Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development
Zambia Devolution Support Programme
(P178492)
Environmental and Social Management Plan
NOVEMBER 2024
Pg i
1 Table of Contents
ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................................... iv
2 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1
1.1 Project Description ..................................................................................................1
3 STUDY METHODOLOGY ...............................................................................................2
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................2
3.2 Literature review .......................................................................................................2
3.3 Environmental and Social Baseline ..................................................................3
3.4 Impact Identification and Mitigation Measures ..........................................3
4 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...............................................................................4
4.1 Program Objectives ...........................................................................................................5
4.2 Program Outcomes-PDO Level Indicators for Program success ......................................6
4.3 Key Result Areas...............................................................................................................6
5 LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK ..........................................................................7
5.1 National Regulatory Framework .........................................................................7
5.1.1 Constitution of Zambia (1996) as Amended in 2016 .............................. 7
5.1.2 Environmental Management Act (2011) ..................................................... 7
5.1.3 The Environmental Management (Licensing) Regulations, 2013 ....... 9
5.1.4 Occupational Health and Safety Act (2010)............................................. 10
5.1.5 Public Health Act .............................................................................................. 10
5.1.6 Gender Equity and Equality Act, 2015 ..................................................... 10
5.1.7 Industrial and Labour Relations Act, 2013 ............................................. 11
5.2 Policy Framework ...................................................................................................12
5.2.1 National Health Care Waste Management Plan (2015-2019) ............ 12
5.2.2 Zambia Infection Prevention Guidelines (2010)Error! Bookmark not
defined.
5.2.3 National Policy on Environment .................................................................. 12
5.3 World Bank Environmental and Social Standards....................................13
5.4 International Conventions ..................................................................................14
6 DESCRIPTION OF THE BASELINE ENVIRONMENT ............................................15
6.1 Location and Size....................................................................................................15
6.1.1 Country Boundary ........................................................................................... 15
6.2 Physical Environment ...........................................................................................17
6.2.1 Climate ................................................................................................................. 17
6.2.2 Soils ...................................................................................................................... 18
6.2.3 Relief ..................................................................................................................... 18
6.2.4 Drainage .............................................................................................................. 20
6.3 Ecological Resources .............................................................................................20
6.4 Social, Economic and Cultural Environment .............................................22
6.4.1 Demographics .................................................................................................... 22
6.4.2 Health ................................................................................................................... 24
6.4.3 Education ............................................................................................................ 25
6.4.4 Economic Activities .......................................................................................... 26
6.4.5 Sanitation and Wastewater System............................................................ 26
6.4.6 Telecommunication.......................................................................................... 27
7 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURES .....28
7.1 Project Beneficial Impacts ..................................................................................28
7.2 Project Adverse Impacts ......................................................................................28
7.3 ESMP Implementation ..........................................................................................53
7.3.1 Project Management Unit .............................................................................. 53
7.3.2 Organisational Structure/Organogram .................................................... 54
8 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT AND GRIEVANCE REDRESS .........................58
8.1 GRIEVANCE MECHANISM ...................................................................................59
8.2 Objectives ...................................................................................................................59
8.3 Principles of the GM ..............................................................................................60
8.3.1 Town Council Management of the GM ...................................................... 60
8.3.2 Description of GM ............................................................................................ 61
ANNEX 8 Gender Based Violence Action Plan ....................................................64
8.4 Gender Based Violence Action Plan ................................................................65
ABBREVIATIONS
CBD Convention Biological Diversity
CoC Code of Code
EMA Environmental Management Act
EPPCA Environmental Protection and Pollution Control
Act
ESCP Environmental and Social Commitment Plan
ESIA Environment and Social Impact Assessment
ESS Environmental and Social Standards
GM Grievance Mechanism
GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism
GBV/SEA-H Gender-based violence and/or sexual
exploitation, abuse, and harassment
LA Local Authority
LMP Labor Management Procedure
M&E Monitoring and Evaluation
MoFNP Ministry of Finance and National Planning
MoH Ministry of Health
NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan
OAG, Office of the Auditor General
OSH Occupational Health and Safety
PMU Project Management Unit
POM Project Operations Manual
SEP Plan Stakeholder Engagement
ZEMA Zambia Environment Management Authority
ZDSP Zambia Devolution Support Program
ZPPA Zambia Public Procurement Authority
1 INTRODUCTION
This report is an Environmental and Social Management Plan for the
Zambia Devolution Support Program.
1.1 Project Description
The Zambia Devolution Support Programme (ZDSP) has been developed to
support the government decentralisation agenda within the Government
Programme. The Government Programme focuses on four (4) pillars of
decentralisation namely: fiscal decentralisation and financial
management; local development planning and budgeting: governance; and
capacity building and human resource management. In supporting the
Government Programme, the ZDSP aims to strenthern the financing,
institutional support and accountability of Town Councils within the
country. As part of the World Bank’s support to the Government of Zambia
to ensure effective decentralisation, the ZDSP will provide the necessary
fuel for the process.
2 STUDY METHODOLOGY
2.1 Introduction
The ESMP preparation followed a typical Environmental Impact
Assessment regulation (1997) of Zambia Environment Management
Authority (ZEMA) process. It follows a typical process of establishing the
current baseline conditions, identifying specific environmental and social
risks that need to be addressed, characterization of the effects the project
will have and the impacts (positive or negative) they will result in,
determination of significance of the issues identified, establishment of
mitigation measures and monitoring measures, and finally proposals for
management plans to ensure effective implementation of mitigation and
management of the anticipated issues.
The approach and methodology chosen ensures that applicable World
Bank Environmental and Social Standards (ESS), the ZEMA Environment
and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) processes have been followed. This
involved collecting data on the environmental and social situation,
conducting consultations with stakeholders and data analysis.
2.2 Literature review
This included studying relevant legislation and policies; national and local
secondary (collated) data sources; related reports and documents related
to the decentralization process in Zambia and World Bank safeguards
policies on ESIA and associated guidelines. Key documents reviewed
included: -
• The Constitution of Zambia
• Environmental Management Act 2011
• Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 1997
• The Physical Planning Act, 1996
• The Public Health Act (Cap 295)
• Occupational Health and Safety Act No. 36 of 2010
• Water Act Cap 198
• Solid Waste Regulation and Management Act No. 20 of 2018
• Urban and Regional Planning Act No. 5 of 2018
2.3 Environmental and Social Baseline
Environmental and social baseline comprised secondary data collected
through review of literature.
2.4 Impact Identification and Mitigation Measures
The primary tool for identification of impacts and mitigation was using
expert judgment and consultations including recommendations from
stakeholders. Impacts were identified from the environmental and socio-
economic baseline. Impact assessments were also based on criteria
developed from Zambian legal standards and World Bank ESS.
3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
The Zambia Devolution Support Program (ZDSP), hereafter referred to
interchangeably as ZDSP or the Program, is a World Bank supported
Program for strengthening devolution in the country. The program
supports specifics components of the government program as provided for
in the decentralization policy. The ZDSP will support the implementation
of a subset of activities under the Government program and include:
(i) the introduction of a capital grant to fill the gap in the existing
intergovernmental fiscal framework;
(ii) strengthening the intergovernmental fiscal policy framework;
(iii)strengthening PFM and accountability of Local Authorities; and
(iv) putting in place a sustainable and inclusive framework for capacity
building for LAs.
The ZDSP will assist the Government in achieving a set of key results under
the Government Program. The ZDSP will be financing specific results at
the central and local authority levels, leveraging other devolution capacity
building resources provided by the government and Cooperating Partners.
The Zambia Devolution Support Program is called a hybrid operation
because it consists of two lending instruments of the World Bank, which
are together referred to as the ZDSP operation:
(i) a Program called Program for Results or PforR, with an outlay of US
Dollar 195 million; and
(ii) a Project called Investment Project Financing (IPF), with an outlay of
US Dollar 15 million.
The PforR component covers the key result areas, and the disbursements
are directly linked to achievement of tangible and verifiable results called
Disbursement Linked Indicators (DLIs). The IPF component instead, will
provide input-based capacity building support and the project
management activities. The hybrid approach is needed due to the large
existing variability in the capacity of the LAs and the need to help weak
LAs to achieve eligibility when the Annual Performance Assessment is done
and access capital grants as per design of the PforR program as early as
possible. The IPF based capacity support will focus on targeted training
support in the first two years of the Program, with an eventual transition
of the capacity building support into a fully results-based approach.
The ZDSP has a support duration of five years covering the period 2022-
2027. With an outlay of 210 million US Dollars, the operation covers Local
Authorities (LAs) in the country and aims to work closely with the Central
Government entities such as Decentralization Secretariat, MoFNP,
MLGRD, and Office of the Auditor General, ZPPA, LGSC and others. Direct
support will also be provided to Central Government. The ZDSP will also
leverage ongoing support provided by various Cooperating Partners in
areas relating to decentralization, PFM, accountability and service delivery.
3.1 Program Objectives
The Project Development Objectives (PDO) for the program is to strengthen
the financing, institutional performance and accountability of LAs in
Zambia.
The PDO focuses on the strengthening of the LAs as a self-standing tier of
government. The Program aims to strengthen the LA systems to enable
them to provide improved access to devolved public services through
efficient and robust systems for decentralized and participatory planning.
It also aims to strengthen their ability to design, implement and manage
their development plans and projects for accountable and sustainable local
service delivery.
3.2 Program Outcomes-PDO Level Indicators for Program success
The success of the ZDSP will be measured through the following PDO
level indicators:
(i) Local Authorities that achieve the minimum threshold scores in the
Annual Performance Assessment (APA) (Number);
(ii) Inter-governmental fiscal framework strengthened (Text);
(iii)Town Councils preparing their annual plans in a participatory manner
(Yes/No)
The PDO aspires to support a key feature of the institutional dimension,
namely the development and strengthening of systems and procedures to
enhance accountability. The proposed Program includes a series of
measures to enhance the voice of the people, both as citizens and
consumers of public services, such as: (i) the development and roll out of
a Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) that offers several avenues to
provide feedback; and (ii) the implementation of a comprehensive
Information, Education and Communication campaign seeking to improve
local self-governance and service delivery as well as program
communication.
3.3 Key Result Areas
The PforR program will focus on four result areas:
(i) Result Area One: Capital Grants to Town Councils;
(ii) Result Area Two: Strengthened PFM, transparency and accountability
of LAs;
(iii)Result Area Three: Strengthened Fiscal Framework for Devolution;
and
(iv) Result Area Four: Capacity Building of Town Councils.
4 LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK
The ZDSP safeguards are aligned with the Country’s current regulatory,
policy and institutional framework for its effective implementation. The
program will also follow international guidelines for safeguards
4.1 National Regulatory Framework
The proposed project activities touch on many regulatory instruments
which need compliance with. Presented below is a listing of key legislation
relevant to the project and requiring legal compliance were applicable.
4.1.1 Constitution of Zambia (1996) as Amended in 2016
The Constitution of Zambia is supreme over any legal policy or Act in
Zambia; any act of Government or any law that is inconsistent with its
provisions, is invalid to the extent of such inconsistency (Article 1 (3)). As
such the reviewed policies and legislations, relevant to the project activities
for the Zambia Devolution Support Program must be in line with the
constitution. The constitution has included matters that relate to human
health, medical facilities, occupational health and safety, and environment
and natural resource management; thus, providing a foundation to the
Environmental and Social Management framework for Project. Article 112
provides Directive Principles of State Policy which, in relation to the
project, include: Part (d): The State shall endeavor to provide clean and
safe water, adequate medical and health facilities and decent shelter for all
persons, and take measures to constantly improve such facilities and
amenities; Part (h): The State shall strive to provide a clean and healthy
environment for all;
4.1.2 Environmental Management Act (2011)
The Environmental Management Act (EMA) was enacted in 2011 to repeal
the Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act (EPPCA), 1990.
The Act provides for integrated environmental management, protection
and conservation of the environment and sustainable management and
use of natural resources. It promotes prevention and control of pollution
and environmental degradation; and public participation in environmental
decision making and access to environmental information. Part 1, Section
4, (1) of the Act gives every person living in Zambia the right to a clean,
safe and healthy environment, including the right of access to the various
elements of the environment for health (Part 1, Section 4, (2)).
Thus this Project must be designed in a way that the activities do not
threaten individuals, cause harm to human health or the environment.
Part 2, Section 1, (Sub-section 1) of the Act gives the Zambia
Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA) the mandate to ensure the
sustainable management of natural resources and protection of the
environment and the prevention and control of pollution. In line with the
mandate, one of the core functions of ZEMA is to draw and enforce
regulations related to water, air, land and noise pollution, pesticides and
toxic substances, waste management and natural resources management.
In addition, ZEMA manages the Environmental Impact Assessments
process provided for in the Act as one of the measures for Integrated
Environmental Management: “A person shall not undertake any project
that may have an effect on the environment without the written approval
of the Agency, except in accordance with any conditions imposed in that
approval (Part III, Section 24 (1)�?. The approval follows preparation of an
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) and ZEMA
determining that the effects of the proposed project will not cause adverse
effects or that the mitigation measure are adequate to satisfactorily
mitigate the effects. Thus the Local Authority will be required to carry out
environmental and social assessments depending on the nature of the
activities at the site. The Environmental and Social assessments will
ensure that the potential impacts of a project on the natural environment
and local communities, whether positive and negative, are assessed at the
planning and decision making stage, thus enabling appropriate measures
to be put in place to prevent, limit or manage any potentially negative
impacts of a project whilst enhancing the positive impacts, in accordance
with the principles of sustainable development.
4.1.3 The Environmental Management (Licensing) Regulations, 2013
Part 2 Section 4 of the regulations state that a person who intends to emit
or discharge a pollutant or contaminant into the environment shall apply
to the Agency for an emission license in Form I set out in the First Schedule
of the Environmental Management Act of 2011. The Agency shall, in
accordance with the guidelines set out in the Second Schedule of the EMA,
assess the quality of ambient air to protect human health, animal or plant
life and the environment. A holder of an emission license relating to air
shall, among other activities:
i. Install air measuring devices and pollution control equipment at the
plant, undertaking or process that emits air pollutants; in
accordance with the emission limits as prescribed in the Second
Schedule of the Environmental Management Act.
ii. collect such samples and conduct such analysis of the emissions as
the Agency may direct for the monitoring of emission levels
iii. limits prescribed in the Second Schedule; and
iv. Take reasonable steps to contain the discharge of emissions to
prevent, mitigate or remedy their adverse effects on human health,
animal or plant life and the environment.
Part III, Section 11 of the regulations state that a person shall not conduct
open air burning of waste from industrial, commercial operations or
domestic or community activities except with the written consent of the
Agency.
4.1.4 Occupational Health and Safety Act (2010)
This Act provides for the protection against risks to health or safety arising
from, or in connection with, the activities of persons at work. Therefore it
is important that the activities of the project must protect the workers in
the HCFs. Part IV, Section 16 (1 and 2) outlines the duties of the employer
which are generally: providing a safe working environment; making sure
that the employees are healthy and fit to work in the provided work
environment; providing protective clothing or equipment; making sure
there are health, safety, emergency and first aid measures; and providing
information on safety and health. On the other hand the employees have
the responsibility for their personal health and safety (Part IV, Section 17
(1)). For success of the project, employers and employees must comply with
the provisions of the Act, which also requires the establishment of health
and safety committees and enforcement of the occupational health and
safety measures.
4.1.5 Public Health Act Cap 295
This Act is for the preservation of public health in Zambia. It provides for
the prevention and suppression of diseases and generally to regulate all
matters connected with public health in the country.
4.1.6 Gender Equity and Equality Act, 2015
An Act to establish the Gender Equity and Equality Commission and
provide for its functions and powers; provide for the taking of measures
and making of strategic decisions in all spheres of life in order to ensure
gender equity, equality and integration of both sexes in society; promote
gender equity and equality as a cross cutting issue in all spheres of life and
stimulate productive resources and development opportunities for both
sexes; prohibit harassment, victimization and harmful social, cultural and
religious practices; provide for public awareness and training on issues of
gender equity and equality; provide for the elimination of all forms of
discrimination against women, empower women and achieve gender equity
and equality by giving effect to the Convention on the Elimination of all
Forms of Discrimination against Women, the Protocol to the African
Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa
and the SADC Protocol on Gender and Development; and provide for
matters connected with, or incidental to, the foregoing.
4.1.7 Solid Waste Regulation and Management Act No. 20 of 2018
An Act to provide for the sustainable regulation and management of solid
waste; general and self-service solid waste services; the incorporation of
solid waste management companies and define their statutory functions;
the licensing and functions of solid waste service providers, operators and
self-service solid waste providers and provide for their functions; the
regulation, operation, maintenance and construction of landfills and other
disposal facilities; the setting and approval of tariffs for management of
solid waste and provision of solid waste services; and matters connected
with, or incidental to, the foregoing.
4.1.8 Industrial and Labour Relations Act, 2013
The Industrial and Labour Relations Act, Chapter 269, provides for the
formation of workers and employers representative organizations and the
constitution of the Tripartite Consultative Labour Council (TCLC). The
TCLC provides a national forum for employers, workers and government to
discuss and resolve labour issues, including occupational safety and
health, which may be affecting the labour market. The Act also provides
for the formulation of recognition and collective agreements, settlement of
disputes, strikes and lockouts.
4.2 Policy Framework
Two main sector policies are identified as relevant to the proposed program
and need to be complied with, namely the National Health Policy and the
National Policy on Environment.
4.2.1 National Health Care Waste Management Plan (2015-2019)
The National Health-Care Waste Management Plan (2015 -2019) was
developed as a guide to all institutions producing health-care waste, in
planning and implementation of interventions that will reduce
mismanagement of hazardous waste in Zambia. The ICWMP must
therefore adopt appropriate measures for enhancing waste reduction,
recycling, proper waste transportation and adequate final disposal of
health-care waste as prescribed in the National Health-Care Waste
Management Plan.
4.2.2 National Policy on Environment
The overall vision of the National Policy on Environment is to provide a
framework management guide for the management of Zambia’s
environment and natural resources so as to ensure that they are managed
on a sustainable basis and retain their integrity to support the needs of
the current and future generation without compromising either of the two.
The guiding principle on heatlh are;-
• Urban, district and rural planning and development activities should
incorporate human settlement and health concerns;
• Human settlements should incorporate environmental concerns as
well as disaster preparedness;
• Temporary settlements for refugees and other displaced people are
managed using the same guidelines for environmental, pollution and
health concerns as for all other human settlements including
environmental impact assessment and monitoring;
• Development and improvement of human settlements should
incorporate the concept of community development with focus upon
social services, particularly water supply, schools, health facilities,
recreation facilities, communications, transport and security, in
order to discourage random roadside ribbon development which is
difficult to maintain and tend to be environmentally unfriendly.
4.3 World Bank Environmental and Social Standards
In addition to the national environmental legal framework, this plan takes
into consideration the World Bank applicable Environmental and Social
Standards (ESS) more especially on the IPF side.
4.4 International Conventions
Zambia is a party to many international and regional conventions aimed
at addressing environmental concerns. Those relevant to the proposed
project include but not limited to:-
• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
• United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity
• Stockholm Convention
• Convention on the Control of Trans-Boundary Movements of
Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, Basel, 1989
• C155 Occupational Safety and Health Convention 1981
• C148 Working Environment (Air pollution, noise and vibration)
• C161 Occupational Health Service Convention
• Paris Agreement
• Convertion on Biological Diversity
• International Labour Organisation (ILO) Conventions
5 DESCRIPTION OF THE BASELINE
ENVIRONMENT
This chapter provides a description of the environmental and social
baseline of Zambia.
5.1 Location and Size
Zambia is a landlocked country that lies at the end of the Great Rift Valley
between latitudes 8° and 18° S and longitudes 22° and 33° E. It shares the
political borders with eight neighbors, namely Angola, Democratic
Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Botswana, Namibia,
and Zimbabwe. The political boundaries have a number of shared
biodiversity resources because of the common habitats. The country
expands with an area of 752,618 km2 (Dowsett et al., 2008). The Country
has 116 districts (5 City Councils, 15 Municipal Councils, and 96 Town
Councils.
5.1.1 Country Boundary
Zambia has a long land border on the west with Angola but is divided from
its neighbours to the south by the Zambezi River. To the southwest is the
thin projection of Namibian territory known as the Caprivi Strip, at the
eastern end of which Zambia and three of its neighbours (Namibia,
Botswana, and Zimbabwe) appear to meet at a point—a “quadripoint�?—
although the precise nature of the meeting is contested. Man-made Lake
Kariba now forms part of the river border with Zimbabwe. Zambia’s other
neighbours include Mozambique to the southeast, Malawi to the east, and
Tanzania to the northeast. The long border with the Democratic Republic
of the Congo starts at Lake Tanganyika, crosses to Lake Mweru, and
follows the Luapula River to the Pedicle, a wedge of Congolese territory that
cuts deep into Zambia to give the country its distinctive butterfly shape.
Westward from the Pedicle the frontier follows the Zambezi-Congo
watershed to the Angolan border
5.2 Physical Environment
5.2.1 Climate
Although Zambia lies within the tropics, its climate is modified by the
altitude of the country and is generally favorable to human settlement and
comfort. The marked seasonal pattern of precipitation is caused by the
north and south movement of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ),
which shifts with the Sun. In January the ITCZ is in its southernmost
position, and the rainy season is at its peak; by June it has moved north,
and the weather is dry. Summer rains reduce the high temperatures that
might be expected at this time.
Precipitation (concentrated in just five months) varies according to
agroecological region but generally comes in storms with heavy raindrops
that lead to a hard soil surface and surface erosion. The driest region
receives annual precipitation of less than 30 inches (800 mm), while
precipitation in the wettest region normally exceeds 40 inches (1,000 mm);
precipitation occasionally exceeds 55 inches (1,400 mm) in the northeast.
Temperature is modified by elevation, with the highest mean daily
maximum temperatures occurring in the Luangwa valley and the
southwest. The coolest area overall is the high Nyika plateau, in the
northeast on the border with Malawi. During the cold months (June and
July), the area west of the Line of Rail is coolest, with mean minimum
temperatures mostly below the mid-40s F (about 7 °C). Sesheke, in the
southwest, has frost on an average of 10 days per year.
5.2.2 Soils
Zambia is divided into three main agroecological regions based primarily
upon annual precipitation; there is further variation within regions based
on factors such as soil type, temperature and elevation. The first region
includes portions of the southwestern corner of the country, as well as the
country’s major valleys, such as the Gwembe, Zambezi, and Luangwa
valleys. This region is the driest and most prone to drought, and its soils
contain low levels of organic matter, low nutrient reserves, and high acidity
levels. The second region spans the central part of the country and is
divided into two subregions: the degraded plateau of the southeast, south-
centre, and southwest and the Kalahari Sands and the Zambezi floodplain
in the west. Soils of the Kalahari Sands have little agricultural potential
and are mainly under woodland. The third region is situated in the
northern part of the country; its soils tend to be highly weathered and
leached, with a low pH.
5.2.3 Relief
Most of Zambia forms part of the high plateau of this part of Africa (3,000
to 5,000 feet [900 to 1,500 metres] above sea level). Major relief features
occur where river valleys and rifted troughs, some lake-filled, dissect its
surface. Lake Tanganyika lies some 2,000 feet (600 metres) below the
plateau, and the largest rift, that containing the Luangwa River, is a
serious barrier to communications. The highest elevations occur in the
east, where the Nyika Plateau on the Malawian border is generally over
6,000 feet (1,800 metres), rising to more than 7,000 feet (2,100 metres) in
the Mafinga Hills. The general slope of the plateau is toward the southwest,
although the drainage of the Zambezi turns eastward to the Indian Ocean.
Over most of the country, ancient crystalline rocks are exposed, the
product of prolonged erosion processes. In western Zambia they are
overlain by younger sandy deposits, relicts of a once more-extensive
Kalahari desert. In central and eastern parts of the country, down warping
of the plateau surface forms swamp- or lake-filled depressions (including
Lake Bangweulu and the Lukanga Swamp); in more elevated regions,
ridges and isolated hills made up of more-resistant rocks punctuate
otherwise smooth skylines.
The oldest rocks in the country are volcanics and granites of the
Bangweulu block in the northeast. These are 2.5 billion years and older
and have been unaffected by orogenic processes since Precambrian times
(about 4 billion to 540 million years ago). This old structure is partly
covered by ancient sedimentary rocks, and together they constitute the
basement complex. Sedimentaries of the Katangan Complex (about 620
million years old) are extensive in the central areas, and mineralization of
these rocks is the basis of Zambia’s mining industry. Later sedimentary
rocks of the Karoo (Karroo) System filled rifted troughs in the plateau
surface, some of which, as in the Luangwa and middle Zambezi valleys,
have been partially re-excavated. Coal seams occur in Karoo rocks to the
north of Lake Kariba. These structural troughs are ancient features.
Younger rifts in the north, part of the East African Rift System, are
occupied by Lakes Mweru and Tanganyika. Karoo and older sedimentaries
are also found in the west, buried under the predominantly sandy deposits
of the Kalahari System.
5.2.4 Drainage
The continental divide—between the Congo River drainage, which flows to
the Atlantic Ocean, and that of the Zambezi, which drains into the Indian
Ocean—runs along the border shared by Zambia and the Democratic
Republic of the Congo west of the Pedicle and then northeastward to the
border with Tanzania. Both the Luapula (which drains the Bangweulu
basin into Lake Mweru) and Lake Tanganyika are tributary to the Congo.
The rest of the country lies within the Zambezi basin, the river itself rising
in northwestern Zambia and circling through Angola before traversing the
sandy plains of western Zambia. At Victoria Falls it drops some 300 feet
(90 metres) into a mile wide chasm at the head of the gorge leading down
to Lake Kariba and the trough like middle part of its valley. It has two main
tributaries in Zambia. Rising on the Copperbelt, the Kafue River drains the
Lukanga Swamp and Kafue Flats before an abrupt descent to the Zambezi.
The Luangwa River, mostly confined within its rift trough, is quite different.
The Bangweulu Swamps and the Kafue Flats are wetlands of international
ecological importance.
5.3 Ecological Resources
Zambia’s rich biodiversity is scattered in customary or traditionally
managed areas, protected areas, insitu conservation areas and
agricultural landscapes. As one of the 198 signatories to the Convention
on Biological Diversity (CBD), Zambia has developed and revised the
National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP-2) derived from the
global conservation goals, the Aichi targets (GRZ, 2015a). There are at
least 12,505 species of organisms in Zambia: 242 are mammal species,
757 bird species, and 6,135 species of 6,135 species of invertebrates, 156
reptile species with 45 considered to be rare, 490 fish species and 74
amphibian species. There are 3,543 species of wild flowering plants, 107
cultivated plant species, 567 wild crop relatives and 16 species of
domesticated animals. The value of biodiversity can be classified into
anthropocentric (economic or utilitarian values) and intrinsic or ethical
values. The anthropocentric value has direct and indirect economic
benefits to society (Mwitwa, 2017). Biodiversity has an intrinsic value as it
performs various ecosystem services through inherent ecological processes
in the conservation of species, genetic resources and ecosystems.
Biodiversity provides the anthropocentric values comprised of forestry,
water, fisheries, wildlife, environment, natural resource and land,
agriculture, livestock and energy sectors, civil society, cooperating
partners, financial organisations, insurance entities, mining companies,
revenue collection and administration. The threats to Zambia’s
biodiversity include uncontrolled wild fires, unsustainable
utilization/illegal offtake, pollution, charcoal production, poor governance
and agricultural practices, mining operations, invasive species, inadequate
baseline updates/ resource monitoring and encroachment.
Zambia’s agro-ecological systems are categorized into 3 agro-ecological
regions (AERs), differentiated mainly by amount of rainfall received per
annum. Small-scale farmers are responsible for producing 80% of output
(their contribution to livestock production is around 30%). A small number
of commercial or large-scale farmers are involved in commercial crop
production in wheat, soya bean and sugar cane, and in livestock
production. In spite of agro-biodiversity being a vital resource for the
country, it has not been given adequate attention in terms of management
and utilization compared to forestry, wild animals and the fisheries.
On the plateau, miombo woodland is characteristic: a semicontinuous tree
cover dominated by small leguminous trees of the Brachystegia and
Julbernardia genera but with significant grassy undergrowth. Burning of
the grasses in the dry season causes the trees to develop a corky, fire-
resistant bark. Mopane woodland, in which Colophospermum mopane
dominates but in which the baobab is distinctive, occurs in the drier and
hotter valleys of the Zambezi in the south and in the Luangwa valley.
Zambezi teak (Baikiea plurijuga) occurs in the southern fringe of the area
covered by the Kalahari Sands. Mukwa (Pterocarpus angolensis), a good
furniture timber, is found in the Lake Bangweulu area. More than one-
tenth of the country has been set aside as forest reserve or protected forest
areas; in all, some two-fifths of the country’s land is under protection.
5.4 Social, Economic and Cultural Environment
5.4.1 Demographics
Zambia is situated on a high plateau and takes its name from the Zambezi
River, which drains all but a small northern part of the country. Zambia’s
population is small relative to the country’s area, and its growth rate is
lower than that of many of its neighbours in sub-Saharan Africa.
Life expectancy in Zambia is below the global average. The life expectancy
for Zambia as of 2020 stood at 62 years compared to 73 years (global
average). The country’s population is relatively young, nearly half under
age 15. Zambia’s birth rate is significantly higher than the world average,
and its death rate is among the highest in the world. Zambia’s lower life
expectancy and higher death rate are attributable in part to the prevalence
of HIV/AIDS in the country. Large parts of Zambia are thinly populated.
Much of population is concentrated in the country’s most developed area—
known as the Line of Rail—which is served by the railway linking the
Copperbelt with Lusaka, the capital, and with the border town of
Livingstone.
Zambia's population is 19,610,769 million as of 2022. Lusaka Province
has the highest proportion of the population followed by Copperbelt
Province. Muchinga Province has the lowest proportion of the population
as shown in the table 5-1. Overall, the average household size tends to be
larger in rural areas with an average of 5.2 persons compared to 5.0
persons in urban areas. Male headed households tend to have a larger
average household size than female headed households. The average
household size for male headed households was 5.4 persons compared to
4.3 persons for female headed households as shown in the table 5-1
below.
Table 5-1: Percentage Distribution of Population by Province,
Residence, Zambia, 2015
Number
Province Persons
Total Zambia 19,610,769
Central 2,252,483
Copperbelt 2,757,539
Eastern 2,454,788
Luapula 1,514,011
Lusaka 3,079,964
Muchinga 918,296
Northern 1,618,412
North - Western 1,363,520
Southern 2,381,728
Western 1,363,520
The general welfare of any society largely depends on the active economic
participation of its citizens. The engagement of individuals in gainful
economic activities directly influence households’ well-being. According to
the 2015 Zambia Living Conditions Monitoring Survey Report, 58.5
percent (5, 925,412) of the population are in the labour force, while 41.5
percent (4, 203,497) are economically inactive. Of those that are in the
labour force, 43 percent, 6.3 percent and 9.2 percent are in paid
employment, unpaid family workers and not working, respectively.
5.4.2 Health
Zambia has a well-developed private and public health care system which
provides specialized Medical services such as diagnostic, curative, etc. The
private health sector in particular has earned the reputation as providers
of good quality health care. Government has declared health
Care system as a priority sector. Health systems in Zambia are classified
into three major categories:
• First Level comprising of Health Posts, Rural Health Centre and
District Hospitals, where primary health care and preventive health
services are provided.
• Second Level comprising the provincial and general hospitals, which
provide the curative care
• Tertiary level comprising Central hospital and the National
University teaching Hospital. Provide specialized care.
The arrangement of health services is along the same administrative lines
with the district as the main focus of service delivery, the provincial as the
secondary level and central and the university Teaching Hospital as the
tertiary level of care.
The disease burden in Zambia varies according to climates with the most
prevailing diseases being Malaria, HIV/AIDS, and Tuberculosis, Diarrhoea,
skin diseases, Respiratory tract infections and Malnutrition. Recently
Zambia is experiencing a sudden rise in traditionally not known diseases,
these are the non-communicable diseases namely Cancer, cardiac,
diabetes and renal diseases. This new pattern of diseases has brought with
it numerous challenges for the health sector in Zambia, whose service
delivery is predominantly public. The ill equipped public health facilities
often lack capacity to handle these cases thereby causing the Ministry of
Health and individual patients to seek treatment abroad.
5.4.3 Education
Zambia has achieved near universal primary school completion levels -
national statistics indicate a completion rate of 91.8 per cent at Grade 7.
But this masks considerable regional disparities, with the northern region
recording 81.3 per cent (72 per cent for female students) and Lusaka a rate
of 78.6 per cent. For children in the early years, the coverage of care,
learning and education services remains persistently low. Overall, girls
continue to be at a disadvantage with a large number of them dropping out
in the upper primary and secondary grades, and poorer levels of transition
to junior secondary and senior secondary levels.
Transition rates from primary to secondary school continue to remain low
at 67.5 per cent, mainly due to the lack of places to accommodate all
primary school graduates. Other barriers to children transitioning and
completing secondary school include school fees introduced in Grade 8,
other costs related to education (such as the cost of not otherwise
contributing to household income), and the long distances to many
schools. For girls at secondary level, there are also barriers around the lack
of menstrual hygiene facilities, the low value placed by some communities
on girls’ receiving a secondary education, teenage pregnancy, and child
marriage.
The quality of education also continues to be a challenge, though national
assessments have shown significant improvement in this area.
Nevertheless, the country's targets for achievement have not yet been met,
for instance the target of an average score of 40 per cent in language and
mathematics was not reached in either Grade 5 or Grade 9. The number
of children passing the Grade 9 and Grade 12 examinations continues to
be low, at 55.3 per cent and 64.8 per cent respectively.
5.4.4 Economic Activities
Zambia’s economy has relied heavily on copper mining, which accounts for
over 70 per cent of export earnings but employs less than 2 per cent of the
population. Most people in Zambia (60 per cent) live in rural areas, where
they depend on subsistence agriculture for their livelihoods. GDP growth
averaged 6 per cent for the period 2006-2013, while inflation increased
from 9.8 per cent in 2019 to 13.4 per cent in 2020. Poverty is most
prevalent in rural areas (76.7 %) compared to 23.4% in urban areas1. In
both rural and urban households, poverty levels are highest among female-
headed households, with extreme poverty levels of over 60 % in rural
areas2.
5.4.5 Sanitation and Wastewater System
According to the 2018 ZDHS, 33 per cent of the population have access to
basic sanitation service (41 per cent in urban areas, 28 per cent in rural
areas), while 10 per cent of the population practices open defecation (1 per
cent in urban areas, 16 per cent in rural areas) and 24 per cent of the
population has access to basic hygiene services, i.e. a handwashing facility
with soap and water (36 per cent urban, 15 per cent rural). Thus a very
1
Zambia Central Statistical Office. 2015. 2015 Living Conditions Monitoring Survey (LCMS.
2
Living Conditions Monitoring Survey 2006-2011
large population in the rural areas in Zambia do not have access to proper
sanitation facilities.
In Zambia, about 29% of the urban population are connected to sewers
and 30% are served by septic tanks or improved household-level latrines.
While these figures are low, they are actually higher than the average
access in Sub-Saharan Africa. Most HCF in urban areas discharge their
wastewater into municipal sewerage system, while rural facilities have
onsite disposal. The wastewater from health care facilities is treated in
accordance with the Environmental Management Act (EMA), No. 12 of
2011 which provides the standards for discharge into the designated
streams. The district Water and Sewerage Companies regulates the
discharge of trade effluent into sewer networks for both onsite and offsite
sanitation using the local administration (Trade Effluent Regulations) Act
of 1994.
5.4.6 Telecommunication
The capacity to communicate and access to information in Zambia have
significantly increased with the provision of digital satellite, internet and
mobile networks in the country. The providers include Zamtel, MTN and
Airtel. Internet connectivity, though of intermittent service, is provided by
the three cellular service providers. Internet penetration in Zambia
however remains low at 15.4% which includes both domestic and
corporate users. The number of mobile phone subscribers in the country
has grown at a rate of 19.5% per annum in the last 8 years, which has
reached 11.6 million people out of a population over the 14 million and a
service penetration of 83.4% in 2018.
6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS &
MITIGATION MEASURES
6.1 Project Beneficial Impacts
The project will generate positive and direct environmental and social
impacts in the nation as it will improve efficiency of Town Councils and
provide grants which will be used to facilitate for the implementation of
capital projects. The sub-projects will lead to employment of locals in the
different Town Councils which will enhance the social wellbeing of people
in the project areas. The project will also improve the management of solid
waste including e-waste which has a negative bearing on the environment.
The projects will also facilitate for the construction and development of
facilities for aiding environmental protection such as incinerators.
6.2 Project Adverse Impacts
Environment Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Environmental Proposed Generic Mitigation Measures
Impact
Impacts on Soil • Where possible, avoid clearing of vegetation, particularly of indigenous vegetation
Resources colonies;
• Where clearing is done, land should be landscaped and reclaimed by planting more
trees and other vegetation;
• Where erosion may occur due to vegetation loss, erosion control measures will be
put in place like stone bunds
• Vegetation clearing and topsoil disturbance will be minimised where possible
• Avoid moving heavy machineries and other equipment unnecessarily and away
from designated transport routes;
• Reclaim and re-vegetate the site once work is completed to reduce run off
• Contouring temporary and permanent access roads / laydown areas to minimise
surface water runoff and erosion
• Sheet and rill erosion of soil shall be prevented where necessary through the use
of sandbags, diversion berms, culverts, or other physical means
Environmental Proposed Generic Mitigation Measures
Impact
• Topsoil shall be stockpiled separately from subsoil. Stockpiles shall not exceed 2
m height, shall be located away from drainage lines, shall be protected from rain
and wind erosion, and shall not be contaminated.
• Wherever possible construction work will take place during the dry season.
• Topsoil shall be evenly spread across the cleared areas when reinstated.
• Accelerated erosion from storm events during construction shall be minimised
through managing storm water runoff (e.g. velocity control measures).
• Soil backfilled into excavations shall be replaced in the order of removal in order
to preserve the soil profile.
• Mulch generated from indigenous cleared vegetation shall be spread across
exposed soils after construction
Impact on • Discharge of Grey water or uncontrolled discharges from the site/working areas
Water (including wash down areas) to adjacent rivers shall not be permitted
Resources
• Water containing pollutants such as cements, concrete, lime, chemicals and fuels
shall be discharged into a conservancy tank for planned removal from site
Environmental Proposed Generic Mitigation Measures
Impact
• Works that are likely to generate silt-laden runoff such excavations will be
undertaken preferentially during the drier months of the year; December-March
• The drainage system will be developed to prevent silt-laden runoff from entering
surface water drains and streams without treatment (e.g. earth bunds, silt fences,
straw bales, or proprietary treatment) under any circumstances
• Where possible an 8m buffer strip of existing vegetation will be maintained within
the project site.
• Earth stockpiles will be seeded as soon as possible, covered with geotextile mats
or surrounded by a bund to minimise the risk of sediment-rich runoff
• Tools and plant will be cleaned in designated areas within the site where runoff
can be isolated for treatment before discharge to the river or neaby water resources
• Debris and other material will be prevented from entering watercourses;
Construction sites (such as settlement lagoons or other temporary attenuation) to
be used during construction if necessary; Diversion of minor watercourses will be
carefully managed to prevent suspension of silt (or contamination by other
pollutants)
Environmental Proposed Generic Mitigation Measures
Impact
• Discharge into watercourses and water bodies will only be carried out under
consent of the relevant governing bodies such as WRMA
• All wastewater which may be contaminated with oily substances must be managed
in accordance with an appropriate Waste Management Plan (WMP)
• Hydrocarbon-contaminated water shall not be discharged into the environment.
• At operation stage, the sewer infrastructure will be constantly inspected and
blockages repaired
• At construction stage, the contractor will prepare Specific Construction
Environment and Social Management Plan (C-ESMP) which included among
others: Soil and Sedimentation Control Plan, Spoil Management Control Plan and
Waste Management Plan.
Impacts on Air • Develop and implement a Dust Management Plan (DMP) and Undertake
Quality inspections to ensure compliance with the Dust Management Plan;
• Record all dust and air quality complaints, identify cause(s), take appropriate
• Undertake monitoring close to dusty activities, noting that this may be daily visual
inspections, or passive/active monitoring as parameter
Environmental Proposed Generic Mitigation Measures
Impact
• Remove dusty materials form site as soon as possible if not being re-used. If being
re-used, cover or vegetate if possible;
• Impose speed limits on haul routes and in construction compounds to reduce dust
generation;
• Undertake watering to attenuate dust near sensitive receptors. The duration and
frequency of this should be set out in the Dust Management Plan and will consider
water availability and any stakeholder grievances; and
• Revegetate exposed areas as soon as feasible;
• Revegetate or cover stockpiles if feasible;
• Expose the minimum area required for the works, and undertake; and exposure
on a staged basis to minimise dust blow.
Noise and • Siting noisy plant and equipment as far away as possible from human settlement,
Vibrations and use of barriers (e.g. site huts, acoustic sheds or partitions) to reduce the level
Impacts of construction noise at receptors wherever practicable;
• Where practicable noisy equipment will be orientated to face away from the
nearest Human settlement and other receptors;
Environmental Proposed Generic Mitigation Measures
Impact
• Working hours for significant noise generating construction work (including works
required to upgrade existing access roads or create new ones), will be daytime only;
• Alternatives to diesel and petrol engines and pneumatic units, such as hydraulic
or electric-controlled units, will be used, where practicable;
• Where practicable, stationary equipment will be located in an acoustically treated
enclosure;
• For machines with fitted enclosures, doors and door seals will be checked to
ensure they are in good working order; also that the doors close properly against
the seals;
• Throttle settings will be reduced and equipment and plant turned off, when not
being used;
• Equipment will be regularly inspected and maintained to ensure it is in good
working order. The condition of mufflers will also be checked; and fitting of
mufflers or silencers of the type recommended by manufacturers.
Impact on Flora • Ensure proper demarcation and delineation of the project area to be affected by
and Fauna construction works;
Environmental Proposed Generic Mitigation Measures
Impact
• Where possible, avoid clearing the vegetation;
• It is recommended that indigenous trees or other fast-growing trees be planted in
strategic locations where the vegetation cover will be cleared as part of landscaping
initiatives;
• Identify and restrict movement of vehicles to areas of disturbance.
• Compensatory planting of trees i.e. plants at least twice the number of trees
• Staged vegetation clearance is also recommended so as not to clear the entire
corridor all at once.
• The use of existing cleared or disturbed areas for the Contractor’s Camp,
stockpiling of materials etc. shall be encouraged.
• Whenever possible, all damaged areas shall be reinstated and rehabilitated upon
completion of the contract to as near pre-construction conditions as possible.
• Reinstatement of temporary construction sites and pioneer camps (if needed)
should be done as swiftly as possible and always with suitable native grasses and
other plants
Generic Mitigation Measures of Social Impacts
Social Impact / Proposed Mitigation Measures
Health and Safety
Impacts
Risk of Accidents and • To reduce on the workers accidents and hazards, Contractor will develop
Safety and Health and monitor implementation of a Health and Safety Management Plan which
Concerns will include the following measures:
a. Workers will be provided with suitable PPE including: to avoid cuts on
the feet, hands and head during the course of duty. This include
helmets, gloves, safety boots overalls, face masks and ear plugs in
dusty and noise activities;
b. Provision of adequate sanitary facilities to workers separate for either
gender.
c. Train all workers on Safety Health and Environment (SHE) with an
aim of improving awareness;
d. The workers or their representatives will be trained on first aid and
provided with first aid kits
Social Impact / Proposed Mitigation Measures
Health and Safety
Impacts
e. Trenches over 1.5m deep will be secured against accidental entry by
workers and the public using barriers and warning tapes.
f. The contractor will install appropriate safety signage along the work
areas;
g. Emergencies: the workers should be provided with emergency
telephone numbers to request for assistance at any time of accident
h. Where construction activities interfere with the movement of traffic,
appropriate signage will be installed and controlled by trained
flagmen/flag women and lit by night.
i. Public awareness/Training for first aid providers/divers
j. Minimization of risks from hazardous material and hazardous wastes
by developing waste management plans. These plans will be
developed, implemented and monitored and will include colour coding
of waste receptacles, labelling etc.
k. Ensure that workers are oriented to the specific hazards of individual
work assignments. Training should generally be provided to
Social Impact / Proposed Mitigation Measures
Health and Safety
Impacts
management, supervisors, workers, and occasional visitors to areas of
risks and hazards
•
Labour Influx • Reduce labour influx by tapping into the local workforce. Depending on the
Impacts size and the skill level of the local workforce, a share of the workers required
for the project may be recruited locally. This may be easier for unskilled
workmen. Specialized workmen may be hired from elsewhere. Local workers
may also be trained especially if they are required for the operation of the
project.
• C-ESMP that contractor to prepare a Labour Management Plan (LMP )that
included mandatory requirement to procure all unskilled (and as much as
possible, semi-skilled) labor as well as locally available materials from the
local community while ensuring equal pay for equal work for men, women
and people with disability
• The contractor will ensure effective community engagement and strong
grievance mechanisms on matters related to labour with a discrete
Social Impact / Proposed Mitigation Measures
Health and Safety
Impacts
mechanism for safely and confidentially reporting issues of SEA and GBV at
the community level triggered by the Project
• Effective contractual obligations for the contractor to adhere to the
mitigation of risks against labour influx, the contractor should engage a local
community liaison person
• The contractor will ensure proper records of labour force on site while
avoiding child and forced labour
• The works contractor should be required, under its contract, to prepare and
enforce a No Sexual Harassment and Non-Discrimination Policy, in
accordance with national law as well as to the World Bank Code of Conduct
guidelines where applicable.
• The contractor will ensure comply to provisions of Work Place Injuries and
Benefits Act (WIBA) 2007
• The contractor will develop and implement a children Protection Strategy,
this strategy will ensure that no child under the legal age of 18years in
employed to the Project.
Social Impact / Proposed Mitigation Measures
Health and Safety
Impacts
Gender Based • The existing community structures, the Ward Development Committees
violence and Sexual (WDCs) including traditional leaders should be involved in local labour hire,
Harassment emphasize the requirement of hiring women, youth and people with
disability.
• Protecting Human Risk Areas Associated with, Disadvantaged Groups,
Interfering with Participation Rights and interfering with Labour Rights:
• Treat women and children (persons under the age of 18) with respect
regardless of race, color, language, religion, political or other opinion,
national, ethnic or social origin, property, disability, birth or other status.
• Do not use language or behavior towards women or children that is
inappropriate, harassing, abusive, sexually provocative, demeaning or
culturally inappropriate.
• Sexual activity with children under 18—including through digital media is
prohibited. Mistaken belief regarding the age of a child and consent from the
child is not a defense.
Social Impact / Proposed Mitigation Measures
Health and Safety
Impacts
• Exchange of money, employment, goods, or services for sex, including sexual
favors or other forms of humiliating, degrading or exploitative behavior is
prohibited.
• Sexual interactions between contractor’s and consultant’s employees at any
level and member of the communities surrounding the workplace that are
not agreed to with full consent by all parties involved in the sexual act are
prohibited. This includes relationships involving the withholding, promise of
actual provision of benefit (monetary or non-monetary) to community
members in exchange for sex – such sexual activity is considered “non-
consensual�? within the scope of this Code.
• Where an employee develops concerns or suspicions regarding acts of GBV
by a fellow worker, whether in the same contracting firm or not, he or she
must report such concerns in accordance with Standard Reporting
Procedures.
• All employees are required to attend an induction-training course prior to
commencing work on site to ensure they are familiar with the GBV Code of
Conduct (CoC).
Social Impact / Proposed Mitigation Measures
Health and Safety
Impacts
• All employees must attend a mandatory training course once a month for
the duration of the contract starting from the first induction training prior
to commencement of work to reinforce the understanding of the institutional
GBV Code of Conduct.
Children Protection • The contractor will develop and implement a Children Protection Strategy
that will ensures minors are protected against negative impacts associated
by the Project including SEA.
• All staff of the contractor must sign, committing themselves towards
protecting children, which clearly defines what is and is not acceptable
behaviour
• Children under the age of 18years should not be hired on site as provided
by Child Rights Act (Amendment Bill) 2014
• Wherever possible, ensure that another adult is present when working in the
proximity of children.
• Not invite unaccompanied children to workers home, unless they are at
immediate risk of injury or in physical danger.
Social Impact / Proposed Mitigation Measures
Health and Safety
Impacts
• Refrain from physical punishment or discipline of children
• Refrain from hiring children for domestic or other labor, which is
inappropriate given their age, or developmental stage, which interferes with
their time available for education and recreational activities, or which places
them at significant risk of injury.
• Comply with all relevant local legislation, including labor laws in relation to
child labor specifically provisions of Zambia Employment Act on protection
of children against exploitation
Sexual Exploitation • Develop and implement a SEA action plan with an Accountability and
and Abuse (SEA) Response Framework as part of the C-ESMP. The SEA action plan will follow
guidance on the World Bank’s Good Practice Note for Addressing Gender-
based Violence in Investment Project Financing involving Major Civil Works
(Sept 2018).
• Prevention of SEA: including Code of Conduct (COC) and ongoing
sensitization of staff on responsibilities related to the COC and consequences
of non-compliance; project-level IEC materials;
Social Impact / Proposed Mitigation Measures
Health and Safety
Impacts
• Engagement with the community: including development of confidential
community-based complaints mechanisms discrete from the standard GRM;
mainstreaming of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) awareness-raising in
all community engagement activities; community-level IEC materials;
regular community outreach to women and girls about social risks and their
SEA-related rights;
• Management and Coordination: including integration of SEA in job
descriptions, employments contracts, performance appraisal systems, etc.;
development of contract policies related to SEA, including whistle-blower
protection and investigation and disciplinary procedures; training for all
project management; management of coordination mechanism for case
oversight, investigations and disciplinary procedures; supervision of
dedicated PSEA focal points in the project and trained community liaison
officers.
Spread HIV/AIDs • Education and sensitization of workers and the local communities on STIs
including provision of condoms to the project team and the public;
• Institute HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention campaign amongst workers
for the duration of the contract e.g. erect and maintain HIV/AIDS
Social Impact / Proposed Mitigation Measures
Health and Safety
Impacts
information posters at prominent locations as specified by the Resident
Engineer;
• Procure and distribute Condoms among staff and community members
• Sensitize workers and the surrounding communities on awareness,
prevention and management of HIV/AIDS and sexual health and rights
through staff training, awareness campaigns, multimedia and workshops or
during community Barazas.
• Use existing clinics to provide VCT services to construction crew and
provision of ARVs for vulnerable community members
Spread of COVID-19 • Avoid concentrating of more than 15 community members at one location.
among Community Where two or more persons are gathered, maintain social distancing of at
Members least 2 meters;
• The team carrying out engagements within the communities on one-on-one
basis will be provided with appropriate PPE for the number of people they
intend to meet;
Social Impact / Proposed Mitigation Measures
Health and Safety
Impacts
• Use traditional channels of communications (TV, newspaper, radio,
dedicated phone-lines, public announcements and mail) when stakeholders
do not have access to online channels or do not use them frequently. Ensure
to provide and allow participants to provide feedback and suggestions.
• Hold meetings in small groups, mainly in form of FGDs if permitted
depending on restrictions in place and subject to strict observance of
physical distancing and limited duration.
• In situations where online interaction is challenging, disseminate
information through digital platform (where available) like Facebook and
WhatsApp & Chart groups.
• Ensure online registration of participants, distribution of consultation
materials and share feedback electronically with participants.
Conflicts associated • The community will be constantly sensitized on available Grievance Redress
with the Project Mechanism established by Program. The mechanisms emphasizes
resolution of disputes at Common Interest Group (CIG) level, which is the
lowest community structure.
Social Impact / Proposed Mitigation Measures
Health and Safety
Impacts
• In consultation with the benefiting communities and develop means to
ensure equitable sharing of resources
Table 6-1: Environmnetal and Social Monitoring Plan
Impact Performance Indicators Monitoring Requirements Frequency Responsibility
Effluent standards Physical inspection Daily Local
Signs of obstruction Compliance with applicable Authority
Effluent waste
of drainage systems. wastewater effluent
Flow of wastewater on parameters.
the ground surface. Number of complaints
Availability of Physical inspection Monthly Local
alternative waste Compliance with applicable Authority
disposal methods legal air emission permits
Air Pollution Interview with residents
including workers
Observations of open
burning
Child Record of employees Review of records Monthly Local
Labour/Forced including IDs Interviews with staff and Authority
Labour local community
Reports of LMP
implementation
Application of worker GRM
Gender Equity Number of complaints Review of grievance redress Monthly Local
and Sexual Availability of a forms. Authority
Harassment GBV/SEA-H Action Interviews with local
Plan; community
Availability of Code of Implementation of GBV
Conduct action plan
Enforcement of code of
conduct
GRM reports
Implementation of SEP
activities
Occupational Availability of PPE for Physical and routine Daily Local
Health and workers inspections to determine inspection Authority
Safety Availibility of first-aid use of PPEs and other Training
(Workers kit, equipment. frequency
Exposure ) Availibility of fire Documentation of training conducted
extinguishers, fire given to workers annually
blankets Documentation of exposure or as
Availability of notices incidences, workplace needed
indicating hazard illnesses, accidents and
area demarcation incidents.
equipment
Record of trainings
given to workers on
exposure
minimisation
Number of worker
exposures recorded
Visual inspection, Physical and routine Monthly Local
waste disposal inspections to determine Authority
Community waste management
Number of recorded
Health and mechanisms.
complaints through
Safety GRM report on resolution of
the GRM process.
health and safety
complaints
6.3 ESMP Implementation
6.3.1 Project Management Unit
The Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development will be
responsible for the overall coordination of planning, implementation and
monitoring of the Program. The other key agencies during implementation
will include, Local Authorities, the OAG, MoFNP, Decentralisation
Secretariat, the Zambia Public Procurement Authority (ZPPA) and. The
project is fully integrated and mainstreamed in the current structure of the
government, and no parallel structures will be created outside of
government for the purposes of project implementation. This arrangement
has been adopted to ensure ownership and sustainability. The Project
Management Unit (PMU) is anchored within the Ministry of Local
Government and Rural Development. The PMU staff will include: (i) a
Project Coordinator; (ii) a Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Specialist; (iii)
a Financial Management Specialist; (iv) a Procurement Specialist; (v)
Environmental Safeguards Specialist; (vi) Social Safeguards Specialist; (vii)
Capacity Building Specialist and (viii) Communications Specialist. The
fully staffed PMU will be in place by project effectiveness.
The PMU will be responsible for managing the day-to-day operations of the
project. Its main functions include: (i) providing logistical support and
guidance to the component managers and teams; (ii) compiling work plans,
budgets and procurement plans from various component teams; (iii)
monitoring project implementation and preparing progress reports; (iv)
submitting consolidated annual work plans, and budget and procurement
plans for review and endorsement; (v) maintaining project accounts,
managing designated accounts and preparing project financial statements;
(vi) submitting withdrawal applications to the World Bank for
replenishment; and (vii) making recommendations to the committees on
how to effectively implement the agreed work plan. The substantive
leadership for the project activities will be provided by the MoFNP and
MLGRD through a Project Steering Committee, as well as through a
Technical Committee.
6.3.2 Organisational Structure/Organogram
The PMU is a multi-disciplinary team headed by a Program Co-ordinato.
The PMU will function under the technical guidance of the technical
committee which will be supervised by the Project Steering Committee.
The Technical Committee is chaired by the Permanent Secretary MLGRD
and Steering Committee is chaired by Secretary to the Treasury. The PMU
will be led by a Project Coordinator and supported by technical staff
recruited to fill key positions relevant for the successful implementation of
the project. The Project Management Organogram is given in figure 6-2.
Figure 6-1.ZDSP - Program Management Organogram
STEERING COMMITTEE
TECHNICAL
COMMITTEE
PERMANENT
SECRETARY
PROGRAM
COORDINATOR
FINANCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROCUREMENT SOCIAL COMMUNICATIONS M&E CAPACITY
SPECIALIST SAFEGUARDS SPECIALIST SAFEGUARDS SPECIALIST SPECIALIST BUILDING
SPECIALIST SPECIALIST SPECIALIST
The PMU will function as the Secretariat to the PSC and is also responsible
for day-to-day project implementation through qualified staff that will be
recruited to implement the project. The main roles of the PMU are:
(i) Project Management;
(ii) Administration Support;
(iii) Financial Management;
(iv) Procurement Management;
(v) Environmental and Social risk management; and
(vi) Monitoring and Evaluation
7 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT AND
GRIEVANCE REDRESS
Stakeholder engagement is one of the most important tools for the
implementation of the ESMP. It provides a better understanding of the
conditions in the project area and the concerns of stakeholders. It is also
essential to ensure the effectiveness of the mitigation measures developed
under the ESMP. A Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) has been prepared
to identify the key stakeholders of the Zambia Devolution Support
Program, establish stakeholder engagement measures, and provide a
grievance mechanism (GM). The SEP outlines how, when, and ways in
which the project team will communicate and consult with stakeholders
including vulnerable groups and a mechanism by which people can raise
concerns, provide feedback, or make complaints about project and any
activities related to the project. The SEP has been prepared according to
Environmental and Social Standard 10 (ESS 10) on Stakeholder
Engagement and Information Disclosure of the World Bank’s
Environmental and Social Framework (ESF). It will cover the whole life of
the Project.
The overall objectives of SEP as stated in the ESS-10 are to:
• Identify the roles and responsibility of all stakeholders and ensure
their participation in all stages of the project cycle.
• Establish a systematic approach to stakeholder and citizen
engagements that will help to identify stakeholders and build and
maintain a constructive relationship with them, project-affected
parties.
• Assess the level of stakeholder interest and support for the project
and to enable stakeholders’ views to be considered in project design
and environmental and social performance.
• Promote and provide means for effective and inclusive engagement
with project- affected parties throughout the project cycle on issues
that could potentially affect them.
• Ensure that appropriate project information on environmental and
social risks and impacts is disclosed to stakeholders in a timely,
understandable, accessible, and appropriate manner and format
taking special consideration for the disadvantaged or vulnerable
groups.
• Provide project-affected parties with accessible and inclusive means
to raise issues and grievances and allow the Project Implementing
Entity and its Project Management Unit to respond to and manage
such grievances.
7.1 GRIEVANCE MECHANISM
7.2 Objectives
The GM is intended to:
• Provide avenues for stakeholders to seek information and ask
questions on the Zambia Devolution Support Program.
• Provide project affected people with avenues for lodging concerns,
complaints and resolving disputes arising from project activities.
• Ensure that appropriate and mutually acceptable redress actions
are identified and implemented to the satisfaction of complainants.
• Provide avenue for vulnerable groups and victims of SEA/SH to have
equal access to grievance redress process and support.
• Avoid project-community conflicts and improve community support
for the project activities.
Although project affected parties have the right to seek redress in court,
the project recognizes that court cases are known to be cumbersome and
time consuming. Therefore, the project, through this GRM intends to
propose an alternative simple but functional first point procedure for
aggrieved project affected persons to amicably seek redress to their
complaints. Nonetheless, aggrieved persons would remain free to access
the court system without any hindrance or retribution from the project as
provided by the laws of Zambia
7.3 Principles of the GM
The operationalization of this GM shall be guided by the following
principles.
• An accessible, inclusive, and free grievance mechanism (GM),
broadly disclosed, which facilitates the resolution of concerns and
grievances in a safe, confidential, and timely manner.
• A grievance mechanism that allows stakeholders to file complaints
by various means (face-to-face, mail, email, phone, text, website, and
in person) and when necessary, in an anonymous manner.
• A grievance mechanism that provides a clear, impartial, and
objective procedures for handling and responding to complaints,
including timelines for acknowledgement, decisions, and appeals.
• A grievance process free of retaliation, abuse, or discrimination.
• A grievance mechanism that provides an avenue for lodging SEA/SH
cases in a safe, confidential, and non-stigmatizing manner and with
a referral pathway for such cases
7.3.1 Local Authority Management of the GM
The overall management of the GM will reside with the designated
Safeguards Focal Person. The Safeguard Focal Person will specifically be
responsible for:
• The disclosure of the GM to project stakeholders.
• Sensitization of implementing partners and staff on the GM.
• Keeping records of all complaints received, updating, and closing
complaints.
• Pre-empting and facilitating activities of Grievance Committees
(GC).
• Checking if all grievances have been addressed and follow-up
actions have been taken.
• Escalating cases to PMU
• Referring survivors of SEA/SH cases to Gender Based Violence
(GBV) service providers
• Monitoring and producing biannual performance report on the GM.
7.3.2 Description of GM
Grievances will be handled at each sub-project site and addressed by the
Town Council through designated channels. The project specific GRM will
be established and become operational 30 days after project effectiveness.
The GRM will include the following steps:
I. Step 1: Submission of grievances either orally or in writing:
Submission of grievances will either be orally or in writing to a GRM
officer in the Town Council. Walk-ins may register a complaint on a
grievance logbook at project site or civic centre. To ensure the GRM
is accessible to all stakeholders, particularly in rural areas and those
that are vulnerable, specific measures will be explored during
consultations and reflected in the updated SEP. The GRM will also
allow anonymous grievances to be raised and addressed.
II. Step 2: Recording of grievances within 24 hours: Grievances will
be recorded and classified based on the typology of complaints and
the complainants to provide more efficient response and providing
the initial response within 24 hours by the GRM officer. The typology
will be based on the characteristics of the complainant (e.g.,
vulnerable groups, persons with disabilities, people with language
barriers, etc.) and the nature of the complaint.
III. Step 3: Investigating the grievance and Communication of
the Response within 14 days.
IV. Step 4: Complainant Response: either grievance closure or taking
further steps if the grievance remains open. If grievance remains
open, complainant will be given opportunity to appeal to Grievance
committee that will be set up.
V. Step 5: Monitoring and evaluation: Grievances will be monitored
based on whether the resolution was efficient and if there were any
lessons learnt. At the end of each month an analysis of complaints
will be provided and will include a breakdown of cases received,
resolved, pending, actions taken, data by gender and types of
complaints. This will be part of the quarterly and annual reporting.
Once a complaint has been received, by any channels, it should be
recorded in the complaints logbook or grievance excel-sheet/grievance
database. Once all possible redress has been proposed and if the
complainant is still not satisfied then they should be advised of their right
to legal recourse.
The PMU will use the existing institutional Grievance Redress Mechanism
(GRM) to address all citizen complaints and requests. The system and
requirements (including staffing) for the grievance redress chain of action
– from registration, sorting and processing, and acknowledgement and
follow�?up, to verification and action, and finally feedback–are incorporated
embodied in this GRM. In emergency, to encourage proactive beneficiary
engagement, the outreach messages and information will be
communicated through mass media, social media and city/district
information boards to reach people at large.
Other measures to handle sensitive and confidential complaints, including
those related to Sexual Exploitation and Abuse/Harassment (SEA/SH),
will be identified in the GBV Action Plan. With respect to GBV related
complaints, special procedures will be adopted to ensure anonymity and
referral procedures to associated NGOs who are experienced in handling
GBV cases will be set up. Once all possible redress has been proposed and
if the complainant is still not satisfied then they should be advised of their
right to legal recourse.
ANNEX Gender Based Violence Action Plan
7.4 Gender Based Violence Action Plan
Activity to Address Steps to be taken Time Responsibl Who will Output Budget
GBV/SEA/SH/VAC risk Lines e monitor Indicators s (USD)
Strengthen Institutional capacity for SEA/SH risk mitigation and response
Apoint a GBV/SEA focal point Develop ToR Third Council ZDSP Registered
at the Local Authority to month Managemen PMU & success of
supervise and provide t ESS the project
technical support for the Prepare reports Technical
implementation of SEA/SH Team
Action Plan
Support capacity of local Identify key Continuo Environment ZDSP PMU List of
systems to prevent and stakeholders to engage us and Social & ESS trained
10,000
respond to GBV/SEA (police, Specialists Technical stakeholders
health, legal, CDO’s, CBO’s). Team
Develop training plan
Number of
Strengthen the reporting trainings
mechanisms & procedures of Develop training conducted
local systems. material/ content
• Conduct training to
include: HR policies on
SEA/SH
• SEA/SH reporting and
allegation procedures
Strengthen a survivor Global/National Environment Number of
centered referral and standards, human and Social coordination
response. rights and survivor Specialist meetings
centered approaches conducted
Strengthen coordination for
better services with Conduct training and Readily
local/national GBV/SEA mentoring available
service provider materials for
reference
Conduct regular
coordination meetings
with service providers
for effective referrals
Integrate GBV/SEA/SH risk management in Contractors’ Environment and Social Management Plan (ESMP)
Incorporate GBV/SEA/SH Integrate consideration Immediate Environmen ZDSP Updated ESMP
risk in the ESMP for GBV/SEA during t and Social PMU & with SEA/SH
implementation of this Specialist ESS
ESMP Technical
Team
Develop M&E programme Develop an M&E plan Immedia Monitoring ZDSP M&E
to monitor work plan te and PMU & framework in
implementation Evaluation ESS place
Specialist Technic
al Team
5,000
Monitor SEA/SH Number of
Implementation Plan monitoring
activities done
and reports
produced on
quarterly
basis.
Inform project affected communities about GBV/SEA/SH risks
Develop information Develop a strategy Immediate Environmen ZDSP A SEA/SH
dissemination strategy t and Social PMU &
communicatio
Specialists ESS
n strategy in
Identity the methods to Technical
place
disseminate the Team
5,000
information
No of IEC
materials
Dissemination of
disseminated
information publicly to
stakeholders
Develop/adapt relevant Develop relevant First and Environmen ZDSP No and type of
IEC materials for IEC materials second t and Social PMU & SEA/SH IEC
10,000
community engagements translated in local month Specialists ESS material
languages of the Technical developed
project location Team
Establish partnerships with Identify and select Third Town ZDSP Partnership
key stakeholders partners month Council PMU & map/report
(CBOs/CSO’s and local E&S ESS
government institution) Safeguards Technical 5000
Engage partners, Focal Point Team
conducting joint
Community meetings
and awareness raising
Conduct community Develop a community Third Town ZDSP Number of
sensitization on SEA/SH sensitization plan, month Council PMU & District, sub
risks material and messages. E&S ESS county and
Safeguard Technical community
Conduct community
s Focal Team sensitization
sensitization (Radios, 25,000
Point conducted
posters, community
engagements)
Report of the
activity with
clear action
points
GBV/SEA sensitive channels for reporting in GRM
Develop/Review GRM for Undertake Immediate Environmen ZDSP GBV/SH
specific SEA/SH procedures internal review of t and Social PMU & procedure
GRM for SEA/SH Specialists ESS integrated
mitigation Technical MoH- GRM
Team module
Integrate SEA/SH
entry points within
the GRM with clear
procedures
Develop/update
SEA/SH reporting
and allegation
procedures.
Identify and train SEA/SH Identify and select First and Social ZDSP Number of focal
focal points within the GRM GBV/SEA focal persons second Safeguards PMU & persons
who will be responsible within the Town months Specialist ESS identified and
SEA/SH cases referrals to Council Technical trained in all
relevant stakeholders as Team districts
defined in the referral
pathway. Clarify the role of the
focal points in Number of GBV
GBV/SEA as referral cases received,
referred and
points resolved
Train the focal points
on
GBV/SEA basics and
the referral pathway
Review GRM reports/logs for Review logs for Third Social ZDSP Number of
GBV/SEA sensitivity GBV/SEA month Safeguards PMU & reviews done on
documentation to onwards Specialist ESS GRM reports
ensure it follows Technical
standards for Team
documenting
GBV/SEA cases.
Define and reinforce GBV/SEA/SH requirements in procurement processes and contracts
Incorporate GBV//SEA/SH Ensure that SEA/SH Immediate Social and ZDSP SEA/SH
Requirements and issues are Procureme PMU & standards in
expectations in the incorporated in all nt ESS procurement
contractor/suppliers/consult contracts signed by Specialists Technical contract
ants’ contracts. contractors/consultan Team document
ts/ suppliers
Allocation of funds for Clearly define SEA/SH First and Financial ZDSP Bid
GBV/SEA/SH related costs requirements and second Specialist PMU & documents
in procurement documents. expectations in the bid months ESS with clearly
documents under Technical defined
ESMP activities Team SEA/SH
requirements
Codes of Conduct signed Define the Third Town ZDSP Contract
and understood requirements to be month Council PMU & documents
included in the CoC ESS with clearly
which addresses Technical defined
SEA/SH Team SEA/SH
clauses
Review CoC for
/requirements
provisions/clauses that
guard against SEA/SH Revised CoC
Have CoCs signed by all Signed CoCs
contractors /suppliers
/ consultants.