Prepared for: WATER AND SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE ADMINISTRATION – AIAS, IP CYCLONE IDAI & KENNETH RESILIENCE AND EMERGENCY RECOVERY PROJECT VOLUME I ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR COASTAL PROTECTION WORKS IN THE BEIRA CITY REFERENCE No: MZ-AIAS-306404-CS-QCBS FINAL DRAFT ESIA April 2024 Prepared by: In Joint Venture with: EcoConServ Environmental SWMOZ-SVOSVE LDA Solutions Av. Emilia Dausse No 12 El-Saleh Ayoub St., 83 Zamalek, Cairo11211, Maputo, Mozambique Egypt Tel: +258 21 312 878 Tel: +20227359078 Fax +258 21 304 870 /27364818 Email: E-mail: admin@swmoz.com genena@ecoconserv.com Name of the Company: Title of the Project: SWMOZ-SVOSVE LDA in Joint Venture with Consultancy Services for the Preparation of ESIA and ECOCONSERV ENVIRONMENTAL RAP, and RAP implementation for Coastal Protection SOLUTIONS, EGYPT Works in Beira City Project No: M1616 Date: Document Status: April 2024 Final Draft ESIA v8 Prepared by: Prepared for: SWMOZ-SVOSVE LDA in Joint Venture with Administration of Water and Sanitation Infrastructures, IP ECOCONSERV ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, EGYPT Contact person from the Consultant: Contact person from the Client: Washington Mupazviriwo Attn: Rute Nhamucho SWMoz Svosve Lda General Drector of Administration of Water and Av. Emilia Dausse No 83 Sanitation Infrastructures, IP Maputo; Mozambique Cyclone IDAI and Kenneth Resilience and Emergency Tel: +258 21 312 878 Recovery Project Fax +258 21 304 870 Eduardo Mondlane Avenue, 1352, 4th floor Email: washington@swmoz.com Maputo, Mozambique Email: procurement.psu.aias@gmail.com Synopsis: This document presents the eighth final draft report for the Consultancy Services for the Preparation of ESIA and RAP, and RAP implementation for Coastal Protection Works in Beira City in Sofala Province. The environmental and social baselines, legal framework, impacts for the Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs) are compiled in the seventh final draft report with responses to comments raised on the seventh draft Aim of the Document: Verification Capacity Name Signature Date K ElBakary Environmental specialist Authors J Sathiagnanan April 2024 Social Specialist O Banze Checked by Operations Director S Nhemachena April 2024 Authorized Director General W Mupazviriwo April 2024 Company Quality Certification: INNOQ ISO 9001:2015 Quality Management Systems MOPHR Registered MTA Registered AEMC-Associação de Empresas Moçambicanas de Consultoria; Member Document History Revision Approved Approval Date Version Authors Reviewed by Description by Date K El Bakary Issue for 18/11/2023 2.0 J Sathiagnanan Client Review O Banze J Sathiagnanan 30/11/2023 3.0 O Banze J Mudema Issue for Client Review K El Bakary following J Sathiagnanan 11/01/2024 4.0 comments O Banze from J Mudema financiers Issue for Client Review following K El Bakary 07/02/2024 5.0 comments J Sathiagnanan from financiers Issue for Client Review K El Bakary following J Sathiagnanan 25/03/2024 6.0 comments O Banze from J Mudema financiers Issue for Client Review J Sathiagnanan following 10/04/2024 7.0 O Banze comments J Mudema from financiers Issue for Client Review J Sathiagnanan following 28/05/2024 8.0 O Banze comments from financiers Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Table of Contents 1 Executive Summary ..........................................................................................................11 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................11 1.2 Project Description ......................................................................................................11 1.3 Baseline Conditions ....................................................................................................13 1.4 Environmental and Social Impacts ..............................................................................24 1.5 Mitigation and Management Measures .......................................................................29 1.6 Final Considerations ...................................................................................................35 2 Introduction .......................................................................................................................36 2.1 Project Background.....................................................................................................36 2.2 Project Objectives .......................................................................................................38 2.3 Purpose and Scope of the ESIA..................................................................................38 2.4 Summary of Approach and Methodology of the ESIA .................................................38 2.5 Scope of the ESIA Report ...........................................................................................39 2.6 Report Structure .........................................................................................................39 2.7 Project Parties ............................................................................................................40 3 Project Description ............................................................................................................42 3.1 Project Location ..........................................................................................................42 3.2 Project Overview .........................................................................................................46 3.3 Project Components ...................................................................................................47 3.3.1 Summary of Components and Planned Activities for each Coastal Stretch ..........48 3.3.2 L-Walls and Drainage Outlets ..............................................................................49 3.3.3 Composite Gravity Wall at Mangrove Area ..........................................................50 3.3.4 Rock Revetments ................................................................................................51 3.3.5 Sand Dunes and Sand Buffers .............................................................................53 3.3.6 Sand Sourcing and Dredging Works ....................................................................56 3.3.7 Clay Dike .............................................................................................................57 3.3.8 Access Roads ......................................................................................................59 3.3.9 Plant Nursery and Dune Revegetation .................................................................61 3.3.10 Early Warning System ......................................................................................64 3.4 Construction/Rehabilitation Activities ..........................................................................68 3.4.1 Construction Activities..........................................................................................68 3.4.2 Construction Timeline ..........................................................................................69 3.4.3 Construction Materials .........................................................................................69 ii Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 3.4.4 Resource Consumption .......................................................................................70 3.4.5 Construction Workforce .......................................................................................71 3.4.6 Anticipated Waste, Effluents and Gaseous Emissions .........................................71 3.5 Operation and Maintenance Phase Activities ..............................................................73 3.5.1 Dunes and Sand Buffers ......................................................................................73 3.5.2 L-Walls and Stairs ................................................................................................73 3.5.3 Rock Protection Structures ..................................................................................73 3.5.4 Clay Dike .............................................................................................................74 3.6 Alternatives Considered ..............................................................................................74 4 Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework .........................................................................83 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................83 4.2 National Legislation and Requirements .......................................................................83 4.2.1 National Standards for Air Quality ........................................................................96 4.3 International Standards and Guidelines ......................................................................97 4.3.1 Air Quality and Dust .............................................................................................97 4.3.2 Noise and Vibration Standards ............................................................................99 4.3.3 Wastewater and Effluent Quality Standards .........................................................99 4.3.4 World Bank Group Environmental and Social Standards ...................................100 4.3.5 Other Relevant International Standards and Guidelines .....................................105 5 ESIA Scope and Methodology .........................................................................................108 5.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................108 5.2 ESIA Objectives ........................................................................................................108 5.3 ESIA Screening ........................................................................................................108 5.4 ESIA Scoping............................................................................................................109 5.5 Specialist Studies .....................................................................................................110 5.6 ESIA Baseline Methodology......................................................................................111 5.6.1 Desktop Study and Secondary Sources .............................................................111 5.6.2 Consultations and Primary Sources ...................................................................111 5.6.3 ESIA Consultants’ Site Visits .............................................................................111 5.7 Impact Assessment Methodology .............................................................................112 5.7.1 Area of Influence................................................................................................112 5.7.2 Impact Significance Methodology.......................................................................118 5.7.3 Mitigation and Enhancement Measures .............................................................120 5.7.4 Residual Impacts ...............................................................................................121 iii Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 6 Environmental and Social Baseline Conditions ................................................................122 6.1 Physical Environment ...............................................................................................122 6.1.1 Climate ..............................................................................................................122 6.1.2 Marine and Coastal Environment .......................................................................124 6.1.3 Air Quality ..........................................................................................................132 6.1.4 Noise & Vibration ...............................................................................................133 6.1.5 Topography .......................................................................................................140 6.1.6 Soils ...................................................................................................................142 6.1.7 Geology and Hydrogeology................................................................................143 6.1.8 Seismicity ..........................................................................................................145 6.2 Biotic Environment ....................................................................................................148 6.2.1 Protected Areas and Ecologically Sensitive Areas .............................................148 6.2.2 Biodiversity ........................................................................................................150 6.3 Socio-Economic Environment ...................................................................................158 6.3.1 Administrative Location and Division ..................................................................158 6.3.1 Community Organisation ...................................................................................161 6.3.2 Population and Population Growth .....................................................................162 6.3.3 Fertility and Mortality ..........................................................................................163 6.3.4 Education...........................................................................................................164 6.3.5 Religion, Faith and Spirituality ............................................................................166 6.3.6 Housing .............................................................................................................167 6.3.7 Employment .......................................................................................................167 6.3.8 Economic Activities and Livelihood ....................................................................168 6.3.9 Health Services..................................................................................................173 6.3.10 Water Services ...............................................................................................173 6.3.11 Waste, Wastewater and Sanitation .................................................................175 6.3.12 Transportation Infrastructure ..........................................................................177 6.3.13 Vulnerable Groups .........................................................................................180 6.3.14 Land-Use, Permitting and Ownership .............................................................181 7 Analysis of Impacts .........................................................................................................184 7.1 Impacts during Construction Phase ..........................................................................184 7.1.1 Environmental Impacts ......................................................................................184 7.1.2 Social Impacts ...................................................................................................194 7.1.3 Occupational Health and Safety .........................................................................200 iv Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 7.1.4 Community Health and Safety ...........................................................................200 7.2 Impacts During Operations Phase ............................................................................201 7.2.1 Environmental Impacts ......................................................................................201 7.2.2 Social Impacts ...................................................................................................205 8 Mitigation and Compensation Measures..........................................................................206 8.1 Mitigation Measures during Construction Phase .......................................................206 8.1.1 Environmental Impacts ......................................................................................206 8.1.2 Social Impacts ...................................................................................................215 8.1.3 Occupational Health and Safety .........................................................................221 8.1.4 Community Health and Safety ...........................................................................223 8.2 Mitigation Measures During Operations Phase .........................................................224 8.2.1 Environmental Impacts ......................................................................................224 8.2.2 Social Impacts ...................................................................................................228 9 Public Participation Process (PPP) ..................................................................................229 9.1 First Public Consultation Meeting ..............................................................................229 9.1.1 Objectives of 1st public consultation meeting ......................................................230 9.1.2 Summary of 1st public consultation meeting .......................................................230 9.2 Second Public Consultation Meeting .........................................................................232 9.2.1 Objectives of 2nd public consultation meetings ...................................................233 9.2.2 Summary of 2nd public consultation meetings.....................................................233 9.3 Community Meetings ................................................................................................235 9.3.1 Community meetings with licensed fishermen....................................................235 9.3.2 Community meetings with non-licensed fishermen ............................................237 10 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................239 11 Annexes ..........................................................................................................................242 v Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA List of Tables Table 3-1: Estimated Number of Plants per Section ..................................................................61 Table 4-1 Relevant Mozambican Laws and Regulations ...........................................................83 Table 4-2: WHO Ambient Air Quality Guidelines .......................................................................97 Table 4-3: Air Quality Standards for the Project ........................................................................99 Table 4-4: WB Guidelines for Permissible Noise Levels ............................................................99 Table 4-5: WB EHS - Indicative Values for Treated Sanitary Sewage Discharge ....................100 Table 4-6 WB ESSs and Applicability to the Project ................................................................100 Table 4-7 Relevant International Standards and Guidelines ....................................................105 Table 5-1 Delineation of AoI for Different Impacts ...................................................................113 Table 5-2 Description and Coding of Impact Magnitudes ........................................................118 Table 5-3 Description and Coding of Impact Spatial Extent .....................................................118 Table 5-4 Description and Coding of Impact Duration .............................................................119 Table 5-5 Basic Impact Index based on Receptor Sensitivity ..................................................119 Table 6 Sampling points, description, coordinates and the respective evaluated parameters..133 Table 6-7: List of Most Significant Earthquake Events within 300km of Mozambique ..............146 Table 6-8: Marine Species in the Project Area of Conservation Concern ................................155 Table 6-9: Political Administrative Division of Beira City ..........................................................159 Table 6-10: Total Population and Population Growth in Mozambique and Beira City ..............162 Table 6-11: Educational Institutions in Beira ...........................................................................165 Table 6-12: Number of Establishments and their Respective Number of Employees in Beira .168 Table 6-13: Agricultural Units in Beira City ..............................................................................169 Table 6-14: Access to Improved Water Sources in Mozambique ............................................174 Table 9-1: Summary on participation in 1st Public Consultation Meeting..................................230 Table 9-2: Summary on participation in 2nd Public Consultation Meeting .................................233 Table 9-3: Summary on participation in the Community Meeting with licensed fishermen of Praia Nova .......................................................................................................................................235 Table 9-4: Summary on participation in the Community Meeting with licensed fishermen of Praia Nova .......................................................................................................................................236 Table 9-5: Summary on participation in the Community Meeting with non-licensed fishermen of Praia Nova and Palmeiras ......................................................................................................237 Table 9-6: Summary on participation in the Community Meeting with non-licensed fishermen of Fatimar, Cais dos Biques, Casa Branca and Pipeline .............................................................238 List of Figures Figure 2-1: Basic Institutional Arrangements .............................................................................41 Figure 3-1: Map Outlining the 4 Stretches (Source: EPDA) .......................................................43 Figure 3-2: Map of the 10 Coastal Sections (Source: EPDA) ....................................................44 Figure 3-3: Map of Project Components (Source: EPDA) ..........................................................45 Figure 3-4: Schematic of L-Wall (Source: Detailed D Presentation) ..........................................49 Figure 3-5: Composite Gravity Wall (Source: Figure 5-50: “Composite gravity wall”pg 111 of the Pre-Studies and Preliminary Design Report Consulting Services for the Detailed Project Design and Supervision of Coastal Protection Construction Works in the City of Beira – Mozambique by DAR, July 2023) ........................................................................................................................51 Figure 3-6: Schematic of Rock Protection .................................................................................52 vi Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Figure 3-7: Example Schematic of Sand Dunes ........................................................................54 Figure 3-8: Sand Dune Front Protection Example .....................................................................54 Figure 3-9: Schematic of Sand Dune Crossings ........................................................................55 Figure 3-10: Example of Pedestrian Sand Dune Crossing ........................................................55 Figure 3-11: Example Schematic of Sand Buffers .....................................................................56 Figure 3-12: Identified Sand Sourcing (Dredging) Area .............................................................57 Figure 3-13: Position of Clay Dike and Access Road ................................................................58 Figure 3-14: Cross Section Schematic of Access Road ............................................................60 Figure 3-15: Photograph of Chrysopogon zizanioides Root Structure .......................................62 Figure 5-1: Visual Illustration of the Mitigation Hierarchy .........................................................120 Figure 6-1: Climate Classification (Beck at al., 2018) ..............................................................122 Figure 6-2: Average Monthly Temperature and Precipitation...................................................123 Figure 6-3: Wind Rose and Average Wind Speed ...................................................................124 Figure 6-4: Offshore wave roses – right: significant wave height Hs, left: peak wave period Tp (source: ERA5 database) ........................................................................................................126 Figure 6-5: Computed nearshore wave height roses, right: for water level MSL +3.3 m, left: for water level MSL -1.9 m ...........................................................................................................127 Figure 6-6: Locally downscaled values of Sea Level Rise near Beira according to IPCC and Vousdoukas et al. (2018) ........................................................................................................129 Figure 6-7: Map with cyclone tracks within 150km of Beira (period 1999-2019). From North to South: Desmond (landfall on 21/01/2019), TC 08S 2002 (03/01/2002), Idai (14/03/2019), Izilda (29/03/2009), TC 23S 1999 (26/02/1999), TC 11S 2000 (22/02/2000), Favio (22/02/2007), TC 19S 2003 (03/03/2003). ..........................................................................................................130 Figure 6-8: Map with cyclone tracks of wet seasons 1961/19629 and 2020/2021 affecting Beira ...............................................................................................................................................131 Figure 6-9: Geographic location and identification of monitoring parameters of sampling points in the project areas A1 and A3 ....................................................................................................135 Figure 6-10: Dust results found throughout the study area ......................................................136 Figure 6-11: NOx, COx and VOCs Baseline Monitoring Results .............................................137 Figure 6-12: Noise intensity results in the project area ............................................................138 Figure 6-13: Vibration results ..................................................................................................139 Figure 6-14: Topographical Map of Project Area .....................................................................141 Figure 6-15: Geology of Project Area ......................................................................................144 Figure 6-16: Map Outlining the Major Faults of the East African Rift System ...........................145 Figure 6-17: Map of Significant Historical Seismic Events Around the Project Area ................147 Figure 6-18: a) six divisions of Study Area; b)Epicentral distribution of the de-clustered earthquake events. ....................................................................................................................................147 Figure 6-19: Map of Protected Areas in Mozambique..............................................................148 Figure 6-20: Map of Marine Protected Areas Near the Project Area ........................................149 Figure 6-21: Map of Nearest Designated Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) ................................150 Figure 6-22: Distribution of Threatened Marine Species in the Project Area that have been Assessed Against IUCN Red List ............................................................................................156 Figure 6-23: Administrative Divisions of Sofala .......................................................................160 Figure 6-24: Fertility Rate in Beira City ....................................................................................164 Figure 6-25: Education Levels in Beira City (INE, 2017) ..........................................................165 Figure 6-26: Religious Groups in Beira City in 2021 ................................................................166 vii Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Figure 6-27: Photographs of Boats manufactured in Praia Nova (left) and Refrigeration Chambers (right) ......................................................................................................................................172 Figure 6-28: Access to Improved Water Sources (IOF, 2022) .................................................174 Figure 6-29: Overall Drainage Network of Beira City with Piped Parts and Remaining Canals (adapted from AIAS, 2014) .....................................................................................................176 Figure 6-30: Existing Roads near the Project Area (Consultants' Field Visit) ...........................178 Figure 6-31: Existing Road Network of the Project Area..........................................................179 Figure 6-32: Land Use Map of the Project Area ......................................................................183 Figure 9-1: Moments of the 1st public consultation meeting in Beira city ..................................232 Figure 9-2: Moments of the 2nd public consultation meeting in Beira city .................................234 Figure 9-3: Moments of the community meeting with licensed fishermen of Praia Nova..........236 Figure 9-4: Moments of the community meeting with licensed fishermen of Oceana and Estoril ...............................................................................................................................................236 Figure 9-5: Moments of the community meeting with non-licensed fishermen of Praia Nova and Palmeiras (Desaguador) .........................................................................................................237 Figure 9-6: Moments of the community meeting with non-licensed fishermen of Fatimar, Cais de Biques, Casa Branca and Pipeline ..........................................................................................238 List of Annexes Annex 1: Report of 1st Public Consultation Meeting .................................................................242 Annex 2: Report of 2nd Public Consultation Meeting ................................................................243 Annex 3: Attendance Sheet of Community Meeting with licensed fishermen of Praia Nova ....244 Annex 4: Attendance Sheet of Community Meeting with licensed fishermen of Oceana and Estoril ...............................................................................................................................................245 Annex 5: Attendance Sheet of Community Meeting with non-licensed fishermen of Praia Nova and Palmeiras (Desaguador) ..................................................................................................246 Annex 6: Attendance Sheet of Community Meeting with non-licensed fishermen of Fatimar, Cais de Biques, Casa Branca and Pipeline .....................................................................................247 viii Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Table of Abbreviations Abbreviation Description AIAS,IP Administration of Water and Sanitation Infrastructures, Public Institute ALARP As Low as Reasonably Possible AoI Area of Influence BCPP Beira Coastal Protection Project dB Decibel Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna CITES and Flora CO Carbon Monoxide CO2 Carbon Dioxide CoC Code of Conduct E&S Environmental and Social EAP Economically Active Population EHS Environment, Health and Safety EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EPDA Environmental Prefeasibility Study and Scope Definition ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ESMoP Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan ESSs Environmental and Social Standards EWS Early Warning System GHG Greenhouse Gases I&APs Interested and Affected Parties IDA International Development Association IFIs International Financing Institutions ISO International Standardization Organization IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature masl Meters above sea level MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet MSWM Municipal Solid Waste Management NGOs Non-governmental Organizations ix Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA NIF Neighborhood Investment Facility NOx Nitrogen Oxides NTS Non-Technical Summary O&M Operation and Maintenance PDB Beira City Master Plan PIU Project Implementing Unit PM Particulate Matter PM10 Particulate Matter smaller than 10.0 microns POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants PPM Parts per million PPP Public Participation Process PRs Performance Requirements SEP Stakeholder Engagement Plan SO2 Sulfur dioxide SW Solid Waste SWM Solid Waste Management TBT Toolbox talks TC Technical Cooperation TPB Transportes Públicos da Beira TSP Total Suspended Particles UNSECO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change VOC Volatile Organic Compounds WWF World Wildlife Fund x Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 1 Executive Summary 1.1 Introduction Mozambique, a country frequently facing natural calamities including cyclones and flooding, has identified Beira as a city particularly vulnerable to the risks associated with cyclone events. The Beira City Master Plan (PDB) 2035, developed in 2013 with support from the Dutch Government, aimed to guide the city's growth while considering flood risks and climate fluctuations. However, the devastation caused by cyclones Idai and Kenneth in 2019 highlighted unaddressed gaps in disaster preparedness and demonstrated a pressing need for significant coastal protection investments. In response, the Beira Coastal Protection Project (BCPP) was initiated by the Water and Sanitation Infrastructure Administration – Public Institute (AIAS,IP), in conjunction with the Municipal Council of Beira. Supported by funding from the Dutch Government, KfW Development Bank, and the World Bank Group, the BCPP is designed to fortify Beira's defenses against coastal inundations and enhance its climate resilience. The Project involves interventions across four distinct coastal stretches, subdivided into ten stretches, each with a unique approach to coastal protection. The primary purpose of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for the BCPP is to systematically identify, evaluate, and manage potential environmental and social impacts associated with the Project. This ESIA aims to ensure the Project aligns with regulatory requirements, adheres to Environmental and Social Standards of the World Bank, International Best Practices, and strikes a balance between minimizing adverse effects and maximizing benefits for local communities and the environment, through all phases of the Project's lifecycle. 1.2 Project Description The BCPP is located in the city of Beira, a key city in Sofala Province, Mozambique. The Project spans 19.5 km along the coastline and is systematically organized into four distinct stretches, targeting specific geographic areas for intervention. Within these stretches, the Project further delineates a total of ten coastal sections, allowing for precise, targeted management and implementation of coastal protection strategies. • Coastal Stretch 1 is situated between the Port of Beira and the Rio Chiveve outlet. • Coastal Stretch 2 extends from the Rio Chiveve outlet to Ponta Gea and is divided into Section 2 North and Section 2 South. 11 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA • Coastal Stretch 3 extends from Ponta Gea to the Macuti lighthouse. • Coastal Stretch 4 connects the Macuti lighthouse to Rio Maria. Each Coastal Stretch is a focus for specific protection measures and activities: • Coastal Stretch 1: Emphasizes policies and land-use planning measures and includes the establishment of an Early Warning System (EWS) to alert residents of imminent threats and flood awareness. • Coastal Stretch 2: The Northern section will have a concrete L-wall constructed, while the Southern section will focus on dune creation, vegetation, fencing, and rock protection installation. • Coastal Stretch 3: Focuses on dune construction with vegetation and fencing, repairs, and restoration of coastal walls and roads, and fortification of existing dunes. • Coastal Stretch 4: Interventions include subtle reinforcement of dunes and their accompanying vegetation and the construction of a clay dike to protect against seawater during meteorological extremes. Additional activities integral to the Project include sand sourcing through offshore dredging works for dune development and rehabilitation, development of a nursery for plants and mangroves for dune revegetation, and quarrying from central Mozambique for materials necessary for rock protection works. The Beira Coastal Protection Project, as detailed in the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA), encompasses three broad categories of components and activities: 1. Coastal Protection Works: • Hard Interventions: Construction of L-walls and rock revetments. • Soft Solutions: Beach nourishment, sand dune rehabilitation and establishment. • Aimed at providing a sustainable, environmentally-sensitive defense against climate change and extreme weather challenges. 2. Early Warning System (EWS): • Activation of operational EWS capabilities. • Advancement in detection and monitoring capabilities for natural hazards. • Establishment of robust data collection and management mechanisms. • Enhancement of Beira’s flood and cyclone forecasting and warning services. • Strengthening institutional preparedness and response actions. 12 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 3. Associated Facilities and Activities: • Construction and/or rehabilitation of access roads. • Dredging activities for sourcing sand for various interventions. • Enhancement of the local plant nursery to ensure an adequate supply of floral species for dune revegetation. In summary, this Project is a comprehensive initiative aimed at fortifying the city of Beira's coastal regions against environmental and climatic challenges, through a meticulous and structured approach. 1.3 Baseline Conditions Climate The Beira Coastal Protection Project (BCPP) is located in Beira, Mozambique, which has a tropical wet-dry climate, classified as "Aw" under the Köppen-Geiger system. Key climatic features of Beira include: • Rainy Season: Occurs from late October to March, marked by a peak in January when precipitation exceeds 100mm. During this season, temperatures average around 31°C. Beira is particularly susceptible to tropical storms or cyclones within this period. • Dry Season: Spans from April to September, during which average temperatures decrease to around 27°C. • Annual Temperature Fluctuations: Beira experiences substantial annual temperature variations, with winter temperatures ranging from 19-20°C, and summer temperatures from 24-27°C. • Wind Patterns: The prevailing wind directions in Beira are east-north-easterlies to south- south-easterlies. Average wind speeds are generally between 0-12km/h and 12-19km/h, predominantly from September to November. Wind speeds decline in December and reach their lowest points in May and June, before increasing again, with peak intensity in October. Strong winds of 29-38km/h, primarily from southerly and south-easterly directions, occur infrequently—typically 1-2 days per month, but increasing to 4 days in October. Exceptionally strong winds, greater than 38km/h, may occur for 1 day during August. These climatic conditions, notably the pronounced wet season and vulnerability to tropical cyclones, represent critical considerations for the BCPP’s design and implementation. 13 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Marine and Coastal Environment The marine and coastal environment of the Beira, Mozambique Project vicinity is influenced by the discharge from the Pungwe River. High sediment concentrations, tidal effects, and surges have shaped the Pungwe estuary, with bathymetry showing distinct tidal flats and a navigation channel that decreases in depth towards the land, with the shallowest noted depth at 5m. Beira's coastal terrain is relatively flat and generally lies below the high tide level, but is largely protected from coastal flooding by a dune system, except for Praia Nova, which is frequently flooded. Four distinct coastal stretches are identified: • Stretch 1 (Port Area) is characterized by concrete quay walls and a lack of significant erosion trends. • Stretch 2 (Rio Chiveve-Ponta Gea) is a flood-prone low coastal plain marked by severe erosion projected to continue. • Stretch 3 (Ponta Gea to Macuti Lighthouse) has dunes with businesses and homes closely situated, and a projected erosion rate of approximately 1 to 2 m/yr. • Stretch 4 (Macuti Lighthouse to Rio Maria) is an uninterrupted dune coast expected to continue eroding, with rates ranging from 10 m/yr near Rio Maria to 1 m/yr near Macuti. Wind data from the indicates predominant offshore winds from the southeast, with extreme wind speeds reaching 40-50 m/s during cyclones. The offshore wave environment includes wind sea waves and swell waves, primarily from south-eastern directions, with significant nearshore wave heights generally staying under 1.5m but can reach 3 to 3.5m during extreme conditions like cyclones. Tidal currents vary in the area, with maximum velocities of up to 2 m/s detected in the main channel. In terms of Sea Level Rise (SLR), Projections for 2070, based on locally refined data, indicate an increase of 0.52 m under the RCP8.5 scenario. The assessment of vertical land movement from 2016-2019 suggests a neutral trend with neither definitive subsidence nor uplift. Therefore, in future scenario simulations, impacts of subsidence have been excluded and the elevations of dunes and dikes are assumed to remain unchanged. Cyclones predominantly occur in the wet season from October to March. The nation’s coastline is within the active south-west Indian Ocean cyclone belt, with cyclones forming in the Indian Ocean occasionally drifting towards Africa's eastern shoreline. Cyclones can generate significant surge and wave setups on the coast, with storm surges during intense conditions locally attaining 14 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA heights of 1-2 meters or more. Cyclone paths near Beira were irregular between 1999 and 2019, with notable storms including Desmond and Idai in 2019. The trajectory of cyclones is influenced by latitude variation and Madagascar's blocking position. On average, tropical cyclones impact a segment of Mozambique's coast approximately once annually. The impacts of these storms vary significantly based on local coastal features, storm path, and area vulnerability. Coastal flooding aftermath depends on exposed local infrastructure and communities, and is substantial, especially over broad shelves. The cyclonic patterns are unpredictable, with sporadic clustering observed historically, as in 1961/1962 and 2020/2021 near Beira. Damage from these clusters has been variable, with cyclone Idai in 2019 causing significant destruction. In November 2020, sediment samples from multiple sites along the coast were analyzed. The median grain diameter (D50) of the coastal sand was determined to be coarse, generally ranging from 0.3 mm to 1 mm. The majority of D90 values lie between 1 mm and 2 mm, aligning with previous findings by Alkyon (1998) for the region between Macuti lighthouse and Praia Nova. Across Coastal Stretches 2 through 4, a consistent trend emerged: sediments near the low water line tend to be coarser, occasionally incorporating gravel elements. Air Quality Air quality within the specific region is significantly influenced by economic activities generating gaseous emissions, including industrial combustion processes, prevalent road traffic, and land use patterns. In Coastal Stretch 1 (port area), primary emission sources include vehicle exhaust, marine vessel combustion, biomass burning, and industrial processes, potentially leading to elevated levels of CO, CO2, NOx, SO2, PM, and VOC. Sensitive receptors here include informal settlements and port-associated infrastructures. Coastal Stretch 2 (Rio Chiveve- Ponta Gea) features emissions primarily from domestic and biomass fuel combustion and fishing vessels. Coastal Stretches 3 and 4 (Ponta Gea to Rio Maria) encounter emissions mainly from road traffic and wind erosion in open dune areas. Air quality is notably influenced by activities associated with the Port of Beira, indicating disturbed air quality levels in the area. Noise & Vibration In Stretch 1, primary noise sources include industrial operations, loading and unloading activities at the Port of Beira, and surrounding traffic. Periodic maintenance dredging operations at the port also contribute to existing noise conditions. In Stretches 2, 3, and 4, dominant noise emissions 15 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA are attributed to road traffic and activities associated with tourist and commercial establishments. Sensitive noise and vibration receptors across all stretches primarily include dwellings and commercial establishments located within a proximity of less than 1 km. Topography Beira coastal area exhibits predominantly flat terrain, with portions of the city being prone to coastal and rain-induced flooding due to its location on low-lying areas. Coastal dunes encircle Beira, acting as a buffer against coastal flooding, although Praia Nova is more susceptible to frequent flooding. Coastal Stretch 1 is characterized by concrete quay walls at the port and potential mangrove areas for port expansion. Coastal Stretch 2 is significantly impacted by coastal flooding in the Praia Nova township. Coastal Stretch 3 features a dune ridge, with urgent repair- needed coastal walls, while Coastal Stretch 4 is characterized by tall dunes with certain vulnerabilities. Comprehensive coastal profiles, integrated with Lidar and GEBCO datasets, were documented in November 2020 as part of this Project to craft a consistent nearshore bathymetry and topography dataset which is outlined in the ESIA report. Soils The predominant soils in Central and Southern Mozambique's coastline are unconsolidated sediments, primarily comprising Quaternary soils with ambiguous horizons. Coastal areas feature sandy soils, while riverbanks have grayish fluvial alluvial soils representing Quaternary alluvium deposits. Beira city is pedologically classified under high fertility fluvial soils. Soil types in Beira encompass fluvial marine soils, alluvial terrace soils, brackish soils, and dune soils. The estuarine regions, like the Chiveve channel, harbor saline alluvial soils which are not agriculturally viable but support marine flora and fauna. Dune soils are situated on Beira's eastern coast and are prone to wind erosion unless vegetation cover is maintained. Geology, Soils and Hydrogeology Sofala Bay is situated within the Mozambique basin which comprises two primary geological units: the Lower Complex of Gondwanic age, which includes the Karoo Supergroup, and the Upper Complex of post-Gondwanic age. Beira city is strategically located at the estuary of the Pungwe River, where it merges with the Indian Ocean. Geologically, Beira lies between the western boundary of the Mozambique Channel Basin and the eastern edge of the Urema Basin. The city’s geology features Quaternary Alluvial deposits and Tertiary (Miocene) sandstone deposits, primarily of the Mazamba Formation, which is arkosic sandstone interspersed with mudstone and 16 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA conglomerate layers. The Elluvium formation, dating back to the Holocene period, lies atop the Mazamba Formation and consists mainly of sand and mud sediments. Seismicity Southern Mozambique is located on the southern segment of the continental East African Rift system, a seismically active region. Over the past decade, 97 earthquakes, each with a magnitude of 4 or above, have been registered within a 300-kilometer radius of Mozambique, averaging approximately 9 earthquakes annually. The most powerful recent event occurred on June 24, 2017, with a magnitude of 5.6, located 57 kilometers northwest of Beira. Despite a relatively modest seismic risk in Mozambique overall, the significant earthquake event of 2006 near Beira and the frequency of recent 5+ magnitude events indicate a potential, albeit minimal, seismic risk that warrants consideration in Project planning and design. Protected Areas The Project area is not situated close to protected areas. The closest terrestrial protected zones are Marromeu National Reserve, 163km northeast, and Gorongosa National Park, 113km northwest of Beira. Bazaruto Island, a marine protected area, is located 194km southeast of Beira. A Key Biodiversity Area (KBA), emphasizing the region's ecological and conservation value, encompasses these protected zones and is 80km northwest of Beira. Biodiversity Beira is situated in the Swahilian-Maputaland Transitional Regional zone of Africa, characterized by coastal mosaics, wetlands, and mangrove forests thriving in saline conditions. The Project site falls within the East African Mangrove Ecoregion, as designated by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), a critical sanctuary for diverse marine life. This ecoregion, declared critically endangered by WWF in 2014, supports nine mangrove species, with Avicennia marina predominating in Beira. Flora Historical studies classify the indigenous vegetation in this area as including arboreal savannah, lowland moist forest mosaic, dune grasslands, and mangrove forests. The landscape has changed due to urban growth, resource utilization, and the introduction of invasive plant species, which are linked to agricultural practices and activities. Intertidal and aquatic flora represent a convergence zone between mangroves and land-based vegetation. 17 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA The Project area is part of the Afrotropical region. Several invasive aquatic plant species in Mozambique, including Azolla filiculoides and Eichhornia crassipes, are impacting native aquatic ecosystems. Mangroves Mangrove forests are prevalent along local estuaries, notably the Buzi, Pungwe, Maria, and Chiveve rivers. These forests, comprising six distinct species, host a range of fauna including crabs, shrimps, and gobid fish. Local communities rely on mangroves for coastal defense, natural buffers, and various resources, including wood, charcoal, and fishing. Notably, mangrove degradation has occurred due to wood extraction and charcoal production, with a recorded loss of 608.17 ha between 2002 and 2019. Cyclone Idai in 2019 significantly impacted these forests, affecting 741 ha, as per IUCN 2020 data. While mangrove replanting initiatives exist, preservation remains challenging due to illegal logging and resource constraints. Fauna Urban areas host a range of terrestrial fauna, including rodents (Mus sp., Rattus spp.), domesticated animals (dogs, cats), and various bird species (e.g., Passer motitensis, Corvus albus). Wetlands in the region, encompassing rice fields, mangroves, and unused salt marshes, serve as key habitats that enhance animal biodiversity, particularly for bird species such as Euplectes oryx and Egretta garzeta. In Mozambique, invasive alien species, including Corvus splendens and Monomorium destructor, have been identified. Sofala Bay's intertidal zone is rich in macrobenthic groups, including polychaetes, decapod crustaceans, and bivalves, with Meretrix meretrix being a dominant species. The bay’s aquatic life includes pelagic and demersal fish, rays, sharks, detritivores, among others. Marine megafauna such as dolphins and whales were last sighted in 1977 (Saetre & Silva, 1979). Wetlands Beira's wetlands, historically expansive, are vital ecosystems characterized by aquatic plants, serving roles in water purification, carbon processing, shoreline stabilization, and as biodiversity habitats. Unique termite mound structures, locally known as Muchén, act as refuges for various fauna. These wetlands, however, are under threat due to conversion into residential areas, hotels, and rice farms, leading to potential habitat degradation, fauna loss, and increased flooding. 18 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Seagrass Meadows and Mudflats While the distribution of seagrass in the region remains largely unstudied, common species like Halodule uninervis are anticipated to be present in shallow peripheries of the seawater. Field surveys did not identify seagrass beds, suggesting their likely limited presence. The nearest recorded area of seagrass is at Rio Savane. Mudflats are the primary sediment near the estuary’s end, notably around the port area and extending to the beachfront. Clams, particularly Meretrix meretrix, a commercially valuable species, predominantly inhabit the sandbanks of Púnguè near the port. Administrative Location and Division The Project is located in Beira City, Mozambique's fourth-largest city by population. Beira, the capital of Sofala Province, is geographically situated at coordinates 19°50' S and 34°51' E. The city is bordered by the Dondo District to the north, the Indian Ocean to the south and east, and the Búzi District to the west. Beira spans 718 km² and was designated as a city on 20 August 1907. The city operates as a municipality, divided into 5 Urban Administrative Posts, 26 neighborhoods, 123 Communal Units, and over 2458 Quarters. Community Organization The local community's organizational hierarchy consists of four main levels: Administrative Post, Neighborhood, Unit Blocks, and Quarter Areas, with leaders at each level. These leaders not only address community issues but also work towards capitalizing on the community’s inherent strengths and resources. They act as catalysts and mediators, bridging the gap between local needs and external entities, including the state and civil society. Population and Population Growth As of the 2022 Statistical Yearbook, Beira City had a population of 719.805 inhabitants (359.903 males and 359.902 females), leading to a population density of 1137 individuals per km² and an annual growth rate of 1.9%. Projected population data suggests a median growth rate of 2.5%, with an estimated population of 2,141,232 by 2070. Current high population densities are observed in areas such as Chaimite, Pioneiros, and the city center. Notably, trends suggest a growing preference for coastal relocations. 19 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Fertility and Mortality Beira City's fertility rate, as per UNICEF (2022), stands at 5,1 children per woman (aged 15-49), marking a decrease from 5.8 children per woman in 1997. The city's Gross Mortality Rate is 32.3 deaths, with an Infant Mortality Rate of 105.8 deaths per 1000 births. Education Data from 2022 Statistical Yearbook indicates that Beira is home to 131 educational institutions, which constitute 7% of Sofala Province’s educational establishments. Of these, 113 are primary schools (86% of the total), with 80 state-owned and 24 privates. Beira also has 28 secondary schools, 2 public technical-professional schools, and higher education institutions. (INE, 2010 in the Environmental Prefeasibility Study and Scope Definition (EPDA) report by Royal Haskoning DHV, 2022) Among Beira's residents, 44.4% have not completed any formal education, 28.3% have completed primary schooling, 25.7% have secondary education, and 0.6% have higher education qualifications. The city faces significant illiteracy rates, particularly among females. Religion, Faith, and Spirituality Mozambique has a diverse religious landscape, with Catholics constituting the dominant group at 27% nationally. In Beira City, Catholics account for 32% of the population, with Evangelicals at 23%. Other religious groups each represent smaller percentages, and 14% of the national and 24% of Beira's population do not affiliate with any religious group. (Environmental Prefeasibility Study and Scope Definition (EPDA) report by Royal Haskoning DHV, 2022) Housing The 2017 Census shows that a significant 60.4% of Sofala Province's inhabitants reside in traditional huts, contrasting Beira City where just 8.2% do. In Beira, the dominant housing types are basic houses (40.7%) and mixed houses (36.6%). Additionally, 88.6% of Beira households utilize electricity for lighting. (Environmental Prefeasibility Study and Scope Definition (EPDA) report by Royal Haskoning DHV, 2022) Employment In 2022, Mozambique had an employment rate of 71%, with women constituting 69%. The national unemployment rate was 18% and high rate was observed among men (18%), but Sofala province reported a higher 15.4% (IOF, 2022). Beira City, heavily influenced by the Port of Beira 20 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA and the Industrial Zone, recorded 8,949 unemployed individuals in 2018. The formal sector in Beira comprises mainly the service and commerce sectors. Agriculture and Livestock Beira's agriculture is largely traditional and subsistence-oriented, primarily focusing on rice and vegetables. The city registered 46,371 small agricultural units with rice as the major crop. (SPAE, 2021 and Environmental Prefeasibility Study and Scope Definition (EPDA) report by Royal Haskoning DHV, 2022) Fishing Fishing is pivotal to Beira, with a mix of artisanal and industrial fishing. The city is experiencing pressures due to rising global demand and depleting fish stocks. In 2021, was registered a total of 6.995,54 tons of fish captured in the Beira city (INE, 2021). Small-scale fishermen's catch in Mozambique is Projected to reach 508,000 tons (PESOE, 2024). Industry and Services Beira has Mozambique's second-largest industrial park, emphasizing sectors like fishing, food, textile, and construction. The city also has a concentration of services, including banking and insurance. Commerce With a strategic location and industrial connection, Beira's commerce sector, including formal markets and services, is expanding. Tourism Once a sought-after tourist spot, Beira's appeal has declined over the years, mainly attracting business tourists currently. According to the Province Directorate of Tourism, in 2021, projections indicated 398 restaurants and hotels in Beira with a total of 3828 rooms, providing 3,711 jobs (INE, 2021). The city offers a range of accommodation and dining options, with an increase in small-scale establishments. (Environmental Prefeasibility Study and Scope Definition (EPDA) report by Royal Haskoning DHV, 2022) Economic Activities in Coastal Stretches: 21 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA • Coastal Stretch 1 is characterized by a diverse economy. It is home to industrial facilities, including cement producers, water treatment, and solid waste recycling services, as well as a major port with grain, coal, and fuel terminals. Commercial activities range from formal retail outlets to informal stalls, and tourism potential is seen in various establishments. • Coastal Stretch 2 is primarily driven by fishing, including local, semi-industrial, and industrial operations. It houses five fish processing plants in Praia Nova and a significant shipbuilding industry. Trading occurs through formal outlets, such as general stores, and informal stalls in the Praia Nova market. • Coastal Stretch 3 is predominantly a tourist and residential area with small-scale fishing activities. It features service-oriented entities and vibrant tourism establishments, despite damages sustained from natural calamities and the pandemic. Both formal and informal trade are present. • Coastal Stretch 4 focuses on artisanal fishing, where catches, including marora and corvina, are sold in local markets. The trading environment, especially at Estoril beach, is mainly informal. (Environmental Prefeasibility Study and Scope Definition (EPDA) report by Royal Haskoning DHV, 2022) Health Services Health is a critical foundation in Mozambique, with the National Health System operating at four service tiers. In Beira City there are 16 health facilities, including one Central Hospital in Macúti municipality village, and another one General Hospital built in Mungassa area (INE, 2022). Common diseases include malaria, HIV/AIDS, STI, tuberculosis, and COVID-19. Adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures among the populace is varied, causing concern among health professionals. As of 2021, Beira employed 1073 health professionals, including 289 males and 568 females. Water Services Access to improved water sources in Mozambique has been increasing, but a significant disparity in terms of access to secure water remains between urban (78% access) and rural (41% access) areas (IOF, 2022). As of 2021, in Beira there were 72 water sources benefitting a total of 18.300 inhabitants (INE, 2021). 22 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Waste, Wastewater and Sanitation In Beira City, less than 20% of residents had access to an established sanitation system as of 2007. Recent infrastructure improvements were made through joint European Commission and Mozambican government funding, focusing on rainwater drainage, sewage disposal, and wastewater treatment systems. Studies suggest that over 25% of residents still lack a reliable sanitation system, and about 30% have no system at all (AIAS, 2014). Transportation Infrastructure The City of Beira has a diverse transportation infrastructure comprising asphalted, paved, compacted earth, and unpaved roads. The city is strategically connected to the broader regional network, with National Road N°6 (EN6) serving as the primary conduit. Currently, there is a notable deterioration in the condition of many roads, although local authorities are actively working to enhance the city's thoroughfares. This includes significant upgrades in the city center where asphalt is being replaced with paving stones. Public and private entities manage the conveyance of people and goods. Despite improvements in the public transportation system, now managed by the “Transporte Municipal da Beira” (TMB), it remains insufficient to meet the growing transportation needs of residents. Vulnerable Groups Vulnerable groups in Beira are individuals at risk of social exclusion and disadvantages due to various socio-economic factors, such as their gender, age, health, socio-economic status, and more. Notably, vulnerability is distinct from poverty, as it encompasses broader factors affecting an individual’s susceptibility to risks. The predominant vulnerable groups in the Project area are orphaned children, widowed women, and people with physical disabilities. Their concentration is mainly in informal settlements of various coastal stretches, characterized by poor habitability conditions, inadequate sanitation, lack of basic services, and unstable income sources. • Coastal Stretch 1 mainly hosts vulnerable groups in the informal settlement of Units “E and F” of Munhava- Matope due to precarious living conditions and unreliable income sources. • Coastal Stretch 2 has vulnerable groups mostly in informal settlements in the Praia Nova area, living in poor conditions. 23 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA • Coastal Stretch 3 reveals vulnerable groups primarily in the informal settlement of the Ex- Grande Hotel, living in inadequate housing conditions and facing significant income insecurity. • Coastal Stretch 4 does not have significant population settlements; thus, no notable vulnerable groups are identified. Land-Use, Permitting, and Ownership: Current and Projected land use varies across the four coastal stretches. • Stretch 1 is predominantly port and industrial zones with some informal settlements. Notable Projected changes by 2070 include port expansion into wetlands, upgrades of residential areas, and a major new roadway. • Stretch 2 is primarily residential and commercial, with anticipated upgrades to the Praia Nova residential area by 2070. • Stretch 3 is mainly residential, with similar land use patterns Projected for 2070, but with upgrades anticipated for areas near Beira's city center. • Stretch 4 is currently relatively untouched with a few recreational and touristic facilities. By 2070, transformations are expected, including development into parks or tourism-related activities, creation of water storage reservoirs, and new roadway and drainage infrastructure developments. 1.4 Environmental and Social Impacts Air Quality and Dust: During the construction phase of the Project the use of machinery, vessels, and equipment, including dredging vessels, land vehicles, and cranes, is expected to temporarily affect air quality. Emissions from these operations will likely include particulate matter, contributing to increased dust levels, as well as exhaust gases such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons. Sensitive receptors, including educational institutions, places of worship, and certain residential zones located within 500 m to 2,500 m of the Areas of Interest (AoI), are anticipated to experience minimal disturbance. The existing baseline air quality is partially 24 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA degraded; however, the Project's additional emissions may represent a smaller proportionate change relative to existing conditions. Noise & Vibration: Construction activities, particularly the use of heavy machinery and land vehicles, are expected to result in increased noise and vibration levels in terrestrial environments. Sensitive receptors within 500 m to 2,500 m of Stretches 3 and 4 are expected to experience some disturbance. In the marine environment, dredging activities are expected to produce underwater noise emissions, potentially affecting marine species sensitive to acoustic disturbances. Soils: In the northern section of Stretch 2, potential impacts on soils during construction include the risk of soil pollution and contamination, primarily from improper management of fuels, oils, and hydraulic fluids used in construction machinery. Contamination may also occur from foreign sediments introduced for construction purposes and from materials dredged from marine environments, which may carry contaminants including heavy metals and Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Movement and operation of heavy machinery may lead to degradation or alterations in soil structure, including potential compaction, affecting soil’s ability to support vegetation and its water infiltration capacity. Hydrogeology: Construction activities pose risks to local groundwater quality, notably from potential leaks or spills of construction materials. The movement of heavy machinery and equipment may alter soil permeability, thereby affecting groundwater movement and aquifer recharge dynamics. Revegetation of the clay dike in Stretch 4 using Chrysopogon zizanioides can alter soil structure but is not expected to significantly affect the local hydrogeology due to the scale, elevation of the dike, and water table conditions. Coastal Dynamics: During the construction phase, dredging activities may alter sediment transport patterns within the Project area, potentially modifying coastal dynamics. This may intensify existing erosion in some areas and promote excessive deposition in others, but impacts are anticipated to be moderate to high. 25 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Waste and Wastewater: Significant challenges related to waste and wastewater management are expected during the construction phase, including the lack of structured waste management and wastewater treatment facilities in the area. Informal dumping practices observed during the consultant's site visit, the absence of a local wastewater treatment facility, and the distance to the nearest municipal waste handling facility collectively indicate a high potential for significant impacts, including illegal dumping and contamination of local land and water resources. Terrestrial and Coastal Biodiversity: The updated version of the design report states: “The “Flood wall” behind the mangroves has been confirmed as the optimized solution to protect the City from floods while saving as much as possible the mangrove habitat. The alignment of the “flood wall” has been indicated by AIAS, together with CMB, optimizing the need to protect the most part of the mangrove habitat, the need to avoid and the need to minimize the cost. With the chosen solution, the best-preserved part of the mangrove habitat of Section 6 (about 9 ha) is protected, resettlements or loss of properties are avoided, and the costs have been optimized.” (pg325/409+ 74/409 – Section 5 of the revised Detailed design report v3, October 2023) This implies the previous proposed construction activities that would necessitate the removal of mangroves has been revised. Planting of mangrove species such as Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Ceriops tagal, and Sonneratia alba is still planned to enhance the biodiversity of the area and restore areas where mangroves had been destroyed by other activities over the years. A revised list of plant species recommended for dune revegetation was included the latest version of the design report which includes shrubs, grasses, creeper and herbs. Marine Biodiversity: The Project area hosts rich marine biodiversity, including notable species such the endangered green turtle. Proposed dredging activities during the construction phase, present potential challenges. Specific concerns include noise emissions from machinery and vessels, increased water turbulence, and potential modification of underwater topography, which may affect local marine life. These disturbances may result in navigational challenges for migrating whales, induce stress, and increase the risk of potential physical complications. Additionally, the mobilization of sediments during dredging can lead to increased water turbidity, potentially affecting the light 26 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA availability for seagrass beds, which are essential feeding grounds for some marine species, and may also impact benthic communities in mudflat habitats. It should be noted that marine megafauna species have not been sighted in the project area since 1977 and that the nearest seagrass bed identified from recent research is at Rio Savane. Water Quality: During the construction phase of the Project, dredging activities may cause significant alterations to water quality in the Project area. Dredging operations are expected to mobilize bottom sediments, resulting in increased water turbidity due to the introduction of higher quantities of suspended sediment into the water column. This is a significant concern, as Sofala Bay, where the Project is located, already exhibits naturally high turbidity levels, and the dredging activities have the potential to further exacerbate this condition. In relation to on-land construction activities, specific concerns exist regarding potential contamination and resultant nearshore turbidity. The movement of heavy machinery, as well as the use and potential spillage of construction materials, fuels, oils, and hydraulic fluids, presents substantial risks of soil and water contamination. The Project's proximity to the coastline and the tidal nature of the area exacerbate these risks. The regular ebb and flow of tides could facilitate the transport of contaminants from the construction site into the marine environment, increasing the likelihood that contaminants could be rapidly disseminated into nearshore waters, thereby magnifying the potential impacts on water quality. However it should be noted that dredging in the Macuti channel has been an ongoing activity for several years. Socio-Economic Opportunities: (Positive) The construction stage of the Project is estimated to generate significant socio-economic opportunities, including direct employment for approximately 165 workers (38 skilled and 127 unskilled), based on preliminary estimates. This employment may enable skill development among workers and the creation of local business opportunities (e.g., catering, supply provision, cleaning services), potentially leading to business expansion and additional employment. Notably, women may find opportunities in non-specialized roles, and through small businesses serving Project workers. Impacts on Livelihoods: However, negative impacts are also anticipated during the construction phase, including temporary disruptions to local commercial activities, notably fishing, which is vital for families in 27 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Praia Nova. These disruptions may lead to temporary income loss, affecting livelihoods and food security in the long term. Temporary Labour Influx: During the construction phase, the Project is likely to attract external labor, increasing risks of community conflicts, sexual exploitation, abuse, and gender-based violence, significantly impacting community well-being. Road Traffic and Transportation: During the construction phase of the Project, increased road traffic is expected, potentially obstructing local traders and residents. Gender-Based Violence: During the construction phase of the Project, gender issues are apparent, with women being under-represented in construction activities, and the potential for increased gender-based violence and sexual exploitation and abuse, arising from the cultural mix of workers and their living conditions. These impacts are considered high in magnitude and significance, requiring careful management, with a commitment to a Livelihood Restoration Strategy and stringent measures against gender-based violence and sexual exploitation and abuse. Dissemination of STIs and HIV/AIDS: During the construction phase of the Project, HIV/AIDS infection, STDs, and tuberculosis are heightened concerns due to interactions between construction workers and local communities. The influx of workers with income may attract sex workers, exacerbating the risk of disease transmission in an area with high HIV/AIDS prevalence rates. Child Labour During the construction phase of the Project, child labor and potential abuse by contractor's workers are identified risks, requiring stringent safeguarding measures. Public Infrastructure and Utilities Construction activities, specifically coastal protection works and expansion works, risk damaging existing public infrastructure, including roads, electrical networks, sewer systems, water supply, and communication lines. 28 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Land Ownership and Land Use: While physical resettlement is not anticipated, temporary disruptions may affect property owners and businesses along the Project area. Cultural Heritage: The Project risks fracturing longstanding social networks and cultural ties among residents, especially those in Praia Nova. The loss of these social and cultural connections is identified as a significant and lasting impact. Occupational Health and Safety During the construction phase of the Project, occupational health and safety are significant concerns, with construction activities posing a risk of accidents involving workers, animals, or vehicles, potentially leading to injuries or fatalities. Animals to be considered for Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) aspects include the following: • Snakes: Venomous snake species such as the Black Mamba, Mozambique Spitting Cobra, and Puff Adder might be present in the area. These snakes can pose a significant threat to workers if they encounter them during construction activities. • Insects: Mosquitoes are prevalent in many parts of Mozambique and can transmit diseases like malaria. Other insects like bees, wasps, and certain types of ants could also pose risks through stings and bites. Community Health and Safety: During the construction phase of the Project, community health and safety risks are also prevalent, as construction activities in a densely populated urban environment, involving heavy machinery and vehicle movements, pose potential safety risks to residents, including vulnerable populations such as children and the elderly. These impacts are assessed as being of local scope but high significance 1.5 Mitigation and Management Measures Air Quality and Dust: During construction, the contractor is responsible for multiple mitigation strategies, including adherence to a 15km/h speed limit, regular dust suppression, secure covering of loose material 29 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA stockpiles, and weekly inspection of all machinery. The goal is to ensure the reduction of air quality impacts like dust dispersion and particulate emissions. Importantly, burning waste on-site is strictly prohibited. Noise & Vibration: Mitigation approaches encompass scheduled daytime operations for noisy activities, use of modern machinery with lower noise output, minimizing vehicle traffic in densely populated areas, and implementing a noise exceedance investigation procedure if noise thresholds are breached or complaints arise. Soils: Mitigation measures for soil include thorough testing of dredged materials for contaminants, clear demarcation of stockpile areas, restriction of vehicle movements to specified zones, and optimized machinery usage to limit soil compaction. There's an emphasis on preventing soil pollution, especially during maintenance and refueling of machinery. During the construction phase, the contractor should undertake the restoration of soils to their pre-construction conditions as soon as possible, immediately after completion of construction works within each area. This includes levelling to pre-construction topography and the revegetation of landscapes using suitable indigenous plant species in all regions impacted by construction and soil disturbances attributable to the Project. Additionally, public awareness initiatives are suggested to emphasize the importance of soil conservation. These campaigns aim to educate the local population about their integral role in sustaining soil health. Hydrogeology: The contractor must prohibit hazardous waste and wastewater disposal on land and ensure good housekeeping practices on-site. Furthermore, machines and engines must have accessible drip trays and spill kits, with staff trained for their use. During the operations phase, the following mitigation measures are recommended: The Municipality of Beira, in coordination with AIAS, should prioritize sustainable water management. Actions include conducting assessments to identify alternative water sources that reduce groundwater abstraction, exploring other potential water sources like treated wastewater and rainwater harvesting, and defining limits on groundwater extraction based on hydrogeological studies. Monitoring programs are essential, especially to detect saline intrusion into groundwater aquifers, and are included in the ESMP. Water conservation efforts, such as the use of drip irrigation and maintenance of irrigation 30 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA systems, alongside scheduling planting activities to periods of high natural water availability, should be incorporated. Coastal Dynamics: A detailed Dredging Management Plan should be created by the contractor responsible for this activity, with emphasis on minimizing disruptions to local marine life and ensuring no significant alteration of current flows. Guidelines have been shared in the ESMP. During the operations phase, the following mitigation measures are recommended: The Municipality of Beira, in coordination with the AIAS, should closely monitor sediment movement and erosion near rock revetments and rehabilitated dunes. Implementing scour protection, like toe protection, is crucial to reduce local scouring. Developing a sediment management plan will aid in controlling sediment displacement. A routine maintenance and health assessment program for revegetated areas should be instituted for their long-term stability. Waste and Wastewater: A holistic approach to waste management is required, prioritizing prevention, reduction, reuse, and recycling. Installation of sanitation facilities, segregation of waste at the source, and clear waste management protocols in partnership with local municipalities are also vital. Hazardous waste mandates include daily off-site transfers and proper storage, backed by meticulous record- keeping and inventory management. Terrestrial and Coastal Biodiversity During the construction phase, the contractor and engineering design firm should implement measures to protect terrestrial and coastal biodiversity, including cleaning machinery to prevent the spread of invasive plants. In the operations phase, the Municipality of Beira is advised to establish long-term monitoring of mangrove health, and involve local communities in mangrove conservation as well as dune re-vegetation and management. These measures are aligned with the mitigation hierarchy to minimize identified impacts as detailed in Chapter 7 of the ESIA. 31 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Marine Biodiversity For marine biodiversity, vessel movement routes should be chosen to avoid disrupting seagrass habitats during both construction and operation phases. Although it was noted from literature review that sea grass habitats with relatively high species richness exist in the vicinity of the Project (more towards Rio Savane, some distance away), there is a low likelihood of these being present in the dredging areas of the project as the sea is turbid and does not allow for this habitat to develop well in this part of the bay. During the operations phase, the following mitigation measures are recommended for implementation by the Municipality: coordinate with other project operators to minimize cumulative impacts on marine biodiversity, regularly monitor water quality and marine habitats, and develop response plans for significant negative changes in marine biodiversity. Monitoring programs focused on water quality (turbidity, salinity, pollutants) are crucial. Marine biodiversity, especially in sensitive habitats, should be continually assessed. Water Quality Water quality maintenance is important. To this end, the introduction of silt curtains during dredging is recommended. Dredging activities are best conducted during low flow periods to minimize disturbance. Additionally, vessels carrying dry materials should ensure these materials are securely covered to prevent contamination of surrounding waters. During the operations phase, the following mitigation measures are recommended: AIAS should initiate a rigorous water quality monitoring program, measuring various parameters against baseline conditions and set standards. Protocols for accidental spill responses and regular infrastructure inspections are fundamental. Emphasis on the use of eco-friendly materials and continual staff training will further enhance water quality management. Socio-Economic Opportunities Socio-economic factors play a crucial role in project implementation. Positive socio-economic impacts can be amplified by establishing clear policies for local labor recruitment and training workers to enhance their employability. Transparent communication with local authorities, promoting women's participation in the workforce, supporting local vendors, and hiring local firms for machinery maintenance are all steps that can lead to a greater positive impact on local communities. 32 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Impacts on Livelihoods The project is anticipated to have a temporary negative effect on the livelihoods of artisanal fishermen during the construction phase. This will be mitigated by a Livelihood Restoration Plan and continuous engagement with those affected to ensure any negative effects are addressed. Temporary Labor Influx With the potential influx of temporary labor, comprehensive plans for labor and workforce management are required. These should include the creation of a worker code of conduct and clear communication regarding the specific needs of the project's workforce. Road Traffic and Transportation Ensuring road safety and minimal disturbance to local communities is a priority. Construction sites should have clear signage, vehicles must follow specific operational guidelines, and work schedules should be communicated transparently to those in affected areas. Gender-Based Violence and Gender Issues Addressing gender issues, especially those related to gender-based violence, is vital. Ensuring equal employment opportunities for all, adopting a thorough code of conduct, and introducing robust grievance mechanisms can help address these concerns. HIV/AIDS Prevention The prevention of HIV/AIDS spread is critical. Initiatives like the Health Management Program and continuous medical education for the project team will be instrumental in addressing this concern. Child Labor Child labor is strictly prohibited, and there should be clear communication about hiring criteria. Awareness campaigns on the risks and implications of child labor are essential. Public Infrastructure and Utilities Protecting the integrity of public utilities and infrastructure involves careful mapping and safeguarding of these assets. Active involvement from local communities and stakeholders is vital to ensure minimal disruption. 33 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Land Ownership and Use Regarding land ownership and usage, disturbances to local communities must be minimized. This can be achieved through appropriate signage, considerate vehicle operations, and transparency in work operations. Cultural Heritage Protecting cultural heritage is of utmost importance. This requires active engagement with stakeholders, forging partnerships with local organizations, and ensuring vulnerable families, particularly those near heritage sites, receive necessary assistance. Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) To ensure the avoidance and minimization of impacts identified in Chapter 7 during the construction phase, the contractor is advised to employ several mitigation measures. Key among these are the development of a rigorous health and safety risk analysis procedure before initiating any activity and training the workforce to effectively manage potential risks. It is essential that workers utilize personal protective equipment—such as uniforms, goggles, masks, boots, gloves, and earphones—matched to their work environments. The contractor should also establish and enforce health and safety protocols tailored for higher-risk activities. Additionally, a well-defined procedure should be in place for managing accidents and emergency scenarios. Finally, the adherence to a code of conduct (CoC) will be mandatory for all workers. Community Health and Safety For the safety of the broader community, the contractor must implement several protective measures during construction. All work areas should be clearly signposted and isolated, especially to safeguard against unauthorized access by vulnerable individuals like children. An active outreach initiative is necessary to educate local communities about potential risks and preventive actions to sidestep accidents. Drivers of vehicles and heavy machinery should receive training in defensive driving techniques. Implementing a fleet management tracking system can help in monitoring the movement and speed of construction vehicles. The establishment of clear speed limits, particularly in high-risk areas, will further bolster community safety. Just as with occupational health and safety, an internal procedure should be ready for handling accidents and emergencies. Moreover, a code of conduct (CoC) signing will be requisite for all workers. 34 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 1.6 Final Considerations This ESIA has evaluated the projected environmental and social impacts that are anticipated to emerge during the construction and operations phases of the Project. Key focal areas, from soils to marine biodiversity, have been analyzed, and a comprehensive mitigation strategy developed. The prescribed measures seek not only to mitigate adverse outcomes but to enhance positive impacts wherever feasible. The involvement of the AIAS is instrumental in ensuring the application of these guidelines, emphasizing sustainable water management, biodiversity preservation, sediment control, and comprehensive monitoring across various environmental spectrums. On the social frontier, the enhancement of the Early Warning System and bolstering the resilience of the Beira Coastal area against climatic changes is most important. As the project develops, continuous adaptation and feedback mechanisms should be incorporated, ensuring that these mitigation measures are not only implemented but are also useful in addressing the environmental and social challenges that lie ahead. The collaborative involvement of local communities and stakeholders will further ensure the project's commitment to responsible and sustainable development. 35 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 2 Introduction This Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) report, developed by EcoConServ and SWMoz-Svosve for the Beira Coastal Protection Project (BCPP) in the city of Beira and funded by the International Development Association (IDA) trough WB and Dutch Government trough Invest International (II) and the KfW Development Bank, presents a systematic evaluation of the potential environmental and social impacts associated with the proposed Project. The report offers a comprehensive investigation from the Project's description, and objectives, a comprehensive description of the Environmental and Social (E&S) baseline conditions, to the detailed analysis of the Project’s E&S impacts, mitigation measures, and monitoring plans. The ESIA process, adhering to the World Bank’s (WB) Environmental and Social Standards (ESSs), aims to identify and assess the Project's potential environmental and social risks, devise mitigation strategies, and establish monitoring plans. This document facilitates informed decision- making and ensures alignment of the Project with international best practices, promoting both environmental sustainability and social responsibility. Furthermore, the report considers alternative approaches, ensuring the proposed Project caters to the needs and wellbeing of all relevant parties. 2.1 Project Background Mozambique is continually confronted with a myriad of natural calamities, ranging from cyclones to droughts and flooding. Given its vast river basins, reliance on agricultural production, prevalent poverty, and underdeveloped infrastructure, the nation is especially susceptible to these external shocks. Over the years, natural events like floods, cyclones, and strong winds have recurrently jeopardized Mozambique's infrastructure stability. Specifically, the city of Beira has been identified as vulnerable, notably for storm surge risks due to cyclones, with recent assessments even surpassing the predictions of the Beira City Master Plan (PDB) 2035. Developed in 2013, the PDB was the Municipality of Beira's initiative, fortified by the Dutch government's support and funding. Envisioned as the blueprint for Beira's urban and industrial growth trajectory, the plan accentuates measures to offset the ramifications of flooding and climate fluctuations, thereby enhancing the safety, sanitary conditions, and life quality of Beira's residents. The plan, however, did not delve into disaster anticipation and preparedness facets, like city-level early warning systems or post-flood recovery protocols. This gap became evident when tropical cyclones Idai and Kenneth wreaked havoc in 2019, emphasizing the pressing need for coastal protection investments and augmented drainage systems. The Beira Municipal Plan 36 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA for Recovery and Resilience, formulated post these cyclones, underscored coastal protection as the foremost infrastructure necessity, necessitating an estimated investment of nearly $91 million. It is within this framework that the Beira Coastal Protection Project (BCPP) emerges. The Water and Sanitation Infrastructure Administration – Public Institute (AIAS,IP), in tandem with the Municipal Council of Beira, has embarked on this Project. Funded by the Dutch Government, KfW Development Bank, and the World Bank Group, the Project's goal is to bolster Beira's defense mechanisms against coastal inundations and amplify its resilience towards evolving climatic patterns. AIAS-IP, which evolved organizationally in 2020, plays a pivotal role in managing vital water and wastewater systems for the public. An array of meticulous studies, including shoreline assessments, geotechnical probes, and socio-economic analyses, have steered the Project's direction, culminating in various reports like the Environmental Prefeasibility Study and Scope Definition (EPDA), Feasibility Report, and a preliminary design report presented in July 2023. The Project encompasses interventions across four distinct coastal stretches, each with its unique approach and briefly outlined below: • Coastal Stretch 1: Emphasizes policies and land-use planning measures and includes the establishment of an Early Warning System (EWS) to alert residents of imminent threats and flood awareness. • Coastal Stretch 2: This section addresses measures in both the North and South Sections. The action plan comprises the establishment of a concrete L-wall adjacent to the northern mangroves of Praia Nova, the development of vegetated dunes paired with fencing in both Praia Nova and its southern mangroves, and the addition of rock protection connecting to Ponta-Gêa. • Coastal Stretch 3: The primary focus here is on the formation of vegetated dunes complemented by fencing, the rehabilitation of coastal barriers and thoroughfares, and the fortification of existing dunes. • Coastal Stretch 4: This final stretch concentrates on the moderate reinforcement of dunes and vegetation from Macuti extending to the midpoint towards Rio Maria. Additionally, there will be the construction of a clay dike to thwart seawater from permeating into the city. Furthermore, it should be noted that these four coastal stretches are further delineated into a total of ten coastal sections. For a comprehensive understanding and detailed information on each section, refer to Chapter 3 - Project Description. 37 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA In the development phase of the Project, a feasibility study was conducted by Royal Haskoning DHV in 2020/2021. In July 2023, a preliminary design report was presented to AIAS-IP by the engineering consultant. A multitude of comprehensive studies has been completed to date as integral components of the Project's development process. These studies, which include shoreline and topographical surveys, bathymetric evaluations, seabed sampling and analysis, geotechnical investigations, hydraulic and morphological studies, flood inundation modeling, socio-economic surveys, ecological habitat examinations, and evaluations of current coastal protection systems, have informed the formulation of various reports for the Project. Notably, these studies have played a pivotal role in the development of the Environmental Prefeasibility Study and Scope Definition (EPDA), the Feasibility Report, and the aforementioned preliminary design report. 2.2 Project Objectives The primary aim of the Project is to ensure long-term protection for Beira against coastal flooding and enhance the city's resilience to climatic changes and future cyclone events. This will be achieved through the reinforcement and restoration of coastal protection infrastructure, harmoniously incorporated into Beira's urban and natural landscape. Additionally, the integration of an early warning flood system is pivotal to the Project's objectives, ensuring timely preparedness and response mechanisms for impending cyclonic events. 2.3 Purpose and Scope of the ESIA The primary purpose of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for the BCPP is to identify, evaluate, and effectively manage potential environmental and social impacts associated with the Project. By assessing the Project's consequences on the natural and human environment, the ESIA aims to ensure that the Project aligns with regulatory requirements, adheres to best practices, and minimizes adverse effects while maximizing benefits for the communities and the environment. The scope of the assessment encompasses the construction, operation, and decommissioning phases, providing a comprehensive understanding of the Project's potential effects throughout its lifecycle. 2.4 Summary of Approach and Methodology of the ESIA The approach employed in the development of this ESIA involves drawing upon a diverse array of resources to accurately assess the baseline conditions through the use of both primary and secondary data. This includes desktop research, field site visits, field measurements, and active stakeholder engagement. Upon establishing a comprehensive understanding of the baseline 38 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA conditions of the Project and the surrounding area, the ESIA team conducted an extensive impact assessment to evaluate the potential consequences of the Project. For a more in-depth exploration of the methodologies employed in this ESIA, please refer to Chapter 5, which offers a detailed account of the various criteria and analytical approaches utilized to evaluate the significance of the Project's impacts and inform the development of appropriate mitigation and enhancement measures. 2.5 Scope of the ESIA Report This draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) comprehensively evaluates the impacts of the Project during both its construction and operational phases. The assessment is based on a thorough review of available information and documentation, including the feasibility report, the Project's Stakeholder Engagement Plan, and the preliminary and detailed design reports prepared by the design consultant. Additionally, the analysis incorporates observations and insights gained from the consultant's field visits. The aim of this ESIA is to ensure that all potential environmental and social risks are identified and effectively integrated into the tender documentation for the Project contractors. This approach is reflective of a strong commitment to managing environmental and social risks in the execution of the Project. It is acknowledged that this draft represents an initial phase in the ESIA process and integration of the Stakeholder Engagement and Public Participation will be integrated into the next revision of the ESIA. 2.6 Report Structure The organization of the ESIA is structured through a series of chapters, each focusing on a specific aspect of the assessment. This structure allows for comprehensive understanding of the BCPP and its potential impacts and their subsequent management and monitoring. The chapters are organized as follows: • Chapter 1:Executive Summary • Chapter 2: Introduction • Chapter 3: Project Description • Chapter 4: Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework • Chapter 5: ESIA Scope and Methodology • Chapter 6: Environmental and Social Baseline Conditions 39 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA • Chapter 7: Analysis of Impacts • Chapter 8: Mitigation and Compensation Measures • Chapter 9: Conclusion • Chapter 10: Annexes and Supplementary Information 2.7 Project Parties The institutional parties involved in the coastal protection Project comprise a diverse set of entities. The lenders for the Project are represented by the Dutch Government, KfW (Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau), Invest International and the World Bank Group. Serving as the Project proponent is AIAS-IP (Administração de Infraestruturas de Água e Saneamento – Administration of Water and Sanitation Infrastructures), an Institution operating under the Ministry of Public Works, Housing and Water Resources in Mozambique. The Coastal Protection department of the Municipality of Beira is involved in all phases of the project from concept, construction, operations and maintenance. Finally, under the oversight of the Project Proponent AIAS-IP, one or more contractors will be engaged to execute the construction works and associated Project activities integral to the successful implementation of the coastal protection initiative. More details regarding the specific roles and responsibilities of each of these entities, and other associated governmental entities will be further defined in the next version of the ESIA. 40 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Figure 2-1: Basic Institutional Arrangements (To be revised with inclusion of Municipality of Beira details in revised ESIA at a later date) 41 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 3 Project Description 3.1 Project Location The BCPP will be undertaken in the city of Beira, a key city in Sofala Province of Mozambique. Spanning a length of 19.5 km along the coastline, the Project plays a pivotal role in reinforcing the coastal areas against natural forces and environmental concerns. The coastal protection Project is systematically organized into four distinct stretches, each of which represents a specific geographic area targeted for intervention. Within these four overarching stretches, the Project further delineates a total of ten coastal sections. Each of these sections is a sub-unit within its respective stretch and is designated as a specific focus area for the implementation of various protection measures and activities. This hierarchical structuring of the Project—beginning with the broader stretches and refining down to the more focused coastal sections—allows for precise, targeted management and implementation of the coastal protection strategies, taking into account the unique characteristics and needs of each specific area within the overall Project scope. • Coastal Stretch 1 encompasses the zone between the area of Beira Port expansion and the Rio Chiveve outlet. This stretch is vital given its significance to maritime activities and its proximity to the city's main river outlet. • Coastal Stretch 2 runs from the Rio Chiveve outlet to Ponta Gea. For better clarity and management, this stretch has been further divided into two subsections: the northern part (Stretch 2 North) and the southern part (Stretch 2 South). This division is indicative of the differences in the characteristics of the north and south parts of the stretch. • Coastal Stretch 3 extends from Ponta Gea to the Macuti lighthouse. Given its location, it provides a crucial buffer between the central urban areas of Beira and the open sea, necessitating specialized interventions. • Coastal Stretch 4 connects the Macuti lighthouse to Rio Maria. It stands as the final protective stretch that guards against the northern sea's potential surges. A detailed visualization of these stretches and sections can be seen in the figures provided below, offering a comprehensive view of the Project's spatial layout and its significance in the broader context of Beira's coastal landscape. As the Project progresses, each section will be approached with tailored strategies to cater for specific needs and challenges. 42 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Figure 3-1: Map Outlining the 4 Stretches (Source: EPDA) 43 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Figure 3-2: Map of the 10 Coastal Sections (Source: EPDA) 44 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Figure 3-3: Map of Project Components (Source: EPDA) 45 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 3.2 Project Overview This section offers an overall view of the Project components, laid out within each of the four coastal stretches. Subsequent sections provide a more detailed description of each aspect of the Project, ensuring clear understanding of the scope and breadth of the proposed interventions. Coastal Stretch 1: encompasses the zone between the area of Beira Port expansion and the Rio Chiveve outlet. This stretch is vital given its significance to maritime activities and its proximity to the city's main river outlet. Coastal Stretch 2: Encompassing the North and South Stretches of Praia Nova and its associated market, associated fishing activities and the mangroves ecosystem, this section demands a nuanced approach to coastal protection due to the diversity in its geographical and environmental contours. Here the northern mangroves of Praia Nova will have a concrete L-wall constructed to prevent advancing erosion. In juxtaposition, the southern part of Praia Nova will benefit from dune creation augmented with vegetation and fencing, creating a natural bulwark against sea-level rise. A strategic rock protection installation at the juncture with Ponta-Gêa will further consolidate the coastal defenses. The emphasis here is on forging a symphony between structural reinforcement and environmental conservation. Coastal Stretch 3: This stretch, positioned around Ponta Gêa, has existing infrastructural entities including roads which require fortification. With an emphasis on optimizing these pre-existing defenses, the interventions outlined comprise dune construction supplemented with vegetation and fencing. Furthermore, a repair and restoration campaign targeting coastal walls and roads is in the blueprint to augment their resilience against relentless coastal erosion. The existing dunes will also be fortified as part of the planned intervention. Here, the overarching vision is to create a synergistic coastal defense model that enriches both the anthropogenic and natural landscapes. Coastal Stretch 4: Situated between Macuti and the midway point to Rio Maria, this stretch’s interventions respect the area's inherent natural bulwarks. The blueprint for this area advocates for a subtle reinforcement of dunes and their accompanying vegetation. Concurrently, there will be construction of a clay dike to protect against seawater, especially during meteorological extremes. The overarching mission in this stretch is to enhance the native protections in place, all while keeping the environmental footprint minimal. For the context of this ESIA, several additional activities are integral to the Project. Sand sourcing, facilitated through offshore dredging works, is crucial for dune development and rehabilitation. 46 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA The development of a nursery is imperative to cater to the significant demand for plants and mangroves, which are essential for dune revegetation and stabilization. Furthermore, quarrying from central Mozambique will be undertaken to procure materials necessary for rock protection works. Each of these elements plays a fundamental role in the successful execution of the Project's objectives. 3.3 Project Components The BCPP, as described in this report, encompasses a varied set of components and activities that are critical to the protection and sustainability of the region. These can be broadly categorized into the following three distinct groups: a) Firstly, the Coastal Protection works which amalgamate both 'hard' interventions, such as the construction of L-walls, rock revetments, and others, with 'soft' solutions like beach nourishment, sand dune rehabilitation, dune revegetation and the like. Their collective aim is to provide a sustainable, environmentally-sensitive defense against the challenges posed by climate change and extreme weather; b) Secondly, the Early Warning System (EWS), an instrumental aspect of proactive disaster management, will be fortified through several means: i. Activating operational EWS capabilities; ii. Advancing the detection and monitoring capabilities for natural hazards; iii. Establishing robust data collection and management mechanisms; iv. Enhancing Beira's flood and cyclone forecasting and warning services, and; v. Strengthening institutional preparedness and response actions. c) The third category includes Associated Facilities and Activities which are vital to support and implement the aforementioned interventions. This encompasses: i. The construction and/or rehabilitation of access roads, facilitating easier transport and execution of Projects; ii. Dredging activities vital for sourcing sand for various interventions, and; iii. The enhancement of the local plant nursery to ensure an adequate supply of floral species, pivotal for dune revegetation. 47 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 3.3.1 Summary of Components and Planned Activities for each Coastal Stretch Coastal Stretch 1 covers the area stretching from the area of Beira Port expansion to the Rio Chiveve outlet. Within this specific stretch, the Project's approach is geared towards non- structural interventions. Instead of direct physical alterations, the emphasis will be on the implementation of measures that pertain to policies and land-use planning. These measures are designed to anticipate and manage potential coastal challenges. Preparedness activities will be paramount, including the establishment of an Early Warning System (EWS) to alert the Beira Port Authorities and residents of imminent threats. In addition, there will be a focus on heightening flood awareness within the community. To complement these preventive strategies, provisions have also been made for emergency response and evacuation procedures, ensuring the safety and well-being of the local populace. Coastal Stretch 2 encompasses both North and South Stretches, with specific interventions outlined for each. For the North Stretch, particularly Section 1 from Chiveve to the old Seawall, a concrete L-wall of 0.5m high will be constructed along the perimeter of the quay. The construction aims to close the flood protection ring by connecting Chiveve outlet to the old seawall structure, and five mobile gates will be integrated into the design, ensuring accessibility with a footprint of 3m. In the South Stretch, the interventions include building a 3m high and 0.4m thick concrete L-wall at Praia Nova's northern edge in Section 4, running from the old seawall to the spit with fishery activities. A safety zone of 5m from the L-wall will be maintained, and the mangroves will be protected with fencing and awareness raising regarding the importance of Mangroves. Section 5 at Praia Nova will feature a dune with vegetation, spanning 1.0km with a crest width of 10-12m. In Section 6, existing dunes with vegetation will be reshaped and connected to the sand buffer to reach design height and protect the mangroves which are extant behind the existing dune. Section 7 will see the construction of a rock revetment at Ponta-Gêa's western edge, connected to the breakwater, spanning 0.4km with a sand infill behind the rock protection. Coastal Stretch 3 includes specific interventions for strengthening with dunes and vegetation at MSL+6.5m, covering a 3.5km stretch. A prominent part of this stretch is the KfW Project, which includes the creation of a 700m promenade, coastal wall repairs, and enhancements with parking, playground, snack bars, and green areas. Section 8a will be upgraded with dunes and vegetation, strengthening the existing dune structure with a crest width of 54m, spanning 2.6km. 48 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Coastal Stretch 4 focuses on limited strengthening of dunes and vegetation in Section 9, from Macuti to the road halfway between Peacock Hotel and Rio Maria. This involves reinforcing vulnerable parts of the dunes to withstand design conditions for a 50-year event, creating a uniform dune ridge. A clay dike will be constructed in Section 10 to disconnect the sea from the city, running 1.2km along the connection road with a crest at MSL+5.5m. 3.3.2 L-Walls and Drainage Outlets An L-wall is a type of retaining structure characterized by its L-shaped cross-sectional profile. This structure is primarily designed to provide support to soil or other materials and prevent them from collapsing or eroding however, in coastal environments, L-walls can serve as a protective measure against erosion or as part of port or harbor infrastructure. The 'L' shape comprises a vertical face and a shorter horizontal footing, giving the wall its distinctive shape and name. L-walls are commonly used in environments where there is a need for efficient and cost-effective retaining solutions. The vertical section of the wall provides the primary retaining function, holding back soil or other materials, while the horizontal base or footing provides stability, ensuring that the wall remains upright under the pressure exerted by the retained material. Constructed from concrete and steel, L-walls are versatile and can be used in a range of settings. Figure 3-4: Schematic of L-Wall (Source: Detailed D Presentation) 49 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA One of the primary advantages of an L-wall is its self-stability. The weight of the retained material on the horizontal footing aids in stabilizing the structure, reducing the risk of the wall tipping over. This design characteristic often reduces the need for deep foundations or extensive ground anchoring systems, making L-walls both economically and technically appealing for many applications. Two L-walls will be constructed as part of this Project; one at the existing port area on the northwestern side of Coastal Section 1 in Stretch 2, and another ‘Composite gravity wall’ at the mangrove area in Coastal Section 4 in Stretch 2. Drainage outlet structures will be installed at specific junctures where low points or streams intersect with the coastal protections. Specifically, outlets are proposed at two main locations: Section 4 in Stretch 2, and Section 6 in Stretch 2. For Section 4 in Stretch 2, near the L-wall, the designated Proposed Outlet No.01 will ensure effective drainage of the upstream area. The design involves grading the terrain adjacent to the wall so that it slopes towards this outlet, preventing water stagnation. This outlet will be equipped with five pipes, each 800mm in diameter. To counter the risk of oceanic backwater flow during high tides or storm surges, each of these pipes will feature a tidal flap gate on the downstream side. Additionally, to prevent erosion around the outlet's exit point, scour protection measures proposed. On the other hand, Section 6 in Stretch 2, located upstream of the mangrove area by the sea wall, will have three distinct outlets: No.02, No.03, and No.04. Their primary function is to efficiently drain any accumulated runoff from behind the sea wall. Outlet No.02 will house three 800mm diameter pipes, each controlled by tidal flap gates to guard against ocean backflow. Similarly, Outlet No.03 will have a singular 800mm diameter pipe, again featuring a tidal flap gate. Lastly, Outlet No.04 will be designed with three 800mm diameter pipes. All of these outlets will be equipped with scour protection. 3.3.3 Composite Gravity Wall at Mangrove Area A composite gravity wall is proposed at the Mangrove area in Section 6 in Stretch 2. Figure 3-5 below, shows the proposed design for the composite gravity wall. This structure is notable for its inherent stability, enduring minimal stress and maintaining its integrity even as the ground settles. The design thoughtfully transitions into the surrounding mangrove area, enhancing wave energy absorption and reducing erosion. 50 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA The wall's design includes: • Modular construction for adaptability and straightforward repairs. • A facade facing the town that merges wood, earth, sand, and geotextiles, promoting a natural look and ecological growth. • The mangrove-side appears as a vegetated rocky barrier, with gabion life expectancy dependent on corrosion-resistant wire materials, tailored to withstand tidal cycles. This composite gravity wall will be built with materials mostly sourced locally, emphasizing cost- efficiency and ease of maintenance. It's configured to accommodate shoreline changes over time, ensuring long-term effectiveness in coastal protection and flood management.. Figure 3-5: Composite Gravity Wall (Source: Figure 5-50: “Composite gravity wall”pg 111 of the Pre- Studies and Preliminary Design Report Consulting Services for the Detailed Project Design and Supervision of Coastal Protection Construction Works in the City of Beira – Mozambique by DAR, July 2023) 3.3.4 Rock Revetments A rock revetment is a type of shoreline protective measure designed to absorb and dissipate the energy of waves before they reach the shore or a structure. It is constructed by placing layers of large rocks, sometimes referred to as riprap, along the shoreline. Rock revetments are commonly used on coasts, riverbanks, and other waterway edges to combat erosion and provide stability. The primary function of a rock revetment is to act as a buffer, absorbing the erosive forces of waves, currents, and high-velocity water flow. Unlike a solid seawall or bulkhead, which reflects wave energy back into the water body, a rock revetment's 51 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA porous nature allows it to absorb and dissipate energy, reducing the risk of scour and erosion at the structure's base. Several key features define a well-designed rock revetment: • Gradation of Rock Sizes: Typically, a rock revetment consists of a combination of different rock sizes. The outer layer exposed to wave action is usually composed of larger rocks, while smaller rocks or gravel can be used as filler material beneath. • Filter Layer: Beneath the rock layer, there's often a filter layer, such as a geotextile fabric or a layer of smaller stones, which prevents the soil from washing out through the gaps in the rocks while allowing water to drain through. • Slope: The slope of a rock revetment is an essential design consideration. A gentler slope can better dissipate wave energy, but it also requires more material and space. The specific slope chosen often balances material costs, space constraints, and desired protective qualities. • Toe Protection: The base or 'toe' of the revetment is critical, as it's the first line of defense against undermining by wave action. It is typically buried or embedded into the ground for added stability. Figure 3-6: Schematic of Rock Protection Rock revetments are a favored solution in many coastal and riverine settings because of their natural appearance and adaptability to different site conditions. They can be used in tandem with other protective measures, like vegetation, to provide both structural and ecological benefits. Two rock revetments will be erected as part of this Project; one in front of the existing seawall in Coastal Section 2 in Stretch 2 and another in Section 7. 52 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 3.3.5 Sand Dunes and Sand Buffers Sand dunes with planted vegetation refer to naturally occurring or artificially created mounds or ridges of sand, augmented with specifically chosen vegetation, utilized to provide protection against coastal erosion and sea-level rise. Sand dunes serve as a first line of defense against the destructive forces of waves, storm surges, and coastal flooding. Their height and volume can help absorb wave energy and prevent water from inundating inland areas. When strategically vegetated, these dunes not only become more stabilized but also play a vital role in coastal ecosystem health offering the following beneficial functions: • Natural Buffer: Sand dunes act as buffers against the force of waves and high waters. Their porous nature allows them to absorb water, reducing the impact of flooding and preventing or minimizing potential damage to inland ecosystems and human-made structures. • Vegetation Stabilization: The roots of plants and grasses used in dune stabilization anchor the sand, preventing it from being easily blown away by winds or washed away by waves. Common vegetation types used for this purpose include beach grass, sea oats, and other native coastal species. These plants' deep root systems help bind the sand together, enhancing the dune's overall integrity and resistance to erosive forces. • Wildlife Habitat: Vegetated dunes provide essential habitats for various coastal species, including birds, insects, and small mammals. They can also offer nesting sites for endangered species like sea turtles. • Recreation and Aesthetics: Naturally vegetated dunes enhance the beauty of coastal landscapes, offering scenic vistas and opportunities for passive recreation, such as bird- watching. • Carbon Sequestration: Coastal vegetation can capture and store carbon dioxide, playing a part in climate change mitigation. As a coastal protection measure, sand dunes with planted vegetation offer a sustainable, eco- friendly solution that harmoniously blends protection with biodiversity conservation. They are especially favored in areas seeking to maintain a natural coastline while still ensuring resilience against changing climate conditions. However, for them to remain effective, human disturbances, such as foot traffic and construction, should be minimized or managed, ensuring the dunes' integrity and ecological function remain intact. 53 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Figure 3-7: Example Schematic of Sand Dunes The design consultants have planned the layout and structure of the proposed dunes to ensure they efficiently serve their protective purpose while also coexisting harmoniously with human activities. To mitigate human disturbance and maintain the integrity of the dunes, simple wooden fences will be strategically placed around them, guiding visitors and locals alike to respect the boundaries of these natural barriers. Figure 3-8: Sand Dune Front Protection Example Recognizing the importance of accessibility between the coastline and the city, designated crossings have been integrated into the design, facilitating smooth passage for both pedestrians and vehicles, as illustrated in the referenced figure below. Furthermore, specific floral species have been selected for dune and dike vegetation, details of which can be found in Section 3.3.9. 54 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Figure 3-9: Schematic of Sand Dune Crossings Figure 3-10: Example of Pedestrian Sand Dune Crossing For Stretch 2, specifically in Sections 5 and 6, there is a plan to rehabilitate and establish sand dunes. Meanwhile, in Stretches 3 and 4, encompassing Sections 8 and 9, the establishment of sand dunes is also being proposed. Sand buffers serve an instrumental role in coastal protection, particularly in the establishment and sustenance of dunes. These buffers operate as strategic reserves of sand, ensuring a consistent supply to counterbalance erosion effects and facilitate sustained dune development. The consistent availability of this sand reserve guarantees that dunes remain equipped with the 55 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA necessary resources for regeneration, thereby optimizing their protective functions. In the current Project scope, sand buffers are designated for several specified stretches. Specifically, Stretch 2 (encompassing Sections 5, 6, and 7) and Stretch 3 (Sections 8 and 8a) have been provisioned with sand buffers intended for a 25-year duration. This long-term allocation underscores the importance of the dunes' protective and regenerative capabilities over an extended period. Conversely, the buffer in Stretch 4 (Section 9) is designed with a 5-year duration. Figure 3-11: Example Schematic of Sand Buffers 3.3.6 Sand Sourcing and Dredging Works The Project entails sand sourcing and dredging activities within specific regions characterized by water depths of 1 to 2 meters. The designated dredging area is distanced from the active zone to maintain the existing coastal processes and morphology. The targeted volume for extraction from these areas is approximately 2.5 million m3. Key sites identified for potential dredging operations include the vicinity adjacent to the Fishery Market (provisional), the Palmeiras outlet and an offshore location as outlined in the Figure below. 56 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Figure 3-12: Identified Sand Sourcing (Dredging) Area Note: Dredging works have been ongoing, and a specific ESIA was developed in 2007. Management aspects from this ESIA were included in dredging management guidelines included in the ESMP. 3.3.7 Clay Dike A clay dike is a type of embankment or barrier constructed primarily from clay soil. Its primary purpose is to prevent the passage of water, making it particularly effective for flood control and water management in both coastal and riverine environments. One clay dike will be constructed in Stretch 4, at Section 10 (refer to Figure 3-13 below). 57 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Figure 3-13: Position of Clay Dike and Access Road Dikes, in general, are built to establish a clear boundary between water and land, thereby protecting land areas from potential flooding. Among various materials that can be used for dike construction, clay stands out due to its low permeability. When compacted, clay forms a dense, almost impermeable barrier that prevents water seepage, making it an ideal material for such structures. A clay dike often has a core made up of the densest, least permeable clay, sometimes sandwiched between layers of more permeable soils or protected by a cover of grass or stones to prevent erosion. Its design usually takes into account factors like the height of the water it needs to restrain, potential wave action, seepage control, and stability under different loading conditions, such as during heavy rain or rapidly rising water levels. Proper drainage features might also be incorporated into the dike design to manage any water that does seep through or over the dike, ensuring long-term structural integrity and functionality. 58 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA A clay that possesses superior quality and the right characteristics is pivotal in ascertaining the dike's water-resistant properties and its overall structural integrity. It is crucial to select clay that is devoid of organic contaminants and any extraneous debris, ensuring that the constructed dike remains robust and performs its intended function effectively. 3.3.8 Access Roads A key component of the Project is the enhancement of coastal access roads, aimed at ensuring seamless connectivity and transportation along the coast. The scope of work for the roads and sidewalks includes: • Ponta-Gêa to Independence Square: This segment is set for comprehensive reconstruction. • Independence Square to Biques Restaurant: The designated work for this stretch involves repair activities. Additionally, the Project will facilitate the integration of an access road with the drainage outlet and the clay dike. This road will serve as a conduit for light vehicles and pedestrians, bridging the beach and the existing fishery village located landside. Notably, the access road will intersect the basin outlet structure at 5.5 m MSL. The design of the access road's embankment incorporates cut and fill slopes, with a maximum inclination of 1:2 (V:H). At both termini, the access road will connect to the prevailing road infrastructure. The table below outlines the design criteria for the access road and the Figure below shows the schematic cross-section. Road Feature Standard Road Functional Class Rural Road Design Speed 20 km/h Design Vehicle Single Unit Truck (9m) Lane Width 3.25m Width of Carriageway 9.0m Width of Earthen Shoulder 1.25m on each side Normal Cross Fall 3.00% Normal Verge Slope 3.00% Minimum Turning Radius 10m 59 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Figure 3-14: Cross Section Schematic of Access Road Another proposed temporary access road is noted in the figure below to allow construction traffic to access Praia Nova without disturbing the existing markets. Figure 3-14 Proposed temporary access road to avoid Praia Nova existing markets 60 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 3.3.9 Plant Nursery and Dune Revegetation 3.3.9.1 Dune Revegetation Dune re-vegetation is an essential aspect of sustainable coastal management, ensuring the preservation of sand dunes. The nuclei method has been proposed as the preferred strategy for long-term dune stability The nuclei method centers around creating accumulation points or "nuclei" for sand, which aids in building and maintaining dune structures. This approach involves high-density, irregularly distributed plots of vegetation which was designed to initiate a “meadow effect.” This effect helps to expedite dune formation and stabilization by mimicking the patterns found in natural dune systems. Post the construction phase of these dunes, ensuring their stability becomes paramount. At this juncture, vegetation takes the center stage. Vegetation, with its network of rhizomes and roots, is adept at fixing and anchoring the sediments, rendering the dune surfaces robust and resilient against erosional forces. Such a process is not only essential for the structural integrity of the dunes but also contributes to the overall ecological health of the coastal zone. The selection of species for dune re-vegetation of Sections 5-9 has been rooted in field research, supplemented with insights from existing literature highlighting species indigenous to Mozambique's coastal ecosystems and the Feasibility Study Report (2022). The endeavor to re- vegetate the dunes will necessitate the plantation of approximately 273,927 plants to achieve a plant density of 20-25m-2. The species proposed and the number of plants required for dune revegetation are as follows; Canavalia rosea (40,515), Asystasia gangetica (10,081), Cissampelos hirta (7,925), Cleome stricta (14,260), Cynodon dactylon (33,031), Cyperus crassipes (21,584), Grewia caffra (10,081), Ipomoea pes-caprae (53,592), Lannea schweinfurthii (364), Launaea sarmentosa (486), Phyllanthus reticulatus (1,092), Pluchea dioscoridis (7,561), Scaevola plumieri (18,424), Sporobolus virginicus (40,306), Strychnos spinosa (364), and Tephrosia purpurea (14,260). The following table outlines the number of plants per section. Table 3-1: Estimated Number of Plants per Section Section Number of # Plants 5 21,040 6 11,140 7 9,290 61 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 8 98,042 8a 74,535 9 59,580 3.3.9.2 Clay Dike Revegetation Similar to dune revegetation (refer to the section above), the effort to vegetate the proposed clay dike requires a specialized approach, given the unique nature and demands of such structures. For the clay dike slopes, the vegetation's primary role goes beyond mere aesthetic or ecological benefits; it serves as an engineering tool. To this end, the selection of vegetation species for the Clay Dike slopes has been executed with an emphasis on bioengineering techniques for slope stabilization. Vetiver grass, scientifically known as Chrysopogon zizanioides, has emerged as the species of choice for this application due to its inherent traits that make it conducive for slope stabilization. Chrysopogon zizanioides is a perennial tufted grass, herbaceous in nature, which can tower to a height of about 2 meters. However, its most distinguishing feature, and arguably its most valuable trait in this context, is its deep-root system that can penetrate up to 6 meters in depth. Figure 3-15: Photograph of Chrysopogon zizanioides Root Structure When vetiver grass is cultivated as a hedge, it becomes exceedingly proficient at moderating water runoff, thereby substantially mitigating soil erosion. The thick and deep roots not only anchor the soil but also dissipate wind and water energy, slowing down water flow. This makes the plant remarkably resilient against high-velocity water flows. Beyond its soil and water 62 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA conservation utility, vetiver is a versatile species, thriving across a wide spectrum of climatic and soil conditions. Its inherent tolerance to high salinity further endorses its suitability for coastal protection, especially at the critical juncture where the land meets the sea. One plant of Chrysopogon zizanioides will be planted per square meter with the total area of the dike 13,255m2 requiring a total 13,255 plants. 3.3.9.3 Proposed Upgrade of Municipal Nursery The Project entails the enhancement of the municipality nursery spanning an area of 4752 m2, aimed at bolstering the production of seedlings crucial for dune re-vegetation. Key features include a shaded nursery, defined by a connected structure that measures 99m in length, 48m in width, and stands 3.2m tall. The structure employs rust-resistant or galvanized metal poles of 150mm diameter and 4.2m length, spaced at 3m intervals, interconnected at the top by cables. The entire structure will be enveloped in a shading net affixed with polypropylene rope. The nursery's layout incorporates 144 beds, each measuring 1m in width and 13.5m in length, meticulously placed perpendicular to the slope to mitigate water runoff. Walkways, designed to facilitate easy navigation and maintenance activities, vary in width between 50cm to 2m, ensuring accessibility for personnel with wheelbarrows. For infrastructure, the nursery will be equipped with modular buildings supplied by "Mabjaia Solutions" or a vetted equivalent. These modular structures consist of three warehouses designated for propagation material, gardening equipment, and staff amenities respectively—all measuring 8.25x4.88m with a ceiling height of 2.5m. An additional modular building will serve as the entrance and security hub, with dimensions of 4.25x2.44m, and a separate toilet facility will also be provided. Watering operations are designed to be manual, leveraging fine sieve watering cans and hoses. The water source is an existing borehole, equipped with an electric pump housed in a protective concrete structure. In scenarios where the borehole's flow is insufficient, a reservoir will be introduced as a contingency. To illuminate the nursery, a solar lighting system will be implemented, which is both cost-effective and environmentally friendly, ensuring optimal lighting conditions for daily operations. A list of the specific agrochemicals to be used in the nursery facility is not provided at this time, but it is assumed that this list will include: 63 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA • Fertilizers: Which may include both synthetic fertilizers (including slow-release fertilizers) and organic fertilizers such as compose or manure. • Pesticides: Which may include: o Insecticides: Such as pyrethroids for controlling a wide range of insects while being relatively safe for plants and mammals. o Fungicides: Copper-based fungicides can be used for controlling a wide range of fungal diseases. o Biopesticides: Derived from natural materials like animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals. They are less toxic than conventional pesticides and can be part of an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy. • Herbicides: Which may include: o Pre-emergent Herbicides: To prevent weed seeds from germinating. o Post-emergent Herbicides: Such as glyphosate (used carefully and selectively) for controlling existing weeds. As noted in the Detailed Design Report for the Beira Coastal Protection Project (DAR, October 2023), best practices for fertilizer application should be implemented. The contractor must store and apply the product in accordance with the product characteristics and respective safety data sheets. The contractor must take into account leftovers, including packaging, and forward them to the registered waste operator. The requirements for storage, transportation and disposal of unused fertilizers must comply with the ESS3 of the World Bank Environmental and Social Framework, the guidelines of the World Bank, the National Fertilizer Program in Mozambique, and the national legislation in force, namely Dec. nº11 /2013 April 10. 3.3.10 Early Warning System In alignment with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) guidelines, the Beira Emergency Operation Center is establishing an advanced Early Warning System (EWS) with four foundational elements: • Risk Knowledge: This involves the rigorous collection of data, conducting risk assessments, and a comprehensive study of potential hazards and vulnerabilities. • Monitoring and Warning Service: This system capitalizes on available hazard knowledge, offering timely, clear information about anticipated storm impacts. Key aspects include: 64 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA a) Access to in-depth numerical weather forecasts, inclusive of tropical cyclone paths. b) Acquisition of ocean wave forecasts. c) Detailed forecasts of local conditions, like coastal flooding from tidal, storm, and wave configurations. d) An operational platform for auto-processing these inputs and outputs. e) Real-time data from field stations for Beira. f) Pre-set hazard criteria that determine the corresponding warning based on specific conditions ("warning thresholds"). • Dissemination and Communication: This ensures warnings are relayed to and understood by all at-risk populations, allowing for informed action. • Preparedness and Response Capabilities: Regularly updated response plans, local capacity utilization, and established evacuation protocols and infrastructures are key here. It's essential to note that while all four elements are discussed in the Project scope and preliminary design, the primary focus is on the Monitoring and Warning Service (#2). Together, these elements constitute an integrated EWS, where each component's effectiveness is integral to the system's overall success. Any weakness in one element can potentially jeopardize the system's overall efficiency. 65 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Station Estimated Cost Initiative Measuring Variables Owner(s) (in USD) Connection to Beira Wind speed, direction, precipitation, INAM 1,000~5,000 airport weather station surface air pressure Connection to Wind speed, direction, precipitation, Quelimane airport surface air pressure INAM 1,000~5,000 weather station Connection to Vilanculos Wind speed, direction, precipitation, INAM 1,000~5,000 airport weather station surface air pressure Connection to Beira Port Wind speed, direction, precipitation, CFM & station surface air pressure, wave 2,000~30,000 SASB conditions, standing water level Connection to Wind speed, direction, precipitation, Desaguadouro de surface air pressure, wave SASB 2,000~30,000 Palmeiras station conditions, still water level 66 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Station Estimated Cost Initiative Measuring Variables Owner(s) (in USD) New met station at De Wind speed, direction, precipitation, Marromeu National surface air pressure, wave SASB 15,000~25,000 Reserve conditions, still water level New wave-meteo station Wind speed, direction, precipitation, CFM & off Beira coast surface air pressure, wave 20,000~30,000 SASB conditions, still water level The Project reiterates the importance of an integrated approach, emphasizing sustainability, comprehensiveness, and the value of real-time data acquisition and processing to enhance Beira's resilience against potential natural disasters. 67 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 3.4 Construction/Rehabilitation Activities 3.4.1 Construction Activities 3.4.1.1 Sand Sourcing and Dredging: Following the identification of the sand sourcing area and an assessment of sediment characteristics by the engineering consultant, the dredging process is initiated. The selected dredging machinery, recommended to be a trailing suction hopper dredger, is positioned at the source site. Here, sediment is extracted from the seabed and stored on the dredger. Upon reaching capacity, the dredger relocates to the designated offloading or construction area. Two medium-sized dredgers with a capacity of 3,700 m3 each are likely to be employed. After transportation, the sand is unloaded and prepared for its intended use, with post-dredging site surveys undertaken for documentation. 3.4.1.2 Dune (re)Construction and Revegetation: The creation of dunes involves a cyclical method that starts with dredging sand from either a navigation channel or offshore sand source. This sand is then transported and sculpted into dunes and beaches using machinery such as bulldozers and cranes. Once shaped, sand buffers are created. Following, revegetation activities will commence by transporting raised seedlings from the nursery to the designated area via road transportation. Following, trenches will be dug about 15-20 cm (6-8”) deep and wide. Finally, erection of fences will commence to mitigate erosion and deter unsanctioned access. 3.4.1.3 L-Wall Construction L-walls are anticipated to be pre-fabricated in Beira itself. Key materials, including concrete, will be transported to the site via road. Sand, essential for the cunet and infill, will be sourced directly from the beaches. This sand, straight from the dredgers, will be trucked to the construction site. The construction process will necessitate the use of trucks and cranes for the assembly of the L- walls. The construction process will proceed in a systematic manner: initially, vegetation will be cleared, if required, especially in Sections 3, 4, and 6 of Stretch 2. Following that, excavation of solids will be done to create a sand key. Trucks, sourcing sand from the beaches, will then place this sand key, which will be followed by the positioning of the L-wall. Finally, stairs will be installed for accessibility. Any vegetation removed during the construction process will be noted and replanted during the rehabilitation phase. 68 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 3.4.1.4 Rock Protection Structures Construction The construction material for this protective infrastructure is proposed to be water-transported. Given an average barge capacity of around 1300 tons, approximately 150 barge trips will be required. A combination of terrestrial and aquatic equipment will be used during construction. A barge, stationed near the designated protection area, will be equipped with a crane for material transfer. Cranes and trucks will also be active from the slope's top to facilitate the construction. The process encompasses initial sand core establishment, overlaying with geotextiles, underlayer placement, toe construction, parapet wall erection, and concluding with the amour layer setup. 3.4.1.5 Clay Dike The construction procedure for the clay dike begins with excavation for a sand key foundation. Trucks, extracting sand from proximate beaches, are utilized to shape this key. This key undergoes compaction, ensuring its stability. Following this, clay is applied to shape the dike, heavily relying on trucks and bulldozers. 3.4.2 Construction Timeline The overall dunes and buffers completion are forecasted to span 2 to 3 years, factoring in the capacity of the dredging equipment. Sand dredging is expected to last 4 to 5 years. The L-walls, benefiting from pre-fabrication and on-site construction, are likely to conclude within months. The rock protection structure is also set to span across several months. The Clay Dike's construction is predicted to finalize within a similar timeframe. 3.4.3 Construction Materials 3.4.3.1 Sand: Approximately 2.59 million m3 of sand will be required with 1.27 million m3 for dune rehabilitation, 58,897.66m3 for sand fill in Section 7, and 1.265 million m3 for sand buffers. Notably, only 0.5 million m3/year of this sand can be sourced from the access channel and therefore 2.5 million m3 is estimated to be dredged from the offshore sand source area in the map presented in Figure 3-12. 3.4.3.2 Rock An estimated requirement of 75,000m3 of rock will be required for construction of the rock protection structures which will be sourced from a local Mozambican quarry and a potential option would be to transport it to the site via barges, as per the design report for the Beira Coastal Protection Project. An additional amount of rock/gravel will be required for construction of the clay dike, however, the amount required is as of yet unknown. 69 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 3.4.3.3 Wood (for fencing and dune walkways) Wood, a vital construction material, will be employed predominantly for crafting dune barriers and establishing walkways within the dune regions. As of the current stage, the exact volume of wood required for these construction elements remains undetermined. 3.4.3.4 Geotextiles Geotextiles are specialized materials used in construction to enhance soil stability, particularly in structures like the clay dike. Their primary function is to provide support and prevent erosion, thereby ensuring the longevity and stability of the construction. However, similar to the wood requirements, the precise quantity of geotextiles needed for the clay dike has not been specified at this juncture. 3.4.3.5 Clay Clay serves as the foundational material for the construction of the dike. Its transportation to the Project site will be facilitated via roadways, and installation will employ terrestrial machinery. The essence of the dike's construction hinges on the quality and composition of the clay used. The exact volume of clay required for construction of the dike remains undetermined. 3.4.3.6 Chemical Products In the construction phase of the project, the use of specialized chemical products is not expected beyond those typically employed in standard civil construction projects. This includes common substances such as lubricants, oils, and cleaning agents. It is important to note, however, that some of these routine materials are classified as hazardous and will therefore necessitate stringent management practices to ensure safety and environmental protection. Moreover, for the effective rearing of plants involved in the dune revegetation aspect of the project, it will be necessary to utilize certain quantities of agrochemicals, including fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides. These chemicals require specific attention in terms of storage and handling due to their potentially hazardous nature and their critical role in supporting the successful revegetation efforts. 3.4.4 Resource Consumption The construction activities involving dunes and sand buffers, around 10,000 metric tons of fuel will be utilized, with no water consumption linked to concrete production. The L-walls and stairs are anticipated to consume 250 metric tons of fuel and 220 cubic meters of water for concrete production. Rock slopes combined with the parapet wall will require 500 metric tons of fuel and 20 cubic meters of water. The clay dike will utilize 250 metric tons of fuel, with no specific water 70 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA consumption for concrete. Lastly, dune vegetation and mangroves will have an energy consumption of 50 metric tons of fuel. In total, the Project will consume 11,050 metric tons of fuel and 240 cubic meters of water. It's noteworthy that the water usage estimation for concrete production assumes that 20% of the total amount of concrete required will be mixed with water. 3.4.5 Construction Workforce During the construction phase of the Project, activities will be executed by a contractor specifically hired for the undertaking. This contractor will amass the necessary workforce, drawing both from their existing permanent staff and new recruits. The Project's workforce distribution across various interventions includes: Dunes and sand buffers requiring a total of 75 personnel, of which 20 are skilled with engineering degrees and 55 are unskilled laborers. L-walls, rock slopes, and the clay dike each will require a team of 25 members, composed of 5 skilled personnel and 20 unskilled workers for each intervention. For dune vegetation and mangroves, the team will consist of 15 members, 3 of whom are skilled and 12 unskilled. In aggregate, the Project will engage 165 personnel, with 38 skilled and 127 unskilled workers. 3.4.6 Anticipated Waste, Effluents and Gaseous Emissions During the course of the construction and operations phase of the Project, various waste streams are anticipated, including but not limited to: • Natural Materials Waste: The Project will involve the use of resources such as sand, clay, rock, and vegetation. Residues or excess of these materials, while minimized, can still contribute to the waste stream. • Prefabricated Elements Residue: Offcuts, damaged pieces, or other residues from the prefabricated concrete components like L-walls, parapet walls, and stairs might be generated. By utilizing pre-fabricated parts, especially for the L-wall, there will be a significant reduction in waste and effluents. • Geotextiles: There might be residues or defected pieces from the geotextiles, which could contribute to the waste. • Fencing Materials: Remnants from the wooden poles and steel wire utilized for fencing could become part of the waste stream. • Waste Associated with Workers: Given the human resource involvement, waste streams could include food wrappers, beverage containers, and other daily-use items discarded by the on-site workers. 71 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA • Worker Sanitation Waste: Although the Project has a relatively small workforce requirement, sanitation facilities will still be essential. The liquid and solid waste generated from these facilities, however, will be minimal. • Hazardous Waste: Containers previously housing paint, solvents, cleaning agents, and other chemical compounds could be discarded. Proper disposal of these containers is paramount due to their hazardous nature. Additionally, the EWS has the potential to generate small amounts of Electric and Electronic Waste. • Liquid Wastes: During the maintenance of machinery and vehicles, liquid wastes such as spent oil, lubricants, and other fluids could be produced. 3.4.6.1 Gaseous Emissions The construction Project involves a wide array of machinery and transportation equipment, each contributing to gaseous emissions in varying degrees. These emissions result mainly from the combustion of fuel, but also from other processes related to construction and maintenance activities. The following is general characterization of the potential sources of gaseous emissions associated with the Project: • Dredgers: Among the machinery used, dredging activity is of particular significance. Dredgers, especially those involved in large-scale operations, consume considerable amounts of fuel, which in turn results in substantial emissions. The excavation and removal of underwater sediments is energy-intensive, making dredgers one of the major contributors to the Project's overall gaseous emissions. • Sand Transport Vessels: As these vessels transport sand from the navigation channel or offshore sand sourcing areas, they continually produce emissions from the combustion of their fuel. • Bulldozers: Used primarily for shaping and profiling the beach and dunes, bulldozers, given their heavy-duty nature, also contribute notably to emissions. • Cranes: These machines, essential for lifting and placing materials, especially in the construction of L-walls and stairs, produce emissions during their operation. • Hauling Trucks: Employed for the movement of materials and prefabricated elements to and from the construction site, trucks represent a consistent source of emissions, especially if their journeys are long or frequent. 72 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 3.5 Operation and Maintenance Phase Activities 3.5.1 Dunes and Sand Buffers For maintaining the dunes and beach profiles, ongoing observation of the coastline is suggested, which may included monitoring of the integrity of the fences, the growth rate of vegetation, potential theft of sand, the condition of the transitions to solid structures, and the progress of the dune and beach profile. This last ongoing observation process will be particularly pertinent bi- annually, specifically before and after the storm season. Its goal is to pinpoint and track erosive or accreting shoreline tendencies. Additionally, after any significant climatic events, it will be imperative to monitor and carry out any necessary repairs. If any signs indicating the dunes are not intact, such as indications of overwash or breaches in the dunes, remedial actions will be required. This may involve replenishing the dunes to ensure they maintain their safety profile, as well as possibly rehabilitating the dune ridge's vegetation or mending the fence systems. Notably, over a span of 20-25 years, large-scale nourishments will likely be necessary to make up for longshore sediment losses, especially along Coastal Stretches 2 and 3. For Coastal Stretch 4, which features an adaptive design and a more abbreviated nourishment lifespan of roughly 5 years, a tailored monitoring and maintenance approach will be imperative. This strategy will aim to guarantee the beach and dune's stability and determine when intervention is necessary. Any remedial activities will encompass dune restoration processes such as: • Sourcing sand from either the navigation channel or offshore areas • Transporting this sand to the beach • Using a hydraulic pipeline to pump sand from the dredger onto the beach • Leveraging equipment like bulldozers and cranes to reshape and adjust the beach and dunes where repairs are needed. 3.5.2 L-Walls and Stairs The L-walls and stairs, particularly in Stretch 2, require periodic monitoring. The aim is to detect any damages, potential seepage, tilting, and the state of the connections between the elements and the soil. Should any issues arise, timely repairs will be essential to maintain the structural integrity of these features. 3.5.3 Rock Protection Structures Regular monitoring is crucial for the rock slopes, focusing particularly on transitions, the slope of the revetment, the condition of the geotextile, the toe, and any settlements. If discrepancies are 73 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA identified or if the slope's quality diminishes over time, necessary interventions will involve placing additional rocks at specific locations to ensure continued protection and stability. 3.5.4 Clay Dike The clay dike's maintenance regimen will encompass frequent checks on various factors. These include monitoring the level of its crest, assessing the quality of its slopes, checking for potential seepage, and observing the transitions. If the regular checks indicate that the dike's structure or integrity is compromised, appropriate repairs will be conducted to restore its original state and functionality. 3.6 Alternatives Considered This chapter provides an overview of the various strategies and alternatives considered and evaluated throughout the design progression of the Beira Coastal Protection Project. Each coastal stretch’s potential alternatives were carefully analyzed for their effectiveness in coastal defense, as well as their long-term impact on the local community, economy, and environment. The decision-making process incorporated extensive studies, stakeholder inputs, and a strategic vision to address the challenges of climate change and sea-level rise. The final choices, combining both hard and soft protection methods, reflect the project's commitment to sustainable and environmentally sensitive solutions. This chapter presents a concise account of the alternatives considered for each coastal stretch. It details the evolution of strategies from initial designs in January 2022 to the final designs in October 2023, highlighting the rationale and integration of various protective measures. Coastal Stretch 1 Pre-Feasibility – January 2022: The initial assessment for Coastal Stretch 1 in the Pre-Feasibility Report (January 2022) presented a range of strategies aimed at addressing the unique challenges of this stretch. The alternatives began with the most basic approach, "Do Nothing," which served as a baseline for evaluating the effectiveness of other measures. This approach embraced living with natural dynamics but recognized the limitations in flood risk reduction and access issues during flood events, particularly to the Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP). A key alternative considered was the implementation of an Early Warning System (EWS), coupled with or without additional structural measures. The EWS alone (Alternative 2) was a cost-effective measure but did not reduce economic flood risk. Combining EWS with evacuation routes and 74 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA plans (Alternative 3) offered improved emergency response and operational continuity, especially for the squatter area. It included heightening roads from the WWTP along the squatter area and connecting them with other non-flooded roads, ensuring continuous access to the WWTP. More comprehensive measures involved the integration of EWS with road heightening and the construction of levees (Alternative 4). This approach aimed at increasing the protection level, connecting to higher grounds, and protecting specific structures within the WWTP. It proposed a levee around the squatter area (approximately 1 meter high), but required additional drainage measures and flood gate design to handle waste impact. The most extensive measure was the increase of surface elevation (Alternative 5). This involved heightening roads and rebuilding buildings approximately 1 meter higher. While this option offered significant flood risk reduction and continuous access to the WWTP, it was more expensive and involved temporal resettlement and rebuilding. Throughout these considerations, the alternatives were evaluated against a backdrop of long- term area development into port and industry activities. The decision-making process placed emphasis on minimizing investment in the short term while considering the need for eventual relocation of the squatter area due to these future developments. Feasibility and Subsequent Phases: In later stages, as detailed in the EPDA Feasibility Report (May 2022) and subsequent design reports, the focus shifted towards refining these alternatives. The ongoing evaluations and stakeholder consultations led to a prioritization of alternatives that balanced technical feasibility, cost-effectiveness, environmental sustainability, and socio-economic impacts. Final Choice and Justification: The evolution in Coastal Stretch 1 culminated in the selection of a multi-faceted approach, integrating EWS, policy and planning measures. This strategy was chosen for its balanced response to immediate risks and long-term urban and environmental considerations in Beira. It exemplified a dynamic approach to coastal protection, aligning immediate practical needs with foresight into regional development and environmental sustainability. Coastal Stretch 2 - North: Alternatives Considered Pre-Feasibility and Feasibility Phases: 75 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA During the pre-feasibility phase in January 2022, several alternatives were evaluated for Coastal Stretch 2 - North. The primary focus was on preserving the ecological integrity of the region, especially the mangrove forests, which play a crucial role in coastal protection and biodiversity. The alternatives began with Generic Mangrove Protection, which aimed to maintain and enhance existing mangroves through community engagement and educational initiatives. This non- invasive approach prioritized conservation but required robust enforcement. Another significant alternative considered was the Monitoring and Ad-hoc Maintenance option. This involved minor rehabilitation strategies like monitoring sea wall quays and implementing temporary flood protection measures, such as sandbags. The benefit of this approach was its low capital expenditure and minimal environmental impact, but it did not guarantee long-term protection. Strengthening the Seawall with Embankment and Dune was a more structured approach. It included raising local quay walls and enhancing the existing seawall with embankments and dune- like structures. This method aimed to protect the historic city center and preserve the mangrove area but faced uncertainties regarding the long-term condition of the strengthened wall and required potential mangrove compensation. New seawall constructions, either at the Same Location or Seaward, were also explored. These options considered replacing or extending the existing seawall to meet the latest standards for structural height and overtopping. While these alternatives offered strong primary flood defense and potential economic development, they were expensive and posed a risk of physical separation between land and water. Subsequent Phases: Preliminary and Detailed Design: In subsequent stages, the focus was on refining these alternatives to balance technical efficiency with environmental and social considerations. The selected alternatives emphasized a combination of maintaining mangroves and reinforcing existing seawalls, either with embankments or new constructions, depending on the specific requirements of different areas within the stretch. Final Choice and Justification: 76 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA In the later stages, the focus on preserving ecological integrity, especially mangrove forests, led to the selection of a concrete L-wall construction. This choice was made to provide long-term protection while maintaining the natural coastal defense offered by the mangroves. Coastal Stretch 2 - South: Alternatives Considered Pre-Feasibility and Feasibility Phases: For Coastal Stretch 2 - South, the Pre-Feasibility Report (January 2022) presented a range of alternatives, each addressing the unique challenges of this stretch, particularly concerning urban development and flood protection. Dunes were considered a primary method of coastal protection. This alternative involved using dunes to prevent overwash and flooding, which could be combined with a boulevard for urban integration. The adaptability of dunes, along with the potential for economic development like boulevard construction, made this a favorable option, despite the need for regular monitoring and maintenance. Levee Construction was another key alternative, offering a more permanent solution for flood protection. The levee would serve to prevent overwash and could also be integrated into urban development plans. However, the construction of hard structures like levees brought risks in dynamic systems and was more expensive. The Flood Wall option provided a similar level of protection to the levee but with additional design considerations for reducing the physical separation between land and water. An innovative approach was the Surface Elevation alternative, which involved raising the land level to eliminate flooding and facilitate urban development. This large-scale solution promised flood-proof areas suitable for further development but required significant land and mangrove relocation. Setback Coastline was another strategic approach, focusing on protecting the city center while accepting controlled flooding in specific areas like Praia Nova. This method involved a combination of early warning systems, evacuation plans, and flood walls. Subsequent Phases: Preliminary and Detailed Design: In the later stages, the selected alternatives for Coastal Stretch 2 - South were refined to align with broader project objectives. The focus remained on integrating flood protection with urban 77 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA development, emphasizing nature-based solutions like dunes and levees. The final selections demonstrated a strategic balance between ensuring effective flood protection, preserving environmental values, and enabling urban development, particularly in the densely populated and economically significant areas of the stretch. Final Choice and Justification: The final strategy for this stretch emphasized dune creation, vegetation fencing, and rock protection. This solution was chosen for its effectiveness in flood protection, adaptability, and potential for enhancing the urban landscape. Coastal Stretch 3: Alternatives Considered Pre-Feasibility and Feasibility Phases: Coastal Stretch 3 presented unique challenges that required a nuanced approach to coastal protection. This stretch required solutions that harmonized the natural beach dynamics with the urban landscape and public use areas. The preliminary alternatives considered included: • Enforcement of Regulation and Zoning: Focused on minimizing unlicensed buildings between the road and the sea, reducing hard elements in the beach system. This approach aimed to manage coastal development sustainably but faced challenges with the reduction of economic activities. • Protection and Enhancement of Dune Vegetation: This alternative sought to conserve the natural area and strengthen the dunes through vegetation enhancement. The challenge was in enforcing this protection and ensuring the dunes remained stable and effective in storm events. • Flood and Erosion Control Alternatives: A series of measures were evaluated, such as: • Dunes as Coastal Protection: Utilizing dunes for natural protection, combined with boulevards to minimize physical separation. • Levee Construction: Offering a more permanent solution with limited maintenance but presenting challenges in integrating this hard structure into the dynamic beach system. • Stepped Flood Wall: A flood wall combined with public access features like boulevards for a blend of protection and utility. 78 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA • Flood Proofing with Mobile Flood Defense: Such as temporary measures for buildings in flood-prone areas, offering flexibility but with limited long-term risk reduction. • Local Dune and Beach Buffers: Including adding sand to create buffers against erosion, providing a more adaptable approach but requiring ongoing monitoring and maintenance. Subsequent Phases: Preliminary and Detailed Design: In subsequent design stages, the focus was on refining these alternatives to best suit the stretch's specific needs. The selected strategies aimed to balance the natural coastal dynamics with urban and public use demands. Key considerations included adaptability to changing coastal conditions, minimal disruption to existing urban structures, and the potential for enhancing public spaces. Final Choice and Justification: For Coastal Stretch 3, the refined approach integrated sustainable, nature-based solutions with structural measures. The focus was on creating resilient dunes and reinforcing existing structures, ensuring adaptability to future climatic changes while preserving the area's recreational and aesthetic value. Coastal Stretch 4: Alternatives Considered Pre-Feasibility and Feasibility Phases: In the Pre-Feasibility Report (January 2022), Coastal Stretch 4 was examined with a focus on balancing coastal protection needs with urban development and environmental sustainability. This stretch required solutions that not only addressed the immediate risk of flooding and erosion but also considered the long-term development and ecological implications. The initial alternatives explored included: • Enforcement of Zoning: This strategy involved enforcing regulations to prevent unlicensed buildings between the road and sea, aiming to reduce the hard elements in the beach system. While effective in maintaining the natural beach dynamics, this approach potentially limited economic activities along the coastline. • Dune Protection and Strengthening: Enhancing the existing dune system with vegetation was considered to strengthen the natural defense against coastal erosion and storms. The success of this approach hinged on effective enforcement and community engagement. 79 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA • Reserving Space for Extra Dunes: This alternative looked at expanding the dune system either landward or seaward, creating additional natural barriers against erosion. However, it required a trade-off in terms of space available for other economic activities. • Sandy Solutions with Local Buffers: This approach involved heightening existing dunes and creating local buffers to counteract erosion. It offered adaptability and an increased dune area, but required regular monitoring and maintenance. • Sandy Solution with Large Nourishment: A more extensive version of the previous alternative, this involved significant sand nourishment to enhance the dune system, providing both protection and potential for economic development. • Levee at Low Dune Areas: Constructing levees in low-lying areas of the dune system was considered for providing targeted protection where it was most needed. • Levee Road: Combining a road infrastructure with a levee system, this alternative aimed to provide connectivity, tourism opportunities, and ecological benefits, alongside coastal protection. Subsequent Phases: Preliminary and Detailed Design: The subsequent stages, as detailed in the EPDA Feasibility Report (May 2022) and further design reports, saw a refinement of these alternatives. The focus was on ensuring that the selected strategies were not only effective in protecting against coastal hazards but also aligned with the broader goals of urban development, environmental conservation, and public accessibility in Beira. The final design choices for Coastal Stretch 4 demonstrated a strategic approach that balanced the need for robust coastal protection with the desire to enhance urban and natural environments. This included integrating levees and dunes with urban development plans, ensuring that these structures not only served as protective barriers but also as assets contributing to the area's economic and recreational value. The selection of alternatives like sandy solutions with local or extensive nourishment, and the innovative integration of levee roads, underscored a commitment to adaptive, multi-functional coastal defense systems. These solutions were designed to be dynamic, capable of evolving with the changing coastal landscape and the needs of the community, while also providing tangible environmental and social benefits. 80 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Final Choice and Justification: The final design for Coastal Stretch 4 involved subtle reinforcement of dunes, vegetation, and the construction of a clay dike for extreme weather events. This selection balanced the need for robust coastal protection with the enhancement of natural and urban environments, demonstrating an adaptive approach to coastal defense. Conclusion: The progression of alternatives throughout the Beira Coastal Protection Project embodies a dynamic and forward-thinking approach to coastal defense. This strategy effectively merges immediate practical solutions with a long-term vision for regional development and environmental sustainability. The chosen measures effectively address the immediate risks of coastal flooding and erosion while aligning with wider objectives of urban development and ecological conservation in Beira. The final design represents the project's dedication to sustainable and adaptable coastal management. By integrating nature-based solutions like dunes with essential structural measures such as rock revetments and flood walls, the project sets a precedent for creating a resilient coastal environment. This environment is designed to withstand future climatic and sea-level changes, all while maintaining its natural allure and serving as a space for public enjoyment and tourism. The incorporation of features like boulevards enhances public access, showcasing a comprehensive approach that marries coastal protection with urban planning and environmental care. Highlighting the dedication to sustainable development is the prioritization of ecological protection, particularly evident in the refinement and optimization of designs for Coastal Stretch 2. Here, significant efforts were made to minimize adverse impacts on the existing mangrove habitats, underscoring the project's commitment to ecological sustainability. In summary, the Beira Coastal Protection Project stands as a testament to innovative, multidisciplinary coastal management. It not only safeguards against immediate coastal threats but also ensures the enduring beauty and functionality of Beira's coastline for future generations. In conclusion, the Beira Coastal Protection Project stands as a testament to innovative, multidisciplinary coastal management. It not only provides robust defenses against immediate coastal threats but also upholds the enduring beauty and functionality of Beira's coastline for future generations. The project's attention to ecological conservation, alongside its adaptive and 81 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA comprehensive defense strategies, sets a benchmark for future coastal protection endeavors worldwide. 82 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 4 Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework 4.1 Introduction This chapter offers a thorough exploration of both national (Mozambique) laws and regulations concerning environmental and social (E&S) facets and the World Bank Group's Environmental and Social Standards (ESSs) and presents all relevant international treaties and conventions ratified by Mozambique. This dual perspective ensures that the Project is benchmarked against a broad spectrum of local and international guidelines, from national requirements to international best practices. The chapter further undertakes an assessment to identify the most stringent framework from among these standards and guidelines, ensuring that the Project's E&S performance is held to the highest possible criteria and assuring legal compliance throughout the Project's lifecycle. 4.2 National Legislation and Requirements Table 4-1 below outlines the most relevant Mozambique legislations that pertain to the BCPP. Table 4-1 Relevant Mozambican Laws and Regulations Law / Name / Topic Year Description and Applicability to the Project Regulation Constitution of the This law presents a clear emphasis on safeguarding the Republic of environment and enhancing the quality of life for its Law No. 1: Mozambique citizens. In this context, the Project is mandated to align Articles 90, 2018 with these constitutional provisions by actively 98, 102 and implementing measures that promote environmental 117. protection and advocate for the judicious utilization of natural resources. National The national policy sets out the fundamental principles for Environmental environmental regulations in Mozambique. It emphasizes Policy the importance of achieving a balance between socio- economic growth and the preservation of the environment. Resolution 5 1995 This policy encourages the incorporation of environmental concerns into socio-economic plans, promotes responsible management of the country's natural resources, and stresses the protection of vital ecosystems. In line with these principles, the Project will be designed to 83 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Law / Name / Topic Year Description and Applicability to the Project Regulation take into account environmental considerations, aiming to minimize potential impacts on ecosystems and natural resources in the future. The Environmental Law provides a framework for Environmental sustainable development in Mozambique, guiding the Law appropriate use and management of the environment. This law is applicable to all activities, both public and private, that might have a direct or indirect impact on the environment. Moreover, it mandates the establishment of Law No. 20 1997 environmental inspection entities to oversee compliance with the legislation. It's the duty of individuals and entities involved in inspected activities to cooperate with these inspection authorities. In alignment with this law, the Project will prioritize the principle of sustainable development throughout its duration. The Regulation on the Environmental Impact Assessment EIA Process: Process emphasizes the ESIA process as a crucial tool for Assessment environmental management. This process is designed to preemptively address and mitigate any adverse effects that both public and private sector Projects may have on the environment and socio-economic context. The regulation delineates the ESIA procedure, detailing Decree No. 54 2015 requirements for environmental studies, the framework for public involvement, the process of reviewing these studies, the drafting of an environmental viability decision, and the issuance of an environmental license. This regulation is pertinent to all activities, be they public or private, that could exert a direct or indirect impact on the environment. In line with this regulation, the Proponent has an obligation to initiate the ESIA process and secure an environmental 84 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Law / Name / Topic Year Description and Applicability to the Project Regulation permit before embarking on their Project. Additionally, the standards and guidelines for the ESIA process are further detailed in the General Directive for the Preparation of Environmental Impact Studies and the General Directive for Public Participation in the ESIA Process. The General Directive for Public Participation in the EIA EIA Process: Process outlines the foundational principles concerning Public public involvement, as well as the associated Participation methodologies and procedures. This directive perceives Ministerial 2006 public participation as a dynamic interaction that initiates Decree 130 during the Project's design phase and persists throughout its duration. Therefore, for the EIA process, the Public Participation Process (PPP) should be advanced in alignment with the criteria laid out in this directive. The Regulation for the Environmental Audit Process Regulation for the outlines what constitutes an environmental audit: a Environmental systematic, documented evaluation of a management Audit Process system and related documentation, all aimed at safeguarding the environment. This tool serves to measure how operational and work processes align with the Decree No. 25 2011 Project's environmental management plan, factoring in the current legal environmental mandates. As activities begin, it becomes obligatory for the managing body to orchestrate independent environmental audits. These audits should be conducted no less than annually, while also keeping in mind the potential for public environmental audits that could be demanded under the provisions of this regulation. 85 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Law / Name / Topic Year Description and Applicability to the Project Regulation The Regulation for Environmental Inspections sets the Regulation for framework for overseeing, monitoring, and confirming Environmental adherence to environmental protection norms throughout Inspections the nation. When the coastal protection structures and the Decree No. 11 2006 EWS is operational, the Ministry of Land and Environment (MTA) will conduct inspections to ensure it abides by environmental laws. It is the responsibility of the managing entity to facilitate and cooperate fully with these inspections. The National Heritage Protection Law provides guidance The National on safeguarding the country's heritage, encompassing Heritage assets present in the soil, subsoil, freshwater bodies, and Protection the continental shelf. Historically, the Beira coast has seen significant interactions, including visits from Arab and Law No. 10 1988 Portuguese explorers. In alignment with this law, it's imperative that any activities undertaken by the Project are vigilant. Should there be unexpected discoveries or any unintentional disturbances to sites of cultural or historical value, appropriate actions need to be taken to honor and preserve this heritage. Under Article 9, the release of toxic substances into the Environmental atmosphere beyond prescribed legal thresholds is strictly Law: Emissions 2006 Law No. 130 prohibited. The specific emission standards pertaining to and Air Quality these limits are delineated in Decree No. 18/2004. Sets out guidelines for maintaining air quality. Specifically, Air Quality 2004 Article 7 details air quality parameters, Article 8 prescribes Standards Decree No. 18 gaseous pollutant emission standards categorized by Regulations / Decree No. 67 2010 industry type, and Article 9 outlines emission standards for mobile sources, encompassing both light and heavy-duty vehicles. For the protection of the environment, the Project 86 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Law / Name / Topic Year Description and Applicability to the Project Regulation is obligated to adhere to the stipulated air quality emission limits as outlined in these regulations. The Water Policy, superseding the earlier National Water Water Policy Policy, articulates a vision and goals up to 2030, emphasizing the importance of minimizing vulnerability to flooding and drought. This calls for improved coordination and planning, the application of both structural and non- Resolution structural strategies, and proactive engagement and 2016 No. 42 preparedness of individuals, communities, and institutions in recurrently impacted zones. In alignment with this policy, the Project is committed to devising strategies that mitigate coastal and urban flood damage, ensuring significant participation from the concerned and interested stakeholders. The Water Law emphasizes the importance of public water Water use, water management based on hydrographic basins, Contamination and adheres to both user-pays and polluter-pays principles, aiming to maintain ecological and environmental harmony. As per Article 54 of this legislation, any activities that might contaminate or degrade public waters, notably the discharge of effluents, Law No. 16 1991 necessitate a special permit from the Regional Water Administration (ARA). In addition, such activities are associated with a fee. The Proponent is bound to adopt measures that prevent water pollution throughout the Project's lifecycle. Should there be any effluent discharges into a surface water body, a distinct authorization from the ARA is mandated, and this comes with an associated fee. 87 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Law / Name / Topic Year Description and Applicability to the Project Regulation Specifies that industrial effluents released into the Effluents and environment must meet the discharge standards detailed Quality Standards in Annex III of the decree. Furthermore, domestic effluent releases should align with the discharge norms outlined in Decree No. 18 Annex IV. Annex III defines the guidelines for effluent 2004 discharges across various industrial sectors. In accordance with this regulation, the Project is obligated to adhere to water quality and effluent emission standards, ensuring emissions remain within legal boundaries to prevent environmental harm. The Regulation on the Management of Hazardous Waste Hazardous Waste under Decree No. 83/2014 lays down guidelines related to Management the production, emission, and disposal of any toxic or harmful substances, aiming to curb or mitigate their adverse effects on health and the environment. This regulation provides a detailed classification of hazardous waste and prescribes the methodologies for its Decree No. 83 2014 segregation, identification, packaging, collection, transportation, treatment, and final disposal. The specific categories of hazardous waste are delineated in Annex IX of these regulations. It is incumbent upon the proponent to adopt sound hazardous waste management practices during the Project's construction and operation. Consequently, the Project is obligated to strictly adhere to the stipulations laid out in this regulation. The Regulation on Biomedical Waste establishes Biomedical Waste comprehensive rules to govern the handling and disposal Management Decree No. 8 2003 of biomedical waste. This legislation seeks to protect the health and safety of workers in healthcare units, auxiliary staff, and the general public, as well as to minimize the 88 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Law / Name / Topic Year Description and Applicability to the Project Regulation environmental impacts associated with this type of waste. Applicable to health facilities, research institutions, companies involved in the production, handling, transport, or disposal of biomedical waste, and individuals connected to these entities, the regulation clearly defines different categories of biomedical waste. It sets forth specific rules for the management of this waste, including guidelines for production, storage, disposal, and transport. Furthermore, the regulation stipulates the fines that may be levied in instances of non-compliance. In the context of the Project, the applicant bears the responsibility for adopting good biomedical waste management practices throughout the construction phase. Adherence to this regulation's requirements is compulsory, ensuring that the Project's approach to biomedical waste aligns with the established legal standards. The National Land Policy outlines the framework for National Land obtaining, changing, transferring, and terminating rights Policy Resolution related to land use and benefits. It identifies areas 1995 No. 10 designated for partial or full protection to ensure both nature conservation and state defense. This Project must align with these established principles. The Land Law sets the framework for acquiring, altering, Land Law transferring, and ending rights to land use and benefits. It delineates areas for both partial and full protection, Law No. 19 1997 focusing on nature conservation and state defense. This law also specifies zones where land use has certain limitationsThis Project will need to adhere to these guidelines. 89 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Law / Name / Topic Year Description and Applicability to the Project Regulation The Urban Soils Regulation pertains specifically to urban Urban Soils zones and is an extension of the Land Law. This regulation Regulation mandates a protected zone that extends 100m above the high tide mark. Any construction or infrastructure activities within this protected area necessitate special permits. As a majority of the Project's operations and infrastructure are Decree No. 60 2006 planned for this protected zone, the Project will be required to obtain the necessary licenses from relevant authorities. These would be obtained from the local municipality who are authorized to issue special licences for activities in these zones, which should have no objection from those in charge of inland and marine waters. The Regulation of the Resettlement Process stemming Resettlement from Economic Activities outlines the guidelines and Process and principles to be observed during resettlement procedures Economic due to the initiation of public and private economic Activities endeavors. One crucial provision, stated in Article 15, is that a Resettlement Plan is an integral component of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) process, and its approval is a prerequisite for the issuance Decree No. 31 2012 of an environmental permit. If the Project leads to physical or economic relocation, this regulation will be relevant, and the creation of a Resettlement Plan will be necessary. Any economic displacements, such as the loss of lands or other assets, have to be evaluated within the ESIA. Should any displacement transpire, proper compensation, aligned with the Land Law, will be obligatory. It's important to acknowledge that for the Beira Coastal Protection Project, processes related to expropriation might come into play. 90 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Law / Name / Topic Year Description and Applicability to the Project Regulation The Land Use Planning Law ensures that the organization Land Use and management of national space are based on a Planning dynamic, participatory, and logical process that utilizes natural resources sustainably. This is in line with the principles, objectives, and rights of citizens as outlined in the Constitution of the Republic, aiming to maintain environmental equilibrium and foster sustainable Law No. 19 2007 development. The context of land use planning is pivotal for processes like licensing, pinpointing resettlement sites, and any meticulous urban planning or zoning that might be essential for enhancing the management of the coastal zone. It's imperative that the Project adheres to these overarching rules since they are pertinent to its undertakings. The Land Use Regulation supplements the Land Use Land Use Planning Law by introducing measures and procedures for Regulation land use planning. In urban contexts, this regulation outlines various instruments for land use planning, emphasizing their creation and enforcement. Notably, it details the procedures surrounding the expropriation of land use rights. Decree No. 23 2008 Should the Project necessitate the expropriation of land use rights, the stipulations of this regulation will be mandatory. Any such expropriation will warrant an issued declaration indicating the Project's public interest, as outlined in an accompanying directive, the Technical Directive on Expropriation Process for Territorial Planning Purposes. Additionally, for procedural accuracy, the Internal Regulations for the Function of the Technical Commission for Monitoring and Supervision of the 91 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Law / Name / Topic Year Description and Applicability to the Project Regulation Resettlement Process and the Technical Directive of the Process of Elaboration and Implementation of Resettlement Plans will also be pertinent. The Marine Fisheries Regulations serve as an extension Approves Marine to the Fisheries Law, detailing rules for all fisheries Fisheries operations. Specifically, it provides guidelines for Regulations compensating fisheries and organizing community fishers, especially when a Project disrupts their livelihood or Decree No. 89 2020 regular activities. Given the potential impact on residents of Praia Nova and fishers operating in sections 1 and 4 due to activities like dredging or transportation of construction materials, adherence to the compensation procedures outlined in this decree will be essential. The Environmental Law emphasizes the protection of Environmental biological resources, particularly species at risk of Law: Biodiversity extinction or those that have significant genetic, ecological, Law No. 20 – cultural, or scientific value. This protection extends to their Articles 12 & 1997 habitats, especially within designated environmental 13 conservation areas. For the Project, it's imperative to prioritize safeguarding biodiversity. Any presence of significant biodiversity within the Project's domain must undergo evaluation. The Law on the Protection, Conservation, and Sustainable Protection, Use of Biodiversity sets fundamental principles and Conservation and guidelines for the protection, conservation, restoration, and Sustainable Use Law No. 16 as 2014 sustainable utilization of biological diversity within the of Biodiversity, amended by / 2017 nation, especially in conservation zones. Activities causing and its Regulation. Law No. 5 significant alterations to vegetation or degradation of flora, fauna, and ecological processes to the point of threatening their sustenance are strictly prohibited within natural parks, 92 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Law / Name / Topic Year Description and Applicability to the Project Regulation unless they are for scientific or management purposes. For the upcoming Project, it's essential to ensure no disturbances occur within conservation areas as stipulated by this law. The Labour Law governs work relationships between Labour Law employers and both national and foreign workers across all sectors within the country. It emphasizes the significance of worker safety, hygiene, and health. It's Law No. 23 2007 imperative for the Project Proponent to ensure a safe and conducive work environment for its employees, inform them about potential risks associated with their tasks, and guide them on adhering to established standards. The Law for the Protection of Workers with HIV/AIDS Protection of ensures that employees and job applicants are not Workers with subjected to discrimination based on their HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS status. Workers who contract HIV/AIDS in relation to their job are entitled to compensation and comprehensive Law No. 5 2002 medical care, covered by the employer. It's prohibited for employers to test for HIV/AIDS without the individual's consent. Furthermore, if infected workers can still perform duties, the Project Proponent is responsible for training them for roles suitable to their capabilities. The Regulation on General Labour Inspection dictates the Regulation on guidelines for inspection activities to ensure adherence to General Labour labor laws. Employers have a duty to prevent occupational Inspection Decree No. 45 2009 health and safety risks. The Project Proposer must adhere to these rules and, during an inspection, cooperate by providing essential information to inspectors. 93 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Law / Name / Topic Year Description and Applicability to the Project Regulation The Law on Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Disaster Risk lays out general guidelines for disaster risk activities. It Reduction and outlines the conditions under which the government can Management declare states of calamity or emergency due to disasters. Law No. 4 2020 Currently, this law guides the management of the Covid- 19 pandemic. As the government periodically updates measures to combat the pandemic through decrees, these regulations, which pertain to social and economic activities, will influence the Project's operations. The Regulations on Waste Management stipulate rules Regulations on concerning the production and disposal of substances into Waste the soil, subsoil, water, and atmosphere that could Management potentially contaminate the environment or pose health Decree No. 13 2006 risks. It's vital for the Project to adhere to these guidelines, particularly during the construction and operation stages, ensuring effective waste management practices in line with these regulations. The Law on Domestic Violence Practiced against Women Domestic Violence sets out provisions to safeguard women from physical, Practiced against moral, psychological, economic, and sexual violence Women inflicted by partners and family members. In the context of the Project's labor interactions with nearby urban Law No. 29 2009 communities, this law underscores the importance of ensuring the protection of women and children. The Family Law outlines the fundamental guidelines Family Law Law No. 10 2004 concerning family matters, encompassing topics like marriage, de facto unions, parenthood, adoption, and 94 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Law / Name / Topic Year Description and Applicability to the Project Regulation responsibilities of living. In relation to the Project's interactions with adjacent urban communities, it's crucial to adhere to this law to guarantee the rights and protection of women and children within labor contexts. The Law on the Prevention and Combat of Premature Prevention and Unions sets forth guidelines to deter and address early Combat of unions, penalize those accountable, and safeguard the Premature Unions 2019 Law No. 19 involved children. The Project must uphold this law to provide proper protection to women and children in its labor engagements with the nearby urban communities. The Law on Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Disaster Risk delineates general principles overseeing disaster risk Reduction and mitigation and management activities, encompassing the Management entire disaster management spectrum from preparedness and readiness to response and sustainable recovery. Law No. 4 2020 Additionally, it underscores the responsibilities and rights of the affected communities. Given the vulnerability of Beira and some coastal zone inhabitants to cyclones, tidal flooding, and other flooding events, it's imperative for the Project to align with the stipulations of this law and its regulations. The Water Law is anchored on the concept of public water Water Law utilization, hydrographic basin-based water management, and the principles of user-pays and polluter-pays. It strives to maintain ecological and environmental equilibrium. The Law No. 16 1991 law dictates standards on water quality, water provision, and sanitation, with the intent to prevent illnesses and provide satisfactory services to the population. Given the concerns in Praia Nova regarding basic water supply, sanitation, drainage management, and potential exposure 95 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Law / Name / Topic Year Description and Applicability to the Project Regulation to waterborne diseases, adherence to this law is essential for the Project. The Regulation on Public Systems for Water Distribution Regulation on and Residual Water Drainage provides technical Public Systems for guidelines and criteria for the planning, building, and Water Distribution functioning of urban water supply and sanitation and Residual structures, which encompasses storm water drainage. For Water Drainage the Project, these regulations will be of particular Decree No. 30 2003 significance when designing and putting into practice technical interactions between drainage and coastal protective measures. Additionally, they will be crucial for ensuring proper water and sanitation services are available for those who require them, most notably in the Praia Nova area. The Road Traffic Code outlines the regulations for traffic Road Traffic Code and ensures safety on all public roads. Given the potential Decree-Law transport-related risks to the health and safety of 2011 No. 1 communities involved in the Project, adherence to the standards and provisions of this Code is mandatory for the Project's execution. 4.2.1 National Standards for Air Quality Decree 67/2010, of December 31st Regulation on Environmental Quality and Effluent Emission Standards: 96 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Annual Parameters 1 Hour 8 Hours 24 Hours Arithmetic (μg/) = Mean 1/1000 Prima Second Prima Second Primar Seconda Primar Second (ppm) ry ary ry ary y ry y ary Sulphur Dioxide 800 100 40 (SO2) Nitrogen Dioxide 190 10 (NO2) Carbon 3000 1000 Monoxide 0 0 (CO) Ozone 160 120 50 70 Particulates (PM2.5 / PM 150 60 10) 4.3 International Standards and Guidelines 4.3.1 Air Quality and Dust In regards to Air Quality Guidelines, it is important to note that Mozambique has established specific national standards for Air Quality. In accordance with the World Bank (WB) guidelines, these national standards have been meticulously compared with the international standards as presented in the accompanying table. This comparison is crucial to ensure that the project aligns with both national and international environmental requirements, providing a comprehensive framework for air quality management. Table 4-2: WHO Ambient Air Quality Guidelines Pollutant Averaging Period Guideline Value in µg/m3 24-hour 125 (Interim Target 1) Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) 50 (Interim Target 2) 97 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Pollutant Averaging Period Guideline Value in µg/m3 20 (Guideline) 10-minutes 500 (Guideline) Nitrogen Dioxide 1-year 40 (Guideline) (NO2) 1-hour 200 (Guideline) 70 (Interim Target 1) 50 (Interim Target 2) 1-year 30 (Interim Target 3) 20 (Guideline) Particulate Matter (PM10) 150 (Interim Target 1) 100 (Interim Target 2) 24-hour 75 (Interim Target 3) 50 (Guideline) 35 (Interim Target 1) 25 (Interim Target 2) 1-year 15 (Interim Target 3) 10 (Guideline) Particulate Matter (PM2.5) 75 (Interim Target 1) 50 (Interim Target 2) 24-hour 37.5 (Interim Target 3) 25 (Guideline) 160 (Interim Target 1) Ozone 8-hour Daily Max. 100 (Guideline) Upon thorough comparison, it is observed that the national standards for Air Quality in Mozambique are more stringent than the international standards for all measured parameters, with the exception of PM10. For PM10, both the national and international standards are congruent. Consequently, the following table, which encapsulates both the national and international guidelines, should be adopted as the Air Quality reference standards for the project. This approach ensures that the project adheres to the most stringent standards. 98 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Table 4-3: Air Quality Standards for the Project Measuring Permissible Parameter Unit According to: Period Limit SO2 24 hr 100 µg/m3 NO2 1 hr 190 µg/m3 National Standards CO 8 hrs 10,000 µg/m3 Ozone 8 hrs 120 µg/m3 National & WHO PM10 24hrs 150 µg/m3 Standard 4.3.2 Noise and Vibration Standards In the absence of specific national standards pertaining to permissible noise levels in Mozambique, it is pertinent to adhere to the World Bank (WB) Guidelines for environmental noise control in the context of the Project. These guidelines stipulate a maximum noise level threshold of 55 decibels (dBA) during daytime and 45 dBA during nighttime. The adoption of these international standards ensures a robust approach to managing and mitigating noise pollution, thereby aligning the Project with globally recognized environmental practices Table 4-4: WB Guidelines for Permissible Noise Levels One Hour LAeq (dBA) Daytime Nighttime Receptor (07:00-22:00) (22:00-07:00) Residential, Institutional, Educational 55 45 Industrial, Commercial 70 70 4.3.3 Wastewater and Effluent Quality Standards According to WB EHS standards in relation to wastewater, national standards are usually used for specificity based on the design of the locally available system, however the following table outlines indicative values in case no specific standards are locally available. Since national 99 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA standards outline standards for effluent quality for several specific industries but do not include a specific standard for general construction work, the following WB guidelines should apply to effluent generated during this Project. Table 4-5: WB EHS - Indicative Values for Treated Sanitary Sewage Discharge Pollutant Units Guideline Value pH pH 6-9 BOD mg/l 30 COD mg/l 125 Total Nitrogen mg/l 10 Total Phosphorus mg/l 2 Oil and Grease mg/l 10 TSS mg/l 50 Total coliform bacteria MPN/100mL 400* 4.3.4 World Bank Group Environmental and Social Standards Project funded by the World Bank (WB) are required to be in full compliance with all relevant E&S standards as described within the World Bank Group’s Environmental and Social Framework (2017). The table below outlines the scope and applicability of these ESSs within the context of the Project. Table 4-6 WB ESSs and Applicability to the Project Applicability ESS Scope and Triggers to the Project ESS1 delineates the Borrower's duties in evaluating, ESS 1: overseeing, and tracking environmental and social hazards Assessment and effects linked to every phase of a Project financed by the and World Bank through Investment Project Financing. The core Management aim of this standard is to ensure that Projects achieve results Yes of in line with the World Bank's Environmental and Social Environmental Standards (ESSs). Given this framework, it is crucial for the and Social Project to rigorously adhere to ESS1, comprehensively assessing potential environmental and social implications at 100 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Applicability ESS Scope and Triggers to the Project Impacts and every stage and putting in place robust management and Issues monitoring systems. This not only ensures compliance with the Bank's requirements but also fosters sustainable and responsible Project development. ESS2 acknowledges the vital role that job creation and income generation play in advancing poverty alleviation and fostering inclusive economic growth. This standard emphasizes the necessity for Borrowers to nurture positive worker- management dynamics. By ensuring that workers involved in the Project are treated equitably and by guaranteeing safe and ESS2: Labour healthy work environments, Borrowers can amplify the and Working developmental advantages of a Project. In the context of this Yes Conditions Project, adhering to ESS2 is paramount. This commitment means prioritizing the well-being and rights of all workers, fostering harmonious labor relationships, and creating a workspace that is both safe and conducive to productivity. Such adherence not only aligns with the World Bank's directives but also strengthens the Project's societal contributions. ESS3 highlights the environmental impacts of economic activities and urbanization, including pollution and resource ESS3: depletion. The increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases Resource (GHG) in the atmosphere present risks to current and future Efficiency, generations. With advancements, there are now more efficient Yes Pollution methods for resource use and pollution and GHG mitigation. Prevention ESS3 mandates that Projects adhere to these efficient and Control methods and manage pollution throughout their life cycle in line with Good International Industry Practice (GIIP). For the Project, this means incorporating these standards to ensure 101 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Applicability ESS Scope and Triggers to the Project minimal environmental impact and alignment with recognized best practices. ESS4 acknowledges that Projects can amplify risks and adverse impacts on local communities, especially in areas already facing challenges from climate change. This standard ESS4: focuses on the well-being, safety, and security of affected Community communities. Borrowers have a duty to reduce or eliminate Yes Health and these risks, giving special consideration to vulnerable Safety individuals due to specific conditions or situations. For the Project, this means putting measures in place to ensure community safety and addressing any additional risks that may arise during its execution. ESS5 notes that Projects may necessitate land acquisition or use restrictions, leading to potential adverse impacts on individuals and communities. Such actions can result in physical displacement (like relocation or loss of shelter) or economic displacement (loss of assets or income sources), ESS5: Land collectively termed "involuntary resettlement." In the case of Acquisition, the project, there is no physical displacement only temporary Restrictions effects on livelihood activities. The standard emphasizes that on Land Use Yes displacements can bring significant economic, social, and and environmental challenges, including dismantling of production Involuntary systems, potential impoverishment, weaker social networks, Resettlement and loss of cultural identity. Therefore, the ideal approach is to avoid involuntary resettlement. However, if it's inevitable, it should be minimized, and comprehensive mitigation strategies should be devised and executed to address its negative implications. For the Project, this means any land acquisition 102 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Applicability ESS Scope and Triggers to the Project or usage restrictions must be meticulously considered and managed to reduce any adverse effects. ESS6 underscores the imperative of preserving biodiversity and ensuring the sustainable management of natural resources for holistic sustainable development. Biodiversity encompasses the diversity of life forms, ranging from the diversity within species to the diverse ecosystems they form. Such biodiversity often serves as the foundation for vital ecosystem services that benefit humans. Negative impacts on ESS6: biodiversity can consequently disrupt these services. The Biodiversity standard stresses the need to uphold the primary ecological Conservation functions of various habitats, from terrestrial to marine, and and their inherent biodiversity. Each habitat, with its unique set of Sustainable Yes organisms, possesses varying degrees of species diversity Management and significance. ESS6 also emphasizes sustainable practices of Living in the primary production and extraction of natural resources. Natural Importantly, ESS6 considers the rights and livelihoods of those Resources affected by a Project, especially Indigenous Peoples who might rely on or interact with these resources. Their potential constructive role in conserving biodiversity and managing resources sustainably is also acknowledged. For the Project, this means that any actions taken should prioritize the preservation of biodiversity and involve local communities in decision-making processes. ESS8 highlights the critical importance of Cultural Heritage as ESS8: a vital link between the past, present, and future. It Cultural acknowledges that cultural heritage embodies the evolving Yes Heritage values, beliefs, and traditions of humanity, acting as a repository of historical information, a developmental asset, 103 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Applicability ESS Scope and Triggers to the Project and an integral component of cultural identity. Given the dynamic nature of cultural heritage, which may not always be visible or immediately apparent, ESS8 is almost invariably relevant as a precautionary measure. It mandates the incorporation of specific 'chance-find' procedures to address the potential discovery of cultural heritage values that may become evident only once construction activities commence. These procedures are designed to ensure that any such finds are appropriately managed and protected, reflecting ESS8's commitment to preserving cultural heritage throughout all phases of the Project. ESS9 emphasizes the importance of robust domestic capital, financial markets, and access to finance for economic growth and poverty alleviation. The Bank promotes sustainable financial sector development. Financial Intermediaries (FIs) ESS9: are mandated to manage, monitor, and assess the Financial environmental and social risks of their Projects and portfolios. No Intermediaries The management approach varies based on the FI's capacity and the financing nature. FIs need to establish an Environmental and Social Management System (ESMS) to ensure responsible risk and impact management for their sub- Projects and overall portfolio. ESS10 underscores the significance of transparent interaction PR 10: between the Borrower and Project stakeholders. In the context Information of the Project in Beira, it mandates engagement with Disclosure stakeholders in both the city and coast areas at all Project Yes and stages. This engagement, vital throughout the Project Stakeholder lifecycle, can bolster the environmental and social Engagement. sustainability of developments in Beira, influencing their 104 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Applicability ESS Scope and Triggers to the Project acceptance and implementation success. Initiating stakeholder engagement early in the Project development, especially given the unique dynamics of Beira, enhances its effectiveness. It plays a pivotal role in managing a Project's environmental and social risks and establishing robust relationships. ESS10 should be interpreted alongside ESS1, while engagement with workers is discussed in ESS2. Specific disclosure and consultation stipulations for Projects involving resettlement, , or cultural heritage are outlined in ESS5, ESS7, and ESS8. 4.3.5 Other Relevant International Standards and Guidelines The table below presents a list of international conventions and treaties signed by the Government of Mozambique that may have an influence on the design and implementation of the Project, divided by different topics. Table 4-7 Relevant International Standards and Guidelines Topic Description • C029 - Forced Labor Convention, 1930 (No. 29) • P029 - 2014 Protocol to the 1930 Forced Labor Convention ratified on 14 • June 2018 (Effective) June 16, 2003 In effect Human Rights • C087 - Convention on Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize, 1948 • (No. 87) December 23, 1996 In force • C098 - Convention on the Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining, 1949 (No. 98) 23 • December 1996 In effect 105 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Topic Description • C100 - Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100) 06 June 1977 In force • C105 - Abolition of Forced Labor Convention, 1957 (No. 105) June 6, 1977 In effect • C111 - Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111) June 6, 1977 Effective • C138 - Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138) Specified minimum age: 15 years 16 • June 2003 Effective • C182 - Worst Forms of Child Labor Convention, 1999 (No. 182) June 16, 2003 Effective • United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity 1993 • The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement (2015). UN • Conventions • UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural Ratified by and Natural Heritage, 1982 Mozambique • Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (UNESCO), 2003 • Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (UNESCO), 2005 • Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movements and Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa, Bamako, 1991 Pollution • Basel Convention on the control of Trans-boundary Movements of Prevention Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, 1989 Conventions • Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 1985, London 1990, Copenhagen 1992 • The Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer, 1987 106 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Topic Description • Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), 2001. • Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention), 1971 • Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973 • Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals Biodiversity (Bonn / CMS Convention), 1979 Conventions • SADC Protocol on Wildlife Conservation and Law Enforcement, 1999 • SADC Protocol on Fisheries, 2002 • African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources 1981 (Resolution 18/81) • African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, revised version, 2003 107 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 5 ESIA Scope and Methodology 5.1 Introduction This chapter outlines the framework and methods employed, the scale and boundaries of the study areas, the range of impacts considered, and the rigorous processes followed. Drawing from best practices and extensive research, it allows for a comprehensive understanding of the Project's implications and the strategic interventions proposed to manage them effectively. 5.2 ESIA Objectives The objectives of the ESIA include: • Identifying, assessing, and mitigating all environmental and social consequences related to the activities of the Coastal Protection works Project (refer to Chapter 3), ensuring compliance with national regulations and WB ESS standards, as well as incorporating mitigation measures into the design when necessary. • Facilitating consultation and participation of stakeholders and beneficiaries throughout the ESIA process, as well as during public disclosure of the ESIA. • Offering guidance for Project design and implementation strategies that promote equal access to Project advantages and encourage community involvement in both Project execution and monitoring. The ESIA process is tailored to identify the potential risks, aspects, and impacts of the facilities, addressing all pertinent direct and indirect environmental and social aspects and impacts of the Project in a comprehensive manner. This assessment encompasses all relevant stages of the Project cycle, including pre-construction, construction and operation. 5.3 ESIA Screening As per Decree 54/2015 and the decision made by the Ministry of Land and Environment (MTA) – Sofala Provincial Environment Services (SPA), the BCPP, with potential for significant impacts, has been classified as a Category A Project. This necessitated the development of an Environmental Pre-Feasibility and Scoping Study (EPDA) and subsequently, the creation of this Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) and Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) as specified by national regulations. As per Ministerial Decree 130/2006 the ESIA requires the ESIA report to include a Public Participation Report and the ESMP. Note: The public participation process has not been covered in this version of the report and the results of this engagement will be presented in the forthcoming version of the ESIA report. 108 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 5.4 ESIA Scoping In line with the Article 10 of the ESIA regulation, the primary objectives of the EPDA, completed in May 2022, were to pinpoint potential critical issues linked with the BCPP and to shape the scope of the environmental assessment for the ESIA Phase. Accordingly, the EPDA Phase aimed to: • Analyze existing data on the Project area, understanding the sensitivity of the biophysical and social environment affected. • Introduce the envisaged development to Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs) and discern their concerns regarding the Project. • Pinpoint potential significant positive and negative environmental and socio-economic ramifications. • Incorporate Project information and results of the Public Participation Process (PPP) and stakeholder engagement into the EPDA report. To buttress the goals mentioned, the EPDA report encompassed: • A Non-Technical Summary (NTS) highlighting primary issues, findings, and advice. • A preliminary demarcation of the Project's zones of influence. • A comprehensive account of the Project activities throughout its lifecycle. • A baseline description of the impacted biophysical and socio-economic landscape. • Identification of potential impacts, both positive and negative, that the proposed development might have on the environment and local communities. • Analysis and assessment of potential critical flaws that could jeopardize the Project's feasibility. • The EPDA Phase also embraced a PPP to ensure full transparency and feedback. It aimed to: • Recognize I&APs and construct an evolving I&AP database. • Inform I&APs (including affected local communities, authorities, environmental entities, and community-based organizations) about the proposed Project and probable impacts. • Facilitate active participation from I&APs in the process and discern potential challenges and concerns associated with the proposed Project. • Garner feedback from I&APs concerning the ToR. 109 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA The EPDA report concluded with the statement that no critical flaws were found associated with the Project. It was submitted to MTA for further review, and received endorsement from MTA in December 2022. 5.5 Specialist Studies For the BCPP, a series of detailed specialist studies have been conducted to provide comprehensive insights into various aspects crucial for informed decision-making and effective implementation. These are noted in the preliminary project documents for the Beira Coastal Protection Project, namely the Feasibility Report (January 2022), Environmental Prefeasibility Study and Scope Definition (EPDA) (May 2022) by Royal Haskoning DHV, Pre-Studies and Preliminary Design Report (July, 2023) and Detailed Design Report (October, 2023) by DAR. In June 2021, an ecological habitat field survey, along with desk research, was undertaken to gauge current habitats, identify endangered species, and explore opportunities for nature-based solutions. In August 2021, in-depth hydraulic and morphological analyses were carried out, focusing on shoreline developments, erosion hazards, sediment transport modeling, and the effects of extreme storm events on dune erosion. This also covered offshore wind and wave dynamics, tidal and storm surge assessments, and offshore-to-nearshore wave transformation modeling, albeit excluding specific local nearshore wave details. Concurrently, a flood inundation model was developed for extreme cyclone events, encompassing various scenarios, from different return periods to anticipated sea-level rise and urban developments. Local topographical surveys were also completed during this time, primarily to validate the existing Digital Terrain Model (DTM) of the area. Additionally, these surveys encompassed beach sediment sampling and representative beach profile measurements, however detailed bathymetry was absent. An exhaustive assessment of Beira's critical infrastructure was executed, entailing land-use mapping and future land-use Projections based on the Beira Masterplan. On the socio-economic front, baseline surveys and desk studies were conducted, covering demographics, well-being indicators, social infrastructure, economic activities, land usage patterns, and identification of vulnerable groups. Lastly, an evaluation of the existing coastal protection systems and structures was also performed in August, which also included an urban analysis and a visionary spatial plan for Beira. 110 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 5.6 ESIA Baseline Methodology The ESIA baseline methodology for the BCPP was designed to furnish a comprehensive understanding of the environment, both socio-economic and biophysical, in which the Project would be realized. This methodology consolidated various approaches, combining historical data and firsthand information, to ensure the formation of a holistic, accurate, and relevant Project baseline. The strategy was built upon three pivotal pillars: desktop research, primary consultations, and on-ground site inspections by ESIA consultants. 5.6.1 Desktop Study and Secondary Sources For the preliminary phase of the ESIA baseline formation, a robust desktop study was undertaken, utilizing secondary sources of information. This encompassed the review of previously conducted specialist studies on topics ranging from hydraulic assessments to socio-economic surveys. These studies, completed in 2021, were crucial in providing insights into shoreline developments, flood risks, Beira's critical infrastructure, socio-economic dynamics, ecological conditions, and the state of coastal protection systems. This desk-based approach ensured that the ESIA was rooted in well-researched, existing data, setting a foundation upon which primary research would later build. 5.6.2 Consultations and Primary Sources In addition to the reliance on secondary data, the team actively sought primary information through consultations with key stakeholders (CMB Coastal Department, Maritime Administration and Fishing Association, etc.). On 24th July 2023, during the ESIA consultants' visit to the Project area and its surrounding associated facilities, informal discussions were conducted with members of the local community. This engagement provided insights into their perspectives, concerns, and aspirations regarding the Beira Coastal Protection Project. These interactions underscored potential impacts, both positive and adverse, that the Project might impose on the environment and the local community. These insights assisted the Project to ensure it is both sustainable and considerate. It should be noted that further comprehensive stakeholder engagement sessions are planned, the details and outcomes of which will be integrated into a revised ESIA report. 5.6.3 ESIA Consultants’ Site Visits Integral to the ESIA baseline methodology were the site inspections executed by the ESIA consultants. These took place on 24-25 July 2023 and 30 October-3 November 2023. The team visited the Project area and its adjacent facilities. These on-site evaluations allowed the team to corroborate, refine, and expand upon the data amassed through desktop research and initial 111 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA consultations. Direct observations during these visits offered a clear understanding of local settings, challenges, and potential avenues for development. The team also gained a hands-on overview of the existing coastal protection systems, ecological zones, and the broader urban fabric of Beira City. A further site visit is to be done to undertake the public consultation process and prepare Public Participation Report, will be incorporated into the subsequent editions of the ESIA. 5.7 Impact Assessment Methodology This section aims to provide a thorough and systematic approach to evaluating the potential impacts of the BCPP. By considering a range of factors, including spatio-temporal aspects, direct and indirect consequences as well as impact controllability and reversibility, this methodology ensures a comprehensive understanding of the Project's implications on the environment and communities. The following sections detail the specific methodology and criteria employed in this assessment, which will serve as a foundation for informed decision-making and aid in development of effective mitigation or enhancement measures. After identifying the potential impacts of the BCPP, a comprehensive methodology was employed to assess the significance of each impact. First, the Area of Influence (AoI) for each aspect or dimension of the environment was determined as outlined in the section below. 5.7.1 Area of Influence The spatial scope of the study area for the assessment has been determined for each of the environmental and social aspect on a case-by-case basis. A distinction between two different spatial areas are taken into consideration. Firstly, the area within the Project Footprint or boundaries of the Project site and, secondly, the Area of Influence (AoI). Any impacts anticipated within the former spatial scope will necessarily denote direct impacts while impacts within the latter may be direct or indirect according to the impact and receptors in question. The potential area of influence of the BCPP is defined as the radius in which significant effects are expected from the Project whilst also accounting for other relevant Projects being implemented in the vicinity. The sizes of the study area for each environmental and socio-economic aspect have been examined separately to ensure that its size appropriately captures the impacts of the Project on the environment. The table below shows the area of influence and justification for choice. 112 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Table 5-1 Delineation of AoI for Different Impacts Area of Impact/ Aspect Justification Influence The propagation of noise and vibration tends to diminish as one moves further from the sources. Unlike atmospheric pollutants, the influence of noise and vibration remains unaffected by meteorological conditions, behaving as an immediate form of energy disturbance. These disturbances are conveyed through the physical surroundings, lessening in intensity over distances. Given the nature of major infrastructure Projects like ours, some noise and vibrations are expected. The dynamics of noise and vibration can be categorized into three segments: the origin, the transmission route, and the endpoint or receiver. Based on recorded data Noise Emissions 600m from construction equipment used in similar contexts, noise levels peak at approximately 100 dB at a distance of 15m from the source. Utilizing the standard diminution rate of 6 dB for every doubling of distance from the primary construction noise source, and adhering to the Project’s Performance Standards framework outlined in Chapter 4), the noise levels should not surpass 70 dB, which roughly translates to a distance of about 600m from the noise origin. Consequently, a buffer zone has been established to encapsulate and protect sensitive receptors, predominantly residential areas, from excessive noise levels. Emissions such as dust and other particulate matter are generally noticed within a range of 100-200m from the Gaseous Air construction or operation sites. To comprehensively assess 500m Emissions the direct impact on air quality, a study area has been delineated with a buffer zone extending at least 500m around the core Project area and around associated facilities 113 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Area of Impact/ Aspect Justification Influence as a precautionary approach to ensure complete coverage. This boundary is designed to account for all potential emission sources, encompassing vehicular movements on access roads and other associated activities. The buffer's breadth ensures the inclusion of sensitive receptors, with a primary focus on residential properties. The delineation of the Area of Influence (AoI) for waste- related impacts has been conservatively set at 5km from the core Project areas. This expansive boundary has been established to account for potential factors like wind and water transport, which can disseminate improperly managed Waste Impacts 5km waste materials over considerable distances. Additionally, the wider AoI considers the possibility of accidental spills during the transportation of waste materials, ensuring a comprehensive assessment of potential impacts and safeguarding surrounding environments and communities. An Area of Influence (AoI) spanning a radius of 1km around the Project location has been determined as adequate to evaluate potential impacts on both terrestrial and coastal Terrestrial and biodiversity. This boundary encompasses potential effects Coastal 1km that construction activities and subsequent operation and Biodiversity maintenance (O&M) procedures might have on local habitats, flora, and fauna. This delineation ensures a thorough assessment of the Project's influence on the surrounding ecosystem during its entire lifecycle. The Area of Influence (AoI) for aquatic ecology has been conservatively delineated at a radius of 2km from the BCPP Aquatic Ecology 2km site. This extensive boundary was established to thoroughly account for Project activities along the coast, inclusive of 114 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Area of Impact/ Aspect Justification Influence both nearshore and offshore dredging operations. It encompasses potential disruptions to marine ecosystems arising from vessel and material movements offshore. Additionally, the AoI considers the possible effects of sediment transport associated with dredging activities. Such activities might have temporary ramifications on water quality in the surrounding region. By adopting this approach, the aim is to ensure that all aquatic ecological impacts, both direct and indirect, are comprehensively assessed and addressed. The study area for the cultural heritage and archaeological aspects extends approximately 1km around the Project site. Cultural Heritage 1km This distance is considered sufficient for adequately defining and studying the cultural and archaeological setting of the Project area. For topographical impacts, an Area of Influence (AoI) encompassing a 1km strip of land surrounding the BCPP site has been delineated. This specific boundary was chosen to consider the pronounced topographical changes anticipated from the substantial dune construction activities characteristic of this Project. By setting this perimeter, the Topography 1km aim is to holistically assess and manage the alterations to the natural landscape brought about by the Project's developments (although the results of such topographical changes are likely to provide the positive influence which safeguards the city against floods and extreme weather events). For impacts related to soil and land, while many such effects Geology and soils 1km are typically confined to the immediate Project footprint, the 115 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Area of Impact/ Aspect Justification Influence Area of Influence (AoI) for the BCPP has been set with a radius of 1km around the Project site. This expanded boundary was defined to consider indirect impacts that might arise, predominantly from the movement of vehicles and heavy machinery, as well as activities at associated Project locations. This ensures a comprehensive evaluation of potential disruptions to the land and soil environment in the vicinity of the Project and accounting for the activities of the nursery operations associated with this Project. For the hydrogeological impacts, given the specific site characteristics and groundwater depths associated with the BCPP, a focused Area of Influence (AoI) is essential. Hydrogeological systems, by their very nature, can be intricately linked yet can demonstrate localized behaviour based on geological formations, porosity, and other Hydrogeology 2km subsurface conditions. Considering these factors, as well as the potential for dispersed effects, an AoI of 2km radius around the Project site is proposed. This conservative boundary ensures that any potential changes to groundwater flows, quality, or recharge rates, even if they manifest in a dispersed manner, are effectively captured and addressed. For the BCPP, the delineation of the Area of Influence (AoI) with respect to land use is primarily localized. This AoI specifically encompasses areas targeted for land Land Use Local acquisition. As the Project progresses, it's vital to ensure that any changes to the existing land use patterns remain within this predefined boundary to maintain harmony with the local context and to minimize unintended disruptions. 116 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Area of Impact/ Aspect Justification Influence Within the context of the BCPP, the Area of Influence (AoI) for socio-economic consultations has been delineated as a 5 km radius around the Project site. This boundary has been established to capture indirect impacts associated with the Project. This will ensure proper assessment of the Socio-Economic 5km community's perceptions of potential effects tied to the Conditions Project, which may range from employment opportunities and livelihood disruptions to increased vehicular activities. The aim is to ensure that both the positive opportunities and potential challenges presented by the Project are holistically addressed. For the BCPP, understanding its proximity to residential zones and markets, a designated Area of Influence (AoI) of a 1 km radius around the Project site has been demarcated. This boundary consideration is crucial, especially when Community Health construction activities are taking place near populated areas, and with heightened risks linked to health and safety. By doing Safety/Occupation 1km so, the Project considers potential concerns related to al Health and general construction hazards, potential disease safety transmission, and the possible emergence of waterborne diseases. This AoI ensures a comprehensive assessment of these health risks and provides a framework for mitigation strategies during both the planning and execution phases of the Project. 117 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 5.7.2 Impact Significance Methodology Following determination of each aspect’s AoI, the consultant utilized the methodology outlined below to assess the significance of potential impacts that may arise due to Project activities throughout the construction and operation phases. The fundamental criteria of assessing impact significance in this methodology is delineated by the spatio-temporal influence of the impact according to its magnitude, spatial extent and duration. These three factors combined, using a weighted average approach whereby magnitude is ascribed twice the weight of the other two variables, yields a basic impact index. Magnitude refers to the quantity of the resource or receptor that is potentially affected by the activity. Spatial extent refers to the geographical area over which the impact is experienced, and duration refers to the length of time the impact persists. Additional factors that were considered when determining each impact’s significance include whether the impact is: (i) direct vs. indirect, (ii) short-term vs. long- term, (iii) avoidable vs. unavoidable, and (iv) reversible vs. irreversible. This ESIA operationalizes these three impact dimensions as follows: Magnitude Table 5-2 Description and Coding of Impact Magnitudes Index Category Description Value 1 Very Low A very small proportion of the receptor is affected 2 Low A small proportion of the receptor is affected 3 Moderate A moderate proportion of the receptor is affected 4 High A large proportion of the receptor is affected 5 Very High A very large proportion or all of the receptor is affected Spatial Extent Table 5-3 Description and Coding of Impact Spatial Extent Index Category Description Value 0 Nil No effect 1 Very Low Local scale impact in the immediate area of activity 2 Low Local scale impact in the study area 3 Moderate Regional scale impact 118 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 4 High National scale impact 5 Very High Global scale impact Duration Table 5-4 Description and Coding of Impact Duration Index Category Description Value 0 Nil No effect 1 Very Low Less than one year 2 Low One to five years 3 Five years to ten Moderate years 4 Greater than ten High years 5 Very High Irreversible Note that, where there is uncertainty regarding magnitude, spatial extent or duration, the higher value was chosen to ensure that no impact is underestimated. The basic impact index that results is a numerical value between 0-5 which is then combined with receptor sensitivity categorization to determine the overall significance of the impact under investigation (see table below). Table 5-5 Basic Impact Index based on Receptor Sensitivity Receptor Basic Impact Index Sensitivity (0) N (1) VL (2) L (3) M (4) H (5) VH Low IN IN IN MI MO MA Medium IN IN MI MO MA MA High IN MI MO MA MA MA The table above show the combined basic impact index x receptor sensitivity categorization that yields the overall significance of the impact as: 119 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA • Insignificant (IN) • Minor (MI) • Moderate (MO) • Major (MA) Impacts rated minor, moderate or major necessitate mitigation measures to eliminate the impact where possible or reduce their significance to minor or insignificant where elimination of the impact is not possible. By considering the various aspects of each potential impact, this ESIA ensures a comprehensive analysis that enables informed decision-making and development of effective mitigation and enhancement measures. 5.7.3 Mitigation and Enhancement Measures The mitigation hierarchy is an integral component of proficient E&S Management, underlining a systematic approach to minimize potential negative impacts during the BCPP. The hierarchy comprises four key stages: avoidance, minimization, rehabilitation/restoration, and offset. Offset Rehabilitation Minimization Avoidance Figure 5-1: Visual Illustration of the Mitigation Hierarchy Avoidance, as the first step, is often the most economically viable means of mitigating adverse impacts. For this coastal Project, this can entail tactics like scheduling construction during seasons of low marine activity to mitigate impacts on aquatic ecosystems, or strategically placing infrastructure to sidestep areas prone to erosion or flooding. Engaging such measures early in the Project timeline ensures their optimum effectiveness. However, given the advanced stage of some construction elements within the Project's parameters, the scope for certain avoidance strategies might be limited. 120 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Minimization centers on curbing the duration, magnitude, and spread of unavoidable impacts. For the coastal context, this could mean measures such as utilizing silt curtains during dredging to reduce sediment spread, using construction materials that don't exacerbate erosion, or ensuring that protective barriers don't interrupt vital fish migration paths. Rehabilitation and restoration efforts aim to ameliorate affected coastlines and ecosystems after exposure to inevitable impacts. While restoration tries to revert the area to its prior state, rehabilitation seeks to reinstate core ecological functions and ecosystem services, crucial for coastal regions. These measures become more salient towards the Project's latter stages. Lastly, offsetting serves to counterbalance any lingering adverse impacts post the prior stages. In the context of this coastal Project, offsets might include initiatives like mangrove replanting to make up for coastal habitats lost or investing in community programs that bolster resilience against rising sea levels. While offsets can be intricate and potentially costly, they underscore the importance of prioritizing earlier stages in the mitigation hierarchy for maximum efficiency. 5.7.4 Residual Impacts Residual impacts refer to the expected consequences on the environment and surrounding communities even after the full implementation of the proposed mitigation measures. These are the inevitable outcomes that persist despite best efforts to minimize or alleviate potential adverse effects. In qualitative assessment, the identification of these impacts often stems from a combination of empirical data and the extensive experience of consultants from prior, similar Projects. Residual impacts recognize that while mitigation measures can significantly reduce many negative effects, no Project is entirely without its lasting imprint. Understanding and acknowledging these residual impacts is critical for informed decision-making and setting up subsequent monitoring or adaptive management strategies to ensure the long-term sustainability of the Project. 121 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 6 Environmental and Social Baseline Conditions 6.1 Physical Environment 6.1.1 Climate The city of Beira, Mozambique, where the BCPP Project is located, possesses a tropical wet-dry climate, known as "Aw" according to the Köppen-Geiger classification system. This climate type is marked by noticeable wet and dry periods. Most of the annual rainfall takes place during the high-sun or "summer" phase, with a peak in January when precipitation exceeds 100mm. This rainy season spans from late October to March, during which temperatures hover around 31°C. The city is also susceptible to tropical storms or cyclones, primarily within this wet span. Figure 6-1: Climate Classification (Beck at al., 2018) Contrastingly, from April to September, Beira experiences its dry season, with average temperatures dropping slightly to around 27°C. Throughout the year, temperatures remain relatively high but display a more substantial fluctuation compared to other tropical climates. Specifically, winter temperatures range between 19-20°C, while summer temperatures lie between 24-27°C. 122 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Figure 6-2: Average Monthly Temperature and Precipitation In Beira, the prevailing wind patterns are primarily characterized by directions ranging from east- north-easterlies to south-south-easterlies. The average wind speeds are typically bracketed between 0-12km/h and 12-19km/h. This range is most dominant during the months of September through November. As the year progresses into December, there is a noticeable decline in these average speeds, reaching their lowest points during May and June. However, this respite is temporary, as winds start to gather momentum once more from June, culminating in their peak intensity in October. While wind speeds of 29-38km/h are less frequent, when they do arise, they predominantly emanate from southerly and south-easterly directions. Throughout most of the year, such strong winds are felt for about 1-2 days per month. Yet, in October, this frequency increases, with Beira experiencing these robust wind conditions for up to 4 days within the month. Additionally, wind speeds greater than 38km/h may occur for 1 day during the month of August. 123 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Figure 6-3: Wind Rose and Average Wind Speed 6.1.2 Marine and Coastal Environment 6.1.2.1 Bathymetry Influenced by the discharge from the Pungwe River into the Mozambique Channel, the bathymetry of the Project vicinity displays distinct characteristics. High sediment concentration from the river 124 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA and effects from high tides and surges have given the Pungwe estuary its distinctive shape with dynamic tidal flats. Moving towards the land, the channel's depth decreases, with the shallowest depth noted as 5m. Beira originated near the river on a small dune ridge and expanded eastwards and northeastwards into flatter regions susceptible to coastal and pluvial flooding. Even though much of Beira lies below the usual high tide level, the surrounding coastal dune system largely protects it from coastal flooding. However, Praia Nova, on Beira's western side, faces the sea directly on a coastal plain and experiences frequent flooding. • Coastal Stretch 1 (Port Area): Here, the interface between the shore and water is primarily shaped by concrete quay walls, causing a clear vertical change in elevation. The access channel culminates at the oil terminal, the port's northernmost point. Mangrove forests lie to the port's north, in areas considered for potential port expansions. • Coastal Stretch 2 (Rio Chiveve- Ponta Gea): This stretch is predominantly marked by the Praia Nova township, which rests on a flood-prone low coastal plain. The approach channel lies around 200 meters close to the western shoreline. Shallow tidal flats are also found on Praia Nova's southern shoreline. • Coastal Stretch 3 (Ponta Gea to Macuti Lighthouse): A dune ridge characterizes this stretch, with Beira's urban sector situated behind it. The dunes have a coastal wall, currently in disrepair and previously meant to protect against sand encroachment onto the road rather than act as a flood wall. This wall requires urgent post-Idai event repairs. Tidal flats can be seen offshore, while a series of groynes meant to counter coastal erosion are visibly damaged with heights varying from MSL -2 to +5 m. • Coastal Stretch 4 (Macuti Lighthouse to Rio Maria): This area boasts high dunes, with rural and less developed regions inland. Some weak spots in the dune ridge might flood during high-water conditions even now. In November 2020, nearshore coastal profiles were surveyed. This data, merged with Lidar and GEBCO data, resulted in a unified nearshore bathymetry and topography dataset. The slope of the beach profile in the easternmost section, between MSL -3 to -4 m, is approximately 1:30 to 1:40. As we move westward, the slope becomes about 1:60 to 1:80, and the southern coast showcases very flat terrains between MSL -1 to -2 m. For all profiles, below MSL -5 m, the slope is notably gentle. 125 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 6.1.2.2 Wind, Wave and Tides Data from the ECMWF ERA5 database, spanning 1979-2020 and covering a 30 km grid, indicates the predominant offshore wind in the area comes from a south-eastern direction. Typical wind speeds rarely surpass 14 m/s. However, in extreme scenarios like cyclones, they can peak between 40-50 m/s. The offshore wave environment comprises wind sea waves and swell waves, both primarily from south-eastern directions. The usual significant wave heights (Hs) offshore are under 2 m, with 3 m being infrequent. Peak wave periods (Tp) range from roughly 3 s to 15 s. While wind sea waves result from local winds, swell waves originate from distant storms. The SWAN modeling software was used to adapt offshore wave data to nearshore conditions. The nearshore waves predominantly approach from the south-east. The eastern coast with steeper foreshores sees larger wave heights than the more sheltered southern and western coastlines with shallow foreshores. Most of the time, nearshore significant wave heights (Hs) stay under 1.5 m, with 2 m being an occasional occurrence. In extreme conditions, such as cyclones, nearshore waves can reach between 3 to 3.5 m (Hs). Figure 6-4: Offshore wave roses – right: significant wave height Hs, left: peak wave period Tp (source: ERA5 database) 126 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Figure 6-5: Computed nearshore wave height roses, right: for water level MSL +3.3 m, left: for water level MSL -1.9 m The extreme tidal range difference is between 6.5 to 7 meters. The average spring tidal range (between MHWS and MLWS) is around 5 to 5.5 meters, while the average neap tidal range (between HMWN and MLWN) fluctuates between 1.5 to 2 meters. Tidal currents were analyzed using a 50 m resolution tidal Delft3D-FM model. The most substantial tidal flow velocities, reaching up to 2 m/s, are detected in the main channel, quite far from the shoreline. Nearer to the shore, deeper sections of the foreshore occasionally surpass 1 m/s, though these speeds typically don't extend to the active coastal strip, barring specific areas like Ponta Gea where the ebb current is often less than 0.5 m/s. Ponta Gea has a notable net tidal effect, and near Ponta Macuti, a slight flood current dominance is visible close to the coast. In other regions, the net effect is minimal, signifying that both flood and ebb currents are minor and roughly equivalent. 6.1.2.3 Coastal Dynamics Coastal Stretch 1 (Port Area): This area is engineered for port operations and is described as a sheltered shoreline. There's no observed significant erosion trend in this area. Moving northward from the port area, there are mangrove strips along the shoreline. Coastal Stretch 2 (Rio Chiveve- Ponta Gea): Spanning from Praia Nova to Ponta Gea, this region lacks typical dunes and has a low barrier bar protecting a wetland. Over time, informal settlements replaced mangroves in the Praia Nova area. This coast exhibits a "wash-over storm regime" due to its particular morphological characteristics. Old seawalls were built behind Praia Nova in the past, and several revetment structures were constructed to address erosion in the 127 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Praia Nova and Ponta Gea shoreline. There is a navigation channel nearby which includes dredging works by the adjacent port. In the next 50 years, the coastline between Praia Nova and Ponta Gea is Projected to continue eroding at a rate of several meters annually, with rates slightly more than 5 m/yr in the eastern part and slightly less than 5 m/yr in the western section. Coastal Stretch 3 (Ponta Gea to Macuti Lighthouse): This segment, from Ponta Gea to Ponta Macuti, is a sandy dune area with businesses, houses, and a coastal road closely situated. Groynes are present, though most are in a degraded condition. While the current shoreline position is not retreating significantly, there has been a loss of dune vegetation in certain sections. Waves have the potential to directly impact the coastal wall in parts of this stretch where there are no protective dunes. Historically, illicit sand mining has occurred here, with volumes between 50,000-100,000 m3/yr, but after 1998-1999, due to stricter regulations, these volumes dropped to between 5,000-15,000 m3/yr. The future Projection for the area around Macuti Lighthouse indicates an erosion rate of approximately 1 m/yr, compounded with a sea-level rise-induced retreat of about 0.4 m/yr, leading to an estimated retreat of 1 to 2 m/yr. Coastal Stretch 4 (Macuti Lighthouse to Rio Maria): Running from Macuti Lighthouse to Rio Maria, this uninterrupted dune coast lacks specific coastal protections. The dune crest averages MSL + 5-6 m, with some lower sections identified. The Peacock Hotel is the only significant development. The area experiences dominant longshore transport gradients which have led to significant coastal retreat over previous decades. A contributing factor to erosion here is the blockage of sediment transport by a growing spit at Rio Maria. Predictions for this stretch suggest erosion rates between 10 m/yr near Rio Maria and 1 m/yr near Macuti. This erosion pattern is expected to continue, albeit at decreasing rates. 128 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 6.1.2.4 Sea Level Rise According to the analysis conducted by the EPDA consultant, the Projected sea level rise (SLR) for 2070 is based on the locally refined data from Vousdoukas et al. (2018). This data indicates an increase of 0.52 m under the RCP8.5 scenario at the median percentile. This Projection closely aligns with the latest IPCC report, which forecasts a slightly lower rise of 0.44 m for the RCP8.5 scenario. Relative SLR due to subsidence has not been incorporated into these considerations. An assessment of the ESA's vertical displacement rate map, spanning the period 2016- 2019, reveals that a significant portion of the city fluctuates between -0.2 cm/yr and +0.2 cm/yr. This suggests a neutral trend with neither definitive subsidence nor uplift. Such observations corroborate existing geological insights about the region. In future scenario simulations, impacts of subsidence have been excluded, meaning the DEM in use remains unchanged. This approach is deemed practical and avoids Figure 6-6: Locally downscaled values of introducing extraneous variables into the evaluations. Sea Level Rise near Beira according to IPCC and Vousdoukas et al. (2018) Coastal profiles, including the elevations of dunes and dikes, are assumed to remain unchanged in future Projections. 6.1.2.5 Cyclone Events Cyclones predominantly arise in the wet season, which spans from October to March. The nation's coastline is situated within the active south-west Indian Ocean cyclone belt. Cyclones forming in the tropical regions of the Indian Ocean occasionally drift towards Africa's eastern shoreline, either making landfall on Mozambique's coast or passing in close proximity. As these tropical cyclones or (sub-tropical) storms traverse, they can generate significant surge and wave setups on the coast. During intense cyclonic conditions, storm surges can locally attain heights of 1-2 meters or even more. Moreover, during severe storm events, where water levels elevate by several meters over 12-24h, the wave effect can further penetrate the nearshore area, resulting in more widespread flooding. Figure 6-7 portrays the paths of eight tropical cyclones that neared Beira between 1999 and 2019. Notably, there's a 10-year hiatus between Izilda in 2009 and 2019, during which two major storms, Desmond and Idai, occurred just three weeks apart. While Desmond led to flooding from 129 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA prolonged heavy rains, Idai was responsible for substantial destruction due to intense winds, coastal flooding in Beira, and severe flooding that caused hundreds of casualties to the south of Beira. Figure 6-7: Map with cyclone tracks1 within 150km of Beira (period 1999-2019). From North to South: Desmond (landfall on 21/01/2019), TC 08S 2002 (03/01/2002), Idai (14/03/2019), Izilda (29/03/2009), TC 23S 1999 (26/02/1999), TC 11S 2000 (22/02/2000), Favio (22/02/2007), TC 19S 2003 (03/03/2003). The trajectory of cyclones affecting Mozambique is somewhat irregular, attributed to the variation in latitude and Madagascar's blocking influence, positioned along the frequent cyclonic route. On average, tropical cyclones impact a segment of Mozambique's coast roughly once annually. The tangible effects of these storms on coastal water levels differ significantly based on local features of the coast and shelf, the specific storm path, and the vulnerability of impacted areas. The aftermath of coastal flooding also depends on the exposed local infrastructure and communities. In many coastal sections, the cyclonic storm surge's impact is substantial, especially over broad shelves, as compared to swell waves which only impact narrower shelf areas. For Beira, the unpredictability of cyclonic patterns and their sporadic clustering has been observed at least two other times in contemporary history. In the wet seasons of 1961/1962 and 2020/2021, 1 https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/jtwc.html?southern-hemisphere 130 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA two tropical storms each approached Beira within a span of three weeks. However, neither of these clusters caused as much devastation as cyclone Idai. The limited damage in 1961/1962 is likely due to Beira's then smaller size and elevated position, whereas the 2020/2021 storms' limited impact was due to their relative mildness and occurrence during neap or low tides. Still, minor alterations in cyclonic paths or timings might have resulted in more significant damage to Beira and its inhabitants during past cyclonic events. TC Chalane (30-dec-2020) TC Daizy (23-jan-1962) TC Gina (12-feb-1962) TC Eloise (23-jan-2021) Figure 6-8: Map with cyclone tracks of wet seasons 1961/196292 and 2020/20213 affecting Beira 6.1.2.6 Sediment During November 2020, sediment samples were obtained from multiple sites along the coast. These samples underwent analysis as part of an RHDHV survey in October 2020. Evaluations of the sieve curves led to the determination of the median grain diameter D50, along with the D10 and D90 values. Observations reveal that the coastal sand is of a coarse nature, with the majority of samples showcasing a D50 range from approximately 0.3 mm to 1 mm. Most D90 values lie between 1 mm and 2 mm. These findings align reasonably with the sediment sizes documented by Alkyon (1998) for the region spanning between Macuti lighthouse and Praia Nova, based on samples collected in December 1996 and May 1998. Across coastal Stretches 2 through 4 2 Source: http://ibtracs.unca.edu/index.php?name=browse-name 3 Source: http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/ 131 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA (excluding Stretch 1), a consistent trend is noticeable: sediments near the low water line tend to be coarser, occasionally incorporating gravel elements. 6.1.3 Air Quality The air quality within a specific region is significantly influenced by its associated economic activities that generate gaseous emissions. Such emissions primarily emanate from industrial combustion processes, prevalent road traffic due to transportation networks, and prevailing land use patterns. The following assessment of baseline ambient air quality is based on a qualitative evaluation of the primary emission sources within the study area as well as the baseline measurements undertaken for the Drainage project ESIA (Genesis, June 2023). • Coastal Stretch 1 (Port Area): Located within the Port of Beira, is characterized by industrial activities. Sources of potential air pollutant emission sources in this stretch are identified including; vehicle exhaust, marine vessel combustion, biomass burning, and various industrial processes, which may lead to elevated levels of CO, CO2, NOx, SO2, PM, and VOC. Sensitive receptors in this stretch include informal settlements and port- associated infrastructures. • Coastal Stretch 2 (Rio Chiveve- Ponta Gea): Emissions predominantly arise from the combustion of domestic and biomass fuels, as well as from fishing vessels. Coastal Stretch 2's northern section comprises residential receptors and structures related to local fishing, while its southern segment predominantly features residential receptors and informal economic activities. • Coastal Stretches 3 and 4 (Ponta Gea to Rio Maria): Encounter emissions primarily from road traffic and wind erosion in open dune areas of the coast. Coastal Stretches 3 and 4, with similar land-use configurations, identify tourism establishments, educational facilities, and individual residences as their main sensitive receptors. Broadly, the Project site's air quality is influenced by adjacent residential activities, road traffic, and the operations associated with the Port of Beira, indicating that the overall air quality of the area is disturbed. Further quantification through detailed ambient air quality measurements is necessary for a comprehensive understanding. 132 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 6.1.4 Noise & Vibration Predominant noise emission sources within the study areas, Stretch 1 primarily features industrial operations, most of which operate round the clock. This includes noise emanating from machinery, generators, and transformers. Additional significant sources include loading and unloading activities at the Port of Beira, as well as surrounding road, maritime, and rail traffic. Periodic maintenance dredging operations at the access channels to the Port of Beira further contribute to the noise landscape. For the other Stretches, specifically 2, 3, and 4, the dominant noise emissions are attributed to road traffic and the activities associated with tourist and commercial establishments situated along the waterfront. No other significant noise sources have been identified within the local acoustic environment. The Project is situated in an urbanized setting. Across all four Stretches, the sensitive receptors primarily include dwellings, commercial establishments, and catering facilities, all located within a proximity of less than 1 km. These receptors mirror those previously identified for the air quality component. In the interests of saving time, the baseline section on air quality, noise and vibration in the Rehabilitation Project Of The Drainage System In The City Of Beira – Phase II Environmental And Social Impact Study – ESIA (Genesis, June 2023) is referred to below. The results of this baseline study noted that air quality in the project area is currently at acceptable levels. The main sources of air pollution in the region are motor vehicles moving on main roads, dust caused by vehicle movements on unpaved roads, burning in agricultural fields, and the creation and movement of dust caused by wind on exposed soil. The following parameters were monitored: PM10, PM2.5, Gases (CH4, CO, CO2, SO2, NO, NO2, O2, VOC, Formaldehydes, PAHs), noise and vibration. Monitoring took place at 10 points in the project area, as can be seen in the table below. Table 6 Sampling points, description, coordinates and the respective evaluated parameters Sampling points Description of the Evaluated Geographic sampling point parameters coordinates P1- Chipangarra upstream Noise, Volatile Organic X: 695553.79 of A1 Compounds (VOCs), Y: 7805253.61 Dust P2 - Macurrungo and Noise, Volatile Organic X: 696315.52 Matacuane Division Compounds (VOCs), Y: 7805524.73 Dust 133 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA P3- Macurrungo and Noise, Volatile Organic X: 697220.28 Munhava Division Compounds (VOCs), Y: 7806893.10 Temperature, Humidity P4- Macurrungo Noise, Volatile Organic X: 697596.82 Compounds (VOCs), Y: 7807491.20 NOx, COx, Temperature, Humidity P5- Chota at the upstream Noise, Volatile Organic X: 699489.02 connection with the Compounds (VOCs), Y: 7808126.54 basin, A1 NOx, COx, Temperature, Humidity P6- Chipangara upstream Noise, Volatile Organic X: 695440.59 of A3 Compounds (VOCs), Y: 7804518.27 NOx, COx, Temperature, Humidity P7- Macurrungo and Noise, Volatile Organic X: 696917.78 Macuti Division Compounds (VOCs), Y: 7804569.18 NOx, COx, Temperature, Humidity P8- Macuti, continuation of Noise, Volatile Organic X: 698593.70 A3 Compounds (VOCs), Y: 7805380.81 NOx, COx, Temperature, Humidity P9- Macuti and Chota Noise, Volatile Organic X: 699119.24 Division continuation Compounds (VOCs), Y: 7806089.04 of A3 NOx, COx, Temperature, Humidity P10- Chota – entrance to Noise, Volatile Organic X: 700165.04 the wetland and Compounds (VOCs), Y: 7806472.50 beach NOx, COx, Temperature, Humidity 134 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Figure 6-9: Geographic location and identification of monitoring parameters of sampling points in the project areas A1 and A3 Particles Dust emission baseline information was measured using SKC AirChek52 suction pumps that simulate the normal flow of human respiration in the atmosphere at a manipulated and calibrated flow rate of 2.2 liters/min, with a cassette containing base and filter paper. The results are presented in the figure below. 135 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Figure 6-10: Dust results found throughout the study area The results at most of the monitored points were within the limits, except for P2 which was at the permissible limit in Mozambique (150µg/m³) and P3 which exceeded (165µg/m³) the limit established in decree 18/2004 on Quality Standards Air and Effluent Emissions. Both points are located in very busy places (road junctions) and are unpaved, which may explain these results. Gases To measure the concentration of gases in the environment, a sampler from Multi Gas Analyzer, Safety, Henanzhongan was used, equipped with filters and sensors to detect the following gases: CH4, CO, CO2, SO2, NO, NO2, O2. And the trace gases of aromatic rings and fermentative products, responsible for bad odors in the pipelines, total valatile organic carbon (VOC), Formaldehydes, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) were also analyzed using Crowcon Pro 2.1.7 Portable Samplers. The profile of gases detected at the level of the study area is shown by the graph in the figure below, and the gases identified are NOx; COx and VOCs. 136 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Figure 6-11: NOx, COx and VOCs Baseline Monitoring Results In theory, VOCs analysis includes all types of compounds of organic origin, which can be identified from formaldehydes, methanes, products originating from various ways of organic material decomposition processes. Thus, VOCs recorded indicate the presence of bad odors in the study site. However, the graph notes that almost all sampling points the presence of gases with potential for bad smells was verified, with a higher incidence at points P4 (Macurungo), P6 (Chipangara) and P8 (Macuti). NOx were within established standards. Noise The results regarding noise verification can be seen in the graph below, and according to the results noted, exceed, in almost all analysis points, the limit recommended by the WHO of 80 dB for residential areas, except for points P6 and P10. 137 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Figure 6-12: Noise intensity results in the project area The results show that, in terms of noise intensity, the monitoring area had peaks of high and medium intensity. Point P1 located in Chipangarra was greatly influenced by the presence of many houses with high intensity sound sources, which caused the peak elevation. Vibration Baseline measurements showing vibration levels is shown in the graph below. 138 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Figure 6-13: Vibration results As can be seen in the figure above there were no peaks with significant values of vibration intensity in almost the entire study area. At point P4, referring to the Macurrungo neighborhood, the road was under construction with equipment in operation, which caused small but insignificant variations. Conclusions The measurement of noise pollution showed that the average level of pollution exceeded the limit recommended by the WHO in many points, except for points P6 and P10, which clearly shows that this factor will be exacerbated by the project. The measurement of particulates in the air showed that the average level of suspended particles at all sampling points, and based on the available information, that the air quality in the region is within the standards established by the Decree nº 18/2004 with the exception of P3, the division between the Macurungo and Munhava neighborhoods. This is due to the fact that no significant industrial activities or a significant volume of vehicle traffic observed in the areas proposed for the implementation of the Project. However, caution must be taken to ensure that limits are not exceeded during the implementation of Project activities. The gas emission levels show that the concentration of VOCs, CO, NOx, as well as SO2 are within the permissible limits at all measuring points. Therefore, in the Project's zone of influence 139 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA in the reference period, air quality is within environmental standards as provided for in the regulation of environmental standards in force in the Republic of Mozambique and by the WHO. Particle concentrations may exceed the limit standards established in the operational area mainly in the phase corresponding to construction activities due to transport movement on unpaved roads, excavations and transport of construction material in trucks, when these situations coincide with unfavourable meteorological conditions. No concentrations above the standards limits were noted for the analyzed gases, however, the risk of limits being exceeded must be considered in areas where there is a high concentration of machines which are sources of such gases and suitable mitigation measures implemented. 6.1.5 Topography The Beira coastal area exhibits a predominantly flat terrain. Historically, Beira's establishment was on a modest dune ridge near the river, which gradually expanded into the more susceptible low-lying areas towards the east and northeast, making them prone to coastal and rain-induced flooding. While a significant portion of the city lies below typical high tide levels, the coastal dunes that encircle Beira currently act as a buffer against coastal flooding. However, Praia Nova, positioned on the western flank of Beira and directly facing the sea, is more susceptible to frequent flooding. 140 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Rio Maria Port area Praia Nova Macuti Ponta Gea Lighthouse Figure 6-14: Topographical Map of Project Area • Coastal Stretch 1 (Port Area): The existing port’s coastal edge predominantly features concrete quay walls, creating a noticeable shift in elevation. The access channel culminates at the oil terminal, located at the port's northernmost point. Further north, mangrove forests populate the vicinity earmarked for potential port expansions. • Coastal Stretch 2 (Rio Chiveve to Ponta Gea): This segment is mainly defined by the Praia Nova township, situated on a low coastal plain regularly affected by coastal flooding. An approach channel lies proximate to the western shoreline, approximately 200 meters away. The southern shoreline of Praia Nova is accompanied by shallow tidal flats offshore. • Coastal Stretch 3 (Ponta Gea to Macuti Lighthouse): This stretch showcases a continuous dune ridge, with Beira's urban expanse situated behind these dunes. An existing coastal wall spans the entire stretch, originally constructed to segregate the dunes from the road and avert sand encroachments (not as a flood barrier). This wall, currently in a dilapidated state, necessitates urgent repairs, particularly post the Idai calamity, with restoration plans already in the pipeline. Adjacent to the shoreline in this stretch, shallow tidal flats are evident. To curb coastal erosion, a series of groynes, now deteriorated and with varied elevations ranging from MSL -2 to +5 m, have been installed. 141 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA • Coastal Stretch 4 (Macuti Lighthouse to Rio Maria): This area is typified by tall dunes and sparsely developed rural territories in the backdrop. The dune ridge here has certain vulnerabilities which, even under present conditions, might flood during elevated water levels. Comprehensive coastal profiles of the nearshore were documented in November 2020 as part of this Project. This information was integrated with Lidar and GEBCO datasets to craft a consistent nearshore bathymetry and topography dataset. On the coast's easternmost section, the beach gradient, above an elevation of MSL -3 to -4 m, stands at 1:30 to 1:40. Progressing westwards, these inclines soften to around 1:60 to 1:80, and the southern coast showcases notably flat terrains between elevations of MSL -1 to -2 m (tidal flats). At roughly MSL -5 m and below, all profiles present a gentle slope. 6.1.6 Soils The predominant soils across Central and Southern Mozambique's coastline are unconsolidated sediments. These are mostly recent (Quaternary) soils with ambiguous horizons and frequent profile changes. Coastal and sub-littoral areas feature sandy soils, while riverbanks and depressions host grayish fluvial alluvial soils that represent Quaternary alluvium deposits. Major dispersions of this soil type can be found along prominent rivers like Zambezi, Púnguè, Búzi, Limpopo, Incomati, and Umbeluzi. Beira city and its surroundings are pedologically classified under zones of high fertility fluvial soils. These soils pose cultivation challenges due to potential water excess and/or salinity, as per the Geographic Atlas vol. 1, 1986:13. The majority of Beira's soil composition comprises alluvial, marine, and fluvial sediments, which are both recent and considerably thick. These are conditioned by the region's flat topography interspersed with minor depressions, facilitating water accumulation. The primary soil categories in Beira include fluvial marine soils, alluvial terrace soils, brackish soils, and dune soils. Estuarine regions, shielded from direct oceanic influence but subject to periodic tidal flooding, like the Chiveve channel, nurture saline alluvial soils. These soils, characterized by thin, muddy, inconsistent, and saline clay, aren't agriculturally viable. However, they support marine flora and fauna growth. 142 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Dune soils are predominantly located on the city's eastern coast and within the lowlands of Matacuane and Munhava. These soils, with their undifferentiated profiles, risk wind erosion unless vegetation cover is sustained. 6.1.7 Geology and Hydrogeology Within the regional context, Sofala Bay is situated within the Mozambique basin. This basin encompasses the current Mozambican coastal plain that stretches from parallel 17º30' in Pebane to the Maputo River in the South, extending further to parallel 28º in Zululand, South Africa. Two pronounced geological units are found in the Mozambique basin. Firstly, there's the Lower Complex of Gondwanic age, characterized by the Karoo Supergroup, which is a combination of volcanic and sedimentary rocks dating back to the Upper Palaeozoic to Lower Mesozoic era. Secondly, the Upper Complex of post-Gondwanic age comprises sedimentary rocks from the Jurassic-Cenozoic age, further subdivided into Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary periods. Quaternary sediments within the basin's continental portion are illustrated through river terraces and dune facies. The dunes span extensive coastal regions, and the underlying formations are rarely exposed. Four sea advance and retreat phases marked this period, exhibiting specific lithological associations in stratigraphic order: 1. Sediments of a clayy-sandy and purely clayey nature, with the former linked to fluvial and later aeolian runoff, and the latter partly tied to marine abrasion terraces. 2. Recent alluvium and fluvio-marine clayey alluvium that corresponds to fluvial and fluvio- marine dynamics found alongside rivers. 3. Dune sands, encompassing fixed inland dunes, consolidated dunes, and restructured longitudinal dunes found along the coastline. 4. Terraces featuring deposits lining river valleys resulting from river rejuvenation. Beira city is strategically placed at the estuary of the Pungwe River, right where it merges with the Indian Ocean. The city lies on the northern flank of the Pungwe river mouth and occupies a sandy plain with a gentle southeast inclination. Beira is nestled between the western boundary of the Mozambique Channel Basin and the eastern edge of the Urema Basin. These basins are positioned at the southernmost tip of the East African Great Rift Valley. Notably, parts of Beira stand on coastal sand dunes and beaches, yet the city also stretches into the marshy lowlands behind these dunes, which possibly housed lagoons in the past. 143 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Figure 6-15: Geology of Project Area According to the Geological Map of Beira, Mozambique (1934), with a scale of 1:250,000, Beira is situated in an area housing Quaternary Alluvial deposits (unconsolidated clay, silts, and sands) and Tertiary (Miocene) sandstone deposits believed to belong to the Mazamba Formation. The most ancient relevant stratigraphic unit is the Mazamba Formation (presumed to be of Pliocene age), predominantly comprised of arkosic sandstone interspersed with layers of mudstone and conglomerate. Over time, these formations underwent hardening due to diagnesis, giving rise to 144 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA caliches and iron hydroxide hardpans. Atop the Mazamba Formation, the Elluvium, which dates back to the Holocene period, is encountered. This formation consists mainly of sand and mud sediments, shaping a particularly flat landscape. Further, potential fluvial sediments may be present. Their deposition stems from Pungwe river flooding and primarily consists of dark mud with interspersed thick sand layers. The presence of marine invasions is signified by the shells found in the sand layers. 6.1.8 Seismicity Southern Mozambique is situated on the southern segment of the continental East African Rift system, a region that has experienced a noticeable frequency of seismic activity. Figure 6-16: Map Outlining the Major Faults of the East African Rift System4 Over the past decade, 97 earthquakes, each with a magnitude of 4 or above, have been registered within a 300-kilometer radius of Mozambique, translating to an average of approximately 9 earthquakes annually. 4 Letamo, Kavitha, and Tezeswi (2023) 145 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Table 6-7: List of Most Significant Earthquake Events within 300km of Mozambique5 Date Year Magnitude Location 266km NNE from August 2021 5.0 Pemba 247km NNW from August 2020 5.0 Lichinga 230km WSW from December 2018 5.6 Beira 125km NNE from June 2018 5.1 Pemba 199km NW from March 2018 5.5 Quelimane 57km Northwest of June 2017 5.6 Beira 135km W from February 2017 5.1 Quelimane 241 km Southwest of September 2016 5.6 Beira 265km NNE from April 2016 5.2 Pemba July 2015 5.2 123 SSE from Nacala Particularly in 2018, the region observed a spike in seismic events, with 21 earthquakes (mag 4+) detected within this range. The most powerful of these events in the last decade took place on June 24, 2017, with a magnitude of 5.6, and was located a mere 57 kilometers northwest of Beira. Interestingly, the highest magnitude earthquake recorded in the vicinity of Mozambique in the past 123 years was a magnitude 7 event on February 23, 2006, approximately 210 kilometers northwest of Beira. 5 Adapted from: https://earthquakelist.org/mozambique/ 146 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Figure 6-17: Map of Significant Historical Seismic Events Around the Project Area A recent study by Letamo, Kavitha, and Tezeswi (2023) further contextualizes the seismic profile of the region. Segmenting Africa into six study zones, they identified that the Mozambique area, part of the Southern African (SA) region, had the second lowest energy release per square area, specifically 1.2 J x 109/km2, only surpassing the relatively more stable West African region. Table 6-7 above detailing the strongest earthquakes within 300km of Mozambique in the past 10 years. Figure 6-18: a) six divisions of Study Area; b)Epicentral distribution of the de-clustered earthquake events. 147 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Overall a relatively modest seismic risk of significant seismic activity in Mozambique as whole is concluded, however, the significant event of 2006 near the Project area in Beira, coupled with the frequency of 5+ magnitude events and the estimated frequency of 9 years, underscores that while the earthquake risk might be minimal, it is possible and warrants consideration in Project planning and design. 6.2 Biotic Environment 6.2.1 Protected Areas and Ecologically Sensitive Areas Figure 6-19: Map of Protected Areas in Mozambique6 The Project area is not situated near any immediate protected regions. The closest terrestrial protected zones are Marromeu National Reserve, situated roughly 163km to the northeast of 6Adapted from: https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/881051531337811300- 0120022018/original/FicharioENGLOW.pdf 148 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Beira, and Gorongosa National Park, which is about 113km to the northwest. Additionally, Bazaruto Island, another significant marine protected area, is located around 194km to the southeast of Beira. Figure 6-20: Map of Marine Protected Areas Near the Project Area 149 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Furthermore, there exists a substantial Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) that encompasses both the Marromeu National Reserve and the Gorongosa National Park, as well as the surrounding territories. The closest boundary of this KBA is situated approximately 80km to the northwest of Beira. This KBA highlights the significant ecological and conservation value of the region Figure 6-21: Map of Nearest Designated Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs)7 6.2.2 Biodiversity Within the phytogeographic context of Africa, Beira is positioned in the Swahilian-Maputaland Transitional Regional zone. The primary plant communities characterizing this region span from the hinterland to the coast and include coastal mosaics, a blend of freshwater and brackish wetlands, and mangrove forests thriving in saline conditions. The Project's location aligns with the mangroves situated adjacent to the coastal mosaics. Furthermore, the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) has demarcated global ecoregions, focusing on unique species groupings, natural habitats, and ecological conditions to aid conservation endeavors. The Project site is encompassed within the East African Mangrove Ecoregion. 7 https://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/sites/search 150 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA This ecoregion is notable for its rich marine biodiversity, serving as an essential sanctuary for migratory birds, breeding fish, and sea turtles. The mangroves stretch up to 50 km inland with canopies soaring to 30 meters. The East African region boasts nine mangrove species, a stark contrast to the west coast's five. These species comprise Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Ceriops tagal, Heritiera littoralis, Lumnitzera racemosa, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia alba, Xylocarpus granatum, and X. moluccensis. In the Beira locale, A. marina predominates. Detrimental impacts to this area include the usage of mangrove timber for charcoal, transformation to salt marshes, aquacultural endeavors, and urban sprawl. It's noteworthy that the East African Mangrove Ecoregion has been designated as critically endangered by WWF in 2014. 6.2.2.1 Flora Historical studies by Wild and Barbosa (1967) have classified the indigenous vegetation in this area to include the arboreal savannah (with dominant species like Adansonia, Acacia nigrescens, Hyphaene, Phoenix, and Borassus), lowland moist forest mosaic (dominated by species such as Pteleopsis, Erythropylum, and Brachystegia), dune grasslands (including Panicum, Cynodon, and Aristida), and mangrove forests mainly consisting of Rhizophora. Within Mozambique, several invasive alien plant species have made their mark, including Azadirachta indica, commonly known as the Neem Tree; species of Casuarina, referred to as She-Oak; Leucaena leucocephala, or the River Tamarind; Ligustrum lucidum, known as the Glossy Privet; and Verbena brasiliensis, identified as the Brazilian Vervain8. The introduction and proliferation of these species in the region are closely linked to agricultural practices and activities. Beira's vegetative landscape has seen substantial shifts in its original makeup due to urban growth and resource utilization. Numerous non-native species have been introduced and naturalized for various reasons, including fruit production, aesthetic appeal, and erosion mitigation. Intertidal and Aquatic Flora: This flora typifies the convergence zone between mangroves and land-based vegetation, primarily consisting of herbs and shrubs like Chenolea diffusa, Salicornia perrieri, Suaeda maritima, Paspalum dislichum, Sporobolus virginicus, and Arthrocnemum sp, as per Barbosa et al., 2001. 8 https://www.cbd.int/invasive/doc/legislation/Mozambique.pdf 151 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA From a zoogeographic perspective, the study area is a part of the Afrotropical region, mirroring faunal similarities with diverse parts of the savannah and miombo woodlands spread across Eastern and Southern Africa. There are no significant endemic centers or specific hotspots, save for Lake Malawi, which is significant for its aquatic life. In Mozambique, several aquatic invasive alien plant species have been recorded. These include Azolla filiculoides, commonly known as Water Fern; species from the Eichornia genus, which include Eichhornia crassipes, popularly referred to as Water Hyacinth; and species from the Salvinia genus. The presence of these invasive plants can have significant implications for the native aquatic ecosystems, competing with native flora, altering water quality, and impacting aquatic life9. 6.2.2.2 Mangroves Mangrove forests are prevalent along the estuaries of the Buzi, Pungwe, Maria, and Chiveve rivers, the latter of which flows into the city. Smaller mangrove clusters can also be found in certain shielded coastal areas like Praia Nova, which once housed a more substantial mangrove presence. The region boasts six distinct mangrove species. The fauna in these areas is primarily characterized by mangrove crabs, shrimps, notably the economically significant Penaeid shrimps. Other key fauna groups present include gastropod molluscs, bivalves, and gobid fish. Two exotic shrimp species are spotted in these mangroves since 2014. The species are Metapenaeus dobsoni and Parapenaeopsis sculptilis, and it is not clear how they were introduced in the area. Local communities in and around Beira tap into various services and resources offered by these mangroves. They reap advantages such as coastal defense, aesthetic landscapes, and natural buffers against tides and flooding. Historically, mangroves have served as effective shields against wind and wave impacts, combating coastal erosion and curbing flooding. This was notably witnessed in Praia Nova before its mangrove areas were diminished due to increasing settlements. There are also extractive practices tied to mangroves, including the collection of wood, poles, firewood, charcoal, invertebrates, and fishing activities, primarily targeting shrimps and fish. Among shrimps, Penaeus indicus and Penaeus japonicas stand out for their economic value, but the exotic species M. dobsoni and P. sculptilis are also sold in informal markets at lower prices. 9 https://www.cbd.int/invasive/doc/legislation/Mozambique.pdf 152 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA While marine aquaculture primarily meets external demands, freshwater fish production is geared towards local household needs. The country's internal market for marine products is limited, with consumption mostly localized to marine regions. Annually, fish consumption in the nation averages between 7 to 10 kg. Notably, there exists a disparity in consumption between the coastal and inland regions. Premium species, such as the prawns Penaeus monodon and Penaeus indicus, find their way to foreign markets, predominantly Europe and the USA10. Mangroves also serve other uses such as medicinal applications, food, salt, honey extraction, and more. Conditions and Threats: There has been a consistent decline in mangrove coverage in Beira, as detailed in the subsequent table. A primary reason for this degradation is the wood extraction, either for charcoal or wood production or for crafting household goods. While commercial extraction of mangrove wood is outlawed in Mozambique, various pole sizes find their way to local markets. Charcoal production, in particular, has led to significant mangrove degradation. The threats that the two exotic shrimp species pose to native species is yet to be assessed. However, unlike the native species, both Metapenaeus dobsoni and Parapenaeopsis sculptilis are found throughout different ecological niches across the mangrove ecosystem. This is indicative of its adaptability to the environment and a possibility that these species may outcompete native species. During the period from 2002 to 2008, there was a reduction of 308.34 ha in mangrove cover. Notably, while the Buzi river estuary experienced an increase in mangroves during this time, there were observed losses at the Nhangau and Savane rivers. This information is sourced from a study by Francisco et al., published in 2019. In the subsequent years, spanning from 2009 to 2019, the mangrove cover saw a decrease of 300.83 ha. A significant event during this period was Cyclone Idai, which impacted 741 ha of the mangrove area, as reported by IUCN in 2020. In the vicinity of Beira, initiatives to replant mangroves have been undertaken. For instance, during the late 1990s, the Nhangau community spearheaded a mangrove planting Project backed by local officials and numerous NGOs. However, preserving these rejuvenated areas remains a challenge due to illicit logging and a shortage of funds. Enforcing management practices is hampered by a lack of human and material resources. 6.2.2.3 Fauna Terrestrial Fauna: Urban areas host a range of terrestrial fauna, prominently featuring rodents such as Mus sp. rats and Rattus spp., as well as domesticated animals like dogs and cats. Birds commonly seen in these areas include the domestic sparrow (Passer motitensis) and the spotted 10 https://firms.fao.org/fi/website/FIRetrieveAction.do?dom=countrysector&xml=naso_mozambique.xml&lang=en 153 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA crow (Corvus albus). Yet, the wetlands, which encompass rice fields, mangroves, unused salt marshes, and the general intertidal region, serve as primary habitats that amplify animal biodiversity, especially for birds. Noteworthy species found here comprise the red bishop (Euplectes oryx), aggregate bird (Egretta garzeta), long-tailed swallow (Chlidonias hybrida), and wading birds such as the flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus). Within Mozambique, several terrestrial, non-plant invasive alien species have been identified. These include the Corvus splendens, commonly known as the House Crow; the Monomorium destructor, often referred to by its common name, the Electric Ant; and the Vibrio cholerae, commonly recognized as the causative agent of cholera. Intertidal Fauna: Within the Sofala Bay, the intertidal fauna predominantly associates with creatures of mangroves and the species found along sandy and muddy shores. Prominent macrobenthic groups include polychaetes, decapod crustaceans, gastropods, molluscs, and bivalves. Clams, particularly Meretrix meretrix (as cited by Bata, 2006), stand out as dominant inhabitants of the Sofala Bay's intertidal zones. Furthermore, M. meretrix has been identified by Pereira and Bata (2006) as the preeminent bivalve species, constituting about 99%. Other significant bivalve species include Donax incarnatus, D. madagascariensis, Eumarcia paupercula, and Mactra sp. Commercially valuable species generally mark the most recorded inhabitants of the intertidal region. The mangrove-associated fauna features small benthic crustaceans and members of the Ostracoda class, along with some platypus. Notable species from the Maxillopoda group include Coppepoda and Cirripedia, with common species such as Parelepas palinuri and Conchoderma auritum (Pereira et al 2014). Mangrove environments also support gastropod molluscs like Littoraria spp, bivalves like Saccostrea, and goby fish species like Periophtalmus spp (as per Saetre & Silva, 1979). Aquatic Fauna: Sofala Bay's aquatic life comprises a blend of pelagic and demersal fish, rays, sharks and detritivores. Comprehensive assessments of the fauna's composition have been undertaken through several research cruise bottom trawls, with findings specific to Sofala Bay detailed in (Saetre and Silva, 1979). Historical records point to sightings of marine megafauna, especially dolphins and whales, during Dr. Fridtjof Nansen's research expedition in 1977 (as cited by Saetre & Silva, 1979). Observations included four instances of humpback whales, Megaptera novacanglia, and common whales Balaenoptera sp., and over a hundred sightings of dolphin groups, primarily of the Tursiops truncatus species. 154 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA As per the IUCN Red List, several marine species are likely present within the Project's vicinity. The subsequent table details these species along with their current conservation statuses: Table 6-8: Marine Species in the Project Area of Conservation Concern Species IUCN Conservation Latin Name Common Name Status Carcharhinus leucas Bull Shark VU Thelenota ananas Pineapple Sea Cucumber EN Caretta caretta Loggerhead Turtle VU Eretmochelys imbricata Hawksbill Turtle CR Lepidochelys olivacea Olive Ridley Turtle VU Chelonia mydas Green Turtle EN Dugong dugon Dugong VU 155 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Figure 6-22: Distribution of Threatened Marine Species in the Project Area that have been Assessed Against IUCN Red List Additionally, four species of sea turtles (Caretta caretta, Chelonia mydas, Eretmochelys imbricate, and Lepidochelys olivacea) are found within the coastal regions of Mozambique11 with varying conservation status, as outlined in the table above. In the freshwater habitats of Mozambique, certain invasive alien species have been recognized. Specifically, the Cyprinus carpio, known as the Common Carp, and the Micropterus salmoides, commonly called the Largemouth Bass, have been observed12. These species were introduced primarily due to aquaculture activities within Mozambique. While they pose no threat of 11https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333641090_Report_on_the_conservation_status_of_marine_turtles_in_M ozambique/link/5cf8b3ba299bf1fb185bc07b/download 12 https://www.cbd.int/invasive/doc/legislation/Mozambique.pdf 156 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA invasiveness to Mozambique's marine (saltwater) environments, their presence does raise concerns for the integrity of the country's freshwater ecosystems. 6.2.2.4 Wetlands Wetlands are recognized as specific ecosystems submerged in water either constantly or periodically. They're primarily identified by their distinct vegetation, which consists of aquatic plants suited to these submerged environments. Wetlands have multiple ecological roles including, but not limited to, water purification, carbon processing, shoreline stabilization, and serving as habitats for various plant and animal species. Historically, much of Beira was dominated by wetlands, necessitating land reclamation for construction activities. These wetlands in Beira are typically characterized by freshwater or slightly salty water and are often dominated by reeds or transformed into rice plantations. They are situated in low-lying areas with poor drainage and experience seasonal flooding. Dambos, another wetland type in the vicinity of Beira, are intricate shallow wetlands that can resemble branching rivers and are populated with grasses and other similar vegetation. While they become notably drier at the close of the dry season, Dambos maintain moisture in certain drainage areas throughout the year. Beira's wetlands also showcase unique structures due to termite activity (locally referred to as Muchén). These termites form mounds that act as refuges for various animals including wild goats and rodents, making them significant conservation areas. With their potential for rich biodiversity, these areas are home to various species including birds, reptiles, fish, and plants. Beira's bird diversity is particularly noteworthy, with a preliminary study identifying at least 26 different species. The overall ecological significance of these wetlands is largely underappreciated, though their role in rainwater retention is crucial for Beira. Moreover, wetlands are vital for water cycling, erosion prevention, and mitigating cyclone effects. Conditions and Threats: Beira's wetlands face threats due to their conversion into different land uses like residential areas, hotels, and rice farms. Such alterations can adversely affect these habitats and neighboring areas, potentially leading to habitat degradation, loss of fauna, and increased flooding. 6.2.2.5 Seagrass Meadows and Mudflats The distribution of seagrass in the region remains largely unstudied. However, common species like Halodule uninervis are anticipated to be found in the shallow peripheries of the seawater. 157 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Despite the sediment's high turbidity, seagrass beds weren't identified during field surveys, suggesting their likely absence in this region. The primary commercially valuable intertidal species is the Meretrix meretrix clam, predominantly located on the sandbanks of Púnguè, close to the Port. Additional species observed include Eumarcia paupercula, Donax sp., and Mactra sp. Polychaeta are also expected to be present in such habitats. Notably, at the Maria river's mouth, M. meretrix has been recorded as the most prevalent species in the estuarine sandy layer. While the exact distribution of seagrass in the vicinity is not well-understood, it's plausible that some common species might be present in the shallow waters near Beira, albeit not extensively. The nearest recorded presence of seagrass is at Rio Savane, some distance away from the project area. As for mudflats, they form the primary sediment towards the estuary's end, notably around the port area and Praia Nova, and extend to the beach front, starting from Grande Hotel and heading north. Given Beira's original marshy landscape, mud stands out as the dominant foundational substrate. Clams, particularly those with significant commercial value, are predominantly found along the Púnguè's sandbanks, in close proximity to the port. 6.3 Socio-Economic Environment 6.3.1 Administrative Location and Division The Project under review is situated in Beira City, recognized as the fourth-largest city in Mozambique in terms of population, only surpassed by Maputo, Matola, and Nampula.13 Serving as the capital of the central Sofala Province, Beira City is prominently positioned in the province's south-east, delineated by coordinates 19°50' south and 34°51' east. The city shares its northern border with the District of Dondo, while its southern confines touch the shores of the Indian Ocean. To its east, Beira is flanked by both the Indian Ocean and Dondo District, and its western boundary is defined by the District of Búzi. Spanning an area of 718 Km², Beira is nestled in a marshland near the estuary of the Púnguè River, characterized by sand dune extensions along the Indian Ocean's coastline. On 20 August 1907, Beira was accorded city status. From an administrative perspective, Beira operates as a municipality as per law 2/97 of 18 February and was officially recognized as a municipality in 13Mixed Migration Centre. 2023. Climate and mobility case study January 2023: Beira, Mozambique: Praia Nova . Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/climate-and-mobility-case-study-january-2023-beira-mozambique-praia-nova. 158 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 1998. Beira City is compartmentalized into 5 Urban Administrative Posts, further divided into 26 neighborhoods. Additionally, it comprises 123 Communal Units and an extensive network of over 2458 Quarters, detailed in the subsequent table. Table 6-9: Political Administrative Division of Beira City Administrative Post Neighborhood Chaimite Ponta-Gêa Urban Administrative Post No. Chipangara Matacuane 1 (Central) Esturro Macuti Pioneiros Macurungo Munhava-Central Chota Urban Administrative Post No. Mananga Vaz 2 (Munhava) Maraza - Urban Administrative Post No. Inhamízua Matadouro 3 (Inhamízua) Manga Mascarenha Muave Urban Administrative Post No. Alto da Manga Nhaconjua 4 (Manga Loforte) Vila Massane Chingusura Ndunda Mungassa Urban Administrative Post No. Nhangoma Nhangau Sede 5 (Nhangau) Tchonja - Situated in Beira City, the Project site is in one of Mozambique's major cities, which follows Maputo, Matola, and Nampula in population size. As the administrative hub of the central Sofala Province, Beira enjoys a strategic location in the province's south-eastern corner, bounded by coordinates 19°50' south and 34°51' east. Its neighbors include the District of Dondo to the north, the Indian Ocean to the south, and a combination of the Indian Ocean and Dondo District to the east, with its western perimeter shared with the District of Búzi. . 159 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Figure 6-23: Administrative Divisions of Sofala 160 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Administratively, it's recognized as a Category B Municipality, akin to both the City of Nampula in the north and the City of Matola in the south. This municipality is steered by a council that comprises an elected president and ten distinctive councils, including: • Human and Institutional Development Council; • Planning and Finance Council; • Construction, Infrastructure, and Urbanisation Council; • Health, Social Action, and Gender Council; • Civil Protection, Transport System, Road Traffic, and Energy Council; • Youth and Sports Council; • Education and Culture Council; • Urban Management and Equipment Council; • Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries, and Environment Council; • Industry, Commerce, Tourism, Markets, and Fairs Council. This organisational framework is further bolstered by the Municipal Assembly, fronted by a president and augmented by specialised committees. Neighbourhood governance layers incorporate both formal and traditional leadership models. The Neighbourhood Secretary spearheads the formal leadership, acting as a bridge between community members and the municipality's official governance structures. Hierarchically below, Unit Secretaries and the Heads of Quarters play vital roles, with some outskirts neighbourhoods also showcasing traditional leadership guided by régulos of varied ranks. 6.3.1 Community Organisation At the grassroots, the community's structural hierarchy can be divided into four main tiers: Administrative Post, Neighbourhood, Unit blocks, and Quarter areas. Leadership within these domains ranges from the Administrative Post's top leader, cascading down through the Neighbourhood Secretary, the Unit block leader, and culminating with the Quarter area leader. Additionally, certain influential figures within these communities earn respect and legitimacy due to their significant socio-cultural, economic, and religious contributions, particularly concerning traditional ceremonies, rites, and conflict resolution. Community leaders channel their energies towards understanding both the community's needs and its intrinsic resources, emphasising the talents and capacities inherent within its members. Their goal is not just to spotlight issues but to also harness existing community strengths, fostering 161 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA self-worth among members while galvanising them towards collective problem-solving. These leaders play a pivotal role, acting as both catalysts and mediators. Their duties extend beyond community bounds, bridging the gap between local interests and a myriad of external entities, including the State, the marketplace, media houses, academic institutions, NGOs, religious groups, and other factions within civil society. Their voice resonates as a representation of the collective aspirations and concerns of their community. 6.3.2 Population and Population Growth As of the latest data from the World Bank, Mozambique is home to approximately 32,969,518 people,14 composed of 16,176,217 males15 and 16,793,302 females.16 Notably, there are more females than males in the nation. In 2022, the country's population growth rate was pegged at 2.74%.17 Zooming into Beira City, the 2022 Statistical Yearbook indicates that Beira has a population of 719.805 inhabitants (359.903 males and 359.902 females), spread across 5 Administrative Posts, 26 Urban Neighborhoods, 123 Communal Units, and more than 2458 Quarters. This spans an area of 633 km2, leading to a population density of 1137 individuals per km2 (INE, 2022) and an annual growth rate of 1.9%. A detailed breakdown of this population across different neighbourhoods is provided in the subsequent table. Table 6-10: Total Population and Population Growth in Mozambique and Beira City Area Total Population Population Growth (%) Mozambique 32,969,518 2.74 Beira City 719,805 1.9 Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, 2022; INE, 2022. 14 World Bank, World Development Indicators. 2022. Population, total – Mozambique [Data File]. Retrieved from https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators#. 15 World Bank, World Development Indicators. 2022. Population, male – Mozambique [Data File]. Retrieved from https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators#. 16 World Bank, World Development Indicators. 2022. Population, female – Mozambique [Data File]. Retrieved from https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators#. 17 World Bank, World Development Indicators. 2022. Population growth (annual %) – Mozambique [Data File]. Retrieved from https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators#. 162 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Interestingly, there's a disparity between the population growth Projections of Mozambique's statistical office (INE) and the United Nations' demographic figures. Given this inconsistency, this assessment has adopted a median estimated growth rate of 2.5%. Starting from a base population of 578,494 in 2017, the Projected population by 2070 is 2,141,232. Figure 6-25 illustrates the anticipated population density changes across different areas. From this, it can be deduced that areas like Chaimite (Praia Nova) and Pioneiros, just to the north of Chaimite, currently exhibit high population densities. The city centre, too, is densely populated and is Projected to become even more so. Additionally, the population is expected to surge in the inland areas to the north of the city centre, as per the Beira masterplan 2035. However, recent trends suggest a preference for coastal relocations. A specific focus on the coastal areas under study reveals: • Coastal Stretch 1: Limited population in the hinterland, with a few pockets of high-density areas. • Coastal Stretch 2: High population concentration in Praia Nova. • Coastal Stretch 3: Moderate coastal population density, set to rise in the future. • Coastal Stretch 4: Currently devoid of a residential populace as per the Beira masterplan 2035. Yet, if unchecked urban sprawl persists, this zone might also witness occupancy. 6.3.3 Fertility and Mortality According to UNICEF (2022), Beira City's fertility rate stands at an average of 5,1 children per woman aged between 15 and 49 years. This reflects a decrease from the 1997 figures, which reported 5.8 children per woman—a net drop of 0.7 children per woman over the two-decade span. This downward trend in fertility is largely attributed to a reduction in mortality rates. 163 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Fertility Rate in Beira 7 6 5.8 5.1 5 4 3 2 1 1997 2022 Children per woman (15-49 Years) Figure 6-24: Fertility Rate in Beira City Additionally, in 2022 Beira City has a Gross Mortality Rate of 32.3 deaths. More poignantly, the city's Infant Mortality Rate is recorded at 105.8 deaths for every 1000 births. 6.3.4 Education Beira Municipality is home to 131 educational institutions, constituting 7% of all educational establishments in Sofala Province. Out of this total, 113 schools, or 86%, provide primary education categorized as EPI (57) and EPII (56). Among these primary schools, 80 are state- owned while 24 are private institutions. The city also boasts 18 General Secondary Schools labelled ESGI (10) and ESGII (8); 8 of these are publicly funded and 20 are private. Additionally, Beira houses 2 state-run Technical and Vocational schools specializing in commerce and industry, namely Escola Industrial e Comercial 25 de Junho e Instituto Industrial e Comercial da Beira (INE, 2022). Diving deeper into Beira City's educational demographics, 2017 Census shown that 44.4% of its residents have not completed any formal education. Meanwhile, 28.3% have successfully completed primary schooling, 25.7% have concluded secondary studies, and a mere 0.6% possess higher education qualifications. Notably, there's a significant illiteracy rate and limited access to foundational education, particularly among female resident . 164 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Primary Level Secondary Level Higher Education No Formal Education 28.3, 28% 44.4, 45% 25.7, 26% 0.6 Figure 6-25: Education Levels in Beira City (INE, 2017) It's imperative to highlight the crucial role education plays in an individual's personal development and in improving their standard of living. Mozambique has been witnessing a steady rise in its educational enrolment rates, especially in its urban zones. To provide a succinct overview of Beira's academic landscape: Table 6-11: Educational Institutions in Beira Educational Level Quantity Type Institutions EPI 1st-5th Class 57 Public EPII 6th-7th Class 56 Public ESG I 8th-10th Class 10 Public ESG II 11th-12th Class 8 Public/Private Higher Education - 2 Public Higher Education - 5 Private Technical Medium 2 Public Professional 165 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Technical Medium 11 Private Professional Source: Sofala Provincial Directorate of Education, 2020. 6.3.5 Religion, Faith and Spirituality Mozambique boasts a great diversity in religious groups or affiliations. According to the 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Mozambique published by the United States Department of State, the dominant religious group nationally is the Catholics, comprising 27% of the total population. Muslims make up 19%, Evangelical or Pentecostal Christians 17%, Zionist Christians 16%, Anglicans 2%, while the Jewish, Hindu, and Baha’i faiths each represent less than 5%. Notably, 14% of the national population does not identify with any religious denomination. In Beira City, the religious landscape slightly differs. Here, Catholics make up a more significant portion, with 32% of the city's inhabitants. Evangelicals come next, representing 23%, followed by Zionist Christians at 8.8% and Muslims at 6.4%. About 1% of Beira's population identifies as Anglican. The remainder either follows other faiths (4%) or does not adhere to any religious beliefs (24%). Catholic Evangelical Zionist Christian Muslim Anglican Other None 24% 32% 4% 1%, 1% 6.40% 8.80% 23% Figure 6-26: Religious Groups in Beira City in 2021 166 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 6.3.6 Housing The 2017 Census reveals a stark difference in housing types between Sofala Province and Beira City. While a significant majority (60.4%) of Sofala's inhabitants reside in traditional huts, only a minor 8.2% of Beira City's populace live in such dwellings. In contrast, the predominant housing choice for Beira City's inhabitants is basic houses, housing 40.7% of the population. This is closely followed by mixed houses, occupied by 36.6% of the residents. Conventional houses and apartment units are homes to 6.7% and 6.2% of the city's residents, respectively. Other living accommodations, such as makeshift houses and sections of commercial structures, accommodate 0.8% and 0.6% of the population, respectively. In terms of utilities, electricity is the predominant source of lighting for homes in Beira City. A substantial 88.6% of households rely on a formal electricity supply for illumination. The remaining 11.4% use alternative sources, such as oil and candles. 6.3.7 Employment In 2022, World Bank data revealed that Mozambique's total labour force numbered 14,614,366, 18 of which 51.63% are female.19 This demonstrates that they formed a majority of the country's labour force. The general unemployment rate in Mozambique stood at 18%.20 Breaking this down 21 further, 18,1% of the female labour force, and 18,7% of the male labour force were 22 unemployed. The Economically Active Population (EAP) comprises individuals of working age from both genders who contribute to the nation's production capacity. This demographic includes both the employed and those actively seeking employment, including first-time job seekers. Beira City's 2017 Census highlighted the youthfulness of its population: 18 World Bank, World Development Indicators. 2022. Labor force, total – Mozambique [Data File]. Retrieved from https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators. 19 World Bank, World Development Indicators. 2022. Labor force, female (% of total labour force) – Mozambique [Data File]. Retrieved from https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators. 20 IOF (2022) 21 World Bank, World Development Indicators. 2022. Unemployment, female (% of female labour force) – Mozambique [Data File]. Retrieved from https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators. 22 World Bank, World Development Indicators. 2022. Unemployment, male (% of male labour force) – Mozambique [Data File]. Retrieved from https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators. 167 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA • 39% are 14 years old or younger; • 56.3% fall between the ages of 15 and 64; and • A mere 2% are above 65 years of age. Comparatively, Beira City's working-age population equates to 56.3% of its total populace. Notably, unemployment in Sofala province is higher than the national average at 21.7%. In Beira, the Port of Beira and the Industrial Zone offer most men, whether on temporary or permanent terms, their main source of employment. Statistical findings from 2014-2015 (INE) logged 5.03 statistical units with 56,917 employees in Beira's formal sector. The service sector, particularly tertiary services, topped the list as the largest employer, with commerce following closely. Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries (the primary sector) along with industries (the secondary sector) played a minimal role in the formal employment landscape. By the close of 2018, Beira City reported 8,949 unemployed individuals, constituting 55% of Sofala Province's unemployed population. Of this figure, men represented 67%, with 30% of them seeking employment for the first time. The 2018 Annual Report (INEP) also noted the creation of 1,771 jobs in Sofala province during that year, mainly seasonal roles in agriculture. However, only 197 of these jobs were based in Beira. Table 6-12: Number of Establishments and their Respective Number of Employees in Beira Description Number of Units Employees Employees per Establishment (%) Companies 3,432 32,169 9.4 Public Administrations 680 12,753 18.8 Non-Profit Institutions 923 11,995 13.0 Total Employment Units 5,035 56,917 11.3 Source: INEP, 2018 6.3.8 Economic Activities and Livelihood The area near Beira's port is witnessing an increase in economic activities, driven by the expansion of the port and a new industrial park. Beira, strategically located and connected to southern African countries, benefits from its port, which boosts the province's economy via the 168 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA "Beira Development Corridor." This corridor connects Mozambique's interior to the global market. Additionally, the city's central location and accessibility to power sources and transportation routes promote industrial growth. 6.3.8.1 Agriculture and Livestock Beira's agriculture is predominantly traditional and subsistence-based, focusing on crops like rice, sweet potatoes, and vegetables using basic tools. Notably, animal traction isn't used for fieldwork. Present-day agriculture occurs in marshes once used for drainage. As per the latest data (SPAE, 2021), Beira registered 46,371 small agricultural units, with most cultivating rice and vegetables. Furthermore, a 2021 report indicates that 25,000 farmers work across 33,644 ha, with 5,950 belonging to 26 associations. Around 12,000 individuals are employed annually for seasonal farming tasks. Table 6-13: Agricultural Units in Beira City District of Beira City District/Province % Type/Dimension Cultivated Area No. of Farms Cultivated Area No. of Farms (ha) (%) (%) Small and 46,371 48,999 17.1 10.5 Medium-Sized Large 10 66 12.8 1.4 Total 46,381 49,065 17.1 10.4 Source: SPA, 2021 6.3.8.2 Fishing Beira relies heavily on fishing. While artisanal fishermen use smaller boats and traditional methods, industrial fishing is conducted further out at sea with larger vessels. The fish caught varies, with the Púngué Estuary region having a range of species, many of which are exported. Pescamar, Pestrai, and Pesca do Índico are among the prominent fishing companies. In the classification of fish, the 1st class category includes species such as Stonefish, Garoupa, Xaréus, Vermilion, Sawfish, Shrimp, and Crab. Additionally, Mullet is also a part of this category. On the other hand, the 2nd class category features fish like Corvina, Barge, Malola, Mapula, Horse mackerel, Cherechende, Madam Fish, Salgo, and Plaice. In 2021, was registered a total of 169 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 6.995,54 tons of fish captured in the Beira city (INE, 2021). Small-scale fishermen's catch in Mozambique is Projected to reach 508,000 tons (PESOE, 2024). 6.3.8.3 Industry and Services Beira's industrial hub is situated in the city's northwest, with various industrial units. The city has Mozambique's second-largest industrial park, with a focus on fishing, food, textile, and construction industries. The port, vital for goods' transaction, supports Mozambique and surrounding nations. The growth in food manufacturing and other sectors is evident. Services like banking, insurance, and construction are concentrated in the city, catering to Beira and nearby areas. 6.3.8.4 Commerce Beira's commerce sector is expanding due to its strategic location, industrial base, and linkage to fishing. It houses formal markets, with Maquinino Municipal Market being the city's largest. Goods and services range from food and clothing to bars and restaurants. Leading banks and telecommunication services also operate in Beira. 6.3.8.5 Tourism Historically, Beira was a popular tourist hub in southern Africa, drawing visitors from nearby nations owing to its natural wonders like Gorongosa National Park and the diverse entertainment and culinary experiences the city offered. However, post-independence shifts, marked by infrastructural decline and heightened insecurity, have considerably dampened its tourist appeal. In recent times, a significant portion of Beira's visitors are business tourists, fueling a growing demand for services including accommodations and dining establishments. The Sofala Provincial Directorate of Tourism noted that, in 2021, Beira is Projected to support 398 restaurants and hotels, creating 3,711 job opportunities. While it remains ambiguous if this statistic encompasses the broader tourism sector or just the hotel and restaurant niche, the employment is broken down as such: 175 jobs in accommodations, such as hotels and inns, which offer 2,668 rooms and a total of 35,716 beds; 202 jobs in the food and drink sector, with facilities for 2,518 tables and 9,205 chairs; along with 16 travel agencies and dance venues. The city also has 365 meal-serving kiosks, 565 non-meal kiosks, 174 takeaways, 41 ice cream shops, 32 home-based kitchens, and 54 room-rental establishments. Complementing these, the Beira Municipality indicates an expanding array of smaller accommodation and food services, with the Municipal Council's 170 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA current records showing approximately 54 lodging units, 365 food kiosks, and 174 takeout joints (Source: CMB, Department of Industry, Commerce and Tourism). 6.3.8.6 Economic Activities in each Coastal Stretches • Coastal Stretch 1: Stretch 1 is a hive of economic diversity. At its heart lies subsistence agriculture, where locals farm a range of crops, including rice (typically in swampy areas), sorghum, manioc, fruit trees, beans, sweet potatoes, maize, peanuts, tomatoes, onions, and two bean types, nhemba and jugo. The industrial side of this stretch houses key players such as cement producers, water treatment services (WWTP), and solid waste recycling services (3R). Multiple terminals, including grain (BGT), coal (CVL & Jindal), and fuel hubs represented by entities like Petromoc, Galp, Petrobeira, Engle, Xtorange, Imopetro, and Emopetro, operate within the Port of Beira precinct. Additionally, long-haul transport services are active here. The commercial fabric of Stretch 1 interweaves formal outlets dealing in food, clothing, electronics, services, beauty parlors, cinemas, mills, mechanic workshops, bars, and kiosks, with informal stalls predominantly selling stakes, stones, and more. For tourists, terminals house numerous stalls, and establishments focusing on ready-to-eat delicacies could harness growth from prospective improvements in the vicinity. • Coastal Stretch 2: The lifeblood of Stretch 2's economy is fishing. The artisanal fishing community focuses on local consumption and sales, while semi-industrial and industrial players like the Beira Nave consortium and refrigerator owners in Praia Nova export part of their catch. The spectrum of marine species harvested is broad, including marora, grouper, catfish, corvina, stonefish, tuna, shrimp, and squid. Beyond the waters, the processing side of the fishing industry stands strong with five fish processing plants in Praia Nova, boasting a combined processing capacity of around 90 tonnes. Additionally, the shipbuilding industry, with Beira Nave at its forefront, offers repair services for boats up to 20 meters in length. Trade manifests both formally and informally. Conventional outlets (like general stores and hardware shops) and the "20 de Agosto" municipal fish market (currently inactive due to cyclone IDAI damages) showcase a myriad of products. In contrast, the informal trading sphere burgeons with makeshift stalls in the Praia Nova market, emphasising essential items and marine products. 171 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Figure 6-27: Photographs of Boats manufactured in Praia Nova (left) and Refrigeration Chambers (right) • Coastal Stretch 3: Stretch 3, primarily a tourist and residential hub, also sees small- scale fishing activities. The fish caught, sold in suburban markets, augments local incomes and diets. While industrial ventures are limited, service-oriented entities between Independence Square and the Palmeiras watershed stand out. Specific establishments include a shopping complex with six outlets, Krons Executive Events consultancy, and a barbershop for gentlemen. The tourism sector is vibrant, with entities like the Sunlight Night Club, Miramar Restaurant, Sabor do Mar, Nautical Club, Biques Camp, and Fatimar Hotel offering varied experiences. It's worth noting the damages suffered by places like the Miramar Restaurant and Nautical Club due to natural calamities and the Covid19 pandemic. The region also encompasses the Beira Central Hospital, religious establishments, schools, and day-care centres. While formal trade offers necessities through outlets like general stores and gas stations, the informal sector buzzes at locales like the former Grande Hotel. • Coastal Stretch 4: In Stretch 4, artisanal fishing reigns supreme. Fishermen, some of them came from Zambezia province more than 5 years ago and living at fishing camp are employing trawls and hooks, frequently sell their catch, which includes species like Malola (traditional name) and Corvina, in local markets and the renowned Praia Nova market. The Estoril beach trading ambiance is predominantly informal, with a plethora of stalls proffering meals and drinks. As per surveys from the markets and fairs department of the CMB, out of 25 stalls, only 12 are operational while other are closed 172 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA due lack of buyers or users. The kiosk and stall culture, selling basics and beverages, is especially prevalent among fishermen's camps and settlements. 6.3.9 Health Services Health is a foundational pillar for the growth of individuals, communities, and an entire nation. Mozambique's National Health System is segmented into four service tiers: The foundational level, consisting of health centres and posts, delivers basic health services. This level encapsulates the majority of priority programs. Following this is the secondary level, which includes District, General, and Rural Hospitals. These institutions often cater to multiple districts and are the initial referral point. Both these levels focus primarily on delivering basic health care. Higher up, the Provincial hospitals (tertiary) and the Central and Specialised hospitals (quaternary) offer specialised care through expert professionals, marking subsequent referral points. In Beira City, situated within the Sofala Province, there exists one Central Hospital, found in the Macúti district, and another General Hospital that was builtin the Mungassa area within the Manga Loforte Administrative Post. The city also has two Community Health Posts, along with 16 system health units, which break down as Health Centres, a Health Post, a medical examination and environmental hygiene centre, and an Epidemics Ward. Out of these 16 entities, 11 house maternity wards. An additional 23 are private establishments, making the total 42, equipped with 215 general and 624 maternity beds. Diseases frequently noted in this region encompass malaria, HIV/AIDS, STI, tuberculosis, diarrhoea, malnutrition-related illnesses, primarily in outlying urban zones, and more recently, COVID-19. A glance at the health professional demographics in Beira, as of 2021, reveals that out of 857 professionals, 289 are male and 568 are female. This total includes Duty Agents, Health Specialists, Doctors, Health Technicians, Superior Health Technicians (of two categories), Health Assistants, and Assistant Health Technicians (Source: SDS-Beira, 2021). Lastly, Beira has designated officials overseeing epidemiological surveillance both at the district and health unit levels, forming a district surveillance team. Similarly, there's a dedicated individual for district-level laboratory oversight, supported by specialised technical staff. 6.3.10 Water Services Access to improved water sources in Mozambique has been steadily progressing. In 1990, a significant 65% of the population lacked access, but this number declined to 49% by 2015. Even 173 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA with this progress, there remains a noticeable gap between urban and rural access. Specifically, while urban areas have shown substantial improvement with only 22% lacking access to secure water, rural areas lag behind significantly, with 59% of its population without access to secure water or enhanced water sources. Furthermore, it's notable that for every five rural Mozambicans, one relies on surface water as their primary source for drinking.23 As of 2021, in Beira there were 72 water sources benefitting a total of 18.300 inhabitants (INE, 2021). Lack of access to improve water sources 60.0% 51.6% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 16.1% 10.0% 0.0% Urban Rural Figure 6-28: Access to Improved Water Sources (IOF, 2022) To provide a more detailed breakdown: 88% of urban dwellers have access to improved water sources, contrasted with 49% in rural areas. On a national scale, 61% of Mozambique's populace can access improved water sources, as documented in 2017 by JMP. Table 6-14: Access to Improved Water Sources in Mozambique Category % People with access to improved water 88 sources in urban areas 23UNICEF, n.d., “WASH Situation in Mozambique,” UNICEF, https://www.unicef.org/mozambique/en/water- sanitation-and-hygiene- wash#:~:text=Despite%20significant%20progress%20over%20the,who%20live%20in%20urban%20areas. 174 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA People with access to improved water 49 sources in rural areas People with access to improved water 61 sources nationally Source: JMP, 2017 6.3.11 Waste, Wastewater and Sanitation In populated areas, a secure sanitation system plays a crucial role in shielding residents from contact with waste and potential carriers of diarrheal diseases. As of 2017, the census showed that less than 20% of the city's residents benefited from an established sanitation system. A mere 17.3% of homes were connected to a septic tank, while a concerning 29.5% lacked any form of latrine, leading them to engage in open defecation. Beira City's sanitation infrastructure, which recently underwent repairs and expansion, was facilitated through a joint financial effort between the European Commission and the Mozambican government. This infrastructure primarily consists of systems for rainwater drainage, sewage disposal, and wastewater treatment. While comprehensive data regarding the current state of sanitation in Beira's outskirts is lacking, select studies suggest that over 25% of residents still lack a dependable sanitation system, and about 30% have no system at all (AIAS, 2014). 175 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Figure 6-29: Overall Drainage Network of Beira City with Piped Parts and Remaining Canals (adapted from AIAS, 2014) Beira City Municipal Council is in charge of solid waste management within the city. Their resources include a fleet of more than three trucks, tractors, over 40 waste containers, and a team of over 50 staff members focused on waste management. While the city produces about 500 tons of waste daily, only 200 tons are successfully collected. This shortfall is due to limitations in equipment and personnel (Personel communication – Urban Management and Equipment Councilor, 2022). In the vicinity of the Project Area, there's a municipal waste facility that serves as the primary disposal point for general waste. The area is equipped with waste recycling centres, mainly for plastics and metals. However, observations from the consultants’ site visit showed that informal 176 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA waste dumping is a prevalent practice. There is no sanitary landfill in the project area, but one centralized waste dumping area. The Project area lacks wastewater treatment plants. As a result, most households and buildings rely on septic tanks. 6.3.12 Transportation Infrastructure The transportation infrastructure in the City of Beira is diverse, consisting of asphalted, paved, compacted earth, and unpaved roads. The city offers multiple access points to the broader regional network, with National Road N°6 (EN6) serving as the primary conduit for connecting Beira with other regions. Currently, the deteriorating condition of many roads poses challenges for regular travel. Nevertheless, the local authorities are making strides to enhance the city's thoroughfares, notably in the city centre where asphalt is being replaced with paving stones. 177 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Figure 6-30: Existing Roads near the Project Area (Consultants' Field Visit) 178 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Figure 6-31: Existing Road Network of the Project Area 179 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Both public and private entities ensure the conveyance of people and goods. The city's initial public transportation system, known as “Transportes Públicos da Beira” (TPB), has transitioned to the “Transporte Municipal da Beira” (TMB), now recognised as a Municipal Company. Even with evident enhancements in the administration of this public transport system, it still falls short of meeting the growing transportation needs of the residents. On the private transport front, the predominant mode in the city centre and for travel to the nearby district of Dondo is the “chapa cem,” a fifteen-seat vehicle. Additionally, there are smaller buses, capable of accommodating thirty-four passengers, primarily used for traveling between districts. 6.3.13 Vulnerable Groups Vulnerable groups are defined as groups of people whose social and/or economic stratifications lead to their social marginalisation and disadvantage. This positioning makes them more prone to the negative effects of specific risks. The type of socio-economic stratification a given group is characterised by determines their particular vulnerabilities. Moreover, the level of risk experienced by a group varies based on these vulnerabilities. Although vulnerability is not synonymous with poverty—as the concept more broadly refers to the fragility of a certain group or individual due to certain categorisations that could be historical, geographical, socio-economic, racial, gendered, and/or physical—they are part and parcel of one another as they interact intimately and reinforce one another. It is important to note that poverty has more dimensions beyond the economic; poverty can take both monetary and non-monetary forms. It is defined as the “pronounced deprivation in well-being,”24 the latter encompassing factors such as “an individual’s possession of income, health, nutrition, education, assets, housing, and certain rights in a society such as freedom of speech.”25 Some socio-economic stratifications that render certain groups of individuals more vulnerable than others include: women and girls (especially those of the former who are widowed, divorced, and/or heads of households), elderly people, children (especially child labourers and orphaned children), refugees, people with disabilities (e.g., physical, mental), people living in monetary poverty (e.g., income poverty, consumption poverty), people affiliated with religious minority groups, people of sexual orientations that are non-heterosexual, and many others. 24 World Bank, 2000, “The Nature and Evolution of Poverty,” World Development Report 2000/2001 (Washington: World Bank Group), 15. 25 World Bank, n.d., “The Concept of Poverty and Well -Being,” Introduction to Poverty Analysis (Washington: World Bank Group), 6. 180 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA The most prevalent vulnerable groups throughout the stretches of the Project are orphaned children, widowed women, and people with physical disabilities. 6.3.13.1 Vulnerable Groups within each Coastal Stretch • Coastal Stretch 1: The vulnerable groups are mainly found in the informal settlement of the zone of Units “E and F” of Munhava - Matope due to the precariousness of the habitability conditions (disorderly settlements, deficient sanitation of the environment and of basic services), as well as a considerable part that does not have a secure source of income. In the two adjacent regions of Munhava-Matope there are formal settlements in the urban area with acceptable characteristics and habitability conditions where the inhabitants mostly have a formal job and a stable monthly income source. • Coastal Stretch 2: Vulnerable groups are mostly found in informal settlements in Praia Nova area due to precarious habitability conditions (disorderly settlements, poor sanitation and basic services), as well as a considerable part not having a secure source of income. During the site visiting and interview with community leader was found that there is a very small number of vulnerable groups of orphans and widows living in deplorable conditions, some of whom benefit from the support of the National Institute for Social Action. However, these groups will not be directly affected by the project. • Coastal Stretch 3: Vulnerable groups are mostly found in the informal settlement of the Ex-Grande Hotel due to the precariousness of housing conditions (disorderly settlements, poor sanitation and basic services), as well as the considerable scarcity of a secure source of income. The aspects related to vulnerable groups and traditional ways of life of the Ex- Grande Hotel can be consulted from the illegal occupation of the building and the ease of occupation for all those who don't have housing, being that the great majority of the occupants come looking for life opportunities in the city. The situation is aggravated by the fact that groups of homeless children find refuge there. • Coastal Stretch 4: In this Stretch there are no significant population settlements, so no vulnerable groups of people can be addressed, and little can be said about traditional ways of life. 6.3.14 Land-Use, Permitting and Ownership • Stretch 1: From the Port of Beira to Rio Chiveve Outlet: The current landscape predominantly features port and industrial zones, with a small cluster of informal 181 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA settlements located west of the Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP). Projected changes by 2070 in this stretch include: o Expansion of the port further into the current wetland and coastal mangrove region. o Planned upgrades for several residential areas, transforming informal settlements into more structured residential zones. o A major roadway designed to connect to the future port expansion, which will intersect the current informal settlement, causing its size to decrease. • Stretch 2: From Rio Chiveve Outlet to Ponta Gea: This stretch is primarily residential and commercial. There are also some mangrove regions. By 2070, the overall land use is expected to remain largely consistent with the present. However, the Praia Nova residential area is set to undergo an upgrade from its current informal status to a more organized residential setting. • Stretch 3: From Ponta Gea to Macuti Lighthouse: The dominant land use in this region is residential. The Projected land use for 2070 anticipates similar patterns to the current ones. Residential areas near Beira's city center are, however, slated for an upgrade from informal settlements to more structured residential locales. • Stretch 4: Northeast of the Macuti Lighthouse: Currently, this area is relatively untouched, with a few recreational and touristic facilities scattered around. By 2070, key changes for this stretch will include: o Transformation of the existing salt pans and wetlands near the Rio Maria outlet into parks or tourism-related activities. An increase in the number of hotels and resorts is also anticipated. o Development of reservoirs for recreational use and as water storage. o A new roadway connecting this stretch Beira city. o Introduction of drainage inlet and outlet structures. The land use maps for this study have been derived from various data sources. The map depicting the land use can be found in Figure 6-32 below. 182 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Figure 6-32: Land Use Map of the Project Area 183 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 7 Analysis of Impacts 7.1 Impacts during Construction Phase 7.1.1 Environmental Impacts 7.1.1.1 Air Quality and Dust During the construction phase of the Project, a variety of machinery, vessels, and equipment, including dredging vessels, land vehicles, and cranes, will be employed. These operations are anticipated to temporarily affect air quality in the Project area. Specifically, emissions from the engines of vessels, equipment, and land vehicles are expected to be a source of airborne pollutants. These emissions will likely include particulate matter, which could increase dust levels in the vicinity of the work activities, as well as exhaust gases such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons. The operation of machinery, especially during land preparation and construction activities, could also result in the resuspension of soil and dust, contributing to elevated particulate levels in the air. These anticipated emissions and dust generation are important considerations in assessing the potential impacts of the Project on local air quality. Sensitive receptors have been identified within the direct and indirect AoI including educational institutions, places of worship, and certain residential zones (ranging from 500 m to 2,500 m) are anticipated to undergo minimal disturbance from the Project's construction phase. Considering the existing baseline air quality, which is partially degraded as underlined by the baseline assessment (which indicated some areas with elevated levels of dust or poor air quality), the significance of the anticipated impacts on air quality due to the Project is somewhat lower. This degraded baseline condition suggests that the additional emissions generated by Project activities may represent a smaller proportionate change relative to the existing air quality conditions. With reference to the baseline measurements of air quality undertaken for the ESIA for the Drainage project in Beira (as there were some similar areas that overlap both projects) the measurement of noise levels showed that the average level of noise exceeded the limit recommended by the WHO in many points measured. Some areas, such as those with high volumes of inhabitants, unpaved access roads or additional construction activities will have their air quality impacted upon by these temporary construction activities. The measurement of particulates in the air showed that the average level of suspended particles at all sampling points, and based on the available information, that the air quality in the project 184 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA area is within the standards established by the Decree nº 18/2004 with the exception of one point, P3, the division between the Macurungo and Munhava neighborhoods. This is due to the fact that no significant industrial activities or a significant volume of vehicle traffic observed in the areas proposed for the implementation of the Project. However, caution must be taken to ensure that limits are not exceeded during the implementation of Project activities. The gas emission levels show that the concentration of VOCs, CO, NOx, as well as SO2 are within the permissible limits at all measuring points. Therefore, in the Project's zone of influence in the reference period, air quality is within environmental standards as provided for in the regulation of environmental standards in force in the Republic of Mozambique and by the WHO. Particle concentrations may exceed the limit standards established in the operational area mainly in the phase corresponding to construction activities due to transport movement on unpaved roads, excavations and transport of construction material in trucks, when these situations coincide with unfavourable meteorological conditions. No concentrations above the standards limits were noted for the analyzed gases, however, the risk of limits being exceeded must be considered in areas where there is a high concentration of machines which are sources of such gases and suitable mitigation measures implemented. Overall Impact and Significance Negative Moderate Impact Type Temporality Controllability Reversibility Short- Long- Direct Indirect Avoidable Unavoidable Reversible Irreversible term term x x x x 7.1.1.2 Noise & Vibration In the terrestrial environment, the Project's construction activities are expected to result in increased noise and vibration levels. This is primarily due to the operation of heavy machinery, land vehicles, and equipment that will be used for various tasks such as movement of materials and site preparation. These machines include cranes, barges for transporting dredged sand and rock, and pumps for distributing raw materials along the shore. The noise generated will predominantly consist of engine noise from these vehicles and machinery. Given the nature of these operations, periods of elevated noise levels are anticipated, which may have the potential 185 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA to affect surrounding communities and wildlife habitats. Vibration emissions from the equipment and machinery is not expected to have any significant implications for nearby structures and ground stability. Sensitive receptors have been identified within the direct and indirect AoI of Stretches 3 and 4, including educational institutions, places of worship, and certain residential zones (ranging from 500 m to 2,500 m) are anticipated to undergo some disturbance from the Project's construction phase. In the marine environment, dredging works are a key component of the Project that are anticipated to have specific impacts on noise and vibration levels. The dredging activities will involve the use of specialized vessels and equipment designed for extracting and transporting sediment. The operation of these vessels and dredging equipment is likely to produce underwater noise emissions, which may propagate through the water column. Such noise emissions have the potential to affect marine species, including those that are sensitive to acoustic disturbances, and may alter the behavior or movement patterns of marine fauna. Overall Impact and Significance Negative Major Impact Type Temporality Controllability Reversibility Short- Long- Direct Indirect Avoidable Unavoidable Reversible Irreversible term term x x x x 7.1.1.3 Soils In the northern stretch of Stretch 2 of the Project, several potential impacts on soils are anticipated, with a primary concern being the risk of soil pollution and contamination. This could arise from the improper handling and management of fuels, oils, or hydraulic fluids associated with the operation of heavy machinery and equipment used for tasks such as transporting dredged sand, rock protection, and raw material distribution. Furthermore, the risk of soil contamination is heightened by the introduction of foreign sediments for construction purposes and materials dredged from marine environments. These dredged materials may contain contaminants, including heavy metals and Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), posing an additional risk to soil quality. Additionally, the improper storage, transportation, and application of agrochemicals, such as fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides, required for the effective revegetation of dunes, may also 186 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA lead to soil contamination. These chemicals, if not managed correctly, could leach into the soil, potentially disrupting soil chemistry and harming the surrounding ecosystem. Moreover, the movement and operation of heavy machinery on-site, such as cranes and land vehicles, may lead to degradation or alterations in soil structure, including potential compaction, especially during the rainy season, which could affect the soil’s ability to support vegetation and its water infiltration capacity. Overall Impact and Significance Negative Moderate Impact Type Temporality Controllability Reversibility Short- Long- Direct Indirect Avoidable Unavoidable Reversible Irreversible term term x x x x 7.1.1.4 Hydrogeology Additionally, construction activities, notably those involving significant soil movement and potential contamination, may pose risks to the local groundwater quality. For example, potential leaks or spills of construction materials, such as fuels, oils, and hydraulic fluids, could result in contaminants infiltrating into the subsurface, posing a risk of groundwater contamination. Furthermore, the compaction of soil due to the movement of heavy machinery and equipment may change the permeability of the soil, thereby affecting groundwater movement and aquifer recharge dynamics. The revegetation of the clay dike in Stretch 4 using Chrysopogon zizanioides can alter soil structure as well as potentially affecting water and nutrients. However, given the water table, the scale and elevation of the dike, the 3-6m roots of Chrysopogon zizanioides is not expected to significantly affect the local hydrogeology of the area. Overall Impact and Significance Negative Minor Impact Type Temporality Controllability Reversibility Short- Long- Direct Indirect Avoidable Unavoidable Reversible Irreversible term term x x x x 187 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 7.1.1.5 Coastal Dynamics The tidal range in the area exhibits variation in the range of 6.5 to 7 meters. The average spring tidal range is approximately 5 to 5.5 meters, while the neap tidal range varies between 1.5 to 2 meters. The highest tidal flow velocities, up to 2 meters per second, are observed in the main channel, which is located a considerable distance from the shoreline. Closer to the shore, particularly in deeper sections of the foreshore, velocities occasionally exceed 1 meter per second. However, these higher speeds are generally not observed in the active coastal strip, except in certain areas like Ponta Gea, where the ebb current speed often falls below 0.5 meters per second. Dredging operations are planned for a moderately sized pit, with the anticipated depth of removal ranging from 1 to 1.5 meters. This depth is not expected to significantly influence the wave patterns in the active zone. Additionally, the sand source area is situated near the estuary, a region Negative Major where sediment deposition is a common occurrence. Over time, it is anticipated that the natural deposition processes will compensate for the sediment removed through dredging.Overall Impact and Significance Impact Type Temporality Controllability Reversibility Short- Long- Direct Indirect Avoidable Unavoidable Reversible Irreversible term term x x x x 7.1.1.6 Waste and Wastewater The proposed construction activities are anticipated to generate various forms of waste, including solid waste and wastewater, which, given the existing circumstances of the area, pose significant management challenges. Notably, during the consultant's site visit, prevalent informal dumping practices were observed, indicating a potential lack of structured waste management in the area. The absence of a local wastewater treatment facility further complicates the situation, as it leaves no dedicated infrastructure for treating construction wastewater. Additional sources of wastewater include sanitation sewage from workers, and machinery/equipment washdown water. Moreover, 188 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA the distance to the nearest municipal waste handling facility could result in increased logistical challenges and associated risks of improper disposal. Concurrent Projects, such as the drainage Project, may exacerbate this situation by contributing additional volumes of waste that require management, thereby increasing the strain on already limited local waste handling capabilities. These factors collectively highlight the potential for significant impacts related to waste and wastewater management associated with the Project, which may include illegal dumping, contamination of local land and water resources, and associated negative public health implications. Overall Impact and Significance Negative Major Impact Type Temporality Controllability Reversibility Short- Long- Direct Indirect Avoidable Unavoidable Reversible Irreversible term term x x x x 7.1.1.7 Terrestrial and Coastal Biodiversity Mangroves are integral to the coastal ecosystems of Praia Nova, with five distinct species identified in the area through field surveys and the Feasibility Study Report. “The “Flood wall” behind the mangroves has been confirmed as the optimized solution to protect the City from floods while saving as much as possible the mangrove habitat. The alignment of the “flood wall” has been indicated by AIAS, together with CMB, optimizing the need to protect the most part of the mangrove habitat, the need to avoid and the need to minimize the cost. With the chosen solution, the best-preserved part of the mangrove habitat of Section 6 (about 9 ha) is protected, resettlements or loss of properties are avoided, and the costs have been optimized.” (pg325/409+ 74/409 – Section 5 of the revised Detailed design report by DAR v3, October 2023). This intervention is likely to have ramifications on the ecosystem that these mangroves support. The mangroves are inhabited by various species of crabs and mudskippers on land, and their sinuous roots provide critical shelter to juvenile fish, crustaceans, and mollusks, effectively acting as breeding nurseries for marine life. This habitat is essential for the life cycle of several fish species that are economically significant for local fisheries. In addition, these areas are frequented by birds such as the mangrove kingfisher and the crab-plover, which capitalize on the abundant food resources and shelter provided by the mangroves. Notably, the detailed design for Stretch 2 Section 6 of the Project includes a significant modification—a repositioning of the flood wall—that 189 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA aims to balance flood defense enhancement with environmental sustainability, ensuring that 9 hectares of mangroves in this section continue to receive the tidal seawater vital for their nourishment and survival. As per the Detailed Design Report (DAR, October 2023), for the construction works of the flood walls at Section 4 and Section 6, a pool of nearly 10,000 seedlings will be provided to abundantly compensate for possible losses along the route. Four species of mangroves have been prioritized. These selected species – Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora mucronata and Sonneratia alba – have been chosen to bolster the natural defenses and enhance the biodiversity of the coastal stretch. The compensation plan for coastal protection works will require 1952 new mangroves to be planted. The overall risk of introducing and propagating invasive plant species due to the Project is assessed as relatively minor, given the diligent selection of plant species intended for use. The vast majority of the plant species chosen for this Project are native to Mozambique, which significantly aligns with the goal of preserving the integrity of the local ecosystem. These native species include Canavalia rosea26, Cissampelos hirta27, Cleome stricta28, Cynodon dactylon29, Cyperus crassipes30, Grewia caffra31, Ipomoea pes-caprae32, Lannea schweinfurthii33, Launaea sarmentosa34, Phyllanthus reticulatus35, Pluchea dioscoridis36, Scaevola plumieri37, Sporobolus virginicus38, Strychnos spinosa39, and Tephrosia purpurea40. 26 https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/65899681/192148107 27https://www.mozambiqueflora.com/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=178660#:~:text=Southern%20Mozambique %20and%20KwaZulu%2DNatal%20South%20Africa. 28 https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/179403/1577405 29 https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.1079/cabicompendium.17463 30 https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:304217-1 31 https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:834119-1 32 https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/68149961/192132442 33 https://plants.jstor.org/compilation/lannea.schweinfurthii 34 https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:113642-3 35 https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/168985/1261460 36 https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:109824-3 37 https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/134502186/134508899 38 https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/177364/192135454 39 https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:547485-1 40 https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:520851-1#:~:text=Pers.,- First%20published%20in&text=The%20native%20range%20of%20this,Pacific. 190 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Overall Impact and Significance Negative Moderate41 Impact Type Temporality Controllability Reversibility Short- Long- Direct Indirect Avoidable Unavoidable Reversible Irreversible term term x x x x 7.1.1.8 Marine Biodiversity The Project area is host to a rich marine biodiversity, including notable species such as the sea turtles. The endangered green turtles may visit the secluded, less-disturbed beaches of the mangrove areas, providing critical habitat for this species. In addition to these key species, the waters (Mozambique Channel) within the Project area serve as a migratory route for humpback whales, which have been noted in the area between the months of July and September, however there are sometimes stragglers who delayed, so they also have been observed up to November with their calves. The proposed dredging activities associated with the Project, particularly during these migration periods, present potential challenges to marine life, including the whales. Specific concerns regarding the impacts of noise emissions from machinery and vessels involved in dredging operations, increased water turbidity from dredging activities may affect local marine life. These disturbances, particularly underwater noise and vibrations, may result in navigational challenges for migrating whales, inducing heightened levels of stress and increasing the risk of potential physical complications and disturbance to breeding behavior. Furthermore, the mobilization of sediments during dredging activities can lead to increased turbidity, which may affect the availability and quality of light for primary producers including microalgae (present in some places instead of seagrass beds), potentially impacting the feeding grounds for dugongs and other marine species and could also bring about changes to the benthic communities found in mudflat habitats which play a pivotal role in maintaining sediment and water quality. The potential impacts of dredging on turbidity levels are compounded by the existing levels of turbidity which was recorded in October 202242 in the nearshore waters next to the Port of Beira 41 This impact significance was calculated to account for the compensation plan for mangrove propagation and revegetation, and the redesign of Stretch 2-Section 6 floodwall to be positioned behind the mangroves. If the design of Stretch 2-Section 6 changes, this impact will require re-assessment. 42 Services For an Integrated Eflows Assessment To Facilitate The Development and Agreement of “Objective Flows” at Key Sites in the Pungwe Basin Estuary Supporting Specialists’ Report May 2023 DRAFT EFlows Assessment of the Pungwe River Basin: Estuary Supporting Specialists’ Report 11 May 2023 Contributing Authors: Lara van Niekerk, 191 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA at TSS=356.3 mg/l. Studies have shown differential tolerances of marine organisms to turbidity levels. An experimental study on corals conducted by Flores et al (2012) showed full mortality at TSS=30 mg/l for M. aequituberculata and 100 mg/l for for A. millepora. Similarly, Yoon & Park (2011) tested the lethal concentration and threshold values of TSS on three species of fish. They found a 50% mortality rate for TSS ranged from 61.0 mg/l, 156.9mg/l, and 1887.7 mg/l. With the Project expected to resuspend a small amount of fine sediment material, approximately 7,800 – 15,600 m3, the negative impacts of dredging activity on marine organisms are expected to be of moderate significance. This assessment is based on a low impact magnitude as only a small volume of fines will affect a small proportion of the receptor, a very low spatial extent as the impacts will be experienced primarily within the immediate area of the sand sourcing area, and a low duration (1-5 years). The existing high turbidity levels in the coastal waters lead to an increase in the receptor sensitivity resulting in a receptor sensitivity level of high. The resulting impact is assessed as moderate and therefore mitigation measures are recommended to minimize these impacts (refer to section 8.1.1.9). It should be noted that megafauna such as whales and dolphins were last visually sighted in this area in 1977. It is unlikely that they would be greatly affected as their migratory routes are further away from the project area, which has been disturbed for many years by the high sea traffic into the port of Beira. Overall Impact and Significance Negative Major Impact Type Temporality Controllability Reversibility Short- Long- Direct Indirect Avoidable Unavoidable Reversible Irreversible term term x x x x 7.1.1.9 Water Quality During the construction phase of the Project, dredging activities may exacerbate the current water turbidity levels in the Project area. Dredging operations are expected to mobilize bottom sediments, resulting in increased water turbidity due to the introduction of higher quantities of Janine Adams, Antonio Hougane, Stephen Lamberth, Celia Macamo, Fiona MacKay, Susan Taljaard, Steven Weerts, Steven Lamberth. 192 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA suspended sediment into the water column. Based on the seabed sample analysis conducted during the design phase in October 2023, the sediment composition at the proposed dredging site has a low percentage (0.3% to 0.6%) of fine grained sediment (D50 between 0.54-0.70mm). 2.59 million m3 of sand will be required and it is expected that the Project will utilize two medium- sized dredgers with a capacity of 3,700 m3 each. As a results it is anticipated that between 22.2 – 44.4 m3/day of fine material will be resuspended due to dredging operations. In total, dredging activities will resuspended an estimated 7,800 – 15,600 m3 of fines. With the prevailing south- easterly waves and the tidal flow velocities ranging from 0.5-2ms-1, it estimated that resusupended material has significant potential for dispersion from the sand sourcing area, moving north-westward towards the shoreline. Baseline turbidity levels at the Port of Beira were found to be 356.3 mg/l TSS during October 2022. It is important to note that these levels were found during October which coincides with the dry season and TSS is anticipated to be higher during the wet season. Additionally, ongoing dredging is conducted as part of the estuary and port management which will also contribute to increased turbidity and causing a higher cumulative effect to the Project’s impacts. In relation to on-land construction activities, specific concerns exist regarding potential contamination and resultant nearshore turbidity. The movement of heavy machinery, as well as the use and potential spillage of construction materials, fuels, oils, and hydraulic fluids, presents substantial risks of soil and water contamination. The Project's proximity to the coastline and the tidal nature of the area exacerbates these risks. The regular ebb and flow of tides could facilitate the transport of contaminants from the construction site into the marine environment, increasing the likelihood that contaminants could be rapidly disseminated into nearshore waters, thereby magnifying the potential impacts on water quality. Overall Impact and Significance Negative Moderate Impact Type Temporality Controllability Reversibility Short- Long- Direct Indirect Avoidable Unavoidable Reversible Irreversible term term x x x x 193 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 7.1.2 Social Impacts Positive Impacts 7.1.2.1 Socio-Economic Opportunities Based on preliminary estimates, the construction stage of the Project will generate a range of new jobs/employment opportunities during the construction phase. The construction phase will generate direct employment opportunities, many of which will be unskilled labor. Estimates provided by the feasibility study indicate that a total of 165 workers, including skilled (38) and unskilled (127) workers, will probably be involved in the execution of the construction works of the Project. However, these are preliminary estimates and caution needs to be exercised when citing these numbers. In addition, sites will require goods and services throughout their lifecycle. There are opportunities for local businesses to provide these goods and services (e.g., catering for the workers’ camp, office-related supply opportunities and services such as cleaning, etc.). As a result, existing local businesses may expand, or new businesses may be established locally to meet these demands – providing additional employment opportunities. People who benefit from job opportunities during the construction phase will also benefit from skills development. Unskilled workers are likely to acquire skills for semi-skilled jobs while semi- skilled workers will be able to develop better working techniques (such as using construction equipment, operating heavy machinery, health and safety procedures at construction and excavation sites, amongst others). There is potential for women to earn income through small businesses selling agricultural products (vegetables), fruits, cooked foods and other basic products to workers in the Project area. There is also the prospect of hiring local female labor in the Project to carry out some non- specialized activities such as traffic controllers, cleaning services and food preparation, among others. This can contribute to the relative well-being of their households. This aspect represents an impact of high magnitude, since it is reversible in the medium term (at the end of the works), of regional reach and of high relevance. Overall Impact and Significance Positive Moderate Impact Type Temporality Controllability Reversibility Short- Long- Direct Indirect Medium Avoidable Unavoidable Reversible Irreversible term term 194 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA x x x -x Negative Impacts 7.1.2.2 Impacts on Livelihoods The Project does not have the potential to cause physical resettlement. However, interference and/or temporary interruption of commercial activities may occur. Fishing is one of the important sources of income for the local community, especially for families living in Praia Nova. Construction activities necessary for the intervention proposed for Stretch 2 may have a negative impact on the fishing activities, mainly artisanal fishing, resulting in the temporary loss of income. Although industrial and semi-industrial fishing contributes greatly to the economy from Beira, these vessels working in Sofala Bay do not operate within the area of Project and therefore no negative impacts are expected on this more industrial fishing. It is observed that the majority of informal commercial activities take place on the Praia Nova beach and with the need to open up the access roads to the Project site, as well as the security buffer, the traders may have some temporary restricted access to the current locations where they carry out their activities. This will be mitigated by the livelihood restoration plan as well as constant communication with any affected communities to address any concerns. Interference and/or temporary interruption of other local commercial activities may occur, resulting in the temporary loss of livelihoods (municipal fish market, ice production infrastructure, construction of small boat engines, maintenance and repair workshops, amongst others). This situation could have a long-term impact on the entire household’s livelihood and food security. The probability of the impacts is considered to be high and of great significance. Part of Beira Municipality’s Masterplan is to transfer the current area where boats dock at Praia Nova market to a different location, which will imply the transfer of the informal sellers as well. The significance of this negative impact on Project affected people’s (PAPs)43 livelihood is therefore considered to be high and will require mitigation. Although the PAPs will receive PAPs – Project Affected People are individuals who are performing fishing activities across the Praia 43 Nova fishing center (CCP) that include licensed and non-licensed fishermen 195 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA compensation, further best international practice mitigation measures are suggested in a separate Livelihood Restoration Plan. A total of 413 Project Affected Persons (PAPs) were identified as eligible for the livelihood restoration measures proposed in the Livelihood Restoration Plan (LRP), of which 258 are licensed fishermen and another 155 are unlicensed. Out of this group, 379 are fishermen with or without a boat, 25 are ship builders and 9 fishermen that use nets. The fishermen are located in Praia Nova, Oceania, Estoril, Fatimar, Canje dos Biques, Casa Branca, Pipeline and Palmeiras. During the community meetings with the PAPs, they identified several options for restoring their livelihoods, including the payment of a temporary relocation allowance, the identification of an alternative location for the disembarkation of goods and passengers, as well as the provision of an alternative location for docking vessels. Overall Impact and Significance Negative Minor Impact Type Temporality Controllability Reversibility Short- Long- Direct Indirect Avoidable Unavoidable Reversible Irreversible term term x x x x 7.1.2.3 Temporary Labor Influx The Project will attract labour to the area where construction activities will take place. Like any other Project with significant recruitment, the influx of Labor increases the risks associated with sexual exploitation and abuse of community members by Project workers, gender-based violence at the community level, and sexual harassment among Project workers. In addition, the influx of labour to the Project areas can be a source of conflict between workers and the local population, and lead to an increase in crime, prostitution, sexually transmitted diseases, among others. The impact of conflicts due to the labor influx, although localized, short-term and local, can be of high significance. Overall Impact and Significance Negative Minor Impact Type Temporality Controllability Reversibility 196 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Short- Long- Direct Indirect Avoidable Unavoidable Reversible Irreversible term term X X X X 7.1.2.4 Road Traffic and Transportation During the construction phase, a significant increase in the traffic of heavy vehicles and machinery circulating on the access roads adjacent to the coastal area or located nearby is expected. The access roads surrounding the coastal area are used by light and heavy vehicle traffic, and bicycles and pedestrians are also common on these roads. Heavy vehicles may temporarily obstruct the accesses used by traders, preventing the loading and unloading of their products at the commercial stalls around the coastal area, as well as access by residents of houses located nearby. Overall Impact and Significance Negative Moderate Impact Type Temporality Controllability Reversibility Short- Long- Direct Indirect Avoidable Unavoidable Reversible Irreversible term term X X X X 7.1.2.5 Gender-Based Violence (GBV)/Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) and Gender Issues Women are under-represented in most construction activities. Harassment and discrimination in the workplace negatively affect the well-being of workers. Due to the cultural interference that can result from the displacement of many people to the Project area in search of employment, gender- based violence has a high risk of occurring. Part of the violence or sexual abuse and harassment is caused using drugs or products with similar effects. Infrastructure Projects attract people from different areas with different habits and customs. Due to the emergence of job opportunities, both men and women, apply for jobs and are employed by Projects. Most will move to the Project activity area without their wives/husbands, and will rent houses/rooms in the Project area where they live in groups. This interaction and living conditions exacerbate the risk of sexual exploitation and abuse. Women, girls, boys, and men can suffer from Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) among Project workers, or with members of the host community (non-workers). This poses a Project risk, especially when workers and community members are not clearly informed about prohibitions against SEA in the Project. 197 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Overall Impact and Significance Negative Moderate Impact Type Temporality Controllability Reversibility Short- Long- Direct Indirect Avoidable Unavoidable Reversible Irreversible term term x x x x 7.1.2.6 Dissemination of Sexual Transmission Deceases and HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS infection, STDs and tuberculosis are factors of concern for the health authorities and the Project, due to the interactions that are established between the construction workers and the local communities. The workers, due to the nature of their displacement, tend to become sexually involved with women in the Project area. In addition, the opportunity to obtain income can bring/generate sex workers attracted by the presence of the workers and by the fact that they have financial resources. The high prevalence rates of HIV/AIDS that characterize urban areas are a factor that can increase this impact. Overall Impact and Significance Negative Minor Impact Type Temporality Controllability Reversibility Short- Long- Direct Indirect Avoidable Unavoidable Reversible Irreversible term term X X x x 7.1.2.7 Child Labor The risk of violation of children's rights and abuse by the Contractor's workers at the level of the neighbourhoods where the works will take place, is to be expected. Associated with this is the risk of child employment, both by the Contractor and subcontractors. Overall Impact and Significance Negative Major Impact Type Temporality Controllability Reversibility 198 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Short- Long- Direct Indirect Avoidable Unavoidable Reversible Irreversible term term x x x x 7.1.2.8 Public Infrastructure and Utilities The coastal protection works, as well as the expansion works in certain stretches, can cause damage to the existing infrastructures, namely the pavement of the roads, the electricity network, sewer system ducts, water supply network water, telephone, and internet connections, amongst others. The business infrastructures that are located along the coastal area may be disturbed as well. Overall Impact and Significance Negative Minor Impact Type Temporality Controllability Reversibility Short- Long- Direct Indirect Avoidable Unavoidable Reversible Irreversible term term x x x x 7.1.2.9 Land Ownership and Use The proposed interventions do not have the potential to cause physical resettlement (land expropriation). However, temporary disturbing of shops/houses’ owners along the Project area may occur. Overall Impact and Significance Negative Minor Impact Type Temporality Controllability Reversibility Short- Long- Direct Indirect Avoidable Unavoidable Reversible Irreversible term term x x x x 199 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 7.1.2.10 Cultural Heritage The Project activities are not expected to cause any major impacts on cultural heritage. Overall Impact and Significance Negative Minor Impact Type Temporality Controllability Reversibility Short- Long- Direct Indirect Avoidable Unavoidable Reversible Irreversible term term x x x x 7.1.3 Occupational Health and Safety Civil work can lead to the occurrence of accidents at work. Excavations involve the risk of workers, animals or vehicles transiting in the immediate vicinity of the work fronts falling, which can cause injuries or even fatalities. This risk will last for the entire construction period, being of local scope and high significance. Overall Impact and Significance Negative Major Impact Type Temporality Controllability Reversibility Short- Long- Direct Indirect Avoidable Unavoidable Reversible Irreversible term term x x x x 7.1.4 Community Health and Safety The works will take place in an urban environment with a very intense movement of people and vehicles, and also in the vicinity of housing and shops. Thus, communities throughout all areas of intervention may be exposed to safety risks related to the presence of heavy machinery and movement of construction vehicles may constitute a security risk. Traffic-related incidents as a result of vehicle movements and construction activities can happen during the construction phase, and children and the elderly can be victims. Overall Impact and Significance Negative Major Impact Type Temporality Controllability Reversibility Short- Long- Direct Indirect Avoidable Unavoidable Reversible Irreversible term term x x x x 200 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 7.2 Impacts During Operations Phase 7.2.1 Environmental Impacts 7.2.1.1 Air Quality and Dust No significant impacts on air quality and dust are expected during the operation phase of the Project as only minor maintenance activities will be required to be undertaken on an ad hoc basis, including potential reinforcement of L-walls and rehabilitation/restoration of coastal dunes. 7.2.1.2 Noise & Vibration No significant impacts of noise and vibration are expected during the operation phase of the Project as only minor maintenance activities will be required to be undertaken on an ad hoc basis, including potential reinforcement of L-walls and rehabilitation/restoration of coastal dunes. Positive Impacts 7.2.1.3 Soils During the operational phase of the Project, significant positive impacts are anticipated in the realm of soil stabilization and erosion reduction. The implementation of the Project's engineered structures and landscaping elements is designed to effectively stabilize the soil, thereby mitigating the potential for land degradation. This stabilization is expected to significantly reduce the rate of soil erosion in the Project area, particularly in regions that are currently vulnerable to erosive forces such as wind and water. By securing the soil structure and promoting the establishment of native vegetation through strategic landscaping, the Project aims to create a sustainable and resilient environment. This, in turn, is likely to result in decreased sediment runoff into adjacent water bodies, contributing to improved water quality and reduced siltation issues downstream. Overall Impact and Significance Positive Moderate Impact Type Temporality Controllability Reversibility Short- Long- Direct Indirect Avoidable Unavoidable Reversible Irreversible term term x x X x Negative Impacts 7.2.1.4 Hydrogeology During the operational phase of the coastal protection Project, potential impacts on the hydrogeology of the area are anticipated, though they are expected to be of minor significance 201 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA and limited in spatial extent. The Project’s design, which includes proposed modifications to flood wall positioning, aims to preserve existing mangrove habitats by maintaining essential tidal flow, and in doing so, may result in minor alterations to existing hydrological patterns, including the flow of subsurface water. As a key component of the Project’s flood defense strategy, the installation of flood walls, dunes, and sand buffers is carefully planned and managed to mitigate potential impacts on groundwater flow. Furthermore, due to the Project’s coastal proximity and the tidal nature of the area, there is a possibility of saline intrusion into groundwater aquifers. The highest risk in this context is associated with the revegetation and mangrove replanting components of the Project. A significant quantity of plants will need to be reared and maintained, which means that a substantial amount of water will be needed. This could potentially lead to excessive abstraction of groundwater resources, thereby increasing the risk of saline intrusion. It is important to highlight, however, that the hydrogeological system operates on a very large scale, and the scale of the Project is limited in comparison, indicating that only a small proportion of the groundwater aquifer/resources is anticipated to be potentially affected. Overall Impact and Significance Negative Minor Impact Type Temporality Controllability Reversibility Short- Long- Direct Indirect Avoidable Unavoidable Reversible Irreversible term term x x x x 7.2.1.5 Coastal Dynamics During the operational phase of the Project, potential impacts on coastal dynamics are anticipated, but are considered to be of minor significance. The construction of rock revetments may lead to localized changes in scouring patterns adjacent to the newly established structures. Additionally, the construction and thorough revegetation of dunes, installation of fencing, and establishment of crossroads in dunes to limit access, disruption, and movement are integral components of the Project's design. These design features are strategically developed as sufficient strategies to limit potential erosion, which is one of the main objectives of the Project. This comprehensive approach effectively mitigates the risk of erosion and thereby significantly limits the significance of this potential impact. Consequently, while minor alterations in sediment 202 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA movement patterns may occur, possibly involving limited dispersal of sediments to neighboring areas, these interventions are designed to be carefully managed and are not expected to significantly alter broader longshore sediment transport patterns or have a substantial effect on the overall coastal dynamics of the Project area. Overall Impact and Significance Negative Minor Impact Type Temporality Controllability Reversibility Short- Long- Direct Indirect Avoidable Unavoidable Reversible Irreversible term term x x x x 7.2.1.6 Waste, Wastewater and Pollution During the operations phase of the Project, no significant impacts from waste and wastewater are anticipated. This Projection is based on the nature of the activities involved during this phase, which are largely limited to routine maintenance and monitoring, and do not encompass extensive construction or production processes that would generate substantial volumes of waste or wastewater. 7.2.1.7 Terrestrial and Coastal Biodiversity The Project, while aiming for overall coastal protection and improvement, acknowledges there may be some minor potential negative repercussions for the mangrove forest situated in Praia Nova during the construction period. However, the Detailed Design Report (DAR, October 2023) revised the Preliminary Design Report (DAR, July 2023) to explain that now more of the mangrove area will be protected and almost 10,000 mangrove seedlings will be produced to replant in degraded areas, of which 1,920 are to replace any mangroves lost in the construction process. Overall Impact and Significance Negative Minor Impact Type Temporality Controllability Reversibility Short- Long- Direct Indirect Avoidable Unavoidable Reversible Irreversible term term x x x x 203 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 7.2.1.8 Marine Biodiversity During the operational phase of the Project, the routine port dredging works and the enhancement of stormwater drainage due to the drainage Project may continue to affect marine biodiversity. One impact could be the prolonged alteration of water turbidity from dredging works, although as this has been an ongoing process for many years, it is unlikely to change the existing marine biodiversity further. The increased influx of stormwater, potentially exacerbated by the improved drainage system, may lead to more frequent localized changes in the salinity of nearshore waters, however this impact is not directly associated with the BCPP. These changes can in turn affect the delicate balance of marine ecosystems, with potential ramifications on sensitive habitats such as seagrass beds and surrounding mangroves, which are known to support a variety of marine species including nesting turtles. Furthermore, the dredging activities from both the Project and the separate port works may lead to long-term modifications of the seabed and underwater topography. Such alterations could disrupt established migratory routes used by marine species, such as whales. However it should be noted that whales and dolphins were last sighted in the project area in 1977. Additionally, persistent changes in water quality, resulting from the combined effects of enhanced stormwater drainage and ongoing port operations, may create inhospitable conditions for marine organisms, potentially leading to shifts in species composition and overall biodiversity in the region. Overall Impact and Significance Negative Moderate Impact Type Temporality Controllability Reversibility Short- Long- Direct Indirect Avoidable Unavoidable Reversible Irreversible term term x x x x 7.2.1.9 Water Quality During the operations phase of the Project, minor impacts on water quality are anticipated. This assessment is based on the nature of the operational activities, which are expected to be characterized predominantly by routine maintenance and monitoring. While these activities are generally of a scale and nature that are not anticipated to introduce contaminants to a significant degree, improper management of these routine maintenance activities does present a minor risk of the introduction of contaminants into waterways. 204 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Overall Impact and Significance Negative Minor Impact Type Temporality Controllability Reversibility Short- Long- Direct Indirect Avoidable Unavoidable Reversible Irreversible term term x x x x 7.2.2 Social Impacts Positive Impacts 7.2.2.1 Implementation of the Early Warning System The implementation of the Early Warning System (EWS) and the establishment of evacuation routes, which will allow local residents to be safe in case of events extreme weather is a major positive impact. Overall Impact and Significance Positive Major Impact Type Temporality Controllability Reversibility Short- Long- Direct Indirect Avoidable Unavoidable Reversible Irreversible term term x x x x 7.2.2.2 Increase resilience of the Beira Coastal area to climate changes The Project will create a high level of long-term security against coastal flooding. An increase in climate resilience for the city of Beira against coastal flooding will be achieved through intervention actions aimed at repairing and strengthening coastal protection infrastructure and its integration into the urban and natural environment of Beira, seeking at the same time urbanistic, environmental and socioeconomic synergies. Overall Impact and Significance Positive Major Impact Type Temporality Controllability Reversibility Short- Long- Direct Indirect Avoidable Unavoidable Reversible Irreversible term term x x x -x 205 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 8 Mitigation and Compensation Measures 8.1 Mitigation Measures during Construction Phase 8.1.1 Environmental Impacts 8.1.1.1 Air Quality and Dust The following mitigation measures should be implemented during the construction phase by the contractor, in accordance with the mitigation hierarchy, to ensure avoidance and minimization of the identified impacts outlined in Chapter 7: • Adhering to 15km/h speed limit on-site to prevent trucks and other vehicles of creating dust dispersion. • Proper management (watering, containment, covering, bundling) and securely covering all stockpiles of loose materials resulting from excavation and land clearing. • Where possible, modify construction schedule to minimize dust generating activities during periods of strong winds, especially during October. • Implement a regular dust suppression procedure by regular spraying water on all unsealed roads, containment areas, uncovered loose materials, etc. • Heavy machinery and equipment should be sprayed down at the end of the workday to prevent avoidable windblown dust. • To prevent air dispersion of loose materials, all vehicles carrying loose materials must be properly and securely covered with an appropriately sized tarpaulin. • Proper handling techniques for dropping materials and setting limit of drop height of material in order to eliminate dust generated. • Utilization of lighter fuels should be considered to reduce PM10 emissions. • Maximize energy use-efficiency to minimize the use of generators on-site (procuring high energy efficiency rated equipment when appropriate and feasible). • Weekly inspection and maintenance of all vehicles, machinery and equipment. • Strict prohibition on burning of any waste, included in all worker contracts, and enforce appropriate punishment for violations. 8.1.1.2 Noise & Vibration The following mitigation measures should be implemented during the construction phase by the contractor, in accordance with the mitigation hierarchy, to ensure avoidance and minimization of the identified impacts outlined in Chapter 7: 206 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA • Schedule noisy activities during daytime hours • Select modern machinery and equipment with lower noise generation levels where possible. • Install suitable mufflers on engine exhausts • Minimize vehicle traffic through dense community areas by conducting a routing study and finding alternative routes to the Project area. • Schedule all noisy activities in each section to take place concurrently where possible. • Where possible, site any stationary sources of noise (such as generators) as far away as possible from the identified sensitive receptors in Stretches 3 and 4. • Ensure a functioning Workers and Community Grievance mechanism. • Implement a Noise Exceedances Investigation Procedure when noise levels have exceeded the permissible limits or in response to community grievances 8.1.1.3 Soils The following mitigation measures should be implemented during the construction phase by the contractor, in accordance with the mitigation hierarchy, to ensure avoidance and minimization of the identified impacts outlined in Chapter 7: • All borrow pits and quarries that will have to be used for materials (sand/stone/rocks) must be correctly licenced (mining and environmental) and approved by the authorities, with relevant ES management plans in place, prior to use. If a new area is identified for use, then the entire land acquisition process as required by both the Government of Mozambique and World Bank is undertaken with all compensation paid prior to use. • Undertake laboratory testing of dredged materials prior to use/deposition on soils, especially testing for heavy metals and POPs. Laboratories must be appropriately qualified and certified to undergo analysis of samples and the results must be certified and provided to the Supervision Engineer for validation. It is expected that samples will be sent to South Africa for testing. • Place clear markers indicating stockpiling area of dredged materials limiting the physical disturbance to land and soils in adjacent areas. • Limit vehicle movement to designated areas only • Minimize heavy vehicle usage on unsealed roads as much as possible during rainy season (December-March). 207 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA • Utilize track-mounted or low-pressure tires on construction vehicles to distribute the weight more evenly and minimize soil compaction. Use lighter machinery where possible. • All machinery maintenance and refueling is to be undertaken using drip trays, and all workers undertaken maintenance/refueling must be provided with adequate training on the use of drip trays and spill kits. • Spill kits must be provided at convenient, easy to reach locations at all locations where machinery is being utilized. • Return surfaces disturbed during construction to their original (or better) condition to the greatest extent possible. 8.1.1.4 Hydrogeology The following mitigation measures should be implemented during the construction phase by the contractor, in accordance with the mitigation hierarchy, to ensure avoidance and minimization of the identified impacts outlined in Chapter 7: • Enforce a strict prohibition of illegal disposal of hazardous waste to the land. • Enforce a strict prohibition illegal disposal of wastewater to the land by all personnel. • Implement proper housekeeping practices on the construction site at all times • Drip trays and spill kits are to be provided on-site in all areas in which engines and machinery are in operation. Additionally, contractor personnel are to receive adequate training in their proper use and the procedures to be followed. • Explore and, if feasible, develop alternative water supply sources (e.g., treated wastewater, rainwater harvesting) for use in plant rearing and maintenance. 8.1.1.5 Coastal Dynamics The following mitigation measures should be implemented during the construction phase by the contractor, in accordance with the mitigation hierarchy, to ensure avoidance and minimization of the identified impacts outlined in Chapter 7: • A Dredging Management Plan should be developed tailored specifically to the Project by the contractor responsible for this activity (using a detailed method statement and risk assessment) and must include; dredging methodology, characterize the chemical and physical properties of the dredged material, outlining the seasonal scheduling of dredging 208 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA to avoid migration, breeding and feeding times of identified biodiversity, as well as growing seasons of potentially affected marine flora and effect a stop-work policy after extreme weather events. Guidelines are provided in Section 8.1.1.9 as well as Annex 10 of the ESMP. • Careful planning of dredging activities to optimize the steepness of the dredging slope and minimize the deviation from the existing shoreline as much as possible. • Annual monitoring and simulation of current flow should be conducted to ensure that no significant alteration of current flows is exhibited. 8.1.1.6 Waste and Wastewater The following mitigation measures should be implemented during the construction phase by the contractor, in accordance with the mitigation hierarchy, to ensure avoidance and minimization of the identified impacts outlined in Chapter 7: • Develop a clear policy of commitment to adequate waste management and a commitment to implementation of the waste hierarchy throughout all stages (from procurement to construction), as much as reasonably possible, prioritizing; prevention/reduction, reuse, recycling, recovery, treatment and disposal, in that order as appropriate to the type of waste. • Installation of temporary/portable sanitation facilities for workers and must include a dedicated holding tank. The holding tank is to be evacuated regularly and/or when reaching 75% of its capacity. • All solid waste must be properly segregated at the source. Separation of recyclable materials, organic waste and hazardous waste. • Designated waste collection bins and hazardous waste containers must be provided onsite, and positioned at the most in-land location of the construction area. Containers should also be placed in various areas around site if the construction area is large to facilitate proper waste disposal by workers. Separate containers must be provided for the storage of organic, recyclable and hazardous waste and be clearly signed and color coded for clarity. These containers must be lined with an impermeable layer on the bottom and protected from wind and rain. Organic waste containers must be rain and rodent-proof. Construction and demolition waste is to be stored in large skips for easy removal from site, where possible. 209 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA • Establish a contractual agreement with the Beira Municipality, where possible, for the collection, transportation and proper disposal of all solid, liquid and hazardous waste. The agreement should specify the frequency of collection, estimated amount disaggregated by type of waste as well as outlining the details of the treatment, disposal or transfer station for each type of waste. Alternatively, contractual agreements can be made with qualified and licensed waste contractors if available. • All hazardous waste must be transferred by a trained and qualified individual utilizing an appropriate vehicle and taken off-site at the end of each day to an appropriately designed, designated and secure hazardous waste storage area. The hazardous storage area should be located in-land, away from residential areas and sensitive receptors and have the following characteristics: Constructed with a hard impermeable surface floor, flame- proof, accessible to authorized personnel only, locked when not in use and be of sufficient capacity to accommodate the anticipated volume of hazardous waste with separate areas for incompatible materials. The area should be properly ventilated due to the intense heat which could increase evaporation of chemicals that could make the ambient air of the storage potentially toxic and, in some cases, explosive. Additionally, Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) should be kept on-site and an accurate and up-to-date inventory must be maintained at all times. • Consignment notes or certified receipts should be completed by both parties (contractor and municipal council) to ensure accurate quantification and recording of waste generated, transfer and disposal. 8.1.1.7 Terrestrial and Coastal Biodiversity The following mitigation measures should be implemented during the construction phase by the contractor and the Engineering design firm, in accordance with the mitigation hierarchy, to ensure avoidance and minimization of the identified impacts outlined in Chapter 7: • All machinery and equipment brought from off-site should be thoroughly washed with a jet washer at the designated washdown area prior to entry to the site to prevent potential introduction of invasive plants to the coastal area. 210 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 8.1.1.8 Marine Biodiversity The following mitigation measures should be implemented during the construction phase by the contractor and PIU, in accordance with the mitigation hierarchy, to ensure avoidance and minimization of the identified impacts outlined in Chapter 7: • Modify all vessel movement routes to stay clear of seagrass habitats to avoid disruption. • Ensure that all vessels and equipment are regularly maintained to minimize avoidable increases in underwater noise level. • Dredging activities should consider an adaptive dredging program which can accommodate the whale migration seasons (July- November). If whale sightings in the area are confirmed, dredging operations should consider the following: o Coordinate and liaise with marine biodiversity specialists or local authorities to provide reliable information on or confirmation of whale activity within the project AoI. o Adapting vessel routes to avoid maneuvering in the area for which whales may be present. For instance, there could be a surveillance boat checking for whales during this time and if any are noted up to 500m away from the operations, the dredging should be stopped for the time that the whales are passing by. The 500m reference is from the use of oil prospecting boats that are drilling, looking for oil, so the vibration level would be higher than that of dredging equipment, but can be assumed to be a safe distance away. o Temporarily halt/suspend dreding activities if clear and significant signs of stress is observed in the whales. 8.1.1.9 Water Quality The following mitigation measures should be implemented during the construction phase by the contractor, in accordance with the mitigation hierarchy, to ensure avoidance and minimization of the identified impacts outlined in Chapter 7: • Prior to initiating dredging activities for the project, a Dredging Management Plan should be developed by the appointed dredging contractor. This plan should be based on the data and forecasts provided in this ESIA. The dredging contractor is presumed to possess the necessary expertise and resources to undertake this task. The dredging management plan should include, at minimum, the following aspects: 211 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA • Dredging Methodology: Detailed description of the dredging methods to be used, including equipment, techniques, timing and duration of dredging works, seasonal modifications to dredging schedule, and vessel routes. • Sediment Management: Strategies for handling, transporting, and storing of dredged material. Characterize the chemical and physical composition and behavior of the sediments to be dredged. • Risk Assessment: A detailed environmental and risk assessment should be conducted on all dredging-related activities to clearly outline the risks on the biological, physical and social environments. • Impact Mitigation: Measures to mitigate impacts on marine life, especially sensitive species and habitats, and strategies to reduce turbidity and other water quality issues. • Environmental Monitoring: A comprehensive plan for ongoing water quality monitoring program, with parameters including pH, turbidity, nutrient levels, potential contaminant concentrations. Monitoring data should be compared with baseline conditions and relevant standards. • Compliance with Local and International Regulations: Adherence to Mozambique's environmental regulations and international best practices for dredging activities. • Stakeholder Engagement: Involving local communities, government bodies, and other stakeholders in the planning and execution phases. Coordination with the local authorities responsible for the regular maintenance dredging of Beira port is important. • Emergency Response Plan: Preparedness for accidental spills or other emergencies, including clear protocols and responsibilities. • Adaptive Management: Flexibility in the plan to adapt to changing conditions or unforeseen environmental impacts. • Restoration and Rehabilitation Plans: Strategies for restoring habitats affected by dredging activities. • Reporting and Documentation: Regular reporting on the progress of dredging activities, environmental monitoring results, and compliance with the management plan. 212 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA • Development of this dredging management plan should be incorporated into the tender documents of the dredging contractor. Additional references for guidelines and dredging best practices are provided44. In instances where the contractor lacks the requisite capabilities, it is recommended that a consulting firm be engaged by the project owner to develop this plan and provide this to the dredging contractor. Furthermore, the implementation and supervision of these recommendations should be overseen by a consultant specializing in Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) implementation. When there is an increase in turbidity resulting from dredging activities (as per monitoring program in the dredging management plan), silt curtains should be installed for a temporary period to isolate the dredging area. • With support from AIAS, the dredging contractor should engage proactively with operators of concurrent Projects (e.g., port authorities responsible for maintenance dredging works of the channel) to coordinate activities, share monitoring data, and collaboratively develop strategies to minimize cumulative impacts. • It is recommended that dredging activities be conducted at slower speeds to limit turbulence in the water column. • The two dredging vessels are recommended to use a pre-planned sequential operation to dredge small sections of the sand sourcing area and allow, as much as reasonably possible, for sediment to settle between sections. • Dredging works should not be conducted under extreme weather or highly turbulent seas to limit dispersion of resuspended sediment. • The dredging equipment should be maintained regularly to ensure its efficient operation, resulting in minimal residue suspension, noise and potential fuel/oil leaks. • If needed, based upon turbidity level monitoring as per the project-specific dredging management plan, installation of diffusers or silt curtains on overflow and discharge pipes of the dredging vessels should be considered. 44London Convention/Protocol’s Waste Assessment Guidelines under the London Convention and Protocol: (2014 edition), http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/LCLP/Publications/wag/Pages/default.aspx. Additional guidance on dredging management practices can be found in PIANC (2009) Report 100: Dredging Management Practices for the Environment, http://www.pianc.org/2872231668.php, 213 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA • All vessels carrying dry, loose materials (if applicable) should ensure that materials are adequately and securely covered to prevent possible wind dispersion into the surrounding waters. 8.1.1.10 Hazardous Materials Management The following mitigation measures should be implemented during the construction phase by the contractor, in accordance with the mitigation hierarchy: Maintain a detailed inventory of all hazardous materials used on-site. Implement a tracking system for the movement and usage of these materials.to ensure avoidance and minimization of the identified impacts outlined in Chapter 7: • Designate specific, secure areas for the storage of hazardous materials. • Ensure these areas are equipped with containment systems to prevent leaks and spills. • Store materials in appropriate containers with clear labeling of contents and hazard warnings. • Provide comprehensive training for all personnel handling hazardous materials. • Ensure the use of appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) during handling and transportation. • Develop and implement a spill prevention and response plan. • Equip the site with spill containment and cleanup materials. • Conduct regular drills to ensure preparedness. • Use vehicles and containers suitable for the safe transportation of hazardous materials. • Implement strict protocols for the loading, transit, and unloading of these materials. • Ensure proper segregation of hazardous waste from non-hazardous waste. • Employ licensed waste management contractors for the disposal of hazardous waste. • Maintain records of hazardous waste disposal. • Regularly inspect storage containers and transportation vehicles for leaks or damage. • Promptly repair or replace any faulty containers housing hazardous substances. • Establish emergency response procedures for incidents involving hazardous materials. • Ensure easy access to emergency contact information and safety data sheets. 214 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA • Conduct regular audits and inspections to ensure compliance with safety protocols and regulations. • Implement corrective actions for any identified issues. 8.1.2 Social Impacts Positive Impacts 8.1.2.1 Socio-Economic Opportunities The following enhancement measures should be implemented during the construction phase by both the Project Implementation Unit (PIU) and the contractor, in accordance with the prescribed guidelines, to amplify and maximize the positive impacts identified in Chapter 7. • Definition of clear policies and procedures for identifying local labor to be involved in work during the construction phase. • Training of workers to increase their employability. • Management of opportunity expectations during this phase through clear communication with local authorities. • Establish recruitment procedures that encourage women's participation. • Create places where small informal vendors can display products that workers might purchase. • Whenever possible, hire qualified local companies to carry out maintenance and repair work on vehicles and machinery. Negative Impacts 8.1.2.2 Impacts on Livelihoods The following mitigation measures should be implemented during the construction phase by the contractor and the PIU, in accordance with the mitigation hierarchy, to ensure avoidance and minimization of the identified impacts outlined in Chapter 7. • Develop the Livelihood Restoration Strategy aligned with the Development Master Plan for Beira City • Continuous engagement with interested and affected parties. 215 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 8.1.2.3 Temporary Labor Influx The following mitigation measures should be implemented during the construction phase by the contractor, in accordance with the mitigation hierarchy, to ensure avoidance and minimization of the identified impacts outlined in Chapter 7. • Implement of the Labor Influx Management Plan by the Contractor. • Elaboration of the Workforce Management and Recruitment Plan by the Contractor. • Elaboration of a code of conduct for workers. • Identify workforce needs and labor availability in the local market. • Communicate the real needs of the Project workforce to help minimize influx and pressure on infrastructure. 8.1.2.4 Road Traffic and Transportation • Construction sites must be properly signposted, taking into account safety and minimizing disturbances to the population's activity. • Contractors must submit traffic management plans, updated, as required during the construction phase • Implement community complaint mechanism • Raise awareness of upcoming traffic impacts and risks (e.g., signage, communication with local authorities, community groups and local media) • Vehicles assigned to the works must circulate with their dipped headlights on, even during the day. • All trucks and machineries assigned to the Work must have all worning system (reversing signal, strobe lights) and tracking system include for speed monitoring . • Trucks assigned to the works must park in such a way as not to disturb the activities of the population and allow access to their commercial activities or their homes. • The work execution program must be disclosed to the populations affected in the surrounding area. The information made available must include the purpose, nature, location of the work, the main actions to be carried out, the timetable and any effects on the population, namely the impact on accessibility. 216 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA • Installation of temporary fences in specific areas exposed to pollution, for example in local markets. • Where access is limited or restricted, alternative access should be indicated, with adequate signage. • Adopt transportation security best practices in all aspects of operations of the project, with the objective of avoiding traffic accidents and minimizing the injuries suffered by project personnel and the public. Measures should include: o Emphasize safety aspects among drivers (e.g. wearing a seat belt of safety, not to overtake vehicles on the curves of the road, reducing the speed of at least 300 m before villages or where children are) o Improve driving skills and require driving license (e.g. driver training in defensive driving, driving tests) o Adopt limits for the duration of the trip and organize lists of drivers for avoid excessive tiredness o Avoid dangerous routes and schedules to reduce the risk of accidents (e.g. do not drive after dark) o Implement speed restrictions for all project-related traffic o Maintain vehicles regularly and use manufacturer approved parts to minimize potentially serious accidents caused by malfunction of the equipment or premature failure o Report accidents and statistics by contractor o In case of a traffic accident, contact the police. o Regularly inspect and maintain the roads used by the construction traffic - Repair damage to road surfaces and other road infrastructure (e.g., fill holes) 8.1.2.5 Gender-Based Violence (GBV)/Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) and Gender Issues The following mitigation measures should be implemented during the construction phase by the contractor, in accordance with the mitigation hierarchy, to ensure avoidance and minimization of the identified impacts outlined in Chapter 7. • Employment opportunities should be equally distributed between women and men based on qualifications. • A Code of Conduct for workers should be adopted and implemented to minimize risky behavior among workers and between workers and communities. 217 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA • Implementation of the grievance boxes and grievance redress mechanism, including issues related to GBV, and SEA • Include in the induction of workers aspects about GBV/SEA • Conduct lectures on GBV, sexual exploitation and abuse, sexual harassment, including measures to avoid and implications for those who engage in GBV/SEA acts. 8.1.2.6 Dissemination of Sexual Transmission Deceases and HIV/AIDS The following mitigation measures should be implemented during the construction phase by the contractor, in accordance with the mitigation hierarchy, to ensure avoidance and minimization of the identified impacts outlined in Chapter 7. • Implementation of the Health Management Program. • A Code of Conduct for workers should be adopted and implemented to minimize risky behavior among workers and between workers and communities. • HIV/AIDS prevention education programs should be carried out in communities to disseminate information to the community. • Medical module in the induction/induction program during on-the-job orientation. • Medical education, on an ongoing basis, to all Project team members, through printed material (posters) and regular occupational health information sessions. 8.1.2.7 Child Labor The following mitigation measures should be implemented during the construction phase by the contractor, in accordance with the mitigation hierarchy, to ensure avoidance and minimization of the identified impacts outlined in Chapter 7. • A code of conduct should be adopted that prohibits child labor and ensures that all workers assigned to the site, including community members, are aware of the risks and implications of child labor. • Project management and the contractor must prohibit any form of child labor in the Project area. • All labor hiring processes must ensure communication about hiring criteria, minimum age and applicable legislation. 218 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA • AIAS shall ensure (to the Contractor) that no child under the age of 18 will be employed or involved in connection with the Project in any way that would interfere with the child's education, be harmful to physical and mental health, spiritual well-being, morality or social circumstances. 8.1.2.8 Public Infrastructure and Utilities The following mitigation measures should be implemented during the construction phase by the contractor, in accordance with the mitigation hierarchy, to ensure avoidance and minimization of the identified impacts outlined in Chapter 7. • Obtain maps from the companies responsible for each service (electricity, water, sewage, telephone, fibre optic cables, etc.), that indicate the location of the infrastructure, and request their intervention for removal/transfer. • Involve local communities and the technical services responsible for roads, water supply, telephony, sewage, etc., in the preparatory works. • Carry out a survey of all constraints before starting any activity that could damage such services. 8.1.2.9 Land Ownership and Use The following mitigation measures should be implemented during the construction phase by the contractor, in accordance with the mitigation hierarchy, to ensure avoidance and minimization of the identified impacts outlined in Chapter 7. • Avoid the need to relocate by developing an understanding of local land use and ownership • Consider land use and ownership in projects and site selection (e.g. community, private, church/religious or government land) • Produce baseline information on the population that will be physically or economically displaced (gather information through multiple site visits as stakeholder groups may not be available on the first visit) • Engage with project-affected people and affected communities, including any host community members, to develop the resettlement/compensation plan • Establish grievance / resettlement / compensation mechanism 219 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA • Ensure clear and straightforward communication and information throughout the Resettlement / Compensation Impact Planning and Identification process • Implement the resettlement / compensation plan (preferably in-kind) as per the Resettlement Policy Framework. • Continue to ensure clear communication and implementation of the grievance and resettlement mechanism • Formulate compensation guidelines for anticipated impacts on livelihoods during construction • Monitor the implementation of the resettlement plan • Continue to ensure clear communication and implementation of grievance mechanisms 8.1.2.10 Cultural Heritage The following mitigation measures should be implemented during the construction phase by the contractor, in accordance with the mitigation hierarchy, to ensure avoidance and minimization of the identified impacts outlined in Chapter 7. • Identify cultural heritage in the project area, as well as the potential for discoveries, including abandoned buildings or cultural buildings in disrepair. • Consult relevant stakeholders to identify cultural heritage and uses. • Examples include medicinal plants, shrines, graves, homes of community leaders, and places of sacrifice or worship. • If critical cultural heritage exists in the proposed project area, consider alternative sites. • Try to understand more than one perspective, as perspectives can change as political interests change. • Identify partners associated with nearby locations that can help protect a site's cultural value. Avoid impacts on cultural heritage through design and location alternatives. • Consider whether a building can be modernized/upgraded rather than replaced. • Consult the local community to design the best management and protection measures; if impact is unavoidable, use removal as last priority. • Discuss management plans with local communities and negotiate approaches to management, especially if future co-management is envisaged. • Establish protection procedures, manage and train workers. 220 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA • Define procedures for random finds (unexpected finds of cultural heritage discovered on site, e.g. archaeological remains) during construction (chance finds procedure) and train workers in the chance finds procedure. • Where safe, provide alternative access to cultural heritage sites or features if construction restricts access. • Where cultural sites will be impacted, prepare, and implement a Cultural Resources Management Plan. • Implement agreed procedures and measures, monitor implementation. • Continue communications. • In case of chance finds, consult an archaeologist or qualified specialist before continuing the work.. 8.1.3 Occupational Health and Safety The following mitigation measures should be implemented during the construction phase by the contractor, in accordance with the mitigation hierarchy, to ensure avoidance and minimization of the identified impacts outlined in Chapter 7. • Develop a health and safety risk analysis procedure prior to carrying out activities. • Training of workforce for management of risks associated with activities they are undertaking. • Mandatory use of personal protective equipment (uniform, goggles, mask, boots, gloves, earphones), in accordance with the work environment and proper signage. • Development and implementation of health and safety protocols for higher risk activities. • Implementation of internal procedures in order to know how to deal with accidents and emergency situations that may arise. • All workers must sign a Code of Conduct (CoC); • Analyze risks and try to control hazards at source (e.g. is it necessary to work at heights or in confined spaces?); • Analyze the potential for site-specific risks that may present health and safety issues (e.g. flood risk requires locating critical equipment in different locations due to existing contamination risk); • For rehabilitation projects, make all reasonable efforts to determine if asbestos or lead is present in an existing structure; 221 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA • Review the construction schedule to minimize the need for overtime or other worker welfare pressures; • Use tools to project health and safety risks • Do not use flimsy roofing material that workers could fall through. • Specify fixtures that can be lowered or maneuvered to floor or landing level to change bulbs or tubes, avoid/minimize low-level tube runs in equipment rooms • Reduce design maintenance requirements, consider removing design needs that require moving parts, and use low maintenance materials • Ensure sufficient budget for good health and safety practices during construction • Identify risks and hazards to worker health and safety and define procedures to avoid or manage those risks • Assign responsibility for identifying and assessing risks to a member of the engineering team • Review design with construction worker/crew who have knowledge of construction methods • Conduct project review meetings at key stages • Identify potential emergency situations and develop emergency response plans • Establish basic health and safety obligations in contracts • Communicate residual risks to implementation staff/onsite contractors (e.g. potential for hazardous materials, below ground hazards); • In cases where excavations are required for basements, deep drains, etc., particularly if close to the site boundary, designers should highlight on contract drawings that the contractor is to temporarily support all excavations as required. • Implement health and safety procedures, including provision of PPE, correct signage and barricades where necessary; • Continue training and communications; • Conduct emergency drills with relevant parties; • Monitor health and safety concerns and record all occurrences and non-compliances; • Implement basic site cleanliness measures to improve site safety (e.g., isolate hazardous areas, set up waste management area, demarcate pedestrian and foot traffic areas, check electrical connections, keep site clean for remove slip, trip and fall hazards, store hazardous liquids in closed containers in a bunded area away from unauthorized personnel). 222 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 8.1.4 Community Health and Safety The following mitigation measures should be implemented during the construction phase by the contractor, in accordance with the mitigation hierarchy, to ensure avoidance and minimization of the identified impacts outlined in Chapter 7. • Avoid disrupting communities or creating health and safety risks for the community, understanding local community dynamics and any community resources relating to subsistence or public use that may be affected • Identify risks and hazards to community health and safety and define procedures to avoid or manage them • Identify potential emergency situations and develop emergency response procedures emergencies in a plan • If security personnel are hired, develop a security plan based on a risk assessment, ensure correct screening and training processes, as well as use of force procedures and produce a memorandum of understanding with the national police forces as needed • Identify potential short-term disturbances to the community (such as noise, dust, traffic, movement of workers) and define measures to minimize them (scheduling, training, maintenance or use of alternatives and communications) • Communicate necessary community health and safety information to the community and workers • Train workers on community interactions and health and safety procedures • Train relevant staff and contractors in emergency response • Train and monitor security personnel • Implement community health and safety procedures • Implement disturbance minimization procedures • Continue training and communications • Conduct emergency drills with relevant parties • Monitor health and safety concerns and occurrences and respond when necessary • Monitor security personnel • All workplaces must be signposted and isolated to prevent the risk of entry by unauthorized persons, especially children. • Make communities aware of the risk they are exposed to and the measures to be followed to avoid accidents. 223 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA • Train drivers of vehicles and heavy machinery on defensive driving. • Monitor movements and speeds of construction vehicles using a fleet management tracking system. • Implementation of internal procedures in order to know how to deal with accidents and emergency situations that may arise. • Establish speed limits, with a clear definition of maximum speeds in certain risky locations. • All workers must sign a code of conduct (CoC). 8.2 Mitigation Measures During Operations Phase 8.2.1 Environmental Impacts 8.2.1.1 Soils During the construction and operations phase of the Project, the Municipality of Beira should implement the following enhancement measures to augment and optimize the identified positive impacts, in coordination with the Project Implementing Unit (PIU), as detailed in Chapter 7. • Post-construction, after construction activities have been carried out and finished and right before the commencement of the operation phase, level all soils to their initial state, and revegetate using suitable, native plant species. • Develop and implement public awareness campaigns to educate local communities about the importance of soil conservation and the role they can play in maintaining soil health. 8.2.1.2 Hydrogeology During the operations phase of the Project, the Municipality of Beira, in coordination with the Project Implementing Unit (PIU), should implement the following mitigation measures, in accordance with the mitigation hierarchy, to ensure avoidance and minimization of the identified negative impacts as detailed in Chapter 7. • Conduct a comprehensive assessment to identify alternative water sources for plant rearing and maintenance that will minimize abstraction from groundwater resources. • Explore and, if feasible, develop alternative water supply sources (e.g., treated wastewater, rainwater harvesting) for use in plant rearing and maintenance. • Establish limits on groundwater abstraction based on a detailed hydrogeological study to prevent excessive extraction. 224 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA • Establish a monitoring program to detect early signs of saline intrusion into groundwater aquifers. • Implement water-saving irrigation techniques (e.g., drip irrigation) to minimize water use during revegetation and mangrove replanting. • Regularly monitor and repair irrigation systems to prevent leaks and wastage. • Schedule planting activities to coincide with seasons of higher natural water availability. 8.2.1.3 Coastal Dynamics During the operations phase of the Project, the Municipality of Beira, in coordination with the Project Implementing Unit (PIU), should implement the following mitigation measures, in accordance with the mitigation hierarchy, to ensure avoidance and minimization of the identified negative impacts as detailed in Chapter 7. • Implement a program to regularly monitor sediment movement and erosion patterns adjacent to the rock revetments and rehabilitated dunes. • Install appropriate scour protection (e.g., toe protection) around the base of the rock revetments to reduce local scouring. • Develop and implement a sediment management plan that outlines actions to control and manage sediment displacement. • Implement a program for the regular maintenance and health assessment of re-vegetated areas to ensure their ongoing stability and effectiveness. 8.2.1.4 Terrestrial and Coastal Biodiversity During the operations phase of the Project, the Municipality of Beira should implement the following mitigation measures, in accordance with the mitigation hierarchy, to ensure avoidance and minimization of the identified negative impacts as detailed in Chapter 7. • Where feasible, carefully transplant affected mangrove trees to suitable, unaffected sites to preserve the existing mangrove population. • Establish a long-term monitoring program to assess the health of the remaining mangrove forest and adapt management strategies based on the findings. • Engage local communities in mangrove protection efforts and educate them on the importance of mangroves, creating stewards for long-term conservation. 225 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 8.2.1.5 Marine Biodiversity During the operations phase of the Project, the Municipality of Beira should implement the following mitigation measures, in accordance with the mitigation hierarchy, to ensure avoidance and minimization of the identified negative impacts as detailed in Chapter 7. • Engage proactively with operators of concurrent Projects (e.g., port authorities responsible for separate dredging works) to coordinate activities, share monitoring data, and collaboratively develop strategies to minimize cumulative impacts. • Establish a regular monitoring program to assess the water quality, including parameters such as turbidity, salinity, and pollutant levels, and compare these with baseline conditions. Ensure that monitoring results are reviewed and acted upon accordingly. • Establish a plan to monitor, protect, and, if necessary, restore seagrass beds and mangrove forests that could be impacted by altered water flows and salinities. • Regularly monitor marine biodiversity, particularly in sensitive habitats, and develop a response plan to address any significant negative changes 8.2.1.6 Water Quality During the operations phase of the Project, the Municipality, should implement the following mitigation measures, in accordance with the mitigation hierarchy, to ensure avoidance and minimization of the identified negative impacts as detailed in Chapter 7. • Develop and maintain protocols for immediate response and remediation in case of accidental spills or releases that might affect water quality, ensuring all staff are trained on these procedures. • Regular inspection and maintenance of stormwater management infrastructure, such as drains, silt traps, and retention ponds, to ensure their effective operation at all times. • Prioritize the use of non-toxic, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly materials and products for routine maintenance activities. • Conduct regular training for employees and contractors on best practices for water quality management, spill response, and the use and disposal of potential contaminants. • The Municipality of Beira, in coordination with the AIAS, should closely monitor sediment movement and erosion near rock revetments and rehabilitated dunes. 226 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA • Conduct routine maintenance and health assessment for revegetated areas to ensure long-term stability of the dunes and prevent wind dispersion. In addition, the ESMP accompanying this ESIA report contains management plans to assist in mitigating the impacts identified, in the sections as follows: 2.1 Air Quality Management and Monitoring Program 2.2 Noise and Vibration Management Plan 2.3 Water and Effluent Quality Management and Monitoring Program 2.4 Soil and Erosion Management Program 2.5 Waste Management Program 2.6 Biodiversity Management Program (Flora and Fauna) 2.7 Stakeholders Environmental Education and Social Communication Program 2.8 Archaeology and Cultural Heritage Management Program 2.9 Gender-Based Violence (GBV) and Mitigation Program 2.10 Labor Influx and Working Conditions Management Program 2.11 Community Health and Safety Program 2.12 Occupational Health and Safety Management Program 2.13 Road Traffic Management Program 2.14 General Guidelines for Use of Security Personnel in the Project Protection Security Management Program 2.15 Livelihood Restoration and Compensation Management Plan 2.16 Grievance Mechanism Management Program (GRM) 2.17 Emergency Preparedness and Response Management Plan 227 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 8.2.2 Social Impacts Positive Impacts 8.2.2.1 Implementation of the Early Warning System During the operations phase of the Project, the Municipality, should implement the following enhancement measures to augment and optimize the identified positive impacts, as detailed in Chapter 7. • Regular maintenance of Early Warning System. • Creation of the operation and maintenance manual for the system as a whole, and for sensitive equipment in particular, including operator training. 8.2.2.2 Increase resilience of the Beira Coastal area to climate changes During the operations phase of the Project, the Project Implementing Unit (PIU) should implement the following enhancement measures to augment and optimize the identified positive impacts, as detailed in Chapter 7. • Promoting best and responsible fishing practices to sustain livelihoods and ensure food security. • Prevention and control of coastal erosion through regulating beach mining • Strengthen and enhance capacity building and public awareness in coastal protection. 228 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 9 Public Participation Process (PPP) The need to undertake a Public Participation Process (PPP) for a Category A project is a legal requirement under the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation (Decree 45/2004 of September 29). The PPP undertaken for this project has been carried out in accordance with the provisions of the aforementioned decree and regulations as well as the General Directive for the Public Participation Process in the Environmental Impact Assessment Process (Ministerial Order 130 / 2006 of July 19). Under this EIA process the public consultation meetings were undertaken at local level (Beira city). A total of 2 (two) public consultation meetings were conducted, the first one during the Environmental Pre-Feasibility Report and Scope Definition (EPDA), and the second public consultation during preparation of the EIA report. These meetings were facilitated by the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Team with the aim to establish a forum for providing project information and findings of specialist studies to key stakeholders and address concerns and comments as the EIA progressed. In addition to these public consultation meetings, community meetings were also conducted with fishermen in the project area, which included licensed and non-licensed fishermen. These community meetings were conducted separately in order to update each specific group of fishermen about the project, its impacts and livelihood restoration measures and receive feedback from each group to be considered in the Livelihood Restoration Plan preparation and implementation. 9.1 First Public Consultation Meeting This public consultation meeting was conducted in 2022 by Royal Haskoning DHV to disclose information about environmental and social impacts caused by the project, as well as to present the mitigation measures for each impact. This presented an opportunity for involvement of I&AP’s and disclosure of information that was included on the Environmental Pre-feasibility Study and Scope Definition (EPDA) and TORs for the EIA. Newspaper advertisements were used to invite the I&AP’s to participate in the first public meetings and disclosure of the EPDA report and TORs. The advertisement was publicized in the 19th and 24th March 2022 editions of the Notícias newspaper (the most widely circulated newspaper). In addition, advertisements of the public meeting were aired on the local Radio Mozambique. There were 3 daily insertions over the 15 day period in local language (Sena and Ndau). The advertisement aimed to invite people to register their interest in the project (as an I&AP), inform I&AP’s of the public meeting dates, times and venues, and disclose information on where 229 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA documents could be consulted prior to the meetings. Besides the public notices, personalized invitation letters were sent to the relevant government and non-government institutions such as National Directorate of Environment (DINAB), Province Environmental Services (SPA), etc. 9.1.1 Objectives of 1st public consultation meeting In specific the first public consultation meeting aimed to: • Provide updated information on the Project; • Present the results of the specialized studies, the draft EPDA and ToR: the potential environmental and socio-economic impacts identified and assessed, and proposed mitigation, management and monitoring measures; • Collect comments, views, concerns and questions from the participants on issues related to the implementation of the Project. 9.1.2 Summary of 1st public consultation meeting On April 5, 2022 at 9:00 am, the first formal public consultation meeting was held with the I&APs in the scope of the Environmental Impact Study for the project. This meeting took place in the Salão Nobre of the Municipal Council of Beira The meeting was facilitated by the company Royal Haskoning DHV Mozambique Lda, as consultant for the EPDA, and represented by Fernando Pondeca, Teodoro de Abreu and Bruno Aleuia. It was attended by representatives of the Proponent (AIAS, IP), representatives of the Municipal Council of Beira, local government, representatives of the Provincial Directorate of Land, Environment and Rural Development of Sofala, Caminhos de Ferro de Moçambique (CFM), District Service of Economic Activities, Cornelder de Moçambique, National Road Administration (ANE), Sofala Provincial Directorate of Sea and Fisheries, Sofala Provincial Directorate of Mineral Resources and Energy, University Teaching Institutions, leaders of local structures (secretaries of the target neighborhoods), Civil Society Organizations, and the community in general from the four project coastal stretches, totaling 66 participants. Figure 9-1 shows the 1st Public Consultation meeting. Table 9-1: Summary on participation in 1st Public Consultation Meeting Number of Participants Date Time Location Session All Male Female 05/04/2022 09:00-11:30 Salão Nobre of Beira Municipality 1 66 51 15 230 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA The meeting was opened by the President of the Beira Municipal Council, Mr. Albano Carige, who briefly welcomed and thanked all participants. Next, the Consultant's team together with the project proponent proceeded with a brief presentation in Portuguese. The focus was on the objectives, different stages of project implementation, and a summary of the activities proposed for project implementation. More emphasis was given to a simplified description of the concept and selection process of the proposed intervention alternatives in each of the Project's coastal sections, in order to provide a clear understanding of the potential impacts (positive and negative) that may be caused by the Project activities on the biotic, physical and socio-economic environment, further emphasizing the issue of affecting the assets of the population and infrastructure located in the Project's impact corridor. The Consultant further explained to the participants that the main purpose of the public consultation meeting was to inform the I&APs about the existence of the Project and its activities, as well as to collect comments, views, concerns and questions from the participants on issues related to the implementation of the Project. During this public consultation meeting, the participatants recognized the project relevance and also raised some concerns or questions that included: (i) the possibility of fishermen and traders based in Praia Nova be relocated, (ii) the location where fishermen will be relocated, (iii) compensation of affected people, (iv) location for parking of construction trucks and vehicles and (v) employment of local labor for construction works. Details of this consultation process can be found in the report of 1st Public Consultation meeting (Annex 1). 231 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Figure 9-1: Images of the 1st public consultation meeting in Beira city 9.2 Second Public Consultation Meeting This second public consultation meeting was conducted to disclose information about environmental and social impacts caused by the project, as well as to present the mitigation measures for each impact. This presented an opportunity for the involvement of I&AP’s and disclosure of information documents (EIA). Newspaper advertisements were used to invite the I&AP’s to participate in the public meeting and the disclosure of the EIA reports were publicized through notices in Notícias newspaper (widest circulation). The notice was published on November 8, 2023. The purpose of placing newspaper notice was to disclose information about the EIA process, invite people to register their interest in the project (as an I&AP), inform I&AP’s of the public meeting dates, times and venues, and disclose information on where information documents could be consulted prior to the meetings. Besides the public notice, personalized invitation letters were sent to the relevant government and non-government institutions such as National Directorate of Environment (DINAB), Province Environmental Services (SPA), etc. 232 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 9.2.1 Objectives of 2nd public consultation meetings The scond public consultation meeting aimed to: • Present the results of the specialized studies, the potential environmental and socio- economic impacts identified and assessed, and proposed mitigation, management and monitoring measures; • Collect comments, views, concerns and questions from the participants on issues related to the environmental and social impacts of the Project, including proposed mitigation measures 9.2.2 Summary of 2nd public consultation meetings The public consultation meetings were held on 22nd and 23rd November 2023 in three different sessions and places shown in table 9-1. The first session was held at the Salão Nobre of Beira Municipality on 22nd November 2023 at 08:30, with 40 participants (28 males and 12 females). The second session was held on 22nd November 2023 at 14:00 hours in Mercado 20 de Agosto (Praia Nova) with 85 participants (58 males and 27 females). The third session was held on 23rd November 2023 at 10:30 hours in the Millorde Foods located in Estoril area, attended by 49 participants (37 male and 12 female). Figure 9-2 shows images of the 2nd Public Consultation meetings. Table 9-2: Summary of participation in 2nd Public Consultation Meetings Number of Participants Date Time Location Session All Male Female 22/11/2023 08:30-11:30 Salão Nobre of Beira Municipality 1 40 28 12 22/11/2023 14:10-16:50 Mercado 20 de Agosto at Praia Nova 2 85 58 27 23/11/2023 10:30-13:30 Millorde Foods at Estoril Area 3 49 37 12 The meeting was opened by Coastal Protection Project Director at Beira Municipality, Mr. Simango, who briefly welcomed and thanked all participants. Next, the Consultant's team proceeded with a brief presentation in Portuguese of the ESIA results that include potential impacts (positive and negative) that may be caused by the Project activities on the biotic, physical and socio-economic environment, further emphasizing the issue of affecting the fishing activities in the Project's impact corridor. The Consultant further explained to the participants that due to impacts on economic activities undertaken at the Praia Nova Community Fishing Center, there is a need to identify temporary locations for embarking and disembarking of people and products in 233 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Praia Nova, Oceanias and Estoril fishing centers and the project will prepare a Livelihood Restoration Plan (LRP) to accommodate this. The Consultant's presentations were prepared and distributed for each of the meetings by both the EIA Team and the Proponent. Presentations were prepared taking into consideration the participants of each meeting and the most relevant information to be disseminated to each target audience. At each of the meetings, the Proponent (AIAS, IP) typically introduced themselves, and presented the project description. The EIA Team then presented the findings of the EIA (i.e., summaries of the draft EIA reports), including the public consultation process. During this public consultation meeting the participants congratulated the Beira Municipality for being involved in the coastal project of Beira city and also raised some questions and suggestions that included: (i) when the project will start, (ii) the location where fishermen will be relocated, (iii) responsibility to prepare the relocation area, (iv) the need to include other institutions in the project institutional arrangement, (iii) provide effective communication with stakeholders. Details of this consultation process can be found in the report of 2nd Public Consultation meetings (Annex 2). Figure 9-2: Images of the 2ndpublic consultation meeting in Beira city 234 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 9.3 Community Meetings As mentioned previously, community meetings with fishermen (licensed and non-licensed) were conducted in order to discuss with the Project Affected People (PAPs) about the need to be relocated during the project construction phase and option of relocation sites. Aspects related to project impacts on PAPs livelihoods and mitigation measures for negative impacts were also discussed. The results of discussions held during the community meeting with PAPs are presented in following sections. 9.3.1 Community meetings with licensed fishermen In the project area, licensed fishermen are those who belong the Community Fisheries Council (CCP) of Praia Nova that include fishermen from Praia Nova, Oceana and Estoril Fisheries Centers. All licensed fishermen have license to perform fishing activities and use authorized fishing methods such as Longlines, Gillnets, among others. 9.3.1.1 Meeting with fishermen of Praia Nova Fishing Center This meeting with fishermen was held in the office of Praia Nova Fishing Center on 3rd November 2023 (Figure 9-3). The meeting duration was 2 hours (9:30 – 11:30) and a total of 27 people attended the meeting of which there were 25 males and 02 females (Annex 3). In the meeting, PAPs agreed to be temporarily relocated to ensure that fishing activities can be undertaken during project construction phase. The Docas Marroa area was indicated by PAPs as more suitable for temporary relocation as the place is nearby the current area of disembarking and docking. Table 9-3: Summary of participation in the Community Meeting with licensed fishermen of Praia Nova Number of Participants Date Time Location Session All Male Female Escritório do Centro de Pesca da 03/11/2023 09:30-11:30 1 27 25 02 Praia Nova 235 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Figure 9-3: Images of the community meeting with licensed fishermen of Praia Nova 9.3.1.2 Meeting with fishermen of Oceana and Estoril Fishing Centers This meeting with fishermen of Oceana and Estoril was held at Estoril Fishing Center on 3rd November 2023 (Figure 9-4). The meeting duration was 1 hour (13:00 – 14:00) and a total of 13 people attended the meeting of which there were 12 males and 01 female (Annex 4). In the meeting, PAPs agreed to be temporarily relocated to ensure that fishing activities can be undertaken during the project construction phase. The Verão Amarelo area was indicated by PAPs as more suitable for a temporary relocation area as the place is located about 700 m from the current area of disembarking and docking. Table 9-4: Summary on participation in the Community Meeting with licensed fishermen of Praia Nova Number of Participants Date Time Location Session All Male Female 03/11/2023 13:00-14:00 Centro de Pesca do Estoril 1 13 12 01 Figure 9-4: Images of the community meeting with licensed fishermen of Oceana and Estoril 236 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 9.3.2 Community meetings with non-licensed fishermen In the project area, non-licensed fishermen are those who do not belong the Community Fisheries Council (CCP) of Praia Nova. All non-licensed fishermen do not have a license to undertake fishing activities and use the non-authorized fishing method known as Chicocota45. 9.3.2.1 Meeting with fishermen of Praia Nova and Palmeiras (Desaguador) This meeting with non-licensed fishermen of Praia Nova and Palmeiras was held on the 18th March 2024 in the meeting room of Mercado 20 de Agosto located at Praia Nova (Figure 9-5). The meeting lasted about 2 hours (10:30 – 12:30) and a total of 25 people attended the meeting of which there were 23 males and 02 females (Annex 5). In the meeting, PAPs agreed to be temporary relocated to ensure that their fishing activities can be undertaken during the project construction phase. The Palacio dos Casamentos area was indicated by PAPs as more suitable for temporary relocation as it is the place near by the current area of disembarking and docking. Table 9-5: Summary on participation in the Community Meeting with non-licensed fishermen of Praia Nova and Palmeiras Number of Participants Date Time Location Session All Male Female Sala de Reuniões do Mercado 20 de 18/03/2024 10:30-12:30 1 25 23 02 Agosto Figure 9-5: Images of the community meeting with non-licensed fishermen of Praia Nova and Palmeiras (Desaguador) 45 Chicocota - is a cone-shaped net about 15 to 17 meters long, composed of buoys, weights, ropes, cuttings and a bag covered by raffia or mosquito netting, and is generally fixed in places with currents of water to catch the fish. 237 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 9.3.2.2 Meeting with fishermen of Fatimar, Cais dos Biques, Casa Branca and Pipeline This meeting with non-licensed fishermen of Fatimar, Cais dos Biques, Casa Branca and Pipeline was held on the 18th March 2024 at Estoril Beach near by Verão Amarelo (Figure 9-6). The meeting lasted about 1.5 hours (14:30 – 16:00) and a total of 41 people attended the meeting of which there were 37 males and 04 females (Annex 6). In the meeting, PAPs agreed to be temporary relocated to ensure that their fishing activities can be undertaken during the project construction phase. However, there is no specific place indicated by PAPs for temporary relocation during project implementation and it was agreed that if the construction phase is taking place in one of the current area of disembarking and docking,the affected fishermen will temporarily move to another area of disembarking and docking the belong to other non-licensed groups. Table 9-6: Summary on participation in the Community Meeting with non-licensed fishermen of Fatimar, Cais dos Biques, Casa Branca and Pipeline Number of Participants Date Time Location Session All Male Female 18/03/2024 14:30-16:00 Praia do Estoril 1 41 37 04 Figure 9-6: Moments of the community meeting with non-licensed fishermen of Fatimar, Cais de Biques, Casa Branca and Pipeline 238 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 10 Conclusion The Beira Coastal Project, initiated in Beira City, Mozambique, is a strategic infrastructure endeavor aimed at reinforcing coastal defenses and fostering sustainable growth in the region. Facing the Indian Ocean, Beira, as Sofala Province's capital, is a dynamic urban area with a population poised to double by 2070. The project's core objectives focus on combating coastal erosion, upgrading infrastructure, and enhancing socio-economic conditions in this rapidly growing city. This initiative responds to the urgent need for coastal protection, addressing environmental vulnerabilities while simultaneously catalyzing socio-economic development in Beira, a city with a diverse economic base ranging from agriculture and fishing to commerce and industry. The Project spans 19.5 km along the coastline, targeting four distinct coastal stretches, each with specific geographic and environmental characteristics requiring tailored interventions. The project's primary aim is to provide sustainable, environmentally-sensitive defenses against climate change and extreme weather events. It combines 'hard' interventions like L-wall and rock revetment construction with 'soft' solutions like beach nourishment and sand dune rehabilitation. The project's first stretch focuses on non-structural interventions, emphasizing policy and land- use planning, and the implementation of an Early Warning System (EWS) for flood awareness and emergency response. The second stretch involves constructing concrete L-walls to protect against erosion, coupled with dune creation and vegetation to form natural bulwarks against sea-level rise. The third stretch strengthens existing infrastructures, such as roads and coastal walls, and includes the development of a large stretch of coastal dunes. The fourth stretch enhances native protections with minimal environmental impact, including the construction of a clay dike. Sand sourcing through offshore dredging is a critical aspect of the project, facilitating dune development and rehabilitation, while the development of a nursery is vital for the significant demand for plants and mangroves essential for dune revegetation and stabilization. Additionally, the project includes the enhancement of coastal access roads and the implementation of bioengineering techniques for slope stabilization, particularly using Chrysopogon zizanioides for clay dike revegetation. The Beira Coastal Project's integrated approach to coastal protection, combining structural interventions with environmental conservation and community preparedness, exemplifies a 239 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA comprehensive strategy to bolster the city's defenses against environmental challenges and climate-induced risks. This ESIA presents and assesses the necessary policy, legal, and institutional framework to ensure full compliance of the Beira Coastal Project with national and international regulations and standards. It clearly outlines the scope and methodology of the project, detailing the measures and strategies in place. This approach ensures that the project's execution is in line with required legal and regulatory requirements and adheres to global best practices in environmental and social governance. By providing this comprehensive assessment, the ESIA establishes a strong foundation for the project, affirming its commitment to environmental and social norms and supporting a responsible and sustainable implementation. The report includes a detailed assessment of the baseline conditions, serving as a crucial foundation for understanding and assessing the potential impacts of the project. This comprehensive evaluation of the existing environmental and social scenarios provides a clear reference point, enabling an accurate determination of the project's influence on the region. By establishing this baseline, the ESIA ensures that all potential impacts, both positive and negative, are thoroughly analyzed in the context of the current conditions, thus facilitating a well-informed approach to the project's implementation and impact management. The Beira Coastal Project, while pivotal for coastal protection, brings with it potentially significant, but the positive impacts of the Project outweighs the negative impacts as the Project will safeguard the city and its residents from the devastating natural hazards which the city experiences regularly. However, some potentially significant negative impacts prior to implementation of mitigation and management measures, may occur. Among these, the disruption of livelihoods, particularly for artisanal fishermen in Praia Nova, stands out. This is due to the construction activities necessary for the intervention in Stretch 2, potentially resulting in temporary loss of income for these local communities who rely heavily on fishing as a source of livelihood. Another major impact is the influx of temporary labor, which carries with it increased risks of gender-based violence, sexual exploitation, and abuse, both within the workforce and in interactions with the local community. This labor influx can lead to heightened tensions between workers and local residents, potentially exacerbating issues like crime, prostitution, and sexually transmitted diseases. 240 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Furthermore, the project is expected to cause a significant increase in heavy vehicle traffic, which could obstruct access for local traders and residents. This traffic increase poses a considerable risk, particularly in congesting access roads and affecting the daily activities and livelihoods of those in the project area. Additionally, the project raises serious concerns regarding health risks, notably the transmission of HIV/AIDS, STDs, and tuberculosis, attributed to the interactions between the construction workforce and the local communities. The presence of construction workers, combined with their disposable income, could also attract sex workers to the area, thereby increasing these health risks. Substantial challenges related to waste management are anticipated. These challenges arise primarily from the lack of a well-managed waste treatment facility or sanitary landfill in the area. The existing conditions, including informal dumping practices observed during site visits suggest a potential for significant impacts. These impacts could include illegal dumping and contamination of local land and water bodies. The extensive mitigation measures and management strategies outlined in this ESIA, in conjunction with the developed Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), when fully implemented, are expected to render the aforementioned negative impacts manageable, reducing them to acceptable levels. By diligently applying these measures, the project aims to achieve its objectives of coastal protection and infrastructure development while ensuring that the impacts on the local community's social, economic, and health aspects are kept to a minimum. This approach demonstrates a commitment to balancing developmental goals with the well-being of the community and the environment. 241 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA 11 Annexes Annex 1: Report of 1st Public Consultation Meeting 242 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Annex 2: Report of 2nd Public Consultation Meeting 243 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Annex 3: Attendance Sheet of Community Meeting with licensed fishermen of Praia Nova 244 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Annex 4: Attendance Sheet of Community Meeting with licensed fishermen of Oceana and Estoril 245 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Annex 5: Attendance Sheet of Community Meeting with non-licensed fishermen of Praia Nova and Palmeiras (Desaguador) 246 Coastal Protection Works in City of Beira Draft ESIA Annex 6: Attendance Sheet of Community Meeting with non-licensed fishermen of Fatimar, Cais de Biques, Casa Branca and Pipeline 247