Monitoring COVID-19 impact on Report No. 8, January 1, 2023 households in Zimbabwe Report No. 8 18 January, 2023 Monitoring COVID-19 Impact on Households in Zimbabwe Results from a High-Frequency Telephone Survey of Households INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic created an urgent need for timely statistics to help monitor and mitigate the socio-economic impacts of the crisis. The statistics are essential to inform policy formulation, implementation, and evaluation processes. Responding to this information need, the Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT), with technical and financial support from World Bank and UNICEF, designed a high-frequency telephone survey of households to measure the socio-economic impact of COVID-19 in Zimbabwe. The survey referred to as the Rapid PICES Monitoring Telephone Survey is based on Poverty, Income, Consumption and Expenditure Surveys (PICES) of 2017 and 2019. The initial PICES survey in 2017 covered 32,000 households from which a sample of 3,000 households was drawn for the 2019 Mini PICES Survey. From the 3,000 households, a sample of 1,800 households that provided contact details was drawn for the Rapid PICES Monitoring Telephone Survey. Eight rounds of the same survey have been completed between July 2020 and August 20221, with the sample representative at both urban and rural areas. The report summarizes the results of the eighth round of Rapid PICES, conducted from 20 July to 17 August, 2022, and compares them to the findings 1Rapid PICES Survey dates from Round 1 to Round 8 are as follows: First Round - 6 to 24 July 2020; Sample size = 1,747 households Second Round - 24 August to 23 September 2020; Sample size = 1,639 households Third Round - 15 December 2020 to 10 March 2021; Sample size = 1,235 households Fourth Round - 1 to 27 May 2021; Sample size = 1,319 households Fifth Round - 14 June to 26 July, 2021; Sample size = 1,093 households Sixth Round - 12 September to 23 October, 2021; Sample size = 1,351 households Seventh Round - 6 January to 13 February, 2022 and from 8 June 2022 to 26 June 2022; Sample size = 1,152 households. (The survey was suspended in mid-February to allow enumerators to prepare for the Population and Housing Census. The remaining households were covered in June, 2022) Eighth Round - 20 July 2022 to 17 August, 2022. Sample size = 1,145 households 1 Monitoring COVID-19 impact on Report No. 8, January 1, 2023 households in Zimbabwe of the seventh round. Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI) was used for data collection. Round 8 survey was conducted during a normal environment of no lockdowns. HIGHLIGHTS – ROUND 8 Access to Basic Food Necessities Forty-one percent (41%) of the households expressed willingness to buy maize meal in round 8, representing a 6 percentage points decrease from round 7. The share of households willing to buy cooking oil slightly increased to 68 percent in round 8, from 65 percent in the previous round. At national level, the proportion of households that were able to buy cooking oil decreased from 58 percent in round 7 to 55 percent in round 8. The proportion of households that were willing to buy chicken was 43 percent in round 8 compared to 45 percent in round 7. Access to Health Services The survey revealed that 24 percent of households had needed medicines or to get treatment in round 8, compared to 22 percent in round 7. At national level, the proportion of households of those that needed medicine and were able to buy medicine decreased from 75 percent to 74 percent in round 8. Further, the proportion of households that were able to access treatment increased from 78 percent in round 7 to 83 percent in round 8. COVID-19 Vaccination The results of the 8th round showed that at national level, 87 percent of households received the first and second shots of vaccination compared to 74 percent in the previous round. In urban areas, 88 percent of the respondents had received the first and second shots of vaccination in the 8th round, compared to 87 percent in rural areas in the same round. Currency Used For Transactions Round 8 collected data on prices and currency of transaction for key food items namely maize meal, cooking oil, rice, beef, and bread. The survey revealed that, 78 percent of the transactions on food purchases were done in US dollars or South African rand, while about 21 percent occurred in local currency. The use of foreign currency was higher in rural areas than in urban areas. KNOWLEDGE Round eight results show a steady decline in preventive health measures such AND BEHAVIOR as wearing face masks, avoiding gatherings, and washing of hands, compared IN RESPONSE TO to the early days of the pandemic. The proportion of households that avoided COVID-19 gatherings of 10 or more persons dropped from 46 percent in the seventh round to 23 percent in round eight as shown in Figure 1. In urban areas, the proportion dropped from 39 percent in the seventh round to 16 percent in the eighth round, while in rural areas there was a sharp drop from 50 percent to 26 percent. 2 Monitoring COVID-19 impact on Report No. 8, January 1, 2023 households in Zimbabwe 100 91 92 91 90 80 Percent of households 70 68 67 66 60 58 56 50 52 51 50 50 47 45 47 46 43 44 40 39 30 26 20 23 16 10 - Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6 Round 7 Round 8 National Urban Rural Figure 1:Avoided Gatherings of 10 or more persons (%) At national level, the proportion of respondents wearing masks increased from 40 in round 7 to 45 percent in round 8. However, this is still far below the highs recorded in earlier rounds (Figure 2). Further, the proportion of respondents washing their hands after being in public decreased from 28 to 11 percent. The same pattern was observed for both rural and urban areas (Figure 3). 100 96 94 90 87 87 84 80 81 81 Percent of households 70 68 66 66 60 58 60 56 57 57 53 53 52 50 50 43 45 40 40 40 30 31 20 10 - Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6 Round 7 Round 8 National Urban Rural Figure 2: Wore a mask all or most of the time in public (%) 3 Monitoring COVID-19 impact on Report No. 8, January 1, 2023 households in Zimbabwe 100 90 89 87 90 87 85 86 Percent of households 80 70 60 50 53 50 52 49 46 46 42 42 45 44 40 40 39 30 33 32 28 20 16 10 11 9 - Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6 Round 7 Round 8 National Urban Rural Figure 3: Washed hands all the time after being in public (%) ACCESS TO The survey collected information on households' ability and willingness to buy BASIC FOOD basic items such as mealie-meal, cooking oil and chicken. NECESSITIES About 41 percent of the households expressed willingness to buy maize meal in round 8, representing a 6 percentage points decrease from the previous round. Further, households’ ability to buy maize-meal decreased by 7 percentage points (Figure 4). At the national level, the proportion of households that were able to buy cooking oil decreased from 58 percent in round 7 to 55 percent in round 8 (Figure 4). The proportion of households willing to buy cooking oil slightly increased to 68 percent in round 8, from 65 percent in the previous round. 85 84 76 74 75 70 70 70 68 64 67 65 68 67 Percent of households 65 59 59 77 59 58 56 54 56 55 56 57 55 43 53 47 46 46 45 43 45 41 43 39 41 41 39 42 35 33 35 38 36 25 26 25 22 23 25 18 15 15 5 -5 Round 6 Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6 Round 7 Round 8 Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 7 Round 8 Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6 Round 7 Round 8 Maize meal Cooking oil Chicken Willing to buy Able to buy Figure 4: National access to basic food necessities 4 Monitoring COVID-19 impact on Report No. 8, January 1, 2023 households in Zimbabwe In rural areas, the demand for maize meal dropped from 41 percent in round 7 to 32 percent in round 8. Rural households depend mostly on own production of maize. The proportion of households that were able to buy cooking oil in rural areas decreased to 51 percent in round 8 from 56 percent in round 7. The proportion of households consuming own-produced cooking oil was 2 percent in rural areas (Figure 5 ). The proportion of households that were willing to buy chicken was 43 percent in round 8 compared to 45 percent in round 7. The proportion of households that were able to buy chicken, decreased from 33 percent in round 7 to 23 percent in round 8. Willing to buy Able to buy 79 72 72 70 71 66 66 65 67 Percent of households 62 62 58 54 54 56 51 51 47 49 47 53 45 41 37 36 36 37 38 36 35 35 32 32 29 28 25 22 21 24 24 9 12 12 12 12 7 Round 3 Round 4 Round 1 Round 2 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6 Round 7 Round 8 Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6 Round 7 Round 8 Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 5 Round 6 Round 7 Round 8 Maize meal Cooking oil Chicken Figure 5: Rural access to basic food necessities While urban areas recorded a slight increase in the ability to buy maize-meal, for rural areas, it dropped to 25 percent in round 8 from 36 percent in round 7. Notwithstanding the above, in urban areas, the proportion of households that were able to buy cooking oil increased from 63 percent in round 7 to 65 percent. For urban areas, the proportion of households that were able to buy chicken was 50 percent in round 8 while for rural areas it was 35 percent (Figure 5 and Figure 6). Households in rural areas were less willing to buy chicken, compared to their urban counterparts in all rounds 5 Monitoring COVID-19 impact on Report No. 8, January 1, 2023 households in Zimbabwe 76 78 77 74 71 70 71 71 70 69 68 65 66 65 65 64 62 62 62 70 65 62 60 61 60 60 56 56 67 68 63 56 55 54 49 52 59 59 55 48 47 49 50 44 42 36 33 33 Round 7 Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6 Round 7 Round 8 Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6 Round 7 Round 8 Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6 Round 8 Maize meal Cooking oil Chicken Willing to buy Able to buy Figure 6: Urban access to basic food necessities At the national level, the proportion of households consuming own-produced maize-meal in round 8 was 48 percent compared to 63 percent in rural areas, and 10 percent in urban areas. Likewise, the share of households consuming own-produced chicken was 26 percent nationally, 34 percent in rural areas, and 6 percent in urban areas (Figure 7). Household consumption of own-produced goods in round 8 70 63 Percent of households 60 48 48 45 50 40 34 26 27 25 30 20 10 10 6 2 2 2 2 2 0 National Rural Urban Male Female Household own maize meal consumption Household own cooking oil consumption Household own chicken consumption Figure 7: Percent of households consuming own-produced goods in round 8 (%) 6 Monitoring COVID-19 impact on Report No. 8, January 1, 2023 households in Zimbabwe Access to medication and medical treatment ACCESS TO Twenty-four percent (24%) of households needed medicines or treatment in HEALTH round 8, compared to 22 percent in round 7. Of these households, 75 percent SERVICES were able to buy medicine compared to 74 percent in round 7. In rural areas, the proportion dropped to 62 percent, from 69 percent in round 7 (Figure 8). However, in urban areas, the proportion of households that were able to buy medication increased from 82 percent to 95 percent in round 8. 120 99 100 95 95 88 87 86 Percent of households 83 80 81 82 76 76 75 79 80 757574 75 75 74 71 68 69 62 60 40 20 0 Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6 Round 7 Round 8 National Urban Rural Figure 8: Proportion of households able to buy medication (of those who needed medicine) Further, the proportion of households that were able to access treatment increased from 78 percent in round 7 to 83 percent in round 8. The same pattern was observed in urban areas, where the proportion increased from 78 percent in round 7 to 94 percent in round 8. The percentage of households that were able to access treatment in rural areas remained constant at 78 percent (Figure 9). 94 92 90 90 89 89 87 86 86 84 84 83 83 83 83 82 81 81 79 78 78 78 77 76 Percent of Households Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6 Round 7 Round 8 National Urban Rural 7 Monitoring COVID-19 impact on Report No. 8, January 1, 2023 households in Zimbabwe Figure 9: Proportion of households able to access treatment (of those who needed treatment) COVID-19 At national level, the proportion of households who were very worried about VACCINATION the possibility that an immediate family member might became seriously ill of contracting COVID-19 dropped from 55 percent in round 7 to 38 percent. This decrease was equally apparent in rural and urban areas. The survey revealed that 38 percent of the rural households compared to 58 percent in round 7 were very worried about the possibility that an immediate family member might became seriously ill of COVID-19. Likewise, 30 percent of urban households were very worried about the possibility that an immediate family member might became seriously ill from contracting COVID-19 compared to 48 percent in round 7. The results of the 8th round showed that at national level, 87 percent of households received the first and second shots of vaccination compared to 74 percent in the previous round. In urban areas, 88 percent of the households in the 8th round, compared to 87 percent in rural areas in the same round had received the first and second shots of vaccination (Figure 10). 87 87 88 87 88 Percent of Houdseholds 9 9 11 9 10 3 4 1 4 2 National Rural Urban Male Female Yes, One Shot Yes, Both Shots No Figure 10: Status of vaccination in round 8 8 Monitoring COVID-19 impact on Report No. 8, January 1, 2023 households in Zimbabwe 80 69 70 60 55 56 54 49 50 39 40 36 30 30 24 23 22 20 15 11 10 7 7 0 National Rural Urban Male Female Yes No Not Sure Figure 11: Proportion of households planning to be vaccinated (%) in round 8 ACCESS TO The results of the 8th round survey indicated that at national level, 98 percent SCHOOLS AND of primary and secondary school-going children were attending school in the 2022 academic year. The survey revealed that financial constraint was the main LEARNING reason for keeping children out of school. In the 8th round, 42 percent of the households paid school fees in full, whilst 44 percent paid school fees in part. The remaining 14 percent had not paid school fees. Eighteen percent (18%) of the children remotely communicated with their teachers, whilst 2 percent used mobile learning applications. EMPLOYMENT At national level, the proportion of people who were employed within 7 days AND INCOME of the interview decreased from 59 percent in the 7th round to 53 percent in the 8th round (Figure 12).2 About 42 percent of respondents did not have a job or had not worked in the last month preceeding the interview date. 2 Having a job is defined as doing any work for pay, operating any kind of business, farming, or engaging in other activity to generate income, even if only for one hour in the last week. The usual International Labour Organization (ILO) were not used and figures reported in this report are indicators of the employment situation in households in the various rounds. 9 Monitoring COVID-19 impact on Report No. 8, January 1, 2023 households in Zimbabwe 100 Percent of respondents 80 36 41 38 40 34 42 45 60 2 1 3 7 13 3 5 40 57 61 57 59 53 51 52 20 0 Jul-20 Aug-Sept 20 Dec 20- May-21 Oct 201 Jan -Feb July-Aug 22 March 21 22, June22 National Currently working (worked last week) Worked last month Did not work last month or last week Figure 12: Employment status, July 2020 - August 2022 In the 8th round, the proportion of males who worked last month preceeding the interview date was 59 percent compared to 45 percent for females. In urban areas, the proportion of households who reported to have worked in the last 7 days preceeding the interview date increased from 66 percent in round 7 to 77 percent in round 8 (Figure 13). 100 Percentgae of respondents 90 21 22 22 19 21 80 32 29 2 3 2.6 70 18 15 4 2 60 50 40 75 75 76.9 30 61 64 66 66 20 10 0 Jul-20 Aug-Sept Dec 20- May-21 Oct 201 Jan -Feb July-Aug 22 20 March 21 22, June22 Urban Currently working (worked last week) Worked last month Did not work last month or last week Source: ZIMSTAT Rapid PICES Phone survey. Figure 13: Employment Status in Urban Areas, July 2020 - August 2022 10 Monitoring COVID-19 impact on Report No. 8, January 1, 2023 households in Zimbabwe In rural areas, the proportion of households that worked last week declined from 55 percent in 7th round to 43 percent in 8th round (Figure 14). 100 90 Percent of respondents 80 45 46 46 41 51 49 50 70 60 4 50 10 1 1 3 3 6 40 30 53 53 55 20 45 46 47 43 10 0 Jul-20 Aug-Sept Dec 20- May-21 Oct 201 Jan -Feb July-Aug 22 20 March 21 22, June 22 Rural Currently working (worked last week) Worked last month Did not work last month or last week Source: ZIMSTAT Rapid PICES Phone survey.. ` Figure 14: Employment status in Rural Areas, July 2020 - August 2022 EMPLOYMENT In round 8, the most common sources of household income were assistance AND INCOME from a family member within the country and wage employment accounting for 15.9 percent each. Non-farm family business in round 8 constituted 11.1 T percent of household income compared to 15 percent in round 7. Further, h remittances from abroad constituted 6.5 percent in round 8, compared to 11 e percent in round 7. Assistance from the Government accounted for 3.6 percent s compared to 8 percent in round 7. Assistance from NGOs constituted 2.0 a percent in round 8, compared to 7 percent in round 7, (Figure 15). m e p a t t e r n w a s o b s e r v e d 11 f o r b Monitoring COVID-19 impact on Report No. 8, January 1, 2023 households in Zimbabwe (a) Sources of household income in round 8 (% of households) Assistance from family within the country 15.9 Wage employment of household members 15.9 Non-farm family business 11.1 Remittances from abroad 6.5 Assistance from the Government 3.6 Income from properties, investments or… 3.1 Pension 2.8 Assistance from NGOs / charitable… 2.0 Assistance from other non-family individuals 0.9 Unemployment benefits 0.1 (b) Sources of household income in round 7 (% of households) Assistance from family within the country 24 Wage employment of household members 24 Non-farm family business 15 Remittances from abroad 11 Assistance from the Government 8 Pension 7 Assistance from NGOs / charitable organization 7 Income from properties, investments or… 4 Assistance from other non-family individuals 3 Unemployment benefits 1 Note: The percentages sum to more than 100 because a household may have multiple sources of income. Figure 15: Household Sources of Income for Round 7 and Round 8 ASSISTANCE The Government introduced safety nets on households to mitigate against the FROM impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. At national level, 2.0 percent of the GOVERNMENT households received COVID-19 cash transfers, 3.3 percent received food/grain and 0.1 percent received assistance from public works program. The proportion of households in urban areas who received COVID-19 cash transfers was 6.3 percent compared to 0.3 percent for rural households. In contrast, share of rural households who received food aid was 4.9 percent (Figure 16). 12 Monitoring COVID-19 impact on Report No. 8, January 1, 2023 households in Zimbabwe (a) Round 8 Safety Nets (Proportion of households) 7.0 6.3 6.0 4.9 5.0 4.0 3.6 3.3 2.9 3.0 2.2 2.0 1.8 2.0 1.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Received COVID-19 Received other cash Received food Participated in a Received other in-kind cash transfers transfers assistance (grain public works program transfers distribution) Male Female Rural Urban National (b) Round 7 Safety Nets (Proportion of households) 3.5 3.1 3.0 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.7 1.0 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Received COVID-19 Received other cash Received food Participated in a Received other in- cash transfers transfers assistance (grain public works program kind transfers distribution) Male Female Rural Urban National Figure 16: Coverage of safety net programs CURRENCY Round 8 also collected data on prices and currency of transaction for key food USED FOR TRANSACTION items namely maize meal, cooking oil, rice, beef, and bread. At national level, more than 78 percent of the transactions on food purchases were in US dollars or South African rand, while about 21 percent occurred in local currency (ZWL). The use of foreign currency was higher in rural areas than in urban areas. The use of USD was the highest for the purchase of beef and maize meal (Figure 17). 13 Monitoring COVID-19 impact on Report No. 8, January 1, 2023 households in Zimbabwe 100% 100% 4.7 7.4 5.9 10.4 6.5 7.0 6.9 10.8 90% 90% 11.3 13.3 11.0 15.2 14.6 14.3 80% 16.0 80% 20.8 10.4 9.6 11.6 70% 8.1 7.9 70% 8.7 8.2 3.0 60% 60% 50% 50% 40% 71.0 68.0 68.7 71.4 40% 30% 63.1 68.1 69.5 65.4 30% 20% 20% 10% 0% 10% Maize Cooking Rice Beef White or 0% meal oil brown National Rural Urban bread USD ZAR USD or ZAR USD or ZWL ZWL USD ZAR USD or ZAR USD or ZWL ZWL Figure 17: Currency of transaction for food items The survey collected data on availability of basic commodies such as maize meal, cooking oil, rice , beef and bread in both rural and urban areas. All basic commodities were readily available in urban areas with at least 95 percent of respondents confirming availability. In rural areas availability ranged from 52 percent for beef to 96 percent for cooking oil. The commodities that are readily available in rural rural and urban areas were cooking oil, rice and bread (Figure 17). 100 95 97 96 100 100 97 100 92 91 Proportion of Households Responding 89 87 90 80 74 70 65 65 60 52 Yes 50 40 30 20 10 0 Maize Meal Cooking Oil Rice Beef Bread National Rural Urban Figure 18: Households Responding Yes to Availability of Commodities in their Communities 14 Monitoring COVID-19 impact on Report No. 8, January 1, 2023 households in Zimbabwe FOOD PRICES Prices (in USD) National Rural Urban Maize (20kg) 8.62 8.75 8.43 Beef (1 kg) 4.25 3.99 4.56 Rice (2 kg) 2.32 2.39 2.17 Cooking oil (2 litres) 5.92 6.10 5.47 Bread (1 loaf) 1.19 1.22 1.14 Table 1: Average prices for the food items (in USD) UPCOMING Data collection for the ninth round has already been completed, whilst ACTIVITIES the questionnaire for round 10 will be reviewed in light of declining COVID-19 cases. ZIMSTAT, in conjunction with UNICEF and World Bank, will conduct rounds 10 and 11 in the next few months. Stakeholders are welcome to suggest themes to be investigated in future rounds. 15 Monitoring COVID-19 impact on Report No. 8, January 1, 2023 households in Zimbabwe Annex Annex 1: Appendix Tables Round 8 Survey from 20 July 2022 to 17 August, 2022 Description National Rural Urban Male Female Behaviour Avoided groups of 10 or more people 21.9 24.7 14.7 20.3 23.6 Wore mask most or all the time in public 14.8 9.6 28.1 11.7 18.3 Washed hand most or all the time after being in public 10.6 8.5 15.9 8.4 13.1 Access to basic food necessities Able to buy maize meal (of those who needed to buy) 35.6 25.2 62.3 33.1 38.5 Able to buy cooking oil (of those who needed to buy) 56.1 51.8 67.1 55.6 56.7 Able to buy chicken (of those who needed to buy) 24.0 12.5 53.8 23.3 24.9 Household consumed maize meal from own produce 47.5 61.9 10.4 48.8 46.0 Household consumed cooking oil from own produce 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.4 Household consumed chicken from own produce 26.2 34.0 6.2 27.0 25.3 Access to health Household members who needed any medicine or any 23.5 20.7 30.8 24.1 22.9 medical treatment Able to buy medicine (of those who needed to buy 73.9 61.9 94.7 67.2 81.9 medicine) Able to access medical treatment (of those who needed 82.7 76.5 93.6 77.4 89.1 medical treatment) Access to utilities Able to access sufficient drinking water 96.0 97.9 91.1 95.7 96.4 Able to buy electricity 57.6 40.5 95.6 56.0 59.5 Able to access internet services 56.7 42.8 91.4 59.7 53.2 Access to education (of those with a school-age child) Children engaged in remote education or learning 35.1 28.2 54.4 33.9 36.4 activities Paid school fees Paid school fees in full 42.3 36.8 57.9 47.1 37.1 Paid school fees in part 43.5 46.5 35.0 41.4 45.8 No Fees Paid 13.5 16.6 5.0 11.5 15.7 Other Arrangement Made With The School 0.7 0.1 2.2 0.0 1.4 Household supplementing teachers salary 5.7 3.8 10.9 6.1 5.2 Communicated with their teachers 18.3 18.3 0.0 25.3 11.6 Children enrolled in school for the 2022 academic year 97.7 98.1 96.3 98.7 96.3 Listened to educational radio programs 2.0 3.3 0.0 2.5 1.4 Used mobile learning applications 2.0 0.3 6.1 1.5 2.4 Employment Currently working (worked last week) 52.6 42.4 78.3 59.2 45.0 Worked last month 11.1 10.8 13.2 13.6 9.0 Operated an own non-farm business (of those who 32.2 19.1 50.1 26.4 40.7 worked) Operated an Hhold or Family non-farm business (of 2.8 2.1 3.7 2.7 3.0 those who worked) Worked on household farm (of those who worked) 28.7 47.4 2.8 27.1 30.9 Worked for a wage (of those who worked) 36.4 31.3 43.4 43.8 25.4 16 Monitoring COVID-19 impact on Report No. 8, January 1, 2023 households in Zimbabwe Worked as an Apprentice, Traineee, Intern 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Description National Rural Urban Male Female Wage employment (of those who worked for a wage) Able to work as usual 96.7 98.6 94.7 98.4 92.2 Paid for the work done last week Received full wage 97.9 100.0 95.9 97.6 98.7 Received partial wage 1.1 0.0 2.1 1.0 1.3 Received no wage 1.0 0.0 2.0 1.4 0.0 How amount of hours worked changed since last month More weekly hours of work since last month 1.8 0.8 2.8 1.5 2.5 Same weekly hours of work since last month 94.3 93.4 95.2 93.0 97.5 Fewer weekly hours of work since last month 4.0 5.9 2.1 5.6 0.0 Status of Non-farm business (of those operating a non-farm business) Household business open 97.2 93.8 99.1 96.0 98.4 Household business temporarily closed 2.3 4.8 0.9 3.0 1.6 Household business permanently closed 0.5 1.4 0.0 1.0 0.0 Revenue from non farm business Sales compared to last month Revenue from business sales higher 12.0 15.7 10.2 14.2 10.0 Revenue from business sales the same 51.8 45.8 54.9 59.1 44.9 Revenue from business sales lower 33.5 34.4 33.1 23.8 42.8 No revenue from business sales 0.4 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.8 Did not have a business last month 2.2 4.1 1.2 2.9 1.5 Agriculture Household Been Involved In Agriculture 16.9 8.3 38.9 15.7 18.3 Income source ( of hholds deriving income in the last 12 months ) Family farming, livestock or fishing 37.3 52.5 5.0 39.1 35.4 Non-farm family business 11.1 4.7 24.7 10.7 11.6 Wage employment of household members 15.9 11.4 25.2 20.7 10.9 Unemployment benefits 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.0 Remittances from abroad from the formal channel 3.7 1.1 9.3 3.2 4.3 Remittances from abroad from the informal channel 2.7 3.2 1.8 2.6 2.9 Assistance from family within the country 15.9 16.0 15.7 10.4 21.6 Assistance from other non-family individuals 0.9 1.2 0.2 1.0 0.7 Income from properties, investments or savings 3.1 0.4 8.8 2.3 3.9 Pension 2.8 0.9 6.7 2.1 3.5 Assistance from the Government 3.6 4.8 1.0 4.7 2.4 Assistance from NGOs / charitable organization 2.0 2.4 1.0 1.9 2.0 Family farming, livestock or fishing Increased 9.3 9.4 5.9 10.9 7.4 Stayed same 39.2 38.3 59.8 46.0 31.6 Reduced 47.7 48.3 34.3 40.9 55.3 Not received 3.8 4.0 0.0 2.2 5.6 Description National Rural Urban Male Female 17 Monitoring COVID-19 impact on Report No. 8, January 1, 2023 households in Zimbabwe Non-farm family business Increased 16.3 18.7 15.3 14.5 18.0 Stayed same 52.0 52.0 52.1 66.6 38.3 Reduced 29.3 27.3 30.1 17.1 40.8 Not received 2.4 2.0 2.5 1.7 3.0 Wage employment of household members Increased 54.6 53.7 55.5 57.4 49.2 Stayed same 35.9 32.0 39.6 33.0 41.4 Reduced 9.5 14.3 4.8 9.5 9.4 Not received 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Unemployment benefits Increased 35.0 0.0 35.0 36.2 0.0 Stayed same 65.0 0.0 65.0 63.8 100.0 Reduced 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Not received 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Remittances from abroad Increased 7.8 15.1 5.9 10.1 6.0 Stayed same 71.9 15.8 86.0 75.5 69.1 Reduced 17.0 52.2 8.1 13.5 19.6 Not received 3.4 16.8 0.0 0.9 5.2 Remittances from abroad from the informal channel Increased 8.6 2.2 33.2 12.5 5.0 Stayed same 43.7 43.5 44.3 50.8 36.8 Reduced 42.8 48.2 22.4 32.6 52.6 Not received 4.9 6.1 0.0 4.1 5.6 Assistance from family within the country Increased 15.6 10.8 25.8 11.1 17.8 Stayed same 30.7 19.3 55.3 28.0 32.1 Reduced 46.0 58.9 18.2 50.8 43.7 Not received 7.7 10.9 0.7 10.2 6.5 Assistance from other non-family individuals Increased 3.5 3.7 0.0 0.0 8.6 Stayed same 13.2 13.1 14.6 0.0 32.2 Reduced 70.8 74.9 0.0 99.1 30.0 Not received 12.5 8.2 85.4 0.9 29.2 Income from properties, investments or savings Increased 48.0 0.0 52.7 50.7 46.5 Stayed same 44.2 23.4 46.2 47.8 42.1 Reduced 6.9 67.6 1.1 1.5 10.2 Not received 0.8 9.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 Pension Increased 71.9 54.9 76.5 51.1 84.7 Stayed same 22.5 18.8 23.5 34.6 15.0 Reduced 5.6 26.2 0.0 14.3 0.2 Not received 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Description National Rural Urban Male Female 18 Monitoring COVID-19 impact on Report No. 8, January 1, 2023 households in Zimbabwe Assistance from the Government Increased 10.0 6.1 50.4 14.9 0.0 Stayed same 23.6 21.1 49.6 20.0 30.8 Reduced 12.3 13.5 0.0 7.1 23.1 Not received 54.2 59.3 0.0 58.1 46.1 Assistance from NGOs / charitable organization Reduced 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Increased 42.2 32.2 92.4 47.7 36.7 Not received 24.5 28.8 2.9 29.6 19.4 Stayed same 33.3 39.0 4.7 22.6 43.9 Concerns Coronavirus poses substantial or moderate threat to household finances Very worried of having Corona virus serious ilness in 37.6 40.5 30.4 36.1 39.4 the family Somewhat worried of having Corona virus serious ilness 26.7 28.1 23.3 27.8 25.5 in the family Not too worried of having Corona virus serious ilness in 29.7 25.6 40.1 30.2 29.1 the family Not worried at all of having Corona virus serious ilness 6.0 5.9 6.2 5.9 6.0 in the family Been Vaccinated Yes, One Shot 3.1 3.8 1.2 3.8 2.3 Yes, Both Shots 87.5 87.2 88.3 87.3 87.7 No 9.5 9.0 10.5 8.9 10.1 More Likely To Receive The Covid-19 Vaccine If some people are vaccinated Family and Friends 6.9 10.2 1.7 2.6 10.8 Religious Leaders 20.8 34.2 0.0 17.7 23.7 Doctors/Nurses/Pharmacist/Health Worker 2.0 3.3 0.0 1.6 2.4 Community Leaders 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 Traditional Healer/Faith Healers Scientists And Epidemiologists 3.0 0.0 7.5 0.0 5.6 Other 67.3 52.3 90.5 78.1 57.4 Is the distribution of vaccines fair Yes 77.0 73.0 86.5 74.2 80.1 No 4.1 4.5 3.1 3.9 4.2 Not Sure 19.0 22.5 10.4 21.9 15.7 Plan to get the vaccine Yes 29.7 39.2 7.1 36.4 22.2 No 55.3 49.4 69.3 56.1 54.3 Not True 15.1 11.5 23.6 7.5 23.5 Main concerns for not wanting to be vaccinated/not being sure of it I Do Not Think It Will Work 12.3 15.1 7.9 14.1 10.6 I Donot Think It Is Safe 10.5 8.4 13.7 10.5 10.5 19 Monitoring COVID-19 impact on Report No. 8, January 1, 2023 households in Zimbabwe I Am Worried About The Side Effects 15.3 14.8 16.2 14.8 15.8 I Am Not At Risk Of Of Contracting Covid-19 In General I Do Not Trust Vaccines 7.3 5.1 10.7 9.7 5.1 It Is Against My Religion 21.6 28.0 11.5 20.1 22.9 I Am worried to be infected with COVID - 19 2.7 0.0 7.0 0.0 5.2 Health Facility Is Too Far Or Too Hard To Get To 1.5 2.5 0.0 0.0 3.0 It Will Take Too Long To Get vaccinated 0.9 1.4 0.0 0.0 1.7 Other Specify 27.9 24.5 33.0 30.8 25.2 Description National Rural Urban Male Female Shocks since the previous survey (for round 8 households) Job Loss since March 2020 1.0 1.0 0.7 1.6 0.2 Nonfarm business closure 0.6 0.1 2.8 0.1 1.3 Theft/looting of cash and other property 1.2 0.8 2.6 1.1 1.2 Disruption of farming, livestock, fishing activities 2.9 3.6 0.0 3.8 1.6 Increase in price of farming/business inputs 12.3 12.2 12.3 13.3 10.9 Fall in the price of farming/business output 5.0 5.9 1.6 6.2 3.4 Lack of availability of farming/business inputs 2.8 3.4 0.5 3.6 1.8 Reduction of farming/business output 4.3 5.3 0.5 5.0 3.4 Increase in price of major food items consumed 66.0 63.4 76.6 61.3 72.3 Illness, injury, or death of an income-earning member of 3.6 3.9 2.2 3.8 3.4 the household Other 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 Natural disasters 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.5 Safety nets ( of households) Received COVID-19 cash transfers 2.0 0.3 6.3 1.8 2.2 Received other cash transfers 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 Received food assistance (grain distribution) 3.3 4.9 0.0 3.6 2.9 Participated in a public works program 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 Received other in-kind transfers 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 Business Registered and Licensed Registered Only 0.4 0.9 0.0 0.0 1.5 Licensed Only 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.9 Registered And Licensed 87.9 88.9 87.0 88.4 86.8 Neither Registered Nor Licensed 7.1 2.4 11.7 6.0 9.7 Do not Know 3.9 7.0 0.8 5.1 1.1 Kind Of Economic Activity Establihment Engaged In Agriculture, Hunting, Fishing 4.1 7.5 2.3 6.5 1.8 Buying & Selling Goods, Repair Of Goods, Hotels & 78.6 65.8 85.3 74.2 82.8 Restaurants Construction 2.6 5.2 1.2 2.4 2.8 Electricity and Gas …. 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 Government, public sector 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 Mining, Manufacturing …. 8.2 15.5 4.5 9.5 7.0 20 Monitoring COVID-19 impact on Report No. 8, January 1, 2023 households in Zimbabwe Personal Services, Education, Health, Culture, Sport, 5.3 3.3 6.3 4.9 5.6 Domestic Work, Other Professional Activities: Finance,Legal, Analysis, 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.0 Computer, Real Estate Transport, Driving, Post, Travel Agencies 0.9 2.6 0.0 1.8 0.0 \ 21 Monitoring COVID-19 impact on Report No. 8, January 1, 2023 households in Zimbabwe For more information please contact: Mr. Grown Chirongwe Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency 20th Floor Kaguvi Building, Corner Fourth Street and Central Avenue Tel: (263-04) 706681/8 or (263-04) 703971/7 Fax: (263-04) 762494 E-mail: info@zimstat.co.zw or gchirongwe@zimstat.co.zw Website: www.zimstat.co.zw Ms. Cheryl Khuphe External Affairs Officer World Bank Harare Block 3, Arundel Business Park 107 Norfolk Road, Mount Pleasant Harare, Zimbabwe (+263-4) 369-130/1 Email: ckhuphe@worldbank.org Website: https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/zimbabwe 22