FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN PROPOSED ELECTRONIC WASTE COLLECTION, DISMANTLING AND HOLDING CENTRE - KODIE JUNE, 2024 i AFRICA ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND POLLUTION MANAGEMENT PROGRAM (AEHPMP) ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA) GOVERNMENT OF GHANA Consultancy Service for The Preparation of Environmental and Social Management Plan for Selected E-Waste Pilot Sites (GH-EHPMP-348465-CS-CDS) Submitted by: GREEN WATERHUT Citation: Environmental Protection Agency. 2024 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Proposed Electronic Waste Collection, Dismantling and Holding Centre - Kodie. Africa Environmental Health and Pollution Management Program (P167788) For more information, contact: Lawrence Kotoe Project Coordinator Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Head Office Building, Room M08 Starlets 91 Street, Energy Close, Ministries, Accra P. O. Box M326, Ministries, Accra E-mail: larry.kotoe@epa.gov.gh ii Team of Experts: Name of Team Member Role Responsibilities Prof. Frederick Ato Team Lead and Served as the team leader and lead technical expert to Armah Environmental and Social manage, guide, and direct the team and activities to Assessment Expert achieve efficient, cost-effective, timely, and high-quality delivery of this consultancy assignment. Dr. Paul K. Essandoh Biodiversity, Flora and Led the flora and fauna assessment. Fauna Assessment Expert Dr. Elvis Kyere Gyeabour Air Quality and Transport Led the Air Quality Assessment. Impact Assessment Specialist Prof. Angela Dziedzom Socioeconomic and Led the socioeconomic survey, stakeholders and Akorsu gender expert community consultations. Nana Fredua-Agyeman Field Work, Qualitative Undertook survey pre-testing and assessed the baseline. and Quantitative Data Instituted quality assurance and quality control features Specialist into the data collection framework, including clear protocols, visual guides, and data review and report writing. Drafting of report. iii TABLE OF CONTENT TABLE OF CONTENT .................................................................................................................................................................... i LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................................................................................... v ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................................... vi NON-TECHNICAL EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................... viii 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Purpose and Objectives ........................................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Methodology ........................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.3.1 Air Quality Assessment ....................................................................................................................................... 4 1.3.2 Flora and Fauna Assessment .............................................................................................................................. 4 1.3.3 Noise Measurement............................................................................................................................................ 5 1.3.4 Traffic Count ........................................................................................................................................................6 1.3.5 Community Consultation and Engagement.......................................................................................................6 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ....................................................................................................................................................8 2.1 Project Location .......................................................................................................................................................8 2.1.1 Site Characteristics..............................................................................................................................................9 2.1.2 Site Suitability ......................................................................................................................................................9 2.2 Facility Design ........................................................................................................................................................ 10 2.2.1 Facility Block Plan .............................................................................................................................................. 10 2.2.2 Floor Plan............................................................................................................................................................ 11 2.2.3 Sections and Elevation .......................................................................................................................................12 2.2.4 Recommendations for the Designs ............................................................................................................. 13 2.3 Overview of E-Waste Processing Stages and Technology ................................................................................... 14 2.4 Facilities and Resources ........................................................................................................................................ 17 2.5 Process Flow .......................................................................................................................................................... 18 2.6 Labour Requirements ............................................................................................................................................ 19 2.7 Anticipated Machinery and Tools to Be Used During Construction Period ........................................................ 20 2.8 Estimated Waste Generation .................................................................................................................................21 3. POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK .................................................................................................... 23 3.1 Analysis of Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework .................................................................................... 23 3.1.1 National Policies and Laws ............................................................................................................................... 23 3.1.2 Relevant National Environmental Quality Standards ...................................................................................... 27 3.1.3 World Bank Environmental and Social Frameworks, Standards and Guidelines ........................................... 28 3.2 Institutional Framework ........................................................................................................................................ 32 3.3 Permit Requirements ............................................................................................................................................ 35 4. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE .................................................................................................................... 37 4.1 Geographical Location and Size of the Afigya-Kwabre South District ................................................................ 37 4.2 Socio-economic Characteristics ............................................................................................................................ 38 4.2.1 Population ......................................................................................................................................................... 38 4.2.2 Social and Cultural Structure ...................................................................................................................... 40 4.2.3 Economic Activity............................................................................................................................................. 40 4.2.4 Agriculture .................................................................................................................................................... 42 4.2.5 Road Network ................................................................................................................................................... 43 4.2.6 Energy ........................................................................................................................................................... 43 4.2.7 Health ................................................................................................................................................................ 43 4.2.8 Education ...................................................................................................................................................... 43 4.2.9 Market Centres .............................................................................................................................................44 4.2.10 Water and Sanitation ...................................................................................................................................44 4.2.11 Tourism .........................................................................................................................................................44 4.3 Biophysical Characteristics ....................................................................................................................................44 4.3.1 Vegetation .........................................................................................................................................................44 4.3.2 Climate ............................................................................................................................................................... 45 4.3.3 Relief and Drainage ........................................................................................................................................... 45 4.3.4 Soils and Geological Formation ................................................................................................................... 45 4.3.5 Conditions of the Natural Environment .......................................................................................................... 46 4.4 Baseline Studies .................................................................................................................................................... 46 4.4.1 Flora .................................................................................................................................................................. 46 4.4.2 Fauna ............................................................................................................................................................ 47 4.4.3 Herpetofauna .............................................................................................................................................. 48 4.4.4 Avifauna ....................................................................................................................................................... 49 4.4.5 Air Quality .....................................................................................................................................................50 4.4.6 Noise Levels and Quality .............................................................................................................................. 51 4.4.7 Traffic Count ................................................................................................................................................. 52 5. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BENEFITS, RISKS AND IMPACT IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS ........................... 53 .1 Identification of Environmental and Social Benefits ................................................................................................ 53 .1.1 Planning Phase .................................................................................................................................................. 53 .1.2 Construction Phase ........................................................................................................................................... 54 .1.3 Operations Phase .............................................................................................................................................. 55 .2 Identification and Analysis of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts ........................................................... 57 .2.1 Risk Matrix......................................................................................................................................................... 57 .2.2 Risk Prioritisation ..............................................................................................................................................59 6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN ..................................................................... 72 6.1 Impact mitigation and management measures ................................................................................................... 72 6.2 Monitoring Plan ..................................................................................................................................................... 73 6.2.1 Monitoring Compliance and Emergency Issues ............................................................................................. 131 6.2.2 Risk Mitigation and Monitoring Budget ......................................................................................................... 131 6.3 Reporting and Review .......................................................................................................................................... 131 6.4 Chance Find ...........................................................................................................................................................132 6.4.1 Chance Find Procedures ..................................................................................................................................133 6.4.2 Chance Finds Documentation .................................................................................................................... 134 6.4.3 Cultural Heritage Training .......................................................................................................................... 134 6.4.4 Reporting and Communication ................................................................................................................. 134 6.4.5 Implementation Arrangement for Chance Find ....................................................................................... 134 6.5 Incident and Accident Reporting ........................................................................................................................ 135 7. STAKEHOLDERS’ PARTICIPATION AND PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS .............................................................................137 7.1 Stakeholder Roles and Responsibilities ...............................................................................................................137 7.2 Observations made from Community Consultations ........................................................................................ 138 7.2.1 Community Demographics and Culture ......................................................................................................... 138 ii 7.2.2 Infrastructure and Social Services .................................................................................................................. 139 7.2.3 Environmental Features and Significance ..................................................................................................... 139 7.2.4 Economic Activities and Employment ........................................................................................................... 139 7.2.5 Land Use and Project Site ............................................................................................................................... 139 7.2.6 Community Expectations and Concerns ........................................................................................................ 140 7.2.7 Stakeholder Support and Anticipation .......................................................................................................... 140 8. INSTITUTIONAL ASSESSMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS ............................................................... 141 8.1 Institutional Assessment and Capacity Building ................................................................................................. 141 8.1.1 Project Implementing Unit .............................................................................................................................. 141 8.1.2 Environmental Protection Agency ................................................................................................................. 142 8.2 Proposed Organisational Structure for the Centre ............................................................................................ 143 8.3 ESMP Implementation and Responsibilities....................................................................................................... 144 8.4 Capacity Building Requirements ......................................................................................................................... 147 8.5 ESMP Implementation Budget ........................................................................................................................... 149 9. CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................................................. 150 10. APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................................................. 154 Appendix A: Details of Persons Engaged at Kodie ........................................................................................................... 154 Appendix B: Biodiversity Survey Tables ............................................................................................................................ 155 Appendix C: Plates and Spoors from the Proposed Site and its Environ ........................................................................ 174 iii LIST OF TABLES Table 2-1: Labour Requirements for Construction and Operations of the e-waste CDHC .................................................... 20 Table 2-2: Conservative Estimates of Waste Generation ........................................................................................................ 22 Table 3-1: Relevant Environmental and Social Policies and Regulations ................................................................................ 23 Table 3-2: Requirements for Ambient Noise Control .............................................................................................................. 27 Table 3-3: Requirements for Ambient Air Quality – Maximum Limit for 24 Hours ................................................................ 28 Table 3-4: World Bank Environmental and Social Standards Relevant to the Subproject .................................................... 30 Table 3-5: Environment, Health, and Safety Guidelines .......................................................................................................... 31 Table 3-6: Institutional Framework .......................................................................................................................................... 32 Table 3-7: Required Permits ..................................................................................................................................................... 35 Table 4-1: Noise Levels at Site .................................................................................................................................................. 51 Table 4-2: Estimated Traffic Counts Close to the Site ............................................................................................................. 52 Table 5-1: Likelihood and Severity Matrix ................................................................................................................................58 Table 5-2: Interpretation of Risk Classification ........................................................................................................................58 Table 5-3: The risk assessment matrix ..................................................................................................................................... 61 Table 6-1: Mitigation Measures for Various Risks .................................................................................................................... 74 Table 6-2: Monitoring Compliance and Emergency Issues .................................................................................................... 131 Table 7-1: Stakeholder Groups with interest in E-waste Management in Ghana ..................................................................137 Table 8-1: Proposed Organisational Structure ....................................................................................................................... 144 Table 8-2: Roles and Responsibilities of Key Actors .............................................................................................................. 145 Table 8-3: Proposed Training Program for Key Persons ....................................................................................................... 147 Table 8-4: Estimated Budget for the Implementation of ESMP ........................................................................................... 149 Table 10-1: Plant Species at the Proposed E-Waste Site and its Environs............................................................................. 155 Table 10-2: Distribution of the Plant Species among Various Life Forms ............................................................................. 162 Table 10-3: Ecological Guild of Plant Species of the Proposed E-Waste Site and its Environs ............................................ 162 Table 10-4: Star Rating of Plant Species of the Proposed E-Waste Site and its Environs .................................................... 162 Table 10-5: Mammals of the Proposed E-Waste Site and its Environs and their Conservation Status ............................... 162 Table 10-6: Herpetofauna of the Proposed E-Waste Site and its Environs and their Conservation Status ........................ 163 Table 10-7: Avifauna of the Proposed E-Waste Site and its Environs ................................................................................... 164 Table 10-8: Residential Status of Avian Species at the Proposed E-Waste Site and its Environs .........................................173 Table 10-9: Abundance Level of Avian Species at the Proposed E-Waste Site and its Environs ..........................................173 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1: The Afigya-Kwabre south District Assembly ............................................................................................................ 7 Figure 1-2: The Team’s Interacting with the Assembly’s Representatives ............................................................................... 7 Figure 1-3: Interaction with Members of the Community ......................................................................................................... 7 Figure 1-4: The Proposed E-Waste Site ...................................................................................................................................... 7 Figure 2-1: Map Showing Site at Kodie in the Afigya-Kwabre South District ...........................................................................8 Figure 2-2: Facility Block Plan.................................................................................................................................................... 10 Figure 2-3: Floor Plan ................................................................................................................................................................. 11 Figure 2-4: Administration Area – Floor Plan ............................................................................................................................12 Figure 2-5: Sections and Elevations .......................................................................................................................................... 13 Figure 2-6: E-Waste Recycling: Segregation, Dismantling, and Final Destination ................................................................. 14 Figure 2-7: E-Waste Management Process: Material Recovery and Disposal Pathways ....................................................... 16 Figure 4-1: Map Showing Site at Afigya Kwabre South District .............................................................................................. 37 Figure 4-2: Population of Afigya-Kwabre South District by Location ..................................................................................... 39 Figure 4-3: Population of Afigya-Kwabre South District by Sex ............................................................................................. 39 Figure 4-4: Economic Activity of 15+ Year Olds of Afigya-Kwabre South District by Location .............................................. 41 Figure 4-5: Economic Activity of 15+ Year Olds of Afigya-Kwabre South District by Sex ...................................................... 42 Figure 4-6 Concentration of Air Pollutants .............................................................................................................................. 51 Figure 10-1: Faeces of Egyptian mongoose ............................................................................................................................. 174 Figure 10-2: Faeces of Herpestes sanguineus .......................................................................................................................... 174 Figure 10-3: Feeding place of squirrel .................................................................................................................................... 174 Figure 10-4: Footprint of Nandinia binotata ........................................................................................................................... 174 Figure 10-5: Footprint of Maxwell’s Duiker.............................................................................................................................175 Figure 10-6: Nest of a Bird on Site ...........................................................................................................................................175 Figure 10-7: Faeces of Thyronomis swinderianus ....................................................................................................................175 Figure 10-8: Cassava and Plantain Farm on Site .....................................................................................................................175 v ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AEHPMP Africa Environmental Health and Pollution Management Programme AI Artificial Intelligence AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ASGM Artisanal Small-Scale Gold Mining BOD Biological Oxygen Demand CDHC Collection, Dismantling and Holding Centre CE Critically Endangered (IUCN Red List category) CESMP Contractor Environmental and Social Management Plan CCs Collection Centres COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research dB Decibel DCs Dismantling Centres DFI Department of Factories Inspectorate EHS Environment, Health, and Safety EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EPA Environmental Protection Agency ESF Environmental and Social Framework ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ESRS Environmental and Social Review Summary GDP Gross Domestic Product GEMP Ghana Environmental Management Project GHG Greenhouse Gas GIS Geographic Information System GLRSSMP Ghana Landscape Restoration and Small-Scale Mining Project GNFS Ghana National Fire Service GoG Government of Ghana GRA Ghana Revenue Authority GS Ghana Standards GSA Ghana Standards Authority HCs Holding Centres HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus ICT Information and Communication Technology IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature LC Least Concern (IUCN Red List category) MELR Ministry of Employment and Labour Relations MESTI Ministry of Environment, Science, Technology and Innovation MLGDRD Ministry of Local Government, Decentralisation & Rural Development NAAQ National Ambient Air Quality NADMO National Disaster Management Organisation NEAP National Environmental Action Plan NEP National Environmental Policy NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide vi PAD Project Appraisal Document PCN Project Concept Note PHC Population and Housing Census PM2.5 Particulate Matter 2.5 Microns PM10 Particulate Matter 10 Microns POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants RF Radio Frequency RFID Radio-Frequency Identification SEP Stakeholder Engagement Plan SLM Sound Level Meter SLWMP Sustainable Land and Water Management Project SMIDO Suame Magazine Industrial Organisation SO2 Sulphur Dioxide TDS Total Dissolved Solids UN United Nations UPOPs Unintentionally Produced Persistent Organic Pollutants VU Vulnerable (IUCN Red List category) WBG World Bank Group WHO World Health Organisation vii NON-TECHNICAL EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction Ghana has seen remarkable growth in Information and Communication Technology (ICT), leading to a widespread use of electronic devices such as smartphones, computers, and household appliances. This technological advancement has improved communication, access to information, and productivity. However, it has also resulted in a significant increase in electronic waste (e-waste). Unfortunately, the country lacks adequate systems and infrastructure for proper e-waste management, causing many discarded electronic devices to end up in informal recycling facilities or landfills. These improper disposal methods release hazardous substances, posing serious environmental and health risks to communities. To address the growing e-waste challenge, the Africa Environmental Health and Pollution Management Programme in Ghana (AEHPMP-Ghana), funded by the Global Environment Facility through the World Bank, aims to invest in modern recycling facilities and technologies. The programme’s objective is to reduce exposure to harmful pollutants and strengthen institutional capacity to manage and regulate e-waste and mercury use in artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM). The project includes four components: strengthening institutional knowledge and capacity, supporting policy and regulatory enhancements, demonstrating cleaner technologies, and ensuring effective project management. The component on demonstrating cleaner technologies will support the construction and operationalisation of e-waste management facilities in selected areas including Kodie. The e-waste facility project involves numerous environmental and social risks throughout both construction and operational phases. During construction, potential risks include air pollution, fire outbreaks, explosions, and waste generation are somewhat likely. Other risks include spills, Occupational health and safety (OHS), soil compaction, vegetation clearing, habitat disturbance, soil and water contamination, and resource consumption. During the operational phase, air pollution, potential risks include fire outbreaks, explosions, waste generation, and contamination of ground or surface waters, sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) and sexual harassment (SH). Consequently, the overall risk level of the project is considered to be substantial requiring the strict implementation of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) to mitigate adverse impacts. The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) outlines strategies to minimise adverse environmental and social risks and impacts during the construction and operation of the e-waste facility. It emphasises the importance of community engagement, compliance with environmental regulations, and safeguarding worker health and safety. The plan was developed through a broad methodology, including a desk review of relevant documents, site visits, and extensive stakeholder consultations. viii Project Description The site at coordinates 6° 49’ 16.10” N and 1° 37’ 53.77” W, located in Kodie in the Afigya-Kwabre South District of the Ashanti Region, has been designated for the establishment of a Collection, Dismantling, and Holding Centre (CDHC). The land spans 10 acres, zoned for light industrial use, and is characterised by a relatively flat terrain that gently slopes towards the east, covered with grass and shrubs. The site’s strategic location, approximately 1.5 kilometres from the Kumasi-Tamale highway and near the community of Mowire, makes it accessible and suitable for construction. The surrounding area consists primarily of undeveloped land to the north, south, and east, with an undeveloped road to the west. Ownership of the land by SMIDO (Suame Magazine Industrial Organisation) is undisputed. The site’s topographical and geotechnical characteristics enhance its suitability for the proposed CDHC. Its flat terrain and gentle slopes are ideal for construction, while the sandy soil with some clay content ensures good foundation stability and drainage. Additionally, the site’s minimal seismic activity and shallow water table allow for stable and secure construction, with appropriate design measures to prevent groundwater contamination. The ample sunlight in the area further supports the potential use of solar power, aligning with sustainable practices. The facility design incorporates a well-planned layout that includes collection, dismantling, and storage areas, along with administrative offices. The block plan outlines the arrangement of various sections within the facility, ensuring efficient operations and compliance with building codes. The floor plan is designed to accommodate multiple functions, including collection, sorting, disassembly, storage, and administrative tasks, while minimizing cross-contamination and ensuring safe working conditions. The sections and elevations provide a detailed depiction of the architectural features, emphasizing sustainability through the use of natural lighting, ventilation, and energy-efficient equipment. To support the operation of the e-waste CDHC, the facility will be equipped with various resources and systems. The collection area will feature drop-off stations and weighing scales, while the sorting and segregation area will include conveyor systems and manual sorting stations. The dismantling area will be furnished with workstations, safety equipment, and dust extraction systems. Storage facilities will provide secure environments for hazardous materials and segregated bins for recyclable items, along with a well-ventilated warehouse for dismantled components. Processing equipment such as shredders, crushers, and magnetic separators will facilitate the recycling process. Environmental control systems, including advanced ventilation, wastewater treatment, and spill containment measures, will ensure compliance with environmental regulations. Administrative offices will manage operations, customer inquiries, and staff training, supported by IT and monitoring systems for inventory management and security. ix The process flow for handling e-waste at the CDHC will involve several stages, starting with the collection of e-waste from various sources. Upon arrival at the facility, e-waste will be sorted by device type and material composition, followed by dismantling to extract valuable components. The recovered materials, such as metals and plastics, will undergo further processing for recycling. Hazardous materials will be handled separately and disposed of according to environmental guidelines, with emission control measures in place to mitigate potential pollutants. Non-recyclable waste will be responsibly disposed of, ensuring adherence to local regulations. Detailed documentation and reporting will maintain transparency and compliance, while quality control measures will ensure the purity and quality of recycled materials. The construction and operational phases of the CDHC will require diverse manpower. During construction, skilled labour, including engineers and architects, will handle design and execution, while construction workers will perform physical tasks. Supervisory and safety personnel will oversee progress and enforce protocols. In the operational phase, administrative staff will manage day-to- day activities, supported by technical staff for sorting and processing e-waste. Safety and environmental compliance officers will ensure regulatory adherence, while support staff will handle facility maintenance and logistics. Management will oversee strategic planning and operational efficiency. To promote inclusivity and comply with the Universal Access and Disability Act of Ghana, the CDHC design will incorporate essential disability access features. This includes accessible entrances with ramps, designated parking spaces, and restrooms with appropriate facilities. Clear signage with visual and tactile information will aid individuals with visual impairments, while assistive technologies will support those with hearing impairments. Training sessions for staff on disability rights and accommodations will further enhance awareness and create a supportive environment for all users. These measures will ensure that the CDHC is accessible and inclusive for all stakeholders. Regulatory and Institutional Framework The environmental and social policy and regulatory framework relevant to the construction and operationalisation of the proposed e-waste CDHC are outlined below. Policy/Regulation Relevance to the subproject National Environmental Relevant since the policy focuses on environmental sustainability and resource Policy (NEP), 2012 management, aligning with the project’s goal of managing e-waste in an environmentally responsible manner. It provides a framework for ensuring that the project’s activities minimise negative environmental impacts and promote the conservation of natural resources. Environmental Sanitation Relevant since the policy ensures clean and safe environments through regulations, Policy (Revised), 2010 which is crucial for maintaining sanitary conditions at e-waste Collection, Dismantling and Holding Centres. Compliance with sanitation standards outlined in this policy is essential for preventing environmental pollution and safeguarding public health. x Policy/Regulation Relevance to the subproject National Climate Change The Policy is relevant since it promotes a climate-resilient economy and sustainable Policy, 2013 development. Adherence to this policy helps in mitigating climate-related risks associated with improper e-waste management practices, contributing to overall environmental resilience. National Environmental The NEAP is relevant since it aims to make development sustainable and addresses Action Plan (NEAP), 1991 various environmental challenges, including waste management. As such, it provides guidelines for integrating sustainable practices into the project ’s operations, ensuring that e-waste management activities are conducted in a manner that minimises adverse environmental impacts. Environmental Impact Critical for planning and performing restoration activities to avoid negative ecological Assessment Sector Specific impact and ensure regulatory compliance. Guidelines Environmental Protection Relevant since the ACT establishes the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Act, 1994 (Act 490) mandates Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) for development projects, including e-waste management facilities. Compliance with this act ensures proper regulation and oversight of e-waste management activities, safeguarding environmental quality and public health. Environmental Assessment Mandates EIAs for projects that damage the environment; promises responsible Regulations, 1999 (LI 1652) management and sustainability. Hazardous and Electronic Relevant given that e-waste contains hazardous materials, this act is highly relevant for Waste Control and regulating and managing e-waste. It provides guidelines for the safe handling, Management Act, 2016 (Act transportation, and disposal of hazardous waste, ensuring that e-waste management 917) and Regulations (LI practices comply with safety standards and minimise risks to human health and the 2250) environment. Environmental sanitation Relevant since the policy seeks to improve the well-being, productivity, and health of policy (1999) Ghanaians National Child and Family Relevant for protecting children and families throughout project operations. Welfare Policy, 2015 Cultural Policy of Ghana, Relevant for considering the cultural significance of project areas 2004 National Land Policy, 1999 Relevant for sustainable land management and conservation practices in project implementation. Land Act, 2020 (Act 1036) Relevant for understanding land tenure and administration, especially around project areas. The Children’s Act, 1998 Relevant for upholding ethical standards and protecting children from exploitation (Act 560) during project activities. Persons with Disability Act, Relevant for promoting inclusion and accessibility in project activities. 2006 (Act 715) Factories, Offices and Shops Relevant for health and safety of workers Act, 1970 (Act 328) as amended by the Factories Offices and Shops (Amendment) Law 1983 PNDCL 66, the Factories xi Policy/Regulation Relevance to the subproject Offices and Shops (Amendment) Law 1991 PNDCL 275 Workmen’s Compensation Relevant for ensuring workers receive fair treatment and medical attention in the event Law, 1987 of an accident while working on the project. Alternative Dispute Relevant to settling disagreements or grievances that arise during project Resolution Act, 2010 (Act implementation. 798) The Labour Act, 2003 (Act Relevant for addressing labour issues, ensuring safe working conditions, and 651) prohibiting forced labour. National Museums Decree, Relevant for respecting historical artefacts and monuments within project areas. Act 387 of 1969 Office of the Administrator Relevant since the aim of the office is to maximise stool lands revenue and facilitate of Stool Lands Act, 1994 the sustainable administration and management of stool lands through modern (Act 481) technology for inter-generational equity. Land Use and Spatial Relevant for sustainable land use planning and development during project execution. Planning Act, 2016 (Act 925) Lands Commission Act, Relevant for organizing land-related issues and ensuring compliance with land 2008 (Act 767) development policies. The Right to Information Relevant for ensuring public disclosure of environmental and social aspects of the Act, 2019 (Act 989) project. Ghana National Fire Service Relevant for assessing and mitigating fire risks associated with project activities. Act, 1997 (Act 537) Fire Precaution (Premises) Relevant for ensuring fire safety compliance in project premises. Regulations, 2003 Public Health Act, 2012 (Act Relevant for addressing contamination and pollution risks associated with project 851) activities. Ghana Meteorological Relevant for receiving timely weather information for planning and implementing Agency Act, 2004 (Act 682) project activities. Local Governance Act, 2016 Relevant for gaining consent from local authorities and ensuring conformity with local (Act 936) regulations. The institutions pertinent to the proposed project and their relevance are outlined below: Institution/Agency Relevance or Relationship to the subproject Ministry of Environment Provides oversight and ensures the project complies with national environmental Science Technology & standards. Innovation (MESTI) Environmental Protection Offers technical guidance and ensures adherence to environmental regulations, Agency (EPA) crucial for minimizing environmental impact. The EPA will ensure that the project follows the environmental assessment (EA) procedures and will issue an environmental permit prior to project implementation. xii Institution/Agency Relevance or Relationship to the subproject Ministry of Local Will provide support at the local level, ensuring community involvement and Government, effective project implementation. Decentralisation & Rural Development Ministry of Employment Will offer expertise on labour-related issues, ensuring fair labour practices and and Labour Relations workplace safety. (MELR) Department of Factories The Department of Factories Inspectorate (DFI) can significantly enhance the Inspectorate operations of the Collection, Dismantling and Holding Centre (CDHC) by ensuring compliance with safety regulations, providing training, conducting risk assessments, and enforcing labour laws. Additionally, the DFI can aid in environmental protection, accident investigation, advocacy, and continuous monitoring. This collaboration ensures a safe, legally compliant, and sustainable working environment, contributing to the overall success and credibility of the CDHC. Ghana Standards Will enforce e-waste handling and disposal standards, ensure CDHC operations meet Authority (GSA) quality and safety standards, and certifies recycling processes. Can support to ensure that the CDHC operates according to national standards Ghana Revenue Authority Enforce collection of e-waste levy as per Act 917 to support the sustainability of the (GRA) CDHC National Disaster Can support the CDHC to prevent or manage disaster. Management Organisation (NADMO) Land Use and Spatial Can guide the CDHC to ensure appropriate siting. Planning Authority Ministry of Health/ Ghana Can support to create awareness about the environmental and social risks Health Service associated with the project and protect the community. Ministry of Gender, Will provides guidance on gender and child protection issues, ensuring inclusivity Children and Social and safeguarding vulnerable groups. Protection (MoGCSP) National Council for Can provide guidance on universal access and aligns CDHC construction and Persons with Disabilities operations Ashanti Regional Will offer regional coordination and support, ensuring effective project Coordinating Council implementation. Afigya-Kwabre South Grants permits, oversees local regulations compliance, and facilitates community District Assembly engagement for CDHC projects, ensuring alignment with local development plans. xiii Institution/Agency Relevance or Relationship to the subproject Ghana National Fire The GNFS should be informed about the project and any associated premises or Service (GNFS) workplaces. The Fire Service will provide fire permit for construction Traditional Authorities Can facilitate community acceptance and support for CDHC initiatives, preserving cultural heritage in project areas. Environmental and Socio-economic and Cultural Characteristics The Afigya-Kwabre South District covers roughly 122 square kilometres and is situated between latitudes 6°53’37.92” N and 6°53’38.68” N and longitudes 1°41’21.01” W and 1°31’25.39” W. The district is centrally located within the Ashanti Region and borders several other municipalities. Its proximity to Kumasi, Ghana’s second-largest city, contributes to its rapid population growth and urban expansion, thus increasing pressure on socio-economic infrastructure and necessitating efficient waste management solutions such as an e-waste collection, dismantling, and holding centre. The district’s population is around 247,406, with a slight urban majority. Urban areas have 122,856 residents compared to 111,811 in rural areas, particularly evident among the 20-34 age group, likely due to better job opportunities and educational facilities. Gender distribution is fairly balanced, with 120,600 females and 115,067 males, though males predominate in the younger age groups, reversing in adults over 25 years. The district’s population is predominantly young, with significant portions under 15 years, suggesting high birth rates. About 50% of the population falls within the working age (20-59 years), while the elderly (65+ years) make up only 2.7%. The district’s social and cultural fabric is largely homogeneous, dominated by the Akan ethnic group (82%), followed by tribes from northern regions (9%), Ewes (5.4%), and Gas (1%). It is part of the Ejisu Traditional Area, with allegiance to the Asante kingdom’s golden stool. The district celebrates various festivals, including the Akwasidae, Awukudae, and Fofie, as well as the Yaa Asantewaa Festival and Kente Festival. Economically, the district shows significant rural-urban and gender-based variations. Urban areas dominate in wholesale and retail trade, and transportation, while agriculture, forestry, and fishing are more prominent in rural areas. Wholesale and retail trade is the largest employment sector, particularly for women. Men dominate sectors such as transportation, storage, and construction. Agriculture remains crucial, with 87.2% of the population engaged full-time in farming, mainly food crops and livestock production. The district’s road network includes both tarred trunk roads and feeder roads, with 62% of feeder roads in good condition. However, poor road conditions hinder transportation of farm produce. Most households rely on electricity (69.4%) for lighting, with wood (44.5%) as the primary cooking fuel. The district has 28 health facilities, including clinics, hospitals, and CHPS compounds, serving 25 communities. xiv Educationally, the district has a private university, a vocational institute, numerous kindergartens, primary and junior high schools, six senior high schools, and two TVET institutions. Market centres in the district enhance commercial activities and serve as significant revenue sources. Water and sanitation infrastructure is underdeveloped, with boreholes being the primary water source for 60.9% of households. Solid waste management is poor, with 65% of waste disposed of in public dumps. Only 6.4% of households have no toilet facilities. The district also boasts tourist attractions like the Kente Industry at Bonwire and the Yaa Asantewaa Museum. The biophysical environment includes semi-deciduous forest vegetation, which has been largely degraded due to lumbering, settlement expansion, and farming. The climate is characterised by high rainfall and temperatures conducive to diverse agricultural activities. The relief is generally undulating, with significant altitudes and a well-drained landscape. The soil types, primarily developed over granite, support a variety of crops and are suitable for mechanised agriculture. The natural environment, once pristine, is increasingly threatened by population growth and its impacts. The flora survey recorded a total of 195 plant species from 174 genera and 70 families. The Euphorbiaceae family was the most dominant, with 18 species, followed by Rubiaceae with 14 species and Sterculiaceae with 12 species. Other notable families included Meliaceae, Papilionaceae, and Caesalpinaceae, each represented by 7-8 species. The study identified six life forms among the plant species: trees were the most prevalent, accounting for approximately 59% of the species, while herbs made up about 21%. Climbers and lianas each constituted around 7% of the species, with ferns being the least common at approximately 2%. Pioneer species were the most abundant in terms of ecological guild classification, comprising 45% of the total species, followed by non-pioneer light demanders and shade bearers, which accounted for 17% and 15% of the species, respectively. Notably, the star rating system revealed no black star species, but green star-rated species were the most common, making up about 53% of the total species. Pink star species were the second most prevalent among the rated species. Most plant species (94%) were classified as Least Concern or Not Categorised, with ten species categorised as Vulnerable and one species designated as Endangered. The high number of pioneer species indicated a lack of continuous canopy and disruption of the typical three-tree strata associated with moist semi-deciduous forests. The prevalence of green star species is attributed to their ability to thrive in most areas of Ghana and their lack of particular conservation concern, while the absence of black star species is explained by their global rarity and restricted distribution in Ghana. The fauna survey focused on mammalian species and recorded a total of 30 mammal species distributed across 24 genera and 16 families. The conservation status of these species was assessed using the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classification system, revealing that the majority of the species (87%) were classified as of Least Concern. Two species, Procolobus verus (Olive’s colobus) and Phataginus tricuspis (White-bellied pangolin), were categorised as Near Threatened, while Anomalurus pelii (Pel’s flying squirrel) had not been categorised by the IUCN. xv Additionally, Smutsia gigantea (Giant ground pangolin) was classified as Vulnerable. The protection status according to the Ghana Wildlife Conservation Regulation 1971 (LI 65) showed that Procolobus verus is wholly protected in Ghana, while Herpestes sanguineus (Slender mongoose) and Herpestes ichneumon (Egyptian mongoose) enjoy closed season protection. The abundance of each species was subjectively assessed on a four-point scale (common, frequent, occasional, or rare) by consulting local hunters. The survey methods included direct sightings, footprints, faeces, feeding sites, and other signs. The survey revealed a diverse range of mammalian species, including various duikers, antelopes, monkeys, squirrels, pangolins, and smaller mammals like rats and genets. The herpetofauna survey yielded a total of 28 species, comprising 20 reptiles distributed across eleven families and eight anurans (frogs and toads) from five families. The anuran species count in this study was relatively low compared to some previous surveys in Ghanaian forests, which have recorded up to 47 species. The study did not encounter any of the five anuran species considered endemic to southern Ghana’s forested areas. The conservation status of the herpetofauna showed that most species were of no immediate conservation concern, with eight species (28%) categorised as Least Concern and one species, the Dwarf crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis), classified as Vulnerable. The remaining nineteen species (68%) have not been categorised by the IUCN. The reptile species recorded included various snakes such as the Twig snake (Thelotornis kirtlandii), Green viper (Atheris chlorechis), and Black cobra (Naja nelonoleuca), as well as notable reptiles like the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus), African rock python (Python sebae), and Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus). Among the amphibians, the team recorded species like the Common toad (Bufo regularis), African tree toad (Nectophryne afra), and African Groove-crowned frog (Hoplobatrachus occipitalis). The avifauna survey recorded a total of 158 bird species belonging to 54 avian families. The Accipitridae and Ardeidae families were dominant, with 13 and 12 species respectively. The Cuculidae and Columbidae families each contained eight species, while the Falconidae, Picidae, Pycnonotidae, and Rallidae families had six species each. The residential status analysis revealed that the majority (67%) were resident species, with Palearctic migrant, non-breeding visitors accounting for 14%, and resident/intra-African migrants making up about 10%. The team found that about 28% of the species were common, 14% were fairly common, and 20% were uncommon. Scarce species accounted for approximately 8%, while rare species made up about 7%. The conservation status assessment showed that the majority of the bird species (87%) were of least concern according to the IUCN criteria, with two species each categorised as near threatened and vulnerable. Seventeen species (11%) had not been categorised by the IUCN. The team used the field guide by Borrow and Demey (2010) to determine the abundance and residential status of the birds and referred to the IUCN and the Ghana Wildlife Regulation 1971 (LI 685) to assess the conservation and protection status. The air quality assessment in Kodie focused on four key air pollutants: PM2.5, PM10, SO2, and NO2. The 24-hour average concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were found to be 34.3 μg/m³ and 51.5 μg/m³, respectively. While these levels are below the Ghana Environmental Protection Agency (GEPA) xvi standards (35 μg/m³ for PM2.5 and 70 μg/m³ for PM10), they exceed the more stringent World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines (15 μg/m³ for PM2.5 and 45 μg/m³ for PM10). The concentrations of SO2 and NO2 were measured at 9.8 μg/m³ and 13.7 μg/m³, respectively, which are well within both the GEPA limits (150 μg/m³ for both) and the WHO guidelines (40 μg/m³ for SO2 and 25 μg/m³ f or NO2). The sources of air pollution in Kodie were identified as bush and biomass burning, automobile emissions, and dust from untarred roads. Noise levels were measured at several key points around the proposed Collection, Dismantling, and Holding Centre (CDHC) site in Kodie, both during the day and at night, to understand the current ambient noise environment. At the centre of the proposed CDHC site, daytime ambient noise levels ranged from 45 to 50 dB, reflecting the quiet, undeveloped nature of the area. At night, this level decreased slightly to 40 to 45 dB, indicating reduced activity in the vicinity. Near the encroached structure, located 50 meters from the site boundary, daytime noise levels were 40 to 45 dB, which dropped to 35 to 40 dB at night due to lower activity levels. In the vicinity of the Mowire community, 1 kilometre from the site, daytime noise levels were between 35 and 40 dB, with nighttime levels falling to 30 to 35 dB. This reflects the generally tranquil nature of the residential area. The current low noise levels during both day and night provide a baseline for assessing potential noise impacts from the CDHC once operational. The tranquil nature of the site and its surroundings will be crucial in evaluating future noise mitigation needs. Field observations of traffic around the proposed CDHC site in Kodie show light to moderate traffic levels, largely due to the rural and undeveloped surroundings. Measurements along the access roads leading to the site reveal a relatively low volume of traffic, primarily consisting of local vehicles, with occasional commercial and agricultural vehicles. Despite the site’s proximity to the Kumasi-Tamale highway, which is about 1.5 kilometres away, the local traffic impact remains minimal, resulting in an overall uncongested environment. Estimated daily traffic counts show 90 trips during peak hours (7:00 AM - 9:00 AM and 5:00 PM - 7:00 PM), with 70 cars and 10 commercial vehicles. During non- peak hours (10:00 AM - 4:00 PM and after 8:00 PM), the traffic count remains similar. This indicates a stable traffic flow with minimal congestion around the proposed CDHC site. Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts The risk matrix approach used offered a structured method for assessing and categorizing potential risks associated with the project. The included risk identification, and development of likelihood and severity scales. Likelihood is rated as 1 (Not likely), 2 (Somewhat likely), and 3 (Very likely), while severity is rated as 1 (Low), 2 (Medium), and 3 (High). The risk assessment involved analysing each identified risk, evaluating its likelihood and severity using the defined scales. Weighted scores for each risk are calculated by multiplying the likelihood and severity weights, providing a quantifiable measure of each risk’s relative significance. Risk xvii classification then categorises these risks into distinct zones based on their total weighted scores, offering a clear overview of their severity. The environmental and social risks and impacts that would be associated with the construction and operationalisation of the e-waste CDHC at Kodie are presented below: Receptor/Risks Phase Likelihood Severity Risks/Impact Construction Very likely Medium Substantial Air Pollution Operations Very likely Medium Substantial Construction Somewhat likely Medium Moderate Fire Outbreak Operations Somewhat likely High Substantial Construction Somewhat likely Medium Moderate Explosion Operations Somewhat likely High Substantial Construction Very likely Medium Substantial Waste Generation Operations Very likely Medium Substantial Spills Construction Somewhat likely Low Low Operations Very likely Medium Substantial Compaction of Soil and Grading of Construction Somewhat likely Low Low the Site Operation Somewhat likely Low Low Construction Very likely Low Low Vegetation Clearing Operation Not likely Low Low Construction Somewhat likely Medium Moderate Habitat Disturbance Operation Not likely Low Low Construction Somewhat likely Low Low Contamination of soil Operation Very likely Medium Substantial Contamination of Ground or Construction Somewhat likely Low Low Surface Waters Operation Somewhat likely Medium Moderate Construction Somewhat likely Medium Moderate Resource Consumption Operations Somewhat likely Medium Moderate Construction Somewhat likely Medium Moderate Noise Pollution Operation Somewhat likely Medium Moderate Construction Somewhat likely Medium Moderate Stakeholder Expectations Operation Somewhat likely Medium Moderate Community Health and Safety & Construction Somewhat likely Low Low Community Disruption Operation Somewhat likely Low Low Construction Somewhat likely Low Low Traffic Impact Operation Somewhat likely Low Low xviii Receptor/Risks Phase Likelihood Severity Risks/Impact Construction Not Likely Low Low Cultural Heritage Disturbance Operation Not Likely Low Low Occupational Health and Safety Construction Very likely Medium Substantial (OHS) Operation Very likely Medium Substantial Construction Not likely Low Low Child Labour Operation Somewhat likely Medium Moderate Construction Not Likely Low Low Forced Labour Operation Not Likely Low Low Sexual Exploitation and Abuse Construction Somewhat likely High Substantial (SEA) and Sexual Harassment (SH) Operation Somewhat likely High Substantial Construction Somewhat likely Low Low Security Risk Operation Somewhat likely Medium Moderate Construction Somewhat likely Low Low Labour Influx & Population Change Operation Somewhat likely Low Low Poor Management of Labour and Construction Somewhat likely Medium Moderate Working Conditions Operation Somewhat likely Medium Moderate Influences on the Local Economy Construction Not Likely Low Low and Livelihoods Operation Very Likely Medium Substantial Environmental and Social Mitigation and Monitoring The E&S mitigation monitoring strategies to be employed to address E&S risks and impacts that would be associated with the e-waste CDHC are presented below: xix Risk and Impact Mitigation Strategy Air Pollution During Construction: Proper dust suppression techniques, such as water spraying and the use of dust screens, as well as strict emission control measures for construction equipment, should be implemented to mitigate this risk. During Operation: The following measures can be implemented to mitigate air pollution during the operation of the holding facility:  Proper ventilation and air filtration systems: Installing adequate ventilation systems with high-efficiency particulate air filters at the holding facility can capture and remove airborne particulates, heavy metals, and other pollutants generated during e-waste handling and dismantling processes.  Emission control equipment: Using emission control equipment such as scrubbers, cyclones, or baghouse filters can help remove pollutants from exhaust streams before they are released into the atmosphere.  Enclosed processing areas: Conducting e-waste dismantling and shredding operations within enclosed areas or structures can help contain and control the release of dust, particulates, and other airborne contaminants.  Dust suppression techniques: Implementing dust suppression techniques such as water spraying or misting systems can help minimise the generation and dispersion of dust during handling and processing of e-waste.  Proper waste storage: Storing e-waste materials in covered containers or areas can prevent the release of pollutants into the air due to wind or other disturbances.  Restriction on open burning: Strictly prohibiting the open burning of e-waste materials, which can release toxic fumes and persistent organic pollutants into the air.  Monitoring and inspection: Regularly monitoring air quality levels within the facility and around the vicinity, conducting inspections, and implementing corrective measures when needed.  Worker protection: Providing personal protective equipment (PPE) such as respirators, goggles, and protective clothing to workers to minimise their exposure to airborne pollutants.  Training and awareness: Conducting regular training and awareness programmes for workers on proper handling, dismantling, and storage practices to minimise air pollution.  Compliance with regulations: Ensuring compliance with relevant air quality regulations, emission standards, and permitting requirements set by local, national, or international authorities. Soil compaction, During Construction: Implementing effective erosion control measures, such as silt fences, sediment basins, and revegetation of disturbed soil erosion, areas during construction, is crucial to minimise the risk of soil erosion. Specific actions include sedimentation,  Sediment Barriers: Install temporary sediment barriers, such as silt fences, straw bales, or sediment traps, around the construction site to soil compaction prevent sediment-laden runoff from entering nearby water bodies. and grading,  Soil Compaction Minimisation: Limit heavy machinery and vehicle movement to designated access routes and staging areas to minimise and vegetation soil compaction in undisturbed areas. clearing.  Revegetation: Upon completion of construction activities, revegetate disturbed areas with native plant species to stabilise the soil and reduce the risk of erosion. xx  Stormwater Management: Incorporate stormwater management practices, such as detention basins or vegetated swales, to control and treat stormwater runoff from the construction site. During Operation: Some measures that can be implemented at the e-waste holding facility:  Truck unloading area design: Designate specific areas for truck unloading and design them with impermeable surfaces, drainage systems, and sediment control measures to prevent soil compaction and erosion in surrounding areas.  Vehicle Movement Restrictions: Implement traffic management plans and restrict vehicle movement to designated paved or compacted areas to minimise soil compaction in sensitive areas.  Proper site grading and drainage: Ensuring proper grading and drainage systems are in place to direct stormwater runoff away from the facility and prevent soil erosion. This may involve constructing channels, swales, or retention ponds to manage water flow effectively.  Vegetative cover: Maintaining a vegetative cover, such as grasses or ground covers, on exposed soil areas within the facility ’s premises can help stabilise the soil and prevent erosion caused by wind or water runoff.  Mulching: Applying a layer of mulch (e.g., wood chips, straw, or gravel) to exposed soil surfaces can help protect the soil from erosion caused by wind and water.  Stabilised construction entrances: Constructing stabilised entrances and exits at the facility using materials like gravel or stone to prevent soil from being tracked onto adjacent roads by vehicles, reducing the potential for erosion and sediment transport.  Stormwater management: Implementing a stormwater management plan that includes measures to control the volume and velocity of runoff, such as retention basins, infiltration trenches, or permeable paving.  Routine inspections and maintenance: Conducting regular inspections and maintenance of erosion control measures, ensuring they are functioning properly and making necessary repairs or replacements as needed. Also regularly monitor soil conditions and implement maintenance activities such as tilling or aeration, to prevent excessive soil compaction and promote soil health. Contamination During Construction: Proper management of construction site runoff, including the implementation of sediment control measures and of land and treatment systems, is necessary to prevent or minimise the impact of effluent discharges. surface waters During Operation: Several measures can be implemented to control the pollution of water bodies or underground water from the CENTRE, (Water given that the land is flat and covered with grasses. Strategies that can be implemented include: Pollution)  Containment and Storage - Impermeable Flooring: Use impermeable surfaces for areas where e-waste is stored or processed to prevent leachate from seeping into the ground. - Secondary Containment: Install secondary containment systems, such as bunds or dikes, around storage areas to capture any accidental spills or leaks.  Leachate Collection and Treatment - Leachate Collection System: Implement a leachate collection system to capture any liquids that may percolate through e-waste materials. - Leachate Treatment Plant: Treat collected leachate using appropriate treatment technologies before discharge to ensure contaminants are removed. xxi  Surface Water Management - Drainage Systems: Construct an effective drainage system to manage surface runoff and prevent contamination of nearby water bodies. - Retention Ponds: Build retention or detention ponds to capture and treat runoff before it is released into the environment.  Groundwater Protection - Monitoring Wells: Install groundwater monitoring wells around the facility to regularly test for contamination and take corrective actions if needed. - Liners and Barriers: Use geomembrane liners and barriers beneath storage and processing areas to prevent contaminants from reaching the groundwater.  Operational Controls - Proper Handling Procedures: Train employees on proper handling and processing techniques to minimise the risk of spills and leaks. - Regular Inspections and Maintenance: Conduct regular inspections and maintenance of equipment and containment systems to ensure they are functioning correctly.  Pollution Prevention - Waste Segregation: Separate hazardous and non-hazardous e-waste to reduce the risk of hazardous substances contaminating water sources. - Recycling and Reuse: Maximise recycling and reuse of materials to minimise the amount of waste that needs to be stored or processed.  Emergency Response Planning - Spill Response Plan: Develop and implement a spill response plan that includes procedures for containing and cleaning up spills quickly and effectively. - Emergency Equipment: Equip the facility with necessary spill response equipment, such as absorbents, booms, and neutralising agents.  Community Engagement and Compliance - Stakeholder Engagement: Engage with local communities and stakeholders to inform them about the measures in place and address any concerns. - Regulatory Compliance: Ensure compliance with all relevant environmental regulations and standards to prevent legal and environmental issues. - Raise awareness among the local community about the importance of proper e-waste disposal and its impact on water quality and sanitation: Educational campaigns and outreach programmes can empower individuals to adopt responsible e-waste management practices, ultimately contributing to the preservation of water resources and the maintenance of a clean and healthy environment. Noise and During Construction: Implementing noise control measures, such as using noise-reducing equipment, establishing buffer zones, and vibration scheduling noisy activities during appropriate times in the construction period, can help mitigate this risk. pollution During Operation: The following measures can be implemented at the e-waste holding facility to control noise pollution during its operation: xxii  Noise barriers and enclosures: Installing soundproof barriers or enclosures around noisy equipment, such as shredders, granulators, or compactors, can help contain and reduce the propagation of noise.  Acoustic insulation: Applying acoustic insulation materials to walls, ceilings, and floors of the facility can help absorb and dampen noise levels within the premises.  Strategic equipment placement: Strategically placing noisy equipment away from sensitive areas, such as offices or residential areas, and positioning them in dedicated noise-controlled zones can minimise the impact of noise on workers and nearby communities. For example, the centre is located in a light industrial area, where the denizens are used to light noises.  Noise-reducing equipment: Investing in equipment and machinery that are designed to operate with lower noise levels or incorporating noise-reducing technologies, such as sound-dampening enclosures or vibration isolators.  Maintenance and lubrication: Regular maintenance and proper lubrication of machinery and equipment can help reduce excessive noise levels caused by friction, wear, and tear.  Scheduling of noisy activities: Scheduling noisy operations, such as shredding or compacting, during times when the impact on nearby communities is minimised, such as during daytime hours or avoiding weekends and holidays.  Personal protective equipment (PPE): Providing workers with appropriate PPE, such as earplugs or noise-cancelling headphones, to protect them from excessive noise exposure within the facility.  Noise monitoring: Implementing a noise monitoring program to regularly measure noise levels within the facility and at the facility boundaries, allowing for the identification of noise hotspots and the implementation of targeted mitigation measures.  Buffer zones: Establishing buffer zones or green belts around the facility by planting trees or constructing earth berms, which can help absorb and attenuate noise propagation to nearby areas.  Community engagement: Maintaining open communication with nearby communities, addressing their concerns regarding noise pollution, and implementing reasonable measures to minimise disturbances. Fire Fire Safety Protocols: Implement stringent protocols for fire prevention and response, including clear procedures for handling flammable materials and conducting hot work (welding, soldering). Storage and Handling: Ensure proper storage and handling of flammable liquids, solvents, and electronic components prone to combustion. Dust Control: Implement measures to control combustible dust generated during dismantling processes to reduce the risk of dust explosions. Battery Safety: Establish protocols for the safe handling, storage, and disposal of lithium-ion batteries, including monitoring for signs of overheating or damage. Fire Detection and Suppression Systems: Install and maintain robust fire detection systems (smoke detectors, heat sensors) and suppression systems (fire extinguishers, sprinkler systems) throughout the facility. Staff Training: Provide comprehensive training for all staff on fire safety procedures, emergency response, and the proper use of firefighting equipment. xxiii Regular Inspections and Maintenance: Conduct regular inspections of electrical systems, equipment, and fire safety infrastructure to identify and rectify potential hazards promptly. Emergency Planning: Develop and practice emergency response plans, including evacuation procedures and coordination with local emergency services. Culture of Safety: Foster a culture of safety among all employees, encouraging vigilance, reporting of hazards, and adherence to safety protocols at all times. Spills Storage and Handling Procedures: Implementing proper storage practices for chemicals and hazardous materials to prevent leaks and spills. This involves using appropriate containers, labelling, and segregating incompatible substances. Spill Prevention Controls: Installing secondary containment systems, such as bunds or drip trays, around storage areas to contain spills if they occur. Regular inspections of these containment systems are crucial. Staff Training and Awareness: Providing training to all personnel on spill response procedures, including immediate containment actions and reporting protocols. Regular drills can reinforce these procedures. Emergency Response Equipment: Ensuring availability and readiness of spill response kits equipped with absorbents, booms, and personal protective equipment (PPE) near high-risk areas. Explosion Hazardous Material Handling: Implementing strict protocols for the handling, storage, and disposal of volatile and reactive materials such as lithium-ion batteries and solvents to prevent accidental ignition. Ventilation and Gas Monitoring: Ensuring adequate ventilation in all processing areas to disperse flammable vapours and gases. Installing gas detection systems to monitor potentially explosive atmospheres. Control of Combustible Dust: Implementing effective dust control measures, such as ventilation systems, dust collection equipment, and regular cleaning of work areas to minimise the accumulation of combustible dust. Static Electricity Control: Using grounded equipment and anti-static devices in areas where explosive atmospheres may be present to prevent sparks from static electricity. Stakeholder It is essential to establish open and transparent communication channels with the community, civil society organisations, and other interested expectations parties, such as adjacent communities and the Afigya-Kwabre South District Assembly. Grievance redress mechanisms should be in place to address any concerns or complaints that may arise during the construction phase. Additionally, it is important to manage expectations of the District Assembly and the community by clearly communicating the project’s objectives, timelines, and potential impacts, both positive and negative. Unrealistic expectations or misunderstandings can lead to frustration and mistrust among stakeholders, which may undermine the project ’s social license to operate. Involving stakeholders in the decision-making process and incorporating their feedback can foster a sense of ownership and buy-in, ultimately reducing the risk of conflicts and delays. xxiv Community During Construction: To mitigate disruptions of the operations of the e-waste centre, proper communication and consultation with the Disruption community should be established, along with the implementation of mitigation measures such as noise barriers, dust suppression techniques, and traffic management plans. Additionally, scheduling disruptive activities during appropriate times can help minimise inconvenience to residents. During Operation: Undertake measures to control noise and vibration Occupational During Construction: Health and  Ensure the contractor develops and implements an OHS Management Plan and committed to: Safety Risks - Establish clear policies and procedures for safe work practices, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and emergency response protocols. - Provide regular training and awareness programmes for workers on OHS risks and preventive measures. - Conduct regular inspections and audits to ensure compliance with OHS standards and regulations.  Ensure the contractor implement labour management procedures and committed to: - Develop and enforce a strict policy against child labour and discriminatory practices. - Establish fair and transparent recruitment practices, ensuring equal opportunities and non-discrimination. - Implement a workers’ grievance redress mechanism for workers to raise concerns or disputes related to labour practices.  Ensure the contactor maintains hygienic working conditions: - Provide adequate sanitation facilities, potable water, and clean rest areas for workers. - Implement proper housekeeping and waste management practices to maintain a clean and hygienic work environment. - Conduct regular inspections and take corrective actions to address any hygiene-related issues.  Promote Social Cohesion and Community Engagement: - Engage with local communities and stakeholders to address any concerns or grievances related to the construction activities. - Implement measures to minimise disturbances to the local community, such as noise and traffic management plans. - Foster a positive relationship with the local community through community outreach and social investment programmes. Child labour: The project will ensure contractors and subcontractors comply rigorously with national and international labour laws and standards prohibiting child labour. It will incorporate clauses in contracts mandating zero tolerance for child labour and conducting regular audits to monitor compliance. Contractors will be required to provide documentation verifying the age and legal employment status of all workers, with strict penalties enforced for any violations found. The project will actively promote awareness and education among contractors and their employees about the importance of child labour prevention, aiming to foster a culture of ethical labour practices and social responsibility throughout the project’s duration. Force Labour: The project will ensure contractors and subcontractors comply rigorously with national and international labour laws and standards prohibiting forced labour. It will incorporate clauses in contracts mandating zero tolerance for forced labour and conduct regular audits to monitor compliance. Contractors will be required to implement thorough due diligence processes to verify that all workers are employed voluntarily and are working under fair and safe conditions, with no coercion or exploitation involved. The project will also promote xxv awareness and training among contractors and their employees about the risks and signs of forced labour, fostering a culture of ethical labour practices and social responsibility. Strict penalties will be enforced for any violations found, ensuring that the project upholds the highest standards of human rights and worker protection. Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) and Sexual Harassment (SH): The project will ensure contractors and subcontractors implement strict policies and procedures to prevent. Contracts will include clauses mandating zero tolerance for SEA and SH, and regular audits will be conducted to monitor compliance. Contractors will be required to provide comprehensive training for all workers on recognizing, preventing, and reporting SEA and SH. The project will establish clear reporting mechanisms and support systems for victims, ensuring confidentiality and protection from retaliation. By fostering a culture of respect and accountability, the project will promote a safe and inclusive work environment, with strict penalties enforced for any violations, to uphold the highest standards of worker dignity and safety. During Operation:  Develop and implement a Hazardous Materials Management Plan: - Identify and assess the hazardous materials present in the e-waste streams. - Implement proper handling, storage, and disposal procedures for hazardous materials. - Provide specialised training and PPE for workers handling hazardous materials. - Establish emergency response plans and procedures for spills or accidents involving hazardous materials.  Implement Occupational Health and Safety Management System: - Establish an OHS management system aligned with international standards (e.g., ISO 45001) or national regulations. - Conduct regular workplace inspections, risk assessments, and hazard identification activities. - Provide appropriate PPE, safety equipment, and training to workers based on their job roles and exposure risks. - Implement a medical surveillance program for workers exposed to hazardous materials or conditions.  Promote Fair Labour Practices: - Ensure compliance with labour laws and regulations, including fair wages, working hours, and employee benefits. - Implement non-discriminatory policies and practices in recruitment, promotion, and termination processes. - Establish clear employment contracts and provide workers with information about their rights and responsibilities. - Maintain open communication channels and grievance mechanisms for workers to raise concerns or disputes.  Foster Community Relations and Stakeholder Engagement: - Establish regular communication and consultation channels with local communities and stakeholders. - Implement community outreach and awareness programmes to educate the public about the facility’s operations and environmental and social management practices. - Address any community concerns or grievances promptly and transparently. Child Labour: The project will ensure that management of the centre will strictly adhere to national and international labour laws prohibiting child labour. Policies will mandate zero tolerance for child labour, with regular audits and inspections to ensure compliance. Documentation verifying the age and legal employment status of all employees will be required, with strict penalties enforced for any violations. xxvi Management will also implement awareness and education programs to emphasise the importance of preventing child labour and fostering ethical labour practices. Forced Labour: The project will ensure the management of the centre will certify that all employees work voluntarily and under fair conditions, free from coercion or exploitation. Policies will enforce zero tolerance for forced labour, and regular audits and inspections will be conducted to monitor compliance. Training programs will be provided to management and staff to recognise and prevent forced labour, promoting a culture of ethical labour practices. Strict penalties will be enforced for any violations, ensuring the protection of human rights and worker dignity. Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) and Sexual Harassment (SH): The project will ensure the management of the centre will establish and enforce robust policies and procedures to prevent SEA and SH. Zero-tolerance policies for SEA and SH will be implemented, with regular audits and inspections to ensure compliance. Comprehensive training on preventing, recognizing, and reporting SEA and SH will be provided to all staff members. Clear reporting mechanisms and support systems for victims will be established, ensuring confidentiality and protection from retaliation. By fostering a culture of respect and accountability, the management will maintain a safe and inclusive work environment, with strict penalties enforced for any violations, upholding the highest standards of worker safety and dignity. Security risk During Construction: To mitigate security risks during the construction phase, it is essential to implement robust security protocols and measures. This may include physical barriers, access control systems, surveillance systems, and the employment of trained security personnel. Additionally, establishing good relations with local law enforcement agencies and involving the community in security efforts can help deter criminal activities and foster a sense of shared responsibility. During Operation: To address the security risks associated with the operation of the e-waste management facility, the following mitigation measures can be implemented:  Security Risk Assessment: - Conduct a thorough security risk assessment to identify potential threats, vulnerabilities, and areas of concern within the facility and its surroundings. - Engage with local law enforcement agencies, security experts, and community representatives to gather insights and understand the local security dynamics.  Physical Security Measures: - Implement robust physical security measures such as perimeter fencing, access control systems (e.g., gates, checkpoints), surveillance cameras, and adequate lighting. - Establish secure storage areas for valuable materials and equipment, with restricted access and monitoring systems. - Implement measures to prevent and detect unauthorised entry, such as visitor screening and identification protocols.  Security Personnel and Training: - Employ trained and licensed security personnel with clear protocols and guidelines for their conduct and use of force. - Provide training to security personnel on human rights, conflict resolution, and appropriate engagement with local communities. xxvii - Establish clear rules of engagement and communication channels with local law enforcement agencies for coordinated response in case of security incidents.  Community Engagement and Awareness: - Foster positive relationships with local communities through regular engagement, transparency, and open communication channels. - Implement awareness programmes to educate the community about the facility ’s operations, security measures, and the importance of responsible e-waste management. - Establish grievance mechanisms and feedback channels to address community concerns related to security issues promptly and transparently.  Personnel Safety and Awareness: - Implement measures to ensure the safety of workers commuting to and from the facility, such as designated transportation routes, escorts, or collaborating with local authorities for enhanced security. - Provide security awareness training to all personnel, educating them on safety protocols, emergency procedures, and how to report security incidents or concerns.  Security Management Plan: - Develop and implement a Security Management Plan that outlines policies, procedures, roles and responsibilities, and response protocols for various security scenarios. - Regularly review and update the Security Management Plan based on evolving security dynamics, incidents, and lessons learned.  Security Incident Reporting and Investigation: - Establish clear protocols for reporting and investigating security incidents, including documentation, evidence collection, and root cause analysis. - Collaborate with relevant authorities and stakeholders to address security incidents, implement corrective actions, and prevent future occurrences.  Continuous Monitoring and Adaptation: - Regularly monitor and assess the effectiveness of the implemented security measures, adjusting and enhancing them as needed based on evolving threats, community feedback, and industry best practices. Labour influx To mitigate the risks associated with labour influx and population change during the construction and operation phases of the e-waste and population management project, the following measures can be implemented: change Construction Phase:  Worker Code of Conduct: - Develop and enforce Worker Code of Conduct that outlines expected behaviours, respect for local communities, and compliance with socio-cultural norms. - Provide training and awareness sessions to workers on the Code of Conduct, local cultural sensitivities, and the importance of maintaining positive community relations.  Workforce Management Plan: xxviii - Implement a Workforce Management Plan to manage and monitor the influx of workers, including strategies for local recruitment, worker accommodation, and transportation arrangements. - Establish clear policies and procedures for worker conduct, grievance redress mechanisms, and disciplinary actions for non-compliance.  Community Engagement and Awareness: - Engage with local communities and authorities to understand their concerns and sensitivities related to labour influx and population change. - Conduct awareness campaigns and information sessions to educate local communities about the project, its workforce requirements, and the measures taken to mitigate potential impacts.  Health and Social Services Support: - Collaborate with local health authorities and service providers to assess the potential impacts of labour influx on existing health and social services. - Develop strategies to support and enhance these services, if necessary, to accommodate the increased demand during the construction phase.  Influx Management Strategy: - Implement an Influx Management Strategy to monitor and manage the arrival of speculative job seekers and non-local traders. - Establish clear policies and guidelines for local hiring preferences and engagement with non-local traders to minimise potential conflicts and adverse impacts. Operation Phase:  Grievance Redress Mechanism: - The AEHMP – Ghana project has established a GRM. Implement and maintain the GRM at the project area and ensure accessible and transparent GRM for the workers, community, and local communities to report any concerns or incidents related to non-compliance with socio-cultural norms or irresponsible behaviour by facility personnel.  Ongoing Training and Awareness: - Provide regular training and awareness sessions for facility personnel, emphasizing respect for local cultures, adherence to socio-cultural norms, and the importance of maintaining positive community relations.  Community Development Initiatives: - Implement community development initiatives that foster positive relationships between the facility personnel and local communities, promoting mutual understanding and respect for cultural diversity. xxix Poor To mitigate the risks associated with poor management of labour and working conditions during the construction and operation phases of management of the e-waste management project, the following measures can be implemented: labour and Construction Phase: working  Ensure that contractors develop and implement a Labour Management Plan (LMP): conditions - Establish clear policies and procedures for fair employment practices, including recruitment, wages, working hours, and worker accommodation. - Ensure compliance with Ghana labour laws.  Ensure that contractors implement robust Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) measures (see OHS risk above): - Conduct risk assessments and develop site-specific OHS plans to identify and mitigate potential hazards. - Provide appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and training to workers on its proper use and maintenance. - Establish emergency response procedures and ensure access to first aid facilities and medical services.  Ensure contractor Implement workers grievance redress mechanism: - Implement accessible and transparent grievance redress mechanisms for workers to report - any concerns or violations related to labour practices or working conditions. - Ensure prompt investigation and resolution of grievances and implement corrective actions as necessary.  Conduct regular monitoring and audits: - Regularly monitor and audit labour practices, working conditions, and compliance with the LMP and OHS measures. - Involve independent third-party auditors or civil society organisations to ensure transparency and objectivity.  Provide worker training and awareness: - Conduct training and awareness sessions for workers on their rights, labour standards, OHS protocols, and the importance of adhering to established policies and procedures. Operation Phase:  Ensure management of the centre develops and implements a Labour Management Plan (LMP): - Regularly review and update the LMP to align with any changes in labour regulations, industry best practices, or operational requirements. - Ensure the management of the centre keeps the LMP and remains relevant and effective in managing labour-related risks during the operation phase.  Ensure management of the centres puts OHS monitoring and improvement: - Maintain ongoing OHS monitoring and risk assessments to identify and address any emerging hazards or issues related to working conditions. xxx - Implement corrective and preventive measures to improve OHS performance and maintain a safe working environment.  Promote worker engagement and feedback: - Encourage worker participation and feedback in decision-making processes related to labour practices and working conditions. - Foster an open and transparent dialogue between management and workers to address concerns and continually improve workplace conditions.  Maintain grievance redress mechanism: - Continue to operate and promote accessible grievance redress mechanisms for workers to report any concerns or violations during the operation phase. - Promptly investigate and resolve grievances and implement corrective actions as necessary.  Conduct periodic audits and assessments: - Engage independent third-party auditors or civil society organisations to conduct periodic assessments of labour practices and working conditions during the operation phase. - Use the findings from these assessments to identify areas for improvement and implement corrective actions. Influences on During Operation: A mix of the following measures could be implemented to mitigate the consequences of the project on the local economy the local and livelihoods: economy and  Local Employment and Skill Development: livelihoods - Prioritise the recruitment and training of local community members for various roles within the facility, such as technicians, operators, and support staff. - Collaborate with local educational institutions or vocational training centres, such as the Car Mechanic Workshop and Training Centre, St. Vitus Technical Institute, Don Bosco Vocational Training School, among others, to provide skill development programmes and capacity building initiatives for community members, enabling them to acquire the necessary qualifications for employment at the facility. - Establish clear and transparent hiring policies that promote equal opportunities and prioritise local talent.  Local Business Engagement and Procurement: - Identify opportunities for local businesses to supply goods and services required for the facility ’s operations, such as catering, transportation, or maintenance services. - Develop a local procurement strategy that encourages and supports the participation of local businesses, fostering economic growth and entrepreneurship within the community. - Provide training and guidance to local businesses to help them meet the facility’s procurement requirements and standards.  Community Needs Assessment and Livelihood Support: - Conduct a community needs assessment to identify potential livelihood impacts and vulnerable groups that may be affected by the facility’s operations. - Develop targeted livelihood support programmes, such as micro-financing initiatives, vocational training, or small business incubation, to assist community members in adapting to the changing economic dynamics or exploring alternative income-generating opportunities. xxxi  Economic Impact Monitoring and Adaptive Management: - Operationalise a monitoring and evaluation framework to assess the facility ’s impact on local economic dynamics, employment patterns, and livelihood opportunities over time. - Regularly review and adapt the mitigation measures and support programmes based on the monitoring results and feedback from stakeholders, ensuring that they remain relevant and effective in addressing the evolving local economic dynamics.  Collaboration with Local Authorities and Organisations: - Collaborate with local authorities, especially the Afigya-Kwabre South District Assembly, community organisations, and development agencies to align the facility’s economic and livelihood support initiatives with broader regional or national development goals and strategies. - Leverage existing programmes and resources to maximise the benefits and minimise potential negative impacts on local livelihoods and economic dynamics. xxxii Stakeholders’ Participation and Public Consultation The construction and operation of e-waste centre in Ghana will involve a diverse group of stakeholders, each playing a crucial role in ensuring the project’s success. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is pivotal in providing regulatory oversight and ensuring environmental compliance. The Ministry of Environment, Science, Technology and Innovation (MESTI) offers policy guidance, ensuring that the project aligns with national priorities. The Ministry of Health and the Ghana Health Service provide expertise on health implications related to e-waste and contribute to public health awareness. Meanwhile, the Ministry of Employment and Labour Relations enforces labour standards and ensures worker safety. The Ministry of Information supports communication and outreach efforts, helping to disseminate information about the project’s objectives and benefits to the public. The Ministry of Local Government, Decentralisation & Rural Development plays a key role in community engagement and ensuring alignment with local development plans. Additional critical stakeholders include the Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, which provides expertise in radiation safety, and the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), which contributes research and technical insights into e-waste recycling technologies. Private sector companies are vital for practical implementation and innovation in e-waste management. Engaging with informal e-waste and scrap dealers, along with their associations, helps in formalizing their operations and improving environmental practices. NGOs and civil society organisations offer community outreach, advocacy, and expertise in environmental conservation, while academic institutions provide research support and capacity building. At the local level, the Afigya-Kwabre South District enforces regulations and facilitates community engagement, while community representatives, residents, traditional leaders, and community leaders offer valuable local perspectives and support. Community consultations revealed that Kodie, a peri-urban town near Kumasi, is culturally diverse with a predominantly Ashanti population. The Akwasidae festival highlights the area’s strong cultural traditions. The community has a mix of public and private educational institutions, with healthcare services provided primarily by a private hospital. While private institutions offer higher-quality services, they may be less accessible to low-income residents. The Owabri River, which flows through Kodie, is crucial for local water supply and ecosystem but does not support commercial fishing. Economic activities in the Afigya-Kwabri South District are centred around “Suame Magazine,” a bustling commercial and industrial area. Urbanisation has led to significant traffic and influenced local development. The land designated for the e-waste project, part of SMIDO’s industrial city development, is currently unused and aligns with SMIDO’s master plan. Community consultations revealed mixed feelings about the e-waste project. While there is hope for job opportunities and positive impacts, concerns persist due to past failed developments and local social issues. Despite these concerns, strong support from local government and SMIDO executives suggests a favourable xxxiii environment for the project’s implementation and community integration. This engagement underscores the importance of involving various stakeholders, addressing community concerns, and leveraging local support to ensure the successful establishment and operation of the e-waste centres. Institutional Capacity Assessment and Implementation Arrangement An institutional capacity assessment of EPA was undertaken to determine the readiness to oversee the implementation of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). The EPA, mandated under Ghana’s Environmental Protection Agency ACT, operates through a central office in Accra and regional offices. The EPA employs a diverse workforce including environmental scientists, engineers, enforcement officers, and administrative staff. Training programs aim to enhance technical skills in monitoring and compliance, but turnover rates and expertise gaps pose challenges to institutional continuity. Financially, the EPA relies on internally generated funds and donor support for projects. Budget constraints hinder investments in critical infrastructure and environmental initiatives, affecting operational capabilities. Technologically, the EPA uses monitoring stations, laboratories, and GIS tools for assessments. Despite these resources, challenges in accessing advanced technologies and optimising data systems persist, hindering real-time reporting and analysis. Stakeholder engagement is central, involving government, industry, NGOs, and local communities through consultations and partnerships. Transparency initiatives aim to strengthen trust and collaboration in decision-making. Capacity building initiatives are crucial, targeting EPA’s Environmental and Social (E&S) Focal Points, project coordinators, contractors, and community representatives. Training modules encompass the Environmental and Social Framework (ESF), e-waste management, social aspects, and monitoring. These efforts aim to enhance understanding and operational effectiveness across stakeholders, mitigating future community concerns and ensuring sustainable project outcomes. Implementation responsibilities within the Project Implementation Unit (PIU) at EPA are clearly defined, with the PIU overseeing ESMP execution. Roles range from the PIU Project Coordinator providing strategic leadership to Environmental and Social Focal Points managing day-to-day operations and risk mitigation. Collaboration with contractors, supervised by a Consultancy team, ensures compliance with environmental and social standards throughout the construction phase, supported by a Community Liaison Officer bridging project activities with community interests. Financially, the ESMP budget totals GHS one million eight hundred and sixty-nine thousand Ghana Cedis (GHS 1,869,000.00) over two years, encompassing project monitoring, capacity building, and public awareness initiatives. This allocation underscores EPA’s commitment to environmental xxxiv management and community engagement, aiming to foster transparency, regulatory compliance, and sustainable development in Ghana’s e-waste sector. xxxv 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The growth of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Ghana has been remarkable in recent years, mirroring global trends. The ICT sector has experienced rapid development, spurred by advancements in telecommunications, internet connectivity, and mobile technology. This progress has facilitated the proliferation of electronic devices across the country, including smartphones, computers, televisions, and household appliances. As more Ghanaians integrate these technologies into their daily lives, the demand for electronic products continues to rise. This expansion has led to numerous benefits, such as improved communication, enhanced access to information, and increased productivity. While the widespread use of electronic devices has undoubtedly brought about positive socio- economic impacts, it has also contributed to the mounting electronic waste (e-waste) problem. Electronic devices have finite lifespans and often become obsolete or malfunction over time, prompting users to discard them. Additionally, the accelerated pace of technological innovation encourages frequent upgrades, further exacerbating the issue. Unfortunately, Ghana lacks adequate systems and infrastructure for managing e-waste effectively. As a result, much of the discarded electronic equipment ends up in informal recycling facilities or landfills, where it poses serious environmental and health risks. Ghana’s underdeveloped e-waste collection, transportation, and recycling infrastructure makes it difficult to handle the country’s growing e-waste volume. The country lacks a comprehensive system for the collection of e-waste from various sources to designated disposal or recycling facilities. Improper disposal methods, such as burning or dismantling electronics, release hazardous substances like lead, mercury, and cadmium into the air, soil, and waterways, contaminating the environment and endangering human health. Furthermore, the informal e-waste recycling sector in Ghana often involves rudimentary techniques that lack proper safety measures. Workers, including adults and children, are exposed to harmful chemicals and toxins without adequate protective gear, leading to various health problems. Moreover, these practices contribute to pollution and degradation of local ecosystems, impacting biodiversity and agricultural productivity. Open burning of e-waste is a source of UPOPs such as dioxins and furans. When formed, uPOPs are released along with other pollutants such as heavy metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and fine particles, which eventually contaminate the environment (air, soil and sediments). Via bioaccumulation, uPOPs as well as heavy metals are carried on in biota and in the food chain around these open burning areas. By improving waste management systems, uPOPs contamination of the environment, the food chain and humans can be avoided. 1 Addressing Ghana’s growing e-waste challenge requires a multi-faceted approach involving government intervention, industry collaboration, public awareness, and investments in e-waste management infrastructure, such as modern recycling facilities. In this regard, the Africa Environmental Health and Pollution Management Programme in Ghana (AEHPMP-Ghana) being funded by the Global Environment Facility through the World Bank will invest in infrastructure and technologies for e-waste management. Investing in e-waste recycling facilities equipped with appropriate technology and processes will enable the safe and efficient recovery of valuable materials from discarded electronics, reducing the reliance on harmful practices. Focusing on addressing environmental health risks related to harmful chemicals and waste management, the programme will have immediate and longer-term socio-economic benefits. The AEHPMP has the objective to reduce exposure to mercury and uPOPs pollution in pilot sites and strengthen the institutional capacity to manage and regulate mercury use in artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM) and e-waste. The project has four (4) Components as follows:  Component 1: Institutional strengthening, knowledge and capacity building: This component will support activities aimed at strengthening the knowledge and capacity base of both public institutions and private stakeholders in addressing the environmental health risks posed by mercury usage in the ASGM sector and POPs/UPOPs releases from e-waste.  Component 2: Policy dialogue and regulatory enhancements: This component will include activities that will ensure better management of environmental health concerns related to mercury usage in the ASGM sector and POPs/UPOPs releases from e-waste by addressing current policy problems, strengthening regulatory frameworks, and facilitating their implementation.  Component 3: Demonstrating application of technological tools and economic approaches: This component will finance specific community-focused cleaner technology demonstration activities. It will support the construction and operationalisation of e-waste management facilities in selected areas including Kodie in the Afigya-Kwabre South District.  Component 4: Programme Implementation and Coordination: This component will cover the project management expenses, as well as those associated with the implementation and supervision of project activities, administration of procurement and financial management, monitoring and evaluation, and monitoring of safeguards compliance. 1.2 Purpose and Objectives The purpose of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is to ensure that the construction and operationalisation of the e-waste facility are carried out in a manner that avoids, minimise and or mitigates any potential adverse environmental and social risks and impacts to human health and the surrounding ecosystem. The specific objectives of the plan are to: 2 a. Identify and assess potential environmental and social risks and impacts during both the construction and operational phases of the facility. b. Develop strategies and measures aimed at preventing, minimizing, and mitigating adverse environmental and human health impacts, ensuring the well-being of both people and ecosystems. c. Ensure adherence to pertinent environmental and social regulations, standards, and best practices, thereby maintaining high levels of compliance. d. Foster engagement with local communities and stakeholders, facilitating dialogue to address concerns, gather feedback, and enhance understanding of the facility’s operations and potential impacts. e. Implement measures to safeguard the health and safety of all workers involved in the construction and operation of the facility, prioritizing their well-being throughout the process. f. Establish monitoring systems to track environmental and social performance indicators, enabling the identification of areas for improvement and ensuring continual compliance with established standards and regulations. 1.3 Methodology The preparation of the ESMP followed a structured and methodical approach, including several critical steps. The initial phase involved an extensive desk review of project-related documentation, including the Project Concept Note (PCN), Project Appraisal Document (PAD), Appraisal Stage Environmental and Social Review Summary (ESRS), Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF), Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP), Aide Memoirs, project progress reports, site screening report, vision report, and design report. Additionally, relevant research papers, governmental and World Bank publications and documents were reviewed. A review of national policies, regulations, strategic plans, ESF and international conventions pertaining to environmental and social management was also conducted. The process provided valuable insights about the proposed intervention and facilitated the identification of environmental and social risks and impacts that may be associated with the construction and operationalisation of the e-waste facility. Following the desk review, a reconnaissance survey of the site was conducted on February 27, 2024. An on-site visit was carried out to familiarise the ESMP team with the project location and assess the environmental and social characteristics. This process included observing existing land uses, infrastructure, and environmental features, as well as identifying potential sensitive receptors. Preliminary engagement with stakeholders, including local communities, was also undertaken to gather insights and perspectives on the project. This stage was crucial in defining the scope of the ESMP and determining the essential baseline studies. 3 The third stage focused on advance stakeholder engagement. Various stakeholders were identified and engaged to gather insights, feedback, and perspectives from individuals and groups involved in or affected by the subproject. This engagement included discussions with government officials, e- waste management experts, industry representatives, community leaders, and members of the public. This inclusive approach was expected to foster collaboration, build consensus, and ultimately implement more robust and sustainable solutions for the subproject. Based on the findings from the reconnaissance survey and stakeholder engagement, environmental and social baseline assessments and engagements were conducted. They established the current environmental and social conditions of the proposed site, considering all physical, biological, and socioeconomic characteristics that might be altered by project implementation. The following assessments and engagements were carried out: 1.3.1 Air Quality Assessment An air quality assessment was conducted at the site on May 8, 2024. The study focused on measuring four key air pollutants: particulate matter 2.5 microns (PM2.5), particulate matter 10 microns (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulphur dioxide (SO2). Measurements were taken over a 24-hour averaging period, as the results are presented as 24-hour average concentrations. This is consistent with the Ghana Environmental Protection Agency (GEPA) and World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines referenced in the report, which specify 24-hour averaging times for these pollutants. The study compared the measured concentrations to both the Ghana National Ambient Air Quality (NAAQ) Standards (GS 1236:2019) and the WHO Ambient Air Quality Guidelines from 2021. This allowed for an assessment of compliance with both national and international standards. 1.3.2 Flora and Fauna Assessment Flora: The flora study employed a systematic sampling method that combined area-based and non- area-based techniques. For the area-based approach, the team used 800 1x1m2 quadrats along 40 line transects. The non-area-based technique involved plant identification at 1m intervals along 200m line transects, as well as random selection of spots to record additional species. Plants were identified in the field using standard literature and field guides. Any specimens that could not be identified on-site were sent to an herbarium for determination. The flora was classified into ecological guild as follows:  Pioneer (P)  Non-Pioneer Light Demander (NPLD)  Shade Bearer (SB)  Swamp (SW)  Non-forest (NF) 4 The plant species were star-rated according to the specific circumstance of Ghana as follows:  Black Star – Species rare internationally and at least uncommon in Ghana; urgent attention to conservation of population needed.  Gold star – Fairly rare internationally and./or locally  Blue star – Widespread internationally but rare in Ghana or vice-versa  Scarlet star – Common, but under serious pressure from heavy exploitation  Red star – Common, but under pressure from exploitation  Pink star – Common and moderately exploited. Also, non-abundant species of high potential value  Green star – No particular conservation concern, common in Ghana Fauna: The fauna study, which focused on mammals, utilised several methods. The team conducted direct and opportunistic observations, identified animal spoors (such as tracks and droppings), and set traps. They also performed transect walks to spot animal signs. To supplement their findings, the team interviewed locals who were familiar with the area’s wildlife. Avifauna: For the avifauna study, the team employed transect counts along footpaths, trails, and access ways within the study area. They also conducted opportunistic observations while driving and walking through the site. Birds were identified both visually and auditorily, with the team listening for distinctive calls and songs. Observations were primarily conducted during peak bird activity hours, from 7-10am and 3:30-5:30pm. Binoculars were used to observe distant birds, and locals assisted with identification alongside field guides. Herpetofauna: The herpetofauna study relied heavily on visual encounter surveys. The team thoroughly examined the area by digging through leaf litter, flipping over terrestrial rocks and decomposing logs, and carefully excavating burrows. They also recorded known frog calls to aid in amphibian identification. These surveys were conducted between 6am and 9pm to capture both diurnal and nocturnal species. As with the other studies, interviews were conducted to supplement the field data. 1.3.3 Noise Measurement To assess the noise levels at the site, a field survey was conducted on June 25, 2024, using a calibrated Sound Level Meter (SLM). Measurement points were strategically selected around the site, including the northern boundary adjacent to the road, and the central areas, ensuring coverage of both peak and non-peak times to capture variations. Noise levels were measured for at least 15 minutes at each point, recording data every second. This process was repeated at different times of the day—early morning, midday, evening, and nighttime—to provide a thorough understanding of the ambient noise environment. The collected data, including equivalent continuous sound level (Leq), maximum 5 sound level (Lmax), and minimum sound level (Lmin), were analysed to determine average noise levels and compared with relevant standards to identify any necessary mitigation measures. 1.3.4 Traffic Count A visual traffic count was conducted on June 25, 2024, to estimate the volume and composition of traffic near the CDHC site. Key points, including the main road adjacent to the northern boundary and the tarred branch road approximately 120 meters away, were selected for traffic counting. Traffic counts were performed during peak (7-9 AM, 4-6 PM) and non-peak (11 AM -1 PM, 8-10 PM) periods on both weekdays and weekends. Using manual traffic counters, the survey recorded different types of vehicles—commercial vehicles, passenger cars, motorcycles, small trucks, heavy trucks, bicycles, and pedestrians—every 15 minutes for two-hour durations. The data were compiled to estimate average daily and peak traffic volumes, categorizing by vehicle type and time period to identify traffic patterns. These findings provide essential insights for logistical planning and efficient operation of the CDHC, ensuring minimal congestion and environmental impact. 1.3.5 Community Consultation and Engagement Community engagement visit to Kodie was done on June 12, 2024. The team met with a diverse group of stakeholders, including members of the Suame Magazine Industrial Organisation (SMIDO), local government officials from the Afigya Kwabre South District Assembly, and youth representatives from the nearby Monwire community (Figure 1-1 to Figure 1-4)1. The primary objective of this engagement was to discuss the potential environmental and social impacts of the proposed AEHPMP project and to foster community support for its implementation. Through consultations with 23 individuals, including the District Chief Executive, Physical Planning Officer, SMIDO executives, and local youth, the team sought to understand the community’s perspectives, needs, and concerns regarding the project. 1 See Appendix A for the list of individuals engaged during the community consultations. 6 Figure 1-1: The Afigya-Kwabre south District Assembly Figure 1-2: The Team’s Interacting with the Assembly’s Representatives Figure 1-3: Interaction with Members of the Figure 1-4: The Proposed E-Waste Site Community 7 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION This chapter describes the site for the proposed e-waste CDHC. It also outlines the facility’s design and block plan, highlighting various functional areas such as the collection and dismantling zones, storage facilities, and administrative offices. Additionally, the chapter describes the necessary facilities and resources for the CDHC’s operation. 2.1 Project Location The site with coordinates 6° 49’ 16.10” N and 1° 37’ 53.77” W, located in Kodie in the Afigya-Kwabre South District of the Ashanti Region has been designated for the establishment of a Collection, Dismantling and Holding Centre (CDHC). The land is relatively flat and slopes towards the eastern part of the site and covered with grass and shrubs. The location plan (Figure 2-1) depicts the Kodie site and its immediate surroundings. It emphasises the road network connecting to the site, local landmarks, and topographical factors. This plan will be critical in establishing the site’s connection and accessibility for the proposed e-waste Collection, Dismantling and Holding Centre. Figure 2-1: Map Showing Site at Kodie in the Afigya-Kwabre South District Source: EPA – Ghana 8 2.1.1 Site Characteristics Zoning and Size of the Land: The site is zoned for light industrial use. The land covers an area of 10 acres. It is approximately 1.5 kilometres away from the Kumasi-Tamale highway. The site is predominantly undeveloped, with the nearest community, Mowire, located about 1 kilometre away and an encroached structure situated 50 meters away. Adjoining Land Uses or Land Cover: The land is relatively flat, sloping gently towards the eastern part of the site. It is primarily covered with grasses and shrubs. Proximity to Key Features: To the north of the site is undeveloped land, as is the case to the south and east. To the west of the site lies an undeveloped road. Proximity to Communities: The site is located near Kodie, in close proximity to scattered settlements. Land Ownership and Disputes: The site is owned by SMIDO (Suame Magazine Industrial Organisation), with no noted disputes over ownership. 2.1.2 Site Suitability The proposed site for the e-waste CDHC is appropriate due to several factors including:  Topography and Accessibility: The site has a relatively flat terrain with gentle slopes, making it ideal for construction. It is surrounded by vegetation and farmland and is easily accessible from the main road, facilitating the transportation of e-waste materials to and from the facility.  Geotechnical Properties: The soil at the site, consisting mainly of sandy soils with some clay content, provides good foundation stability and drainage. This reduces the need for extensive ground improvement, thus lowering construction costs and timelines.  Seismic Stability: The site is characterised by stable ground conditions with minimal seismic activity, ensuring structural safety and reducing the risk of disruptions due to ground movement.  Hydrogeology: While the site has a shallow water table and complex geological formations, proper design and containment measures can prevent potential contaminants from leaching into the groundwater, safeguarding the local ecosystem and community health.  Solar Potential: The area receives ample sunlight, which is beneficial for the operation of solar-powered waste management facilities. 9 2.2 Facility Design The design for the proposed e-Waste CDHC takes into consideration (i) functional needs of the facility and (ii) the safety and efficiency of operations. 2.2.1 Facility Block Plan The facility block plan (Figure 2-2) below gives the layout of the various sections within the facility, such as the collection area, dismantling area, storage rooms, and administrative offices. The facility block plan also include details such as drainage systems, utility connections, and accessibility features to ensure compliance with building codes and regulations. The design allows for the incorporation of green spaces and landscaping to create a pleasant and sustainable environment for both workers and visitors. The design aims to create a functional, efficient, and sustainable facility that addresses the growing need for responsible E-Waste management in the country. Figure 2-2: Facility Block Plan 10 2.2.2 Floor Plan The floor plan for the Kodie facility is intended to efficiently accommodate the multiple operations of the E-waste Collection, Dismantling, and Holding Centres (Figure 2-3). The layout contains separate facilities for collection, sorting, disassembly, storage, holding cells, and administrative offices. The layout has been meticulously planned to enable a seamless and controlled flow of operations across the facility. The collection area is strategically positioned near the entrance, providing easy access for vehicles and fast unloading of the various E-Waste materials. The sorting and dismantling areas are strategically positioned to reduce cross-contamination and provide safe working conditions for employees. The Technical Guidelines on Environmentally Sound E-waste Management calls for a separate session for hazardous waste. The storage room is intended to hold various forms of E-Waste materials, with suitable segregation and labelling to facilitate identification and recovery. The administrative component provides offices, meeting rooms, and other support facilities for managing the centre’s day-to-day operations. The design also includes sufficient space for parking and loading/unloading zones. The Administration Building will house all the administrative functions of the e-Waste facility at and will be the primary location for non-operational support staff and senior management. All visitors to the facility, with the exception of waste delivery personnel, will report to the reception prior to attending other locations at the site. Figure 2-3: Floor Plan 11 Figure 2-4: Administration Area – Floor Plan 2.2.3 Sections and Elevation The sections and elevations display an in-depth depiction of the intended centre, emphasising the building’s architectural features such as structural elements, material utilisation, and general appearance (Figure 2-5). The sections highlight the internal layout of the facility, showing the spatial organisation of the different areas, as well as the vertical circulation and access points. The elevations demonstrate the exterior design of the building, emphasising its visual impact and architectural character. 12 Figure 2-5: Sections and Elevations In addition to functional factors, the design focuses on sustainable features including natural lighting, ventilation, and energy-efficient equipment to reduce environmental effect and operational expenses. The use of locally sourced materials, construction techniques, and green spaces adds to the centre’s overall sustainability. 2.2.4 Recommendations for the Designs To ensure full compliance with the Universal Access and Disability Act of Ghana and to promote inclusivity, it is strongly recommended that the design of the CDHC incorporates essential disability access features. These measures are crucial to providing equitable access for individuals with disabilities throughout the facility. Firstly, the design should prioritise accessible entrances and exits with wide pathways and ramps that have appropriate slopes and handrails. These features will facilitate smooth mobility for wheelchair users and those with other mobility aids, ensuring they can enter and exit the CDHC independently and safely. Additionally, the CDHC should include designated accessible parking spaces located close to the main entrance, equipped with sufficient width and clear signage for vehicles displaying disability permits. Inside the facility, it is essential to design accessible restroom facilities with adequate space for manoeuvrability, grab bars, and accessible sinks and toilets. All areas within the CDHC, including offices, meeting rooms, and service areas, should be designed to be fully accessible, promoting seamless navigation and usability for individuals with disabilities. Furthermore, the incorporation of clear signage with visual and tactile information throughout the facility will aid individuals with visual impairments in wayfinding and orientation. This includes directional signs, room labels, and emergency evacuation procedures designed to be easily perceived and understood. Providing assistive technologies such as hearing loops or amplified telephones will ensure effective communication for individuals with hearing impairments. Additionally, training 13 sessions for CDHC staff on disability rights and accommodating individuals with disabilities will further enhance awareness and ensure a supportive environment that respects the rights and needs of all users. These measures collectively contribute to creating a CDHC that not only meets legal requirements but also fosters inclusivity and accessibility for all stakeholders involved. 2.3 Overview of E-Waste Processing Stages and Technology The e-waste processing chain is a multi-stage operation designed to recover valuable materials, reduce hazardous waste, and minimise environmental impact. The process begins with the delivery of e-waste to designated recovery facilities. At this stage, there is minimal waste generation as the focus is on receiving and sorting the materials. E-waste often includes items like batteries, motherboards, LCD screens, cables, connectors, and various other electronic components. These components are prepared for further processing, either by manual handling or through semi- automated systems. Figure 2-6: E-Waste Recycling: Segregation, Dismantling, and Final Destination Following delivery, the e-waste undergoes segregation, where different material types are classified. This is a critical step as it helps determine the most appropriate recycling or recovery path for each material. Plastics, glass, metals, and electronic components like Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) are sorted into separate categories. For instance, plastics are separated from metal casings, and valuable metal-containing items such as PCBs and batteries are isolated for specialised recovery. This stage generates some waste, particularly non-recyclable plastics and glass that must be disposed of. However, the segregation process is designed to minimise waste and maximise the amount of recoverable material. Metals such as aluminium, iron, and those with high metal content (e.g., PCBs) 14 are sent to dedicated recovery facilities. These metals can be melted down and reused, contributing to the circular economy. Once segregation is complete, the dismantling stage begins. This involves the separation of components like packaging materials, plastics, glass, and metals, usually through manual or semi- automated processes. Items such as motherboards, circuit boards, and other critical components are carefully dismantled to preserve as much material as possible for recycling or reuse. This stage plays a key role in identifying parts that can be refurbished and sold, such as second-hand electronic equipment (EEE). Valuable metals from PCBs, batteries, and other components are earmarked for further recovery. Non-recyclable materials, including degraded plastics and unusable glass, are directed toward disposal facilities, often contributing to the waste stream. Next, the e-waste proceeds to the mechanical shredding and separation phase. This stage involves breaking down larger components into smaller, more manageable parts. Mechanical shredders are employed to crush items like plastic casings, cables, connectors, and metal parts into smaller fragments. The shredding process allows for the efficient separation of materials, making it easier to recover valuable resources such as copper, aluminium, and other metals. For example, PCBs are shredded to access the metals embedded within them. The mechanical shredding process is followed by additional separation techniques where metals, plastics, and other materials are recovered. Plastics are typically sorted and sent for recycling, while metals are extracted for reuse. The recovery of components and materials is another essential step. After shredding, the materials are separated and directed to specific recovery systems. PCBs, for example, are cleaned and prepared for reuse, or sent through processes that extract precious metals like copper, gold, and other valuable elements. Batteries and other electronic components undergo similar processes to recover the metals they contain. In addition, parts like cables and wires are also processed to recover metals, while plastics are sent for recovery to be repurposed. This recovery phase ensures that the maximum amount of material is salvaged for further use, contributing to the overall efficiency of the e-waste recycling process. However, some non-recoverable components, particularly those containing hazardous materials or severely degraded, are disposed of in a safe manner to prevent environmental harm. At the end of the process, the separated materials are sent to their final destinations. Plastics, glass, and metals are transported to recycling facilities, where they are processed into raw materials for new products. This closes the loop on these materials, allowing them to re-enter the manufacturing cycle. Electronics that have been successfully dismantled and deemed reusable, such as hard disks and laptops, are refurbished and sold on the second-hand market, thereby extending their life cycle and reducing the need for new manufacturing. This part of the e-waste process demonstrates the importance of refurbishment and reuse in reducing overall waste and environmental impact. 15 Refurbished electronics provide affordable options for consumers while diverting waste from landfills. Figure 2-7: E-Waste Management Process: Material Recovery and Disposal Pathways The technologies involved in the e-waste processing chain are diverse and designed to handle the unique challenges of e-waste. Mechanical shredders play a pivotal role in breaking down bulky electronic components into smaller pieces, which are easier to handle during subsequent processing. Metal recovery systems, employing techniques such as smelting, chemical extraction, and electrolysis, are crucial for reclaiming precious and non-precious metals from components like PCBs and batteries. Semi-automated sorting machines and manual sorting strategies are used to separate different types of materials, such as plastics, metals, and glass, based on their properties. In addition, refurbishment equipment is employed to repair and restore functional electronic components, allowing them to be resold. While the e-waste processing chain is designed to be as efficient and environmentally friendly as possible, waste and effluents are an inevitable part of the process. Non-recyclable materials such as certain plastics, degraded components, and hazardous substances from batteries and other devices generate waste that must be carefully managed. The mechanical shredding process, though crucial for material separation, can produce fine dust and fumes, which must be controlled to avoid air contamination. Furthermore, PCB cleaning, though generally a dry process, can sometimes produce minimal emissions, requiring containment to prevent pollution. 16 2.4 Facilities and Resources The facilities and resources required for the operation of e-waste CDHCs include the following: Collection Area  Drop-off Stations: Individuals and businesses can dispose e-waste at multiple drop-off points. Each station is provided with visible signage and instructions for proper disposal.  Weighing Scales: Industrial grade weighing scales are used to determine the quantity of e- waste received, ensuring precise recordkeeping and proper processing. Sorting and Segregation Area  Conveyor Systems: Automated conveyor belts make it easier to sort e-waste into several categories, such as plastics, metals, glass, and hazardous items.  Manual Sorting Stations: To ensure proper segregation of complex e-waste items, sections will be designated for hand sorting by skilled staff. Dismantling area  Workstations: Workstations are ergonomically constructed and equipped with the instruments needed to dismantle various types of electronic devices, such as screwdrivers, pliers, and specialised e-waste tools.  Safety Equipment: Personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, safety glasses, and anti-static wristbands are used to keep workers safe.  Dust Extraction Systems: High-efficiency dust extractor devices to minimise airborne particles and maintain a clean working environment Storage Facilities  Hazardous Material Storage: Hazardous materials such as batteries, CRTs, and other harmful components should be stored in secure and segregated environments.  Recyclable Material Bins: Clearly labelled bins for sorted recyclable items allow for convenient transportation to recycling partners.  Warehouse: A large, well-ventilated warehouse for dismantled components and unsorted e- waste, equipped with shelving units and pallets for efficient storage. Processing Equipment  Shredders: Industrial shredders are used to reduce massive amounts of e-waste into smaller, more manageable pieces for further processing.  Crushers: Crushing and compacting equipment reduces waste volume while also making handling and transportation easier. 17  Magnetic Separators: Devices to separate ferrous metals from other materials, enhancing the efficiency of the recycling process. Environmental Control Systems  Ventilation Systems: Advanced ventilation ensures the elimination of dangerous pollutants and the preservation of air quality.  Wastewater Treatment: On-site facilities to treat any wastewater generated during the deconstruction and cleaning procedures, ensuring compliance with environmental regulations  Spill Containment: Measures in place to contain and manage accidental spills of hazardous substances, preventing environmental contamination. Administrative Offices  Reception Area: A welcoming reception area for visitors and clients, providing information and assistance regarding e-waste services.  Offices: Administrative offices for staff to manage operations, handle customer inquiries, and coordinate with recycling partners.  Training Rooms: Dedicated rooms for training employees on the latest e-waste management techniques and safety protocols. IT and Monitoring Systems  Inventory Management Software: Advanced software to track the intake, processing, and output of e-waste materials, ensuring transparency and efficiency.  Surveillance Systems: Comprehensive CCTV coverage to monitor all areas of the facility, ensuring security and operational oversight. Logistics and Transport  Fleet of Vehicles: A dedicated fleet of vehicles for the collection and transport of e-waste from various locations to the centre.  Loading Bays: Multiple loading bays to facilitate the efficient loading and unloading of e-waste materials, equipped with ramps and forklifts. 2.5 Process Flow The process flow for handling e-waste at the CDHC is outlined as follows:  Collection: E-waste is collected from various sources, including individuals, businesses, and electronic recycling programs. Collection methods may include drop-off points, curbside pickups, or scheduled pickups from businesses. 18  Sorting: Upon arrival at the facility, e-waste is sorted into different categories based on the type of electronic device (e.g., computers, smartphones, printers) and material composition (e.g., plastics, metals, circuit boards). This step helps streamline the dismantling and recycling process.  Dismantling: Once sorted, the e-waste undergoes dismantling, where skilled workers disassemble the electronic devices into their component parts. This step requires careful handling to avoid damage and ensure the safe extraction of valuable materials.  Component Separation: After dismantling, the individual components are separated based on their material composition. Common materials include metals (such as copper, aluminium, and gold), plastics, glass, and circuit boards. Mechanical processes, such as shredding or grinding, may be used to further break down materials.  Material Recovery: Recoverable materials, such as metals and plastics, are processed for recycling. Metals are typically melted down and purified for reuse, while plastics may undergo sorting and reprocessing into pellets for manufacturing new products.  Hazardous Material Handling: Hazardous materials, including toxic substances like lead, mercury, and cadmium found in certain electronic components, are handled separately and disposed of in accordance with environmental regulations to prevent harm to human health and the environment.  Emission Control: Proper ventilation and emission control measures are implemented to mitigate any potential release of hazardous fumes or pollutants during the dismantling and recycling processes.  Waste Disposal: Any non-recyclable or hazardous waste generated during the recycling process is disposed of responsibly, following local regulations and environmental guidelines.  Documentation and Reporting: Records are kept detailing the quantities and types of e-waste received, processed, and recycled. This documentation helps ensure compliance with regulatory requirements and allows for transparency in the recycling process.  Quality Control: Throughout the entire process, quality control measures are implemented to ensure that recycled materials meet established standards for purity and quality, facilitating their reuse in manufacturing processes. 2.6 Labour Requirements Table 2-1 outlines the estimated labour requirements for both the construction and operational phases of the e-waste Collection, Dismantling and Holding Centre (CDHC). It categorises roles into key functions necessary for the successful establishment and ongoing operation of the facility. It provides a view of the diverse roles and responsibilities required across different phases to ensure the effective functioning of the e-waste CDHC. 19  Construction Phase: During this phase, emphasis is placed on skilled labour for design and execution, construction workers for physical tasks, and supervisory roles to oversee progress and safety. Support staff also play a crucial role in maintaining site security and adherence to safety protocols.  Operational Phase: Once construction is complete, the operational phase begins with administrative staff managing day-to-day operations and technical staff handling the sorting and processing of e-waste. Safety and environmental compliance personnel ensure adherence to regulations, while support staff maintain facility operations and logistics. Management oversees strategic planning and operational efficiency. Table 2-1: Labour Requirements for Construction and Operations of the e-waste CDHC Phase Manpower Categories Roles and Responsibilities Estimated Numbers Construction Skilled Labour (Engineers, Design, planning, and execution of 10-15 Architects, Technicians) construction activities Construction Workers (Labourers, Physical construction tasks like excavation, 20-30 Builders) building, and installation Supervisory and Management Project management, site supervision, 5-7 coordination Safety and Support Staff (Safety Ensure safety protocols, site security 5-7 Officers, Security) Estimated number of workers at construction stage 40-59 Operational Administrative Staff Facility management, administrative tasks 5-10 Technical Staff (Technicians, Operation and maintenance of machinery, 10-15 Engineers) sorting e-waste Safety and Environmental Handling hazardous materials, 3-5 Compliance environmental compliance Support Staff (Maintenance, Facility maintenance, logistics support 5-10 Drivers) Management Strategic planning, operational oversight 2-5 Estimated number of workers at operation stage 25-45 2.7 Anticipated Machinery and Tools to Be Used During Construction Period During the construction phase of the e-waste centre, a variety of machinery and tools will be utilized to ensure efficient and effective site preparation, construction, and finishing. Heavy machinery will play a crucial role in the initial stages of construction. Excavators will be used for digging foundations and trenches, essential for preparing the site and ensuring stable foundations. Bulldozers will clear and grade the land, levelling the site and removing debris to create a suitable working environment. Backhoes will handle various excavation and loading tasks, while loaders will transport materials around the site. Concrete mixers will prepare concrete for foundations, ensuring the correct mix for durability and strength. Dump trucks will be essential for hauling soil, sand, gravel, and waste 20 materials, ensuring a clean and organized site. Compactors or rollers will be used to compact soil, gravel, and asphalt, providing stable foundations and roadways, and pavers will lay asphalt and other paving materials for constructing roads and driveways. Power tools will be extensively used for various construction tasks. Drills will be employed for drilling holes in various materials, facilitating the installation of fasteners and other hardware. Different types of saws, such as circular, table, and reciprocating saws, will be used to cut wood, metal, and other materials, enabling the fabrication and modification of structural elements. Grinders will be used for grinding and cutting metal, preparing and finishing metal components for construction. Welders will join metal structures, essential for constructing steel frameworks and metal structures. Concrete vibrators will remove air bubbles from poured concrete, ensuring smooth and solid concrete surfaces. Nail guns will drive nails into wood and other materials, speeding up the construction of wooden structures. Hand tools will also be vital for various tasks. Hammers will drive nails and other fasteners, essential for general construction tasks. Screwdrivers will be used for driving screws, facilitating the assembly and installation of components. Wrenches and spanners will tighten and loosen bolts and nuts, crucial for assembling and maintaining machinery and structures. Measuring tools, such as tape measures, levels, and squares, will ensure accuracy in the layout and alignment of structures and components. Shovels and spades will be used for manual earthmoving and material handling, while trowels will spread and smooth mortar or concrete, vital for masonry and finishing work. Pliers and cutters will be used for cutting and gripping materials, necessary for electrical and plumbing tasks. Safety equipment will be a priority to ensure the well-being of all personnel on site. Hard hats will provide head protection, mandatory for all workers. Safety glasses or goggles will protect the eyes from dust, debris, and chemicals. Gloves will safeguard hands from cuts, abrasions, and chemicals, while safety harnesses will provide fall protection for those working at heights. Ear protection will be used to shield workers from loud noises, and high-visibility clothing will ensure that workers are easily seen by machinery operators. Respirators or masks will protect against dust and harmful fumes, ensuring a safe working environment. 2.8 Estimated Waste Generation The Environmental Protection Agency is currently conducting a comprehensive national assessment aimed at estimating the volumes of e-waste generated across the country. This assessment will provide crucial data on how much e-waste is likely to be processed by cent. While the results of this national assessment are pending, the consultant responsible for the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) has provided a conservative estimate of the various types of waste that 21 the e-waste collection and dismantling centre is expected to generate. Table 2-2 below outlines these estimated quantities: Table 2-2: Conservative Estimates of Waste Generation Category Subcategory Estimated Quantity E-Waste Material (Annually) Total E-Waste Collected 375,000 kg/year Metals 131,250 kg/year Plastics 93,750 kg/year Glass 37,500 kg/year Circuit Boards 18,750 kg/year Batteries 18,750 kg/year Hazardous Waste (Metals, Toxins) 75,000 kg/year Non-Electronic Waste Construction Waste (One-time) - Concrete and Rubble 150 tons - Steel and Metal Scraps 40 tons - Wood and Packaging 15 tons General Operational Waste (Annually) - Paper and Cardboard 7,500 kg/year - Packaging Material (Plastics, foam, etc.) 3,500 kg/year Hazardous Non-Electronic Waste (Annually) - Waste Oils, Chemicals 1,500 litres/year - Other Hazardous Materials 300 kg/year Recycling & Disposal Recyclable Waste - Metals (85% of 131,250 kg) 111,563 kg/year - Plastics (50% of 93,750 kg) 46,875 kg/year - Glass (65% of 37,500 kg) 24,375 kg/year - Circuit Boards (45% of 18,750 kg) 8,438 kg/year Hazardous Waste Disposal - E-Waste Hazardous Components 75,000 kg/year - Non-Electronic Hazardous Waste 1,800 kg/litres/year 22 3. POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK This chapter outlines the regulatory and institutional framework for the management of the environmental and social risks that would be associated with the proposed e-waste CDHC at Kodie. It begins with an analysis of national environmental and social policies, laws and regulations. The chapter also details relevant national environmental quality standards. Additionally, the chapter covers the World Bank Environmental and Social Frameworks, Standards, and Guidelines, highlighting their relevance to the project and ensuring adherence to international best practices. Finally, the institutional framework guiding the environmental and social risk management of the CDHC project is discussed, identifying key institutions, their objectives, functions, and their relationship to the project, ensuring a collaborative approach to risk management. 3.1 Analysis of Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework 3.1.1 National Policies and Laws Several environmental and social (E&S) policies and regulations are relevant to the AEHPMP Project. The National Environmental Policy (2012) and the National Environmental Action Plan (1991) focus on sustainability and resource management, aligning with the project’s goal of responsible e-waste management. The Environmental Sanitation Policy (2010) and the Environmental Sanitation Policy (1999) ensure clean and safe environments, crucial for maintaining sanitary conditions at e-waste centres. The National Climate Change Policy (2013) promotes a climate-resilient economy, while the Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines provide a framework for mitigating negative ecological impacts. The Environmental Protection Act (1994) and the Hazardous and Electronic Waste Control and Management Act (2016) regulate e-waste activities, ensuring compliance with safety standards. Environmental and social policies and regulations, and their relevance to the project are presented in Table 3-1. Table 3-1: Relevant Environmental and Social Policies and Regulations Policy/Regulation Description Relevance to the subproject National Focuses on environmental Relevant since the policy focuses on environmental Environmental Policy sustainability, resource sustainability and resource management, aligning with the (NEP), 2012 management, and ecosystem project’s goal of managing e-waste in an environmentally protection for current and responsible manner. It provides a framework for ensuring future generations. that the project’s activities minimise negative environmental impacts and promote the conservation of natural resources. Environmental Ensures clean and safe Relevant since the policy ensures clean and safe Sanitation Policy environments through environments through regulations, which is crucial for (Revised), 2010 infrastructure, services, maintaining sanitary conditions at e-waste Collection, education, and regulations. Dismantling and Holding Centres. Compliance with sanitation standards outlined in this policy is essential for 23 Policy/Regulation Description Relevance to the subproject preventing environmental pollution and safeguarding public health. National Climate Aims for a climate-resilient The Policy is relevant since it promotes a climate-resilient Change Policy, 2013 economy and sustainable economy and sustainable development. Adherence to this development; offers policy helps in mitigating climate-related risks associated adaptation remedies. with improper e-waste management practices, contributing to overall environmental resilience. National Aims to make development The NEAP is relevant since it aims to make development Environmental Action sustainable and addresses sustainable and addresses various environmental Plan (NEAP), 1991 numerous environmental challenges, including waste management. As such, it challenges, including waste provides guidelines for integrating sustainable practices management. into the project’s operations, ensuring that e-waste management activities are conducted in a manner that minimises adverse environmental impacts. Environmental Framework for incorporating Critical for planning and performing restoration activities Impact Assessment environmental concerns into to avoid negative ecological impact and ensure regulatory Sector Specific construction projects. compliance. Guidelines Environmental Establishes EPA for Relevant since the ACT establishes the Environmental Protection Act, 1994 environmental protection, Protection Agency (EPA) and mandates Environmental (Act 490) regulation, and management; Impact Assessments (EIAs) for development projects, mandates EIAs for including e-waste management facilities. Compliance with development projects. this act ensures proper regulation and oversight of e-waste management activities, safeguarding environmental quality and public health. Environmental Framework for conducting Mandates EIAs for projects that damage the environment; Assessment environmental assessments promises responsible management and sustainability. Regulations, 1999 (LI and securing permits for 1652) development operations. Hazardous and Control and manage hazardous Relevant given that e-waste contains hazardous materials, Electronic Waste waste, ensuring safe handling this act is highly relevant for regulating and managing e- Control and and disposal. waste. It provides guidelines for the safe handling, Management Act, transportation, and disposal of hazardous waste, ensuring 2016 (Act 917) and that e-waste management practices comply with safety Regulations (LI 2250) standards and minimise risks to human health and the environment. Environmental Environmental sanitation aims Relevant since the policy seeks to improve the well-being, sanitation policy to develop and maintain a productivity, and health of Ghanaians (1999) clean, safe, and enjoyable physical environment in all human settlements in order to promote the social, economic, and physical well-being of all demographic groups. 24 Policy/Regulation Description Relevance to the subproject National Child and Focuses on preventing child Relevant for protecting children and families throughout Family Welfare Policy, violence, abuse, and project operations. 2015 exploitation, as well as supporting vulnerable families. Cultural Policy of Emphasises the preservation of Relevant for considering the cultural significance of project Ghana, 2004 cultural heritage and areas monuments, including those related to chieftaincy. National Land Policy, Provides fundamentals for land Relevant for sustainable land management and 1999 administration, use, conservation practices in project implementation. conservation, and environmental quality. Land Act, 2020 (Act Establishes a framework for Relevant for understanding land tenure and 1036) sustainable land administration administration, especially around project areas. and management, acknowledging multiple land interests. The Children’s Act, Protects children’s rights, Relevant for upholding ethical standards and protecting 1998 (Act 560) prohibits child labour, and children from exploitation during project activities. enforces parental responsibility for child welfare. Persons with Persons with Disabilities Relevant for promoting inclusion and accessibility in Disability Act, 2006 (PWDs) are guaranteed their project activities. (Act 715) rights, access, and employment opportunities. Factories, Offices and The Factories, Offices and Relevant for health and safety of workers Shops Act, 1970 (Act Shops Act, 1970 (Act 328) spells 328) as amended by out the responsibilities of an the Factories Offices employer in registering new and Shops and existing factories, renewal (Amendment) Law of certificate of registration and 1983 PNDCL 66, the ensuring a safe and healthy Factories Offices and work environment of Shops (Amendment) employees. It defines a factory Law 1991 PNDCL 275 to include any premises (whether in or not in a building) in which one or more persons are employed in manual labour in any process. The Act requires all factories, offices and shops to among others to notify the Chief Inspector of accidents, dangerous occurrences and 25 Policy/Regulation Description Relevance to the subproject industrial diseases, post in a prominent position in every factory the prescribed abstract of the act and other notices and documentations, to safeguard the health and safety of workers. Workmen’s Employers are held accountable Relevant for ensuring workers receive fair treatment and Compensation Law, for providing compensation for medical attention in the event of an accident while working 1987 work-related injuries and on the project. illnesses. Alternative Dispute Provides mechanisms for Relevant to settling disagreements or grievances that arise Resolution Act, 2010 resolving conflicts through during project implementation. (Act 798) mediation, arbitration, and customary arbitration. The Labour Act, 2003 Ensures rights and duties of Relevant for addressing labour issues, ensuring safe (Act 651) employers and workers, working conditions, and prohibiting forced labour. including occupational health and safety. National Museums Establishes criteria for Relevant for respecting historical artefacts and Decree, Act 387 of conserving national heritage, monuments within project areas. 1969 including monuments and artefacts. Office of the Manages stool lands, consults Relevant since the aim of the office is to maximise stool Administrator of with traditional authority, and lands revenue and facilitate the sustainable administration Stool Lands Act, 1994 controls revenue distribution. and management of stool lands through modern (Act 481) technology for inter-generational equity. Land Use and Spatial Regulates land usage, Relevant for sustainable land use planning and Planning Act, 2016 development, and development during project execution. (Act 925) environmental conservation to improve land tenure security. Lands Commission Manages public lands, provides Relevant for organizing land-related issues and ensuring Act, 2008 (Act 767) advice on land development compliance with land development policies. policies, and controls land administration. The Right to Mandates government Relevant for ensuring public disclosure of environmental Information Act, 2019 agencies to provide and social aspects of the project. (Act 989) information, promoting transparency and accountability. Ghana National Fire Manages undesired fires and Relevant for assessing and mitigating fire risks associated Service Act, 1997 (Act offers fire prevention education with project activities. 537) and technical assistance. 26 Policy/Regulation Description Relevance to the subproject Fire Precaution Fire certificates for workplaces Relevant for ensuring fire safety compliance in project (Premises) are required to ensure fire premises. Regulations, 2003 safety in construction camps. Public Health Act, Empowers authorities to Relevant for addressing contamination and pollution risks 2012 (Act 851) prevent diseases and pollution, associated with project activities. safeguarding public health. Ghana Provides meteorological Relevant for receiving timely weather information for Meteorological information for disaster planning and implementing project activities. Agency Act, 2004 mitigation and climate change (Act 682) monitoring. Local Governance Regulates local government Relevant for gaining consent from local authorities and Act, 2016 (Act 936) institutions and provides ensuring conformity with local regulations. development planning and control. 3.1.2 Relevant National Environmental Quality Standards Ghana Standard on Health Protection - Requirements for Ambient Noise Controls (GS 1222:2018) The Ambient Noise Controls provide maximum permissible noise levels based on categorised zones, as shown in Table 3-2. The standard also includes noise requirements for a construction site, which include:  Erecting an acoustic barrier around a construction site and  Ensuring that the maximum noise level near the construction site does not exceed 66dB(A) Leq (5min) in areas other than industrial areas. Table 3-2: Requirements for Ambient Noise Control Zone Permissible Noise Level in dB(A) WBG EHS Guidelines One Hour LAeq (dBA) Day Night Daytime Night-time 06:00 - 22:00 22:00 - 06:00 07:00 - 22:00 22:00 - 07:00 Residential Area 55 48 55 45 Educational and health facilities, offices and 55 50 law courts Mixed-use 60 55 Area with some light industry 65 60 Commercial areas 75 65 Light industry areas 70 60 70 70 Heavy industry areas 70 70 70 70 Source: Ghana Standards Authority, 2019 Ghana Standard on Environment and Health Protection - Requirements for Ambient Air Quality and Point Source/Stack Emissions (GS 1236:2019) 27 The Ghana Standard on Environment and Health Protection - Requirements for Ambient Air Quality and Point Source/Stack Emissions provides the maximum limit for ambient air pollutants (Table 3-3). Table 3-3: Requirements for Ambient Air Quality – Maximum Limit for 24 Hours Substance Maximum Limit (μg/m3) Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) 50 Nitrogen Oxide (NO2) 250 Total suspended particulate matter 150 Particulate Matter (PM10) 70 Particulate Matter (PM2.5) 35 Black Carbon 5 Source: Ghana Standards Authority, 2019 Ghana Building Code (National Building Regulations (L.I. 1630)) The Ghana Building Code provides comprehensive guidelines to ensure the safety, health, accessibility, and sustainability of buildings in Ghana. It covers structural integrity, health and hygiene, accessibility, environmental sustainability, planning and zoning, and construction practices. Compliance with these standards is enforced through permits, inspections, and penalties for non- compliance. Adherence to the Ghana Building Code will ensure the project contributes to a safe, healthy, and sustainable built environment. 3.1.3 World Bank Environmental and Social Frameworks, Standards and Guidelines In 2018, the World Bank established the Environmental and Social Framework (ESF), to be applied to any investment projects that begins on or after October 2018. The ESF reinforces the Bank’s mission of pursuing sustainable development and poverty reduction. It also establishes the Bank ’s policy of assisting borrowers in developing and implementing environmentally and socially sustainable projects, as well as building capacity in assessing and managing environmental and social impacts and risks associated with project implementation and operation. The World Bank’s new framework includes environmental and social standards that borrowers must meet in order for projects to be sustainable, non-discriminatory, transparent, participative, environmentally and socially accountable, and consistent with best international practices. There are ten (10) Environmental and Social Standards (ESS) under the ESF that all projects/investments that are funded by the Investment Project Financing arrangements are obliged to conform to. The environmental and social risk classification for the Project is substantial and five (5) of the ESS are relevant for the EHPMP. 28 Table 3-4 presents the ESSs relevant to the subproject. 29 Table 3-4: World Bank Environmental and Social Standards Relevant to the Subproject World Bank Environmental and Relevance to the subproject Social Standards ESS1: Assessment and Management This standard is relevant because the construction and operations of the e- of Environmental and Social Risks and waste CDHC will pose environmental and social concerns. The potential Impacts consequences of these risks should be mitigated. ESS 1 serves as the basis for the preparation of this ESMP. ESS2: Labour and Working Conditions The construction and operations of the e-waste centres will require the use of both skilled and unskilled labour. ESS3: Resource Efficiency and This standard is relevant since the construction and operations of the e-waste Pollution Prevention and centres will present some resource efficiency and pollution prevention and Management management issues. ESS4: Community Health and Safety This standard is relevant since the construction and operations of the e-waste centres will be done at sites close to communities. ESS 5: Land Acquisition, Restrictions Not considered relevant to the subproject since it would not involve land on Land Use and Involuntary acquisition or involuntary resettlement. The land is owned by Suame Resettlement Magazine Industrial Organisation, and they have voluntarily provided the land for this subproject. ESS 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Not considered relevant to the subproject since the site has no significant Sustainable Management of Living biodiversity. Natural Resources ESS 7: Indigenous People/Sub- Not considered relevant to the subproject since there are no known Saharan African Historically Indigenous People in the area. Underserved Traditional Local Communities ESS 8: Cultural Heritage Not considered relevant to the subproject since the construction and operationalisation of the centre must take into consideration the cultural heritage of the area. ESS 9: Financial Intermediaries Not considered relevant to the subproject since there are no Financial Intermediaries involved. ESS10: Stakeholder Engagement and This standard is relevant since the project activity will include various Information Disclosure stakeholders, including communities, government agencies, regional and district administrations, traditional authorities The World Bank Group’s General Environment, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines offer a detailed framework for managing environmental, health, and safety risks across various industries globally. These guidelines promote sustainable development by providing best practices for minimizing 30 environmental impacts, ensuring workplace safety, and protecting community health. They encompass general guidelines applicable to all sectors, covering areas such as air emissions, waste management, occupational health and safety, and emergency preparedness, along with industry- specific guidelines tailored to particular sectors like agribusiness, energy, healthcare, and mining. By adhering to the EHS Guidelines, the project can enhance sustainability, improve health and safety standards, and ensure compliance with local and international regulations. This adherence helps mitigate risks, facilitates regulatory compliance, and improves the project’s reputation among stakeholders. The guidelines are crucial for projects funded by the World Bank Group and other financial institutions, serving as benchmarks for assessing, managing, and monitoring EHS performance to foster positive environmental, social, and economic outcomes. Table 3-5 below summarises the general guidelines. Table 3-5: Environment, Health, and Safety Guidelines Guidelines Relevance Air Emissions and Ambient Air Quality: This applies to facilities or The proposed project involves various projects that generate emissions into the air at any stage of the construction activities that may generate project life cycle. It complements the industry-specific emissions emissions into the air, such as dust. These guidance presented in the industry sector Environmental, Health, guidelines help manage and monitor air quality, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines by providing information about provide techniques for emissions management, common techniques for emissions management that may be and establish project-specific standards, applied to a range of industry sectors. This guideline provides an especially in areas with poor air quality. approach to the management of significant sources of emissions, including specific guidance for assessing and monitoring impacts. It is also intended to provide additional information on approaches to emissions management in projects located in areas of poor air quality, where it may be necessary to establish project-specific emissions standards. The construction activities under the project are expected to generate some dust. Hazardous Material Management: This applies to projects that The guideline is pertinent as the project may use use, store, or handle any quantity of hazardous materials, defined hazardous materials such as petrochemicals or as materials that represent a risk to human health, property, or the other hydrocarbons, as fuel, during environment due to their physical or chemical characteristics. construction. It assists in identifying, handling, According to the hazard, these can be classified as explosives, and managing materials that pose risks to compressed gases, toxic or flammable gases, flammable liquids, human health, property, or the environment. It flammable solids, oxidising substances, toxic materials, ensures the safe storage, use, and disposal of radioactive material, and corrosive substances. hazardous materials. Waste Management: This applies to projects that generate, store, Construction activities are expected to or handle any quantity of waste across various industry sectors. It generate waste, including excavated spoils and is not intended to apply to projects or facilities where the primary domestic waste. These guidelines guide the business is waste collection, transportation, treatment, or proper management of waste generated during disposal. Construction (excavated spoils) and domestic waste the project, ensuring compliance with industry (from the numerous workers to be engaged) expected to be standards and minimising environmental impact. 31 Guidelines Relevance generated from various sites make this guideline relevant to the project’s implementation. Noise Management: This guideline addresses noise ‘s impacts Construction activities, such as using handheld beyond the facilities ‘property boundary or subprojects being compactors, can contribute to noise pollution. implemented. Thus, it seeks to address the public health risks of This guideline addresses the impact of noise noise generated from the project and not the occupational health beyond the project’s boundaries, protecting risks. The use of the handheld compactor at construction sites. public health. It guides the management and mitigation of noise-related risks during the project implementation. Occupational Health and Safety: Provides guidance and examples The guideline applies to construction activities. of reasonable precautions to implement in managing principal It guides precautions to manage occupational occupational health and safety risks. Although the focus is placed health and safety risks during construction, on the operational phase of projects, much of the guidance also helping ensure a safe working environment for applies to construction and decommissioning activities. project workers. Community Health and Safety: Specific guidelines provided under The guideline covers various aspects, including traffic safety, water quality and availability, disease prevention and traffic safety, water quality, disease prevention, construction and decommissioning presented in this guideline are and construction and decommissioning. These relevant to the implementation of the project’s subproject aspects are critical during the project’s activities, such as construction. subproject activities, such as construction ensuring the well-being and safety of the local community. Construction and Decommissioning: This provides specific This guideline addresses preventing and guidance on preventing and controlling community health and controlling community health and safety safety impacts during new project development, at the end of the impacts during new project development, project life cycle, or due to expansion or modification of existing construction, and decommissioning. It guides project facilities. minimising risks to the community and workers throughout the project life cycle. 3.2 Institutional Framework Table 3-6 below outlines the institutional framework that would guide the environmental and social risk management of the proposed CDHC at Kodie. This framework identifies the key institutions and agencies involved, their primary objectives and functions, and the relevance or relationship each has to the project. This structure ensures that all aspects of environmental and social risks are comprehensively managed through a collaborative approach. Table 3-6: Institutional Framework Institution/Agency Key Objective / Function Potential role in the subproject Ministry of Formulates policies for the use of science and Provides oversight and ensures the project Environment technology while protecting the complies with national environmental Science Technology environment. standards. 32 Institution/Agency Key Objective / Function Potential role in the subproject & Innovation (MESTI) Environmental Formulates environmental policy, Offers technical guidance and ensures Protection Agency coordinating governance, and enforcing adherence to environmental regulations, (EPA) compliance. Providing technical expertise and crucial for minimizing environmental impact. ensuring compliance with environmental The EPA will ensure that the project follows regulations during project implementation. the environmental assessment (EA) procedures and will issue an environmental permit prior to project implementation. Ministry of Local Promotes government policies and projects Will provide support at the local level, Government, at the local level, facilitating governance, and ensuring community involvement and Decentralisation & balanced rural-based development. effective project implementation. Rural Development Supporting planning and implementation at the local level, including resettlement/rehabilitation operations and community engagement. To collaborate with local government authorities to manage waste, including e-waste, at the community level. It is responsible for ensuring that municipalities and districts have the capacity to handle e-waste effectively. Ministry of Formulating, coordinating, and evaluating Will offer expertise on labour-related issues, Employment and employment and labour policies. Providing ensuring fair labour practices and workplace Labour Relations technical guidance on labour-related issues safety. (MELR) during project implementation. Department of Responsible for ensuring that employers The Department of Factories Inspectorate Factories provide and maintain at the workplace, plant (DFI) can significantly enhance the operations Inspectorate and system of work that are of the Collection, Dismantling and Holding safe and ensure the health and safety of Centre (CDHC) by ensuring compliance with employees engaged in a particular work by safety regulations, providing training, providing the necessary information, conducting risk assessments, and enforcing instructions, training and supervision having labour laws. Additionally, the DFI can aid in regard to the age, literacy level and any other environmental protection, accident circumstance of the employee. investigation, advocacy, and continuous monitoring. This collaboration ensures a safe, legally compliant, and sustainable working environment, contributing to the overall success and credibility of the CDHC. Ghana Standards Establishes e-waste handling and disposal Will enforce e-waste handling and disposal Authority (GSA) standards, ensures CDHC operations meet standards, ensure CDHC operations meet quality and safety standards, and certifies 33 Institution/Agency Key Objective / Function Potential role in the subproject quality and safety standards, and certifies recycling processes. Can support to ensure recycling processes. that the CDHC operates according to national standards. Ghana Revenue Involved in the collection of e-waste levies Enforce collection of e-waste levy as per Act Authority (GRA) imposed on imported electronic goods. In 917 to support the sustainability of the CDHC. charge of implementing the e-waste levy as per Act 917 and ensuring compliance with tax regulations. These levies are intended to fund the management and recycling of e-waste in the country. National Disaster Provides guidance on disaster preparedness Can support the CDHC to prevent or manage Management and response strategies for CDHC operations, disaster. Organisation ensuring resilience against environmental (NADMO) emergencies. Land Use and Spatial Reviews and approves land use plans, ensures Can guide the CDHC to ensure appropriate Planning Authority adherence to zoning regulations, and siting. integrates environmental considerations into urban planning processes. Ministry of Health/ Promote public health and safety. Can support to create awareness about the Ghana Health environmental and social risks associated Service with the project and protect the community. Ministry of Gender, Ensuring gender equality, child protection, Will provides guidance on gender and child Children and Social and social protection. Advising on gender and protection issues, ensuring inclusivity and Protection child protection issues relevant to project safeguarding vulnerable groups. (MoGCSP) implementation. National Council for Provides strategic guidance on universal Can provide guidance on universal access and Persons with access and aligns CDHC operations with aligns CDHC construction and operations Disabilities national requirements on disability inclusion Ashanti Regional Monitoring and coordinating district Will offer regional coordination and support, Coordinating Council assemblies, reviewing public services, and ensuring effective project implementation. providing support. Providing regional oversight and coordination, ensuring smooth project implementation at the local level. Afigya-Kwabre Afigya-Kwabre South District is the local Grants permits, oversees local regulations South District governing body that will play a crucial role in compliance, and facilitates community implementing and enforcing regulations at engagement for CDHC projects, ensuring the district level, facilitating community alignment with local development plans. engagement, and ensuring effective waste 34 Institution/Agency Key Objective / Function Potential role in the subproject management practices within their jurisdictions. Ghana National Fire The GNFS is a national institution responsible The GNFS should be informed about the Service (GNFS) for the prevention and management of project and any associated premises or undesired fire. GNFS is responsible to ensure workplaces. The Fire Service will provide fire that the facility has a fire permit/ certificate. permit for construction Traditional Provides cultural insights, consults on land Can facilitate community acceptance and Authorities use. support for CDHC initiatives, preserving cultural heritage in project areas. 3.3 Permit Requirements Table 3-7 summarizes the required permits for the construction and operations of an electronic waste centre, along with the reasons why those permits are necessary. Table 3-7: Required Permits Regulatory Agency Permit Required Reason Responsibilities For Environmental Protection Construction & Environmental Permit - To be obtained by the PIU at EPA Agency (EPA) Operation Ensures compliance with environmental standards, safe waste management, and pollution prevention. District Assembly Construction & Building Permit - Ensures To be obtained by the Contractor Operation adherence to building with the support of the PIU codes, zoning regulations, and local business operation standards. Ghana Standards Operation Compliance with standard To be obtained by the centre Authority (GSA) requirements - Ensures management team processes and products meet national quality and safety standards. Ghana Health Service Operation Compliance with Health To be obtained by the centre (GHS) Requirements - Ensures management team public health standards, worker safety, and health impact on the community. Department Of Factories Operation Compliance with To be obtained by the centre Inspectorate occupational and health management team and safety requirements. 35 Obtaining the Environmental Permit is consistent with the national Environmental Assessment Regulations, L.I. 1652. These regulations mandate that any project likely to have significant environmental impacts must undergo an environmental assessment to ensure compliance with national environmental protection standards. The completion of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is a critical step in this process. The ESMP outlines how potential environmental and social impacts will be managed, mitigated, and monitored throughout the lifecycle of the project. By addressing these impacts proactively, the ESMP provides the necessary framework for ensuring that the electronic waste centre operates within the environmental guidelines set forth by the EPA. This plan is a key requirement in the application for the Environmental Permit, demonstrating the project's commitment to minimizing its environmental footprint and protecting public health and safety. 36 4. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE 4.1 Geographical Location and Size of the Afigya-Kwabre South District The Afigya-Kwabre South District, within which the Kodie e-waste site is located, spans an area of approximately 122 square kilometres (12,188.3 hectares) and is geographically positioned between latitudes 6°53’37.92” N and 6°53’38.68” N, and longitudes 1°41’21.01” W and 1°31’25.39” W. It is bordered to the south by the Suame Municipal Assembly, to the north by Afigya Kwabre North, to the west by Atwima Nwabiagya North, to the northeast by Sekyere South, and to the southeast by Kwabre East Municipal. The central location of the district within the Ashanti Region, along with its accessibility to various areas, facilitates easy interaction among the populace. Its proximity to Kumasi, the second largest city in Ghana, makes it a dormitory district with a high population growth rate and rapid settlement expansion. This growth has led to significant pressure on socioeconomic facilities and an increase in waste generation, highlighting the need for efficient waste management solutions such as the establishment of a collection, dismantling, and holding centre. Figure 4-1: Map Showing Site at Afigya Kwabre South District Source: EPA – Ghana 37 4.2 Socio-economic Characteristics 4.2.1 Population The Afigya-Kwabre South District exhibits a diverse population structure with notable variations across age groups, rural-urban divide, and gender distribution. The total population of the district stands at approximately 247,406 individuals, based on the provided data. In terms of rural-urban distribution, urban areas slightly edge out their rural counterparts. The urban population, totalling 122,856, surpasses the rural population of 111,811. This urban predominance is consistent across all age categories, with the disparity becoming particularly pronounced in the 20- 34 age range. This trend might be indicative of increased job opportunities or educational facilities attracting young adults to urban centres (Figure 4-2). Gender distribution in the district presents a relatively balanced picture, albeit with a slight female majority. The female population stands at 120,600, while males number 115,067. Interestingly, the gender balance shifts with age. Males outnumber females in the younger age groups, particularly from 0-14 years. However, this trend reverses in the adult population, with females outnumbering males in most age groups above 25 years. This difference becomes more pronounced in the elderly population, especially above 55 years of age (Figure 4-3). The age structure of the Afigya-Kwabre South District is characteristic of a young, developing population. The largest age cohorts are the 0-4 and 5-9 groups, collectively accounting for nearly 24% of the total population. This substantial youth demographic suggests a high birth rate in the district. As age increases, there is a gradual decrease in population numbers, forming a pyramid-like structure typical of developing regions. The working-age population, considered here as those between 20-59 years old, comprises about 50% of the total population. This significant proportion of working-age individuals could be a potential demographic dividend for the district if properly leveraged. In contrast, the elderly population, those 65 years and older, represents a relatively small fraction at about 2.7% of the total population. Urban-rural differences extend beyond mere numbers. Urban areas show a higher concentration of young adults aged 20-34, possibly due to employment opportunities or educational institutions. Rural areas, on the other hand, have a slightly higher proportion of children and elderly residents. This pattern might suggest a trend of young adults moving from rural to urban areas in search of opportunities, leaving a higher proportion of dependents in rural areas. The gender differences observed in the data are intriguing. The higher number of males in younger age groups (0-14) could be due to biological factors affecting birth rates. The shift towards a female majority in adult and elderly groups, particularly noticeable above 55 years, might be attributed to longer life expectancy for women or potential male out-migration for work. 38 This population structure of the Afigya-Kwabre South District points to several demographic characteristics: high fertility rates, improving child survival rates, and possible rural-to-urban migration among young adults. The higher number of females in older age groups could be indicative of gender differences in life expectancy or migration patterns. Population of Afigya-Kwabre District by Location 16,000 14,000 12,000 Population 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 - 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65 years and older Age Categories Rural Urban Figure 4-2: Population of Afigya-Kwabre South District by Location Source: https://statsbank.statsghana.gov.gh/ Population of Afigya-Kwabre District by Sex 18,000 16,000 14,000 Population 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 - 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65 years and older Age Categories Male Female Figure 4-3: Population of Afigya-Kwabre South District by Sex Source: https://statsbank.statsghana.gov.gh/ 39 4.2.2 Social and Cultural Structure The Municipality is ethnically homogenous with Akans as the overwhelming majority (82%). Tribes of northern extraction account for about nine percent while Ewes (5.4%) and Gas (1%) make up the remaining 6.4 percent (2010 Population and Housing Census). The Municipality has one paramount area namely, the Ejisu Traditional Area. All the people in the Municipality area owe allegiance to the golden stool of the Asante kingdom, of which the Asantehene is the ‘overlord’. The people observe the Akwasidae, Awukudae and Fofie as sacred days. Yaa Asantewaa Festival marks the heroic deeds of the Warrior Queen of Ejisu during the British War of 1900. It was first marked in August 2006 and is marked every two years. There is also the Kente Festival to reminiscence the popular traditional cloth. Bonwire, located in the Municipality area has globally become synonymous with Kente cloth and Kente Festival. 4.2.3 Economic Activity The economic activities in the Afigya-Kwabre South District show significant variations across rural and urban areas (Figure 4-4), as well as between males and females (Figure 4-5). In terms of locality, urban areas generally show higher employment numbers across most sectors compared to rural areas. The most striking difference is in wholesale and retail trade, where urban areas (14,694) significantly outpace rural areas (10,074). This trend is also evident in transportation and storage, with urban areas (4,402) having more workers than rural areas (3,237). However, agriculture, forestry, and fishing remain more prominent in rural areas (3,629) compared to urban areas (1,029), reflecting the traditional rural nature of these activities. The gender distribution of economic activities reveals notable differences. The wholesale and retail trade sector employs the highest number of workers for both genders, but with a clear female majority (15,249 females vs 9,519 males). Women also dominate in accommodation and food service activities (3,886 females vs 464 males) and slightly lead in human health and social work activities (1,624 females vs 981 males). On the other hand, certain sectors show a strong male presence. Transportation and storage is overwhelmingly male-dominated (7,577 males vs 62 females), as is construction (6,981 males vs 113 females). Agriculture, forestry, and fishing also employ more males (2,673) than females (1,985). Manufacturing is another significant sector, with more males (3,894) than females (2,896), but the gender gap is less pronounced compared to other sectors. Education shows a fairly balanced gender distribution, with a slight male majority (2,713 males vs 2,462 females). 40 Economic Activity of 15+ Years Old by Locality Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies Administrative and support service activities Financial and insurance activities Real estate activities Information and communication Human health and social work activities Professional, scientific and technical activities Mining and quarrying Economic Activity Activities of households as employers;… Public administration and defence; compulsory social… Water supply; sewerage, waste management and… Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply Education Arts, entertainment and recreation Construction Accommodation and food service activities Other service activities Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles… Transportation and storage Manufacturing Agriculture, forestry and fishing - 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 Population Urban Rural Figure 4-4: Economic Activity of 15+ Year Olds of Afigya-Kwabre South District by Location Source: https://statsbank.statsghana.gov.gh/ Some sectors show minimal gender disparities, such as other service activities and financial and insurance activities. However, stark contrasts exist in sectors like electricity, gas, steam, and air conditioning supply (427 males vs 13 females) and mining and quarrying (288 males vs 10 females). It’s worth noting that some sectors have very low employment numbers overall, such as activities of extraterritorial organisations and bodies and real estate activities. These sectors might be underdeveloped or not significant contributors to the local economy. The data suggests a gendered division of labour in the district, with certain sectors being heavily male or female-dominated. It also highlights the urban-rural divide in economic activities, with urban areas generally offering more diverse employment opportunities. The prominence of wholesale and retail trade in both urban and rural areas, and for both genders, underscores its importance to the local economy. 41 Economic Activity of 15+ Years Old by Sex Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies Administrative and support service activities Financial and insurance activities Real estate activities Information and communication Human health and social work activities Professional, scientific and technical activities Mining and quarrying Economic Activity Activities of households as employers;… Public administration and defence; compulsory social… Water supply; sewerage, waste management and… Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply Education Arts, entertainment and recreation Construction Accommodation and food service activities Other service activities Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles… Transportation and storage Manufacturing Agriculture, forestry and fishing - 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,00012,00014,00016,00018,000 Population Female Male Figure 4-5: Economic Activity of 15+ Year Olds of Afigya-Kwabre South District by Sex Source: https://statsbank.statsghana.gov.gh/ 4.2.4 Agriculture Agriculture dominates the local economy by the greater number of the people it employs, with about 87.2% of the people engaged fulltime. There are two main types of agricultural practices in the Municipality, namely, crop farming (food and cash crops farming) and animal husbandry. Most households practice a mixture of the two. However, majority of farmers (more than 90%) are food crop farmers. Some of the produce include cereals such as Maize and tubers such as Cassava, Cocoyam and Yams. The area is also conducive for livestock production such as poultry, sheep, goats and pigs. 42 4.2.5 Road Network Apart from the tarred trunk road that links the district capital to the rest of the communities in the district, most roads are feeder roads. The municipality has an estimated feeder road network of 184.7 km with 62% in good condition. The municipality has 163km tarred road network which is made up of the Accra-Kumasi highway the Ejisu-Effiduase road, Ejisu-Onwe-Kuntenase road, and the Nobewam- Bomfa-Kuntenase road which are all bitumen surfaced. The Municipality is however one of the food baskets in the Ashanti Region but due to the poor nature of the road network, vehicles and humans find it difficult to reach out to some communities. The Assembly would have to develop and rehabilitate several feeder roads to enhance accessibility in the Municipality. This will facilitate easy transportation of farm produce to the market centres of many communities and also encourage farmers to work harder if they have ready market for their produce. 4.2.6 Energy The three main sources of lighting in dwelling units in the Municipality are Electricity 69.4 percent, followed by flashlight/touch (16.5%) and kerosene lamp (11.5%). The main source of fuel for cooking for most households in the Municipality is Wood (44.5%). Most communities are connected to the National Grid. 4.2.7 Health The Municipality can boast of twenty-eight (28) health facilities (Clinics, hospitals and CHPS) located at 25 communities. There are nine (9) public health facilities located at Achiase, Ejisu, Fumesua, Kwaso, Onwe, Peminase, Tikrom, New Koforidua and Nkerapoaso. Again, the private health facilities are thirteen (13) in number while the missionaries constitute six (6) in numbers. 4.2.8 Education The municipality can boast of 1 private university and a vocational institute. There are 137 Kindergarten (KG) schools: 56 public and 81 private. There exist 136 primary schools made up of 56 public and 80 private schools. There are 52 public Junior High School(s)(JHS) as against 41 private ones. Amongst 6 Senior High Schools, 1 is privately managed. There exists 2 TVET institutions. Pupil- Teacher Ratio (PTR) in 2020 for KG, Primary, JHS and SHS is 29:1, 27:1, 15:1 and 26:1 respectively. Net Enrolment Rate (NER) for KG level increased from 98.1% in 2019 to 98.3% in 2020. The NER target for the JHS level increased from 72.2% in 2019 to 72.8% in 2020 whilst Primary school level increased from 114% to 116%. Factors such as the School Feeding Programme and the capitation grant largely account for the increase in the NER. 43 4.2.9 Market Centres Commercial activities are enhanced by periodic markets that are scattered all over the Municipality. The Municipality has three main market centres, notably, the Ejisu market, Onwe market and Abenase market, with two new markets constructed for the Kwaso and Asotwe communities. These market centres constitute one of the major sources of revenue to the Assembly. 4.2.10 Water and Sanitation The main sources of water in the Municipality are borehole, river stream, public tap and pipe borne water. However, more than half of the households in the Municipality (60.9%) drink water from boreholes. Sanitation is another crucial area that is not developed and well managed. The few facilities presently available are grossly inadequate. The most widely method of solid waste disposal is by public dump in the open space accounting for 65.0 percent. About one in ten households (4.4%) dump their solid waste indiscriminately. House to house waste collection accounts for 1.3 percent. For liquid waste disposal, throwing waste onto the compound (34.9%) and onto the street (43.4%) are the two most common methods used by households in the Municipality. About 6.4 percent of the population in the Municipality has no toilet facilities. 4.2.11 Tourism The Municipality has Kente Industry at Bonwire which serves as tourist attraction to many foreign visitors and a historic museum at the municipal’s capital (Ejisu) called Yaa Asantewaa Museum. The beautiful Bobiri Forest reserve with its butterfly sanctuary cannot be left out. 4.3 Biophysical Characteristics 4.3.1 Vegetation The site lies within the semi deciduous forest zone. The original forest vegetation has largely degraded by lumbering activities, expansion of settlements and farming. The closed forest consisted of a continuous canopy of tall and medium – height trees with little or no undergrowth no longer exists. The area now largely consists of farm patches with isolated stands of individual trees or small areas of tree-clusters as shown in Plate 1. Crops cultivated in the district include, cocoa, oil palm, citrus, avocado pear, coffee, plantain, maize, cassava, cocoyam, cowpea, vegetables etc. 44 4.3.2 Climate The climatic condition has relatively high rainfall (about 1400mm per annum with a binomial pattern). The major rainy season occurs between March and mid-July with a peak in May /June. There is a dry spell from mid-July to mid-August. The minor rainy season starts from mid-August to about the end of October with a peak in September. The district experiences long dry periods from November to February with possibilities of occasional rains. Temperatures are normally high throughout the year with very little variations. The mean monthly temperatures range from 25oC in July/August to 28oC in March /April. The district experiences relative humidity ranging from 90 – 98% during the night and early mornings of the rainy season. Daytime humidity falls below 75% during the harmattan season. The climatic conditions favour the cultivation of diverse variety of cash and food crops, which are of tropical nature. Again, the relatively high temperatures and sunshine favour the processing of most crops such as cocoa, maize etc. The double rainfall regimes experienced by the district makes it possible for farmers to cultivate both food and cash crops two times in a year. Extensive dry season however may lead to long period of drought and retards farming activities in that period. 4.3.3 Relief and Drainage The landscape is a dissected plateau with heights reaching 800m to 1200m above sea level. The plateau forms part of the Mampong-Gambaga scarp. The landscape is predominantly undulating resulting in erosion along the slopes. The relief in the district is generally undulating with altitude ranging from 800-1000 ft. However, the northern part reaches up to 1,200ft above sea level. Isolated hills in the south around Buoho also have altitudes up to 1,200ft. The undulating nature of the relief of the district makes flow of water easy. Besides the river valleys, there are very few waterlog areas. 4.3.4 Soils and Geological Formation The district has two geological formations, namely Voltaian and Dahomeyan. The Voltaian formation consists of shale, sandstone, mudstone and limestone. The Dahomeyan formation consists of metamorphic rocks such as gneiss and schist. The mass presence of granite rock in the district supports the quarry industry. This will continue to be a major source of employment and income and so the citizenry must be encouraged to take advantage of the potential. The soils of Afigya-Kwabre South District developed over granite, Lower Birimian phylite and coarse-grained Voltatian Sandstone. Soil associations or mapping units over each of these parent materials are as follows: a. Soils developed over granite and associated rocks Kumasi-Ofin Compound Association, Bomso-Ofin Compound Association and Nyanao-Opimo Association. b. Soils developed over Voltaian rocks (sandstone) Bekwai-Oda Compound Association. 45 c. Soils developed over lower Birimian rocks Bediesi-Sutawa Association and Yaya-Pimpimso Association. The soil types consist of Kumasi-Offin Compound Association, Bomso-Offin Association, Jamasi Simple Association, Bediesi-Sutawa Association and Yaya-Pimpimson Association. The Kumasi-Offin Compound Soil is good for tree crops such as citrus, cocoa, coffee and oil palm. They are also good for food crops like, cocoyam, plantain, cassava and yam. The Bediesi-Sutawa Association has high water holding capacity and is suitable for mechanised agriculture. They support crops like maize, yam, legumes, cassava, plantain and groundnuts. The soils are very rich and good for agricultural purposes. The district has been a major source of food supply and cocoa, which still has a bright future. The soils have textured surface horizons in which sandy loams are common. The lower horizons have slightly heavier textures while the valley bottoms are clayey textured. Generally, the district has good soils for agricultural development. Over 90%of the soils developed from granite except a small area to the north- east and southwest where they developed over sandstone and lower Birimian Phylite respectively. The topsoils are mainly sandy loams and so are susceptible to erosion. Preventive measures are important in the cultivation of the soils. Practices such as cover cropping, mulching, avoidance of burning etc., to protect the topsoil are very useful. The rocky hills of the Nyanao-Opimo association around Buoho is important with quarries established in the area. The rocky hills and outcrops around Ntiri Buoho, Nkukua-Buoho and Afrancho, constitutes a potential for investment and employment creation in view of the growing residential development in and out of the district as well as for road construction. 4.3.5 Conditions of the Natural Environment The natural environment of the district, which used to be one of the purest in the region, is gradually losing its purity and importance. This is attributable to the increase in population and its attendant problems and effects on the environment. The district can boast of natural environment ranging from forest reserves with rich species of flora and fauna to vast arable land that can support the production of both stable and cash crops. 4.4 Baseline Studies 4.4.1 Flora The team conducted a flora survey at a site in Kodie, located in the Afigya-Kwabre South District. They recorded a total of 195 plant species belonging to 174 genera and 70 families (Table 10-1). The Euphorbiaceae family was found to be dominant, containing 18 species, followed by Rubiaceae with 14 species and Sterculiaceae with 12 species. Other notable families included Meliaceae, Papilionaceae, and Caesalpinaceae, each represented by 7-8 species. 46 The study identified six life forms among the plant species. Trees were the most prevalent, accounting for approximately 59% of the species, while herbs made up about 21%. Climbers and lianas each constituted around 7% of the species, with ferns being the least common at approximately 2% (Table 10-2). In terms of ecological guild classification, pioneer species were the most abundant, comprising 45% of the total species. Non-pioneer light demanders and shade bearers accounted for 17% and 15% of the species, respectively. The guild of 21% of the species could not be identified (Table 10-3). The star rating system revealed no black star species in the study area. Green star-rated species were the most common, making up about 53% of the total species. Pink star species were the second most prevalent among the rated species. Blue, gold, red, and scarlet star species were also present in smaller numbers. Notably, 25% of the species identified in the study site had not been star-rated (Table 10-4). Regarding conservation status, the majority of the plant species (94%) were classified as Least Concern or Not Categorised. Ten species (5%) were categorised as Vulnerable, and one species (about 1%) was designated as Endangered (Table 10-1). The high number of pioneer species indicated a lack of continuous canopy and disruption of the typical three-tree strata associated with moist semi-deciduous forests. The prevalence of green star species is attributed to their ability to thrive in most areas of Ghana and their lack of particular conservation concern. The absence of black star species is explained by their global rarity and restricted distribution in Ghana. 4.4.2 Fauna The fauna survey focused on mammalian species. The team recorded a total of 30 mammal species, distributed across 24 genera and 16 families. The family distribution showed that ten families contained one species each, one family had two species, four families contained three species each, and one family had six species (Table 10-5). Using the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classification system, the team categorised the conservation status of the recorded species. The majority of the species, 26 in total (87%), were classified as of Least Concern. Two species, Procolobus verus (Olive’s colobus) and Phataginus tricuspis (White-bellied pangolin), were categorised as Near Threatened, representing 7% of the recorded species. One species, Anomalurus pelii (Pel’s flying squirrel), had not been categorised by the IUCN, accounting for 3% of the total. Additionally, one species, Smustia gigantea (Giant ground pangolin), was classified as Vulnerable. The team also assessed the protection status of the species according to the Ghana Wildlife Conservation Regulation 1971 (LI 65). They found that one species, Procolobus verus (Olive’s 47 colobus), is wholly protected in Ghana. Two species, Herpestes sanguineus (Slender mongoose) and Herpestes ichneumon (Egyptian mongoose), enjoy closed season protection in the country. The abundance of each species was subjectively assessed on a four-point scale (common, frequent, occasional, or rare) by consulting four local hunters. The team used various methods to identify and record the presence of species, including direct sightings, footprints, faeces, feeding sites, and other signs such as stench from urine and trails. The survey revealed a diverse range of mammalian species, including various duikers, antelopes, monkeys, squirrels, pangolins, and smaller mammals like rats and genets. Some notable species recorded include the Royal antelope (Neotragus pygmaeus), Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), African brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus africanus), and the African civet (Civettictis civeta) 2. 4.4.3 Herpetofauna The team conducted a herpetofauna survey. The study yielded a total of 28 species, comprising 20 reptiles distributed across eleven families and 8 anurans (frogs and toads) from five families (Table 10-6). The anuran species count in this study was relatively low compared to some previous surveys in Ghanaian forests. For instance, a survey of southern Ghana’s forests recorded about 47 species. However, the team noted that other investigations in Ghana have revealed similar numbers, with most sites yielding between 10 to 20 amphibian species. Notably, the survey did not encounter any of the five anuran species considered endemic to southern Ghana’s forested areas, namely Hyperolus bobirensis, H. sylvaticus, H. torrentis, H. baumanni, and Conraua derooi. Regarding the conservation status of the herpetofauna, the team found that most species were of no immediate conservation concern. Eight species, representing approximately 28% of the recorded herpetofauna, were categorised as Least Concern according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. One species, the Dwarf crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis), was classified as Vulnerable, accounting for 4% of the species. The remaining nineteen species, representing 68% of the recorded herpetofauna, have not been categorised by the IUCN. The reptile species recorded included various snakes such as the Twig snake (Thelotornis kirtlandii), Green viper (Atheris chlorechis), and Black cobra (Naja nelonoleuca). Other notable reptiles included the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus), African rock python (Python sebae), and Nile monitor (Veranus niloticus). Among the amphibians, the team recorded species like the Common toad (Bufo 2 Plates of spoors and species of animals found in the e-waste site and its environs are found in Appendix C. 48 regularis), African tree toad (Nectophryne afra), and African Groove-crowned frog (Hoplobatrachus occipitalis). The team used standard literature and the IUCN Red List to analyse their data and assess the global conservation status of each species. They also referred to the Ghana Wildlife Conservation Regulation 1971 (LI 685) Schedule 1 to determine the national protection status of the recorded species. 4.4.4 Avifauna The team conducted an avifauna survey in Kodie, located in the Afigya-Kwabre South District. They recorded a total of 158 bird species belonging to 54 avian families (Table 10-7). The Accipitridae and Ardeidae families were found to be dominant, with 13 and 12 species respectively. The Cuculidae and Columbidae families each contained 8 species, while the Falconidae, Picidae, Pycnonotidae, and Rallidae families had 6 species each. The residential status analysis of the bird species revealed that the majority (67%) were resident species. Palearctic migrant, non-breeding visitors accounted for 14% of the species, while resident/intra-African migrants made up about 10%. Intra-African migrants constituted approximately 3% of the species, vagrants 4%, and resident/palearctic migrant, non-breeding visitors another 3%. The remaining species were distributed among other categories, including resident/intra-African migrant/palearctic (1%) and intra-African/scarce (1%) (Table 10-8). Regarding abundance, the team found that about 28% of the species were common, 14% were fairly common, and 20% were uncommon. Scarce species accounted for approximately 8% of the total, while rare species made up about 7%. The remaining species fell into various intermediate categories of abundance (Table 10-9). The conservation status assessment showed that the majority of the bird species (87%) were of least concern according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) criteria. Two species each were categorised as near threatened and vulnerable. Seventeen species, constituting approximately 11% of the total, had not been categorised by the IUCN (Table 10-7). The team used the field guide by Borrow and Demey (2010) to determine the abundance and residential status of the birds. They also referred to the IUCN (2013) and the Ghana Wildlife Regulation 1971 (LI 685), Schedule 1, to assess the conservation and protection status of the recorded species. The consultant noted that while the study area supports a diverse avian population with most species not being of significant conservation concern, efforts should still be made to protect these birds due to the ecosystem services they provide. 49 4.4.5 Air Quality The air quality assessment conducted in Kodie focused on four key air pollutants: particulate matter 2.5 microns (PM2.5), particulate matter 10 microns (PM10), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The study measured 24-hour average concentrations and compared them to both the Ghana Environmental Protection Agency (GEPA) National Ambient Air Quality (NAAQ) Standards and the World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines. Particulate Matter: For PM2.5, Kodie recorded a concentration of 34.3 μg/m3. This level is just below the GEPA standard of 35 μg/m3 but significantly exceeds the more stringent WHO guideline of 15 μg/m3. The PM10 concentration was measured at 51.5 μg/m3, which is below the GEPA limit of 70 μg/m3 but above the WHO guideline of 45 μg/m3. These results indicate that while particulate matter levels in Kodie are generally in compliance with national standards, they exceed international guidelines, particularly for PM2.5. Gaseous Pollutants: Regarding gaseous pollutants, Kodie demonstrated good compliance with both national and international standards. The SO2 concentration was measured at 9.8 μg/m3, well below both the GEPA limit of 150 μg/m3 and the WHO guideline of 40 μg/m3. The NO2 level was recor ded at 13.7 μg/m3, also comfortably within the GEPA standard of 150 μg/m3 and the WHO guideline of 25 μg/m3. Sources of Air Pollution: The report identifies several common sources of air pollution in Kodie, including bush and biomass burning, automobile emissions, and dust from untarred roads. These sources likely contribute to the elevated levels of particulate matter observed in the area. Air Particulate Matter Concentrations (μg/m3) GEPA, PM10 = 80 70μg/m3 70 Concentration (μg/m3) 60 51.5 WHO, PM10 = 50 45μg/m3 40 34.3 GEPA, PM2.5 = 30 35μg/m3 20 10 WHO, PM2.5 = 15μg/m3 0 PM2.5 PM10 Air Particulate Matter PM2.5 PM10 50 Air Quality Parameters (μg/m3) 160 GEPA, NO2 & SO2 = 150μg/m3 140 120 Concentration (μg/m3) 100 80 60 WHO, SO2 = 40μg/m3 40 WHO, NO2 = 25μg/m3 20 13.7 9.8 0 NO2 SO2 Air Quality Parameter NO2 SO2 Figure 4-6 Concentration of Air Pollutants Source: Laboratory Analysis Sources of air pollution in Kodie include bush and biomass burning, automobile emissions, untarred roads, and the sea breeze effect. The sea breeze is noted to tend to increase particulate matter and nitrous oxides concentration in the ambient air. 4.4.6 Noise Levels and Quality Noise levels were measured at several key points around the site during both day and night to provide a comprehensive assessment of the current ambient noise environment. The following table summarises the noise level measurements: Table 4-1: Noise Levels at Site Location Distance from Daytime Ambient Noise Level Nighttime Ambient Noise Level Site (dB) (dB) Centre of Proposed CDHC - 45-50 dB 40-45 dB Site Near Encroached Structure 50 meters 40-45 dB 35-40 dB Near Mowire Community 1 kilometre 35-40 dB 30-35 dB At the centre of the proposed CDHC site, the ambient noise level during the day was measured at 45- 50 dB, reflecting the quiet, undeveloped nature of the area. At night, this level decreased slightly to 51 40-45 dB, indicating a reduction in ambient noise as activities in the vicinity lessened. Near the encroached structure, located 50 meters from the site boundary, the daytime noise level was 40-45 dB, which dropped to 35-40 dB at night, due to lower activity levels. In the vicinity of the Mowire community, 1 kilometre from the site, daytime noise levels were 35-40 dB, decreasing to 30-35 dB at night, reflecting a generally tranquil residential area. The current noise environment, characterised by low levels during both day and night, provides a baseline for assessing potential noise impacts from the CDHC once operational. The tranquil nature of the site and surrounding area will be important in evaluating future noise mitigation requirements. 4.4.7 Traffic Count Field observations indicate that the traffic situation around the proposed Collection, Dismantling, and Holding Centre (CDHC) site in Kodie is characterised by light to moderate levels. The site’s rural and undeveloped surroundings contribute significantly to the minimal local traffic observed during the study period. Measurements taken along the access roads leading to the site reveal a relatively low volume of traffic, primarily consisting of local vehicles, with occasional commercial and agricultural vehicles. The site is approximately 1.5 kilometres from the Kumasi-Tamale highway, which serves as a major transportation route connecting Kumasi with Tamale. Despite this proximity, the local traffic impact remains subdued, maintaining a relatively uncongested environment around the site. During the field survey, the estimated daily traffic count around the site is as follows: Table 4-2: Estimated Traffic Counts Close to the Site Time of Day Location Average Daily Traffic Vehicle Types Count Peak (7:00 AM - 9:00 AM) (5:00 PM - Access Roads (near 90 trips Cars: 70, Commercial 7:00 PM) site) Vehicles: 10 Non-Peak (10:00 AM - 4:00 PM) (after Access Roads (near 90 trips Cars: 70, Commercial 8:00 PM) site) Vehicles: 10 52 5. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BENEFITS, RISKS AND IMPACT IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS The chapter examines the potential environmental and social risks associated with the various phases of the proposed project. It identifies both positive impacts and negative risks across the planning, construction, and operational stages. A detailed risk analysis matrix quantifies and categorises the significance of these diverse impacts to enable targeted mitigation efforts, responsible resource allocation, and timely actions to minimise harm. .1 Identification of Environmental and Social Benefits .1.1 Planning Phase .1.1.1 Environmental Benefits Site Selection: The selection of site considered environmental factors such as proximity to sensitive ecosystems, water bodies, and residential areas. The selected site was evaluated to minimise potential environmental impacts, ensuring the preservation of natural habitats and reducing the risk of contamination. Resource Use Efficiency: Strategies for resource efficiency have been factored in the design. This included evaluating and incorporating best practices for energy conservation, water management, and waste minimisation throughout the project’s lifecycle. By prioritising resource efficiency from the outset, the project can reduce its environmental footprint and promote sustainable practices. Circular Economy Considerations: The design allows for the exploration and integration of circular economy principles into the project’s design. This includes considering strategies for resource recovery, waste minimisation, and the incorporation of recycled or reused materials into the project’s infrastructure and operations. By embracing circular economy concepts from the outset, the project will contribute to a more sustainable and resource-efficient future. Long-term Sustainability: By integrating environmental and social considerations into the design, construction, and operation of the facility, long-term sustainability will be achieved, balancing economic development with environmental protection and social equity. .1.1.2 Social Benefits Stakeholder Engagement: The project has employed an extensive and meaningful community engagement and consultation processes to foster a sense of ownership and participation among local residents. This included approaches that empowers the community to voice their concerns, share their perspectives, and contribute to the decision-making process. 53 Capacity Building: Additionally, the planning phase has presented opportunities for capacity building and knowledge transfer, as local stakeholders will be educated on the importance of proper e-waste management and its potential impacts on their communities. The project has enhanced the capacity of stakeholders on e-waste management and environmental and social risks management. Business Opportunities: Planning phase has helped identify potential partnerships with local e-Waste businesses and other businesses for e-waste collection and transport, and auxiliary services, fostering local economic growth. Partnerships and Collaborative Efforts: Partnerships established between governmental and e- waste companies early in project design would influence the design of the infrastructure and enhance the effectiveness of the e-waste dismantling centre. This will also allow for the establishment of inclusive and clear guidelines and regulations for e-waste handling, which can lay the foundation for a successful and impactful e-waste dismantling centre and serve as a model for other regions .1.2 Construction Phase .1.2.1 Environmental Benefits During the construction phase, several environmental benefits can be realised and incorporated into the project’s implementation. This phase presents an opportunity to prioritise sustainable practices and minimise the project’s environmental impact. Here are some key environmental benefits that can be achieved during the construction phase: Sustainable Construction Practices: The construction phase will allow for the implementation of environmentally friendly construction methods and materials. This includes the use of locally sourced and sustainable building materials, such as recycled or low-carbon alternatives, which can reduce the project’s carbon footprint and resource consumption. Additionally, construction techniques that minimise waste generation, water usage, and energy consumption can be employed, further reducing the project’s environmental impact. Soil and Water Conservation: During the construction phase, measures will be taken to protect and conserve soil and water resources in the project area. Proper erosion control measures, such as sediment traps and vegetative barriers, can prevent soil erosion and minimise the risk of water contamination from construction activities. Additionally, responsible water management practices, including water recycling and efficient usage, can help conserve this precious resource. Waste Management and Recycling: The construction phase generates a significant amount of waste, including construction debris, packaging materials, and other by-products. By implementing waste management strategies, such as on-site sorting, recycling, and proper disposal methods, the project 54 will reduce its environmental impact and contribute to the circular economy by diverting waste from landfills and promoting resource recovery. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Integration: During the construction phase, energy- efficient practices and renewable energy sources can be integrated into the project’s design and infrastructure. This can include the installation of solar panels, wind turbines, or other renewable energy systems to power the project’s operations, reducing its reliance on fossil fuels and minimising greenhouse gas emissions. .1.2.2 Social Benefits Employment and Training Opportunities: The construction phase will create job opportunities for local workforce, particularly in the areas of construction, transportation, and related services, providing economic benefits and fostering community development. This creation of employment prospects will contribute to economic empowerment and improve the overall standard of living within the community. Development of Local Economy: Furthermore, the project may stimulate the growth of ancillary businesses, such as accommodation, food services, and material suppliers, thereby fostering local economic development. Skills Development: Training and capacity-building programmes for workers can enhance their technical skills and employability, promoting social mobility and empowerment within the community. Inclusive strategies to create opportunities for participation of marginalised groups would promote social equity and inclusivity. Improvement in community health and safety: the potential health benefits of reducing indiscriminate e-waste dumping, improving safer collection and handling practices would help promote cleaner and healthier environment for better public health outcomes. .1.3 Operations Phase .1.3.1 Environmental Benefits Proper Disposal: The centre will serve as a dedicated facility for the proper disposal of electronic waste in the district. A centralised location equipped with the facilities to enable proper disposal methods will prevent the indiscriminate dumping of e-waste, which can lead to the release of hazardous substances into the environment. This controlled disposal process will mitigate the risk of soil, water, and air contamination, thereby protecting the district’s natural resources and ecosystems. Resource Recovery: The centre will not only focus on the disposal of electronic waste but also on the recovery of valuable resources. Through the implementation of recycling and material recovery 55 processes, the project will facilitate the extraction of precious metals, plastics, and other materials from discarded electronic devices. This resource recovery approach will reduce the demand for new raw materials, conserving natural resources and minimising the environmental impact associated with resource extraction and processing. Reduced Landfill Burden: By diverting electronic waste from landfills, the centre will significantly reduce the burden on existing waste disposal facilities. Electronic waste often contains hazardous components that can leach into the soil and groundwater if not properly managed. By providing an alternative disposal and recycling solution, the project will extend the lifespan of landfills and minimise the potential for environmental contamination caused by the improper disposal of e-waste in these facilities. Public Health Protection: The improper handling and disposal of e-waste can pose serious risks to public health due to the release of toxic substances such as lead, mercury, and cadmium. The centre will implement safe handling and processing practices, ensuring that these hazardous materials are contained and managed appropriately. Additionally, by raising awareness about the dangers of improper e-waste disposal, the centre will empower the local community to adopt responsible practices, thereby reducing the risk of exposure to harmful substances and promoting a healthier living environment. Environmental Sustainability: The focus of the centre aligns with the principles of sustainability by promoting a circular economy approach. By recovering valuable resources from electronic waste, the centre will reduce the demand for new raw materials and contributes to the conservation of natural resources. Furthermore, the centre will foster a culture of responsible waste management, encouraging the community to adopt environmentally friendly practices and reduce their overall environmental footprint. This sustainable approach will benefit the present generation and ensure a better quality of life for future generations in the metropolis. .1.3.2 Social Benefits Research and Development: The centre can serve as a platform for research and development initiatives focused on improving e-waste recycling technologies, developing innovative solutions for more efficient resource recovery and waste minimisation. Increased Revenue leading to Sustainability: Revenue streams can be generated through the sale of recovered materials, refurbished electronics, and recycling services, providing a source of income for the centre and supporting its sustainability. Long-term Employment: The district’s youthful demographic offers a robust workforce, ripe for mobilisation to ensure the success of the centre. Establishing the centre may not only provide much- needed jobs for young people but also address the issue of rural-urban migration, often triggered by the pursuit of better income prospects. By keeping employment opportunities within the district, this 56 initiative can help retain young workers in rural areas, fostering local economic growth and alleviating the strain on urban centres from migration. The centre can partner with local technical and vocational institutions to provide e-waste management training for marginalised community members. This collaboration would equip participants with skills to engage in various aspects of the e-waste value chain, including collection, sorting, dismantling, and recycling. Such involvement could create income opportunities and promote sustainable livelihoods. Additionally, community participation in the project may foster a sense of ownership and responsibility, encouraging long-term commitment to proper waste management practices and environmental sustainability. This approach could help mitigate the negative impacts of improper e-waste disposal while benefiting the local community. Diversification of Local Economy: The District’s economy is heavily reliant on agriculture, which is vulnerable to unpredictable weather patterns. The opportunities to generate downstream business due to the operations of the centre can serve as a means of diversifying economic activities, reducing the community’s dependence on agriculture and providing an alternative source of income during lean agricultural periods. Creation of Entrepreneurial Opportunities: The centre will foster entrepreneurial opportunities, as individuals or cooperatives may engage in the collection and aggregation of e-waste, subsequently supplying the materials to the processing facility. This entrepreneurial ecosystem can drive innovation and promote sustainable livelihoods. Development of Local Economy: An increase in employment in the local economy will lead to an increase in the tax revenue for the local economy, which will have positive effects on the development of local infrastructure. .2 Identification and Analysis of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts .2.1 Risk Matrix The risk matrix provides a structured approach for assessing and categorising potential risks associated with the project’s implementation. The steps for developing the risk matrix are: 1. Risk Identification: The initial phase of the risk assessment process involves systematically identifying risks about the project. An analysis of potential environmental, social, and operational risks is conducted, considering project-specific and external factors. 2. Development of Likelihood and Severity Scales: Likelihood and Severity scales are meticulously defined, each comprising weighted values, to standardise the risk assessment. The Likelihood scale assigns values of 1 for “Not likely,” 2 for “Somewhat likely,” and 3 for “Very likely.” Meanwhile, the Severity scale assigns values of 1 for “Low,” 2 for “Medium,” and 3 for “High.” 57 3. Risk Assessment: Risks identified in the previous phase are subjected to a thorough assessment. Each risk is individually analysed, taking into account its likelihood and severity. As mentioned above, the Likelihood and Severity scales assign appropriate weights. 4. Calculation of Weighted Scores: Weighted scores for each risk are calculated by multiplying the Likelihood and Severity weights. This process aids in quantifying the relative significance of each risk. 5. Classification of Risks: Risks are classified into distinct zones based on their total weighted scores to provide a clear overview of risk severity. 6. Colour Coding: A colour-coding system is employed for the risk classification zones for enhanced visual clarity. 7. Presentation of the Risk Matrix: The risk matrix is presented in a tabular format, with each risk positioned within the appropriate cell based on its likelihood and severity. The colour codes associated with each risk classification are indicated. Table 5-1: Likelihood and Severity Matrix Severity Low (1) Medium (2) High (3) Not Likely (1) Low (1) Low (2) Moderate (3) Likelihood Somewhat likely (2) Low (2) Moderate (4) Substantial (6) Very likely (3) Moderate (3) Substantial (6) High (9) 8. Interpretation: The risk matrix’s interpretation is a crucial assessment component. It enables stakeholders to prioritise risk management efforts and allocate resources accordingly. The interpretations for the categories are shown in Table 5-2: Table 5-2: Interpretation of Risk Classification Risk Interpretation Classification Low Risk The “Low Risk” category represents risks with low likelihood and severity, leading to a low total weighted score. These risks may not warrant immediate mitigation efforts, but they should still be monitored to remain manageable. Moderate Risk Risks classified as “Moderate Risk” have a moderate likelihood and severity, resulting in a moderate total weighted score. These risks should be systematically monitored and managed to prevent their transformation into Substantial risks. While they may not necessitate immediate, intensive intervention, consistent attention is required to maintain their status. Substantial Risk “Substantial Risk” represents risks with moderate likelihood and/or severity, resulting in a moderate total weighted score. These risks require proactive management and continuous monitoring. Timely actions and preventive measures are essential to minimise their impact and prevent escalation into high-risk scenarios. High Risk Risks falling into the “High Risk” zone are characterised by a combination of high likelihood and high severity. These risks demand immediate and focused attention, as their potential impact on the project, environment, and society is substantial. Urgent mitigation measures should be implemented to reduce the risk to an acceptable level. 58 9. Implications for Decision-Making: The implications of the risk matrix are profound for project stakeholders, decision-makers, and implementing bodies:  Resource Allocation: The risk matrix assists in allocating resources by directing attention and resources to where they are most needed. High-risk areas require a significant allocation of resources for immediate mitigation.  Timely Mitigation: By identifying high and significant risks, the matrix ensures that mitigation measures are implemented promptly to minimise potential environmental and societal harm.  Continuous Monitoring: Risks classified as moderate and low underscore the importance of continuous monitoring. This ongoing vigilance helps prevent risks from escalating and allows for early intervention if circumstances change.  Stakeholder Communication: The risk matrix provides a clear and accessible means of communication with stakeholders, enabling them to understand the project’s risk profile and the actions to manage those risks.  Compliance and Regulatory Requirements: The risk matrix can assist in fulfilling compliance and regulatory requirements by demonstrating that the project has identified and is actively managing potential risks. .2.2 Risk Prioritisation The identified risks have been prioritised based on their impact, likelihood, and severity, organising them into categories. Substantial Impacts When assessing risks across the construction and operational phases of the project, several key factors were identified based on their likelihood and potential severity. During the construction phase, risks such as fire outbreaks and explosions are somewhat likely and pose moderate impacts. Fire risks stem from electrical faults, flammable materials, combustible dust, and human error. Explosions may arise from the mishandling or improper storage of volatile materials, requiring proactive safety measures. Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) concerns are very likely during construction, with significant impacts anticipated. Hazards such as falls, exposure to dangerous materials, and machinery accidents emphasise the need for stringent safety protocols. In both construction and operations, sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) and sexual harassment (SH) are considered somewhat likely, with substantial impacts. These risks underscore the importance of establishing robust policies and preventive measures to protect workers and other stakeholders. Moreover, the operational phase could have a substantial impact on the local economy and livelihoods. Although the e-waste facility may create job opportunities, it could also strain local 59 resources and disrupt existing livelihoods due to an influx of workers. Monitoring and addressing these impacts are essential to fostering sustainable development in the community. Moderate Impacts Risks with moderate impacts during both phases include air pollution, hazardous waste generation, resource consumption, stakeholder expectations, and poor management of labour and working conditions. These risks are somewhat likely and necessitate active management to mitigate their effects on the environment, community, and project operations. During the operational phase, child labour poses a moderate impact risk. Children might become involved in e-waste collection under unregulated or loosely regulated conditions, exposing them to hazardous substances and exploitative work. Strict adherence to labour laws and ethical standards is critical to preventing these occurrences. Low Impacts Risks categorised as having low impacts during both construction and operations include spills, soil compaction, vegetation clearing, noise pollution, community health and safety disruptions, and cultural heritage disturbances. Although these risks are less likely to cause significant harm, proactive monitoring and mitigation are still necessary to preserve environmental and social integrity throughout the project lifecycle. Table 5-3 presents the prioritisation of risks associated with the construction and operation of the e- waste facility at proposed site. 60 Table 5-3: The risk assessment matrix Receptor/Risks Phase Description of Risks and Impact Likelihood Severity Risks/Impact Environment Emissions from machinery and vehicles can degrade air quality, potentially causing Construction respiratory issues for workers and nearby communities. Very likely Medium Substantial The operations of the centre may contribute to air pollution through several mechanisms. These include the combustion of plastics and materials during metal recovery processes, which can release toxic fumes like dioxins and PAHs. Dust and Air Pollution particulate matter generated from dismantling activities may contain hazardous metals Operations and chemicals, posing health risks to workers and nearby communities. Chemical Very likely Medium Substantial leaching from improperly handled components and energy-intensive operations may further exacerbate air quality concerns. Additionally, emissions from transportation activities may add to local air pollution. Various fire risks—including electrical faults, flammable materials, combustible dust, Somewhat Construction battery hazards, hot work, inadequate fire safety systems, and human error. Medium Moderate likely During the operations phase of the centre, various fire risks could arise. Key risks include electrical fires from faulty wiring or overloaded circuits, flammable materials such as Fire Outbreak solvents and certain electronic components, and the accumulation of combustible dust Somewhat Operations generated during dismantling processes. Battery-related fires, particularly from lithium- High Substantial likely ion batteries, pose significant hazards due to their tendency to overheat and suffer thermal runaway. Explosions during construction can occur due to the mishandling or improper storage of volatile materials such as fuels, gases, or chemicals. Common causes include ignition Somewhat Construction sources like sparks from welding or electrical equipment, chemical reactions from Medium Moderate likely unstable compounds, and failures in pressurised systems. Explosion can pose significant risks at centre, stemming from mishandling of volatile Explosion materials like lithium-ion batteries prone to exploding if damaged, improper storage leading to flammable gases or vapours, and the accumulation of combustible dust from Somewhat Operations electronic component shredding or grinding, exacerbated in poorly ventilated areas. High Substantial likely Various ignition sources such as mechanical impacts or electrical sparks further heighten the risk, necessitating stringent safety measures and controls. Construction waste can have significant negative impacts on the environment and Waste Construction human health. If not managed well, it creates unsightly landscapes, contribute to soil Very likely Medium Substantial Generation contamination, water and air pollution, exposure of people to hazardous materials, 61 Receptor/Risks Phase Description of Risks and Impact Likelihood Severity Risks/Impact leading to health issues and injuries; greenhouse gas emissions and disruption to ecosystems, leading to loss of biodiversity. Hazardous Waste Generation: Construction activities can produce various types of hazardous waste, including solvents, paints, asbestos, lead-containing materials, and chemical residues. Improper handling, storage, or disposal of these wastes can lead to contamination of soil, groundwater, and air, posing risks to human health and ecosystems. Exposure to hazardous waste can cause respiratory problems, skin irritation, and long-term health issues, while contamination of water sources can affect drinking water quality and aquatic life. Regulatory non-compliance and liability issues may arise if hazardous waste is improperly managed, leading to legal penalties and reputational damage for construction companies. Operating the centre involves managing electronic waste, which itself can generate additional waste. These activities often produce by-products and residuals that require proper handling and disposal to minimize environmental impact. Hazardous Waste Generation: The e-waste processing activities can generate various hazardous waste streams, including batteries, printed circuit boards, and other Operations Very likely Medium Substantial components containing toxic substances. Improper management and disposal of these hazardous wastes can pose significant environmental risks and potential liabilities. Establishing a hazardous waste management plan, implementing safe storage and disposal practices, and adhering to relevant regulations are essential to mitigate this risk. Spills during construction can occur due to improper handling and storage of fuels, oils, and chemicals, equipment failures such as leaks from hydraulic systems or fuel tanks, and human error, like overfilling or mishandling containers. Accidents during Somewhat Construction Low Low transportation, severe weather conditions damaging storage areas, and pipeline leaks likely from construction activities can also lead to spills. Spills Spill risks may involve the accidental release of hazardous materials during operations, such as solvents used in cleaning or circuit board processing, exacerbated by inadequate Operations storage practices, equipment failures, and insufficient spill response training. These Very likely Medium Substantial incidents pose environmental and safety threats, potentially contaminating soil and groundwater and endangering both workers and nearby communities. Compaction of Compaction of soil and grading of the site during construction can occur with significant Soil and risks if not properly managed. Excessive compaction can lead to soil degradation, Somewhat Construction Low Low Grading of the reducing its natural porosity and permeability, which can hinder water infiltration and likely Site root growth, adversely affecting vegetation and local ecosystems. Improper grading 62 Receptor/Risks Phase Description of Risks and Impact Likelihood Severity Risks/Impact can result in poor drainage, leading to water accumulation, erosion, and increased runoff, which can cause sedimentation in nearby water bodies and harm aquatic habitats. Additionally, the use of heavy machinery for these processes can contribute to noise pollution, air pollution from dust and emissions, and potential disturbances to surrounding communities and wildlife. The rise in the number of trucks unloading e-waste at centre could lead to soil compaction. The compacted soil may become destabilised, resulting in erosion and Somewhat Operation Low Low sediment runoff, potentially polluting nearby water bodies. likely Vegetation clearing during construction can occur with environmental risks if not managed properly. The proposed site has vegetation cover and fauna. Removing trees, Construction shrubs, and other plants can lead to habitat destruction, negatively impacting local Very likely Low Low wildlife and biodiversity. The loss of vegetation can also result in increased soil erosion, as plant roots that help to stabilise the soil are removed, leading to sediment runoff. Vegetation Clearing It is unlikely that there would be vegetation clearing during the operations of the centre. This is because activities will typically occur indoors or within designated processing Operation areas that do not require extensive land clearing or vegetation removal. As a result, the Not likely Low Low direct impact on local ecosystems and vegetation is minimal, focusing instead on the management of indoor air quality, waste handling, and emissions control measures. Habitat disturbance during construction can occur with ecological risks if not carefully managed. Construction activities can lead to the displacement of wildlife and Somewhat Construction fragmentation of habitats. Noise, light, and vibrations from machinery can stress Medium Moderate likely animals and alter their natural behaviours. Habitat disturbance is unlikely at the centre, as activities primarily occur indoors or Habitat within designated processing areas. However, the movement and noise generated by Disturbance human activity and vehicle traffic may temporarily disrupt local fauna, potentially Operation causing them to relocate to different areas. It’s essential to monitor and minimise such Not likely Low Low disturbances through careful site planning, implementing noise reduction measures, and considering wildlife corridors to mitigate any temporary impacts on local habitats and species. Construction activities often involve the use of hazardous materials such as fuels, oils, chemicals, and construction debris, which can leach contaminants into the soil. Contamination Improper handling, storage, or accidental spills of these materials can lead to soil Somewhat Construction Medium Moderate of soil contamination, affecting its fertility and ability to support plant life. Contaminants can likely also migrate through soil layers, potentially reaching groundwater sources and causing further environmental degradation. Exposure to contaminated soil can pose health risks 63 Receptor/Risks Phase Description of Risks and Impact Likelihood Severity Risks/Impact to construction workers, nearby residents, and wildlife, leading to respiratory problems, skin irritation, and long-term health effects. Contamination of soil at the centre can occur due to improper handling and disposal of hazardous materials present in e-waste. This can include heavy metals like lead, mercury, and cadmium, as well as persistent organic pollutants from electronic components. Improper storage or disposal practices can lead to leaching of these contaminants into Operation soil and groundwater, posing risks to human health and local ecosystems. Implementing Very likely Medium Substantial rigorous waste management protocols, including proper storage, handling, and recycling procedures, is crucial to prevent land contamination. Contamination of ground or surface waters during construction can occur with environmental and health risks if not adequately controlled. Construction activities can introduce pollutants such as oils, fuels, chemicals, and sediments into nearby water bodies through runoff or accidental spills. Improper handling and storage of hazardous materials, as well as inadequate erosion control measures, can exacerbate this issue. Contaminated water can harm aquatic life, disrupt ecosystems, and pose health risks to Somewhat Construction Low Low humans relying on these water sources for drinking, recreation, or irrigation. However, likely Contamination at this site, there is no surface water in close proximity, which reduces the immediate of Ground or risk of surface water contamination but does not eliminate the need for careful Surface Waters management to prevent potential groundwater contamination and broader environmental impacts. Contamination of ground or surface waters at the centre is a concern primarily due to the potential leaching of hazardous substances from e-waste materials. Despite the absence of nearby surface water bodies, improper handling or disposal practices can Somewhat Operation Medium Moderate lead to the infiltration of pollutants such as heavy metals and chemicals into likely groundwater reserves. This poses risks to both local water quality and ecosystems. Energy resource consumption during construction projects is significant and can have environmental, economic, and social implications. Construction activities require energy for various purposes, including powering machinery, lighting, heating, and Resource transportation of materials. The reliance on fossil fuels and non-renewable energy Somewhat Construction Medium Moderate Consumption sources contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, and resource depletion. likely High energy consumption also increases operating costs and project timelines, impacting overall project sustainability and profitability. 64 Receptor/Risks Phase Description of Risks and Impact Likelihood Severity Risks/Impact The e-waste processing activities may require substantial energy, contributing to the project’s environmental footprint. Inefficient use of resources can exacerbate the Somewhat Operations Medium Moderate depletion of natural resources and contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. likely Noise pollution during construction can occur with impacts on both the environment and local communities if not properly managed. Construction activities often involve heavy machinery, equipment operation, and construction vehicles, generating high levels of noise that can disturb wildlife and nearby residents. Prolonged exposure to loud noise can stress animals, disrupt their communication and breeding patterns, and lead to habitat abandonment. For humans, excessive noise can cause annoyance, sleep Somewhat Construction Medium Moderate disturbances, and even long-term health issues such as hearing loss and cardiovascular likely Noise Pollution problems. Implementing noise mitigation measures such as using quieter equipment, erecting sound barriers, and scheduling noisy activities during less sensitive times can help minimise these adverse effects and promote a healthier and more harmonious environment during construction projects. Operational activities may generate noise and vibration, causing nuisance effects for Somewhat Operation nearby biodiversity. Medium Moderate likely Social Community and stakeholder expectations during construction projects are critical factors that can influence project success and sustainability. Communities and stakeholder have employment expectations. Failure to adequately provide employment Somewhat Construction Medium Moderate opportunities for local residents can lead to community dissatisfaction, social unrest, likely and potentially project delays or disruptions. Community expectations for employment during operations focus on local employment opportunities, fair recruitment practices, and economic benefits for community Stakeholder members. The community expects the centre to prioritise hiring local residents, Expectations providing them with job opportunities that offer fair wages, safe working conditions, and opportunities for skill development and career advancement. Transparency in recruitment processes, such as job postings and interviews conducted openly, is crucial Somewhat Operation Medium Moderate to meeting community expectations. likely Additionally, the community expects the centre to contribute positively to the local economy by stimulating business activities and supporting local suppliers and service providers. This includes sourcing goods and services locally whenever feasible, thereby creating indirect employment opportunities and boosting economic growth. Community Construction activities can impact community health through various means, including Somewhat Construction Low Low Health and noise, dust, air pollution from machinery emissions, and traffic congestion. These likely 65 Receptor/Risks Phase Description of Risks and Impact Likelihood Severity Risks/Impact Safety & factors can lead to respiratory problems, stress, and disruptions to daily life. Community Additionally, construction sites may pose physical hazards such as falling debris, uneven Disruption surfaces, and construction vehicle accidents, which can endanger community members and pedestrians. Improper handling of e-waste at the centre can pose risks to community health and safety, primarily through the release of harmful chemicals such as lead, mercury, and cadmium and brominated flame retardants. These toxic substances can contaminate the air and environment, leading to hazardous dust settlements. This can expose workers and nearby communities to these toxic materials, leading to adverse health effects like respiratory problems, neurological disorders, and reproductive issues. Of particular concern are children and pregnant women residing near these facilities, who face ongoing exposure to these pollutants simply by breathing the air. Children can also be exposed to e-waste toxins indirectly when family members work in e-waste recycling. Workers may inadvertently bring these toxic substances home on their clothing and shoes, spreading the contamination into their homes. The health impacts of e-waste exposure on children can be severe. It can impair neurodevelopment and cause behavioural issues. It can also change and disrupt normal respiratory, thyroid, Somewhat Operation and immune system function, as well as cause DNA damage. Exposure increases a child’s Low Low likely risk of developing chronic illnesses later in life, such as cancers and cardiovascular disease. Babies and young children face compounded risks through breast milk exposure and frequent hand-to-mouth behaviours that increase ingestion and dermal absorption of toxicants. For pregnant women, any level of exposure to e-waste toxicants is particularly dangerous as it can harm the developing foetus. Even minimal contact with hazardous substances increases the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes and lifelong health issues for the baby. Addressing these issues requires stringent enforcement of safety regulations, proper waste management practices, and increased awareness of the health risks associated with e-waste. This holistic approach can help mitigate the exposure of children and pregnant women to hazardous e-waste contaminants and protect their health. During the construction of the centre, traffic can be impacted due to increased vehicle volume from construction machinery, material deliveries, and equipment transport. This Somewhat Traffic Impact Construction surge in traffic can lead to congestion, road closures, and detours, potentially causing Low Low likely delays and longer travel times. The presence of heavy equipment and frequent vehicle movements also heightens the risk of accidents and may strain local road infrastructure, 66 Receptor/Risks Phase Description of Risks and Impact Likelihood Severity Risks/Impact leading to road damage and possible disruptions in traffic flow. However, considering the baseline studies the potential impact is expected to be low. During the operations of the e-waste centre, traffic impact will involve regular vehicle movements related to the collection, transportation, and processing of e-waste. This includes scheduled arrivals and departures of collection trucks and delivery vehicles, which may contribute to increased traffic around the centre. The potential for traffic congestion, particularly during peak hours, will need to be managed through effective Somewhat Operation Low Low scheduling and coordination. Additionally, the increased vehicle activity could affect likely local road conditions and traffic flow, necessitating ongoing monitoring and possible adjustments to minimize any disruptions. However, considering the baseline studies the potential impact is expected to be low. Cultural heritage disturbance during construction projects involves the potential impact on historical or cultural sites, artefacts, or traditions. While there are no tangible cultural heritage sites identified in close proximity to this site, it’s crucial to recognise the importance of intangible cultural heritage, such as local customs, traditions, and Cultural community identities. Construction activities can still impact these aspects by altering Heritage Construction landscapes, displacing communities, or disrupting cultural practices. Respect for Not Likely Low Low Disturbance intangible cultural heritage involves engaging with local communities to understand and mitigate any potential impacts, preserving cultural identities, and ensuring that construction activities uphold cultural sensitivity and inclusivity. This proactive approach fosters mutual respect, preserves community cohesion, and enhances the overall social sustainability of the project. OHS during construction projects is paramount to protect workers from potential hazards and ensure a safe working environment. Construction sites pose various risks, including falls from heights, exposure to hazardous materials, heavy machinery Construction accidents, and electrical hazards. Failure to implement stringent OHS measures can lead Very likely Medium Substantial to injuries, illnesses, or even fatalities among workers, resulting in legal liabilities, project delays, and damage to reputation. Occupational Health and During the operational phase of an e-waste centre, impact on OHS can be Substantial if Safety (OHS) not properly managed. Workers may face exposure to hazardous substances like lead, mercury, and cadmium, leading to potential health issues such as respiratory problems, Operation skin disorders, and long-term toxic effects. Additionally, the physical nature of handling Very likely Medium Substantial and dismantling e-waste can result in injuries, including cuts, sprains, and musculoskeletal disorders. Poor ergonomic conditions can cause repetitive strain injuries and chronic pain. 67 Receptor/Risks Phase Description of Risks and Impact Likelihood Severity Risks/Impact In construction, children may be exploited due to economic hardships, lack of educational opportunities, or societal pressures. Employing children not only violates Construction international labour standards and national laws but also undermines their right to Not likely Low Low education and healthy development. Furthermore, it can lead to increased risks of accidents, injuries, and long-term health problems for young workers. The centre aims to leverage e-waste management to create employment opportunities Child Labour across the value chain. However, this could potentially expose children to child labour down the value chain. The downstream potential of creating child labour arises where children may be involved in the collection. This practice often occurs in unregulated or Somewhat Operation loosely regulated settings, where economic pressures and lack of alternative Medium Moderate likely opportunities can lead families to involve children in hazardous and exploitative work conditions. This will expose children to toxic substances such as lead, mercury, and cadmium, which pose significant health risks. Forced labour, also known as involuntary or coerced labour, is a serious violation of human rights that can occur in construction projects if not carefully monitored and prevented. It involves situations where individuals are compelled to work under threat of punishment, coercion, or deception, often for little or no pay. In the context of this Construction project, while the potential for forced labour is very minimal, it remains crucial for Not Likely Low Low construction companies to implement robust ethical labour practices. This includes conducting thorough due diligence on suppliers and subcontractors, ensuring transparency and accountability throughout their supply chains, and collaborating with stakeholders to promote fair labour standards and uphold human rights. Forced Labour Forced labour during the operations of the centre is considered very unlikely, especially given the structured and regulated nature the management will operate. The centre will operate under legal framework that prioritise ethical labour practices and human rights standards. Additionally, there will be strict adherence to labour laws, transparent supply Operation chain management, and continuous monitoring ensure that all activities uphold fair and Not Likely Low Low dignified working conditions. By fostering a culture of compliance and accountability, the centre aims to eliminate any potential risks of forced labour throughout its operations and supply chains. Sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) and sexual harassment (SH) pose significant risks Sexual in construction projects, particularly due to the inherent power dynamics and isolated Exploitation work environments. SEA involves the exploitation of vulnerable individuals through Somewhat and Abuse Construction High Substantial coercive or manipulative behaviours, leading to severe psychological and physical harm. likely (SEA) and In contrast, SH creates a hostile work environment through unwelcome advances or Sexual demeaning conduct, compromising the dignity and well-being of workers. These 68 Receptor/Risks Phase Description of Risks and Impact Likelihood Severity Risks/Impact Harassment behaviours can undermine morale, cause emotional distress, and damage professional (SH) relationships, ultimately leading to decreased productivity and increased turnover. Additionally, failure to address SEA and SH can tarnish a project’s reputation, lead to legal liabilities, and incur financial penalties. Addressing these risks is crucial to maintaining a safe and respectful workplace environment and upholding ethical standards in construction projects. During the operation of the centre, potential risks of sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) and sexual harassment (SH) arise from diverse workplace dynamics, extended Somewhat Operation working hours, interactions with external stakeholders, insufficient training on High Substantial likely appropriate conduct, and cultural norms that may not prioritise respect and equality. Construction sites are often vulnerable to theft, vandalism, and other security risks, posing threats to property and personnel safety. These risks can stem from various factors, including inadequate site security measures, lack of community awareness or buy-in, and potential conflicts with local groups or individuals. Inadequately addressed security risks can lead to property damage, theft of equipment Somewhat Construction Low Low or materials, and potential harm to personnel, which can result in project delays, likely increased costs, and reputational damage. Moreover, security incidents can further strain community relations and undermine the project’s social license to operate, Security Risk making it essential to prioritise security while maintaining a balanced and responsible approach. The presence of valuable materials and equipment at the e-waste facility may attract security threats during the operational phase. This could include theft, vandalism, or even organised criminal activities targeting the facility’s assets or personnel. Such security risks could not only disrupt operations but also pose potential threats to the Somewhat Operation Medium Moderate safety of workers and nearby communities. Ongoing security measures, such as likely surveillance, access control, and collaboration with local law enforcement authorities, may be necessary to mitigate these risks effectively. Speculative job seekers, mainly unskilled youth and some skilled persons, will come to the project area to look for jobs. They may end up residing in the community close to the site, putting pressure on existing social facilities and could induce anti-social Labour Influx & behaviours. While the numbers may not be very significant considering the scale of the Somewhat Population Construction construction, this influx can still impact the local social fabric. One concern is the Low Low likely Change potential for irresponsible sexual behaviour among workers, which may lead to increased incidences of teenage pregnancies, HIV/AIDS, and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). These health risks can have long-lasting or irreversible impacts on individuals and communities, affecting public health outcomes and straining local 69 Receptor/Risks Phase Description of Risks and Impact Likelihood Severity Risks/Impact healthcare resources. It is essential for the contractor to address these challenges by implementing comprehensive health education programs, promoting safe sexual practices, and providing access to healthcare services for all workers. Collaborating with local authorities, community organisations, and healthcare providers is crucial to mitigating the negative impacts of labour influx and promoting the well-being of all individuals involved in construction projects. Labour influx and potential population changes may occur as individuals seek job opportunities at the centre. This influx could lead to increased local demand for housing, Somewhat Operation Low Low services, and infrastructure. likely During the construction phase, poor management of labour and working conditions can lead to several risks. Occupational health and safety hazards arise when inadequate safety measures and lack of personal protective equipment (PPE) expose workers to various dangers, such as hazardous materials, accidents, and injuries. Poor site management and disregard for safety protocols further increase the risk of accidents and incidents. Unfair labour practices are another significant risk. Non-compliance with labour laws and regulations regarding wages, working hours, and employee rights can lead to worker exploitation and grievances. Additionally, discriminatory practices in recruitment, promotion, or termination processes can create an unfair and hostile work environment. Somewhat Poor Construction Medium Moderate Worker unrest and disputes can occur due to poor communication, lack of grievance likely Management of Labour and mechanisms, and disregard for worker concerns. Such issues can lead to worker Working dissatisfaction, protests, and potential work stoppages or delays. Substandard living Conditions conditions and inadequate facilities for workers can exacerbate tensions and conflicts. Reputational damage is a major concern, as reports of poor labour practices and unsafe working conditions can tarnish the project’s reputation and credibility. This damage can affect stakeholder relationships and future business opportunities. Lastly, legal and regulatory non-compliance can have serious consequences. Failure to adhere to labour laws and regulations can result in fines, penalties, and potential legal actions against the project proponents. During the operation phase, several risks can arise due to poor management of occupational health and safety concerns. Workers may be exposed to hazardous Somewhat Operation Medium Moderate materials, such as heavy metals and toxic substances present in e-waste, which can pose likely serious health risks without proper safety measures and protective equipment. 70 Receptor/Risks Phase Description of Risks and Impact Likelihood Severity Risks/Impact Inadequate ventilation, lack of emergency response protocols, and poor housekeeping can further create unsafe working environments. High staff turnover and productivity losses can result from poor working conditions, lack of employee support, and unfair labour practices. These issues can disrupt operations, increase training costs, and reduce overall productivity. Worker exploitation and human rights violations are also significant risks. Failure to provide fair wages, reasonable working hours, and adequate benefits can lead to exploitation and potential human rights violations. Additionally, lack of freedom of association and collective bargaining rights can undermine worker representation and voice. Legal and regulatory risks are critical, as non-compliance with labour laws and regulations can result in fines, penalties, and potential shutdowns or license revocations, compromising the facility’s operations and financial viability. Lastly, poor labour practices and working conditions can negatively impact community relations. Reports of such practices can damage the facility’s reputation within the local community, leading to protests, boycotts, or loss of social license to operate. Influences on The e-waste facility may create jobs but also disrupt existing livelihoods, strain resources the Local with an influx of workers, and potentially lead to conflicts with locals. Given the location Operation Very Likely Medium Substantial Economy and of the e-waste facility, the impact of this risk will be almost negligible, if any. Livelihoods 71 6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN This chapter outlines a structured approach to address potential risks and impacts associated with project activities, ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements, international standards, and stakeholder expectations. 6.1 Impact mitigation and management measures To effectively manage environmental and social risks, a mitigation hierarchy approach has been employed to guide decision-making and actions related to mitigating the negative impacts of the proposed project. The Mitigation Hierarchy Approach is a systematic framework used to manage environmental and social risks associated with proposed projects effectively. • Avoidance: The first and most preferred step is for the project to avoid or prevent impacts by choosing practices that avoid harm to the environment and people. • Minimisation: If avoidance is impossible, the project will minimise the impacts through careful planning and design. This can involve utilizing best practices and technologies to reduce the scale or intensity of potential harm. • Remediation: If impacts cannot be fully avoided or minimised, the project will attempt to restore or rehabilitate the affected environment and its impacts on people. • Compensation: In cases of unavoidable impacts, compensation measures may be required. This involves offsetting the harm by providing equivalent or greater benefits elsewhere, such as creating new habitats or conservation areas. The design of the project considered several of the above-listed approaches. For instance, site selection was carried out to avoid land acquisition, relocation, resettlement, and loss of economic activities and livelihoods, as well as to minimise biodiversity loss, traffic congestion, and inconveniences (such as noise and air pollution) to humans. Other factors considered include the avoidance of wetlands, flood plains, locations with endangered and protected flora and fauna habitats, protected sites of historical, archaeological or cultural significance, prime agricultural land, parks and reserves, and proximity to major installations. Furthermore, the design of the CDHC facilities has been carried out to minimise leakage of chemicals into the soil by using well-organised storage racks and bins to accommodate different types of e- waste. The facility layout aims to improve traffic flow by conveniently placing the collection area at the entrance to allow easy access for vehicles and efficient offloading of various e-waste materials. Additionally, the placement of sorting and dismantling areas is designed to minimise cross- contamination and ensure safe working conditions for staff. The storage area is designed to 72 accommodate different types of e-waste materials, with proper segregation and labelling for easy identification and retrieval. Irrespective of the above, the project will implement certain remediation measures to mitigate the risks and impacts that cannot be entirely avoided (Table 6-1). 6.2 Monitoring Plan Implementing the mitigation measures outlined in Table 6-1 is an important step towards minimising the potential environmental and social impacts of the e-waste facility. However, effective monitoring of the entire e-waste management process, coupled with adequate community engagement and communication, is essential to further reduce any residual impacts on the environment and the surrounding communities. To ensure the facility operates in a sustainable and responsible manner, a monitoring plan that addresses both environmental and socioeconomic risks and impacts been developed. Consequently, Table 6-1 include indicators to monitor the effectiveness of the mitigation strategy. This monitoring plan will serve as a proactive framework to identify, assess, and mitigate any unforeseen or ongoing issues that may arise during the facility’s operations. The risk mitigation budget will be covered by the e-waste facility development contractor, as part of the environmental and social mitigation plans. 73 Table 6-1: Mitigation Measures for Various Risks Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources Environmental Air Pollution Avoidance Use of low-emission machinery and vehicles. Air Quality: Monthly or Contractor At the facility GHS Minimisation Scheduling construction activities to - Particulate Matter quarterly, boundary 90,000.00 minimise emissions during peak hours. (PM2.5 and PM10) depending on the During Construction: Proper dust - SO2 and NO2 level of activities suppression techniques, such as water - Volatile Organic and emissions. spraying and the use of dust screens, as well Compounds as strict emission control measures for (VOCs) construction equipment, should be - Heavy metals in implemented to mitigate this risk. dust, and specific Mitigation During Operation: The following measures emissions from can be implemented to mitigate air pollution processing during the operation of the holding facility: activities  Proper ventilation and air filtration systems: Installing adequate ventilation systems with high-efficiency particulate air filters at the holding facility can capture and remove airborne particulates, heavy metals, and other pollutants generated during e-waste handling and dismantling processes.  Emission control equipment: Using emission control equipment such as scrubbers, cyclones, or baghouse filters can help remove pollutants from exhaust streams before they are released into the atmosphere.  Enclosed processing areas: Conducting e-waste dismantling and shredding operations within enclosed areas or structures can help contain and control the release of dust, particulates, and other airborne contaminants.  Dust suppression techniques: Implementing dust suppression 74 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources techniques such as water spraying or misting systems can help minimise the generation and dispersion of dust during handling and processing of e-waste.  Proper waste storage: Storing e-waste materials in covered containers or areas can prevent the release of pollutants into the air due to wind or other disturbances.  Restriction on open burning: Strictly prohibiting the open burning of e-waste materials, which can release toxic fumes and persistent organic pollutants into the air.  Monitoring and inspection: Regularly monitoring air quality levels within the facility and around the vicinity, conducting inspections, and implementing corrective measures when needed.  Worker protection: Providing personal protective equipment (PPE) such as respirators, goggles, and protective clothing to workers to minimise their exposure to airborne pollutants.  Training and awareness: Conducting regular training and awareness programmes for workers on proper handling, dismantling, and storage practices to minimise air pollution.  Compliance with regulations: Ensuring compliance with relevant air quality regulations, emission standards, and permitting requirements set by local, national, or international authorities. 75 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources Remediation Implementation of air quality improvement measures such as planting vegetation. Soil Avoidance Careful site selection to avoid areas prone to Soil Quality: Semi-annually. Project managers/ Around the GHS 50,000 compaction, erosion. - Heavy metals Environmental facility, soil erosion, Minimisation Implementing erosion control measures - Organic pollutants specialist particularly near sedimentation such as silt fences and sediment traps. - pH and nutrient storage and , soil Mitigation During Construction: Implementing levels. processing compaction effective erosion control measures, such as areas. and grading, silt fences, sediment basins, and and vegetation revegetation of disturbed areas during clearing. construction, is crucial to minimise the risk of soil erosion. Specific actions include  Sediment Barriers: Install temporary sediment barriers, such as silt fences, straw bales, or sediment traps, around the construction site to prevent sediment-laden runoff from entering nearby water bodies.  Soil Compaction Minimisation: Limit heavy machinery and vehicle movement to designated access routes and staging areas to minimise soil compaction in undisturbed areas.  Revegetation: Upon completion of construction activities, revegetate disturbed areas with native plant species to stabilise the soil and reduce the risk of erosion.  Stormwater Management: Incorporate stormwater management practices, such as detention basins or vegetated swales, to control and treat stormwater runoff from the construction site. During Operation: Some measures that can be implemented at the e-waste holding facility: 76 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources  Truck unloading area design: Designate specific areas for truck unloading and design them with impermeable surfaces, drainage systems, and sediment control measures to prevent soil compaction and erosion in surrounding areas.  Vehicle Movement Restrictions: Implement traffic management plans and restrict vehicle movement to designated paved or compacted areas to minimise soil compaction in sensitive areas.  Proper site grading and drainage: Ensuring proper grading and drainage systems are in place to direct stormwater runoff away from the facility and prevent soil erosion. This may involve constructing channels, swales, or retention ponds to manage water flow effectively.  Vegetative cover: Maintaining a vegetative cover, such as grasses or ground covers, on exposed soil areas within the facility’s premises can help stabilise the soil and prevent erosion caused by wind or water runoff.  Mulching: Applying a layer of mulch (e.g., wood chips, straw, or gravel) to exposed soil surfaces can help protect the soil from erosion caused by wind and water.  Stabilised construction entrances: Constructing stabilised entrances and exits at the facility using materials like gravel or stone to prevent soil from being tracked onto adjacent roads by 77 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources vehicles, reducing the potential for erosion and sediment transport.  Stormwater management: Implementing a stormwater management plan that includes measures to control the volume and velocity of runoff, such as retention basins, infiltration trenches, or permeable paving.  Routine inspections and maintenance: Conducting regular inspections and maintenance of erosion control measures, ensuring they are functioning properly and making necessary repairs or replacements as needed. Also regularly monitor soil conditions and implement maintenance activities such as tilling or aeration, to prevent excessive soil compaction and promote soil health. Remediation Re-vegetation and soil stabilisation measures in affected areas Contamination Avoidance Implementing proper storm water Water Quality: Monthly sampling Project managers/ Groundwater GHS 180,000 of land and management measures. - Heavy metals and analysis. Environmental monitoring surface waters Minimisation Using containment systems to prevent (lead, mercury, specialist wells, surface (Water runoff from leaving the site. cadmium), water bodies Pollution) Mitigation During Construction: Proper management of - pH downstream of construction site runoff, including the - Total Dissolved the facility, and implementation of sediment control Solids (TDS), leachate measures and treatment systems, is - Chemical Oxygen collection necessary to prevent or minimise the impact Demand (COD) points. of effluent discharges. - Biological Oxygen During Operation: Several measures can be Demand (BOD), implemented to control the pollution of and other relevant water bodies or underground water from the contaminants. centre, given that the land is flat and covered 78 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources with grasses. Strategies that can be implemented include:  Containment and Storage - Impermeable Flooring: Use impermeable surfaces for areas where e- waste is stored or processed to prevent leachate from seeping into the ground. - Secondary Containment: Install secondary containment systems, such as bunds or dikes, around storage areas to capture any accidental spills or leaks.  Leachate Collection and Treatment - Leachate Collection System: Implement a leachate collection system to capture any liquids that may percolate through e- waste materials. - Leachate Treatment Plant: Treat collected leachate using appropriate treatment technologies before discharge to ensure contaminants are removed.  Surface Water Management - Drainage Systems: Construct an effective drainage system to manage surface runoff and prevent contamination of nearby water bodies. - Retention Ponds: Build retention or detention ponds to capture and treat runoff before it is released into the environment.  Groundwater Protection - Monitoring Wells: Install groundwater monitoring wells around the facility to regularly test for contamination and take corrective actions if needed. 79 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources - Liners and Barriers: Use geomembrane liners and barriers beneath storage and processing areas to prevent contaminants from reaching the groundwater.  Operational Controls - Proper Handling Procedures: Train employees on proper handling and processing techniques to minimise the risk of spills and leaks. - Regular Inspections and Maintenance: Conduct regular inspections and maintenance of equipment and containment systems to ensure they are functioning correctly.  Pollution Prevention - Waste Segregation: Separate hazardous and non-hazardous e-waste to reduce the risk of hazardous substances contaminating water sources. - Recycling and Reuse: Maximise recycling and reuse of materials to minimise the amount of waste that needs to be stored or processed.  Emergency Response Planning - Spill Response Plan: Develop and implement a spill response plan that includes procedures for containing and cleaning up spills quickly and effectively. - Emergency Equipment: Equip the facility with necessary spill response equipment, such as absorbents, booms, and neutralising agents.  Community Engagement and Compliance - Stakeholder Engagement: Engage with local communities and stakeholders to 80 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources inform them about the measures in place and address any concerns. - Regulatory Compliance: Ensure compliance with all relevant environmental regulations and standards to prevent legal and environmental issues. - Raise awareness among the local community about the importance of proper e-waste disposal and its impact on water quality and sanitation: Educational campaigns and outreach programmes can empower individuals to adopt responsible e-waste management practices, ultimately contributing to the preservation of water resources and the maintenance of a clean and healthy environment. Remediation Implementing sediment and erosion control measures and treating contaminated runoff before discharge. Noise and Avoidance  Site Location Planning: Noise Quality: Continuous Project managers/ - On-site noise GHS 80,000 vibration - Facility locations are far away from - Decibel levels at monitoring, Environmental monitoring, pollution residential and sensitive areas. facility boundaries Monthly reporting specialist - Community - Noise-intensive activities to be at a and nearby feedback/ distance from populated zones. communities grievance  Equipment Selection: - Number of noise register - Opt for quieter machinery and complaints equipment that complies with the received latest noise control standards to avoid excessive noise generation. Minimisation  Noise Barriers and Enclosures: - Install soundproof barriers around noisy equipment to limit noise propagation. 81 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources - Use acoustic enclosures for equipment that generates significant noise, such as shredders and compactors.  Acoustic Insulation: - Apply sound-dampening insulation materials to walls, ceilings, and floors in noisy areas. - Equip doors and windows with soundproof materials.  Maintenance and Lubrication: - Conduct regular maintenance and lubrication of machinery to reduce friction-induced noise.  Equipment Placement: - Position noisy equipment in noise- controlled zones, away from offices and nearby communities.  Noise-Reducing Equipment: - Utilise noise-reducing technologies such as sound-dampening enclosures and vibration isolators.  Activity Scheduling: - Schedule noisy activities during less sensitive times, such as during working hours, avoiding weekends and holidays.  Buffer Zones: - Create green belts or buffer zones with trees and shrubs around the facility to absorb noise.  Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): - Provide noise-cancelling headphones or earplugs to workers operating in high-noise environments. 82 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources Mitigation During Construction: Implementing noise control measures, such as using noise- reducing equipment, establishing buffer zones, and scheduling noisy activities during appropriate times in the construction period, can help mitigate this risk. During Operation: The following measures can be implemented at the e-waste holding facility to control noise pollution during its operation:  Noise barriers and enclosures: Installing soundproof barriers or enclosures around noisy equipment, such as shredders, granulators, or compactors, can help contain and reduce the propagation of noise.  Acoustic insulation: Applying acoustic insulation materials to walls, ceilings, and floors of the facility can help absorb and dampen noise levels within the premises.  Strategic equipment placement: Strategically placing noisy equipment away from sensitive areas, such as offices or residential areas, and positioning them in dedicated noise-controlled zones can minimise the impact of noise on workers and nearby communities. For example, the facility will be located in a light industrial area, where the denizens are used to light noises.  Noise-reducing equipment: Investing in equipment and machinery that are designed to operate with lower noise levels or incorporating noise-reducing technologies, such as sound-dampening enclosures or vibration isolators. 83 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources  Maintenance and lubrication: Regular maintenance and proper lubrication of machinery and equipment can help reduce excessive noise levels caused by friction, wear, and tear.  Scheduling of noisy activities: Scheduling noisy operations, such as shredding or compacting, during times when the impact on nearby communities is minimised, such as during daytime hours or avoiding weekends and holidays.  Personal protective equipment (PPE): Providing workers with appropriate PPE, such as earplugs or noise-cancelling headphones, to protect them from excessive noise exposure within the facility.  Noise monitoring: Implementing a noise monitoring program to regularly measure noise levels within the facility and at the facility boundaries, allowing for the identification of noise hotspots and the implementation of targeted mitigation measures.  Buffer zones: Establishing buffer zones or green belts around the facility by planting trees or constructing earth berms, which can help absorb and attenuate noise propagation to nearby areas.  Community engagement: Maintaining open communication with nearby communities, addressing their concerns regarding noise pollution, and implementing reasonable measures to minimise disturbances. Remediation  Noise Monitoring: 84 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources - Implement a continuous noise monitoring system to assess the effectiveness of minimisation strategies. - Measure noise levels at facility boundaries and near residential areas to detect and address any exceedances.  Community Engagement: - Maintain an open communication channel with local communities to address noise complaints and implement corrective measures. - Establish a grievance redress mechanism to resolve community concerns regarding noise and vibration impacts.  Retrofitting: - If noise levels exceed acceptable thresholds, retrofit existing equipment with additional soundproofing measures. - Modify facility layouts to further reduce noise impacts.  Landscaping: - Add earth berms or sound barriers to existing buffer zones to enhance noise absorption. Fire Avoidance  Fire-Safe Design: Fire incident frequency, Monthly Centre Safety reports, - Design the facility with fire-resistant adequacy of fire management and incident logs materials and ensure adequate detection and staff spacing between high-risk areas to suppression systems, prevent fire from spreading. implementation of fire - Implement strict protocols for safety protocols, staff handling and storage of flammable training on fire materials, ensuring that these prevention and 85 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources materials are kept away from response, maintenance ignition sources. of electrical systems  Proactive Risk Management: and equipment, - Identify and eliminate potential fire compliance with hazards during the planning and hazardous material design stages by conducting storage guidelines, thorough risk assessments. inspection results for - Restrict the use of open flames, hot fire safety compliance, work, and other fire-inducing emergency response activities within the facility. drills, and incident response times Minimisation  Fire Detection and Suppression Systems: - Install comprehensive fire detection systems (e.g., smoke detectors, heat sensors) throughout the facility. - Equip the facility with automatic fire suppression systems such as sprinklers, fire extinguishers, and fire hoses.  Battery Safety Protocols: - Implement strict safety protocols for handling and storing lithium-ion batteries, which are prone to combustion. - Regularly monitor for signs of battery overheating or damage.  Dust Control: - Implement measures to control combustible dust generated during dismantling processes to reduce the risk of dust explosions.  Training and Awareness: - Provide regular fire safety training for all staff, focusing on the proper handling of flammable materials and emergency response protocols. 86 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources Mitigation Fire Safety Protocols: Implement stringent protocols for fire prevention and response, including clear procedures for handling flammable materials and conducting hot work (welding, soldering). Storage and Handling: Ensure proper storage and handling of flammable liquids, solvents, and electronic components prone to combustion. Dust Control: Implement measures to control combustible dust generated during dismantling processes to reduce the risk of dust explosions. Battery Safety: Establish protocols for the safe handling, storage, and disposal of lithium-ion batteries, including monitoring for signs of overheating or damage. Fire Detection and Suppression Systems: Install and maintain robust fire detection systems (smoke detectors, heat sensors) and suppression systems (fire extinguishers, sprinkler systems) throughout the facility. Staff Training: Provide comprehensive training for all staff on fire safety procedures, emergency response, and the proper use of firefighting equipment. Regular Inspections and Maintenance: Conduct regular inspections of electrical systems, equipment, and fire safety infrastructure to identify and rectify potential hazards promptly. Emergency Planning: Develop and practice emergency response plans, including 87 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources evacuation procedures and coordination with local emergency services. Culture of Safety: Foster a culture of safety among all employees, encouraging vigilance, reporting of hazards, and adherence to safety protocols at all times. Remediation  Emergency Response Planning: - Develop and regularly update an emergency response plan, including clear evacuation procedures and coordination with local fire departments. - Conduct regular fire drills to ensure all staff are familiar with the procedures.  Regular Inspections and Maintenance: - Perform regular inspections of electrical systems, equipment, and fire suppression systems to identify and rectify potential hazards. - Ensure that fire detection and suppression systems are regularly maintained and tested.  Incident Investigation: - In the event of a fire, conduct a thorough investigation to determine the cause, assess damage, and implement corrective actions to prevent future occurrences. Spills Avoidance  Proper Material Storage: Spill incident Monthly Centre Safety reports, - Store chemicals and hazardous frequency, management and incident logs materials in designated areas with effectiveness of spill staff appropriate containment to avoid response procedures, accidental spills. staff training on spill 88 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources - Use proper labelling and prevention and segregation of incompatible response, maintenance substances to prevent chemical of containment reactions leading to spills. systems, monitoring of  Spill-Proof Design: hazardous material - Design the facility with spill- handling practices, resistant features, including sloped compliance with floors and sealed containment storage regulations, areas, to minimise the risk of spills. inspection outcomes - Implement controlled handling for spill readiness, and procedures to minimise the risk of environmental accidental spills during operations. monitoring data to assess contamination Minimisation  Secondary Containment Systems: levels - Install secondary containment measures, such as bunds, drip trays, or dikes around storage areas, to capture spills if they occur. - Regularly inspect containment systems to ensure they are functioning properly.  Spill Prevention Protocols: - Develop and enforce strict spill prevention protocols for handling hazardous materials, including proper transfer and storage procedures. - Equip high-risk areas with spill prevention devices, such as automatic shut-off valves or overfill protection systems.  Staff Training and Awareness: - Train all personnel on spill prevention techniques, including proper handling and emergency response procedures. 89 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources - Conduct regular spill response drills to ensure readiness in the event of an incident. Mitigation Storage and Handling Procedures: Implementing proper storage practices for chemicals and hazardous materials to prevent leaks and spills. This involves using appropriate containers, labelling, and segregating incompatible substances. Spill Prevention Controls: Installing secondary containment systems, such as bunds or drip trays, around storage areas to contain spills if they occur. Regular inspections of these containment systems are crucial. Staff Training and Awareness: Providing training to all personnel on spill response procedures, including immediate containment actions and reporting protocols. Regular drills can reinforce these procedures. Emergency Response Equipment: Ensuring availability and readiness of spill response kits equipped with absorbents, booms, and personal protective equipment (PPE) near high-risk areas. Remediation  Emergency Response Equipment: - Ensure spill response kits (e.g., absorbents, booms, PPE) are readily available and maintained near high- risk areas. - Develop a comprehensive spill response plan detailing 90 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources containment, cleanup, and reporting procedures.  Spill Incident Reporting and Analysis: - Implement a system for reporting and documenting all spill incidents, no matter how small, to identify patterns and improve prevention measures. - After a spill, conduct a root cause analysis and implement corrective actions to prevent recurrence.  Environmental Monitoring: - Regularly monitor for signs of contamination in the soil and water around the facility to detect and address any potential spills that may have gone unnoticed. - Take remediation actions, such as soil or water treatment, if any contamination is detected. Explosion Avoidance  Hazardous Material Handling: Incident reporting Monthly Centre Safety reports, - Store volatile and reactive materials, rates, compliance with management and incident logs such as solvents and lithium-ion safety protocols, staff staff batteries, in secure, well-ventilated training levels, areas away from ignition sources. maintenance of - Implement strict protocols for equipment, emergency handling these materials, including response drill controlled access to high-risk areas effectiveness, and minimizing the quantities monitoring data from stored on-site. safety systems,  Ventilation and Facility Design: inspection outcomes, - Ensure adequate ventilation in all and assessments of processing and storage areas to safety culture disperse flammable vapours and gases, reducing the risk of explosion. 91 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources - Design the facility to separate high- risk areas from other parts of the facility, minimizing the potential for chain reactions. Minimisation  Combustible Dust Control: - Install dust collection systems and implement regular cleaning procedures to prevent the accumulation of combustible dust, which can trigger explosions. - Use explosion-proof equipment in areas where combustible dust or vapours may be present.  Gas Monitoring Systems: - Deploy gas detection systems to continuously monitor for the presence of flammable gases and vapours in high-risk areas. - Install alarms and automatic shut- off systems that activate when gas levels exceed safe thresholds.  Static Electricity Control: - Implement measures to prevent static electricity buildup, such as grounding equipment and using anti-static devices in areas with explosive atmospheres. - Ensure that all electrical equipment is rated for use in hazardous areas. Mitigation Hazardous Material Handling: Implementing strict protocols for the handling, storage, and disposal of volatile and reactive materials such as lithium-ion batteries and solvents to prevent accidental ignition. 92 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources Ventilation and Gas Monitoring: Ensuring adequate ventilation in all processing areas to disperse flammable vapours and gases. Installing gas detection systems to monitor potentially explosive atmospheres. Control of Combustible Dust: Implementing effective dust control measures, such as ventilation systems, dust collection equipment, and regular cleaning of work areas to minimise the accumulation of combustible dust. Static Electricity Control: Using grounded equipment and anti-static devices in areas where explosive atmospheres may be present to prevent sparks from static electricity. Remediation  Emergency Response Planning: - Develop an explosion response plan, including evacuation procedures and coordination with local emergency services. - Regularly conduct explosion response drills to ensure that all personnel are familiar with emergency protocols.  Incident Investigation and Analysis: - After any explosion event, conduct a thorough investigation to determine the cause, evaluate damage, and implement corrective actions to prevent future occurrences. - Review and update safety protocols based on the findings from the investigation. 93 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources  Post-Incident Safety Reviews: - Conduct comprehensive safety assessments and inspections of all systems and equipment following an explosion to ensure the facility is safe for continued operation. - Engage external experts if necessary to evaluate and improve safety measures. Social Stakeholder Avoidance  Proactive Communication: Community Quarterly Project managers, - Public meeting GHS 100,000 expectations - Engage with local communities, civil Engagement and community community minutes. and society organisations, and local Feedback: meetings and liaisons/ Social - Grievance community authorities (e.g., Ada West District - Number of feedback surveys. Development register/ disruption Assembly) early in the project to set stakeholder Specialist tracker. Monthly review of clear expectations and prevent engagement - Resolution grievance misunderstandings. activities records mechanism, - Provide transparent and consistent conducted (e.g. - Stakeholder quarterly traffic updates about project objectives, community engagement reviews timelines, and potential impacts, consultations, records. both positive and negative, to dialogue sessions) - Community manage stakeholder expectations - Number of feedback/ effectively. grievances Grievance  Community Involvement in Planning: received and mechanism. - Involve stakeholders in decision- resolved through - Traffic studies making processes, allowing the grievance - Air quality community input on project redress monitoring planning and development. mechanism - Conduct social impact assessments - Satisfaction with to identify potential disruptions the facility’s early and design mitigation operations, strategies that address community - Feedback on concerns from the outset grievance resolution Minimisation  Mitigation of Disruptions: - Implement noise barriers, dust suppression techniques, and traffic 94 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources management plans to minimise - Number of construction-related disturbances. complaints/grievan - Schedule disruptive activities during ces received appropriate hours to reduce - Traffic levels inconvenience to residents, such as around facility avoiding night work or weekends - Air quality levels in when possible. nearby areas (see  Grievance Redress Mechanism: air quality - Establish a grievance redress indicators) mechanism (GRM) that is accessible to all stakeholders for addressing concerns or complaints during both construction and operation phases. - Regularly review and respond to grievances in a timely and transparent manner to maintain trust and address potential issues before they escalate.  Community Engagement and Awareness: - Conduct regular community meetings and awareness programs to inform residents about ongoing activities, timelines, and mitigation efforts. - Engage local leaders and representatives to act as liaisons, ensuring that the community remains informed and that concerns are addressed promptly. Mitigation It is essential to establish open and transparent communication channels with the community, civil society organisations, and other interested parties, such as adjacent communities and the Afigya- Kwabre South District. Grievance redress mechanisms should be in place to address 95 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources any concerns or complaints that may arise during the construction phase. Additionally, it is important to manage expectations of the District Assembly and the community by clearly communicating the project’s objectives, timelines, and potential impacts, both positive and negative. Unrealistic expectations or misunderstandings can lead to frustration and mistrust among stakeholders, which may undermine the project’s social license to operate. Involving stakeholders in the decision-making process and incorporating their feedback can foster a sense of ownership and buy-in, ultimately reducing the risk of conflicts and delays. During Construction: To mitigate disruptions of the operations of the e-waste centre, proper communication and consultation with the community should be established, along with the implementation of mitigation measures such as noise barriers, dust suppression techniques, and traffic management plans. Additionally, scheduling disruptive activities during appropriate times can help minimise inconvenience to residents. During Operation: Undertake measures to control noise and vibration Remediation  Continuous Feedback and Adjustment: - Regularly assess community feedback through surveys, consultations, and grievance logs, and adjust operational practices to reduce any ongoing disruptions. 96 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources - Implement targeted interventions to address specific community concerns, such as traffic congestion or noise levels, as they arise.  Post-Construction Monitoring: - Monitor the impact of the facility on the community during operation, including noise levels, traffic flow, and air quality, to identify and address any long-term disruptions. - Engage with the community regularly to assess the effectiveness of mitigation measures and make necessary adjustments.  Community Support Programs: - Develop and implement community support programs, such as local employment initiatives or social investment projects, to foster positive relationships with stakeholders and offset any disruptions caused by the project. - Collaborate with local authorities to enhance community infrastructure and services as part of the project’s social responsibility efforts. Community Avoidance  Comprehensive OHS Planning: Community Health and Bi-annual health Project managers/ - Facility records GHS 225,000 and - Develop and implement an Safety: surveys and Environmental - Local health Occupational Occupational Health and Safety - Incidence of health continuous safety specialist centres Health and Management Plan (OHSMP) that issues (respiratory incident reporting. - Communities Safety Risks complies with national and problems, skin surrounding international standards, such as ISO conditions, etc.) the facility 45001, to prevent workplace - Safety incidents accidents and community health related to the impacts. facility’s operations. 97 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources - Conduct thorough risk assessments Child Labour to identify and eliminate potential - Age Verification health and safety hazards before Compliance: construction and operational Percentage of activities begin. employees with  Safety-First Culture: verified - Promote a safety-first culture by documentation of enforcing strict safety protocols, age. ensuring all workers and - Audit Frequency: management understand the Number of internal importance of health and safety and external audits compliance. conducted per year - Ensure contractors and to ensure no child subcontractors adhere to rigorous labour is employed. health and safety standards, - Violation Reports: including proper sanitation and Number of reported hygiene practices. violations related to child labour within a Minimisation  Regular Safety Training: specified period. - Provide ongoing health and safety - Training Attendance: training for all workers, including Percentage of proper use of Personal Protective management and Equipment (PPE), emergency staff who have response procedures, and safe completed training handling of hazardous materials. on child labour laws - Conduct community awareness and ethical practices. campaigns on health and safety - Incident Response issues related to facility operations, Time: Average time such as proper e-waste disposal and taken to investigate the risks of exposure to hazardous and resolve child substances. labour allegations.  Workplace Safety Measures: Forced Labour - Implement safety measures such as - Employment regular workplace inspections, Contracts: hazard identification, and Percentage of equipment maintenance to 98 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources minimise the risk of accidents or employees with injuries. documented and - Establish proper sanitation facilities, signed employment clean rest areas, and potable water contracts. supplies to maintain hygiene and - Worker Surveys: prevent health issues among Results from periodic workers. anonymous surveys  Monitoring and Reporting: assessing workers’ - Conduct continuous monitoring of freedom to leave OHS performance indicators, such employment and as the incidence of workplace working conditions. injuries, illness, and near-miss - Audit Frequency: events, and report these findings Number of internal regularly. and external audits - Establish channels for workers to conducted per year report safety concerns or violations to ensure no forced anonymously and without fear of labour is employed. retaliation. - Violation Reports: Mitigation During Construction: Number of reported  Ensure the contractor develops and violations related to implements an OHS Management Plan forced labour within and committed to: a specified period. - Establish clear policies and - Training Attendance: procedures for safe work practices, Percentage of use of personal protective management and equipment (PPE), and emergency staff who have response protocols. completed training - Provide regular training and on recognizing and awareness programmes for workers preventing forced on OHS risks and preventive labour. measures. Sexual Exploitation - Conduct regular inspections and and Abuse (SEA) and audits to ensure compliance with Sexual Harassment OHS standards and regulations. (SH)  Ensure the contractor implement labour - Policy Awareness: management procedures and Percentage of committed to: employees who have 99 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources - Develop and enforce a strict policy signed against child labour and acknowledgment of discriminatory practices. understanding - Establish fair and transparent SEA/SH policies. recruitment practices, ensuring - Training Completion: equal opportunities and non- Percentage of discrimination. management and - Implement a workers’ grievance staff who have redress mechanism for workers to completed raise concerns or disputes related to comprehensive labour practices. SEA/SH training.  Ensure the contactor maintains hygienic - Reporting working conditions: Mechanism - Provide adequate sanitation Utilisation: Number facilities, potable water, and clean of incidents reported rest areas for workers. through established - Implement proper housekeeping reporting and waste management practices to mechanisms. maintain a clean and hygienic work - Incident Resolution environment. Time: Average time - Conduct regular inspections and taken to investigate take corrective actions to address and resolve SEA/SH any hygiene-related issues. allegations.  Promote Social Cohesion and - Victim Support Community Engagement: Services Utilisation: - Engage with local communities and Number of stakeholders to address any employees accessing concerns or grievances related to support services the construction activities. following SEA/SH - Implement measures to minimise incidents. disturbances to the local community, such as noise and traffic management plans. - Foster a positive relationship with the local community through community outreach and social investment programmes. 100 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources Child labour: The project will ensure contractors and subcontractors comply rigorously with national and international labour laws and standards prohibiting child labour. It will incorporate clauses in contracts mandating zero tolerance for child labour and conducting regular audits to monitor compliance. Contractors will be required to provide documentation verifying the age and legal employment status of all workers, with strict penalties enforced for any violations found. The project will actively promote awareness and education among contractors and their employees about the importance of child labour prevention, aiming to foster a culture of ethical labour practices and social responsibility throughout the project’s duration. Force Labour: The project will ensure contractors and subcontractors comply rigorously with national and international labour laws and standards prohibiting forced labour. It will incorporate clauses in contracts mandating zero tolerance for forced labour and conduct regular audits to monitor compliance. Contractors will be required to implement thorough due diligence processes to verify that all workers are employed voluntarily and are working under fair and safe conditions, with no coercion or exploitation involved. The project will also promote awareness and training among contractors and their employees about the risks and signs of forced labour, fostering a culture of ethical labour practices and social responsibility. 101 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources Strict penalties will be enforced for any violations found, ensuring that the project upholds the highest standards of human rights and worker protection. Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) and Sexual Harassment (SH): The project will ensure contractors and subcontractors implement strict policies and procedures to prevent. Contracts will include clauses mandating zero tolerance for SEA and SH, and regular audits will be conducted to monitor compliance. Contractors will be required to provide comprehensive training for all workers on recognizing, preventing, and reporting SEA and SH. The project will establish clear reporting mechanisms and support systems for victims, ensuring confidentiality and protection from retaliation. By fostering a culture of respect and accountability, the project will promote a safe and inclusive work environment, with strict penalties enforced for any violations, to uphold the highest standards of worker dignity and safety. During Operation:  Develop and implement a Hazardous Materials Management Plan: - Identify and assess the hazardous materials present in the e-waste streams. - Implement proper handling, storage, and disposal procedures for hazardous materials. 102 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources - Provide specialised training and PPE for workers handling hazardous materials. - Establish emergency response plans and procedures for spills or accidents involving hazardous materials.  Implement Occupational Health and Safety Management System: - Establish an OHS management system aligned with international standards (e.g., ISO 45001) or national regulations. - Conduct regular workplace inspections, risk assessments, and hazard identification activities. - Provide appropriate PPE, safety equipment, and training to workers based on their job roles and exposure risks. - Implement a medical surveillance program for workers exposed to hazardous materials or conditions.  Promote Fair Labour Practices: - Ensure compliance with labour laws and regulations, including fair wages, working hours, and employee benefits. - Implement non-discriminatory policies and practices in recruitment, promotion, and termination processes. - Establish clear employment contracts and provide workers with information about their rights and responsibilities. 103 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources - Maintain open communication channels and grievance mechanisms for workers to raise concerns or disputes.  Foster Community Relations and Stakeholder Engagement: - Establish regular communication and consultation channels with local communities and stakeholders. - Implement community outreach and awareness programmes to educate the public about the facility’s operations and environmental and social management practices. - Address any community concerns or grievances promptly and transparently. Child Labour: The project will ensure that management of the centre will strictly adhere to national and international labour laws prohibiting child labour. Policies will mandate zero tolerance for child labour, with regular audits and inspections to ensure compliance. Documentation verifying the age and legal employment status of all employees will be required, with strict penalties enforced for any violations. Management will also implement awareness and education programs to emphasise the importance of preventing child labour and fostering ethical labour practices. Forced Labour: The project will ensure the management of the centre will certify that all employees work voluntarily and under fair conditions, free from coercion or exploitation. Policies will enforce zero 104 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources tolerance for forced labour, and regular audits and inspections will be conducted to monitor compliance. Training programs will be provided to management and staff to recognise and prevent forced labour, promoting a culture of ethical labour practices. Strict penalties will be enforced for any violations, ensuring the protection of human rights and worker dignity. Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) and Sexual Harassment (SH): The project will ensure the management of the centre will establish and enforce robust policies and procedures to prevent SEA and SH. Zero- tolerance policies for SEA and SH will be implemented, with regular audits and inspections to ensure compliance. Comprehensive training on preventing, recognizing, and reporting SEA and SH will be provided to all staff members. Clear reporting mechanisms and support systems for victims will be established, ensuring confidentiality and protection from retaliation. By fostering a culture of respect and accountability, the management will maintain a safe and inclusive work environment, with strict penalties enforced for any violations, upholding the highest standards of worker safety and dignity. Remediation  Medical Surveillance and Emergency Response: - Implement a medical surveillance program for workers exposed to hazardous materials or conditions, including regular health check-ups 105 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources and monitoring of occupational diseases. - Develop and practice emergency response plans for incidents like spills, fires, or accidents, ensuring that first aid and medical services are readily available at all times.  Grievance Mechanism for Workers and Communities: - Maintain a grievance mechanism for workers and community members to report health and safety issues, ensuring timely investigation and remediation of reported concerns. - Engage with community health services to monitor the health impacts of facility operations on local populations and provide support where necessary.  Continuous Improvement: - Regularly review and update the OHS Management Plan based on lessons learned from incidents, inspections, and audits. - Foster open communication between management, workers, and the community to continuously improve health and safety practices.  Community Health Programs: - Implement health support programs for communities surrounding the facility, such as vaccination drives, health screenings, and educational campaigns on occupational and environmental health risks. 106 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources Security risk Avoidance  Security Risk Assessment: Community Quarterly Project managers, - Local No cost - Conduct a thorough security risk Engagement and community community communities estimated assessment during the planning Feedback: meetings and liaisons - Public phase to identify potential threats, - Community feedback surveys. meetings vulnerabilities, and areas of concern complaints and at the facility and in the surrounding concerns, community. - Satisfaction with the - Engage local law enforcement, facility’s operations, security experts, and community - Effectiveness of representatives to gather insights communication on the security dynamics of the channels area. - Feedback on  Security-Conscious Facility Design: grievance resolution - Incorporate security features into the facility’s design, such as controlled access points, perimeter fencing, surveillance systems, and adequate lighting to deter unauthorised access and criminal activities. Minimisation  Physical Security Measures: - Implement robust physical security measures, including secure storage areas for valuable materials and equipment, monitored by surveillance cameras. - Establish access control systems, such as checkpoints or badge access, to prevent unauthorised personnel from entering sensitive areas of the facility.  Trained Security Personnel: - Employ trained and licensed security personnel to guard the facility and enforce security protocols. Ensure they receive 107 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources regular training on conflict resolution, human rights, and appropriate community engagement. Establish clear rules of engagement for security personnel and maintain open communication with local law enforcement for coordinated responses to security incidents. During Construction: To mitigate security risks during the construction phase, it is essential to implement robust security protocols and measures. This may include physical barriers, access control systems, surveillance systems, and the employment of trained security personnel. Additionally, establishing good relations with local law enforcement agencies and involving the community in security efforts can help deter criminal activities and foster a sense of shared responsibility. Mitigation During Operation: To address the security risks associated with the operation of the e- waste management facility, the following mitigation measures can be implemented:  Security Risk Assessment: - Conduct a thorough security risk assessment to identify potential threats, vulnerabilities, and areas of concern within the facility and its surroundings. - Engage with local law enforcement agencies, security experts, and community representatives to gather 108 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources insights and understand the local security dynamics.  Physical Security Measures: - Implement robust physical security measures such as perimeter fencing, access control systems (e.g., gates, checkpoints), surveillance cameras, and adequate lighting. - Establish secure storage areas for valuable materials and equipment, with restricted access and monitoring systems. - Implement measures to prevent and detect unauthorised entry, such as visitor screening and identification protocols.  Security Personnel and Training: - Employ trained and licensed security personnel with clear protocols and guidelines for their conduct and use of force. - Provide training to security personnel on human rights, conflict resolution, and appropriate engagement with local communities. - Establish clear rules of engagement and communication channels with local law enforcement agencies for coordinated response in case of security incidents.  Community Engagement and Awareness: - Foster positive relationships with local communities through regular engagement, transparency, and open communication channels. - Implement awareness programmes to educate the community about the 109 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources facility’s operations, security measures, and the importance of responsible e- waste management. - Establish grievance mechanisms and feedback channels to address community concerns related to security issues promptly and transparently.  Personnel Safety and Awareness: - Implement measures to ensure the safety of workers commuting to and from the facility, such as designated transportation routes, escorts, or collaborating with local authorities for enhanced security. - Provide security awareness training to all personnel, educating them on safety protocols, emergency procedures, and how to report security incidents or concerns.  Security Management Plan: - Develop and implement a Security Management Plan that outlines policies, procedures, roles and responsibilities, and response protocols for various security scenarios. - Regularly review and update the Security Management Plan based on evolving security dynamics, incidents, and lessons learned.  Security Incident Reporting and Investigation: - Establish clear protocols for reporting and investigating security incidents, including documentation, evidence collection, and root cause analysis. 110 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources - Collaborate with relevant authorities and stakeholders to address security incidents, implement corrective actions, and prevent future occurrences.  Continuous Monitoring and Adaptation: - Regularly monitor and assess the effectiveness of the implemented security measures, adjusting and enhancing them as needed based on evolving threats, community feedback, and industry best practices. Remediation  Security Incident Reporting and Investigation: - Establish clear protocols for reporting, investigating, and documenting security incidents, including procedures for collecting evidence and conducting root cause analyses. - Collaborate with relevant authorities to address incidents, implement corrective actions, and prevent recurrence.  Security Management Plan Review: - Regularly review and update the Security Management Plan to reflect changes in the local security landscape, learn from past incidents, and adopt best practices. - Engage external security experts to audit the facility’s security measures and recommend improvements.  Community Grievance Mechanism: - Set up a grievance mechanism that allows community members to report security-related concerns, 111 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources such as intimidation, harassment, or property damage, ensuring swift investigation and resolution. - Address community concerns promptly to maintain trust and avoid escalation of security issues.  Continuous Monitoring and Adaptation: - Continuously monitor the effectiveness of security measures through regular inspections, incident tracking, and community feedback. Adapt security strategies as necessary based on evolving threats, feedback from the community, and changes in local security conditions. Labour influx Avoidance  Local Recruitment Priority: - Number of Monthly reporting Project managers, - Employment No cost and - Prioritise hiring local workers to workers hired from community records estimated population minimise the need for a large influx outside local area liaisons - Grievance change of external labour. This reduces - Incidence of register potential social tensions and conflicts/ disruptions in the community. community - Collaborate with local vocational grievances related schools and training centres to build to worker influx local capacity and fill job roles with qualified community members.  Planning for Workforce Accommodations: - Ensure proper planning for workforce accommodations to avoid informal settlements or overburdening local housing infrastructure. Develop housing policies for non-local workers, such as designated accommodation facilities, to prevent 112 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources unregulated population growth in surrounding areas. Minimisation  Worker Code of Conduct: - Develop and enforce a Worker Code of Conduct that emphasises respect for local cultures, norms, and community values. Ensure that all workers are trained on this code. - Provide awareness sessions to workers on maintaining positive relationships with the local community and understanding cultural sensitivities.  Workforce Management Plan: - Implement a Workforce Management Plan to monitor and manage labour influx, including strategies for local recruitment, worker accommodations, and transportation arrangements. - Establish clear policies on worker behaviour, grievance redress mechanisms, and disciplinary actions for non-compliance.  Community Engagement and Consultation: - Engage with local communities and authorities to understand their concerns regarding labour influx and address them proactively. Conduct regular consultations and awareness sessions to inform the community about the project’s workforce requirements, 113 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources housing plans, and measures to mitigate potential disruptions. Mitigation To mitigate the risks associated with labour influx and population change during the construction and operation phases of the e- waste management project, the following measures can be implemented: Construction Phase:  Worker Code of Conduct: - Develop and enforce Worker Code of Conduct that outlines expected behaviours, respect for local communities, and compliance with socio-cultural norms. - Provide training and awareness sessions to workers on the Code of Conduct, local cultural sensitivities, and the importance of maintaining positive community relations.  Workforce Management Plan: - Implement a Workforce Management Plan to manage and monitor the influx of workers, including strategies for local recruitment, worker accommodation, and transportation arrangements. - Establish clear policies and procedures for worker conduct, grievance redress mechanisms, and disciplinary actions for non-compliance.  Community Engagement and Awareness: - Engage with local communities and authorities to understand their concerns and sensitivities related to labour influx and population change. - Conduct awareness campaigns and information sessions to educate local 114 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources communities about the project, its workforce requirements, and the measures taken to mitigate potential impacts.  Health and Social Services Support: - Collaborate with local health authorities and service providers to assess the potential impacts of labour influx on existing health and social services. - Develop strategies to support and enhance these services, if necessary, to accommodate the increased demand during the construction phase.  Influx Management Strategy: - Implement an Influx Management Strategy to monitor and manage the arrival of speculative job seekers and non-local traders. - Establish clear policies and guidelines for local hiring preferences and engagement with non-local traders to minimise potential conflicts and adverse impacts. 115 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources Operation Phase:  Grievance Redress Mechanism: - The AEHMP – Ghana project has established a GRM. Implement and maintain the GRM at the project area and ensure accessible and transparent GRM for the workers, and local communities to report any concerns or incidents related to non-compliance with socio-cultural norms or irresponsible behaviour by facility personnel.  Ongoing Training and Awareness: - Provide regular training and awareness sessions for facility personnel, emphasizing respect for local cultures, adherence to socio-cultural norms, and the importance of maintaining positive community relations.  Community Development Initiatives: - Implement community development initiatives that foster positive relationships between the facility personnel and local communities, promoting mutual understanding and respect for cultural diversity. Remediation  Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM): - Implement a transparent and accessible grievance redress mechanism for both workers and community members to report issues related to labour influx, such as conflicts or social tensions. - Ensure that grievances are addressed promptly and transparently to prevent escalation of disputes. 116 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources  Monitoring and Managing Population Change: - Regularly monitor population changes and community impacts associated with the project’s labour influx. Adjust workforce policies to minimise negative effects, such as overburdening local services. - Collaborate with local authorities to support social services, health care, and infrastructure in areas impacted by population growth.  Support for Local Services: - Provide support to local health and social services to manage the increased demand due to labour influx, such as collaborating with local health authorities to enhance capacity. - Develop targeted community support programs, such as health clinics or educational initiatives, to offset the impact of population changes on local services.  Conflict Resolution and Mediation: - Establish mediation mechanisms to resolve conflicts between workers and local communities. Engage local leaders and authorities to facilitate dialogue and peaceful coexistence. - Regularly review and adjust workforce policies based on feedback from the community and assessments of the social impact. 117 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources Poor Avoidance  Labour Management Plan (LMP): Employment and Annual reports. Project managers/ - Facility No cost management - Develop and implement a Economic Impact: Social employment estimated of labour and comprehensive Labour Management - Number of local Development records working Plan (LMP) that outlines fair employees Specialist - Local conditions employment practices, including - Average wages businesses. recruitment, wages, working hours, - Training and conditions in compliance with programmes local labour laws and international organised for the standards. community - Ensure that the LMP covers both - Local economic direct employees and subcontractors, activity stimulated ensuring all parties adhere to fair and by the facility. ethical labour practices from the outset.  OHS Risk Assessments: - Conduct thorough risk assessments to identify and address potential Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) risks before construction and operational activities begin. - Incorporate OHS standards into all contracts and operational procedures to avoid unsafe working conditions. 118 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources Minimisation  Regular OHS Training: - - - Provide regular OHS training for all workers, focusing on safe work practices, proper use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), and emergency response procedures. - Conduct continuous refresher courses to ensure workers remain aware of safety protocols and updates to health and safety regulations.  Workplace Inspections and Audits: - Perform regular inspections and audits of labour practices, working conditions, and compliance with OHS standards, both internally and through third-party auditors. - Identify and address unsafe working conditions or violations of labour rights promptly through corrective actions.  Grievance Redress Mechanisms for Workers: - Establish transparent and accessible grievance redress mechanisms for workers to report issues related to labour practices or working conditions. Ensure that all grievances are handled fairly, promptly, and without fear of retaliation, creating a workplace where workers feel safe to voice concerns. 119 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources Mitigation To mitigate the risks associated with poor - - management of labour and working conditions during the construction and operation phases of the e-waste management project, the following measures can be implemented: Construction Phase:  Develop and implement a Labour Management Plan (LMP): - Establish clear policies and procedures for fair employment practices, including recruitment, wages, working hours, and worker accommodation. - Ensure compliance with Ghana labour laws.  Implement robust Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) measures (see OHS risk above): - Conduct risk assessments and develop site-specific OHS plans to identify and mitigate potential hazards. - Provide appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and training to workers on its proper use and maintenance. - Establish emergency response procedures and ensure access to first aid facilities and medical services.  Implement grievance redress mechanisms: 120 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources - Implement accessible and transparent grievance redress mechanisms for workers to report - any concerns or violations related to labour practices or working conditions. - Ensure prompt investigation and resolution of grievances and implement corrective actions as necessary.  Conduct regular monitoring and audits: - Regularly monitor and audit labour practices, working conditions, and compliance with the LMP and OHS measures. - Involve independent third-party auditors or civil society organisations to ensure transparency and objectivity.  Provide worker training and awareness: - Conduct training and awareness sessions for workers on their rights, labour standards, OHS protocols, and the importance of adhering to established policies and procedures. Operation Phase:  Review and update the Labour Management Plan (LMP): - Regularly review and update the LMP to align with any changes in labour regulations, industry best practices, or operational requirements. - Ensure the LMP remains relevant and effective in managing labour- 121 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources related risks during the operation phase.  Continuous OHS monitoring and improvement: - Maintain ongoing OHS monitoring and risk assessments to identify and address any emerging hazards or issues related to working conditions. - Implement corrective and preventive measures to improve OHS performance and maintain a safe working environment.  Promote worker engagement and feedback: - Encourage worker participation and feedback in decision-making processes related to labour practices and working conditions. - Foster an open and transparent dialogue between management and workers to address concerns and continually improve workplace conditions.  Maintain grievance redress mechanisms: - Continue to operate and promote accessible grievance redress mechanisms for workers to report any concerns or violations during the operation phase. - Promptly investigate and resolve grievances and implement corrective actions as necessary.  Conduct periodic audits and assessments: - Engage independent third-party auditors or civil society organisations to conduct periodic assessments of labour practices and working 122 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources conditions during the operation phase. - Use the findings from these assessments to identify areas for improvement and implement corrective actions. Remediation  Corrective Actions and Compliance Monitoring: - If poor labour practices or unsafe working conditions are identified, implement corrective actions immediately to bring operations into compliance with legal and ethical standards. - Monitor the effectiveness of these corrective actions through ongoing compliance checks and worker feedback.  Continuous Improvement of Labour Management Policies: - Regularly review and update the Labour Management Plan based on feedback from workers, audits, and evolving labour regulations. - Incorporate best practices and lessons learned from ongoing operations to continuously improve labour conditions and ensure worker safety.  Support for Workers' Rights and Well- Being: - Promote worker rights by providing clear employment contracts that 123 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources detail workers' rights, wages, and responsibilities. - Support worker well-being by offering access to healthcare, sanitation facilities, and safe, clean working environments. Additionally, establish social support services for workers, such as counselling or legal aid when needed.  Stakeholder Engagement and Transparency: - Engage with civil society organisations, labour unions, and local authorities to ensure labour practices are transparent and in line with community expectations and regulatory standards. Facilitate open dialogues with workers to improve workplace conditions and respond to emerging labour issues. Influences on Avoidance  Local Employment Focus: 1. Local Employment Annually Social - Facility’s the local - Prioritise hiring from the local and Skill Development human economy and community to avoid disruptions to Development: Specialist, resources livelihoods the local economy and ensure that - Percentage of Community records the project provides direct facility employees Liaison Officer - Training economic benefits to local from the local program residents. economy. records, - Collaborate with local educational - Number of local collaboration institutions and vocational training community agreements centres to build the skills of local members trained with workers, ensuring they are through skill educational equipped for employment at the development institutions facility. programmes. - Facility’s  Impact Assessments and Planning: 2. Local Business procurement - Conduct a community needs Engagement and records, assessment and economic impact Procurement: supplier study during the planning phase to database 124 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources identify potential risks to local - Percentage of - Program livelihoods and the economy. procurement records, Develop plans to avoid displacing local spend on local beneficiary businesses and support existing economic businesses. databases activities, especially those that might be - Number of local - Socio- impacted by the facility’s operations. businesses economic Minimisation  Local Business Engagement and engaged as surveys, Procurement: suppliers or census data, - Implement a local procurement service providers. third-party strategy that prioritises sourcing 3. Community Needs assessments goods and services from local Assessment and - Monitoring businesses, helping to stimulate the Livelihood Support: reports, local economy. - Number of program - Provide training and support to local community documentation businesses to help them meet members - Collaboration procurement standards and become benefiting from agreements, part of the facility’s supply chain. livelihood support partnership  Skill Development and Employment programmes. records Programs: - Types and scale of - Establish training programs to livelihood support enhance the employability of local programmes residents, enabling them to take on implemented skilled roles at the facility. 4. Economic Impact - Offer internships, apprenticeships, Monitoring and and capacity-building initiatives in Adaptive collaboration with local vocational Management: schools, focusing on long-term skill - Changes in local development for the community. employment rates,  Livelihood Support Programs: income levels, or - Develop targeted livelihood support poverty indicators programs, such as micro-financing - Adaptation or initiatives, vocational training, or modification of small business incubation, to assist mitigation community members who may be measures based affected by changes in local on monitoring economic dynamics. results. 125 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources Provide alternative income-generating 5. Collaboration with opportunities for those whose livelihoods Local Authorities and might be disrupted by the facility’s Organisations: operations. - Number of Mitigation During Operation: A mix of the following collaborative measures could be implemented to mitigate initiatives or the consequences of the project on the local partnerships economy and livelihoods: established with  Local Employment and Skill local authorities, Development: organisations, or - Prioritise the recruitment and development training of local community agencies. members for various roles within the facility, such as technicians, operators, and support staff. - Collaborate with local educational institutions or vocational training centres, such as the Car Mechanic Workshop and Training Centre, St. Vitus Technical Institute, Don Bosco Vocational Training School, among others, to provide skill development programmes and capacity building initiatives for community members, enabling them to acquire the necessary qualifications for employment at the facility. - Establish clear and transparent hiring policies that promote equal opportunities and prioritise local talent.  Local Business Engagement and Procurement: - Identify opportunities for local businesses to supply goods and services required for the facility’s operations, such as catering, 126 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources transportation, or maintenance services. - Develop a local procurement strategy that encourages and supports the participation of local businesses, fostering economic growth and entrepreneurship within the community. - Provide training and guidance to local businesses to help them meet the facility’s procurement requirements and standards.  Community Needs Assessment and Livelihood Support: - Conduct a community needs assessment to identify potential livelihood impacts and vulnerable groups that may be affected by the facility’s operations. - Develop targeted livelihood support programmes, such as micro- financing initiatives, vocational training, or small business incubation, to assist community members in adapting to the changing economic dynamics or exploring alternative income- generating opportunities.  Economic Impact Monitoring and Adaptive Management: - Operationalise a monitoring and evaluation framework to assess the facility’s impact on local economic dynamics, employment patterns, and livelihood opportunities over time. 127 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources - Regularly review and adapt the mitigation measures and support programmes based on the monitoring results and feedback from stakeholders, ensuring that they remain relevant and effective in addressing the evolving local economic dynamics.  Collaboration with Local Authorities and Organisations: - Collaborate with local authorities, especially the Afigya-Kwabre South District, community organisations, and development agencies to align the facility’s economic and livelihood support initiatives with broader regional or national development goals and strategies. - Leverage existing programmes and resources to maximise the benefits and minimise potential negative impacts on local livelihoods and economic dynamics. Remediation  Economic Impact Monitoring and Adaptive Management: - Establish a monitoring and evaluation framework to assess the facility’s ongoing impact on the local economy, employment patterns, and livelihoods. - Regularly review economic conditions and adapt mitigation strategies as needed to address any negative impacts identified through monitoring.  Community Development Initiatives: 128 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources - Implement community development initiatives, such as infrastructure improvements, health services, or educational support programs, to offset any negative economic impacts and enhance local livelihoods. - Collaborate with local authorities to align these initiatives with broader regional development goals, ensuring a holistic approach to economic and livelihood support.  Stakeholder Engagement and Collaboration: - Maintain open communication channels with local authorities, businesses, and community members to gather feedback and address concerns related to the facility’s economic impact. - Foster partnerships with local organisations, government agencies, and development agencies to leverage resources and maximise the benefits to the local economy.  Adjusting Facility Operations: - If specific economic impacts or disruptions to livelihoods are identified, adjust facility operations to minimise these effects, such as modifying working hours or production processes to accommodate local economic activities. Engage with affected community members to provide compensation or support for 129 Risk and Mitigation Strategy Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Data Collection Budget Impact Reporting Sources disrupted livelihoods, ensuring fair treatment and restoring economic stability. 130 6.2.1 Monitoring Compliance and Emergency Issues In addition, the project will also monitor waste generation, regulatory compliance and emergency preparedness of the facility. These are presented in Table 6-2. Table 6-2: Monitoring Compliance and Emergency Issues Parameter to Monitor Frequency Responsibility Data Sources Waste Generation Waste Management: Continuous Project manager/ Within the facility, - Types and quantities of e-waste processed, recording, with Environmental waste storage, and - Hazardous waste generation, quarterly Specialist disposal areas. - Storage conditions, and reporting. - Disposal practices. Regulatory Compliance Monitoring Compliance with Environmental Regulations: Annual audits and Project manager/ Facility records, - Adherence to local, national, and international reviews. Environmental regulatory body environmental standards and regulations. Specialist reports. Compliance with Occupational Health and Safety Quarterly safety Project manager/ Within the facility, Standards: audits. Environmental employee records. - Safety training, incident records, use of personal Specialist protective equipment (PPE) Emergency Preparedness Monitoring Emergency Response Drills: Bi-annual drills. Project manager/ Entire facility. - Frequency and effectiveness of emergency Safety Officer response drills, employee participation, and preparedness. Spill and Incident Response: Continuous Project manager/ Within the facility - Number and severity of spills. incident logging Environmental and affected areas. - Response times and quarterly Specialist - Effectiveness of containment and cleanup. reviews. 6.2.2 Risk Mitigation and Monitoring Budget The total budget for the environmental and social mitigation monitoring activities described in Table 6-1 is GHS 895,000 over a two-year period, including the construction year. Costs for water, air, and soil quality tests have been budgeted for a year after implementation. The budget does not include salaries of workers and staff. 6.3 Reporting and Review The following reporting plan should be implemented: - Regular Reports: Monthly, quarterly, and annual reports summarising monitoring data, trends, and any actions taken. 131 - Review Meetings: Quarterly review meetings with management, environmental officers, and community representatives to discuss findings and improvements. - Continuous Improvement: Regular updates to the monitoring plan based on findings, technological advancements, and regulatory changes. The monitoring and reporting plan can contribute to the effective management and mitigation of environmental and socioeconomic risks and impacts; thus, ensuring sustainable and responsible operations. 6.4 Chance Find Both national regulations and World Bank Environmental and Social Standards especially, ESS8: Cultural Heritage, recognize the importance of cultural heritage for current and future generations. Project activities under component 3 may impact on unknown cultural heritage. Therefore, the purpose of this chance find procedures is to provide EPA, its contractors and subcontractors with the appropriate response guidelines to be applied if previously unknown cultural heritage is encountered. This Chance Find Procedure takes into consideration international best practice such WB ESS8, 1972 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention) and the Ghana’s policy on cultural resources protection. Thus, Chance Find Procedures (CFPs) are part of EPA’s E&S instruments that may have relevance during Project implementation. The Procedure applies to potential cultural heritage objects, features or sites identified as a result of construction activities in the project area and its surroundings. A chance find procedure is a project-specific procedure that outlines the actions to be taken if previously unknown cultural heritage is encountered. It is also defined as potential cultural heritage (or paleontological) whether movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, group of structures and natural features and landscapes that have archaeological, historical, religious and other cultural significance. Cultural heritage resources may include:  Artefacts, whole or partial, such as ceramic sherds, stone items, glass fragments, bone, shell, metal, textiles, and plant and animal remains.  Features associated with human occupation such as trash dumps, middens, hearths, structural remains.  Prehistoric or historic human remains found in formal graves, cemeteries, or as an isolated occurrence. 132 6.4.1 Chance Find Procedures If any person discovers a physical cultural resource, such as (but not limited to) archaeological sites, historical sites, remains and objects, or a cemetery and/or individual graves during excavation or construction, the following procedures shall be applied: 1. Stop the construction activities in the area of the chance find. 2. Notify the Resident Engineer who in turn will notify EPA and the responsible local authorities immediately (within 24 hours or less). 3. Install temporary site protection measures (warning tape and stakes, avoidance signs), inform all Contractor personnel of the chance find if access along the right-of-way or other work area is restricted and strictly enforce any no-go area needed to protect the site. 4. Document find through photography, notes, and maps (collect spatial data) as appropriate and prepare and maintain an initial Chance Finds report (for all possible Chance Finds, cultural heritage or not); include spatial data for use in cultural heritage database and GIS system. 5. The Ministry of Tourism, National Museums and Monument Board Responsible and District authorities in charge of protecting and preserving the site before deciding on subsequent appropriate procedures would require a preliminary evaluation of the findings. The significance and importance of the findings should be assessed according to the various criteria relevant to cultural heritage; those include the aesthetic, historic, scientific or research, social and economic values. 6. If the Authorities confirms the Chance Find is a cultural heritage, EPA will initiate consultation with communities and local authorities on mitigation measures and treatment procedures. 7. Decisions on how to handle the finding shall be taken by the responsible authorities. This could include changes in the layout (such as when finding an irremovable remain of cultural or archaeological importance) conservation, preservation, restoration and salvage. 8. If a Chance Find is a verified cultural heritage site, EPA shall prepare a final Chance Finds report including required treatment plan. 9. Implementation for the authority decision concerning the management of the finding shall be communicated in writing by relevant local authorities. 10. While the required treatment is on-going, EPA will coordinate with Contractor, sub-contractors and relevant Districts authorities as well as local communities keeping them informed as to status and schedule of investigations, treatment and informing both when the construction may resume. 11. Construction works could resume only after permission is granted from the responsible local authorities concerning safeguard of cultural resource. 133 6.4.2 Chance Finds Documentation The Ministry of Tourism, National Museums and Monument Board Responsible and District authorities, EPA, contractors, and subcontractors are required to maintain records of monitoring, Chance Finds, and Chance Find response measures executes. These will include:  Daily monitoring records indicating areas and activities monitored; reported Chance Finds and the results of any evaluations.  Weekly reports summarizing reporting period activities including Chance Finds, assessments and evaluations, internal and external communications and instructions and supporting photographic documentation (or other reference materials as appropriate).  Monthly reports summarizing monitoring and evaluation results, status of any site treatment measures required instructions to Contractor, and other internal and external communications. Additional monthly reporting may be required by the Authorities. 6.4.3 Cultural Heritage Training All Project personnel are required to receive and comply with the Code of Conduct and receive training and demonstrate competency in (1) the identification of Chance Finds cultural heritage sites, objects, or features and (2) Chance Finds management procedures; that is, those actions that are required in the case of a suspected Chance Find. This training will be incorporated into the overall induction process for Company, Contractor, and Subcontractor personnel and will include a quick reference hand-out. All employees must be aware of the Ghana Policy and WB ESS 8 related to cultural Heritage that provides illegal and forbidden to disturb or remove cultural heritage objects offsite for personal gain. Disciplinary action should be taken against any personnel who violate this requirement. 6.4.4 Reporting and Communication Monitoring, review and reporting will be along with ESMP for the project. The contractor and sub- contractors shall report all records on observational monitoring, protection measures, complaints, and damages to the Resident Engineer on monthly and a quarterly basis. The Resident Engineer shall report their supervision records and the Contractor’s records to EPA which in turn inform relevant authorities on case-to-case basis and on a quarterly basis. 6.4.5 Implementation Arrangement for Chance Find The implementation arrangements and responsibilities of the Chance find procedures shall be as follows: 134 Stakeholder Responsibility Responsible person EPA - Provide overall coordination. E&S Focal points PIU - Lead consultation with relevant authorities and local Coordinator communities. - Implement the treatment plan and provide required funds. - Monitor the implementation of chance finds procedures. - Prepare required reports. Contractors and sub- - Stop the construction activities in the area of the Civil engineer/ Site contractors chance find. foreman - Install temporary site protection measures. - Inform the client and document chance finds; The Ministry of - Verify chance finds. In charge of Sport Tourism, National - Approve the treatment measures in consultation with and culture Museums and stakeholders. Monument Board - Provide the authorisation to resume works in the Responsible and chance finds area. District authorities, Local authorities Local communities - Attend consultation meetings. Local Population - Provide required information. - Participate in treatment measures. 6.5 Incident and Accident Reporting In case of occurrence of an incident or accident related or having an impact on the Project which has, or are likely to have, a significant adverse effect on the environment, the affected communities, the public or workers, the implementing agency shall: 1. Notify the Bank electronically about any incident or accident within 48 hours of becoming aware of it. Include details about its nature, circumstances, and any actual or potential effects or impacts. 2. Within 20 days of the incident or accident, submit a summary report to the Bank. This report should: o Describe the incident or accident o Outline any measures the Borrower is taking or planning to take to address it o Explain steps to prevent similar future events 3. Provide regular updates to the Bank on the progress of implementing these measures and plans. EPA will ensure that:  Accidents and grievance logbooks are placed in all construction sites 135  The supervision consultants’ monthly progress report will provide details on accidents  All regular progress report to the Bank will include information on accidents and incidents  Any severe injury (requiring off-site medical care) or fatality incident shall be reported to the Bank within 24 hours with basic information and a detailed incident report including the following will be submitted within 10 working days: a. root cause analysis and b. corrective action plan on i. immediate mitigation measures in case of continuing danger (e.g. fencing, signboard, guards) ii. compensation to the affected family based on a clear rational iii. risk assessment and correct application of ESHS management procedures, and iv. medium- and long-term mitigation measures including enhancement of safety measures, audits, and additional training. 136 7. STAKEHOLDERS’ PARTICIPATION AND PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS 7.1 Stakeholder Roles and Responsibilities Table 7-1 below identifies the key stakeholder that may have interest and/or the ability to influence its outcome, either positively or negatively in the construction and operations of the E-waste centres at the different sites. Table 7-1: Stakeholder Groups with interest in E-waste Management in Ghana Stakeholder Role/Contribution Environmental Protection Coordination, regulatory oversight, compliance: The EPA will play a central role in Agency (EPA) coordinating and overseeing the project, ensuring compliance with environmental regulations and standards. Ministry of Environment, Policy guidance, alignment with national priorities: MESTI will provide overarching policy Science, Technology and guidance and support for the project, aligning it with national environmental and Innovation (MESTI) technological priorities. Ministry of Health/Ghana Expertise on health implications, public health awareness: These bodies will provide Health Service expertise on health implications associated with e-waste exposure and contribute to public health awareness campaigns. Ministry of Employment Labour standards enforcement, worker safety: This ministry will be involved in ensuring and Labour Relations that labour standards are upheld in e-waste management activities, safeguarding the rights and safety of workers. Ministry of Information Communication, outreach: The Ministry of Information can support communication and outreach efforts, disseminating information about the project ’s objectives and benefits to the public. Ministry of Local Community engagement, alignment with local plans: This ministry will collaborate in Government, facilitating community engagement and ensuring alignment with local development plans Decentralisation & Rural and priorities. Development Ministry of Finance The Ministry of Finance manages the central government’s budget and is responsible for the overall oversight responsibility for the financial management of the project finances. The Ministry is also responsible for releasing funds to support displacement and resettlement activities through the implementing agencies. Once the compensation data for the project has been approved, the Ministry, subject to the readiness of funds, will release the total amount of compensation to the acquiring agency for subsequent payment to the affected persons. Ministry of Gender, Ensures gender equality, child protection, and social protection. Advising on gender and Children and Social child protection issues relevant to project implementation. Protection (MoGCSP) National Council for National Council for persons with disability exists to work with persons with disabilities Persons with Disabilities and other stakeholders to mainstream disabilities issues in all sectors of National development. 137 Stakeholder Role/Contribution Ghana Atomic Energy Expertise in radiation safety: The Commission can offer expertise in radiation safety and Commission monitoring, particularly concerning the handling of certain electronic components. Council for Scientific and Research, technical insights: CSIR’s involvement can contribute valuable research and Industrial Research (CSIR) technical insights into e-waste recycling technologies and sustainable management practices. Private Sector Companies Implementation, innovation, value chain development: Collaboration with private sector entities involved in e-waste management, recycling, and electronics manufacturing is vital for practical implementation and innovation. Informal E-waste and Inclusion of informal e-waste and scrap dealers and their association is crucial as they Scrap Dealers and their often play a significant role in the collection, recycling, and disposal of e-waste. Engaging Association with them can help formalise their operations, improve environmental practices, and ensure safer handling of e-waste. NGOs and Civil Society Community outreach, advocacy, expertise: Can provide community outreach, advocacy, Organisations (CSOs) and expertise in environmental conservation and sustainable development. Academic Institutions Research support, capacity building: Universities and research institutions will offer research support, capacity building, and expertise in relevant fields such as waste management and environmental science. Afigya-Kwabre South Afigya-Kwabre South District is the local governing body that will play a crucial role in District implementing and enforcing regulations at the district level, facilitating community engagement, and ensuring effective waste management practices within their jurisdictions. Community Engagement, local perspective: Engagement with local communities living near project Representatives and sites is essential for ensuring their involvement, addressing concerns, and promoting Residents sustainable practices. Traditional Leaders and Involvement of traditional leaders and community leaders is crucial for garnering Community Leaders: community support, fostering trust, and ensuring cultural sensitivity throughout the project implementation process. 7.2 Observations made from Community Consultations 7.2.1 Community Demographics and Culture The engagement revealed that Kodie is a diverse peri-urban town near Kumasi, with a majority Ashanti population. The community exhibits religious diversity, encompassing Christianity, Islam, and traditional African religions. This cultural richness is exemplified by the celebration of the Akwasidae festival, an important traditional occasion for the Ashanti people. The festival, which honours ancestors and Ashanti kings, is part of the 42-day cycle known as the Akan calendar, highlighting the strong cultural traditions that persist in the area. 138 7.2.2 Infrastructure and Social Services The team observed that Kodie has a mix of public and private educational institutions, with one public school and several private schools serving the community’s educational needs. Healthcare is primarily provided by a private hospital, which offers essential medical services to residents. The accessibility of these services varies depending on factors such as infrastructure, socio-economic status, and service quality. The engagement highlighted that while private institutions typically offer higher-quality services, they may be less accessible to low-income residents due to higher costs. 7.2.3 Environmental Features and Significance A notable environmental feature of Kodie is the Owabri River, which flows through multiple communities before joining the Ofin River at Barekese. The Barekese Dam, formed by this river system, serves as the primary source of potable water for Kodie, its surrounding areas, and the Kumasi Metropolis. While the river does not support commercial fishing activities, it plays a crucial role in the local ecosystem. 7.2.4 Economic Activities and Employment The engagement revealed that the majority of the population in the Afigya Kwabiri South District, where Kodie is located, derives their livelihood from activities in and around “Suame Magazine.” This bustling commercial and industrial area encompasses various trades including mechanics, scrap dealing, food vending, hospitality, and stone quarrying. The district ’s proximity to Suame has influenced its development as a dormitory area, with many residents commuting to Suame for work. This relationship has led to significant traffic during rush hours, underscoring the interdependence between the two areas. 7.2.5 Land Use and Project Site The team learned that while farming was historically the primary occupation in the district, urbanisation has pushed agricultural activities further into the interior. The land allocated for the AEHPMP project is part of a larger area acquired by the Suame Magazine Industrial Organisation (SMIDO) for developing an ultra-modern industrial city. SMIDO has allocated 10 acres of this land for the e-waste project, which aligns with their comprehensive master plan. The project site is not close to any residential communities, lying fallow and currently used only for grazing and small-scale maize farming. 139 7.2.6 Community Expectations and Concerns The engagement with the youth of Monwire, the nearest community to the project site, revealed mixed feelings about the impending e-waste project. While there is hope for positive impacts, particularly in terms of employment opportunities, there is also apprehension based on past experiences with nearby developments that did not benefit the local community as expected. The youth openly discussed social issues such as drug use, sports betting, and petty crimes, expressing hope that the e-waste project could offer livelihood opportunities and contribute to a more prosperous and stable community. 7.2.7 Stakeholder Support and Anticipation The team observed strong support and anticipation for the AEHPMP project among key stakeholders. Both the SMIDO executives and local government officials expressed eagerness for the project to commence. This support from influential local entities suggests a favourable environment for the project’s implementation and potential for successful community integration. 140 8. INSTITUTIONAL ASSESSMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS The chapter outlines the technical capacity of the project implementing unit and the EPA to effectively implement this ESMP. The chapter covers the institutional arrangements required to implement the environmental and social actions required during the construction and operation phases of the facility and an estimated cost for implementing this ESMP. In addition, it outlines the roles, responsibilities and resources required for E&S risks management and the implementation of the ESMP. 8.1 Institutional Assessment and Capacity Building 8.1.1 Project Implementing Unit The Project Implementing Unit (PIU) within EPA has the overall responsibility for the implementation of the ESMP. The PIU comprises key personnel including a Project Coordinator, Environmental and Social Focal Points, a Procurement Officer, a Financial Management Officer, and a Communication Officer. These roles are complemented by support from various technical and administrative departments within the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Together, they form a cohesive team responsible for overseeing and managing all aspects of the project’s implementation, ensuring adherence to environmental and social safeguards, efficient procurement processes, financial management, effective communication strategies, and overall project coordination within EPA guidelines and regulations. The PIU staff have been trained on the World Bank Environmental and Social Framework (ESF). This training ensured that the Project Coordinator, Environmental and Social Focal Points, and Communication Officer, are well-versed in the principles and requirements of the ESF. This knowledge equips them to effectively integrate environmental and social considerations into project planning and implementation, ensuring compliance with international standards and best practices. Above the PIU, there is a Project Steering Committee that provides strategic oversight and governance for the project. The members of this committee have also received training on the World Bank ESF. The key responsibilities of the Project Steering Committee include approving the project work plans and budget, which encompass environmental and social risk management, ensuring that all project activities align with strategic goals and regulatory requirements. This committee plays a crucial role in guiding the project towards successful implementation, with a strong emphasis on sustainability and compliance with environmental and social standards. 141 8.1.2 Environmental Protection Agency An assessment of the EPA reveals several critical facets of its institutional capacity. The EPA operates under the Environmental Protection Act (Act 490), which forms the legal backbone for its mandate to safeguard Ghana’s environment. This legislation grants the EPA regulatory authority over environmental management and protection, outlining responsibilities that include monitoring, enforcement, and policy development. However, gaps exist in aligning these regulations with contemporary environmental challenges and international standards, necessitating periodic updates to ensure relevance and effectiveness. Organisationally, the EPA is structured with a central office in Accra and regional offices across Ghana, each housing specialised departments such as Environmental Assessment, Environmental Quality, and Natural Resource Management, and Chemicals Control Management. In terms of human resources, the EPA employs a diverse workforce comprising environmental scientists, engineers, enforcement officers, and administrative staff. Training programs focus on enhancing technical skills in environmental monitoring, enforcement procedures, and regulatory compliance. Despite these efforts, there may be gaps in specialised expertise and potential turnover rates, which could impact continuity and depth of institutional knowledge. The EPA relies on internally generated funds and supplemented by donor support for specific projects. Financial reports indicate varying levels of expenditure across key operational areas, including infrastructure development and maintenance, enforcement actions, and public outreach efforts. However, budget constraints remain a challenge, potentially limiting the agency’s capacity to invest in critical infrastructure upgrades and environmental management initiatives. Technologically, the EPA utilises established environmental monitoring stations for assessing air, water, and soil quality. Technical capabilities include laboratory analysis and Geographic Information System (GIS) tools for spatial planning and environmental impact assessments. While these resources bolster monitoring efforts, challenges persist in accessing advanced technologies and optimizing data management systems for comprehensive and real-time reporting. The EPA’s regulatory framework encompasses standards for emissions, waste management, and environmental impact assessments, supported by enforcement mechanisms that include inspections, penalties, and compliance monitoring. Strengthening enforcement consistency and resource allocation could enhance regulatory effectiveness and promote greater compliance across sectors. Stakeholder engagement is a cornerstone of the EPA’s approach, involving government agencies, industry stakeholders, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and local communities through consultations, workshops, and partnerships. Efforts to increase transparency in decision-making processes and inclusivity in policy discussions could further strengthen trust and collaboration among stakeholders. 142 Monitoring and evaluation frameworks within the EPA track environmental quality trends, compliance rates, and the impact of regulatory interventions. While these systems provide valuable insights into performance and regulatory efficacy, there is room for improvement in data integration and real-time reporting capabilities to facilitate informed decision-making and adaptive management strategies. The agency has implemented numerous projects aimed at preserving Ghana’s natural heritage and mitigating the impacts of environmental degradation. Some projects implemented by the EPA, together with the Ministry of Environment, Science, Technology and Innovation (MESTI) include: 1. The Ghana Sustainable Land and Water Management Project (SLWMP) which aims to improve land management in Northern Ghana’s micro-watersheds to reverse land degradation and enhance agricultural productivity. Additionally, the project seeks to integrate watershed management into spatial planning. 2. The Ghana Environmental Management Project (GEMP) aims to combat drought and desertification in northern Ghana. The project focuses on strengthening institutions and rural communities to reverse land degradation and adopt sustainable water and land management systems, ultimately improving food security and reducing poverty. 3. The Ghana Landscape Restoration and Small-Scale Mining Project (GLRSSMP) seeks to adopt a comprehensive approach to address pressing environmental and socio-economic challenges. The project’s overarching goal is threefold: to promote integrated landscape management practices, to facilitate the formalisation of artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) activities, and to enhance the benefits accruing to local communities in targeted areas characterised by degraded savannah and cocoa forest ecosystems. Funded by the World Bank/International Development Association and leveraging grants from the Global Environment Facility, the PROGREEN Trust Fund, and the Extractives Global Programmatic Support Trust Fund, the project focuses on improving governance, regulatory frameworks, sustainable crop and forest landscape management, and effective project monitoring and knowledge management. Implementing these and many other international and national projects, the EPA has over the years developed immense capacity to successfully implement the ESMP. Irrespective of this, the project will equip the environmental and social focal points and the Project Coordinator, among others, on the implementation of the ESMP. 8.2 Proposed Organisational Structure for the Centre An organisational structure for the operations and management of the CDHC is yet to be developed. However, the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is proposing the following 143 organisational structure, which emphasises the need to include Environmental, Social, Health, and Safety officers (Table 8-1). Table 8-1: Proposed Organisational Structure Level Position Management Managing Director Level Operations Manager Administrative and Human Resources Manager Functional Engineer and Technical Departments Safety and Compliance Department Support Services – Finance, Procurement Administration and Human Resources, Communications and Public Relations Operational Engineers Staff Technicians Maintenance Crew Environmental Health and Safety Officers Compliance Officers Administrative Assistants Human Resources Officer Finance Officer Procurement Officer Communication Officer Community Liaison Officer Security Personnel Custodial Staff Drivers and Logistics Personnel This proposed structure will ensure adequate approach to the management and operation of the CDHC, highlighting the importance of environmental, social, health, and safety aspects. 8.3 ESMP Implementation and Responsibilities The PIU at EPA, led by the Project Coordinator will be responsible for implementing this ESMP. Within the PIU, individuals, such as the Environmental and Social Focal Points, Procurement Officer, Monitoring and Evaluation Officer and Communication Officer, will have specific roles and responsibilities for the implementation of the ESMP. During construction, the contractor will be responsible for managing the potential environmental, social, safety and health impacts of their contract activities, including those of their subcontractors. The Supervision Consultant (SC) will be responsible for enforcing the environmental and social specifications of the project and monitoring compliance with the requirements of the specification and enforce implementation of management or mitigation measures. The SC team shall include qualified and experienced E&S professionals. Key responsibilities are summarised in Table 8-2 below. 144 Table 8-2: Roles and Responsibilities of Key Actors Position Roles and Responsibilities Project Steering  Provide strategic oversight and governance for the project. Approve the project work Committee plans and budget which will include E&S risks management. Project  Ultimate responsibility and authority for ensuring good implementation of the ESMP. Implementation  Authority for approving resources for ESMP implementation Unit (PIU) at  See that training and awareness creation is provided to all Contracting Entities in EPA environmental and social management and the mitigation of impacts, to ensure they are aware of their responsibilities and are competent to carry out their work in an environmentally and socially responsible manner. PIU Project  Lead the implementation of the ESMP Coordinator PIU Project  The lead the day-to-day implementation of the ESMP and overall project environmental Environmental risks management and Social Focal  Screening of the projects and preparing screening reports Points  Registering with EPAs  Preparation of terms of reference for E&S assessments  Providing guidance to consultants prepare E&S instruments  Coordinate with procurement specialist to ensure relevant E&S requirements are included in the procurement documents  Reviewing E&S instruments including C-ESMPs  Conducting training and capacity building  Preparing quarterly progress reports,  Grievance management of direct and community workers Procurement  Works closely with the E&S Focal Points and the Project Coordinator to include all ESHS Officer requirements into bidding documents, contracts and performance standards Monitoring and  The M&E Officer will monitor the implementation of the ESMP and support the Evaluation development of reports. Officer Communications  The Communications Officer will work to implement communication, outreach, and Officer information product management strategies, and to provide technical support on communication in the implementation of the ESMP. Contractor  Prepare and implement the Contractor Environmental and Social Management Plan (CESMP), monitoring plans that would be approved by EPA Supervision  Oversee the implementation of the CESMP. Consultant  Enforcing the environmental and social specifications of the project  Enforce that contracting entity institutes a strict code of conduct at the workers ’ camps.  Maintain high standard of site supervision and operation to reduce risk to environment and social component. Centre  Provide overall leadership and strategic direction for the Centre. Managing  Ensure compliance with environmental and social regulations and standards. Director Operations  Oversee daily operations and ensure adherence to E&S management practices. Manager  Coordinate with other departments for seamless project execution. 145 Position Roles and Responsibilities Administrative  Manage administrative functions and human resources policies. and HR Manager  Ensure staff are trained and comply with E&S policies and procedures. Engineers and  Design and implement engineering solutions that adhere to E&S standards. Technical Staff  Monitor activities for E&S compliance and mitigation. Safety and  Develop and enforce safety protocols and compliance measures. Compliance  Conduct regular inspections and audits for E&S risks and hazards. Department Support  Finance: Manage budgeting and financial reporting in alignment with E&S requirements. Services  Procurement Administration: Ensure ESHS requirements in procurement processes.  Human Resources: Implement E&S training and compliance for staff.  Communications and Public Relations: Manage communication strategies related to E&S impacts and community relations. Technicians and  Maintain equipment and facilities in accordance with E&S standards. Maintenance  Respond to environmental incidents promptly and effectively. Crew Environmental  Implement E&S policies and procedures. Health and  Conduct training and audits to ensure E&S compliance across operations. Safety Officers Compliance  Monitor and enforce adherence to environmental and social regulations. Officers  Investigate and resolve compliance issues. Administrative  Provide administrative support to E&S management activities. Assistants  Assist in documentation and reporting related to E&S initiatives. Human  Facilitate E&S training and development for staff. Resources  Ensure recruitment aligns with E&S competencies and responsibilities. Officer Finance Officer  Manage financial resources for E&S initiatives.  Ensure budget allocations meet E&S compliance requirements. Procurement  Integrate ESHS requirements into procurement processes and contracts. Officer  Ensure suppliers comply with E&S standards. Communication  Develop and implement communication strategies for E&S management. Officer  Engage stakeholders and communities on E&S issues. Community  Foster positive relationships with local communities. Liaison Officer  Communicate project impacts and benefits to stakeholders.  Address community concerns related to E&S issues. Security  Protect personnel, assets, and the environment from potential risks. Personnel  Enforce security protocols aligned with E&S guidelines. Custodial Staff  Maintain cleanliness and hygiene in compliance with E&S standards.  Dispose of waste safely and responsibly. Drivers and  Ensure safe transportation of materials and personnel. Logistics  Follow E&S guidelines during logistics operations. Personnel 146 8.4 Capacity Building Requirements Table 8-3 outlines the proposed training and capacity building efforts that will encompass various roles including the Project Implementation Unit (PIU), contractors, supervising consultants, and other personnel responsible for ensuring compliance and operational efficiency at the CDHC. The training will cover a range of topics such as E&S management strategies, occupational health and safety, stakeholder engagement, and compliance with environmental regulations. These training initiatives aim to equip staff with essential competencies required for effective implementation of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) and adherence to regulatory standards. Table 8-3: Proposed Training Program for Key Persons Position Proposed Training Duration Project Steering Committee  Strategic oversight and governance for E&S risks management 1 day Project Implementation Unit  ESMP implementation strategies: E&S management for 1 day (PIU) Contracting Entities PIU Project Coordinator  ESMP leadership and coordination 1 day PIU Project Environmental  E&S Monitoring and reporting, Occupational Health and Safety 3 days and Social Focal Points Procurement Officer  ESHS integration in procurement and Contract management 2.5 days principles Monitoring and Evaluation  ESMP monitoring techniques. 3 days Officer  Compliance assessment Communications Officer  Communication strategies for E&S 2 days  Stakeholder engagement best practices Contractor  CESMP preparation and implementation 2 days  Impact monitoring and compliance checks  Occupational health and safety standards  Handling hazardous materials Supervision Consultant  CESMP oversight and enforcement 2 days  Environmental and social compliance standards  Site supervision best practices Managing Director  Leadership in E&S compliance 2 days  Advanced project management skills Operations Manager  Daily operations management 2 days  Interdepartmental coordination  Occupational health and safety Administrative and HR  E&S administrative policies 2 days Manager  Staff training and compliance strategies  Stakeholder engagement and grievance handling Engineers and Technical Staff  E&S compliant engineering design 2 days  Monitoring and compliance techniques  Safe handling of hazardous materials Safety and Compliance  Safety protocol development and enforcement 2 days Department  Inspection and audit procedures 147 Position Proposed Training Duration  E&S risk management practices Support Services  Budget management in E&S context 2 days  ESHS procurement integration  E&S training and compliance for HR  Communication strategies for E&S impact Technicians and  Equipment maintenance and E&S standards 2 days Maintenance Crew  Emergency response procedures  Occupational health and safety practices Environmental Health and  E&S policy implementation 2 days Safety Officers  Emergency response procedures  Occupational health and safety practices  Monitoring and compliance techniques  Safe handling of hazardous materials Compliance Officers  Regulations monitoring and enforcement. 3 days  Compliance issue resolution Administrative Assistants  Administrative support for E&S activities 2 days  Documentation and reporting practices  Stakeholder engagement strategies Human Resources Officer  E&S training facilitation 0.5 day  Recruitment for E&S roles - Grievance management techniques Finance Officer  Financial management in E&S context 0.5 day  Budget compliance and allocation  Project management fundamentals Procurement Officer  ESHS integration in procurement 1.5 days  Supplier compliance monitoring - Contract management and negotiation skills Communication Officer  Communication strategies for E&S 2 days  Stakeholder engagement techniques Community Liaison Officer  Community relations strategies 2.5 days  Impact communication methods  Grievance handling techniques Security Personnel  Security and risk mitigation strategies 2.5 days  E&S guideline enforcement  Project management essentials Custodial Staff  Hygiene and waste management procedures 2.5 days  Safe disposal practices Drivers and Logistics  Safe transportation techniques 2.5 days Personnel  Logistics compliance with E&S standards The training approach would remain participatory, incorporating interactive sessions, case studies, group discussions, and practical exercises tailored to each target group’s specific needs and roles. 148 Field visits could also be organised for relevant stakeholders to provide hands-on learning experiences. The duration of the training for each target group may vary depending on the depth of coverage required for the respective modules. However, it is recommended to allocate sufficient time for discussions, practical exercises, and knowledge sharing among participants. 8.5 ESMP Implementation Budget A two-year budget for the implementation of this ESMP is presented in Table 8-4. As previously indicated, the risk mitigation budget (Table 6-1), will be part of the e-waste facility development contractor’s cost. Cost items the project will cover will include institutional strengthening and capacity building for project staff, public awareness and sensitisation, and the overall project monitoring. The total cost for the implementation of these activities is estimated at GHS one million eight hundred and sixty-nine thousand (1,869,000.00). Table 8-4: Estimated Budget for the Implementation of ESMP Item Unit Quantity Unit Cost Total Cost Monthly project monitoring (development of a 24 GHS 20,000 GHS 480,000 simple offline database) Institutional strengthening and capacity building of Training 6 GHS 200,000 GHS 1,200,000 project staff and community representatives sessions Public awareness and sensitisation Lumpsum 2 GHS 50,000 GHS 100,000 Total GHS 1,780,000.00 Contingency (5%) GHS 89,000 Grand Total GHS 1,869,000.00 149 9. CONCLUSION Ghana’s rapid advancement in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has brought about significant benefits in terms of enhanced communication, information access, and productivity. However, this technological growth has also led to a substantial increase in electronic waste (e- waste), a challenge that has exacerbated environmental and health issues due to inadequate management systems and infrastructure. The Africa Environmental Health and Pollution Management Programme in Ghana (AEHPMP-Ghana), supported by the Global Environment Facility and the World Bank, represents a pivotal initiative aimed at addressing these e-waste challenges. By investing in modern recycling facilities and technologies, the programme seeks to mitigate the harmful impacts of e-waste, enhance institutional capacities, and promote sustainable practices in both e-waste management and artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM). The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the e-waste facility at Kodie is designed to address the potential environmental and social impacts associated with the construction and operation of the facility. The plan aims to ensure that these activities are carried out in a way that minimises adverse effects on human health and the surrounding ecosystem, while adhering to relevant regulations and best practices. Through a detailed assessment of potential risks and impacts, the ESMP provides a comprehensive framework for managing and mitigating these issues effectively. Detailed assessments have been conducted, including air quality studies, noise measurements, and traffic counts, to establish a baseline understanding of the current conditions at the site. These findings highlight the need for specific mitigation strategies to address the identified risks. For example, dust control measures and regular air quality monitoring will be implemented to address potential air pollution. Noise reduction strategies, such as the use of noise barriers and equipment maintenance, will be employed to minimise noise levels. Measures will also be taken to protect local biodiversity, with ongoing monitoring to ensure compliance with environmental standards. Additionally, traffic management plans will be developed to handle congestion and reduce disruptions. Compliance with national and international regulations is a fundamental aspect of the ESMP. The plan incorporates relevant policies and standards, including the National Environmental Policy and the Hazardous and Electronic Waste Control and Management Act. By adhering to these regulations, the project ensures that it meets high standards for environmental protection and social responsibility. Engaging with local communities and stakeholders has also been a critical component of the ESMP development process. Consultations with government officials, community members, and industry representatives have provided valuable insights into local concerns and expectations, fostering a collaborative approach that enhances project acceptance and support. 150 Worker health and safety are prioritised within the ESMP, with measures in place to provide appropriate safety equipment, conduct regular health and safety training, and implement strict safety protocols. Ensuring the well-being of workers is essential for maintaining operational efficiency and compliance with occupational health and safety standards. Furthermore, the ESMP establishes robust monitoring systems to track environmental and social performance, with regular assessments to ensure compliance and identify areas for improvement. Detailed reporting mechanisms will ensure transparency and accountability, allowing for ongoing evaluation and adjustment of management strategies as needed. The proposed Collection, Dismantling, and Holding Centre (CDHC) in Kodie has been carefully designed to meet the dual objectives of efficient e-waste processing and environmental stewardship. The site’s favourable topographical and geotechnical characteristics, including flat terrain, good soil stability, and low seismic activity, offer an ideal foundation for the CDHC’s construction and operation. The design incorporates modern technological solutions and sustainable practices to ensure effective e-waste management, including advanced environmental control systems and accessible facilities compliant with inclusivity standards. Throughout the construction and operational phases, the project will adhere to a comprehensive set of environmental and social regulations. The regulatory framework, encompassing national policies, acts, and guidelines, ensures that the CDHC’s operations will comply with best practices in environmental protection, worker safety, and community welfare. Institutions such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Ministry of Environment Science Technology & Innovation (MESTI), and various local and national bodies will play crucial roles in overseeing compliance, providing technical guidance, and facilitating community engagement. The integration of inclusivity measures into the CDHC’s design reflects a commitment to universal access and adherence to the Persons with Disability Act, ensuring that the facility is accessible to all individuals, including those with disabilities. Moreover, the involvement of traditional authorities and local communities will foster acceptance and support, crucial for the project’s long-term success. The Afigya-Kwabre South District, spanning approximately 122 square kilometres, is centrally located in Ghana’s Ashanti Region. It is bordered by multiple municipalities and benefits from proximity to Kumasi, driving rapid urban growth and increasing demand for effective waste management solutions. The district’s population of about 247,406 features a slight urban majority with 122,856 residents in urban areas compared to 111,811 in rural areas. The population is predominantly young, with a significant proportion under 15 years and about 50% in the working age group (20-59 years). Gender distribution is fairly balanced, though males predominate in younger age groups, reversing in older age groups. 151 Culturally, the district is largely homogeneous, primarily inhabited by the Akan ethnic group (82%), with other groups including northern tribes, Ewes, and Gas. The region is part of the Ejisu Traditional Area and observes several festivals such as Akwasidae, Awukudae, Fofie, Yaa Asantewaa, and Kente. Economically, urban areas are dominant in wholesale, retail trade, and transportation, while rural areas focus on agriculture, forestry, and fishing. Agriculture is a significant employment sector, with 87.2% of the population engaged in farming. The road network includes tarred and feeder roads, with 62% of feeder roads in good condition, though poor road conditions impact farm produce transportation. Most households rely on electricity (69.4%) for lighting and wood (44.5%) for cooking. There are 28 health facilities across the district, and educational institutions range from a private university to various primary and secondary schools. Water and sanitation infrastructure is underdeveloped, with boreholes as the primary water source for 60.9% of households. Solid waste management is inadequate, with 65% of waste going to public dumps, and only 6.4% of households lacking toilet facilities. The district also features tourist attractions like the Kente Industry at Bonwire and the Yaa Asantewaa Museum. The construction and operation of e-waste centres in Ghana involve various stakeholders crucial to the project’s success. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) oversees regulatory compliance, while the Ministry of Environment, Science, Technology and Innovation (MESTI) provides policy guidance. The Ministry of Health and the Ghana Health Service offer expertise on health implications, and the Ministry of Employment and Labour Relations ensures worker safety. The Ministry of Information aids in communication and outreach, and the Ministry of Local Government, Decentralisation & Rural Development focuses on community engagement. Additionally, the Ghana Atomic Energy Commission offers radiation safety expertise, and the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) contributes technical insights. Private sector companies are essential for implementation and innovation, and engaging informal e-waste dealers, NGOs, and academic institutions helps formalise practices and provide research support. At the local level, the Afigya- Kwabre South District and community leaders play key roles in regulation and local support. Community consultations in Kodie, a peri-urban town near Kumasi, highlighted its cultural diversity and strong traditions, such as the Akwasidae festival. The area has a mix of educational and healthcare facilities, though private services may be less accessible to low-income residents. The Owabri River is a vital local water source but does not support commercial fishing. Economic activities are centred around “Suame Magazine,” influencing local development and traffic. The land for the e-waste project aligns with SMIDO’s industrial development plan. Community feedback reflects both hope for job creation and concerns about past development failures, though strong local support suggests a favourable environment for the project. 152 An assessment of the EPA’s institutional capacity reveals readiness to implement the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), despite challenges like staff turnover, financial constraints, and limited technological resources. The EPA uses monitoring tools and relies on donor support and internal funds. Stakeholder engagement is vital, involving various groups through consultations and transparency initiatives. Capacity-building efforts target EPA staff and project stakeholders to enhance understanding and operational effectiveness. The Project Implementation Unit (PIU) within the EPA will manage ESMP execution. 153 10. APPENDIX Appendix A: Details of Persons Engaged at Kodie S/N Names Occupation 1 Christian Adu Poku District Chief Executive 2 Elizabeth Sarpong Physical Planning Officer 3 Albert Cophie Chief mechanic 4 Beatrice Afia Boatemaa Head of SMIDO 5 Anthony Owusu-Achiew Mechanic, SMIDO 6 Edward Amoah Mechanic, SMIDO 7 Abubakar Salam Mechanic, SMIDO 8 Hagar Osei Mobile money vendor 9 Joseph Boateng Bar attendant 10 Yaw Boakye Youth, Monwire 11 Peter Nkansah Youth, Monwire 12 Kwabena Owusu Youth, Monwire 13 Faruk Adams Youth, Monwire 14 Peter Opoku Youth, Monwire 15 Kwame Ansah Youth, Monwire 16 Ahmed Suleman Youth, Monwire 17 Ernest Appau Youth, Monwire 18 Charles Inkoom Youth, Monwire 19 Martin Asare Youth, Monwire 20 Kofi Agyei Youth, Monwire 21 Kwame Osman Youth, Monwire 22 Paul Afriyie Youth, Monwire 23 Kofi Larbi Youth, Monwire 154 Appendix B: Biodiversity Survey Tables Table 10-1: Plant Species at the Proposed E-Waste Site and its Environs3 Species Name Family Life form Star rating Ecological Guild Conservation Status Adenia cissamploides (Planch. ex Benth.) Harms. Passifloraceae Climber Green Pioneer Not categorised Adenia lobata (Jacq.) Engl Passifloraceae Climber Green Pioneer Not categorised Afzelia africana Sm. Fabaceae Climber Red NPLD Vulnerable Albizia zygia (DC. ) J.F Machr. Mimosaceae Climber Green NPLD Least Concern Alchornea cordifolia (Schum.&Thonn.) Muell.Arg Euphorbiaceae Climber Green Pioneer Least concern Allanblackia floridunda A. Chev. Guttiferae Climber Green SB Not categorised Allophylus africanus P. Beauv. Sapindaceae Climber Green Pioneer Least concern Alsodeiopsis staudii (Engl. Icacinaceae Climber Green SB Not categorised Amphimas pterocarpoides Harms. Papilionaceae Climber Red NPLD Not categorised Androsiphonia adenstegia Stapf. Passifloraceae Climber Blue SB Not categorised Aningeria altissima (A. Chev) Aubrev. & Pellegr. Sapotaceae Climber Red NPLD Not categorised Anthocleista nobilis (G. Don) Loganiaceae Climber Green Pioneer Least concern Anthonatha macrophyla P. Beauv. Caesalpinaceae Climber Green SB Not categorised Antiaris toxicaria Leschen. Moraceae Fern Pink NPLD Not categorised Antrocaryon micraster A. Chev. & Guillaum. Anacardiaceae Fern Red NPLD Not categorised Artabotrys velutinus Scott Elliot Annonaceae Fern Green NA Not categorised Aspilia africana (Pers.) C.D. Adams Asteraceae Herb Green Pioneer Not categorised Aulococalyx jasminiflora Hook. F. Rubiaceae Herb Green SB Not categorised Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex Mendel Gramineae Herb Green Swamp Not categorised Baphia nitida Lodd. Papilionaceae Herb Green SB Least concern Berlinia occidentalis Keay Leguminosae Herb Gold NA Vulnerable Bertiera racemosa (G. Don.) K. Schum. Rubiaceae Herb Green Pioneer Least concern Blighia sapida Konig. Sapindaceae Herb Green NPLD Least concern Bolbitis gemmifera (Hierm) C.Chr. Lomariopsidaceae Herb Green NA Not categorised Bombax brevicuspe Sprague Bombaceae Herb NA NA Vulnerable Bombax buonopozense P. Beauv. Bombaceae Herb NA NA Least concern Brachiaria deflexa (Schumach.) Hubbard ex Robyns Poaceae Herb NA Pioneer Not categorised Bredilia grandis Pierre ex Hutch Euphorbiaceae Herb Green Pioneer Not categorised 3 The flora was classified into ecological guild as follows Pioneer (P); Non- Pioneer Light Demander (NPLD); Shade Bearer (SB); Swamp (SW); Non-Forest (NF) 155 Species Name Family Life form Star rating Ecological Guild Conservation Status Calopogonium mucunoides Desv. Papilionaceae Herb NA Pioneer Not categorised Calycobolus africanus (G. Don) Heine Convolvulaceae Herb Green NA Not categorised Canarium schweinfurthi Engl. Burseraceae Herb Pink Pioneer Least concern Capsicum frutescens Lin. Solanaceae Herb NA Pioneer Least concern Cardiospermum grandiflorum Sw. Sapindaceae Herb Green Pioneer Not categorised Carica papaya Gaertn. Caricaceae Herb NA NA Data deficient Cassytha filiformis Linn. Lauraceae Herb NA NA Not categorised Castanola paradoxa (Gilg) Schellenb Connaraceae Herb Green NPLD Not categorised Ceiba pentandra Gaertn. Bombaceae Herb Green Pioneer Least concern Celtis mildbraedii Engl. Ulmaceae Herb Green SB Least concern Christiana africana DC Tiliaceae Herb Green NA Not categorised Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & Robinson Asteraceae Herb Green Pioneer Not categorised Chrysophyllum pentagonocarpum Engl. & Krausse Sapotaceae Herb Blue SB Not categorised Chrysophyllum perpulchrum Mildr. Ex Hutch. & Dalz. Sapotaceae Herb Green SB Least concern Cissus producta Afzel. Vitaceae Herb Green NA Not categorised Citrus sinensis (l.) Osbeck Rutaceae Herb NA NA Not categorised Cleistopholis patens (Benth.) Engl. & Diels. Annonaceae Herb Green Pioneer Least concern Coffea abracteolata (Hiem) Brenan Rubiaceae Herb Green SB Not categorised Cola chlamydantha K, Schum. Sterculiaceae Herb Red SB Least concern Cola gigantea A. Chev. Sterculiaceae Herb Green NPLD Least concern Cola nitida (Vent) Schott. & Engl. Sterculiaceae Herb Pink SB Least concern Combretum hispidium Laws Combretaceae Herb Green NA Not categorised Combretum racemosum P. Beauv. Combretaceae Herb Green Pioneer Not categorised Commelina benghalensis Laws Combretaceae Herb Green Pioneer Least concern Cremaspora triflora (Thonn.) Schum. Rubiaceae Herb Green SB Least concern Cussonia bancoensis Aubrev. & Pellegr. Araliaceae Herb Gold Pioneer Vulnerable Cuviera acutiflora DC. Rubiaceae Herb NA NA Least concern Cyathula achyrantheides (H.B & K) Moq. Amaranthaceae Herb NA Pioneer Not categorised Cynometra ananta Hutch. & Diaz. Caesalpinaceae Liana Pink SB Least concern Dacryodes klaineana (Pierre). H.J. Lam Burseraceae Liana Green SB Least concern Dactyladenia dinklagei (Engler) G.T. Prance & F. White Chrysobalanaceae Liana Gold SB Vulnerable Daniellia ogea (Harms) Holland Caesalpinaceae Liana Pink Pioneer Not categorised Desmodium adscendens (Sw.) DC. Papilionaceae Liana Green NA Not categorised 156 Species Name Family Life form Star rating Ecological Guild Conservation Status Desmodium scopiurus (SW.) Desv. Fabaceae Liana NA NA Not categorised Dialium aubrevillei Pellegr. Caesalpinaceae Liana Green SB Not categorised Dichapetalum jonstoni Engl. Dichapetalaceae Liana Green NPLD Not categorised Dioclea reflexa Hook. f. Papilionaceae Liana Green Pioneer Not categorised Diospyros viridicans Hiem Ebenaceae Liana Green SB Not categorised Diplazium welwitschii (Hook.) Diels Athyriaceae Liana Gold NA Not categorised Discoglypremna caloneura (Pax) Prain Euphorbiaceae Liana Green Pioneer Least concern Dissotis rotundifolia (Sm.) Triana Melastomataceae Liana Green Pioneer Least concern Distemonanthus benthamianus Baill Caesalpinaceae Shrub Pink NPLD Least concern Elais guineensis Jacq. Palmaceae Shrub Pink Pioneer Not categorised Emilia coccinea (Sims.) G. Don. Asteraceae Shrub NA Pioneer Not categorised Entandophragma angolense (Welw.) DC. Meliaceae Shrub Red NPLD Not categorised Entandophragma cylindricum Harms Meliaceae Shrub Scarlet NPLD Not categorised Eremospatha marocarpa (Man & Wendli.) Wendli. Palmaceae Shrub Pink NA Not categorised Erythrophleum suaveolens (Gull. & Perr.) Breman Caesalpinaceae Shrub Green NA Least concern Euclinia longiflora Salisb. Rubiaceae Shrub Green NA Least concern Euphorbia heterophylla L. Euphorbiaceae Shrub NA Pioneer Not categorised Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Green Pioneer Not categorised Ficus craterostoma Mildbr. & Buretti Moraceae Tree Green NA Least concern Ficus exasperata Vahl. Moraceae Tree Green Pioneer Least concern Funtumia elastica (Preuss) Stapf. Apocynaceae Tree Pink NA Least concern Geophila obvaliata (Schmach) F. Didr. Rubiaceae Tree Green SB Not categorised Glphaea brevis (Spreng) Monach. Tiliaceae Tree Green NA Not categorised Griffornia simplicifolia (Vahl. ex DC) Baill Caesalpinaceae Tree Green NPLD Not categorised Hannoa klaineana Pierre & Engl. Simaroubaceae Tree Green Pioneer Least concern Harungana madagascariensis Lam. Ex Poir. Hypericaceae Tree Green Pioneer Least concern Herittiera utilis (Sprague) Sprague Sterculiaceae Tree Red NPLD Not categorised Hexalobus crispiflorus A. Rich. Annonaceae Tree Green SB Least concern Hillerria latifolia (Lam.) Walt. Hytolacaceae Tree Green Pioneer Not categorised Holarrhena floribunda (G.Don) Dur. & Schinz. Apocynaceae Tree Green Pioneer Least concern Hoslunda opposita Vahl. Lamiaceae Tree Green Pioneer Not categorised Ipomoea involucrata P. Beauv. Convolvulaceae Tree NA Pioneer Not categorised Justicia flava (Forsk) Vahl. Acanthaceae Tree NA Pioneer Vulnerable 157 Species Name Family Life form Star rating Ecological Guild Conservation Status Keayodendron brideliodes (Mildr. Ex Hut. & Dalz.) Leandri Euphorbiaceae Tree Gold NA Not categorised Khaya grandifolia C. DC. Meliaceae Tree Red NPLD Not categorised Khaya ivoriensis A. Chev. Meliaceae Tree Scarlet NPLD Not categorised Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. Bignoniaceae Tree Green NPLD Least concern Lantana camara Linn. Verbenaceae Tree NA Pioneer Not categorised Leea guinensis G. Don Ampelidaceae Tree Green Pioneer Not categorised Leptochloa caerulescens Steud Poaceae Tree NA Pioneer Least concern Lovoa trichilioides Harm Meliaceae Tree Red NPLD Least concern Ludwigia decurren Walter Onagraceae Tree NA NA Not categorised Lygodium macrophylla (Kuntz.) Sw. Lygodiaceae Tree NA NA Not categorised Macaranga barteri Mull. Arg. Euphorbiaceae Tree Green Pioneer Least concern Macaranga heterophylla (Mull. Arg.) Mull. Arg. Euphorbiaceae Tree Green Pioneer Least concern Macaranga hurifolia Beille Euphorbiaceae Tree Green Pioneer Least concern Mallotus oppositifolius (Geisel.) Mull.Arg. Euphorbiaceae Tree Green SB Least concern Mammea africana Sabine Clusiaceae Tree Pink SB Least concern Mangifera indica L. Anarcadiaceae Tree NA NA Data deficient Manihot esculenta Crantz. Euphorbiaceae Tree NA NA Data deficient Maniophyton fulvrum Mull.Arg. Euphorbiaceae Tree Green NPLD Not categorised Mansonia altissima (A. Chev.) A. Chev. Sterculiaceae Tree Pink NPLD Least concern Mareya micrantha (Benth.) Mull. Arg. Euphorbiaceae Tree Green SB Least concern Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) Webster Euphorbiaceae Tree Green Pioneer Least concern Melochia corchorifolia L. Sterculiaceae Tree NA Pioneer Least concern Microdesmis puberula Hook. f. exPanch. Pandaceae Tree Green SB Least concern Milicia excelsa (Welw.) Berg. Moraceae Tree Green Pioneer Not categorised Milletia rhodantha Baill Papilionaceae Tree Green SB Not categorised Milletia zechiana Harms Papilionaceae Tree Green Pioneer Not categorised Mimosa pudica L. Mimosaceae Tree NA NA Least concern Momordica foetida Schum. ex Thonn. Cucurbitaceae Tree NA Pioneer Not categorised Musa paradisiaca Lin. Musaceae Tree NA NA Not categorised Musa sapientum Lin. Musaceae Tree NA NA Least concern Musanga cecropioides R. Br. Cecropiaceae Tree Green Pioneer Least concern Mussaenda elegans Schumach & Thonn. Rubiaceae Tree Green Pioneer Not categorised Mussaenda erythrophylla Schum. & Thonn Rubiaceae Tree Green Pioneer Least concern 158 Species Name Family Life form Star rating Ecological Guild Conservation Status Mussaenda tristigmatica Cummins Rubiaceae Tree Blue Pioneer Not categorised Nephrolepis bisserata (Swartz.) Schott. Nephrolepidaceae Tree Green NPLD Not categorised Nesogordonia papaverifera (A. Chev.) R. Capuron Sterculiaceae Tree Pink SB Vulnerable Newbouldia laevis (P. Beauv.) Seeman ex Bureau Bignoniaceae Tree Green Pioneer Least concern Ochna staudtii Engl. & Gilg. Ochnaceae Tree Green SB Not categorised Oldenlandia corymbosa L. Rubiaceae Tree NA Pioneer Least concern Panicum laxum Sw. Pr.Br. Poaceae Tree NA Pioneer Not categorised Panicum maximum Jacq. Poaceae Tree NA Pioneer Not categorised Parinari excels Sabine Chrysobalanaceae Tree Green NPLD Least concern Paspalum scrobiculatum L. Poaceae Tree NA Pioneer Least concern Paullinia pinnata L. Sapindaceae Tree Green Pioneer Not categorised Pavetta corymbosa (SC.) F.N.Williams Rubiaceae Tree Green NA Not categorised Penianthus zenkeri (Engl.) Diels Menispermaceae Tree NA NA Not categorised Pentaclethra macrophyla Benth. Leguminosae Tree Green NPLD Not categorised Petersianthus macrocarpus (Beauv.) Liben Lecythidaceae Tree Green Pioneer Not categorised Phyllantus amarus Schum. et Thonn. Euphorbiaceae Tree NA Pioneer Not categorised Physalis angulata Linn. Solanaceae Tree NA Pioneer Least concern Piper guineense Schumach. & Thonn. Piperaceae Tree NA NA Least concern Piper umbellatum L. Piperaceae Tree Green Pioneer Not categorised Piptadeniastrum africanum (Hook f. ) Brenan Leguminosae Tree Pink NPLD Least concern Platostomi africanum P. Beauv. Lamiaceae Tree NA Pioneer Not categorised Polygonium lanigerum R.Br. Polygonaceae Tree NA NA Not categorised Prevostea africana Benth Convolvulaceae Tree NA NA Not categorised Psydrax subcordata DC. Bridon Rubiaceae Tree Green Pioneer Not categorised Pycnanthus angolensis (Welw.) Warb. Myristicaceae Tree Pink NPLD Least concern Raphia hookeri Mann. & Wendi Palmaceae Tree Green Swamp Least concern Rauvolfia vomitoria Afzel. Apocynaceae Tree Green Pioneer Not categorised Rhodognaphalon brevicuspe (Sprague) Roberty Bombaceae Tree Red Pioneer Vulnerable Ricinodendron heudolotii (Baill) Pierre ex Pax. Euphorbiaceae Tree Green Pioneer Not categorised Rinorea welwitschii (Oliv.) O. Ktze Violaceae Tree Green SB Least concern Schrankia leptocarpus DC. Mimosaceae Tree NA Pioneer Not categorised Sida acuta Burm.f. Malvaceae Tree NA Pioneer Not categorised Smilax kraussiana Meisn. Smilacaceae Tree Green Pioneer Not categorised 159 Species Name Family Life form Star rating Ecological Guild Conservation Status Solanum erianthum D. Don Solanaceae Tree Green Pioneer Least concern Solanum torvum Sw. Solanaceae Tree NA Pioneer Not categorised Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. Bignoniaceae Tree Green NPLD Least concern Spigelia anthelmia Linn. Loganiaceae Tree NA Pioneer Not categorised Spiropetalum heterophyllum (Bak.) Gilg. Connaraceae Tree Green NPLD Not categorised Sporobolus pyramidalis P. Beauv. Poaceae Tree NA Pioneer Not categorised Sterculia rhinopetala Schum Sterculiaceae Tree Pink NPLD Not categorised Sterculia tragacantha Lindl. Sterculiaceae Tree Green Pioneer Not categorised Tabernaemontana africana DC. Apocynaceae Tree Green SB Least concern Terminalia ivorensis A. Chev. Combretaceae Tree Scarlet Pioneer Vulnerable Terminalia superba A. Chev. Combretaceae Tree Green Pioneer Not categorised Tetracera alnifolia Willd. Dilleniaceae Tree Green NA Not categorised Tetrapleura tetraptera Schum & Thonn. Mimosaceae Tree Green Pioneer Least concern Thalia geniculata L. Maranthaceae Tree NA NA Least concern Theobroma cacao L. Sterculiaceae Tree NA NA Not categorised Thespisia populnea (L.) Soland ex Correa Malvaceae Tree NA NA Not categorised Tieghemella heckelii Pierre ex Chev. Sapotaceae Tree Scarlet NPLD Endangered Treculia africana Decne Moraceae Tree Green NPLD Least concern Trema orientale (L.) Blume Ulmaceae Tree Green Pioneer Least concern Trestima coronatum Benth. Melastomataceae Tree Blue Pioneer Not categorised Tretrorchidium didymostemom (Baill.) Pax & Hoffm Euphorbiaceae Tree Green NA Not categorised Trichilia monadelpha (Thonn.) De Wild Meliaceae Tree Green NPLD Least concern Trichilia prieuriana A. Juss. Meliaceae Tree Green Pioneer Least concern Tridax procumbens L. Asteraceae Tree NA Pioneer Not categorised Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum. Sterculiaceae Tree Scarlet Pioneer Least concern Turraeanthus africanus (Welw. ex C.DC.) Pellegr. Meliaceae Tree Pink SB Vulnerable Uapaca heudelotii Bail. Euphorbiaceae Tree Blue Swamp Least concern Urena lobata Linn. Rubiaceae Tree NA Pioneer Least concern Usteria guineensis Wild. Loganiaceae Tree Green NPLD Not categorised Vernonia conferta Benth. Asteraceae Tree Green Pioneer Not categorised Voacanga africana Stapf. Apocynaceae Tree Green Pioneer Least concern Waltheria indica Linn. Sterculiaceae Tree NA Pioneer Least concern Xylia evansii Hutch. Mimosaceae Tree Blue NPLD Least concern 160 Species Name Family Life form Star rating Ecological Guild Conservation Status Zanthoxylum gilletii (De Wild) Waterman Rutaceae Tree Green Pioneer Least concern Zanthoxylum lemairei (De Willd.) Waterman Rutaceae Tree Blue Pioneer Not categorised 161 Table 10-2: Distribution of the Plant Species among Various Life Forms Life form Number of species Proportion of species (%) Tree 116 59.48 Herbs 40 20.51 Shrub 10 5.13 Climber 13 6.67 Liana 13 6.67 Fern 3 1.54 Total 195 100 Table 10-3: Ecological Guild of Plant Species of the Proposed E-Waste Site and its Environs Guild Number of species Proportion of species (%) NPLD 34 17.44 Pioneer 88 45.13 SB 30 15.38 SW 3 1.54 Not Available 40 20.57 Total 195 100 Table 10-4: Star Rating of Plant Species of the Proposed E-Waste Site and its Environs Star rating Number of species Proportion of species (%) Blue 7 3.59 Gold 5 2.56 Green 104 53.33 Pink 16 8.21 Red 10 5.13 Scarlet 5 2.56 Not Available 48 24.62 Total 195 100 Table 10-5: Mammals of the Proposed E-Waste Site and its Environs and their Conservation Status Family Species Name IUCN Conservation Status Anomaluridae Anomalurus pelii (Pel`s flying squirrel)- sighting Not categorised Bovidae Cephalophus maxwellii (Maxwell`s duiker) – Footprints, faeces Least concern Bovidae Cephalophus niger (Black duiker) Least concern Bovidae Neotragus pygmaeus (Royal antelope) sighting Least concern Bovidae Tragelaphus scriptus (Bush buck) sighting, footprint Least concern Bovidae Cephalophus ogilbyi (Ogilby`s duiker) Least concern Bovidae Cephalopus silvicultor (Yellow-backed duiker) Least concern # Cercopithecidae Procolobus verus ( Olive`s colobus) Near threatened Cercopithecidae Cercopithecus campbelli (Campbell`sguenon)- stench from urine Least concern Cercopithecidae Cercopithecus petaurista (Lesser spot-noised gueron)- sighting Least concern 162 Family Species Name IUCN Conservation Status Galagidae Galago demidovii (Demidoff`s galago) Least concern Herpestidae *Herpestes sanguineus (Slender mangoose) – tracks and hole, Least concern droppings Herpestidae *Herpestes ichneumon (Egyptian mangoose)- footprints, faeces Least concern Herpestidae Crossarchus obscures (Common cusimanse) – sighting Least concern Hystricidae Atherurus africanus (African brush- tailed porcupine) – sighting Least concern Manidae Manis tetradactyla (Long tailed pangolin) – sighting Least concern Manidae Phataginus tricuspis (White-bellied pangolin)- Near threatened Manidae Smustia gigantean (Giant ground pangolin) – sighting Vulnerable Muridae Arvicanthis niloticus (African grass rat) – sighting Least concern Nandiniidae Nandinia binotata (African palm civet) – Footprint Least concern Nesomyidae Cricetomys gambians (Giant gambian rat) – footprint Least concern Phasianidae Perdix sp. (Patridge)- faeces Least concern Procaviidae Dendrohyrax arboreus (Tree dassie) – Trail Least concern Sciuridae Protoxerus stangeri (Giant Forest squirrel) – hoofs, sighting and Least concern feeding site Sciuridae Funisciurus pyrrhopus (Fire-footed rope squirrel)- feeding place Least concern Thyronomyidae Thyronomys swinderianus (Grass cutter) – droppings, trapped Least concern Tragulidae Hyemoschus aquaticus (Water chevrontain)- sighting Least concern Viverridae Genetta genetta (Common genet) – sighting Least concern Viverridae Civettictis civeta (African civet) – sighting, faeces Least concern Viverridae Genetta pardina (Pardine genet) Least concern #Complete protection; *Closed season protection: species whose spoors have not Table 10-6: Herpetofauna of the Proposed E-Waste Site and its Environs and their Conservation Status Family Species IUCN Conservation Status Amphibian Bufonidae Bufo regularis (Common toad) Not categorised Bufonidae Nectophryne afra (African tree toad) Least concern Hyperoliidae Hyperolius concolor Least concern Hyperoliidae Afrixalus dorsalis Least concern Pipidae Silurana tropicalis Least concern Ptychadenidae Ptychadena longirostris Least concern Ranidae Amnirana occidentalis Not categorised Ranidae Hoplobatrachus occipitalis (African Groove-crowned frog) Least concern Reptile Boidae Thelotornis kirtlandii (Twig snake) Not categorised Boidae Atheris chlorechis (Green viper) Not categorised Boidae Naja nelonoleuca (Black cobra) Not categorised Boidae Calabaria reinhardtii (Calabar ground python) Not categorised Boidae Grayia saythii (Smyth`s water snake) Not categorised 163 Family Species IUCN Conservation Status Boidae Bitis nasicornis (Rhinoceros viper) Not categorised Bufonidae Bufa maculatus Not categorised Chamaeleonidae Chamaeleo gracilis (Graceful chameleon) Not categorised Colubridae Boiga blandingii Not categorised Colubridae Lycophidion laterale Not categorised Crocodylidae *Crocodylus niloticus (Nile crocodile) Least concern Crocodylidae Osteolaemus tetraspis (Dwarf crocodile) Vulnerable Elapidae Naja nigricollis Not categorised Pelomedusidae Pelomedusa subrua (African helmeted turtle) Not categorised Pythonidae Python sebae (African rock phyton) Not categorised Testudinidae Kinixys belliana (Bell`s hinged tortoise) Not categorised Testudinidae Kinixys erosa (Serrated hinged tortoise) Not categorised Veranidae Veranus niloticus (Nile monitor) Not categorised Viperidae Bitis rhinoceros (Rhinoceros viper Least concern Viperidae Causus maculatus Not categorised Table 10-7: Avifauna of the Proposed E-Waste Site and its Environs Family Name of Species Residential status Abundance IUCN status *Hooded Vulture Accipitridae Resident Common Least concern Necrosyrtes monachus African Goshawk Accipitridae Resident Common Least concern Accipiter tachiro African Harrier Hawk Accipitridae Resident Common Least concern Polyboroides typus Cassin`s Hawk Eagle Accipitridae Resident Common Least concern Spizaetus africanus African Cuckoo Hawk Resident/Intra-African Accipitridae Common Least concern Avicedo cuculoides migrant Egyptian Vulture Accipitridae Neophron Vagrant Common Least concern percnopte0rus Palm-nut Vulture Fairly Accipitridae Resident Least concern Gypohierax angolensis common/Common Black Kite Accipitridae Palearctic migrant Scarce Least concern Milvus nigrans Shikra Resident/Intra-African Accipitridae Uncommon Least concern Accipiter badius migrant Tawny Eagle Resident/Intra-African Accipitridae Uncommon Least concern Aquila rapax migrant Long-legged Buzzard Accipitridae Vagrant Uncommon Least concern Buteo rufinus 164 Family Name of Species Residential status Abundance IUCN status Red-thighed Accipitridae Sparrowhawk Resident Uncommon/Scarce Least concern Accipiter erythropus African Swallow-tailed Not Accipitridae Kite Intra-African Migrant Uncommon categorised Chelictinia riocouri Malachite Kingfisher Alcedinidae Resident Common Least concern Alcedo cristata Woodland Kingfisher Resident/Intra-African Alcedinidae Common Least concern Halcyon senegalensis migrant African Dwarf Alcedinidae Kingfisher Resident Rare/Scarce Least concern Ceyx lecontei White-bellied Alcedinidae Kingfisher Resident Scarce Least concern Alcedo leucogaster Stripped Kingfisher Resident/Intra-African Not Alcedinidae Uncommon Halcyon cheliccuti migrant categorised Spur-winged Goose Anatidae Plectropterus Resident Common Least concern gambensis Common Teal Anatidae Palearctic migrant Scarce Least concern Anas crecca Hartlaub`s Duck Anatidae Resident Uncommon Least concern Pteronetta hartlaubii Spur-winged Goose Anatidae Plectropterus Resident Uncommon Least concern gambensis African Palm Swift Apodidae Resident Common Least concern Cypsiurus parvus Little Swift Apodidae Resident Common Least concern Apus afinis Black Spinetail Apodidae Telacanthura Resident Scarce/Uncommon Least concern melanopygia Cattle Egret Intra-African Ardeidae Common Least concern Bubulcus ibis migrant/Rare Green-backed Heron Ardeidae Resident Common Least concern Butorides striata Little Egret Resident/Paleartic Ardeidae Fairly common Least concern Egretta garzetta Migrant Squacco Resident/Paleartic Ardeidae Heron migrant, non-breeding Fairly common Least concern visitor 165 Family Name of Species Residential status Abundance IUCN status Ardeola ralloides Purple Heron Fairly common/ Ardeidae Palearctic migrant Least concern Ardea purpurea Uncommon White-backed Night Ardeidae Heron Resident Scarce Least concern Gorsachius leuconotus Dwarf bittern Resident/Intra-African Ardeidae Scarce Least concern Ixobrychus sturmii migrant, non-breeding Black-crowned Night Ardeidae Heron Resident Uncommon Least concern Nycticorax nycticorax Black-headed Heron Resident/Intra-African Ardeidae Uncommon Least concern Ardea melanocephala migrant, non-breeding Great Bittern Not Ardeidae Palearctic migrant Common Botaurus stellar categorised Resident/Paleartic Little Bittern Not Ardeidae migrant, non-breeding Scarce/Uncommon Ixobrychus minutes categorised visitor Great Egret Not Ardeidae Resident Uncommon Egretta alba categorised African Darter Not Arhingidae Resident Uncommon/Scarce Arhinga rufa categorised White-crested Hornbill Fairly common/ Bucerotidae Tropicranus Resident Least concern Uncommon albocristatus Black-and-white- casqued-Hornbill Bucerotidae Resident Uncommon/ Scarce Least concern Bycanistes subcylindricus African Pied Hornbill Not Bucerotidae Resident Common Tackus fasciatus categorised Purple-throated Campephagidae Cuckooshrike Resident Uncommon Least concern Campephage quiscalina Western Wattled Campephagidae Resident Rare Vulnerable Cuckooshrike Speckled Tinkerbird Capitonidae Resident Common Least concern Pogoniulus scolopaceus Yellow –fronted Capitonidae Tinkerbird Resident Common Least concern Pogoniulus scolopaceus Hairly-breasted Barbet Capitonidae Resident Fairly common Least concern Tricholaema hirsute 166 Family Name of Species Residential status Abundance IUCN status Yellow-spotted Barbet Fairly common/ Not Capitonidae Resident Buccanodon duchaillui Common categorised Long-tailed Nightjar Resident/Intra-African Caprimulgidae Fairly common Least concern Caprimulgus crimacurus migrant Freckled Nightjar Caprimulgidae Resident Uncommon Least concern Caprimulgus tristigma Whimbrel Charadriidae Palearctic migrant Common Least concern Numenius phaeopus Egyptian Plover Resident/ Intra-African Charadriidae Fairly common Least concern Pluvianus aegyptius migrant Little Ringed Plover Charadriidae Palearctic migrant Fairly common Least concern Charadrius precuarius Whistling Cisticola Common/Fairly Cisticolidae Resident Least concern Cisticola lateralis common Olive-green Camaroptera Cisticolidae Resident Fairly common Least concern Camaroptera superci liaris Black-capped Apalis Cisticolidae Resident Uncommon Least concern Apalis nigriceps African Green Pigeon Columbidae Resident Common Least concern Treron calvus Blue-spotted Wood Columbidae Dove Resident Common Least concern Tutur afer Red-eyed Dove Columbidae Streptopelia Resident Common Least concern semitorquata Tambourine Columbidae Resident Common Least concern Tutur tympanistria Blue-headed Wood Fairly common/ Columbidae Dove Resident Least concern Uncommon Turtur brehmeri Afep Pigeon Columbidae Resident Rare Least concern Columbia unicincta African Collared Dove Columbidae Resident Rare Least concern Streptopelia decipiens Western Bronze-naped Columbidae Pigeon Columba Resident Uncommon Least concern iriditorques Broad-billed Roller Resident/Intra-African Coracidae Common Least concern Eurystomus glaucurus migrant 167 Family Name of Species Residential status Abundance IUCN status Rufous-crowned Roller Resident/Intra-African Not Coracidae Uncommon Eurystomus glaucurus migrant categorised Pied Crow Corvidae Resident Common Least concern Corvus albus African Emerald Cuculidae Cuckoo Resident Common Least concern Chrysococcyx cupreus Senegal Coucal Cuculidae Resident Common Least concern Centropus senegalensis Yellowbill Cuculidae Resident Common Least concern Ceuthmochares aereus Klaas`s Cuckoo Resident/Intra-African Cuculidae Fairly common Least concern Chrysococcyx klaas migrant Dusty Long-tailed Cuculidae Cuckoo Resident Scarce Least concern Cercococcyx mechowi Great Spotted Cuckoo Cuculidae Intra-African migrant Uncommon Least concern Clamator glandarius Black-throated Coucal Cuculidae Resident Uncommon Least concern Centropus monachus Blue-headed Coucal Cuculidae Resident Uncommon/Scarce Least concern Centropus monachus Velvet-mantled Drongo Common/Fairly Not Dicruridae Resident Dicrurus modestus common categorised Green Twinspot Estrildidae Resident Uncommon Least concern Mandingoa nitidula Eurasian Hobby Falconidae Resident Fairly common Least concern Falco ardosiaceus Grey Kestrel Falconidae Resident Rare Least concern Falco ardosiaceus Peregrine Falcon Resident/Palearctic Falconidae Scarce Least concern Falco peregrines migrant Lanner Falcon Falconidae Resident Uncommon Least concern Falco biamicus Red-necked Falcon Falconidae Resident Uncommon Least concern Falco chicquero Eleonoras`s Falcon Falconidae Vagrant Uncommon Least concern Falco eleonorae Black-winged Near Glareolidae Pratincole Vagrant Uncommon threatened Glareola nordmanni 168 Family Name of Species Residential status Abundance IUCN status Eurasian Oystercather Haematopodidae Palearctic migrant Rare Least concern Haematopus ostralepis Lesser Striped Swallow Resident/Intra-African Common/Fairly Hirundinidae Least concern Cecropis abyssinica migrant common Common House Martin Uncommon/Fairly Hirundinidae Palearctic migrant Least concern Delichon urbicum common Least Honeyguide Indicatoridae Resident Rare Least concern Indicator exilis Spotted Honeyguide Indicatoridae Resident Uncommon/Scarce Least concern Indicator maculatus Resident/Intra-African Little Tern Fairly common/ Laridae migrant/Paleartic Least concern Sterna albifrons Uncommon migrant Black Bee Eater Meropidae Resident Uncommon Least concern Melop gularis Red-bellied Flycatcher Monarchidae Resident Common Least concern Terpsiphone viridis Red-bellied Paradise Monarchidae Flycatcher Resident Common Least concern Terpsiphone rufiventer African Paradise Resident/Intra-African Monarchidae Flycatcher Common Least concern migrant Terpsiphone viridis Yellow Wagtail Motacillidae Palearctic migrant Common Least concern Motacilla flava African Pied Wagtail Motacilliidae Resident Fairly common Least concern Matacilla aguimp Tessman`s Flycatcher Not Muscicapidae Resident Scarce Muscicapa tessmanni categorised Western Grey Plantain- Musophagidae eater Resident Common Least concern Crinifer piscator Green Turaco Musophagidae Resident Fairly common Least concern Tauraco persa Great Blue Turaco Musophagidae Resident Uncommon Least concern Corythaeola cristata Olive Sunbird Nectarinidae Resident Common Least concern Cyanomitra olivacea Olive-bellied Sunbird Nectariniidae Resident Common Least concern Cinnyris chloropygius 169 Family Name of Species Residential status Abundance IUCN status Blue-throated Brown Nectariniidae Sunbird Resident Fairly common Least concern Chalcomitra adelberti Green Sunbird Nectariniidae Resident Fairly common Least concern Anthreptes rectirostris Green-headed Sunbird Nectariniidae Resident Uncommon Least concern Cyanomitra verticalis Black-winged Oriole Oriolidae Resident Fairly common Least concern Oriolus nigripennis Black-bellied Bustard Resident/Intra-African Fairly Otididae Least concern Lissotis melanogaster migrant common/Common Dusky Tit Paridae Resident Scarce Least concern Parus funereus Great Cormorant Phalacrocoracidae Vagrant Uncommon Least concern Phalacrocorax carbo Ahanta Francolin Fairly common/ Phasianidae Resident Least concern Francolinus ahantensis Common Common Qual Phasianidae Palearctic migrant Uncommon/Scarce Least concern Coturmix coturnis Stone Patridge Not Phasianidae Resident Fairly common Ptilopachus petrosus categorised Green Wood-hoopoe Phoeniculidae Resident Common Least concern Phoeniculus purpureus Rufous-sided Broadbill Picidae Resident Common Least concern Smithornis rufolaterlis Fire-bellied Woodpecker Picidae Resident Fairly common Least concern Dendropicus pyrrhagaster Grey Woodpecker Fairly common/ Picidae Resident Least concern Dendropicos goertar Common African Piculet Picidae Resident Scarce Least concern Sasia Africana Brown-backed Uncommon/Fairly Picidae Woodpecker Resident Least concern common Dendropicos absoletus Little Green Picidae Woodpecker Resident Uncommon/Scarce Least concern Campethera maculosa Chestnut Wattle-eye Platysteiridae Dyaphorophyia Resident Common Least concern castanea 170 Family Name of Species Residential status Abundance IUCN status Common Wattle-eye Platysteiridae Resident Common Least concern Platysteira cyanea Village Weaver Ploceidae Resident Common Least concern Ploceus cucullatus Yellow-mantled Ploceidae Weaver Resident Fairly common Least concern Ploceus tricolor Little Grebe Resident/Intra-African Not Podicipedidae Uncommon/Scarce Tachy baptus ruficolis migrant categorised Red-headed Lovebird Psittacidae Resident Uncommon Least concern Agapornis pullarius Black-billed Wood Pteroclidae Drove Resident Common Least concern Turtur abyssinicus Common Bulbul Pycnonotidae Resident Common Least concern Pycnonotus barbatus Iceterine Greenbul Common/Fairly Pycnonotidae Resident Least concern Phyllastrephus icterinus common Western Nicator Fairly common/ Pycnonotidae Resident Least concern Nicator chloris Uncommon Ansorge`s Greenbul Uncommon/Fairly Pycnonotidae Resident Least concern Andropadus ansorgei common Golden Greenbul Pycnonotidae Resident Uncommon/Scarce Least concern Calyptocichla serim Spotted Greenbul Not Pycnonotidae Resident Uncommon Ixonotus guttatus categorised African Jacana Rallidae Resident Common Least concern Actophilornis africanus White-spotted Flufftail Fairly common/ Rallidae Resident Least concern Sarothrura pulchra Common Nkulengu Rail Fairly common/ Rallidae Himantornis Resident Least concern Uncommon haematopus Grey-throated Rail Rallidae Resident Rare Least concern Canirallus oculeus Lesser Moorhen Uncommon/ Fairly Rallidae Intra-African migrant Least concern Callinula angulata common Black Crake Not Rallidae Resident Common Amauromis flavirostra categorised Secretarybird Sagittariidae Intra-African migrant Scarce Vunerable Sagittarius serpentarius 171 Family Name of Species Residential status Abundance IUCN status Red Knot Scolopacidae Palearctic migrant Scarce Least concern Calidris canutus Pacific Golden Plover Scolopacidae Vagrant Uncommon Least concern Pluvialis dominica Ruddy Turnstone Uncommon/Fairly Scolopacidae Palearctic migrant Least concern Arenaria interpres common Green Sandpiper Not Scolopacidae Palearctic migrant Common Tringa achropus categorised Hamerkop Scopidae Resident Fairly common Least concern Scopus umbretta Long-tailed Skua Stercorariidae Stercorarius Paleartic migrant Rare Least concern longicaudus Artic Skua Not Stercorariidae Palearctic migrant Uncommon Stercorarius parasiticus categorised Common Tern Sternidae Palearctic migrant Common Least concern Sterna hirundo African Scops Owl Stragidae Resident Fairly common Least concern Otus senegalensis African Wood Owl Stragidae Resident Fairly common Least concern Strix woodfordii Northern White-faced Uncommon/Fairly Stragidae Owl Resident Least concern common Ptilopsis leucotis Fraser`s Eagle Owl Strigidae Bubo poensis Resident Uncommon Least concern Iceterine Warbler Sylviidae Palearctic migrant Rare Least concern Hippolais icterina Western Bonelli Sylviidae Warbler Palearctic migrant Rare Least concern Phylloscopus bonelli Black-headed Rufous Warbler Near Sylviidae Resident Rare Bathmocercus Threatened cerviniventris Whinchat Palearctic migrant, non- Fairly common/ Turdidae Least concern Saxicola rubetra breeding visitor Common Common Nightingale Palearctic migrant, non- Fairly common/ Turdidae Least concern Luscinia megarhynchos breeding Uncommon Greyish Eagle Owl Tytonidae Resident Fairly common Least concern Bubo cinerascens 172 Family Name of Species Residential status Abundance IUCN status Barn Owl Fairly common/ Tytonidae Resident Least concern Tyto alba Uncommon Tit-hylia Zosteropidae Resident Fairly common Least concern Pholidornis rushiae Table 10-8: Residential Status of Avian Species at the Proposed E-Waste Site and its Environs Residential status Number of species Proportion of species (%) Resident 106 67.09 Palearctic migrant, non-breeding visitor 20 12.66 Resident/Intra-African migrant 16 10.13 Intra-African migrant 4 2.53 Vagrant 6 3.80 Resident/Palearctic migrant, non-breeding visitor 4 2.53 Resident/Intra-African migrant/Palearctic 1 0.63 Intra-African migrant more than scarce 1 0.63 Total 158 100 Table 10-9: Abundance Level of Avian Species at the Proposed E-Waste Site and its Environs Abundance of species Number of species Proportion of species (%) Common 45 28.48 Fairly common 22 13.92 Uncommon 31 19.62 Rare 11 6.69 Scarce 12 7.60 Fairly common more than uncommon 8 5.06 Scarce more than uncommon 2 1.27 Uncommon more than scarce 9 5.70 Uncommon more than fairly common 6 3.80 Common more than fairly common 4 2.53 Fairly common more than common 7 4.43 Rare more than scarce 1 0.63 Total 158 100 173 Appendix C: Plates and Spoors from the Proposed Site and its Environ Figure 10-1: Faeces of Egyptian mongoose Figure 10-2: Faeces of Herpestes sanguineus Figure 10-3: Feeding place of squirrel Figure 10-4: Footprint of Nandinia binotata 174 Figure 10-5: Footprint of Maxwell’s Duiker Figure 10-6: Nest of a Bird on Site Figure 10-7: Faeces of Thyronomis swinderianus Figure 10-8: Cassava and Plantain Farm on Site 175