating into monthly and quarterly progress meeting for project implementation • Allocating necessary budget and resources for compliance with all ESHS requirements • Ensure that all mandatory ESHS plans are prepared and implemented as per guidelines • Undertake and supervise all operational activities of the airport • Ensure availability of funds to implement the EHS measures during O&M phase. • Ensure that monthly performance reports are prepared 335 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Institution Functions Overall Responsibilities and submitted to the relevant authority during O&M phase. TANROADS TANROADS regional • Undertake regular site visit to overseer the ESMP, C- Regional Office is responsible for ESMP, HSMP and other ESHS sub plans Office the overall implementation by the Contractor and provide implementation, feedback to the supervision engineer. administration and • ensure participating into monthly and quarterly progress enforcement of the meeting for project implementation recommendations of • Ensure all PAPs are compensated and reallocated on the ESIA and the ESMP time out of the project site Report at project level. • Coordinate all logistic required at regional level for the Contractor to undertake the airport project • Reporting to Employer, Engineer on any misconduct or non-compliances of contractor on C-ESMP, HSMP and other ESHS sub plans implementation National The NEMC's purpose Contractor shall: Environme and objective is to • Ensure review of ESIA, ESMP, HSMP and issuing the ESIA nt undertake certificates for airport project Manageme enforcement, • Ensure that the construction activities of the airport meets nt Council compliance, review the EMA Act, 2005 and its amendment regulation of 2018 (NEMC) and monitoring of EIA’s and other National Regulations and to facilitate public • Ensure that the ESMP and HSMP are prepared and used participation in during mobilization, construction, demobilization and environmental operational phases of the project decision-making. • Ensure participating into project supervision mission and undertaking review of quarterly project implementation report and provide the recommendation • Provide guideline on the technical aspect regarding the environmental, social, health and safety aspect around the project • Ensure that all national guideline and regulation for airport construction are met by the contractor. • Involve in Conducting training for institutional capacity building to project staff on the ESHS specification ; • Undertake regular monitoring and inspection of environmental matters around the project Contractor The Contractor shall be Contractor shall: responsible for • Ensure that the environmental and social specifications construction works and of the ESIA and ESMP (including any revisions, additions ensuring compliance or amendments) are effectively implemented; with ESMP • Undertake the preparation, review and updating of requirements. The the C-ESMP and all provisions related to sub plans (C- Contractor shall ESMP, QSMP, LMP, GRM, SEP, NMP, OHS, WMP, appoint a Site CSMP,TMP etc that shall be implemented by the Engineer. Contractor, and these shall be reviewed and approved by the employer and WB prior its use. • Ensure that you adopt all provisions necessary from the airport existing manuals and plans to be implemented as part of the C-ESMP. 336 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Institution Functions Overall Responsibilities • Notify LGAs, TANESCO, Basin Waters Office (BWOs) and Engineers immediately in the event of any accidental infringements of the environmental requirements to enable appropriate remedial action to be taken; • Ensure environmental, Social, health and safety awareness among his/her employees and subcontractors so that they are fully aware of and understand the environmental and social requirements and the need for them; • Report and record all accidents and incidents resulting in major injuries or death; • Inform Notify LGAs, TANESCO, Basin Waters Office (BWOs) and other relevant agencies of problems arising when implementing the ESMP and ways of improving the ESMP; • Undertake restoration of all areas affected by construction activities in order to restore them to their original state, as determined by the Engineer; • Undertake the required works within the designated working areas. • Prepared monthly, quarterly and annual ESHS compliance reports to be submitted to Employer and WB. • The Contractor shall designate competent environmental, health and safety management staff throughout the construction period and • Allocate an adequate environmental, health and safety management budget, including self-monitoring Audit. Supervisio TANROADS shall Supervision activities shall undertake the following; n appoint a supervision • Ensure that Environmental, social, health and safety Consultant consultant. The compliance and monitoring, including checking, supervision consultant verifying and validating the overall environmental, shall appoint a resident social, health and safety performance of the project engineer. through regular audits, inspections and reviews of For supervision and project submissions. monitoring of the • Ensure Contractor undertake the preparation, review implementation of and updating of the C-ESMP and all provisions related to ESMP throughout the sub-plans (C-ESMP, QSMP, LMP, GRM, SEP, NMP, OHS, construction phase, the WMP, CSMP,TMP etc on time and implementing these implementing agency plans as per requirements and approval conditions. can engage an Independent • Ensure Visual observation during site inspection carried Environmental out at the same time as the engineering supervision Consultant. activities, • Ensure supervision and monitoring the undertaking of the environmental, social, health and safety specifications are implemented by the contractor. • Ensure Site inspections are taking place with an emphasis on early identification of any environmental, 337 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Institution Functions Overall Responsibilities social, health and safety problems and the initiation of suitable remedial action; • Review of the project GRM, including labour-related mechanisms. • Coordinate the undertaking on monthly and quarterly meeting and monitoring supervision of stakeholders to project site • Where remedial actions have been required on the Contractor’s part, further checks shall need to be made to ensure that these are actually being implemented to the agreed schedule and in the required form. • Review and approve monthly, quarterly and annual ESHS compliance reports to be submitted to Employer and WB. • Notify the employer and WB in case of any non- compliance that may cause risks of OHS around the project The LGAs LGA is crucial for • Karatu district shall designate competent environmental include successful and safety staff to follow up on the project Karatu implementation of the implementation status and recommend to employer as District, project and the ESMP necessary. Rhotia once some of the • Be involved to ensure that the RAP, GRM, LMP is well ward and mitigation measures implemented by the contractor as approved under TANTIP Kilimamoja are better coordinated • At Ward level Be involved in laborers recruitment Village. by the local authority processes for providing an introductory letter to with the support of the contractor. local communities. • Facilitate the contractor on compensation issues The LGAs include • Monitoring and verifying that environmental impacts are Karatu District, Rhotia kept to minimum; ward and Kilimamoja • Reporting on any non-compliance issues done by Village. contractor District Karatu RAP\GRM • Arrange and implement the GRM\RAP including RAP and committee shall compensation grievances GRM support respective • undertake and manage GRM operational issues at district implement Ward GRM committee level ation in organizing and • Handling grievance issues and keeping records Committee implementing the • Quarterly reporting to the employer compensation and • Liaise with ward GRM committee project related • Receive and document of all received complaints from the grievances ward GRM level and arrange meeting for healing • Receive the grievances appealing from ward level Wards Roti ward RAP\GRM • Receive and document of all received complaints from the GRM committee shall arrange complainant and arrange meeting for healing committee and organize Ward • Receive the grievances appealing from ward level s GRM committee to deal • Arrange and implement the GRM\RAP including with grievances related compensation grievances to compensation, • undertake and manage GRM operational issues at wards labour issues and GBV level issues and keep 338 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Institution Functions Overall Responsibilities documentation i • Handling grievance issues and keeping records • Quarterly reporting to district GRM committee • Liaise with district GRM committee Environme ESHS supervision Shall be in charge of logistics department of environmental, ntal and consultant social, health and safety on the project and shall supervise Social the implementation of the STD/HIV/AIDS awareness Manager campaign, environmental and social mitigation measures, for GBV\SEA action plan, operationalization of the project Contractor. GRM,. Shall Ensure that all ESHS documents such as such as C- ESMP, HSMP, P-LMP, P-SEP, C-GRM, GBV-SEA action plan, Borrow Pits and Quarry site Management Plan are prepared on time and submitted to Employer for approval. Shall Supervising the ESHS team on the implementation of all mitigation measures as per approved ESHS sub plans for the project. During the project implementation, the ESHS Manager shall ensure appropriate activities and measures to be taken as per the requirements of the Plan. Environme The staffs shall be full time basis working for Contractor and ntal, being responsible for day-to-day implementation and Social, monitoring of Construction activities, preparation of all Health and mandatory ESHS safeguards working tools such as C-ESMP, safety HSMP, P-LMP, P-SEP, P-GRM, GBV-SEA action plan, Borrow specialists Pits and Quarry site Management Plan to be used by for Contractor. Contractor Ensure that all recommended environmental and social mitigation measures are implemented, preparation of required ESHS reports. Attending site meetings, and advising the Contractor on the environmental and social procedures related to the implementation of the airport project as per ESIA, ESMF, RPF and all applicable ESSs as per National and WB requirements. Prepare all responsible monthly, quarterly and annually compliance reports to be submitted to TANROADS and WB 7.7 Capacity Building and training awareness during project implementation Capacity building programs shall be conducted to the Project staff including E&S staffs, engineers, technicians, trainers of trainers among staff and other relevant stakeholders during Project implementation as well as operation and maintenance phases. These workers and staff shall be trained and sensitized on the airport related safety risks, management of environmental and social issues, EHS related issues, airport operations as well as emergency preparedness around the airport. Within the project’s area, and in particular the Contractor’s and consultant’s staff shall require capacity building and knowledge on the airport related safety risks, management of environmental and social issues, EHS related issues, airport operations as well as emergency preparedness e.g. through ESMP, 339 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. LMP, GRM, HSMP as part of safeguard requirement of the WB- ESF. Training on these issues is so important for smooth implementation of the airport project as well as during operation and maintenance phases. Training shall be delivered by TANROADS PIT, E&S safeguards staff to Contractor and Consultant staff or workers and adjacent communities during project implementation, hence during operation and maintenance phase training shall be delivered by Airport Operator and Regulator. During project implementation training shall be through on job training which shall be delivered on site basis through tool box meeting as well as special training session of 30 to 60 staff which shall increase the capacity of supervision of ESMP, HSMP and sub plans around the project. 7.7.1 Training awareness and Capacity Building for ESIA and ESMP implementation TANROADS PIT and ESHS safeguards team shall be engaged to provide the on job regular training to Contractor and Consultant staff and project Workers on the following aspects: (i) Induction training on the implementation of the C-ESMP, HSMP,P-LMP, P-GRM, SEP, NMP, WMP, BPQSMP, BMP and GBV\SEA to Contractors and consultants workers and relevant staff including the ESHS staff from contractor and consultant. (ii) Airport construction applicable protocols and guideline for existing airport (iii) security and safety on the airport construction facilities (iv) Operationalization of the project C-ESMP, HSMP,P-LMP, P-GRM, SEP, NMP, WMP, BPQSMP, BMP and GBV\SEA to contractor and consultant workers. (v) Legal requirement of ESIA and ESMP implementation to contractor and consultant ESHS staff (vi) Training on community engagement and consultation to contractor and consultant ESHS staff. (vii) OHS awareness to project workers (trainer of trainers) (viii) Awareness and prevention programme on HIV\AIDS, and other communicable diseases related to construction activities such as cholera, Covid 19, TB, Hepatitis B, C etc. to trainer of trainers. (ix) Biodiversity strengthening, Airport beatification, trees and grasses pruning as well as birds strike around the airport (x) Waste management, storm water management, soil erosion around the project to contractor and consultant ESHS staff (xi) General knowledge of environmental, health and safety and social requirements and project procedures, and Important specific knowledge in environmental and social procedures and requirements for project workers 7.7.2 Awareness and Education The education awareness shall include: • Provide awareness on ESMP and other ESHS sub plans implementation during project implementation phases • Discuss techniques and answer questions about erosion and pollution control at regular site safety meetings • Operationalization of the project C-ESMP, HSMP,P-LMP, P-GRM, SEP, NMP, WMP, BPQSMP, BMP and GBV\SEA to contractor and consultant workers. • Biodiversity strengthening, Airport beatification, trees and grasses pruning as well as birds strike around the airport • Waste management, storm water management, soil erosion around the project to contractor and consultant ESHS staff • Demonstrate proper housekeeping methods • Inform the foremen of actions to take in the event of spill of hazardous materials (oil, fuel, and concrete) 340 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • Post sign at key locations reminding foremen how to properly store construction materials, handle and dispose of toxic wastes, dispose of wash water, and similar instructions • Remind E&S safeguards on fines, penalties that may be levied against the project by the local permitting agencies control environmental destruction is not adhered to. • Awareness and prevention programme on HIV\AIDS, and other communicable diseases related to construction activities such as cholera, Covid 19, TB, Hepatitis B, C etc. to trainer of trainers. Among others, the above training and awareness campaign shall include ESHS report preparation, supervision monitoring for contractor’s ESHS implementation as well as airport risks management, emergence preparedness during operation and maintenance phases. Given the nature, locations, and scale of construction, it is anticipated that the safeguard training shall be provided regularly during mobilization, construction and operation phases of the project. During operation and maintenance phases the training shall be provided by airport operator to include airport safety measures, EHS risks management as well as emergency preparedness around the airport accordance with TCAA and ICAO guideline and requirements. The capacity building and training programme shall be prepared specifically and included into C-ESMP and other ESHS provisions and shall be submitted to TANROADS for approval prior project implementation. The training during operation and maintenance phases shall be part of annual work plan of the airport operator. The detailed of these training plan shall set out training scope, time frame, costs and attendees. 7.8 Gender Based Violence and Sexual Exploitation Abuse/Sexual Harassment (SEA/SH) (i) SEA/SH Response and Prevention Action Plan To mitigate these risks, the project Contractor shall develop and implement a Sexual Exploitation and Abuse/Sexual Harassment (SEA/SH) Prevention and Response Action Plan with an Accountability and Response Framework as part of the C-ESMP. The SEA/SH Action Plan shall follow guidance on the World Bank’s Good Practice Note for Addressing Sexual Exploitation and Abuse and Sexual Harassment (SEA/SH) in Investment Project Financing involving Major Civil Works (February 2020). The SEA/SH Action Plan shall include how the project shall ensure necessary steps are in place for: • Prevention of SEA/SH: Integrate provisions related to sexual harassment and sexual exploitation and abuse in the employee Code of Conduct (COCs) and ongoing sensitisation of staff on responsibilities related to the COC and consequences of non-compliance; project- level IEC materials. • Response to SEA/SH: including survivor-cantered coordinated multi-sectoral referral and assistance to complainants according to standard operating procedures; staff reporting mechanisms; written procedures related to case oversight, investigation and disciplinary procedures at the project level, including confidential data management. • Engagement with the community: including development of confidential community-based complaints mechanisms discrete from the standard GRM; mainstreaming of Prevention SEA/SH awareness-raising in all community engagement activities; community-level IEC materials; regular community outreach to women and girls about social risks and their PSEA/SH -related rights. • Management and Coordination: including integration of prevention and response to SEA/SH in job descriptions, employment contracts, performance appraisal systems, etc.; development of contract policies related to SEA/SH, including whistle-blower protection and investigation and disciplinary procedures; training for all project management; management of 341 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. coordination mechanism for case oversight, investigations and disciplinary procedures; supervision of dedicated PSEA/SH focal points in the project and trained community liaison officers. • Ensure a clear human resources policy against sexual harassment that is aligned with national law. • Ensure appointed human resources, environmental, social and health and safety personnel are well trained on PSEA/SH; • Mandatory and repeated training and awareness raising for the workforce about refraining from unacceptable conduct toward local community members, specifically women; • Informing workers about national laws that make sexual harassment and gender-based violence a punishable offence which is prosecuted; • Introducing a Worker Code of Conduct as part of the employment contract, including sanctions for non-compliance (e.g., termination), and • The Contractor shall adopt a policy to cooperate with law enforcement agencies in investigating complaints about SEA/SH. Mitigation of Gender-Based Violence (GBV) at the Community The Contractor shall implement provisions that ensure that gender-based violence at the community level is not triggered by the project, including: • effective and ongoing community engagement and consultation, particularly with women and girls; • Review specific project components that are known to heighten GBV risk at the community level, e.g. compensation schemes, employment schemes for women, etc. • A specific plan for mitigating these known risks, e.g. sensitisation around gender equitable approaches to compensation and employment, etc. The Contractor shall ensure adequate referral mechanisms if a case of GBV at the community level is reported related to project implementation. (ii) Grievances Redress Mechanisms During project implementation, there shall be GRM to deal with all grievances; the Client shall respond to concerns and grievances of project–affected parties related to the environmental and social performance of the project on time. For this purpose, the borrower shall propose and implement a grievance mechanism to receive and facilitate the resolution of such concerns and grievances. The grievance mechanism involves a formal process for receiving, evaluating and redressing program-related grievances from affected communities, workers and the general public. The TanTIP recognises the vulnerability of the different project participants involved or affected by the project activities (such as community members, workers, and other beneficiaries). The TanTIP implementing the program shall establish GRM at two levels: (i) At the ward level and (ii) At the Project level. Grievances at the ward level shall oversee all grievances related to workers at the workplace as well as in local communities. This ward-level GRM shall comprise WEO, VEO, VC, WCDO, and the Ward community development committee. The committee shall receive and register the grievances, the hearing process, and resolve and settle the grievances. Unresolved grievances are forwarded to the project-level committee whose members are the project manager, TANROAD regional manager’s Representative, RE, Contractor (PM), client labor-legal officer and safeguard team, WEO, VC, CBO/NGO Representative. Among other things, the GRM at levels 1 and 2 shall include the following procedures: 342 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • Formal channels for submission and receipt of grievances, such as posters stipulating the GRM process, email, telephone hotline, comment/complaint form, suggestion boxes, and face-to-face communication; • Stipulated timeframes to respond to grievances; • Register and procedures to record and track the timely resolution of grievances; • The focal person is responsible for receiving, recording, and tracking the resolution of grievances and communicating with workers/communities who submit grievances. Awareness creation on GRM process. The TanTIP implementing agency (TANROADS) or the Supervision Engineer/ Consultant shall monitor levels 1 and 2, recording and resolving grievances and monthly summary reports. The workers’/community grievance mechanism shall be described in staff induction training and awareness, provided to all project workers/community, and a description shall be added to the Worker’s Code of Conduct. The Contractor shall be required to prove that each employee has been inducted and sign that they have been inducted on the GRM procedure. Furthermore, as part of the Contractor’s human resources policies, there should be a procedure for women involved in public works to report cases of sexual harassment and procedures to address these kinds of cases. The mechanism shall be based on the following principles: • The process shall be transparent and allow workers/community to express their concerns and file grievances; • There shall be no discrimination against those who express grievances; • Grievances shall be treated confidentially, except anonymous ones; • Anonymous grievances shall be treated equally as other grievances whose origin is known; • Workers/community shall be informed of how their grievances are resolved; • Resolution of anonymous grievances shall be announced to the wider workforce, and • Management shall treat grievances seriously and take timely and appropriate action in response. Information about the existence of the grievance mechanism shall be readily available to all project workers/community (direct and contracted) through notice boards, public offices such as WEO, VEO and community centres, “suggestion/complaint boxes”, and other means as needed. If the workers/community dispute cannot be resolved by levels 1 and 2, it is referred to the Court procedures. The grievance mechanism shall not prevent workers from using the dispute procedures provided in Part VIII of the Employment and Labour Relations Act of 2004. If the dispute is not resolved at the workplace, other resolution mechanisms provided for legal legislation can be utilised. The proposed TanTIP GRM flow chart for workers/community grievances is clearly presented in the TanTIP SEP document. The proposed TanTIP GRM Flow Chart is shown in figure 7.1below. 343 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Project workers/communities declare and register grievances at Ward level (1st level) Grievance Resolution Committee (GRC-1) Level 1 1 Ward level GRC–Level 1 registers and hears grievances and rules 14 If grievance is No further action is days from submission date to addressed required response Unresolved grievance is forwarded to Project level (2nd Level) Grievance Resolution Committee (GRC-2) Project level GRC (2nd Level) No further action is If grievance is registers and hears grievances and required Level 2 addressed rules 14 days from submission date to respond No further action is Unresolved grievances are taken to required appropriate court procedures If grievance addressed Figure 7.1: Proposed TanTIP GRM Flow Chart (iii) GBV Procedure Specific provisions shall be included for complaints related to Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) that could be derived from the project to ensure the survivor’s confidentiality and rights. To properly address GBV risks, the GRM must be in place before contractors mobilise. The GRM should not ask for or record information on more than three aspects related to the GBV incident: a) the nature of the complaint (what the complainant says in her/his own words without direct questioning, b) if, to the best of their knowledge, the perpetrator was associated with the project, and if, possible, the age and sex of the survivors. Different entry points where survivors can place complaints confidentiality shall be identified and linked to the GRM as described in the TanTIP’s SEP. The GRM Protocol should have a specific section on GBV-related complaints. This shall be developed with the support of specialised organisations in the matter. Employers’ generic Code of Conduct stipulates the Contractor’s requirements to deal with the GBV, as Figure 7-1 below shows the stepwise procedure for managing GBV cases. 344 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Figure 7-1: Stepwise Procedure for Management of GBV Cases Source: Design team, 2023 7.9 Potential Grievances under the Project Through the preparation of the TanTIP ESF instruments, potential grievances that might arise from project activities were identified and grouped into four distinct categories that require specific procedures for handling those grievances. The four categories are (i) Labour and workers, (ii) Gender Based Violence (GBV), (iii) Resettlement and compensation, and (iv) Environmental and social impacts of project activities. The potential grievances that have been identified for each category are listed in figure 7-3 below. Figure 7-3: GRM Core Principles 345 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 7.9.1 Summary of Comprehensive Project GRM. Because the Project activities could involve several categories of grievances that have different methods of procedural and legal resolution, as well as requirements under the ESF, the Project has developed a comprehensive GRM that has specific procedures for each category of grievances. The Contractor shall establish an independent project GRM for each TanTIP sub-project as part of stakeholder engagement planning, which must conform to the requirements for this project wide GRM. Comprehensive and detailed GRM for TanTIP projects is presented in (Appendix XIII). Table 7-2: Potential Grievances under TanTIP Potential Grievances 1. Environmental and Social Impacts 2. Resettlement and Compensation • Reduced Access to Local Communities’ Services • Delay in effecting compensation • Increased Traffic Accidents to Pedestrians, Livestock • Conflict between beneficiaries/PAPs and Communities • Complaints on ownership • Risk of Crimes Occurrence • Dissatisfaction on amount paid • Impact on Cattle Headers • Complaints on unpaid properties • Impacts on water resources • Anonymous properties • Impacts on protected areas and wildlife crossing. • Land degradation • Noise and vibration • Environmental pollution 3. Labour and Workers 4. Gender-Based Violence • Low wages • Sexual harassment • Overtime • Gender violence • Workers risks • Gender harassment • Hazardous environment for workers • Sexual Abuse • Contracts issues • Child Abuse • Contribution to social security funds • Rape 7.9.2 GBV/SEA in the airport Upgrading Project Large infrastructure projects often involve major civil works that require labour force and associated goods and services that cannot be fully met by local supply. In such cases, workers are often brought in from outside the project area. Construction workers are predominantly young males, typically separated from their families on a construction job for extended periods of time. They can therefore act outside their normal spheres of social control, which can lead to a spectrum of unacceptable and illicit behaviors, including sexual exploitation and abuse of women and girls from the local community. It is therefore essential to take into account the workers who shall be involved in gender-based violence in the airport upgrading /construction project as follows: i. Projects create changes in the communities in which they operate and can cause shifts in power dynamics between community members and within households. Male jealousy, a key driver of GBV/SEA, can be triggered by labour influx on a project when workers are believed to be interacting with community women. Hence, abusive behavior can occur not only between project-related staff and those living in and around the project site, but also within the homes of those affected by the project. 346 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. ii. Construction workers are predominantly younger males. Those who are away from home on the construction job are typically separated from their family and their normal sphere of social control. This can result is inappropriate behavior, such as sexual harassment of women and girls and illicit sexual relations with minors from the local community. iii. Projects with influx of workers may increase the demand for sex work - even increase the risk for trafficking of women for the purposes of sex work - or the risk of forced early marriage in a community where marriage to an employed man is seen as the best livelihood strategy for an adolescent girl. Furthermore, higher wages for workers in a community can lead to an increase in transactional sex. The risk of incidents of sex between laborers and minors, even when it is not transactional, can also increase, and iv. Women and girls’ job opportunities are limited due to a lack of appropriate transportation options. When creating job opportunities for women within projects, teams should be aware that traveling to and from work in some settings can force women and girls to use unsafe, poorly lit commuter routes, or unsafe public transport. Increased risk of violence is experienced when women are confronted with traveling long distances to access work opportunities or forced to travel at night, and The ESHS and GBV, particularly ESMP identified and analyzed project risks that may be associated with the project. These GBV plans shall be integrated in the project E&S management Plan which the contractor shall be responsible to prepare and implement. ❖ Records Keeping A simple database is often useful to manage and monitor grievances under Project GRM. A good practice is to log all grievances, even recurrent ones or grievances that shall eventually be dismissed as unreasonable. Regardless of the actual establishment of such a database, typically, documentation on grievances keeps track of the following: • Nature of complaint; • The name and contact details of the complainant, if appropriate; • The date that the complaint was lodged; • The location where the complaint is related to; • The name of the technical staff charged with addressing the complaint, if appropriate; • Any follow-up actions taken; • The proposed resolution of the complaint; • How and when relevant Project decisions were communicated to the complainant; • Whether longer-term management actions have been taken to avoid the recurrence of similar grievances in the future, if applicable. 7.10 ESMP CONSOLIDATED TABLE OF MITIGATION AND RESPONSIBILITIES The negative impacts as well as their mitigation measures have already been discussed in the ESIA. This section now highlights the various mitigation measures, the party responsible for implementing it and the costs, this data makes up the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) which is presented in Table below. Some of costs for the proposed mitigation measures have been included in the Bills of Quantities and therefore the table below includes all indirect costs of implementing the Environmental, Social, Health and Safety mitigation measures during mobilization, construction, demobilization, operation and maintenance phases. The costs for mitigation measures of ESMP during O&M phases of the project has been estimated to be within the specific aviation sector or authority jurisdiction as per their annual budget. 347 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. The table 7-3 below presents key project impacts and the associated mitigation measures in project phases and the responsibilities to implement the mitigation measure that shall have to be monitored during all project phases. 348 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Table 7-3: Implementation of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (To be implemented in conjunction with the BMP and NMP for this project) Environmental, Associated Areas Mitigation Measures Mitigatio Responsibili Annual Cost Social, Health Impacts/Linkages Affected n ties Estimates and Safety Timefra (Tshs) Issues mes ESMP Matrix (Mobilization & Construction Phase) The Contractor shall be required to prepare ESMP sub-plans and others to adopt the existing plans accordingly to include the provisions of the management plans to address all risks associated with the construction phases. Health and ▪ Noise nuisance All project ▪ Contractor shall ensure adopting the Health and Safety All ESHS staff The majority of Safety risks to nearby Areas Management Plan as part of the C-ESMP as well as Noise project for mitigation resident management Plan are in place to be used during phases Contractor. measure costs are ▪ Air pollution construction phase. The plans have been prepared and ESHS staff part of the costs ▪ Risks of updated by the airport operator and approved by Aviation for to be covered by accidents to authority to be implemented. Supervision the Contractor construction ▪ Contractor and airport operator shall provide appropriate consultant (BOQ) during workers (slips working gear ((PPE) against air pollution due to emission of TANROADS, mobilization and and fails, Carbon Monoxide (CO); Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx); PIT-ESHS Construction heavy falling Hydrocarbons (HC) and noise impact) related to aircrafts staff phases; objects, and machinery operation around the airport and provide and TAA injuries, etc.) good working conditions and administer site management airport Direct costs ▪ Risks to to their employees. manager. 20,000,000 workers and ▪ Contractor shall ensure that the airport is kept hygienically Local communities with adequate provision of facilities including waste government Costs during from road disposal receptacles, food and drinks, toilets, sewage, -Health operation and accident due firefighting and clean and safe water supply. sector maintenance materials ▪ Contractor shall ensure the First Aid kit are in place phase shall be trucks (administered by medical personnel) and maintained at born within the each strategic places and active work section around the specific airport airport. operator annual ▪ Contractor shall ensure optimizing ground service budget infrastructure to reduce aircraft and ground vehicle movements on taxiways and idling to reduce the air and 349 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. noises pollution . ▪ Contractor shall ensure all workers working on luggage lifting areas be trained in the use of proper lifting, bending, and turning techniques to avoid back injury or extremities to workers ▪ Airlines Operator shall ensure aircraft maneuverability for orientation of aircrafts routes and pathways for arriving and departing are considering actual and residential development as noise sensitive receptors hence shall be diverted. These procedures may include instructions on the use of descent profiles or “noise preferential” routes (NPRs), such as the “continuous descent approach” to avoid noise-sensitive areas, the use of “Low Power / Low Drag” (LPLD) procedure to fly the aircraft in a 'clean ‘conditions. ▪ Contractor shall ensure restricting operation of machinery / equipment to the trained personnel only. ▪ Contractor shall ensure all workers, and other airport users are provided with safety awareness including emergency preparedness such as occurrence of fire and accidents. Safety signal devices shall be installed and warning measures shall be taken to ensure health and safety environment in working place. ▪ Contractor and Airport Operator shall ensure reducing noise of ground operations at the source or through the use of sound barriers and deflectors and provide provision of power supply to the aircraft to reduce or eliminate the need for use of APUs. ▪ Contractor and Airport Operator shall ensure minimizing fugitive air emissions from jet kerosene and other fuel storage and handling activities. ▪ Contractor and Airport Operator shall provide safety signs and pavement markings for ground support vehicle circulation and parking areas in ramps, taxiways, and any 350 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. other areas with a risk of collision between ground vehicles and aircrafts. ▪ Airport Operator and airlines shall ensure encouraging proper management of rules for safety – the rules related to workplace safety in terms of: behavior; use of First Aid Kit, maintenance; site layout; storage areas; manual handling; use of workplace equipment; fire alarm response; and security. ▪ Contractor, Airport Operator and airlines shall ensure generation and storage of hazardous wastes and their subsequent treatment and disposal should be collected by the Authorized waste dealers for disposal. ▪ Contractor and Airport Operator shall train workers on the prevention of heat and cold stress, including the identification of early symptoms and management techniques (e.g. hydration, rest); and shall ensure providing with the necessary clothing and fluids to airport staff to prevent weather-related stress and apply other relevant recommendations for working environment temperature. ▪ Contractor shall provide appropriate PPEs (such as nose, ear mask and clothing) and undertake good camp management practices to protect workers. ▪ Contractor and airport operator shall use administrative procedures such as reducing risks to exposures, CoEC, follow roles and procedures at working place, impose penalty and suspends, disciplinary measures at work place. ▪ Risks of Project ▪ The contractor shall engage the HIV/AIDS services provider All ESHS staff Direct costs is HIV/AIDS and construction to prepare the HIV/AIDS and communicable diseases project for 30,000,000 other site awareness programme and to implement the awareness phases Contractor. communicable to project workers and community to reduce risk of ESHS staff diseases such spreading of communicable diseases (especially STD). for Costs during as cholera, ▪ The Contractor shall adopt the exiting airport emergency Supervision operation and Covid 19, TB, preparedness plan which among others shall focus on consultant maintenance 351 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Hepatitis B, C preventive measure to address the communicable diseases TANROADS, phase shall be etc. related such as HIV/AIDS, STI, tuberculosis, viral hepatitis, ebora, PIT-ESHS born within the to CoVId 19, cholera, typhus, smallpox, yellow fever and staff specific airport construction plague to workers around the airport. and TAA operator annual activities ▪ The airport operator shall ensure the application of airport budget adjacent technical and operation procedures focusing of health and manager. communities. safety risks are in place and used by stakeholders. Local ▪ ▪ The Contractor shall ensure medical personnel is available government for mobilizing risk mitigation through public awareness, -Health social distancing from the outbreak area, control the sector affected person in isolation and quarantine, application of HIV\AIDS prophylactic medication and vaccination depend on the service nature of the diseases, provider, ▪ The contractor shall undertake regularly the workers Health/clinic awareness and training on the identification and al office preventive measures of the communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS, STI, tuberculosis, viral hepatitis, ebora, CoVId 19, cholera, typhus, smallpox, yellow fever and plague around the airport. ▪ The contractor shall engage with medical authority on information sharing and materials dissemination, seminal and training on strategies to combat communicable diseases around the airport areas, ▪ The contractor shall provide the dissemination materials with health and safety awareness to workers around the airport through posters, T.V screen, banners, stickers with massages on health and safety risks in construction site. ▪ The contractor shall collaborate with HIV regional coordinator to ensure availability and access of free condom in all strategic areas around the project site for workers. ▪ Contractor and airport operator shall use administrative procedures such as reducing risks to exposures, CoEC, 352 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. follow roles and procedures at working place, impose penalty and suspends, disciplinary measures at work place. ▪ Noise and Project ▪ Contractor shall ensure adopting the provisions of the Through ESHS staff The mitigation vibration construction Noise Management Plan (NMP) which has been prepared mobilizat for costs to be (Not site by the employer in line with this ESIA requirements to be ion and Contractor. covered by the exceeding used and instituted accordingly during construction Construct ESHS staff Contractor (BOQ) limits of 45 operation and maintenance phases. ion and for during and 70 dBA ▪ Contractor shall prepare work Scheduling to minimize the operatio Supervision mobilization and nighttime and duration and intensity of activities that generate higher n phase consultant Construction 55 and 85 dBA vibrations. This may involve reducing operating hours to TANROADS, phases; additional daytime) as reduce hours of exposure to the equipment; PIT-ESHS costs 5,000,000 per TZS and ▪ Contractor shall establish buffer zones between staff. WHO standard construction activities and sensitive locations such as Local Costs during residential and office areas to avoid potential impact of government operation and vibrations on human health; -Health maintenance ▪ Contractor shall monitor vibrations during mobilization sector and phase shall be phase and promptly address any exceedances by adjusting airport born within the construction and manufactures practices and limits operator specific airport ▪ Contractor shall ensure Noise levels are within acceptable operator annual limits, and construction activities shall, where possible, be budget confined to normal working hours; ▪ Contractor shall ensure drivers are trained in the management of noise pollution from operating vehicles and machinery through considering manufactures guideline and limits; ▪ Contractor shall ensure all construction machinery is maintained and serviced in accordance with the manufactures specifications and limits as well as Asphalt plants and concrete batching plants are well sealed and equipped with a dust removal device; Workers are trained in noise minimization techniques . ▪ Contractor shall ensure drivers keep good conditions of trucks that transporting construction materials, so they 353 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. cause no loud noise beyond limits and control the truck speed, ▪ ensure that no truck associated with the work shall be left standing with its engine operating in the street adjacent to a residential area and offices premises around the airport. ▪ Contractor shall ensure Providing noise protection kits, such as ear plugs and earmuffs, for workers working in an area with a noise level higher than 85 dB(A). It is designated as a regulation that workers must wear protection kits in case of working in a noisy area. ▪ Contractor shall ensure reduction of noise from drilling rigs by using downhole drilling or hydraulic drilling; Implementation of enclosure and cladding of processing plants; Installation of proper sound barriers and (or) noise containments, with enclosures and curtains at or near the source equipment ▪ Contractor shall ensure use of rubber-lined or soundproof surfaces on processing equipment (e.g. screens, chutes, transfer points, and buckets); Use of rubber-belt transport and conveyors; Installation of natural barriers at facility boundaries ▪ Contractor shall establish buffer zones between construction activities and sensitive locations such as residential areas and shared community facilities. ▪ Contractor shall continuously monitor vibrations during the construction phase on site involving Hand held vibration machine, concrete vibration, pneumatic drill, hammers, industrial grinders as well as compactor and promptly address any exceedances by adjusting construction and manufactures practices ▪ Contractor shall ensuring compliance with Tanzania's environmental management and IFCs standards and promoting the well-being of the local communities 354 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. ▪ Undertake environmental sampling (Vibration and noise levels would be the key parameters) over the baseline data. ▪ Contractor and airport operator shall use administrative procedures such as reducing risks to exposures, CoEC, follow roles and procedures at working place, impose penalty and suspends, disciplinary measures at work place. ▪ Risks on use of Quarry site/ ▪ Contractor shall ensure adopting the provisions of the Construct ESHS staff The mitigation explosive Blasting site existing airport OHS plan, Airport security plan as well as ion Phase for costs to be materials to incorporate all the needful requirement for updating the Contractor. covered by the Contractor Quarry site and Borrow Pits Management Plan ESHS staff Contractor (BOQ) and to ensure its useful accordingly. for during ▪ Contractor shall ensure acquiring explosive storage license Supervision mobilization and prior quarry operation. consultant Construction ▪ Contractor shall ensure recruits the qualified and certified TANROADS, phases; explosive experts to handle explosive issues around the PIT-ESHS quarry site. staff. ▪ Contractor shall provide awareness to communities around Local the quarry site before blasting government ▪ Contractor shall provide appropriate PPEs to all workers -Health and nearby communities before blasting sector and ▪ Contractor shall provide explosive storage yard with full airport security including CCTV cameras, electric fence, security operator guards for 24hours. ▪ Contractor shall acquire the explosive license and validity periods ▪ Contractor shall restrict No smoking zone near the ▪ Risks on bush explosive storage and this shall be included into CoC for fire occurrence workers. around the ▪ Contractor shall ensure the explosive storage contain the airport ground fire extinguisher facilities as among area with high risks of fire. Waste ▪ Solid and All project ▪ Contractor shall prepare, adopt the existing plan and All ESHS staff The mitigation generation from liquid wastes areas implement the Waste Management Plan prior construction project for costs to be 355 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Construction works to be approved by the employer. phases Contractor. covered by the Materials ▪ Waste ▪ The Contractor shall ensure the waste management plan ESHS staff Contractor (BOQ) wastes & other disposal from includes Hazardous and non- hazardous wastes. Impacts for during forms of solid domestic use associated with specific chemical and / or physical Supervision mobilization and wastes and airline properties of extracted materials should be analyzed, and consultant Construction waste such as impacts from these waste should be adequately controlled TANROADS, phases; (food remains and mitigated by ensuring that waste does not PIT-ESHS Additional costs and contaminate with water bodies and soil. staff. 20,000,000 wrappings, Local polythene ▪ Contractor shall ensure Sorting wastes according to their government papers, type and quality, recycle and dispose in designated damping -Health Costs during polythene and sites. Recyclable materials and worn-out construction sector and operation and cartons, etc.) equipment and scrapers, used plastics, papers, drums, tires, airport maintenance metals, spare parts are collected by authorized waste operator phase shall be ▪ Risks of waste dealers for disposal accordingly. born within the from ▪ Contractor shall ensure storm water peak runoff rate not specific airport construction exceed the peak predevelopment runoff rate for a particular operator annual materials and design storm; Reintroduction of treated, abstracted water budget solid wastes into streams to maintain the ecological flow; with other ▪ Contractor shall ensure superficial infiltration of treated operations water to aquifers is allowed. Alternatively, reinjection of (building treated water into the aquifers through injection wells or materials, infiltration galleries may be implemented, residuals, ▪ Contractor shall ensure Quarry pond dredging activities are debris and designed and implemented to minimize drawdown with consideration of potential impacts to surface and excavated earth, etc.) groundwater resource flow and availability, including potential ecological impacts; ▪ ▪ Contractor shall ensure all waste water and spillages from construction sites and facilities are collected in the designated ponds to be collected by authorized dealers for disposal. 356 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. ▪ Contractor shall ensure the installation of Sorting wastes mechanism according to their type and quality, recycle and dispose in designated damping sites. ▪ Contractor shall ensure the airport drainage system are functional and storm water peak runoff rate not exceed the peak predevelopment runoff rate for a particular design storm; Reintroduction of treated, abstracted water into streams in order to maintain the ecological flow; ▪ Contractor shall ensure the Waste Management Plan includes Hazardous and non- hazardous wastes such as those related to chemical and physical properties of extracted materials are adequately controlled and mitigated. ▪ Contractor shall ensure that all Liquid sewage wastes collected from terminal building toilets and domestic effluent are discharged to the permanent underground tank and septic tanks around the airport and when it became full shall be emptied by cesspit emptier trucks owned by Authorized waste dealer with license for disposal in Karatu district. ▪ The Contractor shall ensure no refueling or repairing the airport vehicles and equipment as well as fire training using extinguishing agents such as foam and powder undertaken except in designated areas that have an impermeable surface to enable proper and effective clean-up of any spills to prevent contamination of the ground. ▪ Contractor shall construct proper storm water drainage for discharging storm water from the air-field to avoid flooding and water logging in airport areas during rainy season ▪ Contractor and airport operator shall use administrative procedures such as reducing risks to exposures, CoEC, follow roles and procedures at working place, impose 357 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. penalty and suspends, disciplinary measures at work place. ▪ ▪ Risks of Water Around all ▪ Contractor shall undertake environmental sampling (soil All ESHS staff The mitigation pollution from project quality and water as the key parameters to assess and project for costs to be Spillage of fuel facilities monitor environmental quality during undertaking. phases Contractor. covered by the and sanitary ▪ Contractor shall ensure all liquid waste are collected into ESHS staff Contractor (BOQ) waste water pond or drum around the workshop and campsite and for during collected by authorized waste dealers for disposal. Supervision mobilization and consultant Construction ▪ Contractor shall ensure hazardous waste such as used oils, TANROADS, phases; bitumen should be preliminarily contained in the PIT-ESHS Additional costs designated areas in the workshop and eventually collected staff. 5,000,000 by authorized dealers for disposal. Local government Costs during ▪ Contractor shall ensure all waste water and spillages from -Health operation and construction sites and facilities are collected in the sector and maintenance designated ponds to be collected by authorized dealers for airport phase shall be disposal. operator born within the specific airport ▪ Contractor shall construct storm water system from roofing operator annual and runoff from paved structures like runway, taxiways as budget well as provide drains for oils separation tanks and sedimentation basins to accommodate the effluent before being discharged into storm water drainage system. ▪ The Contractor shall ensure no refueling or repairing the airport vehicles and equipment as well as fire training using extinguishing agents such as foam and powder undertaken except in designated areas that have an impermeable surface to enable proper and effective clean-up of any spills to prevent contamination of the ground. ▪ Risks on Risks on storm Around the All ESHS staff The mitigation Storm Water water drainage airport ▪ The Contractor shall ensure the C-ESMP is in place project for costs to be flow system. project with provisions to control soil erosion, land phases Contractor. covered by the 358 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. The airport degradations, storm water management, explosive ESHS staff Contractor (BOQ) construction aspects around the project. for during including runway ▪ The contractor shall ensure proper functional of Supervision mobilization and and surface, drainage system through regular maintenance that consultant Construction hence may affect allows water and hydrology including Surface water TANROADS, phases; catchment regimes not be altered because of flow diversions, PIT-ESHS Additional costs through erosion water intake, and changes to the drainage pattern. staff. 4,000,000 and sediments ▪ The contractor shall ensure the airport drainage Local deposition. system are functional and storm water peak runoff government Costs during rate not exceed the peak predevelopment runoff rate -Health operation and for a particular design storm; Reintroduction of sector and maintenance treated, abstracted water into streams in order to airport phase shall be maintain the ecological flow; operator born within the ▪ The contractor shall ensure runoff is routed to the specific airport rainwater harvesting structures for further use in operator annual firefighting operation, cooling plant and air budget conditioners after treatment. ▪ The contractor shall ensure regular check up on storm water from roofing and runoff from paved structures like runway, taxiways are routed through drains to oils separation tanks and sedimentation basins before being discharged into storm water drainage system. ▪ The contractor shall ensure proper function of the constructed storm water drainage built for discharging storm water from the air-field to avoid flooding and water logging in airport areas during rainy season. 359 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. ▪ Risks of land Project ▪ Contractor shall update the available Borrow Pit and All ESHS staff The mitigation degradation, construction Quarry Operation and Management Plan under project for costs to be soil erosion site TANROADS prior operational works begin. phases Contractor. covered by the and instability ▪ Define safety limits and sensitize construction workers ESHS staff Contractor (BOQ) of slopes. accordingly. for during ▪ Contractor shall collect all debris and spoil waste materials Supervision mobilization and in the designated areas to be used for filling and consultant Construction reinstatement works, TANROADS, phases; ▪ Contractor shall undertake grass and flowers planting PIT-ESHS Additional costs around all land areas affected prior demobilization phase staff. 5,000,000 ▪ Contractor shall undertake compaction and stability of soil Local to all eroded and embankments and slopes prior government Costs during mobilization. -enviro operation and sector and maintenance airport phase shall be operator born within the specific airport operator annual budget Loss of scenic ▪ Risks of land Project • The Contractor shall ensure the C-ESMP is in place with All ESHS staff The mitigation views and visual degradation, construction provisions to control soil erosion, land degradations, project for costs to be quality around soil erosion site explosive aspects around the project. phases Contractor. covered by the the areas and instability • Contractor shall ensure that overburden and spoils ESHS staff Contractor (BOQ) of slopes. materials are removed and stockpiled in the designated for during areas around the project in order to be used in Supervision mobilization and reinstatement degraded areas, borrow pits and quarry consultant Construction site. TANROADS, phases; • Contractor shall undertake water sprinkling during site PIT-ESHS Additional costs clearance and preparation earth works to avert the staff. 5,000,000 impact of visual impairment. Local • Contractor shall avoid unnecessary clearance of trees, government Costs during grasses around the airport. -enviro operation and 360 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • Contractor shall plant grasses and flowers around the sector and maintenance degraded areas around the project facilities. airport phase shall be operator born within the specific airport operator annual budget Risks related to ▪ Increase road Project • Contractor shall prepare and implement the Traffic All ESHS staff The mitigation road Traffic accidents construction Management Plan, adopt the Emergency Redress project for costs to be accidents during site Preparedness Plan, to be used within the airport project phases Contractor. covered by the construction. and shall include the road safety risks related to ESHS staff Contractor (BOQ) ▪ Risks of construction materials haulage along the transportation for during movement of routes from the borrow pits areas, quarry site and along Supervision mobilization and Vehicles and Arusha -karatu road. consultant Construction Heavy • Contractor shall Install speed limit gadgets including TANROADS, phases; equipment speed limit of 30km around borrow pits and airport PIT-ESHS Additional costs blind spot. areas. staff. 25,000,000 ▪ Risks of • Contractor shall installation of proper and adequate road sector and movement of signage in both English and Kiswahili around the airport dump truck construction site; operator from borrow • Contractor shall conduct training to airport access road , Traffic pit and quarry users and site workers on how use the PPEs when on site police site to such as reflective jackets, helmets and safety boots when construction on site; areas. • Contractor shall ensure the proposed access road is ▪ Risks of completed first before opening other areas for working at construction so that shall allow the accessibility to the night airport areas before closing the existing access road ▪ Risks of trucks which has to be closed; movement for • Contractor shall Ensure Safe driving practices is enforced transporting in and out the site with speed regulated to the possible materials such minimum, all personnel shall be given and required to as cements wear safety protective gears on-site at all times, site bags emergency tool kit shall be placed at all active site; 361 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • Contractor shall train and certify all drivers with access to airfield operations. Workers involved in the construction activities within the airport operation should be familiar with safety procedures applicable to ramp and taxiway traffic, including communications with the air control tower; • Contractor shall ensure Safety features of ground support vehicles are maintained, including back-up alarms, moving part guards, and emergency stop switches. • Contractor shall conducting regular toolbox meetings and training for all workers on work zone safety, discussing potential hazards; equipment blind spots movement precautions in the activity area. • Contractor shall ensure that workers always wear high visibility safety apparel (vest and head gear). • Contractor shall ensure that materials Truck has an operable automatic reverse signal alarm, which is audible above surrounding noise levels at least fifteen feet from the rear of the vehicle, or install a Video Camera to provide a driver with a full view of the area behind the Dump Truck. • Contractor shall ensure that all trucks are covered properly when carrying materials to control dust abatement. • Contractor and airport operator shall use administrative procedures such as reducing risks to exposures, CoEC, follow roles and procedures at working place, impose penalty and suspends, disciplinary measures at work place. • Contractor shall ensure all vehicles have lighting to be used to night • Contractor shall ensure if working at night reflective signs are provided to all workers. 362 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • Contractor shall ensure Flaggers and other workers assigned traffic control responsibilities work very close to speeding motor vehicles, hence being exposed to risk of getting struck or run-over by vehicles. • Contractor shall ensure all operational and activities to be done at night are supervised by the responsible staff Risks on air ▪ Air pollution Project • The specific Contractor ESMP, OHS plan and adopted All ESHS staff The mitigation pollution. from construction NMP for airport shall be put in place as the working project for costs to be earthworks at site instrument to address several project impacts including phases Contractor. covered by the (PM10 and the this. ESHS staff Contractor (BOQ) PM2.5) Sulphur construction • Contractor shall undertake the maintenance of machinery for during dioxide (SO2) site and operating as per Manufacture requirements in Supervision mobilization and and Oxides of ▪ Air pollution construction site. machines operation such as the use of consultant Construction Nitrogen (NOx), from modern machine with minimum fuel combustion and air TANROADS, phases; Carbon emissions pollution, regular services of engines and switching off the PIT-ESHS Additional costs Monoxide (CO); from engine immediately after works. staff. 5,000,000 Oxides of construction Contractor shall undertake construction activities by Local Nitrogen (NOx); equipment vehicles with less emission of CO2. These vehicles shall be government Costs during Hydrocarbons (machinery, maintained regular maintenance as per Manufacture -Health operation and (HC) power requirements in order to reduce carbon emission. sector and maintenance generator, However, based on the environmental concern it is airport phase shall be asphalt recommended to practice afforestation/tree and flowers operator born within the concrete planting around the airport areas so that to increase specific airport plant, carbon sink as mitigation of Green Houses Gases (GHG). operator annual ▪ Air pollution • Contractor shall undertake measure to avoid emissions budget from aircrafts from materials transportation, land clearing, extraction, offloading, stockpiling of construction materials as well as operating construction machinery by undertaking water sprinkling during construction activities as well as provide workers to limited time of exposure to impacts as well as use of PPEs such as masks to prevent them from inhaling polluted air. 363 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • Contractor shall ensure Switching off the machines and vehicles when not in use in order to minimize the exhaust fumes. Contractor shall prepare and put in place the Query site and Borrow Pits Management and Operation Plan (QBMOP) to address several impacts including this by providing the mandatory requirement of installment of Water sprinkle on the existing query site which was used by TANROADS or any new query site to be identified and the mechanism shall be operated regularly on active site. • Air emission: Toxic and nontoxic gases are normal byproducts generated by blasting activities, regardless of the explosive materials used. Emissions of NO2, CO, and NO are generated during the explosions. The following pollution prevention and control techniques are recommended: • Contractor shall undertake the alternatives to blasting, such as hydraulic hammers or other mechanical methods; If blasting is necessary, planning of the blasting (arrangement, diameter, and depth and direction of blast holes) should be implemented; The correct burning of the explosive, typically composed of a mixture of ammonium nitrate and fuel oil, should be ensured by minimizing the presence of excess water and avoiding incorrect or incomplete mixing of explosive ingredients. • Contractor shall undertake Land clearing, removal of topsoil and excess materials, location of haul roads, tips and stockpiles, and blasting should be planned with due consideration to meteorological factors (e.g. precipitation, temperature, wind direction, and speed) and location of sensitive receptors; 364 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • Contractor shall undertake simple, linear layout for materials-handling operations to reduce the need for multiple transfer points should be designed and installed (e.g. processing plants should be preferably located within the quarry area); • Contractor shall undertake dust emissions from drilling activities should be controlled at the source by dust extractors, collectors, and filters, and wet drilling and processing should be adopted, whenever possible; • Contractor shall undertake dust emissions from processing equipment (e.g. crushers, grinders, screens) should be adequately controlled through dust collectors, wet processing, or water spraying. • Contractor shall undertake dust-control applications by consider the final use of extracted material (e.g. wet- processing stages are preferred when wet materials or high water contents would not negatively affect their final • Contractor shall ensure that all other active sites such as runway are undergone watering to reduce air pollution hence protecting workers and adjacent community. • Contractor and airport operator shall use administrative procedures such as reducing risks to exposures, CoEC, follow roles and procedures at working place, impose penalty and suspends, disciplinary measures at work place. Destruction of ▪ Risks of Around the ▪ Contractor shall Involve respective authority to remove Mobilizat ESHS and The mitigation public Utilities relocation of project site the utilities such as electrical poles along the airport ion and engineer costs to be public utilities access road; construct staff for covered by the such as electric ▪ Contractor shall provide early notice to the community ion Contractor. Contractor (BOQ) poles, before any service interruption; phases ESHS and during ▪ Contractor shall ensure relocation of this infrastructure engineer mobilization and be part and parcel of the project; staff for Construction ▪ Contractor shall all properties to be affected by the Supervision phases; 365 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. construction of airport facilities shall be consultant compensated; TANROADS, ▪ Contractor shall ensure public utilities be relocated PIT-ESHS prior to the execution of the project; staff. ▪ Contractor shall taking all measures to avoid Local unnecessary public utilities disruption; government - and airport operator Loss of ▪ Vegetation All • The Biodiversity Management Plan (BMP) shall be in All ESHS staff The mitigation biodiversity and clearance and construction place in line with the provisions of the Existing wildlife project for costs to be natural habitat land areas manual and management which includes vegetation phases Contractor. covered by the degradation and pest management that shall be adopted by the ESHS staff Contractor (BOQ) ▪ Killing of birds Contractor for use during project construction. for during due aircrafts – • The contractor shall avoid as much as possible Supervision mobilization and birds collision cutting/clearing of vegetation outside the construction consultant Construction corridor. TANROADS, phases; • The Contractor shall be responsible for trees and flowers PIT-ESHS planting around as part of gain and loss for cleared staff. Costs during vegetation. Local operation and • Contractor shall ensure that any plantation of grasses, government maintenance trees and flowers around the airport avoid invasive tree -enviro phase shall be species. sector and born within the • TAA and airport fire guides shall conduct regular runway airport specific airport inspection, birds strike and monitoring before LTO of the operator operator annual aircrafts. budget • Undertaking bird strike technique prior LTO the aircrafts to avoid birds collision. • TANROADS and TAA shall ensure that airport design has included among others the security fences around the airport boundaries to avoid interferences of wild animals and trespassing into the runway. • As long as the airport is operational, the birds strike 366 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. control mechanism is in place and always shall be implemented on routine basis. This may includes Broadcast of bird distress signals and Firing of pyrotechnic bird-scaring cartridges around the project. • TAA shall ensure that trees and grasses are maintain low; shrubs and other plants in order to reduce the possibility of providing food, shelter or roosting sites for birds. Risks of ▪ Increased risk Campsite, ▪ The contractor shall engage the HIV/AIDS services every ESHS staff The mitigation HIV/AIDS and on rate of Construction provider to prepare the awareness programme and months for costs during other infection to worksites undertake the awareness to project workers and througho Contractor. mobilization and communicable HIV/AIDS etc. community to reduce risk of spreading of communicable ut ESHS staff Construction diseases such as among the diseases (especially STD). mobilizat for phases is cholera, Covid project ▪ The Contractor shall adopt the existing Emergency ion, Supervision estimated to 19, TB, Hepatitis workers and Preparedness Plan which among others has provision construct consultant 50,000,000 B, C etc. surrounding regarding the safety aspect for preventive measure to ion and TANROADS, related to community. address the communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS, STI, operatio PIT-ESHS Costs during construction ▪ Increased risks tuberculosis, viral hepatitis, ebora, CoVId 19, cholera, n phases staff operation and activities on rate of typhus, smallpox, yellow fever and plague to workers and TAA maintenance adjacent infection to around the airport. airport phase shall be communities STDs and ▪ The airport operator shall ensure the application of manager. born within the other technical and operation procedures focusing of health and Local specific airport communicable safety risks are in place and used by stakeholders. government operator annual diseases. ▪ The Contractor shall ensure medical personnel is available -Health budget for mobilizing risk mitigation through public awareness, sector social distancing from the outbreak area, control the HIV\AIDS affected person in isolation and quarantine, application of service prophylactic medication and vaccination depend on the provider, nature of the diseases, Health/clinic ▪ The contractor shall undertake regularly the workers al office awareness and training on the identification and preventive measures of the communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS, STI, tuberculosis, viral hepatitis, ebora, CoVId 19, cholera, typhus, smallpox, yellow fever and plague around 367 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. the airport. ▪ The contractor shall engage with medical authority on information sharing and materials dissemination, seminal and training on strategies to combat communicable diseases around the airport areas, ▪ The contractor shall provide the dissemination materials with health and safety awareness to workers around the airport through posters, T.V screen, banners, stickers with massages on health and safety risks in construction site. ▪ The contractor shall collaborate with HIV regional coordinator to ensure availability and access of free condom in all strategic areas around the project site for workers. ▪ Contractor and airport operator shall use administrative procedures such as reducing risks to exposures, CoEC, follow roles and procedures at working place, impose penalty and suspends, disciplinary measures at work place. Loss of affected Loss of land, Pre- •TANROADS shall ensure the RAP and Valuation report is in Mobilizat TANROADS . Included into properties crops, building construction place for effecting compensation for the affected PAPs. ion and ESHS staff Detailed Valuation around the and trees phase •TANROADS shall commits to providing due compensation for Construct for estimated project loss of assets at replacement cost to all affected land and ion Contractor. 3.2million and RAP Land acquisition property owners to ensure post-project conditions do not phases ESHS staff report also refers for materials make them worse off than they were before the project, (Within for to separate details sources e.g. • TANROADS has surveyed and valued all affected properties 6month Supervision RAP report. Quarry site and for compensation and valuation report prepared and before consultant The amount have borrow pits. approved by the Authority for compensation. project TANROADS, been issues by the •TANROADS and Engineer shall ensure proper guidance of effective PIT-ESHS GoT and all PAPs Contractor in case of land acquisition for materials during ness) staff have been construction. The valuation exercise shall be supervised by and TAA compensated the employer and approved by the authority prior PAPs airport accordingly. relocation. manager. Local •TANROADS shall allocate suitable budget to ensure that the government 368 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. implementation of the compensation and resettlement ,RAP process is suitably resourced. The resettlement budget has implementa been estimated to be TShs. 3.2billion and include cash tion compensation at full replacement value, costs for livelihoods committees restoration, staffing and other related costs; and GRM •TANROADS shall implement provision of the project RAP committee over a period of 12 months from the provision of formal notice to affected persons of TANROADS intent to compensation them; and •TANROADS shall institute a strong Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) for solving the compensation complaints. TANROADS shall ensure that 6 months after effecting compensation all PAPs are relocated from the compensated land prior project commencement •TANROADS shall Provide fair, prompt and timely compensation amount as per approved valuation report and RAP •TANROADS and LGAs shall provide assistances to the affected PAPs who are social economical vulnerable. •TANROADS shall formulate the Compensation Committees as well as GRM to deal with compensation issues prior mobilization phase. •However the compensation to all affected PAPs around the airport project have been issues by TANROADS since 2021 and as of today all PAPS have been relocated out of project areas. As per RAP Audit undertaken in 2022 for this project revered that the GRM and GRC were formulated and were operationalized accordingly, hence the impacts was substantial. Possibility of Loss of historical Construction • The contractor shall ensure that the C-ESMP is in place Mobilizat ESHS staff The mitigation affecting sites phase with provisions of Chance finding procedures to be ion and for costs to be Historical Degradation of implemented by the Contractor in case of historical Construct Contractor. covered by the sites/Antiquities antiquities remain findings. ion ESHS staff Contractor (BOQ) 369 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. around the Loss of social • Contractor shall ensure that site clearance and land phases for during project cultural value grabbing on borrow pit and quarry site does not degrade Supervision mobilization and due to land the possibilities of unique historical value which was consultant Construction grabbing, cutting buried or found underground around the airport project. TANROADS, phases; and excavation Due to uniqueness of the historical value the chance find PIT-ESHS Additional costs procedure shall be put in place by the Contractor as per staff shall be 5,000,000 applicable Laws. Local • Contractor shall prepare chance find procedure to be in government place prior to the extraction of construction materials or , Regional earth works. Antiquities, department • If Contractor identified any valuable materials shall immediately report it to the Resident engineer and finding procedures shall be implemented. Risks of Sexual Risk of GBV and All Project • The Contractor shall prepare the Gender Based Violence All ESHS staff The mitigation Exploitation sexual abuse. Areas Protection Plan and Community Engagement Plan project for costs to be and among the tools to be implemented in all project cycle. phases Contractor. covered by the Abuse/Sexual Unplanned • The Contractor shall ensure GBV among others analyze ESHS staff Contractor (BOQ) Harassment Pregnancies and the social group which are on risks of gender violence, for during (SEA/SH) HIV risks provide education on gender issues to workers, monitor Supervision mobilization and the Compensation of affected properties to PAPs and consultant Construction assess the feedback on compensation beneficiaries. TANROADS, phases; • The Contractor shall provide complaint desks/box for PIT-ESHS Additional costs receiving complaints at the construction site, deploy the staff shall be gender based expert to follow and monitor all gender and airport 25,000,000 based related issues, coordinate with Police, Community operator. Development Officers on gender issues and reported Local Costs during cases which need government intervention. government operation and • The Contractor shall ensure that GBV awareness is -GBV and maintenance provided to construction workers as long as shall have SEA desk phase shall be money that can be used as a catch in engaging in sexual officer, born within the relationships and abuse against women and therefore Police specific airport gender awareness shall be provided regularly. operator annual 370 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • The Contractor shall ensure Community Engagement Plan budget prepared to facilitate the information sharing and accessibility between the project and the communities. The plan shall provide the procedure for reporting complaints related to the project and the way of receiving feedback from the project. The plan is among the important tools for smooth implementation of the project. • Contractor shall Integrate provisions related to sexual harassment and sexual exploitation and abuse in the employee Code of Conducts (COCs). • Contractor shall Undertake regular sensitization of staff on responsibilities related to the GBV/SEA and consequences of non-compliance; • Contractor shall Provide and adopt to SEA/SH: including survivor-cantered coordinated multi-sectoral referral and assistance to complainants, • Contractor shall ensure in place the written procedures related to case oversight, investigation and disciplinary procedures at the project level, including confidential data management. • Contractor shall Integration of prevention and response to SEA/SH in job descriptions, employments contracts, performance appraisal systems, etc.; • Contractor and airport operator shall ensure in place the dedicated PSEA/SH focal points in the project and trained community liaison officers. • Contractor shall Informing workers about national laws that make sexual harassment and gender-based violence a punishable offence which is prosecuted; • The contractor, airport operator shall implement provisions that ensure gender-based violence at the 371 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. project level is not triggered by the Project, • Contractor and airport operator shall use administrative procedures such as reducing risks to exposures, CoEC, follow roles and procedures at working place, impose Risks of Gender penalty and suspends, disciplinary measures at work Based Violence in place. Communities Social conflicts, Around • The Contractor shall prepare the Gender Based Violence All ESHS staff The mitigation Divorces, Project Area Protection Plan and Community Engagement Plan project for costs to be Child abuse. among the tools to be implemented in all project cycle. phases Contractor. covered by the Gender Related • Contractor shall ensure involvement of women during ESHS staff Contractor (BOQ) Issues among project consultation and engagement and shall be given for during project workers opportunity to air their views. Supervision mobilization and around the • Contractor shall ensure the implementation of the consultant Construction project GBV/SEA action plan during project implementation. TANROADS, phases; • Unskilled labourers shall include special works for females PIT-ESHS Additional costs such as house keeping, roots gathering etc staff shall be 5,000,000 • Contractor shall provide awareness regarding to social and airport conflicting such as GBV to all workers around the project. operator. • Contractor shall ensure equal pay for equal work for Local women and men for all construction and maintenance government work. -GBV and • Contractor shall collaborate with the LGAs to for SEA desk employment opportunities and recruitment notices officer, widely, targeted at women as well as men around the Police project • Contractor shall ensure that working place gives equal opportunity for both men and women on use of basic facilities (separate toilets, clean water) • Contractor and airport operator shall use administrative procedures such as reducing risks to exposures, CoEC, follow roles and procedures at working place, impose 372 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. penalty and suspends, disciplinary measures at work place. ESMP and sub-plans Matric (Demobilization phase) .The Contractor shall be required to adhere to the provisions of the management plans to address all risks associated with the demobilization phase. Waste ▪ Solid and Airport ▪ Contractor shall prepare and implement the Waste Demobili ESHS staff The mitigation generation from liquid wastes facilities Management Plan during demobilization works under the zation for costs to be Construction such supervisor of the Engineer (ESHS Team). phase Contractor. covered by the Materials ▪ Waste workshop, ▪ The Contractor shall implement the waste management ESHS staff Contractor (BOQ) wastes & other disposal from temporary plan which specify how to treat hazardous and non- for during forms of solid domestic use campsite hazardous wastes. Impacts associated with specific Supervision mobilization and wastes and airline and other chemical and / or physical properties of extracted materials consultant Construction waste such as facilities should be analyzed, and impacts from these waste shall be TANROADS, phases; (food remains adequately controlled and mitigated by ensuring that PIT-ESHS Additional costs and waste does not contaminate with water bodies and soil. staff. 4,000,000 wrappings, Local polythene ▪ Contractor shall ensure Sorting wastes according to their government papers, type and quality, recycle and dispose in designated damping -Health Costs during polythene and sites. Recyclable materials and worn-out construction sector and operation and cartons, etc.) equipment and scrapers, used plastics, papers, drums, tires, airport maintenance metals, spare parts are collected by authorized waste operator phase shall be ▪ Risks of waste dealers for disposal accordingly. born within the from ▪ Contractor shall ensure storm water peak runoff rate not specific airport construction exceed the peak predevelopment runoff rate for a particular operator annual materials and design storm; Reintroduction of treated, abstracted water budget solid wastes into streams to maintain the ecological flow; with other ▪ Contractor shall ensure superficial infiltration of treated water to aquifers is allowed. Alternatively, reinjection of operations treated water into the aquifers through injection wells or (building materials, infiltration galleries may be implemented, provided residuals, potential groundwater contamination shall be avoided; debris and ▪ Contractor shall ensure Quarry pond dredging activities are excavated designed and implemented to minimize drawdown with consideration of potential impacts to surface and 373 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. earth, etc.) groundwater resource flow and availability, including potential ecological impacts; ▪ Contractor shall ensure all waste water and spillages from construction sites and facilities are collected in the designated ponds to be collected by authorized dealers for disposal. ▪ Contractor shall ensure the installation of Sorting wastes mechanism according to their type and quality, recycle and dispose in designated damping sites. ▪ Contractor shall ensure the airport drainage system are functional and storm water peak runoff rate not exceed the peak predevelopment runoff rate for a particular design storm; Reintroduction of treated, abstracted water into streams in order to maintain the ecological flow; ▪ Contractor shall ensure that all Liquid sewage wastes collected from terminal building toilets and domestic effluent are discharged to the permanent underground tank and septic tanks around the airport and when it became full shall be emptied by cesspit emptier trucks owned by Authorized waste dealer with license for disposal in Karatu district. ▪ The Contractor shall ensure no refueling or repairing the airport vehicles and equipment as well as fire training using extinguishing agents such as foam and powder undertaken except in designated areas that have an impermeable surface to enable proper and effective clean-up of any spills to prevent contamination of the ground. ▪ Contractor shall ensure storm water system from roofing and runoff from paved structures like runway, taxiways are channeled into storm water system and if contain spillages 374 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. shall provide drains for oils separation tanks and sedimentation basins to accommodate the effluent before being discharged into storm water drainage system. ▪ Contractor shall construct proper storm water drainage for discharging storm water from the air-field to avoid flooding and water logging in airport areas during rainy season ▪ Contractor and airport operator shall use administrative procedures such as reducing risks to exposures, CoEC, follow roles and procedures at working place, impose penalty and suspends, disciplinary measures at work place. Risks of Airport • Contractor shall prepare and implement the Waste Demobili ESHS staff The mitigation dismantling of • Risks of facilities Management Plan during demobilization works under zation for costs to be facilities at waste such the supervisor of the Engineer (ESHS Team). phase Contractor. covered by the Airport areas from of workshop, • ESHS staff Contractor (BOQ) Campsite and Dismantle temporary • Contractor shall undertake cleaning of all work areas, for workshop d campsite offices, workshops /garages and other temporary Supervision Additional costs materials and other installations and resolution of all site environment to the consultant shall be facilities like acceptable standard. These includes removal or re-use of TANROADS, 8,000,000.00 old terminal temporary buildings, materials, wood, refuse, surplus PIT-ESHS Risks of buildings materials, embankments or any other material that are staff demolishes of the within the airport areas. and airport existing airport operator. facilities e.g. • Contractor shall ensure compacted soils be scarified to at Local terminal least 15 cm deep to loosen it and facilitate vegetation government building. growth. Concrete surfaces, paving stones and flagstones - shall be removed or broken and covered with 1m of topsoil. The site shall be cleared of equipment, materials, provisional installations, wastes, debris and overburden resulting from construction works. The eliminated dry materials should form a stable slope and must be in harmony with the surrounding landscape. The loss soils shall be compacted thoroughly, the slope flattened and spread a layer of additional cover material and cover with 375 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Risks of liquid topsoil to allow growth of natural vegetation. waste from workshop and • Contractor shall ensure workshop and other materials campsite storage areas are cleaned to remove petroleum products like oils and grease and other hazardous materials shall be collected and handled to the Authorized waste dealers for disposal. Scrapers, spoils, plastics, wood, metal, papers materials etc. and all asphalts product remaining, cements bags, stockpiled gravels and any other surplus materials shall also be collected by the Authorized Waste dealer for disposal. • Contractor shall ensure restoration of borrow pits is done in accordance with the approved Borrow Pit and Quarry site Operation and Restoration Plan and the site shall be reshaped to reduce steep slopes to the safety acceptable limits and backfilling with surrounding top soils and spoil materials to allow growth of natural vegetation. The area must fit well with the surrounding landscape and should be sufficiently drained. • Contractor and Consultant shall undertake environmental sampling (air quality and noise levels as the parameters to be tested over the established baseline data during design to oversee if there any variation in term of baseline data quality around the areas. Risks of air quality from dismantling process. 376 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Loss of ▪ Risks on loss of around the • The Contractor shall prepare the Gender Based Violence employment employments airport Protection Plan and Community Engagement Plan including among the tools to be implemented in all project cycle. The mitigation GBV/SEA, • ESHS staff costs to be HIV/AIDS • Contractor shall adhere to Labour Management Plan for covered by the diseases as well regarding the termination of the contract. Demobili Contractor. Contractor (BOQ) as poverty • Contractor shall Provide awareness to workers on the zation ESHS staff among the expiration of their contracts. phase for Additional costs youth. • Contractor shall ensure workers are terminated as per Supervision shall be guideline ad procedures stipulated into the LMP. consultant 500,000.00 • GBV/SEA action place shall be implemented by involving TANROADS, all workers on the issues associated with loss of PIT-ESHS employment. staff • Contractor shall ensure that all workers have been given and airport their pension and rights prior to job termination. operator. • Contractor shall adhere to labour law and procedures Local before job termination government • Contractor shall collaborates with the Local government and NGOs to ensure that workers are given awareness and sensitization on the issues of job termination. Reinstatement Land and soil around the • The Contractor shall adopt and update the existing Demobili ESHS staff The mitigation of Query site, erosion Query site, QSBPM to be implemented during project undertaking. zation for costs to be Borrow pits and Borrow pits • Contractor shall ensure land stability are maintained using phase Contractor. covered by the materials and geological and geotechnical expertise of slopes and ESHS staff Contractor (BOQ) storage yards materials disposal sites. All areas at risks shall be stabilized at the for storage end of works and fenced with clear signage. Supervision Additional costs yards • Contractor shall ensure that quarry site and borrow pit consultant shall be management plan are in place and implemented by the TANROADS, 7,000,000.00 Land Contractor prior opening of the quarry site. PIT-ESHS 377 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. degradation • Contractor shall ensure blasting activities are preceded by staff an alarm and inspection of the vicinity to ensure that no and airport person is present on site. Access to blasting site shall operator. always be controlled. The Kilimamoja quarry is far from Local houses, however the quarry site management plan shall government be put in place by the contractor and ensure that all precaution of notifying nearest residents ahead of rock extraction is undertaken accordingly. • Contractor shall ensure all slopes are modified at the end of work to create gentle slopes. As mentioned earlier, river-sand pits shall be stabilized and leveled at the end of the operation to avoid creating mosquitoes breeding grounds. • Contractor shall ensure all trucks for construction materials are always covered to avoid losing material and speed limited to ensure that no pedestrian is hurt. Water spraying shall be done on access roads during the dry season to minimize dust which reduces visibility and increases the risk of collision with pedestrians. • Contractor shall ensure Reinstatement be undertaken immediately after completion of the extraction of construction materials and shall be approved by the engineer. • Contractor shall use administrative procedures such as reducing risks to exposures, CoEC, follow roles and procedures at working place, impose penalty and suspends, disciplinary measures at work place. Disturbance of • Risks of • Around • The Contractor shall adopt and update the existing Demobili ESHS staff The mitigation water flow and flooding and the QSBPM to be implemented during project undertaking. zation for costs to be hydrological land airport • Contractor shall collaborate with LGAs on the land use phase Contractor. covered by the system during degradation constructe management and controlling natural stream for water ESHS staff Contractor (BOQ) demobilization d areas flow. for activities • Contractor shall ensure that all necessary finishing of the Supervision Additional costs 378 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. constructed drainage facilities around the airport is met consultant shall be before demobilizing . TANROADS, 2,000,000.00 • Restoration of sites to original status or better PIT-ESHS • Contractor shall undertake the grasses and flowers staff planting around the airport as part of biodiversity gain as and airport well as airport beatification.. operator. • Contractor shall ensure natural drainages be restored and Local excavated materials be used to backfill excavated areas. government The damaged areas shall be restored to make it compatible with future use. However, the contractor shall consult the local authority to obtain information about the envisaged use of the area. Natural drainage shall be preserved during restoration works. • Contractor shall ensure ditches be created to facilitate water run-off by installing drains and derivation ditches perpendicular to the slopes. All superfluous temporary drainage elements must be removed. Permanent installations must be restored / repaired to their initial state. Remove of Risks of solid around • Contractor shall ensure preparation of Campsite Demobili ESHS staff The mitigation temporary waste from airport management Plan and implement the plan accordingly to zation for costs to be structure, demobilization campsite ensure that after the project all the remaining materials phase Contractor. covered by the equipment from phase and and facilities are removed from site as per requirements. ESHS staff Contractor (BOQ) the workshop workshop Inform the stakeholders on the actions taken and why. for and campsite ▪ Provide waste collection point for waste segregation Supervision Additional costs ▪ Provide dust bin at terminal building consultant shall be ▪ Regular collection of waste around the airport TANROADS, 6,000,000.00 restoration of sites to original status or better PIT-ESHS ▪ Waste categorization and disposal. staff • Beatification and landscaping. and airport operator. Local 379 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. government ESMP and subplans operations Matrix (Operation Phase) During this phase the airport operator shall be required to undertake regular updating of the airport operational manuals and plans in accordance to the requirement of the TCAA and ICAO. Refers to the attached commitment letter from TAA and TCAA. Health and ▪ Risks of noise Around the • Airport Operator shall ensure Health and Safety Operatio Airport Costs to be Safety Risks and vibration airport Management Plan (OHSP), Emergency Redress n and operator integrated in the from the Preparedness Plan, Fuel management plan, Noise maintena (Environme annual budget of equipment’s Management Plan and Security management system nce nt, airport and and aircrafts are in place and used by the operators during operation phase Airport airlines operators operation phase. The plans shall be updated regularly by the airport operator ▪ Air pollution operator and approved by Aviation authority. (safety and from emissions • Airport Operator and airlines shall provide appropriate rescue of aircrafts working gear ((PPE) against air pollution due to emission department) operation. of Carbon Monoxide (CO); Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx); , ▪ Risks of EHS Hydrocarbons (HC) and noise impact) related to aircrafts Arline from airport and machinery operation around the airport and provide operator operation good working conditions and administer site TAA-ESHS management to their employees. officers • Airport Operator and airlines shall ensure that the airport is kept hygienically with adequate provision of facilities including waste disposal receptacles, food and drinks, toilets, sewage, firefighting and clean and safe water supply. • Airport Operator and airlines shall ensure the First Aid kit are in place (administered by medical personnel) and maintained at each strategic places and active work section around the airport. 380 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • Airport Operator shall ensure optimizing ground service infrastructure to reduce aircraft and ground vehicle movements on taxiways and idling to reduce the air and noises pollution . • Airport Operator shall ensure all workers working on luggage lifting areas be trained in the use of proper lifting, bending, and turning techniques to avoid back injury or extremities to workers • Airlines Operator shall ensure aircraft maneuverability for orientation of aircrafts routes and pathways for arriving and departing are considering actual and residential development as noise sensitive receptors hence shall be diverted. These procedures may include instructions on the use of descent profiles or “noise preferential” routes (NPRs), such as the “continuous descent approach” to avoid noise-sensitive areas, the use of “Low Power / Low Drag” (LPLD) procedure to fly the aircraft in a 'clean ‘conditions. • Airport Operator shall ensure restricting operation of machinery / equipment to the trained personnel only. • Airport Operator shall ensure all workers, passengers and other airport users are provided with safety awareness including emergency preparedness such as occurrence of fire and accidents. Safety signal devices shall be installed and warning measures shall be taken to ensure health and safety environment in working place. . • Airport Operator shall ensure reducing noise of ground operations at the source or through the use of sound barriers and deflectors and provide provision of power supply to the aircraft to reduce or eliminate the need for use of APUs. • Airport Operator shall ensure minimizing fugitive air emissions from jet kerosene and other fuel storage and 381 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. handling activities. • Airport Operator shall provide safety signs and pavement markings for ground support vehicle circulation and parking areas in ramps, taxiways, and any other areas with a risk of collision between ground vehicles and aircrafts. • Airport Operator and airlines shall ensure encouraging proper management of rules for safety – the rules related to workplace safety in terms of: behavior; use of First Aid Kit, maintenance; site layout; storage areas; manual handling; use of workplace equipment; fire alarm response; and security. • Airport Operator and airlines shall ensure generation and storage of hazardous wastes and their subsequent treatment and disposal should be collected by the Authorized waste dealers for disposal. • Airport Operator shall train workers on the prevention of heat and cold stress, including the identification of early symptoms and management techniques (e.g. hydration, rest); and shall ensure providing with the necessary clothing and fluids to airport staff to prevent weather- related stress and apply other relevant recommendations for working environment temperature. • Airport operator shall use administrative procedures such as reducing risks to exposures, CoEC, follow roles and procedures at working place, impose penalty and suspends, disciplinary measures at work place. ▪ Air pollution ▪ Risks of air Around the • Airport Operator shall ensure Health and Safety Operatio Airport Costs to be from pollution from airport Management Plan (OHSP), Noise Management Plan, n and operator integrated in the emissions of the Emergency Redress Plan, and Security management maintena (Environme annual budget of aircrafts equipment’s system are in place and used by the operators during nce nt, safety airport and operation. and aircrafts operation phase. The plans shall be updated regularly by phase and rescue airlines operators the airport operator and approved by Aviation authority. department) 382 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • Airlines and airport operator shall ensure encouraging the , use of technological advancements such as modern Airlines machinery and aircrafts with minimum fuel combustion operators. and air pollution, • regular services of aircrafts engines and switching off the engine immediately after landing. • airport operator shall ensure encouraging the airlines uses maneuverability operational procedures during landing and taking off. • The airlines operational procedures shall ensure limitation to aircrafts holding and taxiing times; aircraft queuing on the ground; unnecessary use of aircrafts auxiliary power units; Low fuel/emission aircrafts departure procedures and Continues Descent Approach and low power-low drop technique. • Airlines and airport operator shall undertake the regular maintenance of machinery and operating equipment’s as per Manufacture • TCAA, Airlines and airport operator shall ensure encouraging operations activities involved vehicles and machinery with less emission of CO2. Airlines and airport operator shall ensure encouraging switching off the machines and vehicles when not in use. ▪ Airport operator shall use administrative procedures such as reducing risks to exposures, CoEC, follow roles and procedures at working place, impose penalty and suspends, disciplinary measures at work place. Noise and ▪ Risks of noise aircraft • Airport Operator shall ensure Health and Safety Operatio Airport Costs to be vibration and vibration noise impact Management Plan (OHSP), Noise Management Plan n and operator, integrated in the pollution from the on airport and Security management system are in place and used maintena Arline annual budget of (Not exceeding equipment’s surroundings by the operators during operation phase. The plans shall nce operator airport and limits of 45 and and aircrafts be updated regularly by the airport operator and phase TAA-ESHS airlines operators 383 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 70 dBA operation noise impact approved by Aviation authority. officers as well as TCAA nighttime and on airport • Airlines and airport operator shall ensure proper work TCAA-Safety 55 and 85 dBA surroundings Scheduling to minimize the duration and intensity of department daytime) as per activities that generate higher vibrations. TZS and • TCAA, Airlines and airport operator shall Provide workers WHO/IFC with PPEs such as anti-vibration groves to try to mitigate standard the impact of vibration and related noise; • Airport operator shall establish buffer zones between operational areas and sensitive locations with potential impact of vibrations on human health; • Airlines and Airport operator shall adhere to manufactures practices or limits for operating the machine within the recommended hours. • TCAA, Airlines and airport operator shall ensure compliance with Tanzania's environmental management and IFCs standards • TCAA, Airlines and airport operator shall provide workers with limited time of exposure when on site. • Airport operator shall ensure Noise Management Plan (NMP) is in place to be implemented by the airlines, airport users and other operators. • Airlines and Airport operator shall ensure encouraging aircrafts noise are mitigated by the engineering maneuverability during taking off and landing • Airliner and Airport operator shall ensure encouraging aircraft engine is switched off immediately after landing as per IATA and ICAO airport general guideline during operation. • TAA and Airport operator shall ensure proper servicing of aircraft engine as per manufactures guideline • TAA and Airport operator shall ensure nuisance of noise and vibration are mitigated by implementing transient and good work practice around the airport 384 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • Airport operator shall ensure all airport workers are given PPEs and ensuring that they wear and use them during working hours to mitigate noise pollution. • Airport operator shall use administrative procedures such as reducing risks to exposures, CoEC, follow roles and procedures at working place, impose penalty and suspends, disciplinary measures at work place. • Airport Operator shall ensure Health and Safety Risks of Risks of aircraft around Management Plan (OHSP), Emergency Redress Operatio Airport Costs to be Occurrence of accident during airport Preparedness Plan, Noise Management Plan and n and operator integrated in the aircrafts LTO around the runway Security Management system are in place and used by maintena (Airport annual budget of accidents airport during the operators during operation phase. The plans shall be nce firefighting TCAA, airport and landing and updated regularly by the airport operator and approved phase and Security airlines operators take-off by Aviation authority. Unit) • Contractor shall construct among others the security fences around the airport runway to avoid interferences Airlines and trespassing operator • The airport firefighters and security shall ensure TAA-ESHS conducting of regular runway monitoring and inspection officers, • Undertaking birds strike and ensure the airport area is less TCAA, attractive to birds by removing seed-bearing plants, removing trees used for nesting, covering water sources with netting, and keeping grass mowed short. Airports operator shall ensure Bird strike Management Plan which is in place at lake manyara airport shall be updated and implemented appropriately • The plan may include use herbicides for vegetation control and use of pest management measures (e.g. Rodents, etc.) • Employer and Contractor have designed the project by extending the runway towards western site due to geographical position of the eastern escarpment that may interfere aircraft landing 385 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • The employer and Contractor among others shall Construct the new control tower to ensure that landing and taking off of the aircraft are safely handled as pre requirements. • Airport operator shall Liaison with local authorities to ensure that landfill waste disposal sites are not operated in the vicinity of the airport. • Airport operator Liaison with local farmers to control farming types in the environs of the airport especially restricted cultivation of cereals around the airport periphery. • airport operator shall use administrative procedures such as reducing risks to exposures, CoEC, follow roles and procedures at working place, impose penalty and suspends, disciplinary measures at work place. Increased Solid and liquid Airport • Airport Operator shall ensure Health and Safety Operatio Airport Costs to be Wastes waste from facilities Management Plan (OHSP), waste Management Plan n and operator, integrated in the generation airport toilets and Security management system are in place and used maintena Airlines annual budget of and domestic by the operators during operation phase. The plans shall nce operator airport operator use. be updated regularly by the airport operator and phase TAA-ESHS approved by Aviation authority. officers • Airport operator shall update and implement the available LGA-Environ Waste Management Plan prior operation phase as per section EMA Act, 2005 and ICAO guideline. • The airport operator shall ensure the installation of Sorting wastes mechanism according to their type and quality, recycle and dispose in designated damping sites. • All wastes around the airport shall be collected by authorized waste dealers for disposal accordingly. • The airport operator shall ensure toilets waste and domestic sanitary are collected through underground septic tank and soak pits and when in full are emptied away by tanker truck using the authorized waste dealers. 386 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • The airport operator shall ensure the Waste Management Plan includes Hazardous and non- hazardous wastes such as those related to chemical and physical properties of extracted materials and these wastes shall be adequately controlled and mitigated. • The waste waters contain hazardous wastes shall be contain into segregation ponds prior being collected by the authorized waste dealer for disposal in order to ensure that wastes do not contaminate with water bodies and soil. • All Liquid sewage wastes shall be collected from terminal building toilets and domestic effluent and discharged to the permanent underground tank and septic tanks which was constructed to collect sewerage system around the airport and when it became full shall be emptied by cesspit emptier trucks owned by Authorized waste dealer with license for disposal in Karatu district. • The airport operator shall ensure no refueling or repairing the airport vehicles and equipment as well as fire training using extinguishing agents such as foam and powder undertaken except in designated areas that have an impermeable surface to enable proper and effective clean-up of any spills. Spill kits with suitable absorbent and adsorbent materials and equipment shall be present to ensure timely and appropriate clean-up of any spills as well as use drip pans underneath standing machinery/generators to prevent contamination of the ground. • The airport operator shall ensure runoff is routed to the rainwater harvesting structures for further use in firefighting operation, cooling plant and air conditioners after treatment. • Airport operator shall use administrative procedures such 387 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. as reducing risks to exposures, CoEC, follow roles and procedures at working place, impose penalty and suspends, disciplinary measures at work place. Risks of storm Risks to Airport • Airport Operator shall ensure Airport Maintenance Operatio Airport Costs to be water (Surface hydrological areas Management Plan, Emergence Redress Preparedness n and operator, integrated in the runoff from system and and Security management system are in place and used maintena TAA-ESHS annual budget of airport surface by the operators during operation phase. The plans shall nce officers airport operator pavements and rainwater be updated regularly by the airport operator and phase LGA-Environ roofing approved by Aviation authority. section • The airport operator shall ensure regular check up on storm water from roofing and runoff from paved structures like runway, taxiways are routed through drains to oils separation tanks and sedimentation basins before being discharged into storm water drainage system. • The airport operator shall ensure proper function of the constructed storm water drainage built for discharging storm water from the air-field to avoid flooding and water logging in airport areas during rainy season. • The airport operator shall ensure proper functional of drainage system that allows water and hydrology including Surface water regimes not be altered • The airport operator shall ensure proper functional of drainage system through regular maintenance that allows water and hydrology including Surface water regimes not be altered because of flow diversions, water intake, and changes to the drainage pattern. • The airport operator shall ensure runoff is routed to the rainwater harvesting structures for further use in 388 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. firefighting operation, cooling plant and air conditioners after treatment. • The airport operator shall ensure proper function of the constructed storm water drainage built for discharging storm water from the air-field to avoid flooding and water logging in airport areas during rainy season. HIV/AIDS & ▪ Increased rate Airport • Airport Operator shall ensure Health and Safety Weekly/ Airport Costs to be STDs Prevalence of infection for areas Management Plan (OHSP), HIV/AIDS and monthly operator integrated in the and other communicable Communicable diseases prevention plan are in place and during (ESHS annual budget of communicable diseases used by the operators during operation phase. The plans operatio officers), airport and diseases such as among the shall be updated regularly by the airport operator and n and Arline airlines operators. HIV/AIDS, STI, airport users approved by Aviation authority. maintena operator tuberculosis, and • nce Local government ebora, CoVId surrounding • The airport operator shall ensure the application of phase • LGAs- -l health sector 19, viral community. technical and operation procedures focusing of health Health budget hepatitis B&C and safety risks are in place and used by stakeholders. sector ,cholera, • The airport operator shall ensure the airport contain typhus, among others, health and medical emergence room with smallpox, health technical staff. yellow fever • The airport operator shall ensure medical personnel are and plague available for mobilizing risk mitigation through public around the awareness, social distancing from the outbreak area, airport. control the affected person not to travel outside, isolation and quarantine, application of prophylactic medication and vaccination, • The airport operator shall ensure the airport protocol contain screening travel procedures, medical assessment to travelers before arrangement of their journey. • The airport operator shall undertake regularly awareness and training to workers and passengers on the identification and preventive measures of the 389 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. communicable diseases around the airport. • The airport operator shall engage with medical authority on information sharing and materials dissemination, seminal and training on strategies to combat communicable diseases around the airport areas, • The airport operator shall provide the dissemination materials with health and safety awareness to travelers around the airport through posters, T.V screen, banners, stickers with massages on health and safety risks in the aviation sector. • Airport operator shall use administrative procedures such as reducing risks to exposures, CoEC, follow roles and procedures at working place, impose penalty and suspends, disciplinary measures at work place. • Airport operator shall engage the HIV/AIDS services provider to undertake the awareness to project workers and community to reduce risk of spreading of communicable diseases (especially STD). • The Contractor shall prepare emergency preparedness plan which among others shall focus on preventive measure to address the communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS, STI, tuberculosis, viral hepatitis, ebora, CoVId 19, cholera, typhus, smallpox, yellow fever and plague to workers around the airport. • The contractor shall provide the dissemination materials with health and safety awareness to workers around the airport through posters, T.V screen, banners, stickers with massages on health and safety risks in construction site. • The contractor shall collaborate with HIV regional coordinator to ensure availability and access of free condom in all strategic areas around the project site for workers. 390 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Risks to aircraft Airport Airport Operator shall implement the Airport Weekly/ Airport Costs to be • Increased operations and areas Maintenance Management Plan, Emergence Redress monthly operator integrated in the insecurit safety to (airport Preparedness and Security management system, that during (ESHS annual budget of y and passengers users and are in place and used by the operators during operation operatio officers), airport and crime surrounding phase. The plans shall be updated regularly by the airport n and Arline airlines operators. incidence community). operator and approved by Aviation authority. maintena operator s around • Airport operator shall cooperate with local government nce Local government the authority who shall help to lessen criminal incidents and phase Airport -l health sector airport maintain security of people and their properties; security Unit budget • Airport operator shall collaboration with Police at Karatu to include some police among the airport staff for security District and criminal control which shall help to reduce crime police risks. • Airport operator shall ensure the airport security check up protocol are implemented as per ICAO and IATA requirements and national guideline from the airport entrance gate, passenger terminal checkup points and scanners. • The airport design among other shall include the check point gate, passenger security scanners, luggage security scanners as per airport security protocol check. • The airport facilities shall include the security fence around the boundaries to avoid trespassing as well as to ensure assisting on management of security and crime monitoring incidences • Airport operator shall use administrative procedures such as reducing risks to exposures, CoEC, follow roles and procedures at working place, impose penalty and suspends, disciplinary measures at work place. 391 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. • Airport Operator shall implement the Airport Weekly/ Airport Costs to be • Birds Risks of airport around Maintenance Management Plan, the Biodiversity monthly operator integrated in the killing accident. airport Management Plan (BMP), Emergence Redress during (ESHS annual budget of due to runway Preparedness and Security management system, wildlife operation officers), airport and aircraft Loss of during management Plan that are in place and used by the and Arline airlines operators. collision biodiversity landing and operators during operation phase. The plans shall be maintena operator around take-off updated regularly by the airport operator and approved nce phase the by Aviation authority. Airport airport • The airport design shall include security fences around the security Unit airport runway trespassing into the runway. • The airport firefighters and security shall ensure conducting of regular birds strike around the airport. • Ensure pruning of grasses and trees to make less attractive to birds and removing seed-bearing plants, nesting, remove water bonds sources Adjust flight times and paths to avoid peak times and places for bird activity. Airports operator shall ensure Bird strike Management Plan which is in place at lake manyara airport shall be implemented appropriately by firefighting and security unit. This technique also includes Broadcast of bird distress signals and Firing of pyrotechnic bird-scaring cartridges around the Lake Manyara airport. • Airport operator shall among others cutting or removing trees from the airport. Many observed nesters had their nests built in trees like Senna siamea, Vachellia spp., etc. So, cutting trees shall increase airport openness, scare birds and force them to shift naturally to other places beyond airport boundaries. Also, the operator can opt to use herbicides for vegetation control and use of pest management measures (e.g. Rodents, etc.) • Employer and Contractor have designed the project by extending the runway towards western site and the landing and taking off shall always take place on western 392 ESIA for Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. side this is due to geographical position of the eastern escarpment that may interfere aircraft landing • The employer and Contractor among others shall Construct the new control tower to ensure that landing and taking off of the aircraft are safely handled as pre requirements. • Airport operator ensure that trees and grasses are maintain low; shrubs and other plants in order to reduce the possibility of providing food, shelter or roosting sites for birds; • Airport operator shall Liaison with local authorities to ensure that landfill waste disposal sites are not operated in the vicinity of the airport as these create an aircraft hazard and • Airport operator Liaison with local farmers to control farming types in the environs of the airport especially restricted cultivation of cereals around the airport periphery. TAA shall also use bird-scaring techniques such as Broadcast of bird distress signals; Firing of pyrotechnic bird-scaring cartridges around the airport. SUB-TOTAL-1 Direct costs for communicable diseases, prevention, training and awareness campaign 80,000.000.00 SUB-TOTAL-2 Direct costs related ESMP and other ESHS risks Monitoring and supervision 21,500,000.00 TOTAL 1+2 Direct costs for ESMP and other ESHS aspects implementation (environmental, social and safety aspects) 147,500,000.00 Total ESMP (Mitigation) Cost 248,500,000.00 Sources: Design team, October 2023 NOTE: During Operation and Maintenance phases the airport Operator shall be required to adhere to the provisions of Aviation regulations and ICAO requirement to undertake regular review and update all applicable operational manuals and plans to accommodate the raised needs and new requirement as may arise. The updated manuals and plans shall be approved by TCAA accordingly. Refers to the attached commitment letter from TCAA and TAA. 393 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 7. 11 PREPARATION OF ESMP SUB-PLANS THAT COMPLEMENT THE PROJECT ESMP The lake manyara airport is the existing airport and not the new airport, however, due to demand and growth of the aviation services around the region, the airport need to be upgraded into the new standard from gravel to bitumen with new other several facilities. As part of ESIA, ESMP ,WB-ESF, ICAO and IATA requirements as well as the mobilization and construction phases are concerned, the Contractor shall be required to prepare C-ESMP in line with other ESHS plans under (ESSs), adopt the available ESHS plans and procedures which shall be approved by the employers to manage various environmental, social, health and safety related risks to the airport project. Furthermore, as part of the administrative arrangements and requirements during operation and maintenance phases, the airport operators shall be required to prepare or update some of the available mandatory airport operation plans and procedures as per requirements of national regulation, ICAO and IATA guidelines for safety and smooth operation of the airport. The following plans and procedures shall be put in place during construction as well as during operation and maintenance phases as follows: i. CONTRACTOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (C-ESMP) A specific and detailed C-ESMP shall be prepared by the Contractor prior the project implementation. The C-ESMP shall among others describe the (i) impacts related to airport project including land degradation, pollution, waste management, soil erosion and vegetation removal, land destruction, health and safety risks (ii)project description and activities associated (iii)Risks identification and mitigation measures (iv) project components and the associated impacts (v) sources of construction materials and estimated quantities (vi) construction machinery and equipment (vii)community participation and involvement (viii) ESHS staff and responsibilities (ix) impacts monitoring and parameters to consider (x) baseline data collection and analysis (xii) relevant ESHS sub plans to be prepared and implemented by the contractor (xiii) Physical, biological and chemical analysis of the surrounding project environment (xiv) ESMP implementation budget. The C-ESMP shall be complimented with several independent ESHS sub plans related to the project and these includes; waste management plan, traffic management, borrow pits and quarry site management, GBV\SEA action plan, Noise management Plan, labour management, Biodiversity Management Plan (BMP), ESHS management plan, Emergency and response management plan etc all these sub plans shall be prepared and implemented as part of the contractor C-ESMP. The plan should detail all site-specific measures to be implemented by the project Contractor during the construction phase as well as to manage all negative impacts related to airport upgrading. Specific annual budget for implementation of ESMP and ESHS plans during construction phase shall be part of contractor ESMP. ii. AIRPORT ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY (EHS) MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN (. This is the among the plan which shall be prepared and used by contractor and airport operator from construction as well as operation and maintenance phases of the airport. During the construction phase the contractor shall adopt and update the existing EHS plan prepared airport operator and used under the current airport operations to manage the issues related to environmental, health and Safety during construction, operation and maintenance phases. The EHS management plan shall be adopted and updated as per planned GIIPs for airport during Construction, Operation and Maintenance phases and to be used in line with other airport operational management system and plans for daily airport undertaking activities. 394 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. The EHS plan among others shall focus on (i) manage the hygiene conditions and medical care workers and communities (ii) address occupational health & safety in alignment with Labour law of Tanzania, ILO recommendations, Good Industry Practices (iii) Health and safety policy and commitment from management, (iv) Description of organization; human resources, definition of roles and responsibilities, (v) workers accommodation, hygiene facilities and food supply, (vi) Description of material resources including Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to be used by workers, (vii) Health and safety procedures, (viii) Risk assessment , (ix) Pollution prevention and protection, (x) Health and safety training, (xi) Monitoring of health and safety performance, and (xii)l include relevant ESS-2 requirements with provision to labor related issues and other OHS requirements as per WB-EHSG General guideline(xiii) relevant provisions of EHS guideline for Construction WB-EHSG Material Extraction for Airport as well as OHS national law and regulations. However, during operation phase the EHS plan shall be updated regularly by the airport operator to reflect any new upgrading features and operations procedures of the airport. The updated EHS during operation shall be approved by the airport regulatory authority. The EHS management and monitoring shall be supervised by the EHS staff under Contractor during undertaking and airport operator during operation. Specific annual budget for implementation of ESHS plan during construction shall be includes in contractor ESMP and during operation and maintenance phase shall be borne by the airport operator. iii. AIRPORT NOISE AND VIBRATION MANAGEMENT PLAN: The proposed airport construction activities have the potential to generate excessive range of environmental impacts of noises and vibration are concerned which has impacts to human environment around the project. Due to these indispensable reasons a NMP was specifically prepared as part of the ESIA for this project to guide the Contractor and other airport operators during project implementation and operation. The NMP provisions shall be part of the ESIA and ESMP implementation as refers to chapter 4.0 and 6.0 of the ESIA; however, this is the standalone document, which can be accessed as part of this ESIA as attachment due to voluminous. The NMP plan shall describe how the project Contractor and airport operator shall minimize and manage noise and vibration impacts to workers and community during implementation and operation phases. The plan among others analyses and assessing the (i) noises and vibration receptors around the project (ii) parameters to be assessed (iii) methodology of data collection and assessment (iv) mechanism to control noises during construction and operation phases (v) responsibilities of key players (vi) future projection of noises and mitigation measures (vii) background noises and vibration(viii) sources of noises and vibration around the airport. The airport operator shall regularly update the NMP as per requirements during operation and maintenance phases. The EHS staff under contractor and airport operator shall supervise the NMP management and implementation. Specific annual budget for implementation of TMP during construction phase shall be part of Contractor ESMP and during operation and maintenance phases shall be borne by the airport operator. iv. PROJECT WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN: This is the among the plan which shall be prepared and used by contractor and airport operator from construction as well as operation and maintenance phases of the airport. During the construction phase the contractor shall adopt and update the existing WMP plan prepared airport operator and used under the current airport operations to manage the issues related to environmental, health and Safety during operation and maintenance phases. The existing Waste Management Plan shall be adopted and updated as part of the contractor ESMP. Among others 395 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. the plan shall (i) detail all site-specific measures the project Contractor shall implement during the mobilization, construction, demobilization and operation phases (ii) identify, collect, transport and treat all waste produced around the project site (iii) reflect consultations and agreements achieved with the local authorities on waste generation and management around the airport (iv) include Hazardous Materials Handling and Storage strategy that the contractor, airport operator should implement during the mobilization, construction, demobilization and operation phases (v) analysis the waste to be generated and the methods of disposal, quantity of waste to be generated, training and awareness to EHS staff for handling wastes (vi) provision of waste collection facilities around the airport etc. However, during operation phase the WMP plan shall be updated regularly by the airport operator to reflect any new upgrading features and operations procedures of the airport. The WMP management and implementation shall be supervised by the EHS staff of contractor during project undertaking and during operation and maintenance by airport operator. Specific annual budget for implementation of WMP during construction phase shall be part of Contractor ESMP and during operation and maintenance phase shall be borne by airport operator. v. PROJECT TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PLAN-TMP: A detailed Traffic Management Plan shall be prepared by contractor and implemented as part of the contractor ESMP. The plan shall include (i) define the characteristics of the construction fleet of vehicles and site machinery, (ii) d escribe the expected Project’s traffic (frequency of trips between Worksites, working hours, convoys) and (ii) detail all site specific measures to be implement by the Contractor during the construction phase to minimize OHS risks and accident risks to neighborhood and workers around the airport and materials sources areas.(iii) details on allowable truck routes, speed controls, sensitive receptor or high-risk spots areas, (iv) categories of vehicles and machinery as well as expertise required (v) involvement of traffic police (vi) training and awareness on the road safety issues (vii) regular induction and toolbox meeting (viii) administrative measures for safety issues etc. The TMP management and implementation shall be supervised by the OHS staff under contractor: Specific annual budget for implementation of TMP during construction phase shall be part of Contractor ESMP. vi. PROJECT LABOR MANAGEMENT PROCUDURES: A detailed Labour Management Plan shall be prepared by contractor and implemented as part of the contractor ESMP. The plan shall include (i) legal and regulation requirements (ii), processes of recruitment to be set in place (iii) grievances solving mechanism (iv) contracts and use of Code of Ethical Conduct (v) types of jobs to be offered by the project (vi) obligation of the contractor to workers (vii) training and induction courses (viii) labor issues management (ix) wages and social contribution (x) manpower needs for the entire construction period (xi) EHS aspects to labors (xii) the local recruitment process and the approach planned to maximize local employment and local content opportunities (xiv) OHS to workers (xv) GBV/SEA issues related to workers and working environment. The LMP management and implementation shall be supervised by the OHS staff under contractor: Specific annual budget for implementation of LMP during construction phase shall be part of Contractor ESMP. 396 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. vii. THE PROJECT BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT PLAN (BMP): The proposed airport construction activities have the potential to generate a wide range of environmental impacts on ecologically sensitive habitats for fauna and flora species on forest reserves, water sources, conservation and community reserves amongst others. Due to these indispensable reasons a BMP was specifically prepared as part of the ESIA for this project to guide the Contractor and other airport operators during project implementation. The BMP has been prepared in line with ESIA by Consultant through TANROADS and shall be implemented as part of the Contractor ESMP during project implementation. The BMP provisions shall be part of the ESIA and ESMP implementation, however is the standalone document which can be accessed as part of this ESIA in the attachment due to voluminous. The BMP revered that project construction activities shall have environmental impacts on ecologically biodiversity fauna and flora species ( birds’ collision) around the airport, The contractor shall adopt the BMP provisions and implement during the airport project upgrading activities. Furthermore, the BMP plan identifies and analyses the possibilities of loss of biodiversity around the project and describes how the project shall minimize and manage risks related to loss of biodiversity during implementation phase as well as how the airport operator shall mitigate the loss of biodiversity during operation and maintenance phases. Examples of such impacts included in the BMP (but not limited to): a) Vegetation loss and conversion including impacts to habitats supporting sensitive flora and fauna species, including vulnerable, rare, threatened and endemic species, b) Disruption of large mammal movements due to habitat fragmentation c) Fauna on birds kills due to aircraft collision during landing or taking off around the project d) aircrafts operation and impacts from birds collision during operations d) Birds disturbance from construction and airplane noise e) birds strike and undertaking and responsibilities f) analysis and number of founa around the airport in relation to the biological importance g) other biodiversity analysis around the project It is worth noting that, the project name Lake Manyara is found in the middle and save as the link to access several protected areas including lake manyara national park, Ngorongoro national Park and Serengeti national parks just to mention the few in Arusha region. However, the airport is found a distance of about more than 30km and beyond to access this tourism destination, hence it is considered that the project shall have substantial impacts on these biodiversity aspects. However, during operation phase the BMP plan shall be updated regularly by the airport operator to reflect any new upgrading features and operations procedures of the airport. The BMP management and implementation shall be supervised by the OHS staff under contractor and airport operator during project undertaking: Specific annual budget for implementation of BMP during construction phase shall be part of Contractor ESMP and during operation phase shall be borne by airport operator. viii. PROJECT GENDER BASED VIOLENCE (GBV) ACTION PLAN The Gender Based Violence Action Plan should form part of the contractor ESMP for the project objectively to provide guidance to mitigate, prevent and respond to gender based violence during project’s construction and post construction phases. The action plan should include but not limited to: communities’ participation in ending GBV, healthcare for GBV survivors, mental health & psychosocial support to GBV survivors, safety and security of GBV survivors, justice and legal aid, social economic empowerment and referral systems. 397 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Among others, Gender-based violence (GBV) undermines the health, dignity, security and autonomy of its victims, yet it remains shrouded in a culture of silence. Victims of violence can suffer sexual and reproductive health consequences, including forced and unwanted pregnancies, unsafe abortions, traumatic fistula, sexually transmitted infections and HIV, and even death.(https://tanzania.unfpa.org/en/topics/gender-based-violence-10). Specific annual budget for implementation of GBV-SEA during construction phase shall be part of Contractor ESMP. ix. PROJECT QUARRY AND BORROW AREAS MANAGEMENT PLAN A detailed Quarry and Borrow Management Plan has been prepared and approved by National Environmental Management Council (NEMC) and being in use by TANROADS regional office for existing materials extraction, the Plan includes among others (i) Noises, Dust and vibration Control (ii) land availability and restoration (iii) adjacent community and activities (iv) storm water management, (v) OHS safety risks (vi) soil erosion and sediment control (vii) vegetation clearance (viii) address stakeholder issues (e.g. landowners, communities (ix) Conservation and Environment Protection Authority (x) areas coverage and adjacent use (xi) impacts identification and mitigation measures (xii) site OHS operation procedures (xii) site reinstatement procedures (xiv) Sustainability of post-closure land use (xv) progressive restoration of all the disturbed area (xvi) and consultation with local communities and landowners. The Contractor shall be required to update the existing QBPOP to be approved by Engineer and TANROADS to accommodate all the missing information as per plan for materials extraction and shall be implemented for areas planned to be exploited for rock fill material, aggregates and rip rap material as well as for the other borrow areas. The Quarry and Borrow management Plan shall be part of the ESMP and ESIA and should also include restoration/closure plan. The QBPOP management and implementation shall be supervised by the OHS staff under contractor. Specific annual budget for implementation of QBPOP during construction phase shall be part of contractor ESMP. x. AIRPORT EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS PLAN: This is the among the plan which shall be prepared and used by contractor and airport operator from construction as well as operation and maintenance phases of the airport. During the construction phase the contractor shall adopt and update the existing EPP plan prepared by airport operator and used under the current airport operations to manage the issues related to emergence responses on current airport operation. The EPP plan shall be adopted and updated by the Contractor as per ICAO safety guideline during preparation of the C-ESMP prior project execution as well as shall also be updated by airport operator during Operation and Maintenance phases to accommodate any changes from the airport upgrading to be used in line with other airport operational management system and plans during operation. The EPP for Common Hazards and emergency situations during implementation phases shall be structured as such but not limited to: Identification of potential emergencies based on hazard assessment Procedures to respond to the identified emergency situations; Procedures to shut down equipment; Procedures to contain and limit pollution; Procedures for decontamination; Procedures for rescue and evacuation, including a designated meeting place outside the construction camps; Location of alarms and schedule of maintenance; List and location of equipment and facilities for employees responsible for responding to the emergency (fire-fighting equipment, security personnel’s, spill response equipment, personal protection equipment for the emergency response teams, first aid kits and stations); Protocols for the use of the emergency equipment and facilities; 398 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Schedule for periodic inspection, testing and maintenance of emergency equipment; Clear identification of evacuation routes and meeting points; Schedule of trainings (drills), including with local emergency response services (e.g. fire fighters); Procedures for emergency drills; Emergency contacts and communication protocols, including with affected communities when necessary, and procedures for interaction with the government authorities; Procedures for periodic review and update of emergency response plans. However, during operation phase the EPP plan shall be updated regularly by the airport operator to reflect any new upgrading features and operations procedures of the airport. The EPP management and implementation shall be supervised by the OHS staff under airport operator and contractor during project undertaking. Specific annual budget for implementation of EPP during construction phase shall be part of Contractor ESMP and during operation shall be borne by the airport operator. xi. OTHER MANDATORY AIRPORT PLANS AND PROCEDURES DURING O&M PHASE During the Operation and Maintenance phases several mandatory airport plans and procedures shall be regularly updated, prepared and implemented by the airport operators as per requirement during O&M phase of the new upgraded airport. Currently, several operational plans and procedures are in place and operated under the existing lake manyara airport and these includes; Waste Management Plan, Birds Strike Management Plan, Emergence Preparedness Plan, Aircrafts Landing and Taking off procedures, Airport General Operational Procedure, Security Operation Procedure and etc. These plans shall be supervised and implemented by the fulltime EHS staffs in coordination with other technical staff under airport operation. Specific annual budget for implementation of ESHS plan during operation and maintenance phase shall be borne by the airport operator and other related stakeholders e.g. TCAA. 7.12 RAP Implementation Cost The RAP budget has been determined for the land, structures, businesses and trees to be affected by the proposed airport project. According to the valuation report the estimated costs for implementation of the RAP for this project is Tshs, 3,260,722,008 Billion for the affected 503 PAPs as presented in the detailed RAP report. However, all PAPs have already been compensated accordingly and relocated out of the airport project since 2021. The summary RAP related costs for the affected properties are presented in table 7-4 below. Table 7-4: Summary of RAP Cost Estimates SUMMARY OF COST FOR RAP implementation SN TYPE OF ASSET/Activity TOTAL COST 1. Residential Structure 988,054,468.00 2. Lands 1,860,663,600.00 3. Crops 105,574,667.00 4. RAP Implementation & Monitoring 10,000,000.00 5. Sub – Total 2,964,292,735.00 6. Contingency 10% 296,429,273.00 7. Grand Total 3,260,722,008.00 7.13 Summary of ESMP and ESHS sub-plans related Costs The ESMP and ESHS sub-plans with management measures on mitigating the possible impacts related to the project has been proposed. The costs for preparing safeguards tools mentioned in the sections above and implementing the proposed mitigation measures shall be directly covered on the particular ESMP, while other related costs shall be indirectly included in the Bill of Quantities (BOQ), which the contractor shall bear. For all mitigation measures identified and analysed in this ESMP to be 399 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. implemented, it is therefore recommended that (ESIA and ESMP and sub-plans such as (SEP, TMP, GRM, HSMP, CSMP, GBV/SEA action plan and LMP) shall form part of the Bidding document and Contract for smooth implementation of the project). The principal environmental and social cost refers to the total cost of implementing the proposed mitigation measures and monitoring specific environmental, social, health parameters. It should be noted that most of the costs for mitigation measures are already included in the Bills of Quantities of the overall works. Error! Reference source not found. below indicates the itemized direct cost of each m itigation aspect out of those embedded in the BOQ. Table 7-5 below indicates the itemized cost of each mitigation aspect. Table 7-5: Total ESMP and RAP costs S/No. Cost item Estimated Amount (Tshs) 2. Environmental and Social Mitigation (ESMP), 147,500,000.00 2.1. HIV/AIDS Awareness Campaign 80,000,000.00 3. Environmental and Social Monitoring (ESMP) 21,500,000.00 4. Compensation of affected properties 3,260,722,008.00 Total of ESMP and RAP implementation Costs 3,509,222,000.00 Sources: Design Team, October 2023 7.14 Conclusion on Impact Identification and Analysis This ESIA has described the current human and biophysical environment in which the project upgrading shall take place. The impact assessment has screened all project activities and their potential impacts and risks on components of the human and biophysical environment. The ESIA has also developed feasible and realistic mitigation measures and proposed management plans in the ESMP. With current knowledge, there is no “red flag” or “fatal flaw” that would jeopardize the upgrading of the project as most impacts are minor or moderate and are concentrated during upgrading works. The most significant impacts are in fact risks that have low probability to take place and that are inherent to all construction sites; these are risks of GBV, EHS risks for workers and the risk of child labor during works are of more concerned. However, these risks are avoidable with the proposed preventive measures. The upgrading project shall represent various risks around the airport surroundings which mainly caused by Noise and Vibration from construction equipment’s and operational aircrafts during operational and maintenance phases as well as risks of biodiversity mainly from bids collision with aircraft during landing and taking off. These impacts can however be prevented with the appropriate management measures as described in the ESMP of this project. For more analysis on the noise and vibration abatement and biodiversity assessment, the separate documents on NMP and BMP have been prepared to guide the Contractor during project executions. Some impacts, both negative and positive, shall take place during airport operation. However, these can be characterized as follow: • Most impacts during operation and maintenance phase are rather induced impacts since they shall be associated with the airport operational such as Noises and accident risks rather than being directly associated with the airport construction. The Noise and vibration impacts is well analyzed and assessed in the separate report of the NMP prepared for this project • Other negative impacts are related to airport construction and operation activities including EHS risks, earth grabbing risks, OHS risks etc. In terms of positive impact, the airport project shall bring high socio-economic benefits to Arusha Region and shall greatly improve aviation and tourism sector in the region and national as whole. 400 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. On impacts related to quarry and borrow areas operation, the contractor shall commit to reinstate them to minimize any EHS impacts to human and natural habitats. This includes removing all unnecessary rubble and removing all machinery and oil barrels and softening the slopes of quarry of borrow areas. Consultation with local authorities, shall be done to determine the fate of disused borrow areas. For example, borrow areas can be filled with unusable soil to reduce their depth or could be transformed into wetlands or livestock drinking ponds where appropriate (as requested during public consultations). Planting trees around the borrow area is also recommended to stabilize the slopes and avoid further erosion. Native trees shall be purchased from local nurseries. The risks of birds collusion with airplane is among the identified and significance risks in term of its change of occurrence during airport operational phase, however, the proper Birds striking Technique, Airport Operational manual, and Emergence and accident prevention manual shall be among the tools for mitigation to be prepared by TAA and approved by TCAA during operational and ,maintenance phases. The OHS related risks shall be mitigated by administrative methods, good engineering practices, awareness and training, control hazards and risks from the sources and finally providing PPE to all workers on site. Noise Management Plan (NMP) under preparation (final version) shall be part and parcel of this ESIA as annex XIV once completed. All issues regarding noise levels including measurements, modelling, impacts and risks, mitigation measures and capacity building shall be covered in the NMP. TCAA and TAA have committed to ensure that they include recommendations in their operations manual and shall ensure during operation that noise levels at sensitive receptors are within permissible levels during operation and maintenance phases. Refers to Appendix XIV of the report. Regarding the cumulative impacts, as mentioned in the ESIA, by implementing the provisions of mitigation measures by TANROADs, TAA and TCAA the extent of the cumulative impacts shall be minimized. It is, therefore, concluded that, implementation of the proposed airport project shall entail no detrimental impacts provided that the recommended mitigation measures are adequately and timely put in place. The identified adverse impacts shall be managed through the proposed mitigation measures and implementation regime laid down in this ESIA and its ESMP as well as BMP and NMP. TANROADS and TAA are committed in implementing all mitigations and delegating some to the construction contractor and further carrying out the environmental auditing and monitoring schedules as presented in the ESMP. This ESIA concludes that, with appropriate mitigations, the Project shall enable to achieve objectives materially consistent with the requirements of the World Bank ESF. More details on the proposed and assessment of mitigation measures as well as significance and residual impacts have been included in chapter 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0 of this ESIA. 401 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Chapter 8 : ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN 8.1 Environmental and Social Monitoring The purpose of Environmental and social monitoring is to quantitatively measure the Environmental effects of the airport project. The environmental monitoring program shall operate through the pre- construction, construction, and operation phases. It shall consist of a number of activities, each with a specific purpose, key indicators, and significance criteria. The monitoring of mitigation measures during design and construction shall be carried out by an Environmental/Social Specialist designated by the developer (TANROADS) He/she shall conduct mitigation monitoring as part of the regular works inspections. The responsibility for mitigation monitoring during the operation phase shall lie with the Environmental Section within TANROADS. Recommendations for monitoring have been included in the EMP (Table 8-1). The EMP also assigns responsibilities for monitoring activities. However, the divisional/ward/village environmental committees and City environmental committee shall participate in the long-term daily monitoring of the project road. TANROADS shall provide NEMC with reports on Environmental compliance during implementation as part of their annual progress reports and annual Environmental monitoring reports. Depending on the implementation status of Environmentally sensitive areas of the project (e.g. some water points, tributaries of the rivers located in the project site), NEMC shall perform annual Environmental reviews in which Environmental concerns raised by the project shall be reviewed alongside project implementation. 8.2 Environmental Audit Environmental auditing also is an important part of the EIA study which requires great attention as it determines the trend of the impacts. It is recommended that environmental audits determine the long- term effects of adopted mitigation measures. It is recommended that environmental audits be carried out on the project as part of the on-going maintenance programme. The audits shall unveil the actual performance of mitigation measures and shall allow effective measures to be included in future projects based on the audit results. As per operative EIA documents in Tanzania, environmental audits is a responsibility of the developer (TAA and the National Environment Management Council (NEMC). 8.3 Monitoring Parameters The selection of the parameters to be monitored is based on their high likelihood of occurrences. Monitoring of these parameters shall be done in various stages of the project as follows: • Pre-construction stage – Monitoring of the parameters at this stage is meant to establish the baseline information of the target parameters in the project area. • Construction stage - Monitoring at this stage is meant to establish the pollution levels that arise from the construction activities. Environmental monitoring during the construction phase shall principally comprise two sets of activities. Namely: - Review of the contractor ESMP, method statements, works designs, and other related arrangements necessary to obtaining necessary approvals from both the Supervising/Resident Engineer and NEMC, which are all geared towards ensuring that environmental protection measures specified in the contract documents as well NEMC 402 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. approval letters are adopted and operationalized for better environmental compliance of the project; and - Systematic observation on a day-to-day basis of all site activities and the contractor’s offsite facilities in line with project documents and other environmental documents relating to project compliance. These activities shall all be fully integrated with other construction supervision and monitoring activities carried out by the construction supervision consultant. • Operation and maintenance phases - Monitoring at this stage is meant to check on the impacts levels and parameters that might arise beyond limits as the result of normal use of the airport facilities and infrastructure. 8.4 Institutional Arrangements and Reporting Procedures. The proponent of the project, assisted by environment specialists, shall be responsible for reviewing civil works contracts in all phases of the project in accordance with the EIA report; coordinating the implementation of the ESMP among the contractor, local environmental authorities (e.g., City Councils and Village Development Committees; monitoring the implementation of the ESMP and the civil works contracts in collaboration with NEMC and Ministry of Works, preparing annual environmental progress reports. The purpose of environmental and social monitoring is to quantitatively measure the environmental effects of the project. The environmental monitoring program shall operate through the preconstruction, construction, operation and maintenance phases. It shall consist of a number of activities, each with a specific purpose, key indicators, and significance criteria. The monitoring of EHS issues during construction phase shall be part of the C-ESMP to be approved and supervised by supervising Consultant and TANROADS and shall be carried out by an Environmental/Social Specialists. During construction phase, TANROADS shall provide NEMC with reports on environmental compliance during implementation as part of their annual progress reports and annual environmental monitoring reports. Depending on the implementation status of environmentally sensitive areas of the project, NEMC shall perform annual environmental reviews in which environmental concerns raised by the project shall be reviewed alongside project implementation. During Operation and Maintenance phases, the monitoring plan of EHS issues shall be prepared and approved by airport regulator as part of the O&M EHS operational plan that shall be prepared by Airport operator, hence the monitoring of EHS mitigation measures shall lie within the airport operator (EHS specialist). The table 8.1 below indicates the institutional responsibility at project level during implementation of the project. 403 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Table 8-1: Indicating Environmental, Social, Health and Safety Monitoring aspects under (ESMP) which also including some parameters of NMP and BMP which prepared part of this ESMP. The table contains also some monitoring aspects e.g. EHS issues, water quality, storm water, loss of biodiversity which shall be implemented and monitored by airport operator during operation and maintenance phase. Parameters to be monitored Monitoring Sampling Measureme Measureme Target level/ Responsibilit Annual costs estimates (TSH) frequency Area nt Units nt Method Standard y for monitoring PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE Air pollution air emission Daily/week around the 25 and 50 Site <0.01 Contractor/ The mitigation costs to be covered (PM10 and standard ly/monthly airport and μg/m3 inspection Supervising by the Contractor (BOQ) PM2.5) during the and Micro Consultant/ Sulphur work identified Dust Pro, TANROADS Additional costs shall be dioxide (SO2) undertakin sensitive 1,000,000.00 and Oxides g and receptors of Nitrogen Once (Kilimamoja (NOx), before the school, art Carbon constructio galleria etc.) Monoxide n starts (CO); Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx); Hydrocarbon s (HC) Vegetation Vegetation Daily/week around the Areas of Site - Contractor/ The mitigation costs to be covered clearance clearance ly/monthly airport and affected inspection Supervising by the Contractor (BOQ). during along the land, and Consultant/ Other costs shall be included within mobilizatio access road vegetation monitoring TANROADS/T annual budget of specific authority n and land AA during operation. constructio n phase Additional costs shall be 500,000.00 404 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Parameters to be monitored Monitoring Sampling Measureme Measureme Target level/ Responsibilit Annual costs estimates (TSH) frequency Area nt Units nt Method Standard y for monitoring Noise Noise level Daily/week around the 70 dBA Site Not Contractor/ The mitigation costs to be covered pollution ly/monthly airport and nighttime inspection exceeding Supervising by the Contractor (BOQ). during the and 85 dBA and Noise limits of 70 Consultant/T Other costs shall be included within work identified daytime Level Meter dBA AA/ annual budget of specific authority undertakin sensitive nighttime TANROADS during operation. g receptors and 85 dBA (Kilimamoja daytime school, art Additional costs shall be galleria etc) 500,000.00 CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOBILIZATION PHASES Air pollution Air emission Daily/week around the 25 and 50 Site 0.01 Contractor/ The mitigation costs to be covered (PM10 and standard ly/monthly airport and μg/m3 inspection Supervising by the Contractor (BOQ) PM2.5) during the and Micro Consultant/ Sulphur work identified Dust Pro, TANROADS Additional costs shall be dioxide (SO2) undertakin sensitive 500,000.00 and Oxides g receptors of Nitrogen (Kilimamoja (NOx), school, art Carbon galleria etc) Monoxide (CO); Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx); Hydrocarbon s (HC) Noise Noise level Daily/week Near 70 dBA Measureme Not Contractor/ The mitigation costs to be covered pollution ly/monthly settlements nighttime nts and Site exceeding Supervising by the Contractor (BOQ) during (villages) and 85 dBA inspection limits of 70 Consultant/ work daytime and dBA TANROADS Additional costs shall be undertakin monitoring nighttime 500,000.00 g and 85 dBA daytime HIV/AIDS Health risks Daily/week At the Workers and Site 100 workers Contractor/ The mitigation costs to be covered 405 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Parameters to be monitored Monitoring Sampling Measureme Measureme Target level/ Responsibilit Annual costs estimates (TSH) frequency Area nt Units nt Method Standard y for monitoring diseases ly/monthly project site, community inspection Supervising by the Contractor (BOQ) during campsite around the and Clinic Consultant/ work and project testing TANROADS/ Additional costs shall be undertakin surrounding District 10,000,000.00 g community Health department Land Soil erosion Daily/week Project area Land Site _ Contractor/ The mitigation costs to be covered degradation, around the ly basis degraded inspection Supervising by the Contractor (BOQ) Soil erosion project areas during and Level of and Consultant/ Additional costs shall be and rainy erosions monitoring TANROADS 500,000.00 instability of season slope Spillage of Land Daily/week Project area Level of Site - Contractor/ The mitigation costs to be covered fuel and degradation ly basis including contaminati inspection Supervising by the Contractor (BOQ) sanitary workshop, on and Consultant/ waste campsite monitoring TANROADS Additional costs shall be and project /airport 500,000.00 areas operator Vegetation Biomass Once per Constructio - Areas of Inspection - Contractor/ The mitigation costs to be covered clearance Month/we n site affected and Supervising by the Contractor (BOQ) ekly around the land, monitoring Consultant/ access road, vegetation TANROADS/ai Additional costs shall be materials land rport 500,000.00 sources and operator around the airport Loss of Loss of Once per Constructio Areas of Airport Site - Contractor/ The mitigation costs to be covered Biodiversity Biodiversity Month/we n site affected inspection. Supervising by the Contractor (BOQ) other and natural ekly around the land, Airport Consultant/ Costs shall be included within habitat access road vegetation runway TANROADS/ai annual budget of specific authority and around land rport during construction. the airport operator, District Additional costs shall be Forests 500,000.00 406 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Parameters to be monitored Monitoring Sampling Measureme Measureme Target level/ Responsibilit Annual costs estimates (TSH) frequency Area nt Units nt Method Standard y for monitoring Officer Increase Soil pollution Daily/week Constructio Level of Site - Contractor/ The mitigation costs to be covered waste ly basis n site contaminati inspection Supervising by the Contractor (BOQ) generation around the on Consultant/ access road Methods of TANROADS Additional costs shall be and around disposal 1,000,000.00 the airport (recycling, reuse, dispose) Types of wastes and Quantity produced Vibration Vibration Daily/week Project area Level of Records - Contractor/ The mitigation costs to be covered levels ly basis including noise and Supervising by the Contractor (BOQ) workshop, vibration Consultant/ campsite, TANROADS Additional costs shall be access road 500,000.00 Frequency of Illness of Daily/week Project area Number of Site - District The mitigation costs to be covered illness of construction ly basis for including cases inspection Health by the Contractor (BOQ), other construction workers the workshop, Health officers/ Costs shall be included within workers constructio campsite, records Contractor/ annual budget of specific authority (OHS risks) n period access road Supervising during construction. Consultant/ Additional costs shall be TANROADS 1,000,000.00 Affected Affected Once in a Project site Number of Site - Contractor/ The mitigation costs to be covered properties properties month for and PAPs inspection Supervising by the Contractor (BOQ) compensate the materials compensate Consultant/ and time constructio extraction d TANROADS Additional costs shall be frame used n period areas 1,000,000.00 Employment Percentage Once per Number of Records, Contractor/ The mitigation costs to be covered opportunity of local month Project site local people inquiries - Supervising by the Contractor (BOQ) construction employed in and Consultant/ 407 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Parameters to be monitored Monitoring Sampling Measureme Measureme Target level/ Responsibilit Annual costs estimates (TSH) frequency Area nt Units nt Method Standard y for monitoring laborers the project observation TANROADS Gender Number Daily/week Project site Number of Site - Contractor/ The mitigation costs to be covered Equality & reported ly/monthly workers and local people inspection Supervising by the Contractor (BOQ) Gender cases of basis communitie employed in Consultant/ Based Gender and s. Airport the project TANROADS Additional costs shall be Violence and Child Abuse workers 500,000.00 Child Abuse Accidents Number and Daily/week Project site Number of Actual Contractor/ The mitigation costs to be covered and injuries type of ly/monthly workers and safety injuries and Supervising by the Contractor (BOQ) safety basis communitie measures illness - Consultant/ equipment s, airport provided statistics TANROADS/ Additional costs shall be such as workers OSHA 2,000,000.00 mask, helmet gloves and ear plugs. Health and sanitation facilities in camps. Water Water use Weekly/mo Airport Calcium, Site Zero Contractor, Costs included into BOQ of quality, quality to nthly basis facilities e.g. potassium, inspection pollution Airport contractor; supply and construction terminal PH, zinc and operator and Other Costs shall be included within use, workers and buildings alkalinity, monitoring airlines annual budget of specific authority airport users pipeline, chlorine, during operation. storage tank hardness e.g. TAA/airlines and facilities Quantity of water use, storage facilities around the airport Storm water Storm water Daily/week Airport Quantity of Site Construction Contractor, The mitigation costs to be covered 408 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Parameters to be monitored Monitoring Sampling Measureme Measureme Target level/ Responsibilit Annual costs estimates (TSH) frequency Area nt Units nt Method Standard y for monitoring runoff and generation ly basis facilities e.g. storm inspection of Proper Airport by the Contractor (BOQ) management facilities, e.g. during terminal water, and drainage operator and runway, rainy buildings, proper monitoring system and local airport areas season runway and functioning function government and terminal airport of drainage during community buildings drainage system rainwater and system during rainy communities season Fugitive dust Water Daily/week Project site Frequency Inquiries Minimum Contractor/ The mitigation costs to be covered (PM10 and sprinkling ly/monthly workers and of water and dust Supervising by the Contractor (BOQ) PM2.5) basis communitie sprinkling observation emission Consultant/ s, airport TANROADS Additional costs shall be users 500,000.00 OPERATION AND MAINTAINANCE PHASE Air pollution AQ around the 25 and 50 Site 0.01 NEMC/TAA as Costs shall be included within (PM10 and parameters Daily/week airport and μg/m3 inspection the airport annual budget of specific authority PM2.5) related to ly/monthly the and Micro operator during operation. Sulphur aircrafts basis identified Dust Pro, dioxide (SO2) operations. sensitive and Oxides receptors of Nitrogen (Kilimamoja (NOx), school, art Carbon galleria etc) Monoxide (CO); Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx); Hydrocarbon s (HC) Noise Noise level Daily/week around the 70 dBA Measureme Not NEMC/TAA as Costs shall be included within pollution ly/monthly airport and nighttime nts exceeding the airport annual budget of specific authority basis the and 85 dBA limits of 70 operator during operation. identified daytime dBA sensitive nighttime 409 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Parameters to be monitored Monitoring Sampling Measureme Measureme Target level/ Responsibilit Annual costs estimates (TSH) frequency Area nt Units nt Method Standard y for monitoring receptors and 85 dBA (Kilimamoja daytime school, art galleria etc) Aircraft Accident Daily/week Around the Frequency Records, Zero TAA/TCAA Costs shall be included within accident occurrence ly/monthly airport areas monitoring inquiries tolerance safety annual budget of specific authority during basis and accidents department during operation. landing or observation and e.g. TAA\TCAA take-off management s Airport Auxiliary police Climate Risks Temperature Daily/week Airport Physical Thermomet Un- TAA/TMA Costs shall be included within Precipitation ly/monthly areas observation, er, Rain obstructed annual budget of specific authority Wind and basis Degree Gauge, drainage during operation. drainage Celcius, mm, Anemomete structures, e.g. TAA\TMA structures km/hr r Minimum Loss of Birds Daily/week Around the Frequency Use of birds zero TAA as the Costs shall be included within biodiversity collision with ly/monthly airport areas monitoring scaring, airport annual budget of specific authority aircrafts basis trees operator during operation. during pruning, e.g. TAA landing or control birds taking off nesting. use herbicides for vegetation control and use of pest managemen t measures (e.g. 410 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Parameters to be monitored Monitoring Sampling Measureme Measureme Target level/ Responsibilit Annual costs estimates (TSH) frequency Area nt Units nt Method Standard y for monitoring Rodents, etc.) Occupational Risks of Daily/week Around the Frequency Health Zero TAA as the Costs shall be included within health and noises, air ly/monthly airport areas monitoring; records, airport annual budget of specific authority safety pollution, basis number of Sound operator and during operation. water cases, EHS meter, PPEs, airlines e.g. TAA/airlines pollution training tow proper airport users managemen t guideline, Code of Conducts Increase Soil and Daily/week Airport Level of Site - Airport Costs shall be included within wastes (solid liquid wastes ly basis facilities e.g. contaminati inspection operator and annual budget of specific authority and liquid) pollution terminal on and airlines during operation. generation buildings Methods of monitoring e.g. TAA/airlines and the disposal surrounding (recycling s, airlines ,reuse, dispose) Types of wastes and Quantity produced Water Water use monthly Airport Calcium, Site Zero Airport Costs shall be included within quality, quality to basis facilities e.g. potassium, inspection pollution operator and annual budget of specific authority supply and airport users terminal PH, zinc and airlines during operation. use, and buildings alkalinity, monitoring e.g. TAA/airlines management pipeline, chlorine, storage tank hardness and facilities Quantity of water use, storage facilities 411 ESIA Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Parameters to be monitored Monitoring Sampling Measureme Measureme Target level/ Responsibilit Annual costs estimates (TSH) frequency Area nt Units nt Method Standard y for monitoring around the airport Storm water Storm water Daily/week Airport Quantity of Site Proper Airport Costs shall be included within runoff and generation ly basis facilities e.g. storm inspection drainage operator and annual budget of specific authority management facilities, e.g. during terminal water, and system and local during operation. runway, rainy buildings, proper monitoring function government e.g. TAA airport areas season runway and functioning during community and terminal airport of drainage rainwater and buildings drainage system communities system during rainy season Total direct Annual ESMP and ESHS aspects monitoring costs 21,500,000.00 Sources: design Team, October 2023 412 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Chapter 9 : RESOURCES EVALUATION OR COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS 9.1 Financial Cost Benefit Analysis of the project Cost-benefit analysis is normally done in the framework of feasibility study of an activity. The aim of cost- benefit analysis is to inform assist the project developer to make a decision on: • Whether it makes economic sense to continue with the project; • Whether the chosen option is cost effective alternative; • The estimate of the size of a project In this project the costs of the Manyara airport upgrading project shall include: • Capital expenditures • Operating and Maintenance costs; • Staff costs; • Materials; • Research and Development; and • Environment, Health and other Social costs • Benefits may include: • Better, understanding of the target resource; • Accurate targeting of the resource to avoided unnecessary costs to extract the resources; • Potential for additional revenues generated from new resources; • Protection of environment and health; and • Provision of other social benefits 9.2 Quantifiable and Non-Quantifiable Benefits to the Communities There shall be direct and indirect benefits to the communities as follows: The project shall employ about 200 for the upgrading and about 20-25 personnel for the airport operation. The majority of the non-skilled labour shall be recruited from the communities around the project. A good number of skilled staff shall be recruited from within Tanzania. Through taxes to the Government, Tanzania Airport Authority shall be indirectly contributing to development projects such as airports, medical care and education services. The presence of Airport in the area has drastically increases business opportunities in the area, hence increase revenue. It is a fact that airport upgrading entails social and environmental impacts. These have been elaborated clearly in Chapters 6. There shall be individual in the communities who shall be affected more than others. However, TANROADS/TAA are committed to mitigate the negative social and environmental impacts. 9.3 Possible Costs to the Government TANROADS and TAA are the government institution and in this project is the representative of the government. Therefore, all environmental and social impact that has been identified in chapter 6 shall be direct costs to the government. 9.4 Environmental Cost- Benefit Analysis Environmental cost benefit analysis is assessed in terms of the negative versus positive impacts. Furthermore, the analysis is considering whether the impacts are mitigatable and the costs of mitigating the impacts are reasonable. As it has been mentioned in Chapters 6 – 9, the potential benefits of the project, in terms of financial and social benefit are substantial. The 413 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. environmental impacts are reasonably mitigatable and the financial resources needed to mitigate negative impacts, when compared to the required investment, are relatively small. 9.5 Social Economic Cost -Benefit Analysis Availability of modern and good airport in the regions is expected to accelerate social economic development. There are several governmental initiatives such as the attraction of foreign and local investors to the regions which cannot be realized without reliable mode of transport. If reliable transport is established, one should expect more investments to be established and thus create employment for the communities. All costs used in the analysis need to be expressed in economic terms, excluding taxes from financial costs, in order to exclude transfer payments within the economy and correct for distortions between international and domestic prices caused by applications of duties and taxes on traded items. Definition of basic economic terms used in this evaluation is as follows: ➢ Opportunity Cost of Capital (OCC): airport projects are public investments. Opportunity cost of capital is the interest rate that reflects the return on investment in a national economy. This is sometimes termed as the project discount rate. In this study, an OCC of 12% was used. ➢ Net Present Value: The NPV is equal to the savings in user costs (plus net exogenous benefits if any), less increase in Agency costs, all discounted in present value terms. For a project to be economically viable, its NPV has to be greater than zero, i.e. a positive NPV. ➢ NPV/Cost Ratio: NPV/Cost ratio is the ratio of net benefits to net costs in present value terms. That is NPV/Capital. For a project to be economically viable, its NPV/Cost ratio has to be greater than zero, i.e. a positive NPV/Cost. ➢ Economic Internal Rate of Return: Economic Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of a project is the economic discount rate which would result to NPV of zero. For a project to be economically viable, its IRR has to be more than 12%. The 12% is the opportunity cost of capital used in appraising public investments in most developing countries. ➢ First Year Benefits: The First-Year Benefits (FYB%) is defined as the ratio, in percentage, of the net benefit realized in the first year after construction (or improvement) completion to the increase in total capital cost. FYB gives a rough guide to project timing, if it is greater than the discount rate, then the project should go ahead, otherwise it should be delayed until it satisfies the criterion. ➢ The First Year Rate of Return: The First Year Rate of Return (FYRR) is defined as a ratio (in percentage) of the net benefits realized in the first year after construction (or improvement) completion to the increase in total capital cost. It is normally used to check if the project timing is right. In economic terms if FYRR is greater than the discount rate then the project timing is right. 414 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 9.6 Results of Economic Analysis The values obtained in terms of the economic internal rate of return (EIRR) and the net present value (NPV) show that the investment proposals in the airport project are viable for the chosen option, as the values of EIRR are well above the bench-mark rate, i.e. cut off point of 12%, and also the values of NPV are positive in all the cases at 12% of the discount rate. The economic appraisal exercise showing the airport components together as one Project also yields the acceptable results of the EIRR and the NPV. The values of benefits/costs ratios (BCR) are worked out at the discount rate of 12%. The BCR refers to the present value of the economic benefits stream to the present value of the economic costs stream, each discounted at the economic opportunity cost of capital, i.e. 12% in the present analysis. The computed financial and economic states for the approved design option of the proposed airport project is presented in Table 9-1 and 9-2 below. Table 9-1: Summary of Construction Costs for Manyara Airport SN Description Amount (TShs) Amount (USD) 1 Preliminaries and General 3,162,000,000 1,405,333 2 Civil Works (i) Airside Civil Works 13,482,000,000 5,992,000 (ii) Landside Civil Works 1,247,000,000 554,222 (iii) Building Civil Works 11,446,000,000 5,087,111 (iv) Perimeter Facing Works 1,617,800,000 719,022 3 Aeronautical Ground Lighting System 2,892,000,000 1,285,333 4 Navigational Aids 1,717,200,000 763,200 5 Plumbing and Sanitary Works 1,430,000,000 635,556 6 Electrical Works For Buildings 3,833,800,000 1,703,911 7 Fire Fighting Works 1,434,500,000 637,556 8 Mechanical Works for Building 2,124,000,000 944,000 9 HVAC System Works 2,652,200,000 1,178,756 10 Communication and Security Equipment Works 3,368,000,000 1,496,889 11 Day works (Provisional 122,400,000 54,400 12 Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), Environmental and Social Mitigations & Monitoring Plan (ESMMP) (i) Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), Environmental and Social 134,300,000 59,689 Mitigations & Monitoring Plan (ESMMP) (ii) HIV/AIDS Awareness Campaign 20,000,000 8,889 (iii) HIV/AIDS Prevention Campaign 10,000,000 4,444 (iv) Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP) Estimates 467,941,100 207,974 (A) Sub -Total 51,161,141,100 22,738,285 B LESS: Specified Provisional Sums included in Total Bills 617,450,000 274,422 C Sub-total {(A) – (B)} 50,543,691,100 22,463,863 D ADD: Provisional Sum for Physical Contingency (7.5% of C) 3,790,776,833 1,684,790 E Sub-Total {(C) – (D)} 54,334,467,933 24,148,652 F ADD: Provisional Sum for Variation of Price {(VOP)[7.5% of 3,790,776,833 1,684,790 (C]} G Sub-Total {(E) – (F)} 58,125,244,765 25,833,442 H ADD: Value Added Tax (VAT) payable by the employer 10,573,685,057.7 4,699,416 {18% of (G)} 0 I Tender Price [(A)+(D)+(F)+(H)] (Carried to Form grm of 69,316,379,823 30,807,280 Tender) * (Exchange Rate: 1USD=2250TSH) Sources: Design Unit, October 2023 415 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Table 9-2: Proposed Airport total Project Cost SN Cost item Estimated Amount Amount (USD) (Tshs) 1 Environmental and Social Mitigation (ESMP), (Not 236,500,000.00 105,111.11 inclusive HIV/AIDS) 2 HIV/AIDS Awareness Campaign 80,000,000.00 33,333.33 3 Environmental and Social Monitoring (ESMP) 147,500,000.00 20,666.67 4 Compensation of affected properties 3,260,722,008 1,449,209.78 Sub-Total of ESMP Cost 3,509,722,008.00 1,588,320.89 Sub -Total of Civil works 105,479,137,527.00 46,879,616.68 Grand Total 110,409,659,535.00 78,626,515.35 * (Exchange Rate: 1USD=2250TSH) Sources: Design Team, October 2023 416 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Chapter 10 : DEMMOBILIZATION AND DECOMMISSIONING PHASE 10.1 Preliminary Demobilization Plan This Section provides a brief outline of the works required to demolish the Proposed infrastructures on the site incase it happens. This Plan shall be used as a reference document that provides the framework to ensure that demolition activities on the site do not adversely affect the health, safety, traffic or the environment of the public and neighbouring properties. The Contractor shall be required to prepare a detailed Demobilization Plan and Construction Management Plan to the satisfaction of the Proponent and relevant Authorities prior to the commencement of demobilization works on site. 10.2. Demolition Methods It is anticipated that the Contractor shall prepare a detailed Demolition Plan prior to the commencement of work on site, however, the indicative demolition methodology shall be as follows: ▪ The strip out and removal of non-structural elements shall be undertaken utilising manual labour and small plant including – bobcats, 3-5t excavators and dingo type loaders. ▪ The materials shall be removed from site using small to medium sized trucks. ▪ The structures shall be demolished using larger plant and equipment including 15-40t hydraulic excavators. These machines shall be equipped with rock breakers, pulverisers and the like which would be used in a sequential manner. ▪ During the demolition process erosion control measures shall be established. These shall include treatment of hazadous waste as per ESMP. ▪ The equipment includes Asphalt plant and concrete batching plant shall be dismantled as per design manual and procedures from the campsite 10.3 Materials Handling Materials handling shall be by mechanical plant (including excavators and bobcats) loaded into trucks (bogie tippers and semi trailers). The debris shall be collected and disposed to the waste disposal within the Karatu district. The contractor shall submit a Project Demolition Management Plan to the proponent which outlines among others the: ▪ maximisation, reuse and recycling of demolition material; ▪ minimisation of waste disposal; ▪ evidence of implementation for specified arrangements of waste management; ▪ Reistatement of querry and borrow pits areas ▪ Dismatlering of mashinery and equaipents All recycling and disposal containers as well as Hazardous materials should be accommodated within the campsite prior being collected by the authorised waste dealer for dispasal. Hazardous materials shall be removed in accordance with EMA 2004. 417 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 10.4 Proposed Sequence The Contractor shall be required to prepare the following documentation prior to the commencement of demolition and/or excavation works: ▪ Dilapidation Survey ▪ Construction Waste Management Plan ▪ Demolition Management Plan 10.5 Protective Measures Class hoarding shall be erected around the perimeter of the construction site prior to the commencement of demolition works. Additionally, wherever the risk arises of material falling into public areas, overhead protection shall be provided in the form of a B Class hoarding. Scaffolding shall be erected to facades where materials could fall in excess of 4m. The scaffolding shall be clad with chainwire and shadecloth to enclose debris and dust onto the site. During the demolition, dust control measures shall be used to minimise the spread of dust from site. The Contractor shall have a senior representative on site at all times to ensure compliance with the safety guidelines and agreed work methods. 10.6 Traffic Management The management of construction traffic during the deccommissioning phase shall be subject to the provision of a detailed traffic management plan. This plan shall be prepared by the Contractor for the various stages of demolition. During demolition, all traffic shall be held within the site boundaries. The site shall remain closed to pedestrian traffic and shall be generally manned by security. 10.7 Borrow Pits and Quarry Sites’ Demobilization Activities After approval of a Borrow pits and query site management plan , progressive reastatement shall commence during construction and debobilization phase. A progressive approach shall reduce time and closure costs. Reastatement shall involve: ▪ remove all foreign material (e.g., debris, structures, or equipment) ▪ bury coarse material within pit or utilize for slope reconstruction ▪ recontour and grade overburden to eliminate stockpiles • contours should not disrupt drainage • reconstruct slopes to restore natural drainage ▪ drainage ditches maintain grade and capacity for diverting runoff from reclaimed site to aid vegetation establishment ▪ rip-rap, boulders, or roughening soil surface to slow erosion o restore topsoil and initiate revegetation ▪ spread topsoil evenly over disturbed area ▪ roughen surface to provide micro-sites for revegetation ▪ natural revegetation optimizes native species and prevents invasive plants ▪ Where cliff faces exist, access restricted and safety signs installed or, where possible, graded to a stable slope ▪ reclaim access roads 418 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 10.8 Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures Dust and Noise Pollution The demolition activities for the remained part (foundation structure) shall be accompanied with emission of a lot of dusts since the demolition works are expected to be carried out by conventional method using mechanical breakers and jackhammers. However, alternative methods of demolition including explosive techniques can be used. Mitigation Measures ▪ Water sprinkling shall be applied to open earth to reduce dust emission. ▪ Trucks transporting construction materials shall be covered if the load is dry and prone to dust emissions. ▪ The demolition area shall be fenced by iron sheets; this shall prevent the dust at the ground to be picked up by the wind. ▪ Community notification shall be undertaken where appropriate where work is likely to cause dust impact on the public and nearby residents. ▪ Sound construction equipment, with noise sinks, shall be used ▪ Machine operators in various sections with significant noise levels shall be provided with noise protective gear. ▪ Construction equipment’s shall be selected, operated and maintained to minimize noise. Increased Waste A lot of demolition waste is expected as a result of the demolition of these blocks. These shall include blocks, concrete, reinforcements, pipes etc. Most of the block materials shall be salvaged and recycled. Mitigation Measures ▪ All materials which can be reused shall be reused ▪ Materials that cannot be reused shall be sent to the authorized dumpsite The cost for undertaking Mitigation measures during decommissioning are included into ESMP budget in Table 8-2 above. 10.9 Decommissioning Decommissioning is not anticipated in the foreseeable future. However, if this shall happen, may entail change of use (functional changes) or demolition triggered by change of land use. A decommissioning plan that takes environmental issues into consideration shall be prepared by the developer prior to the decommissioning works. Should it be done, decommissioning may entail change of use (functional changes) or demolition triggered by change of land use. In view of this, specific mitigation measures pertaining to environmental impacts of decommissioning works cannot be proposed at the moment with a reasonable degree of certainty. 419 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Chapter 11 : CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION. With current knowledge, there is no “red flag” or “fatal flaw” that would jeopardize the project, as most impacts are minor or moderate. The airport is located in an urban and industrial area with no critical natural habitat. The most significant impacts and risks during mobilization and construction activities are related with site clearance, earth grabbing and cutting which may affect natural habitats around project site, quarry site and borrow areas. The most significant EHS risks shall be to workers and other airport users during construction activities relates to the fact that the airport shall be Constructed while normal operational are taking place without jeopardizing the construction activities. During construction, uninterrupted operation at the airport shall not expose workers and passengers to safety hazards from planes landing and taking off on the runway. It is, therefore Lake Manyara Airport Authority in coordination with Contractor shall undertakes Safety risk assessment prior to project Construction and develops safety procedures and trains construction workers and airport workers on these safety procedures, prepare and issuing the NOTAM to all airline operators. During operation and maintenance phases, the Tanzania Airport Authority (TAA) shall be required to prepare the necessary operation guidance plans including the; Airport Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan (EPRP) that provides a coordinated response based on the required airport and community resources and the nature and severity of the emergency event and shall be approved by Airport Regulator (TCAA). The EPRP shall specifically address potentially catastrophic incidents such as aircraft crashes and fires, including a firefighting plan and training program applicable to airport and aircraft emergencies. As required by ESS4, this EPRP shall specifically address the risk to neighboring communities. Other plans includes; Security Management System, Occupational Health and Safety Management Plan, Waste Management Plan, Birds/Wildlife Management Plan, Airport Security Plan, Airdrome operational Manual, Airport Approaching procedures, Noise Management Plan and etc. These management guideline and plan shall the approved by TCAA prior implementation by the airport operator during construction, operation and maintenance phases as per requirement of ICAO, IATA and TCAA. TCAA and TAA have committed to ensure that they include recommendations in their operations manual and shall ensure during operation that noise levels at sensitive receptors are within permissible levels during operation and maintenance phases and Refers to the attached commitment letter Appendix XIV. This ESIA concludes that, with appropriate mitigations, the Airport Project shall be able to achieve objectives materially consistent with the World Bank Environmental and Social Framework requirements. It is, therefore, concluded that implementation of the proposed airport shall entail limited detrimental impacts provided that the recommended mitigation measures are implemented adequately and in a timely manner. The identified adverse impacts shall be managed through the proposed mitigation measures and implementation regime provided in this EIS. TANROADS and TAA are committed to implementing all the ESIA mitigations recommendations and carrying out the environmental, social, health and safety supervision monitoring as per schedules proposed by this ESIA and ESMP as well as per requirements of Tanzania's EIA and Audit Regulations (2005) and WB-ESF guideline. 420 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. APPENDICES APPENDIX I: TOR FOR UNDERTAKING ESIA FOR LAKE MANYARA AIRPORT PROJECT 1. INTRODUCTION The detailed scope for undertaking Environmental and Social Impact Assessment is intended to guide the Consultant to address relevant environmental and social issues during the assessment process. Among others, the EIA and SIA shall be conducted in accordance with the requirements of the Environmental Management Act (2004). The Consultant shall do everything necessary to meet the objectives of the services and not less than the following task that should be undertaken during the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment. In the process of consultation (Scoping process) with relevant stakeholders like environmental authorities, the Consultant may further be required to finalize the TOR according the agreement with these stakeholders. 2. SCOPE OF WORK Task 1: Description of the Proposed Project The Consultant shall provide a brief description of the relevant parts of the project using maps of appropriate scale where necessary and include the following information: - • Project justification; • Location; • General layout, size, and capacity; • Area of influence of the construction works • Pre-construction activities • Construction activities • Schedule of project activities • Staffing and support; • Facilities and services • Operation and maintenance activities • Required offsite investments • Life span [Note: specify any other type of information relevant to the description of the project] Task 2: Description of the Environment Assemble, evaluate, and present baseline data on the relevant environmental characteristics of the study area. Include information on any changes anticipated before the project commences. Modify the lists below to show the critical information for this project category or which is relevant to it. Environmental characteristics of the study area shall be presented on a map to facilitate the understanding of the study area (a) Physical environmental This shall cover geology; topography; soils; climate and meteorology; ambient air quality; surface and groundwater hydrology; existing sources of air emissions; existing water pollution discharges; and receiving water quality. (b) Biological environment: flora; fauna; rare or endangered species; ecologically important or sensitive habitats, including parks or reserves, significant natural sites; species or commercial importance; and species with potential to become 421 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. nuisances, vectors, or dangerous (of project site and potential area of influence of the project). (c) Socio-cultural environmental; population land use; planned development activities community structure; employment; distribution of income, goods and services; recreation; public health; Gender issues and HIV/AIDS, Cultural/ historic properties; tribal peoples and customs, aspirations, and attitudes to the project. Task 3: Legislative, Policies, Administration Framework Describe the pertinent regulations and standards governing environmental quality, health and safety, protection of sensitive areas, protections of endangered species, siting, and land use control at international, national regional and local levels, The Consultant shall undertake a review of policies, legislation and administrative framework within which the environmental management of the proposed airport works shall be carried out. The following and any other relevant legislation and policies shall be reviewed:- • National Environmental Policy (NEP) of 1997 • National Transport Policy (2002) • National Mineral Policy (1997) • Construction Industry Policy (2003) • National Land Policy (1995) • Energy Policy (2003) • National Human Settlements Development Policy (2000) • National Gender Policy (2002) • The National Water Policy (2002) • National Forestry Policy (1998) • Agricultural and Livestock Policy (1997) • National Policy on HIV/AIDS (2001) • Environmental Management Act No. 20 of (2004), Cap. 191 • The Land Act No. 4 of 1999 and the Village Land Act No. 5 of (1999) • The Water Resources Management Act No. 11 of 2009 • The Water Supply and Sanitation Act No. 12 of 2009 • Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority Act, 2001 • Protected Places and Areas Act (1969) • Antiquities Act of 1964 (as amended in 1979) and the Antiquities Rules of 1991 • The Urban Planning Act (2007) • Land Use Planning Act (2007) • Occupation Health Safety (2003) • Local Government Acts No.7 & 8 of 1982 • National Land Use Planning Commission Act 3/84 • Forest Act, 1957 (Revised in 2002) • Explosives Act, 56/63 • Regional and City Act No 9, 1997 • Mining Act (1998) T • The Land Acquisition Act 1967 • The Wildlife Conservation Act, 1974 • Employment and Labour Relations Act No. 6 0f 2004 • Engineers Registration Act and its Amendments 1997 and 2007 • The Contractors Registration Act (1997) • The HIV and AIDS (Prevention and Control) Act of 2008 • The Local Government Laws (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act (1999) 422 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Task 4: Assist in Interagency Coordination and Public/NGO Participation Assist in coordinating the EIA & SIA with other government agencies, in obtaining the views of local NGOs and affected groups, and in keeping records of meetings and other activities, communications, and comments and their disposition. Establish the views of the public with regards to the potential impacts of the proposed project. Identify the different groups of stakeholders, and then use the most appropriate method to establish their views. Particular attention shall be paid to the disadvantage groups (e.g. children, the elderly and women) that may be affected by the proposed project. The Consultant shall undertake an open and transparent consultation process to ensure that the views of interested and affected parties are and approximately incorporated in the project design. Minutes of the meetings conducted during this public involvement should be recorded for submission as part of the report. At least one meeting with Environmental Committee of each City council shall be held to obtain their views on the project and its implication to the environment and social aspects. Task 5: Analysis of Alternatives to the Proposed Project Describe alternatives that were examined in the course of developing the proposed project and identify other alternatives, which would achieve the same objectives. The concept of alternatives extends to siting, design, technology selection, construction techniques and phasing, and operating and maintenance procedures. Compare alternatives in terms of potential environmental and social impacts; capital and operating costs; suitability under local conditions; and institutional, training, and monitoring requirements. When describing the impacts, indicate which are irreversible or unavoidable and which can be mitigated. To the extent possible, qualify the costs and benefits of each alternative, incorporating the estimated costs of any associated mitigating measures. Include the alternative of not constructing the project to demonstrate environmental and social conditions without the project. Various environmental and social criteria should be developed to select the best project alternatives. Task 6: Identification, Analysis and Assessment of Potential Impacts The Consultant shall identify, analyze and assess environmental and social impacts of the proposed project. The Consultant shall distinguish between positive and negative impacts, direct and indirect impacts, and immediate and long-term impacts. Identify impacts that are unavoidable or irreversible. Wherever possible, describe impacts quantitatively, in terms of environmental components affected (area, number), environmental and social costs and quality of available data, explaining significant information deficiencies and any uncertainties associated with the predicted impacts. The assessment should focus on the potential for negative environmental and social impacts caused by planned and unplanned (spontaneous) in-migration of people; clearing of forest lands for agriculture; increased pressure on fuel wood, fodder and water resources; social disruptions and conflicts; and threats to woodlands and important wildlife species. 423 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. The assessment should also examine the potential for linear resettlement that usually involves projects producing linear patterns of land acquisition. An overview shall be provided of different groups of people and their cultural, ethnics and socio-economic characteristics, and how they are likely to benefit and / or be negatively affected by the project. Negative impacts may include but not be limited to physical relocation, loss of land or other physical assets, or loss of access to livelihood. The significance of impacts of the proposed airport works shall be assessed, and the basis of this assessment shall be specified. The Consultant should take into consideration existing by-laws, national and international environmental standards, legislation, treaties, and conventions that may affect the significance of identified impacts. The Consultant shall use the most up to date data and methods of analyzing and assessing environmental and social impacts. Uncertainties concerning any impact shall be indicated. The Consultant shall conduct a review of gender issues in the project study that influence the lives of men, women, children, the elderly and disabled so as to come up with a quantifiable analysis of the benefits which shall accrue to them during and after the project construction. Task 7: Mitigation Measure The Consultant shall suggest cost-effective measures for minimizing or eliminating adverse impacts of the proposed airport project. Measures for enhancing beneficial impacts should also be recommended. The costs of implementing these measures shall wherever possible be estimated and presented. If compensation is recommended as one form of mitigation, the Consultant shall identify all the names and physical addresses of people to be compensated. The Consultant shall review the ongoing measures on HIV/AIDS awareness creation within the project area and proposed for the mitigation measures. The proposed shall include a plan of action, which shall identify responsible key implementers, time frame and expected output. Proposed mitigation measures and cost estimates shall be grouped in a separate Bills of Quantities (BOQ) for the project and should also include cost of supervision for the implementation of mitigation measures. Task 8: Environmental and Social Management Plan (EMP) The Environmental Management Plan focuses on three genetic areas: implementation of mitigation measures, institutional strengthening and training, and monitoring. The Consultant shall prepare an Environmental and social Management Plan, Which shall include proposed work programme, budget estimates, schedules, staffing and training requirements and other necessary support services to implement the mitigation measures. Institutional arrangements required for implementing this management plan shall be indicated. The cost of implementing the monitoring and evaluation including staffing, training and institutional arrangements must be specified. Where monitoring and evaluation shall require inter-agency collaboration this should be indicated. Identify institutional needs to implement environmental assessment recommendations. Review the authority and capability of institutions at local, regional, and national levels and recommend how to strengthen the capacity to implement the environmental and social management and monitoring plans. The recommendations may cover such diverse topics as new laws and regulations, new agencies or agency functions, inter-sectoral arrangements, management procedures and training, staffing, operation and maintenance training, budgeting, and financial support. 424 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Prepare detailed arrangements to monitor the implementations of mitigating measures and the impacts of the project during construction and operation. Include in the plan an estimate of capital and operating costs and a description of other required inputs. In the case of land acquisition, a Resettlement Action Plan should be prepare and implemented in according to the National Land and Village Land Act 1999. All properties to be affected by the airport project should undergo valuation for compensation. 3. REPORTING The EIA reports should be concise and limited to significant environmental Issues. The Main text should focus on findings, conclusions, and recommended actions supported by summaries of the data collected and citations for any references used in interpreting data. Detailed or un- interpreted data are not appropriate in the main text and should be presented in appendices or separate volume. Unpublished documents used in the EIA may not be readily available and should also be assembled in appendices. Organized the EIA may not be readily available and should also be assembled in appendices. Organized the EIA reports according to the outline in the Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations (2005) The main report contains separate an Executive Summary both in English and Swahili. 4. STAFFING The Consultant should employ an Environmental Impact Assessment Expert and Socio-economist and any other experts deemed necessary to accomplish the tasks herein described. 425 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. APPENDIX II: NEMC LETTER FOR APPROVAL OF SCOPING REPORT AND DRAFT TOR 426 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. APPENDIX III: EIA EXPERT’S CERTIFICATE 427 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. APPENDIX IV: MINUTES OF CONSULTED STAKEHOLDERS 428 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 429 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 430 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 431 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 432 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. APPENDIX V: LIST AND SIGNATURES OF CONSULTED STAKEHOLDERS 433 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 434 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 435 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 436 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 437 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 438 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. APPENDIX VI: PHOTO GALLERY OF PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS Stakeholders consultation with representatives from Karatu District Council Stakeholders consultation with representatives from Kilimamoja Village Council 439 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. APPENDIX VII: PASSENGER TERMINAL DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS An excellent level of service. Conditions of free flow, no delays and excellent A levels of comfort High level of service. Conditions of stable flow, very few delays and high B levels of comfort Good level of service. Conditions of stable flow, acceptable delays and C good levels of comfort Adequate level of service. Conditions of unstable flow, acceptable delays D for short periods of time and adequate levels of comfort Inadequate level of service. Conditions of unstable flow, unacceptable E delays and inadequate levels of comfort Unacceptable level of service. Conditions of cross flows, system breakdowns F and unacceptable delays. An un-acceptable levels of comfort Level of Service Space Standards (Sqm / Occupant at Check in for a Single Queue A B C D E Few carts and few pax with 1.7 1.4 1.2 1.1 0.9 check in (row width 1.2 m) Luggage Few carts and1 or 2 pieces 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.1 of luggage per pax (row width 1.2 m) High percentage of pax 2.3 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.5 using carts (row width 1.4 m) 440 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Heavy flights with 2 or more 2.6 2.3 2.0 1.9 1.8 items per pax and a high percentage of pax using carts (row width 1.4 m) Level of Service for a Single Bank Queue at Passport Control A B C D E Passport Control S.qm. 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 Level of service in hold rooms A B C D E Maximum Occupancy Rate 40% 50% 65% 80% 95% Calculating the number of check in counters Calculate the peak 30 minute demand at check in Peak hour originating pax - 100 Peak hour originating pax. = economy class X F1 X F2 where F1 = % of the PHP in the peak 30 min from Table 1 ADRM 2004 39% F2 = additional demand generated by the flights departing before and after 1.03 the peak hour period from Table 2 ADRM 2004 Peak 30 minute demand 40 Determine S -intermediate result from ADRM 2004 X - peak 30 minute at check in S = intermediate result MQT = max queuing time 20 Maximum queuing time MQT minutes S from ADRM 2004 5 Check-In Servers Common use During Peak Period Economy Class (CIY = S x (PTci/120) 100% CIY = No of economy class check -in counters 6 441 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Ptci = average processing time at check-in in seconds 150 Business class (CIJ = CIY x 20%) 0% CIJ = business class counters 0 Total counters (CI = CIY +CIJ) CI = number of total counters 6 Area requirements for check-in No of pax in queue Nos. 8 Space per pax in queue m 1.75 Circulation space behind queue m 3 Space for counters and working area m 2.5 Required length of check in area m 19.5 Width per counter with baggage well m 2 Required width of check-in area m 12.5 Area required for check in sqm 243.75 IATA norms for area for los c (100 pax peak 30 sqm 200 minute demand) Calculating the number of Passport Control Desks Calculating the peak 10 minute check-in through put Peak 10 minute demand = #CIY X (600/ PTci) * (1 + % j) Pax. 24 # CIY = Number Of Economy Class Check In Servers 6 Assuming Common Use Ptci = av processing time at check Second 150 %J = % of business class pax % 0% Calculate the number of passport control desks #PCD = PK 10 Minute Demand From A * (PT pcd/ 600) #PCD = Number Of Passport Control Desks Desk 0.6 PT pcd = Av Processing Time At Passport Control Seconds 15 442 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Calculate the max number of pax queuing Max# Q = (MQT * PCD * 60) /PT pcd MQT = Max Queuing time in minutes # PCD = Number Of Passport Control Desks PT pcd = Av Processing Time At Passport Control In Seconds 15 Pax in queue Passengers 12 IATA Norms For Area For Los C sq m / pax 1 Hence area required sq. m 12 Centralised Security Check Calculating the Number of counters Calculate the peak 10 minute check in counters through put #CIY x (600/Ptci) + %J #CIY = number of economy class check in servers 6 Ptci = average processing time at check-in in seconds Seconds 150 %J = % of business class passengers 0% Calculate the number of security check servers #SC = peak 10 min demand from step 1 x (PTsc/600) PTsc Seconds 12 #SC = Number of security servers 1 IATA Norms For Area For Los C Not Available Gate Hold Room Gate hold room space required in sq m = (80% aircraft capacity X 80% seated pax X 1.7) + ( 80% aircraft capacity X 20% standing pax X 1.2) Number of aircraft nos 1 443 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Total passengers considered @ 100% Nos 80 % seated 80 20 % standing 20 Space for seating pax sq m 1.7 Space for standing pax sq m 1.2 Area required for seated pax sq m 136 Area required for standing pax sq m 24 Total area for gate hold room sq m 160 Baggage Claim Units BC= (PHP x PWB X CDW)/(60 x NWB) Narrow Body Aircraft BC= (PHP x PNB X CDN)/(60 x NNB) Devices PHP = peak hour pax pax 100 PNB = proportion of pax arriving by narrow body 100% CDN = Average claim device occupancy time per narrow minutes 20 body aircraft (min) or assume 20 min NNB = number of passengers per narrow body at 80% 72 load factor or assume 100 pax Baggage claim devices required 0.5 Requirement of Area For Baggage Claim Area required for baggage claim Spacing of Devices m 12.5 20 space per passenger per device m 0.8 Total length of device required for 50% of 23 5 m Aircraft load Back Up Space m 5 Total Area for Devices sqm. 207 444 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Arrival Waiting Hall A = SPP x (AOP x PHP/60)+ ((SPP x(AOV x PHP x VPP)/60)) PHP = peak hour of terminating pax Pax 100 AOP = average occupancy time per pax (min) or Minutes 5 assume 5 min AOV = average occupancy time per visitor (min) or Minutes 30 assume 30 min SPP = space required per person (sq m) for LOS C or sqm 2 assume 2. 0 sq m VPP = number of visitors per pax nos 0.7 Arrival waiting area sq m 87 445 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. APPENDIX VIII: COMMENTS RESPONSE TABLE FROM CLIENT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT (EIS) FOR THE PROPOSED UPGRADING OF LAKE MANYARA AIRPORT IN KILIMAMOJA VILLAGE, RHOTIA WARD, KARATU DISTRICT IN ARUSHA REGION TABLE OF RESPONSES TO NEMC TAC COMMENTS SN Comments Addressed Not Reason Section in the Page No. addressed for not report addressi ng 1. PROJECT PARTICULARS Project title: Proposed Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport; Location: Kilimamoja Village, Rhotia Ward, Karatu District in Arusha Region Developer: Tanzania National Roads Agency (TANROADS); Sector: Infrastructure; TAC: 19th October, 2022 2. GENERAL COMMENTS i. The contents of the For logical reasons, Chapter 5 99 - 113 report shall be Chapter 5 on closely styled as per “Stakeholders Regulation 18(2)(a) participation and of the public consultation” Environmental had been added in Impact Assessment the EIS. and Audit Regulations 2005 as amended in 2018 and it should contain information provided under the Regulation; ii. Include all the All acronyms and Throughout xviii acronyms and abbreviations are the report abbreviation such included in the to include report TANROADS; iii. Append the NEMC approval letter Appendix I 172 - 178 complete copy of for ToR is appended & II the approved to this EIA report Terms of Reference (ToR) (refer page 179) iv. Provide letter for The letter for NA NA notification for notification for change of change of the environmental environmental expert expert for the EIA for the EIA study has study been submitted to NEMC v. The report should Current information Throughout NA provide the most regarding the project the report current information is provided regarding the proposed project 446 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. SN Comments Addressed Not Reason Section in the Page No. addressed for not report addressi ng vi. The EIS should be Certificate of NA NA appended with occupancy is under certificate of process by TAA. occupancy for proof It shall be provided of land ownership when completed. where the project shall be implemented vii. The proposed Funds for the project NA NA project was were delayed; registered at the Council in 2015, however the EIA process resumes in 2022, thus the EIS should updated project backgrounds information viii. A copy of water for National water policy Chapter 3; 87 - 90 the borehole and regulations shall Table 5-1; should be be applied by the 4th Row; 3rd & appended in final Contractor and water 4th Columns EIA report use permit shall be acquired during project commencement ix. Baseline data on Baseline data on 3.6.9; 4.3.6.3; 57, water quality and water and air quality 4.3.6.1 & 90, air quality of the of the are mentioned 4.3.6.2; 154, project area should in the baseline Table 4-2 & 4- 167, be mentioned in Chapter Four 3; baseline chapter x. Management of Management of 4.3.6.4; 234 potentially hazardous waste 8.4.7; hazardous wastes generated by the Table 8.2; generated during project is stated in construction and the report operational phases should be well elaborated in the report. xi. The EIS should be The airport layout Appendix XII appended with map is appended to project layouts the EIS drawings xii. Explain the gap of Funds for the project NA NA why scoping report were delayed; was submitted since 2015 and EIA report submitted in 2023 for review; 447 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. SN Comments Addressed Not Reason Section in the Page No. addressed for not report addressi ng xiii. The proponent From institutional NA NA should notify the reform (2018), the Council on change responsibilities for of project design, construction proponent from and supervision of TAA to TANROADS govt. Owned airport projects in mainland Tanzania were assigned to TAA. xiv. The report should Information 8.6 & 171 & provide information regarding affected Table 8.3 172 regarding properties and compensation of compensation of PAPs and PAPs is provided reallocation of graves; xv. At the beginning of Each chapter has At the each chapter start started by the words beginning of by the statement of the “Chapter each Chapter “Chapter……” Number”; Ensure the statement is aligned at the center to make the report formal xvi Most photos Photos provided in NA NA provided in the the report are report are too black rectified for clearer to be viewed view and clearly; please, understanding. rectify by providing clearer one for better understanding 3. SPECIFIC COMMENTS REVIEW AREA 1: (Project Description Local Environment, Baseline Conditions, Policy and Legal Framework) 3.1 Cover Page: - 3.2 Update physical Physical address of Cover page Cover address of the the Council is page Council: updated • National Environment Management Council; • Head Office, Kambarage Tower, 6th Floor; • P.O. Box 2724, Dodoma. • Phone: +255 448 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. SN Comments Addressed Not Reason Section in the Page No. addressed for not report addressi ng 262960098, 0713608930; • Email Address: dg@nemc.or.tz 3.3 Page iii: In project Proof of Table 171; 182 activities section, it compensation to 8-4 & 10-2; was mentioned in PAPs is provided the report that, there shall be land takes for new extension, relocation and resettlement. With this regard, there is need to attach proof of the compensation PAPs 3.4 Page xii: a. The original Study Team xiii a. The report signatures of the page should be Experts who signed by each participated in the of the EIA study have been Environmental put in the report; Expert who participated in b. The original the EIA study; signatures of the and study team leader b. Signature of the has been put in the study team report should be original not scanned or copy of the original; 3.5 Page xix; list of Precise long forms of Throughout xviii - xxii abbreviation and all the acronyms and the report acronyms should be abbreviations are exhaustive, the exhaustively included missing acronyms in the report and abbreviations in this section and provide their precise long form such as ICAO, WCDO, VEO, VC, HIV, ESS, DED, AIDS, SEP, DCTP, ATR 72, ARFF, CFT, VMC, AGL, RESA, HC, CO, PVC, TAA, etc. 3.6 Page 11 Figure 2.4: The features of the NA 11 Photo as depicted photo has remained in the document unaltered; 449 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. SN Comments Addressed Not Reason Section in the Page No. addressed for not report addressi ng should be of the current period upon final submission of the EIS. 3.7 Page 13: Provide The existing borehole 2.2.4.2 21 the capacity of the has the capacity of existing borehole; generating about 10,000 liters per day 3.8 Chapter 2: Details Details on sources 2.2.4.3/4/7; 21, 22, on source and and storage of 23, 24 storage of construction Table 2-6 & 2- construction materials are 7; material (gravels, provided bitumen) should be clear; 3.9 Describe the photos Photos that have e.g. Figures 18 & 19 that have been been used in the 2-8D & 2-9 used in this document have been document; e.g. described; page 18 Figure 2- 8D, also page19 Figure 2-9; 3.10 Page 20: Section Storm water 2.2.2.12; 20 2.2.2.12: It is discharged to indicated that manhole before storm water after discharging into being collected water harvesting through rain water tank shall cater for pipes and miscellaneous discharged to water demands in the manhole before airport. discharging into water harvesting tank, specify the end use of this water harvested 3.11 On page 21; - a. Standby a. 2.2.4.1; 21 a. Section 2.2.4.1: generators of 500kV Provide the capacity are b. 2.2.4.2; & capacity of the currently available generator; and as alternative source b. Section 2.2.4.2: of power in case of Provide water TANESCO power use permit for cuts; the existing b. The project water borehole from use permit shall be respective acquired from the water board; respective Water Basin Authority as guided by the Water Use Regulations. 450 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. SN Comments Addressed Not Reason Section in the Page No. addressed for not report addressi ng 3.12 Obtain the permit The various permits 2.2.4.3; 21, 22, for using the for materials 3.5.13; 50, 169 aggregates from abstraction shall be 8.4.15; the quarries and obtained during borrow pits as mobilization phase as indicated on the guided by the page 22 Section respective 2.2.4.3 regulations; 3.13 Page 22 Section Management of 2.2.5; 24; 51; 2.2.4.4: waste including oil & 3.5.20; 167 Management of greases and final 8.4.7; fuels and grease disposal is provided that shall be stored in the EIS in the drums or tanks and final disposal should be provided in the EIS 3.14 On page 24 section a. Estimated 2.2.5; Table 2- 24; 25; 90 2.2.5 quantities of 8; 4.3.6.4; a. Provide the expected wastes to Table 4-8 estimated be generated are quantity of provided; expected b. Information about wastes to be generated solid generated; and waste, oil, timbers, b. Enrich by scrap metal and providing plastics, hazardous information waste, etc. and their about bitumen final disposal is drums, pieces provided; of timbers, iron sheets, PVC and GS pipes, cement bags, oils filters etc. as solid waste to be generated and their final disposal. 3.15 Provide clarification The area for 2.2.4.4; 23 about area for maintenance and 2.2.4.5; 7.3.10 maintenance and repair of large repair of large construction construction equipment is stated equipment such as in the EIS lorry, tippers, bulldozers, soil compactors, etc. waste to be generated and final disposal. 3.16 On page 25 section a. The summary of a a. 8.5; 171; 451 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. SN Comments Addressed Not Reason Section in the Page No. addressed for not report addressi ng 2.2.6 number of numbers Table 8-3 & 172 a. Since the RAP of PAPs is provided; Table 8-4; study has been conducted, provide its status with at least a summary of a number of numbers of PAPs; b. Land acquisition b. The required b. 2.2.6 26 and information on land compensation, acquisition and the report compensation status should provide is provided information and current status; 3.17 Indicate in each It is not practical to 2.2.4.6 24 project phase the indicate the number number of labours of workers for each needed during each project phase. project phases. However, the number of workers for the entire project period has been indicated. 3.18 Chapter three (3): Policy and legal 3.4; 3.5; 3.6 41 - 59 Legislations should framework be reviewed and information is included with reviewed and detailed updated information in relation to the project; 3.19 On the page 40 Both the National 3..4.2 42 Section 3.4.2; Use Environment Policy the updated (NEP) of 1997 and National 2021 have been Environmental referred to Management Policy (NEP) of 2021 3.20 Page 54; The Both the Regulations 3.6.9 57 Environmental of 2008 and 2021 Management have been referred (Hazardous Waste to Control and Management) Regulations, 2008 cited in the report has been revoked and the current Regulations in use 452 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. SN Comments Addressed Not Reason Section in the Page No. addressed for not report addressi ng is the Environmental Management (Hazardous Waste Control and Management) Regulations, 2021 3.21 Chapter 4; The The impacts Chapter 4 71 - 98 provided baseline associated with the data should reflect project are reflected impacts associate in the baseline data. with the project description 3.22 On page 68 Section The coordinates of 4.3.1 74 4.3.1; Provide the the Lake Manyara coordinates of the Airport project are specific project site; specifically provided; 3.23 On Chapter 4: Meteorological data 4.3.3 76 - 78 Observation used for the project Conditions: The is obtained from meteorological data TMA. used for the project should be sourced or devices used calibrated by TMA as directed in Tanzania Meteorological Authority Act of 2019; 3.24 Page 81; The Information on the 6.3.2.4.2; 88/89; Environmental management of 7.2.1; 122; Management noise and vibrations 7.3.2; 7.5.1; 132/133; (Standards for the is provided 8.4.5; Table 4- 140; 166 Control of Noise 4; and Vibrations Pollutions), 2015 REVIEW AREA 2: (Identification and Evaluation of key impacts) 1. On page 182: Impact of loss of 7.2.2(i); 132 Include the impact worship site of a loss of worship (mosque) is site (mosque) as addressed; addressed on appended minutes of the stakeholders consulted; 2. Provides all impacts All the impacts that Table 8.2 & 153& 175 that appear in appear on the ESMP Table 9.1 ESMP and ESMoP are included on the ESMoP 453 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. SN Comments Addressed Not Reason Section in the Page No. for not addressed report addressi ng REVIEW AREA 3: (Project Alternatives, Impact Mitigation, EMP and Commitment) 1 Page 118, Section, Mitigation measures 7.3.12; 7.5.3; 137; 141; 6.3.2.7.7: Provide for bird killings Table 8-2; 153-166 mitigation during operation are measures to be provided taken for bird killings during operation phase of the project in section 7.5 on page 128. In addition to that, same mitigation measures should be included in Table 8- 2; 2 On page 119 Project alternatives 6.4.4 131 Section 6.4: Provide and reasons for project alternatives preferring the design including design and technologies are and technologies provided and reasons for the for preferring the design and technologies; 3 In the ESMP page Final disposal of solid 2.2.5; 7.3.9; 24; 139; Table 8-2; and liquid waste 7.3.10; 7.4.2; 136/137; Indicates the final during all project 11.2.3; 139; disposal of solid phases shall be in 185 and liquid waste accordance to the during all project relevant regulations phases as it and guidelines indicated in the enforced by the description of the Karatu District project that there Council. shall be demolition of some buildings; 4 In Table 8-2 of Management of Table 8-2; 153 - 166 ESMP: Provides impacts of all project management of phases is provided in impacts of all Table 8-2 of ESMP. project phases 5 In Table 9-1 ESMoP: Monitoring of Table 9-1 175 provides impacts for all monitoring of project phases is impacts for all provided in 9-1; project phases 6 All impacts Impacts/parameters Chapter 4.0 71 - 98 /parameters to be to be monitored have Four monitored should the relevant baseline have baseline data data in Chapter Four (measurement 454 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. SN Comments Addressed Not Reason Section in the Page No. addressed for not report addressi ng result) 7 Page 143: Under The community shall 7.3.1 133 the impact of not miss the destruction of important public public utilities; services due to make sure the relocation of the community is not utilities missing the important public services such as electricity, water, etc, due to relocation of the utilities 8 Page 162: Table 9- i. The repeated water Table 9-1; 175 1; pollution has been i. Rectify rectified; accordingly, ii. Parameters for since water monitoring water pollution pollution in the parameter has operation phase are been repeated included; twice in iii. The respective construction row has been phase; recasted; ii. Include parameters for monitoring water pollution in the operation phase; and iii. Environmental, social, health and safety of human beings along the airport are not parameters to be monitored. Recast this row. 9 Page 166; Table 10- i. Proper 1 arrangement of serial i. Ensure proper numbers in the Table Table 10-1; 182 arrangement of is made and the serial numbers Roman and Arabic in the Table. numbers have been Roman and placed in separate Arabic numbers columns; should be placed in separate columns; 455 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. SN Comments Addressed Not Reason Section in the Page No. addressed for not report addressi ng ii. Merge the two ii. The separated two table to be one, tables have been since they have merged; been separated unnecessary; 10 Page 168: Table 10- Project investment Table 10-2; 183 2; Provide grand costs have been total of project provided in both TZS investment costs in and USD; TZS as well as in USD as it appears in Table 10-1. Otherwise use one currency in all Tables REVIEW AREA 4: (Public Participation and Presentation of the Report) 1 The Appended list The details of Appendix V 202 of consultation attendees in meeting attendees consultation should have details meetings have been of names and their provided respective contacts 2 Page 92: Section The word “City” has 5.3.3 100 5.3.3: Provide been replaced by the correct status, it word “District” should be Karatu District Council and not Karatu City Council 3 Page 93; 1st round 1st round of 1.7.4 6 of communities stakeholders’ ‘consultation was consultation was conducted when? conducted in March 2018 4 Page 102: Information 3.5.24 52 Kilimamoja-Kibaoni regarding Community; reallocation of graves provided response is provided on reallocation of grave yard. The report should provide information regarding to that. 5 Some of The consultation 5.3.3; 100 stakeholders were meetings conducted not consulted in the with the local 2nd round; like communities covered Rodhia ward and a big cross-section of TANAPA people; hence, deemed to be adequate; 6 Page 94: Section A summary of project 8.5; 171 456 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. SN Comments Addressed Not Reason Section in the Page No. addressed for not report addressi ng 5.4.2.2: Provide affected persons and Table 8-3; summary of project number of properties affected persons to be compensated is and number of provided properties that needs to be compensated to leave way for the proposed project; 7 Page 96: Table 5-1: i. The consultation i. Table 5-1; 105-107 i. Ensure meetings conducted ii. Table 5-1; consultation is with the stakeholders done adequately to covered a big cross- other key section of the public; stakeholders and hence, deemed to be provide proof of adequate; services; ii. Sections and Sub- ii. Provide clearly sections where raised sections and sub issues have been sections where responded to are issues and provided; concerns raised by stakeholders have been responded to by the proponent. Mentioning only “Chapter………” indicate nothing has been responded by the proponent. 8 Page 100: a. List of names of a. Appendix V; 202; 206; a. Table 5-2: consulted persons Appendix VI; 113 Provide names and their signatures Picture 5-2; of consulted and photos during b. Appendix V; person in the the consultation Table and meeting are append their provided; signed list of b. Names of stakeholders stakeholders who and new photos provided comments recorded during and their signatures consultation are mingled in meeting; and Appendix V; b. Section 5.4.3.3: Indicate names of stakeholders who provided comments and their signs on consultation form indicating that they were 457 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. SN Comments Addressed Not Reason Section in the Page No. addressed for not report addressi ng consulted; 9 Page 180: Appendix The certificate of has Appendix III; 196 III: Provide been replaced. clarification, since the appended expert certificate belongs to Mr Erick Olweye Isack and not Ms Zafarani Madayi; 10 Page 181: Appendix The list is provided 202 IV: Provide name under on pages Appendix V list of all 196/197/198 and participants of 199; consultation meeting held on 22nd March, 2018 between project consultation team and Karatu District Council staff. The list should be signed by each participating against his/her name; 11 Page 183: i. The minutes have Appended minutes the official stamp of for consultation VEO; Appendix V 202 meeting held ii. Meetings were between project conducted 20th – 22 consultation team March 2018 and and Kilimamoja March 2021; Village Council is iii. Attendance lists is invalid due to the shown on page 195; following reasons: iv. Village i. The minutes Chairperson and lack addresses Village Executive (from whom, Officer’s names have to whom); appeared in the list ii. No date of the of Appendix V; meeting day; iii. No attendance list of meeting participants; iv. The undersigned sections as village chairperson and Village 458 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. SN Comments Addressed Not Reason Section in the Page No. addressed for not report addressi ng Executive Officer (VEO) have no names; 12 Page 186: Appendix Dates of consultation Appendix 197&202 V: The appended & names of places IV&V; document is where consultations somehow were conducted are questionable, since provided. there is no date of Due to oversight, the consultation day, meeting commenced no earlier but names village/institution were registered at name where 7.00pm; consultation was conducted, consultation time for all members is same (at 7.00 pm); 13 Page 189 and 190: The date of the Appendix V; 202 The appended appended attendance sheets attendance sheets is lack date and 22.3.2018; administrative The administrative location name location name where where consultation consultations were conducted; conducted are Karatu District Council and Kilimamoja Village; 14 Page 191: Appendix Descriptions about Appendix VI; 206 IV: Provide brief names of statement below Village/Institution each photo below photos are provided, about provided, name of village/Institution. 459 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. APPENDIX IX: REFERENCES 1. United Republic of Tanzania: the Environmental Management Act, 2004, 2. United Republic of Tanzania, 1994 National Healthy Policy, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare 3. National Environmental Management Council: Tanzania Environmental Impact Assessment procedures and Guidelines 4. United Republic of Tanzania: The Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulation, 2005 5. United Republic of Tanzania, National Land Policy (1996) 6. United Republic of Tanzania; Land Act 1 999 7. United Republic of Tanzania; Regional Administration Act No. 9 8. United Republic of Tanzania National Healthy Policy 2003 9. United Republic of Tanzania , National Human Settlement Policy 2000 10. United Republic of Tanzania, National HIV/AIDS Policy , 2001 11. Sustainable Industrial Development Policy-SIDP (1996-2020) 12. Occupational Health and Safety Act 13. Local government and Urban Authority Act 14. www.tmc.go.tz 15. www.tfda.go.tz 16. http://www.heidelbergcement.com/africa/en/twigacement/about_us/location.htm 460 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. APPENDIX X: SUMMARY OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES BASED ON PROJECT PHASES Project Phase Activities to be undertaken Mobilization or Construction of campsite, workshop, and Site offices Pre-construction within the project site. Compensation of affected properties after undertaking of RAP and Valuation exercise construction of access road to borrows pits, quarry sites, along the project area. Transport of construction machinery, and equipment to the site Employment of skilled and un-skilled laborers from the surrounding local communities. Construction Earth works including vegetation clearance, trees cutting, removal of top soils, river dredging, excavation, cutting/filling, diversions creation and compaction Demolition and removal of existing culverts and drainage structures Extraction and transportation of construction materials such as gravel, sand, aggregates and rocks to the site; Supply and surfacing of bitumen and stone pitching to the site; Collection and disposal of dredges, spoilt materials removed from existing airport runway to the identified dumping site. Bitumen processing and Tarmac activities on the site area. Laying a bitumen prime coat and bituminous surface treatment Installation of signboards for safety purposes in the 461 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Project Phase Activities to be undertaken airport areas. Cutting of the earth sections to facilitate widening of the airport runway; Upgrading or construction of longitudinal and cross drainage structures; Provision of sub-base, base course and double surface dressing ending with finishing course of bitumen surface standard; Construction of bridges, bridge approaches, storm water drainage channels and reinforce relief culverts to replace existing bridges and culverts which are in poor condition or having insufficient drainage discharge capacity. Construction of bridges and culverts shall involve such activities as welding works, concrete works, metal works, bridge protection works Construction of cuts and fill sections of the airport runway Construction of new drainage system and installation of drainage structures. Regular safety check-up and awareness rising to airport users. Control the noise and air pollution from aircrafts as per ICAO standards. Construction of new Terminal Building for passengers as per ICAO standard Construction of airport fence around the airport boundaries upgrading of access road to and from the airport Construction of new control Tower and new Firefighting building for trucks as per ICAO standard Construction of Hanger for airplanes maintenance and clearness Project Phase Activities to be undertaken 462 ESIA Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Construction of new passengers packing vehicles along the terminal building Operation Installation of signboards for safety purposes in the airport areas. Thermo-runway marking along the runway and parking areas Maintenance of runway sections Reinforcement and replacement of airport furniture‘s Control of litter accumulation on airport sides Awareness rising on proper airport use and environment management to the communities. Monitoring and evaluation Maintain dense grass cover and management to reduce pollutant concentrations in runoff. Proper disposal of wastes from airport-maintenance activities Storage and management of maintenance materials and equipment. Control the noise and air pollution from aircrafts as per ICAO standards. Regular safety check-up and awareness rising to airport users. Conducting animals scaring technique around the airport surrounding for removing birds and wild animals for safety of the aircrafts Conducting Regular checkups and monitoring of the runway before landing and take-off of the aircrafts for safety purposes 463 Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the proposed Rehabilitation ESIA Report and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. Project Phase Activities to be undertaken Demobilization Removal of temporary infrastructure, installations and and construction equipment‘s from the workshop and decommissioning campsite Clearance of all sorts of waste including used oil, solid wastes (plastics, wood, metal, papers, etc.). Deposit all wasted to the authorized dumping place Restoration of the borrow pits, water ponds and temporary quarry sites to a natural and useable condition. Undertaking land scarping and beatification of the airport surroundings Grass and trees planting along the airport work ways Source: Design Team, 2018 464 Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the proposed Rehabilitation ESIA Report and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. APPENDIX XI: CHANCE FINDS PROCEDURE PURPOSE Areas of the proposed development activity are subject to heritage survey and assessment at the planning stage. These surveys are based on surface indications alone, and it is therefore possible that sites or items of heritage significance shall be found in the course of development work. The procedure set out here covers the reporting and management of such finds. • Scope: The “chance finds” procedure covers the actions to be taken from t he discovery of a heritage site or item, to its investigation and assessment by a trained archaeologist or other appropriately qualified person. Compliance: The “chance finds” procedure is intended to ensure compliance with relevant provisions of the National Heritage Act (27 of 2004), especially Section 55 (4): “ a person who discovers any archaeological …. object ……must as soon as practicable report the discovery to the Council”. The procedure of reporting set out below must be observed so that heritage remains reported to the NHC are correctly identified in the field. RESPONSIBILITY Operator: To exercise due caution if archaeological remains are found Foreman: To secure site and advise management timorously Superintendent: To determine safe working boundary and request inspection Archaeologist: To inspect, identify, advise management, and recover remains PROCEDURES MITIGATION/MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY SCHEDULE ACTION Should a heritage site or When necessary archaeological site be uncovered or discovered during the construction phase of the project, the “change find” procedure should be applied. The details of this procedure are highlighted below: If operating machinery or Person identifying equipment: stop work archaeological or heritage • Identify the site with flag tape • material Determine GPS position if possible • Report findings to foreman Person identifying archaeological or heritage material Report findings, site location and Foreman actions taken to superintendent • Cease any works in immediate vicinity Visit site and determine whether Superintendent work can proceed without damage to findings • Determine and mark exclusion boundary • Site location and details to be added to project GIS for field 465 Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the proposed Rehabilitation ESIA Report and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. confirmation by archaeologist • Inspect site and confirm Archaeologist addition to project GIS • Advise the National Heritage Council (NHC) and request written permission to remove findings from work area • Recovery, packaging and labelling of findings for transfer to National Museum • Should human remains be Archaeologist NHC Police When necessary found, the following actions shall be required: Apply the change find procedure as described above. Schedule a field inspection with an archaeologist to confirm that remains are human. Advise and liaise with the NHC and Police Remains shall be recovered and removed either to the National Museum or the National Forensic Laboratory. 466 Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the proposed Rehabilitation ESIA Report and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. APPENDIX XII: LAYOUT MAP SHOWING MANYARA AIRPORT 467 Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the proposed Rehabilitation ESIA Report and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. APPENDIX XIII: Comprehensive GRM for TanTIP GRM Types of Levels of Members of Committees Responsible Relevant Categories Grievances GRC responsible Responsibilities Institution TanTIP GRC Instruments Labour/ Grievances related Project PIT, Legal • Coordinate the 1. TANROADS 1.ESMF Workers to Workers: level Officer, Social function of GRC 2. Workers 2.LMP • Low wages Committee Security Fund, • Register grievances Union • Overtime Rep of Workers • Filing grievances (TAMICO) 3.VGPF • Workers risks Union, District • Healing and solving 3. OSHA • Hazardous Labor Officer), complaint 4. Labor 4.SEP environment for OSHA • Report unsatisfied Division- workers cases to Labor Prime • Contracts court Minister issues • Give feedback to Office • Contribution to complainants 5. NSSF social security 6. WCF funds 7. Labor Court Gender Grievances related 1.Ward level WEO • Register grievances 1. Ministry of 1.ESMF based to GBV/SEA: committee (Chairperson), • Filing grievances Health 2. GBV/SEA Violence • Sexual VC, VEO, CDO, • Healing and solving Community harassment Rep of local complaint Development, 3.LMP • Gender violence NGOs/CBOs, • Report unsatisfied Gender, • Gender cases to next level Children and 4.VGPF harassment of GRM Elders; • Sexual Abuse • Give feedback to 2. TANROADS • Child Abuse complainants 3. LGAs • Raping PIT • Coordinate the 4. Police 2. Project (Sociologist), function of all GRM 5. NGOs/CBO level CDO, Rep of s • Register grievances Committee local 6. Court of • Filing grievances NGOs/CBOs, Law • Healing and solving Gender Help complaint desk, GBV • Report unsolved Expert. cases to court of Law • Give feedback to complainants Resettleme Grievances related 1.Ward level WEO • Initiate 1. Ministry of nt and to Resettlement (Chairperson), compensation Finance and 1.RPF Compensat and VC, VEO, CDO, process Planning ion Compensation: local • Register grievances 2. Ministry of • Delay in NGOs/CBOs, • Filing grievances Land and 2. SEP effecting Rep. of PAPs, • Heading and Housing compensation Neutral PAPs. solving complaint Development 3.VGPF • Conflict • report unsolved 3. Ministry of between cases to next level Works 4.GBV beneficiaries/PA of GRC 4. TANROADS Ps • Give feedback to 5. LGAs • Complaints on complainants 6. NGOs/CBOs ownership 7. Court of Law • Dissatisfaction 468 Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the proposed Rehabilitation ESIA Report and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. GRM Types of Levels of Members of Committees Responsible Relevant Categories Grievances GRC responsible Responsibilities Institution TanTIP GRC Instruments on amount paid District • Coordinate the • Complaints on 2. District Commissioners function of all GRC unpaid level (Chairperson), • Register grievances properties TANROADS • Filing grievances • Anonymous Rep • Healing and solving properties (Secretary), complaint Land, DED, • Report unsolved Officer, Legal cases to court of Officer, Valuer, Law WEO, VC • Give feedback to WCDO, Local complainants NGOs/CBOs. Environme Grievances related 1.Ward level Ward • Register grievances 1. Vice 1. ESMF nt and to Project Impacts: committees Environmental • Filing grievances President 2. GBV/SEA Social • Environmental Committee, • Healing and solving Office- pollution WEO complaint Environment 3.LMP • Environmental (Chairperson), • Report unsatisfied Division degradation VEO, VC, CDO, cases to next level 2. NEMC 4.VGPF • Social Rep of local of GRM 3. TANROADS disturbances NGOs/CBOs. • Give feedback to 4. LGAs • Crime complainants 5. Police PIT • Coordinate the 6. NGOs/CBO 2. Project (Sociologists), function of all GRM s level CDO, DEO, 7. Court of • Register grievances Committees Rep of local Law • Filing grievances NGOs/CBOs. • Healing and solving complaints • Report unsolved cases to court of Law • Give feedback to complainants NOTE: PIT Members (Project Coordinator, Project Engineers, Safeguard Experts, Supervising Engineers and Contractors) TANROADS (Shall be responsible to facilitate the Grievances Redress Committees) 469 Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the proposed Rehabilitation ESIA Report and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. APPENDIX XIV: Commitment letters from TCAA and TAA on the review and update the Airport operational manuals 470 Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the proposed Rehabilitation ESIA Report and Upgrading of Lake Manyara Airport in Arusha Region, Tanzania. 471