2016/65 k nKonw A A weldegdeg e ol n oNtoet e s eSrei r e ise s f ofro r p r&a c t hteh e nEenregryg y Etx itcrea c t i v e s G l o b a l P r a c t i c e The bottom line Improving Transmission Planning: Development of power transmission networks requires Examples from Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal long lead times and substantial capital. Optimization of investment is especially critical Why is this issue important? the fact that it, triggered changes in West Bengal. In addition to incorporating changes in its transmission investment plan, the state in fast-growing economies Coordinated planning of transmission and distribution asked the World Bank to help prepare distribution planning criteria such as India’s, where there are networks is needed to ensure that the power system as a ready reference for its planning department. The state of Andhra competing demands on financial resources, and utilities need to meets demand efficiently, safely, and reliably Pradesh, where technical loss reduction is a primary objective, requested a detailed load-flow analysis of the distribution network maintain adequate cash flow In most Indian states transmission planning is done by the state of two high-growth districts to further optimize its transmission to expand electricity service for transmission utility based on the utility’s identification of system investment plan. economic growth and poverty constraints and on load growth data provided by distribution utilities. This kind of exercise gives utilities an opportunity to engage reduction. As shown by examples Although a software tool is used, network mapping is limited to the in integrated and holistic planning to optimize their transmission from Andhra Pradesh and West transmission network, with the distribution network being modeled investments while continuing to maintain a robust and efficient Bengal, integrated, iterative as a lumped load at a few locations on the transmission grid. As a power system.1 planning of transmission and consequence, the five-year transmission plans of some states do distribution using appropriate not represent an optimal path toward the objectives of grid stability, software can provide the capacity expansion, and system efficiency. What are the challenges to transmission necessary optimization while In some states, moreover, transmission planning has been guided planning in India? meeting the objectives of primarily by removal of immediate system constraints through The components of India’s large and complex expanding grid capacity, peak loading of transmission lines and power transformers. Limited maintaining system stability, use has been made of information about downstream distribution grid are growing, creating the need for integrated, and improving efficiency. networks, geographic load distribution, and growth over time in iterative planning supply and demand. India has a multilayered national grid consisting of five synchronously Kavita Saraswat is a To test whether in-state planning could be improved, an integrated connected regions, with 400kV as the main backbone layer.2 The New Delhi–based senior transmission and distribution planning process was recently under- uppermost layer is a 765 kV system (with 500 kV and 800 kV HVDC power engineer with the taken for West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh, two fast-growing states World Bank’s Energy and with effective utilities. The iterative process made use of Siemens’ 1 The Power System Simulator for Engineering (PSS/E) model is a system of computer pro- Extractives Global Practice. PSS/E software, which is used for transmission planning at the central grams designed to simulate power system performance using numerical algorithms. It consists Amol Gupta is a New and state levels.1 It also took generation planning into account. of three main modules: (i) PSS/E Power Flow for steady-state analysis; (ii) PSS/E Balanced or Delhi–based energy Unbalanced Fault Analysis; and (iii) PSS/E Dynamic Simulation. The success of the process, which suggested ways to reduce 2 The regions are: Eastern, Western, Northern, Southern, and North-Eastern. Since the end specialist with the Energy technical losses and create transmission assets, is evident from of 2013, the five have operated as a single synchronous system, one of the largest in the world. and Extractives Global Practice. 2 I m p r o v i n g T r a n s m i s s io n P l a n n i n g : E x a m p l e s f r o m A n d h r a P r ade s h a n d W e s t B e n g a l links) that provides interregional connectivity. The robust interstate capacity, it is possible to identify transmission investments that transmission network is planned, built, and managed by Powergrid in will keep the network parameters within prescribed limits, thereby its role as the central transmission utility. Within states, the transmis- resulting in optimal system operation. In India, all state and central sion network is planned by the concerned state transmission utility. entities use Siemens’s PSS/E software to perform load-flow analysis The transmission network is a complex web of generating and design their transmission networks. “A strongly interconnected stations (sources of electricity) and grid substations (large sinks into Given economic and financial constraints, right-of-way limita- power system with high- which electricity flows and is dispatched to consumers at lower tions, and various other risks (among which climate-related risks are voltages through distribution substations and lines). At any given becoming increasingly important), the process of planning invest- capacity transmission time, adequate capacity should be available in the transmission ments has become an iterative process that must be integrated with corridors across regions network to ensure that the load connected to the grid is served in various other processes and programs. In India, a new investment offers the benefit accordance with established operating criteria. Those criteria include, proposal in a state has a major impact on the system in the vicinity of balancing supply among others, thermal limits to avoid overloading lines or equipment of the investment (and a lesser impact on remote locations) owing to under normal and contingency conditions; voltage limits; frequency variations in load growth across the state. Any new investment that (generation) and demand variation limits; and various other criteria to ensure that power may have been considered under initial assumptions may become (load) within the grid to quality, system stability, and efficiency are maintained. redundant when all the new investment proposals are simulated accommodate routine A strongly interconnected power system with high-capacity simultaneously. disparities in the timing of transmission corridors across regions offers the benefit of balancing peak loads and in power supply (generation) and demand (load) within the grid to accom- What specific planning problems have been modate routine disparities in the timing of peak loads and in power surpluses and deficits identified—and how are they being solved? surpluses and deficits between subregions, as well as unexpected between subregions.” disturbances such as a steep and sudden change in connected load As an alternative to piecemeal planning of or generating capacity. If the grid is not dynamically balanced (within transmission investments, an integrated approach specified limits), such steep changes may cause grid instability was tested in Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal (disturbance in frequency and voltage). In extreme cases they may lead to local or widespread blackouts. The following issues in state-level transmission planning have Because electricity flows along paths of least resistance, the been noted: direction and quantity of power flowing across any network element • Network planning is focused on removal of immediate system is decided by the equivalent resistance offered by alternative constraints, with little focus on future load growth across paths in the network. As the number of elements in the network the network. This leaves many areas deprived of adequate grows, the problem of estimating looped power flow along various transmission capacity to support power flows. Bottlenecks in branches increases exponentially, creating a need for load-flow some state systems constrain the delivery of electricity and analysis using simulation software. Such software provides an hamper development. accurate estimate of the quantity and direction of power flow across • When load growth is taken into account, it is often done on a various network elements and can be used to identify constraints lumped basis at a few locations on the grid, depending on the in the network. The accuracy of the software’s output depends to a size of the state. This does not provide a very clear picture of large extent on how accurately and extensively the power system future constraints. network is represented in the model. When superimposed with anticipated year-on-year load growth and additions to generation 3 I m p r o v i n g T r a n s m i s s io n P l a n n i n g : E x a m p l e s f r o m A n d h r a P r ade s h a n d W e s t B e n g a l • Schemes to strengthen transmission networks are generally Table 1. Key facts on the transmission and distribution networks derived from inputs provided by distribution utility officials. Too of Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal often they do not take into account the physical locations of Number of Total length Number of Total length upstream grid substations or prevailing system parameters at substations (CKM) substations (CKM) Voltage those substations. As a result, the locations of new distribution level “The World Bank has substations are disconnected from the economics of loss (kV) Andhra Pradesh West Bengal advocated an integrated reduction in the transmission system. 400 6 2,635 4 1,645 transmission and • Transmission investment planning is guided by peak loading of 220 71 8,541 21 2,917 the transmission lines, feeders, and power transformers. This 132 169 8,859 76 6,953 distribution investment approach is well suited for a radial power system. However, the 66 0  0 8 315 planning approach. This power network at extra high voltage (EHV) is meshed—that is, it 33 2,633 24,431 517 13,926 approach was tried as a comprises several loops. Therefore, a reliable software is needed 11 0 190,453 0 150,946 “proof of concept” in the to simulate power flows under varying conditions so as to 0.40 0 295,550 0 291,092 identify existing and future constraints. states of Andhra Pradesh Note: CKM = circuit kilometers. The peak load of Andhra Pradesh during FY 2015–16 was 7,622 and West Bengal, where The World Bank has advocated an integrated transmission and MW; for West Bengal, 7,988 MW. Source: Central Electricity Authority’s Load Growth and Balancing Report, FY 2015–16. the utilities perform well.” distribution investment planning approach that would include the following: • More-detailed mapping of the transmission network, preferably Key facts about the transmission and distribution networks of these down to the 11 kV feed-in point at distribution substations states are provided in table 1. • Optimization of the location of new distribution substations in The project began by modeling the existing transmission network coordination with the transmission utility (with load shifting if of West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh using the PSS/E software, from required) the highest voltage level in the states (400 kV in both cases) up to • Performing iterations to arrive at an optimized investment plan the 11 kV point at distribution substations. Load-flow analyses of the that takes into account actual load growth. base-case network were carried out to identify network elements in which steady-state voltage and loading exceeded the allowed This approach was tried as a “proof of concept” in the states of margins. The base-case network thus modeled was validated by both Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal, where the utilities perform well, utilities with respect to network interconnections, prevailing con- through a nonlending technical assistance project funded by a trust straints, and technical parameters. Revisions were made as required. fund of the UK Department for International Development. Andhra Ideally, the next step should have been to arrive at an optimized Pradesh was chosen because of a new transmission and distribution investment by adopting the iterative, integrated planning approach project being prepared under the state’s ambitious 24x7 Power for described above. However, because investments for the next All Program. West Bengal was chosen because the Bank had pro- three to five years had already been approved, the utilities were vided nonlending technical assistance to the state in 2007–08, when not keen to reopen the entire planning process. The investments the state’s power sector was unbundled and corporatized. West already approved were therefore modeled on a year-on-year basis Bengal was the only state in which the public sector utilities were and iterations run to identify additional network constraints that, profitable for several years after unbundling and corporatization. if addressed, would further improve the technical parameters and provide economic benefits, including reduction of technical losses. 4 I m p r o v i n g T r a n s m i s s io n P l a n n i n g : E x a m p l e s f r o m A n d h r a P r ade s h a n d W e s t B e n g a l Figure 1. Trend in technical loss reduction based on load-flow analysis in Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal Average technical loss for Andhra Pradesh (percent) Average technical loss for West Bengal (percent) 3.56 3.63 3.44 “Not anticipating the 3.39 3.31 surprising results of the 3.22 integrated approach to 3.08 planning transmission and 2.90 distribution, the states were initially reluctant FY 15–16 FY 18–19 FY 18–19 FY 18–19 with FY 15–16 FY 18–19 with FY 18–19 with FY 18–19 with with no with APTRANSCO APTRANSCO no investments WBSETCL WBSETCL to reopen their planning investments investments investments and investments investments and additional investments additional investments process and revise their Note: APTRANSCO and WBSETCL are the transmission utilities in Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal. investments. However, once the benefits of integrated planning were The exercise led to several findings. In one specific case, the Was the integrated planning approach successful? date of construction of a substation and associated transmission demonstrated, the utilities The results from Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal lines differed by a year or two in some locations. Such a scenario quickly realized that show how transmission and distribution utilities would have resulted in stranded capacities, delaying benefits from reopening the process the investments. There were other cases in which it was possible in fast-growing economies can optimize their would help them optimize to defer planned investments by a year or two. The final results are investments their investment plans and reported in table 2. The trend in technical loss reduction based on load-flow analysis is shown in figure 1. Not anticipating the surprising results of the integrated approach improve their operations to planning transmission and distribution, the states were initially Both states have proceeded to incorporate the additional and cash flow.” investments proposed in their investment plans. The expected results reluctant to reopen their planning process and revise their are reported in table 3. investments. However, once the benefits of integrated planning Andhra Pradesh has asked the World Bank to carry out an were demonstrated, the utilities quickly realized that reopening analysis of the distribution network in the two districts where the the process would help them optimize their investment plans and highest load growth is expected over the next five years (Tirupati and improve their operations and cash flow. They further decided on Vishakhapatnam) so as to assess whether load shifting (relocation additional changes in their planning practices and sought assistance of distribution substations) in these districts can further reduce on reconfiguring their transmission networks. This kind of exercise technical losses in the transmission system. This exercise is presently provides an opportunity for utilities, in India as well as across the under way and is likely to increase the returns from transmission and developing world, to undertake integrated and holistic planning to distribution investments. build a robust and efficient power grid in a cost-effective manner. This note was peer-reviewed by Reynold Duncan (World Bank) and Andrew Jefferies (Asian Development Bank). Both reviewers provided helpful suggestions. Deloitte conducted the analysis on which this brief is based. The UK Department for International Development provided funds for this activity. The authors are grateful for the support of Varun Nangia and Morgan Bazilian. 5 I m p r o v i n g T r a n s m i s s io n P l a n n i n g : E x a m p l e s f r o m A n d h r a P r ade s h a n d W e s t B e n g a l Table 2. Changes to planned investments in Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal as a result of integrated planning Make further Andhra Pradesh connections Transmission lines Substations Live Wire 2014/1. Route length in km Capacity (MVA) “Transmitting Renewable Transformation ratio Energy to the Grid,” Voltage level (kV) Original proposal Additional proposed (kV) Original proposal Additional proposed by Marcelino Madrigal 400 5,874 — 400/220 5,040 — and Rhonda Lenai Jordan. 220 5,206 5.6 400/132 7,040 — Live Wire 2015/38. 132 4,398 15 220/132 4,800 100 “Integrating Variable Renewable Energy into West Bengal Power System Operations,” Transmission and distribution lines Substations by Thomas Nikolakakis and Debabrata Chattopadhyay. Route length in km Capacity (MVA) Transformation ratio Live Wire 2015/44 Voltage level (kV) Original proposal Additional proposed (kV) Original proposal Additional proposed “Mapping Smart-Grid 400 1,103 111 400/220 3,150 315 Modernization in Power 220 426 76 400/132 1,000 400 Distribution Systems,” 132 1,999 186 220/132 5,280 960 by Samuel Oguah and 33 60,289 5,265 220/33 320 0 Debabrata Chattopadhyay. 132/33 4,401 1,197 Live Wire 2015/48. 33/11 30,389 2,73 “Supporting Transmission and Distribution Projects: World Bank Investments Table 3. Anticipated results of additional investments proposed after integrated planning since 2010,” by Samuel Oguah, Debabrata West Bengal Andhra Pradesh Chattopadhyay, and Total additional proposed capital expenditure (US$ million) 100.24 6.82 Morgan Bazilian. Reduction in average transmission loss (%) 0.49 0.15 Average power purchase cost (U.S. cents/unit) 5.01 5.29 Energy savings per year (MUs)a 249.18 70.88 Cost savings per year (US$ million) 12.48 3.75 Total savings over useful life of asset (US$ million) 312.00 93.74 a. Total energy in FY16 according to Central Electricity Authority’s Load Growth Balancing Report: Andhra Pradesh, 48,216 MUs; West Bengal, 51,367 MUs. Get Connected to Live Wire Live Wires are designed for easy reading on the screen and for downloading The Live Wire series of online knowledge notes is an initiative of the World Bank Group’s Energy and self-printing in color or “Live Wire is designed and Extractives Global Practice, reflecting the emphasis on knowledge management and solu- black and white. tions-oriented knowledge that is emerging from the ongoing change process within the Bank for practitioners inside Group. For World Bank employees: and outside the Bank. 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Once a year, the Energy and Extractives Global Practice takes stock of all notes that appeared, reviewing their quality and identifying priority areas to be covered in the following year’s pipeline. Please visit our Live Wire web page for updates: http://www.worldbank.org/energy/livewire e Pa c i f i c 2014/28 ainable energy for all in easT asia and Th 1 Tracking Progress Toward Providing susT TIVES GLOBAL PRACTICE A KNOWLEDGE NOTE SERIES FOR THE ENERGY & EXTRAC THE BOTTOM LINE Tracking Progress Toward Providing Sustainable Energy where does the region stand on the quest for sustainable for All in East Asia and the Pacific 2014/29 and cenTral asia energy for all? in 2010, eaP easTern euroPe sT ainable en ergy for all in databases—technical measures. This note is based on that frame- g su v i d i n had an electrification rate of Why is this important? ess Toward Pro work (World Bank 2014). SE4ALL will publish an updated version of 1 Tracking Progr 95 percent, and 52 percent of the population had access Tracking regional trends is critical to monitoring the GTF in 2015. to nonsolid fuel for cooking. the progress of the Sustainable Energy for All The primary indicators and data sources that the GTF uses to track progress toward the three SE4ALL goals are summarized below. consumption of renewable (SE4ALL) initiative C T I V E S G L O B A L P R A C T I C E ENERGY & EXTRA • Energy access. Access to modern energy services is measured T E S E R I E S F O R T H EIn declaring 2012 the “International Year of Sustainable Energy for energy decreased overall A KNO W L E D G E N Oand 2010, though by the percentage of the population with an electricity between 1990 All,” the UN General Assembly established three objectives to be connection and the percentage of the population with access Energy modern forms grew rapidly. d Providing Sustainable accomplished by 2030: to ensure universal access to modern energy energy intensity levels are high to nonsolid fuels.2 These data are collected using household Tracking Progress Towar services,1 to double the 2010 share of renewable energy in the global surveys and reported in the World Bank’s Global Electrification but declining rapidly. overall THE BOTTOM LINE energy mix, and to double the global rate of improvement in energy e and Central Asia trends are positive, but bold Database and the World Health Organization’s Household Energy for All in Eastern Europ efficiency relative to the period 1990–2010 (SE4ALL 2012). stand policy measures will be required where does the region setting Database. The SE4ALL objectives are global, with individual countries on that frame- on the quest for sustainable to sustain progress. is based share of renewable energy in the their own national targets databases— technical in a measures. way that is Thisconsistent with the overall of • Renewable energy. The note version energy for all? The region SE4ALL will publish an updated their ability energy mix is measured by the percentage of total final energy to Why is this important ? spirit of the work initiative. (World Bank Because2014). countries differ greatly in has near-universal access consumption that is derived from renewable energy resources. of trends is critical to monitoring to pursue thetheGTF in 2015. three objectives, some will make more rapid progress GTF uses to Data used to calculate this indicator are obtained from energy electricity, and 93 percent Tracking regional othersindicators primary will excel and data sources that elsewhere, depending on their the while the population has access le Energy for All in one areaThe goals are summarized below. balances published by the International Energy Agency and the the progress of the Sustainab respective track starting progress pointstowardand the three SE4ALL comparative advantages as well as on services is measured to nonsolid fuel for cooking. access. Accessthat they modern to are able to energy marshal. United Nations. despite relatively abundant (SE4ALL) initiative the resources and support Energy with an electricity connection Elisa Portale is an l Year of Sustainable Energy for To sustain percentage of by the momentum forthe the population achievement of the SE4ALL 2• Energy efficiency. The rate of improvement of energy efficiency hydropower, the share In declaring 2012 the “Internationa energy economist in with access to nonsolid fuels. three global objectives objectives, andathe means of charting percentage of the population global progress to 2030 is needed. is approximated by the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of renewables in energy All,” the UN General Assembly established the Energy Sector surveys and reported access to modern universalAssistance The World TheseBank and data are the collected International using household Energy Agency led a consor- of energy intensity, where energy intensity is the ratio of total consumption has remained to be accomplished by 2030: to ensure Management Database and the World of theenergy intium of 15 renewable international in the World Bank’s Global agencies toElectrification establish the SE4ALL Global primary energy consumption to gross domestic product (GDP) energy the 2010 share of Program (ESMAP) relatively low. very high energy services, to double Database. measured in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms. Data used to 1 t ’s Household provides Energy a system for regular World Bank’s Energy the global rate of improvemen and Extractives Tracking Framework Health (GTF), which Organization in the energy intensity levels have come and to double the global energy mix, Global Practice. (SE4ALL 2012). based on energy. of renewable The sharepractical, rigorous—yet energy given available calculate energy intensity are obtained from energy balances to the period 1990–2010 global reporting, Renewable down rapidly. The big questions in energy efficiency relative setting by the percentage of total final energy consumption published by the International Energy Agency and the United evolve Joeri withde Wit is an countries individual mix is measured Data used to are how renewables will The SE4ALL objectives are global, economist in with the overall from renewable energy when every resources. person on the planet has access Nations. picks up a way energy that is consistent 1 The universal derived that isaccess goal will be achieved balances published when energy demand in from energy their own national targets through electricity, clean cooking fuels, clean heating fuels, rates the Bank’s Energy and countries differ greatly in their ability calculate this indicator are obtained to modern energy services provided productive use and community services. The term “modern solutions” cookingNations. again and whether recent spirit of the initiative. Because Extractives Global rapid progress and energy for Energy Agency and the United liquefied petroleum gas), 2 Solid fuels are defined to include both traditional biomass (wood, charcoal, agricultural will make more by the refers to solutions International that involve electricity or gaseous fuels (including is pellets and briquettes), and of decline in energy intensity some t of those of efficiency energy and forest residues, dung, and so on), processed biomass (such as to pursue the three objectives, Practice. depending on their or solid/liquid fuels paired with Energy efficiency. The rate stoves exhibiting of overall improvemen emissions rates at or near other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). will excel elsewhere, rate (CAGR) of energy will continue. in one area while others liquefied petroleum gas (www.sustainableenergyforall.org). annual growth as well as on approximated by the compound and comparative advantages is the ratio of total primary energy respective starting points marshal. where energy intensity that they are able to intensity, measured in purchas- the resources and support domestic product (GDP) for the achievement of the SE4ALL consumption to gross calculate energy intensity Elisa Portale is an To sustain momentum terms. Data used to charting global progress to 2030 is needed. ing power parity (PPP) the International energy economist in objectives, a means of balances published by the Energy Sector International Energy Agency led a consor- are obtained from energy The World Bank and the SE4ALL Global Energy Agency and the United Nations. Management Assistance agencies to establish the the GTF to provide a regional and tium of 15 international for regular This note uses data from Program (ESMAP) of the which provides a system for Eastern Tracking Framework (GTF), the three pillars of SE4ALL World Bank’s Energy and Extractives on rigorous—yet practical, given available country perspective on Global Practice. global reporting, based has access Joeri de Wit is an will be achieved when every person on the planet The universal access goal heating fuels, clean cooking fuels, clean energy economist in 1 agricultural provided through electricity, biomass (wood, charcoal, to modern energy services The term “modern cooking solutions” to include both traditional and briquettes), and Solid fuels are defined the Bank’s Energy and use and community services. biomass (such as pellets 2 and energy for productive petroleum gas), and so on), processed fuels (including liquefied and forest residues, dung, involve electricity or gaseous at or near those of Extractives Global refers to solutions that overall emissions rates other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). with stoves exhibiting Practice. or solid/liquid fuels paired (www.sustainableenergyforall.org). liquefied petroleum gas Contribute to If you can’t spare the time to contribute to Live Wire, but have an idea for a topic, or case we should cover, let us know! 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This note is databases—technical updated version of energy for all? The region SE4ALL will publish an has near-universal access to WhyD is this important? ERGY PRACTICE work (World Bank 2014). E G E N O T E S E R I E S F O R T H E E N to of A K N O W L is critical monitoring the GTF in 2015. the GTF uses to Tracking regional trends electricity, and 93 percent and data sources that for All The primary indicators summarized below. n has access able Energy are the populatio the progress of the Sustain track progress toward the three SE4ALL goals Understanding CO Emissions from the Global Energy Sector nonsolid fuel for cooking. is measured to modern energy services THE BOTTOM LINE to Your Name Here t (SE4ALL) initiativ e Energy access. Access connection despite relatively abundan 2 populatio n with an electricity ional Year of Sustainab le Energy for by the percentage of the to nonsolid fuels. 2 hydropower, the share the energy sector contributes In declaring 2012 the “Internat objectives the populatio n with access established three global and the percentage of about 40 percent of global of renewables in energy All,” the UN General Assembly using househo ld surveys and reported access to modern These data are collected Why is this issue important? 2030: to ensure universal World Become an author emissions of CO2. three- consumption has remained to be accomplished by energy in Global Electrifica tion Database and the share of renewab le in the World Bank’s quarters of those emissionsrelatively low. very high energy Mitigating climate change energy requires services, to 1 double the 2010 knowledge of the improvem ent tion’s Househo ld Energy Database. rate of Organiza CO intensity levels have come and to double the global Figure 1. CO2 emissions Health Figure 2. energy-related The share of renewable 2 energy in the energy come from six major the global energy mix, sources of CO question s2 emissions to the period 1990–201 0 (SE4ALL 2012). by sector Renewab le energy. emissions by country consumption down rapidly. The big economies. although coal-fired in energy efficiency relative countries setting percenta ge of total final energy mix is measured by the of Live Wire and global, with individual LICs evolve les will opportunities to cut emissions of greenhouse aregases used to plants account for just are how renewab Identifying The SE4ALL objectives le energy resources. Data 0.5% picks up understanding of the main sources ofin those a way that is consistent with emis- the overall that is derived from renewab balances published 40 percent of world energy when energy demand requires a clear their own national targets in their ability Other this indicator are obtained from energy recent rates (CO ) accounts for more than 80 percent of countries differ greatly Residential calculate Other MICs Nations. sions. Carbon again and whether dioxide Because sectors Agency and the United spirit of the initiative. 6% production, they were 2 by the International Energy China will make more rapid progress 10% 15% intensity gas emissions globally, 1 primarily from the burning s, some efficiency is contribute to your responsible for more than of decline in energy total greenhouse to pursue the three objective on their Other HICs . The rate of improvement of energy energy sector—defined toexcel elsewhere, depending include Energy efficiency 30% growth rate (CAGR) of energy will continue. of fossil fuels (IFCC 2007). The will 8% in one area while others by the compound annual Energy 70 percent of energy-sector as well as on 41% approxim and heat generation—contributed and compara 41tive advantages ated Japan 4% energy the ratio of total primary Industry emissions in 2010. despite fuels consumed for electricity respective starting points 20% Russia energy intensity is that they are able to marshal. in 2010 (figure 1). Energy-related intensity, where USA product (GDP) measured in purchas- improvements in some percent of global CO2 emissions the resources and support 7% domestic practice and career! such of achievem ent of the SE4ALL Other consumption to gross calculate energy intensity bulk 19% is an at the point of combustion make up the for the India countries, the global CO2 Elisa 2 emissions COPortale To sustain momentum transport Road is needed. 7% (PPP) EU terms. Data used to andinare generated by the burning of fossil global progress to 2030 6% transport fuels, industrial ing power parity the International economist objectives, a means of charting balances published by emissions 11% emission factor for energy energy 16% EnergyandSector nonrenewable municipal waste to generate nal Energy Agency led electricity Internatio a consor- are obtained from energy The World Bank and the the waste, generation has hardly changed United Nations. ent Assistance venting and leakage to establish the emissions SE4ALL Global Energy Agency and the sector at the point and over the last 20 years. and heat. Black carbon and methane Managem tium of 15 international agencies Notes: Energy-related CO2 emissions are CO2 emissions from the energy from the GTF to provide a regional of the for regular This note usesanddata domestic presented in this note. which provides a system bunkers, Program (ESMAP) of combustion. Other Transport includes international marine aviation for Eastern are not included in the analysis Tracking Framework (GTF), Other Sectors on the include three pillars of SE4ALL commercial/public Extractives given available rail and pipeline transport; perspect ive World Bank’s Energy and aviation and navigation, on rigorous— yet practical, country and heat genera- global reporting, based services, agriculture/forestry, fishing, energy industries other than electricity Global Practice. not specified elsewhere; Energy = fuels consumed for electricity and Where do emissions come from? tion, and other emissions as has in the opening paragraph. HIC, MIC, and LIC refer to high-, middle-, access Joeri de Wit is an will be achieved when on the planet heat generation, every person defined The universal access goal of countries heating fuels, energy economistare Emissions concentrated in 1 in a handful to modern energy services provided through electricity, fuels, clean and low-income clean cooking countries. cooking solutions” to include both traditional biomass (wood, charcoal, agricultural The term “modern Source: IEA 2012a. Solid fuels are defined and briquettes), and the Bank’s Energy and use and community services. biomass (such as pellets 2 and come primarily from burning and energy coal for productive that involve electricity or gaseous fuels (including liquefied petroleum gas), near those of and forest residues, dung, and so on), processed Vivien Foster is sector Extractives Global refers to solutions overall emissions rates at or other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). with stoves exhibiting manager for the Sus- or solid/liquid fuels paired energy-related CO2 emissions closely The geographical pattern of Practice. (www.sustainableenergy forall.org). liquefied petroleum gas middle-income countries, and only 0.5 percent by all low-income tainable Energy Depart- mirrors the distribution of energy consumption (figure 2). In 2010, ment at the World Bank countries put together. almost half of all such emissions were associated with the two (vfoster@worldbank.org). Coal is, by far, the largest source of energy-related CO2 emissions largest global energy consumers, and more than three-quarters globally, accounting for more than 70 percent of the total (figure 3). Daron Bedrosyan were associated with the top six emitting countries. Of the remaining works for London This reflects both the widespread use of coal to generate electrical energy-related CO2 emissions, about 8 percent were contributed Economics in Toronto. power, as well as the exceptionally high CO2 intensity of coal-fired by other high-income countries, another 15 percent by other Previously, he was an power (figure 4). Per unit of energy produced, coal emits significantly energy analyst with the more CO emissions than oil and more than twice as much as natural 2 World Bank’s Energy Practice. Gas Inventory 1 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Greenhouse 0.php gas. Data—Comparisons By Gas (database). http://unfccc.int/ghg_data/items/380