103574 v1 REPUBLIC OF ZIMBABWE GREATER HARARE WATER AND SANITATION STRATEGIC PLAN GREATER HARARE WATER AND SANITATION INVESTMENT PLAN INVESTMENT PLAN REPORT (FINAL) VOLUME I: MAIN REPORT June 2014 Acknowledgements The preparation and writing of this report could not have been possible without the invaluable support of theWorld Bank, the Zimbabwe Multi-donor Trust Fund, City of Harare (Harare Water), Chitungwiza Municipality, Norton Town Council, Ruwa Town Council, Epworth Local Board, GIZ, Dorsch International Consultants GmbH, Lahmeyer GKW Consult GmbH, BCHOD and ZimSTAT. We are grateful for the level of cooperation and assistance provided by the dedicated professionals from these institutions. June 2014 Stefan Dörner Rocky Kasanga H.P. Gauff Ingenieure H.P. Gauff Ingenieure Project Manager Deputy Project Manager Preface This report is the outcome of a combined financing and supervisory effort by the Zimbabwe Multi-Donor Trust Fund (Zim-Fund) and the Multi-Donor Analytical Trust Fund (MDTF) under the World Bank as well the operational contributions of the beneficiary local authorities. The Zim- Fund financed the study that generated the Harare and Chitungwiza input data, while the MDTF financed the additional investigations in Ruwa, Epworth and Norton and the development of the integrated water and sanitation investment plan for Greater Harare. The Consultant signed two separate contracts with the two financiers with different contractual obligations regarding submission of reports. Under the Zim-Fund project, the Consultant is obliged to issue individual reports for Harare, Chitungwiza, Kwekwe, Chegutu, Masvingo and Mutare. Under the World Bank project (which includes Harare and Chitungwiza), the consultant is required to issue a single report covering all the project towns. Considering the inter-linkages and dependencies of the technical and institutional aspects of water and sanitation service provision in the Harare area, the financiers resolved that it would be in the best interest of the Clients to receive a single combined report for the Zim-Fund and the World Bank projects instead of issuing two separate reports for Harare and Chitungwiza as per the Zim-Fund contract. This arrangement will allow the Consultant to provide the necessary information on the integrated Greater Harare water and sanitation systems in one consolidated document. Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report ToC GREATER HARARE WATER AND SANITATION INVESTMENT PLAN INVESTMENT PLAN REPORT VOLUME I Table of Contents 1 BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1-1 1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 BACKGROUND TO THE CONSULTING SERVICES ................................................................................... 1-3 1.3 SCOPE OF SERVICES......................................................................................................................... 1-4 1.4 LINKAGES WITH OTHER CONSULTING CONTRACTS .............................................................................. 1-6 1.5 PLANNING PRINCIPLES ...................................................................................................................... 1-6 1.6 INVESTMENT COMPONENTS ............................................................................................................... 1-6 1.7 STRUCTURE OF THIS REPORT ............................................................................................................ 1-8 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROJECT AREA .................................................................................. 2-1 2.1 LOCATION AND GEOGRAPHY .............................................................................................................. 2-1 2.2 PROJECT AREA ................................................................................................................................. 2-1 2.2.1 Harare ..................................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.2.2 Chitungwiza ............................................................................................................................ 2-4 2.2.3 Epworth ................................................................................................................................... 2-6 2.2.4 Norton ..................................................................................................................................... 2-8 2.2.5 Ruwa ..................................................................................................................................... 2-10 2.3 CLIMATE ......................................................................................................................................... 2-12 2.4 TOPOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................. 2-13 2.5 HYDROLOGICAL AND HYDROGEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS ...................................................................... 2-13 2.6 W ATER RESOURCES ....................................................................................................................... 2-14 2.7 ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION (RAW WATER QUALITY) ........................................................................ 2-14 3 URBAN PLANNING AND DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE ......................................................................... 3-1 3.1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................. 3-1 3.2 HISTORIC AND PRESENT POPULATION ................................................................................................ 3-2 3.3 POPULATION PROJECTIONS ............................................................................................................... 3-4 3.4 URBAN PLANNING ............................................................................................................................. 3-8 3.4.1 Harare ..................................................................................................................................... 3-8 3.4.2 Chitungwiza .......................................................................................................................... 3-15 3.4.3 Epworth ................................................................................................................................. 3-21 3.4.4 Norton ................................................................................................................................... 3-25 Gauff Ingenieure Page I Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report ToC 3.4.5 Ruwa ..................................................................................................................................... 3-30 4 EXISTING WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION ............................................................................ 4-1 4.1 HARARE ........................................................................................................................................... 4-1 4.1.1 Water Supply .......................................................................................................................... 4-1 4.1.2 Sewerage .............................................................................................................................. 4-17 4.1.3 On-Going Works ................................................................................................................... 4-27 4.2 CHITUNGWIZA ................................................................................................................................. 4-33 4.2.1 Water Supply ........................................................................................................................ 4-33 4.2.2 Sewerage .............................................................................................................................. 4-39 4.3 EPWORTH ....................................................................................................................................... 4-45 4.3.1 Water Supply ........................................................................................................................ 4-45 4.3.2 Sewerage .............................................................................................................................. 4-48 4.4 NORTON ......................................................................................................................................... 4-50 4.4.1 Water Supply ........................................................................................................................ 4-50 4.4.2 Sewerage .............................................................................................................................. 4-55 4.5 RUWA............................................................................................................................................. 4-62 4.5.1 Water Supply ........................................................................................................................ 4-62 4.5.2 Sewerage .............................................................................................................................. 4-69 5 POPULATION, WATER DEMAND AND WASTEWATER FLOW PROJECTIONS ............................. 5-1 5.1 KEY PLANNING CRITERIA ................................................................................................................... 5-1 5.1.1 Service Levels......................................................................................................................... 5-1 5.1.2 Per Capita Consumption ......................................................................................................... 5-1 5.1.3 Institutional Consumption ....................................................................................................... 5-2 5.1.4 Industrial and Commercial Consumption ................................................................................ 5-3 5.1.5 Physical Water Losses ........................................................................................................... 5-3 5.1.6 Peak Factors ........................................................................................................................... 5-4 5.1.7 Wastewater Return Rates ....................................................................................................... 5-5 5.1.8 Service Coverage ................................................................................................................... 5-5 5.2 POPULATION IN SERVICE LEVEL CATEGORIES..................................................................................... 5-9 5.3 W ATER DEMAND ............................................................................................................................. 5-10 5.3.1 Calculation Methodology ...................................................................................................... 5-11 5.3.2 Greater Harare ...................................................................................................................... 5-12 5.3.3 Harare ................................................................................................................................... 5-14 5.3.4 Chitungwiza .......................................................................................................................... 5-15 5.3.5 Epworth ................................................................................................................................. 5-16 5.3.6 Norton ................................................................................................................................... 5-17 5.3.7 Ruwa ..................................................................................................................................... 5-18 5.4 W ASTEWATER FLOW ESTIMATIONS .................................................................................................. 5-19 5.4.1 Calculation Methodology ...................................................................................................... 5-19 5.4.2 Greater Harare ...................................................................................................................... 5-20 6 STRATEGIC PLANNING PRINCIPLES FOR WATER AND SANITATION ......................................... 6-1 6.1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................. 6-1 6.2 PLANNING STRATEGIES OF THE INVESTMENT MASTER PLAN ................................................................. 6-4 6.2.1 Water demand management .................................................................................................. 6-5 6.2.2 Water supply service improvement......................................................................................... 6-6 Gauff Ingenieure Page II Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report ToC 6.2.3 Extension of water supply services......................................................................................... 6-6 6.2.4 Sanitation service improvements ............................................................................................ 6-7 6.2.5 Extension of sanitation services ............................................................................................. 6-7 6.2.6 Accompanying Measures ....................................................................................................... 6-8 6.3 SERVICE LEVELS AND PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ............................................................................ 6-10 6.3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 6-10 6.3.2 Proposed Investment Performance indicators ...................................................................... 6-10 7 DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED WATER AND SANITATION INVESTMENT MEASURES ............... 7-1 7.1 HARARE ........................................................................................................................................... 7-2 7.1.1 A – Water Demand Management/NRW Reduction Measures ............................................... 7-5 7.1.2 B – Water Supply Service Improvements ............................................................................. 7-10 7.1.3 C – Extension of Water Supply Services .............................................................................. 7-19 7.1.4 D – Sewerage Service Improvements .................................................................................. 7-22 7.1.5 E – Extension of Sewerage Services ................................................................................... 7-29 7.2 CHITUNGWIZA ................................................................................................................................. 7-34 7.2.1 A – Water Demand Management/NRW Reduction Measures ............................................. 7-37 7.2.2 B – Water Supply Service Improvements ............................................................................. 7-38 7.2.3 C – Extension of Water Supply Services .............................................................................. 7-39 7.2.4 D – Sewerage Service Improvements .................................................................................. 7-40 7.2.5 E – Extension of Sewerage Services ................................................................................... 7-43 7.3 EPWORTH ....................................................................................................................................... 7-45 7.3.1 A - Water Demand Management/NRW Reduction Programme ........................................... 7-48 7.3.2 B – Water Supply Service Improvements ............................................................................. 7-50 7.3.3 C – Extension of Water Supply Services .............................................................................. 7-50 7.3.4 D – Sewerage Service Improvements .................................................................................. 7-52 7.3.5 E – Extension of Sewerage Services ................................................................................... 7-53 7.4 NORTON ......................................................................................................................................... 7-55 7.4.1 A - Water Demand Management/NRW Reduction Programme ........................................... 7-58 7.4.2 B – Water Supply Service Improvements ............................................................................. 7-60 7.4.3 C – Extension of Water Supply Services .............................................................................. 7-60 7.4.4 D – Sewerage Service Improvements .................................................................................. 7-63 7.4.5 E – Extension of Sewerage Services ................................................................................... 7-68 7.5 RUWA............................................................................................................................................. 7-71 7.5.1 A - Water Demand Management/NRW Reduction Programme ........................................... 7-74 7.5.2 B – Water Supply Service Improvements ............................................................................. 7-76 7.5.3 C – Extension of Water Supply Services .............................................................................. 7-77 7.5.4 D - Sewerage Service Improvements ................................................................................... 7-80 7.5.5 E – Extension of Sewerage Services ................................................................................... 7-82 7.5.6 New Ruwa Wastewater Treatment Plant .............................................................................. 7-85 7.6 F – ACCOMPANYING MEASURES ...................................................................................................... 7-86 8 INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ASSESSMENT ....................................................................................... 8-1 8.1 LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK ....................................................................................................... 8-1 8.2 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK .............................................................................................................. 8-7 8.3 ORGANISATIONAL CAPACITY ASSESSMENT ......................................................................................... 8-9 8.3.1 Harare Water .......................................................................................................................... 8-9 Gauff Ingenieure Page III Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report ToC 8.3.2 Chitungwiza Municipality ...................................................................................................... 8-11 8.3.3 Epworth Local Board ............................................................................................................ 8-19 8.3.4 Norton Town Council ............................................................................................................ 8-24 8.3.5 Ruwa Local Board ................................................................................................................ 8-28 8.4 PROPOSED ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE FOR GREATER HARARE METROPOLITAN UTILITY ............... 8-32 9 INVESTMENT COST ESTIMATES ........................................................................................................ 9-1 9.1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................. 9-1 9.2 UNIT RATES ...................................................................................................................................... 9-1 9.3 PRIORITIZATION PRINCIPLES .............................................................................................................. 9-2 9.3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 9-2 9.3.2 Priority 1 – Investments for Restoration of Existing Facilities ................................................. 9-2 9.3.3 Priority 2 – Investments to meet all environmental obligations .............................................. 9-6 9.3.4 Priority 3 – Investments to Meet Increasing Needs of the City ............................................... 9-6 9.4 INVESTMENT COST ESTIMATES .......................................................................................................... 9-7 9.4.1 Harare ..................................................................................................................................... 9-7 9.4.2 Chitungwiza .......................................................................................................................... 9-11 9.4.3 Epworth ................................................................................................................................. 9-14 9.4.4 Norton ................................................................................................................................... 9-17 9.4.5 Ruwa ..................................................................................................................................... 9-20 9.4.6 Greater Harare ...................................................................................................................... 9-23 10 IMPLEMENTATION CONCEPT ....................................................................................................... 10-1 10.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................ 10-1 10.2 KEY ASSUMPTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 10-1 10.3 PROPOSED SEQUENCING OF INVESTMENT MEASURES ...................................................................... 10-1 10.4 IMPLEMENTATION ROAD MAP ........................................................................................................... 10-2 10.5 CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS FOR IMPLEMENTATION ........................................................................ 10-5 11 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................... 11-1 11.1 OBJECTIVE AND OUTPUT OF THE FINANCIAL ANALYSIS ...................................................................... 11-1 11.2 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................... 11-1 11.3 BASIC PARAMETERS AND ASSUMPTIONS .......................................................................................... 11-6 11.3.1 Water Demand for Retail and Bulk Supply ........................................................................... 11-8 11.3.2 Non-Revenue Water ............................................................................................................. 11-9 11.3.3 Bulk Tariff .............................................................................................................................. 11-9 11.3.4 Retail Tariff.......................................................................................................................... 11-10 11.3.5 Collection Efficiency ............................................................................................................ 11-11 11.3.6 Maintenance Costs ............................................................................................................. 11-11 11.3.7 Particular Adjustments for Greater Harare ......................................................................... 11-12 11.4 CURRENT FINANCIAL SITUATION .................................................................................................... 11-12 11.4.1 Harare Water ...................................................................................................................... 11-12 11.4.2 Chitungwiza Municipality .................................................................................................... 11-12 11.4.3 Epworth Local Board .......................................................................................................... 11-13 11.4.4 Norton Town Council .......................................................................................................... 11-13 11.4.5 Ruwa Local Board .............................................................................................................. 11-14 11.5 OVERALL ASSESSMENT OF THE CURRENT FINANCIAL SITUATION ..................................................... 11-14 11.6 FUNDING SOURCE ......................................................................................................................... 11-15 Gauff Ingenieure Page IV Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report ToC 11.7 AREAS OF INVESTMENT IMPACT ..................................................................................................... 11-16 11.8 FINANCIAL PROJECTIONS AND EVALUATION RESULTS ..................................................................... 11-17 11.8.1 Income Statement ............................................................................................................... 11-17 11.8.2 Cash Flow Statement ......................................................................................................... 11-20 11.8.3 Annual Balance Sheet ........................................................................................................ 11-23 11.9 FINANCIAL PROJECTIONS AND EVALUATION FOR OTHER SCENARIOS ............................................... 11-26 11.10 VIABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR GREATER HARARE METROPOLITAN UTILITY ..................................... 11-29 12 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK ...................................................................... 12-1 12.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................ 12-1 12.2 ZIMBABWE POLICIES, LEGISLATION AND INSTITUTIONS ...................................................................... 12-1 12.2.1 Constitution of Zimbabwe ..................................................................................................... 12-1 12.2.2 Key Ministries........................................................................................................................ 12-1 12.2.3 Management of Water Resources ........................................................................................ 12-4 12.2.4 Environmental Management ................................................................................................. 12-4 12.3 ZIMBABWE PROCEDURES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTS ............................................ 12-5 12.4 INTERNATIONAL POLICIES AND PROCEDURES ................................................................................... 12-7 12.5 FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT ........................................................ 12-7 12.5.1 Summary of Works ............................................................................................................... 12-7 12.5.2 Planning .............................................................................................................................. 12-10 12.5.3 Construction and Operation ................................................................................................ 12-10 13 RISK ASSESSMENT ....................................................................................................................... 13-1 13.1 RISK ASSESSMENT OF PRINCIPLE DESIGN CRITERIA ......................................................................... 13-1 13.2 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND FINANCING .............................................................................. 13-2 13.3 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ............................................................................................................. 13-3 13.4 SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES................................................................................................................... 13-3 Index of Tables Table 1-1: Scope of Services ................................................................................................................... 1-4 Table 1-2: General Investment Components ........................................................................................... 1-7 Table 2-1: Harare Suburbs....................................................................................................................... 2-2 Table 2-2: Raw Water Quality Comparison over Time .......................................................................... 2-15 Table 3-1: Population Data for Greater Harare from 1969 to 2012 (Source: ZIMSTAT) ......................... 3-3 Table 3-2: Inter Census Annual Growth Rates ........................................................................................ 3-4 Table 3-3: Comparative Annual Growth Rates ........................................................................................ 3-5 Table 3-4: Projected Annual Growth Rates for UWSSRP Centres ......................................................... 3-5 Table 4-1: Components of the MJ WTW.................................................................................................. 4-4 Table 4-2: Components of the MJ WTW.................................................................................................. 4-9 Table 4-3: Booster Stations - Harare ..................................................................................................... 4-11 Table 4-4: Reservoir Characteristics - Harare ....................................................................................... 4-13 Table 4-5: Primary and Secondary Network Pipe Lengths - Harare ..................................................... 4-14 Table 4-6: Systems Description ofFirle Catchment Area ....................................................................... 4-17 Table 4-7: Systems Description ofCrowboroughCatchment Area ......................................................... 4-20 Table 4-8: Systems Description ofBudiriroCatchment Area .................................................................. 4-21 Table 4-9: Systems Description in each Suburb in Marlborough Catchment Area ............................... 4-22 Table 4-10: Systems Description of HatcliffCatchment Area ................................................................... 4-22 Table 4-11: Ongoing Works Under UWSSRP - Phase 1 ......................................................................... 4-28 Table 4-12: Chinese Loan Scope of Works ............................................................................................. 4-29 Table 4-13: Water service on daily basis ................................................................................................. 4-37 Gauff Ingenieure Page V Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report ToC Table 4-14: Catchment Areas .................................................................................................................. 4-41 Table 4-15: Demand Management Areas ................................................................................................ 4-47 Table 4-16: Demand Management Areas ................................................................................................ 4-52 Table 4-17: Reservoir Storage - Ruwa .................................................................................................... 4-65 Table 4-18: Demand Management Areas ................................................................................................ 4-65 Table 5-1: Proposed Specific Water Consumption Figures ..................................................................... 5-2 Table 5-2: Actual Measured Consumption from the Region (Lusaka, Zambia)....................................... 5-2 Table 5-3: Water Loss Reduction Progression ........................................................................................ 5-4 Table 5-4: Typical Peak Hour Factors ..................................................................................................... 5-5 Table 5-5: Wastewater generation rates .................................................................................................. 5-5 Table 5-6: Borehole Numbers in Low Density Suburbs ........................................................................... 5-6 Table 5-7: Population in Service Category - Greater Harare ................................................................... 5-9 Table 5-8: Population in Service Category - Harare ................................................................................ 5-9 Table 5-9: Population in Service Category - Chitungwiza ....................................................................... 5-9 Table 5-10: Population in Service Category - Epworth ............................................................................ 5-10 Table 5-11: Population in Service Category - Norton .............................................................................. 5-10 Table 5-12: Population in Service Category - Ruwa ................................................................................ 5-10 Table 5-13: Water Demand Summary – Greater Harare ......................................................................... 5-12 Table 5-14: Water Demand in Each Town ............................................................................................... 5-12 Table 5-15: Water Demand Summary – Harare ...................................................................................... 5-14 Table 5-16: Zone Demands and Reservoir Capacities ............................................................................ 5-15 Table 5-17: Water Demand Summary – Chitungwiza ............................................................................. 5-16 Table 5-18: Water Demand Summary – Epworth .................................................................................... 5-16 Table 5-19: Water Demand Summary – Norton ...................................................................................... 5-18 Table 5-20: Water Demand Summary – Ruwa ........................................................................................ 5-19 Table 5-21: Summary of Wastewater Flow Estimates ............................................................................. 5-20 Table 6-1: Key policy principles of the National Water Policy.................................................................. 6-1 Table 6-2: Water demand management and its benefits ......................................................................... 6-5 Table 6-3: Water supply service improvements and its benefits ............................................................. 6-6 Table 6-4: Extension of water supply services and its benefits ............................................................... 6-7 Table 6-5: Extension of sewage services and its benefits ....................................................................... 6-7 Table 6-6: Extension of water supply services and its benefits ............................................................... 6-8 Table 6-7: Revenue improvement program and its benefits .................................................................... 6-8 Table 6-8: Operations management investments and their benefits ....................................................... 6-9 Table 6-9: Management and technical information systems and their benefits....................................... 6-9 Table 6-10: Additional measures and their benefits ................................................................................ 6-10 Table 6-11: Proposed service levels ........................................................................................................ 6-11 Table 7-1: TransmissionNetwork Rehabilitation Measures - Harare ....................................................... 7-8 Table 7-2: Distribution Network Rehabilitation Measures - Harare.......................................................... 7-9 Table 7-3: Rehabilitation Measures at Morton Jaffray WTW ................................................................. 7-11 Table 7-4: Rehabilitation Measures at Prince Edward WTW................................................................. 7-13 Table 7-5: Rehabilitation Measures at Booster Stations ........................................................................ 7-15 Table 7-6: Rehabilitation Measures at Reservoir Sites .......................................................................... 7-17 Table 7-7: Kunzvi Scheme Investment Measures ................................................................................. 7-20 Table 7-8: Investments for New Development Areas - Harare .............................................................. 7-21 Table 7-9: Rehabilitation Measures at Firle WWTW .............................................................................. 7-23 Table 7-10: Rehabilitation Measures at Crowborough WWTW ............................................................... 7-24 Table 7-11: Rehabilitation Measures at Hatcliff WWTW .......................................................................... 7-27 Table 7-12: Rehabilitation Measures at Sewage Pump Stations............................................................. 7-27 Table 7-13: Pipe Replacement Measures in the Sewer Network - Harare .............................................. 7-28 Table 7-14: Harare South Sewerage System Investment Measures ...................................................... 7-31 Table 7-15: Sewerage Investment Measures in New development Areas - Harare................................ 7-32 Table 7-16: Network Rehabilitation Measures - Chitungwiza .................................................................. 7-38 Table 7-17: Transmission Pipe replacements - Chitungwiza................................................................... 7-38 Table 7-18: Transmission and Primary Mains - Chitungwiza .................................................................. 7-39 Table 7-19: Investment Measures in Expansion Areas ........................................................................... 7-40 Table 7-20: Rehabilitation Measures at Zengeza WWTW ....................................................................... 7-41 Table 7-21: Sewer Replacements - Chitungwiza ..................................................................................... 7-42 Table 7-22: Sewerage Investment Measures in New development Areas - Chitungwiza ....................... 7-43 Gauff Ingenieure Page VI Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report ToC Table 7-23: Network Rehabilitation Measures - Epworth ........................................................................ 7-49 Table 7-24: Kiosk Programme - Epworth ................................................................................................. 7-50 Table 7-25: Transmission/Primary/Secondary Distribution Investment Measures - Epworth ................. 7-51 Table 7-26: Investment Requirements in new Development Areas - Epworth ........................................ 7-52 Table 7-27: Sewerage Reticulation System Investment Measures - Epworth......................................... 7-53 Table 7-28: New Sewer Mains - Epworth ................................................................................................ 7-53 Table 7-29: Network Rehabilitation Measures - Norton ........................................................................... 7-59 Table 7-30: Rehabilitation Measures at the Tanks - Norton .................................................................... 7-60 Table 7-31: Transmission Investment Measures - Norton ....................................................................... 7-60 Table 7-32: Primary and Secondary Distribution Investment Measures - Norton ................................... 7-61 Table 7-33: Investment Requirements in New Development Areas ........................................................ 7-63 Table 7-34: Sewerage Reticulation System Investment Measures - Norton ........................................... 7-64 Table 7-35: Rehabilitation of Pump Stations - Norton ............................................................................. 7-64 Table 7-36: Rehabilitation of WWTW - Norton......................................................................................... 7-67 Table 7-37: Sewer Mains Investments - Norton....................................................................................... 7-68 Table 7-38: Sewerage Investment requirements in new development Areas - Norton ........................... 7-69 Table 7-40: Network Rehabilitation Measures - Ruwa ............................................................................ 7-75 Table 7-41: Investment Measures at Ruwa WTW ................................................................................... 7-77 Table 7-42: Pump Stations Reconfiguration - Ruwa ................................................................................ 7-78 Table 7-43: Transmission/Primary Distribution Short Term Investment Measures - Ruwa ..................... 7-78 Table 7-44: Transmission/Distribution Long Term Investment Measures - Ruwa ................................... 7-79 Table 7-45: Investment Requirements in New Development Areas - Ruwa ........................................... 7-80 Table 7-46: Sewer Network Rehabilitation Measures - Ruwa ................................................................. 7-81 Table 7-47: Rehabilitation of Sewage Pump Stations - Ruwa ................................................................. 7-81 Table 7-48: Ponds De-commissioning Works - Ruwa ............................................................................. 7-82 Table 7-49: Short Term Sewerage Investment Measures - Ruwa........................................................... 7-83 Table 7-50: Long Term Sewerage Investment Measures - Ruwa ........................................................... 7-84 Table 7-51: Sewerage Investment requirements in new development Areas - Ruwa ............................. 7-85 Table 7-48: Proposed Temporary Sewage Treatment and Disposal - Ruwa .......................................... 7-85 Table 7-52: Accompanying Measures ..................................................................................................... 7-86 Table 8-1: Key elements of the Water Act 1998 ...................................................................................... 8-1 Table 8-2: Key Establishments Responsible for Resource Development and Management .................. 8-2 Table 8-3: Key institutional and organisational principles of the National Water Policy .......................... 8-4 Table 8-4: Harare Water Staffing Levels................................................................................................ 8-11 Table 8-5: Departmental Responsibilities for Chitungwiza Water and Sewerage ................................. 8-13 Table 8-6: Staffing Associated with Water and Sewerage Management and Operations ..................... 8-23 Table 8-7: Epworth Local Board Personnel Establishment by Department........................................... 8-24 Table 8-8: Norton Town Council Consolidated Staff on Water and Sewerage Services ....................... 8-26 Table 8-9: Staffing Associated with Water and Sewerage Management and Operations ..................... 8-31 st Table 9-1: 1 Priority Investment Measures ............................................................................................ 9-2 nd Table 9-2: 2 Priority Investment Measures ........................................................................................... 9-6 rd Table 9-3: 3 Priority Investment Measures ............................................................................................ 9-6 Table 9-4: Summary of Cost Per Connection by Town (US$) ............................................................... 9-23 Table 10-1: Critical Success Factors ....................................................................................................... 10-5 Table 11-1: Methodology Adopted for Annual Income Statement ........................................................... 11-3 Table 11-2: Methodology Adopted for Annual Cash Flow Statement ...................................................... 11-4 Table 11-3: Methodology Adopted for a Simplified Annual Balance Sheet ............................................. 11-4 Table 11-4: Summary of Financial Model Input and Output Tables ........................................................ 11-4 Table 11-5: Parameters and Assumptions Applied in the Financial Model ............................................. 11-6 Table 11-6: Income Statement for Harare Water – 2012 (from Harare Water reports) ......................... 11-12 Table 11-7: Income Statement for Chitungwiza - 2012 ......................................................................... 11-13 Table 11-8: Income Statement for Epworth - 2012 ................................................................................ 11-13 Table 11-9: Income Statement for Norton - 2012 .................................................................................. 11-14 Table 11-10: Income Statement for Ruwa - 2012 ................................................................................ 11-14 Table 11-11: Breakdown of Investments by Funding Source .............................................................. 11-15 Table 11-12: Income Statement Summary for Scenario 1 ................................................................... 11-18 Table 11-13: Cash Flow Summary for Scenario 1 ............................................................................... 11-22 Table 11-14: Balance Sheet Summary for Scenario 1 ........................................................................ 11-25 Table 11-15: Summary Income Statements for Harare and Greater Harare (Scenario 1, 2, 3) .......... 11-27 Gauff Ingenieure Page VII Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report ToC Table 11-16: Summary Cash Flow for Harare and Greater Harare (Scenario 1, 2, 3) ........................ 11-28 Table 12-1: Extracts from the Constitution of Zimbabwe ......................................................................... 12-2 Table 12-2: Core Ministries Involved in the Provision of Water and Sanitation Services ........................ 12-2 Table 12-3: Key Policies, Strategies, Plans, Legislation and Regulations .............................................. 12-3 Table 12-4: Sectors for which an EIA is Mandatory (Source: EMA, First Schedule, 2007) ..................... 12-6 Table 12-5: Summary of Water Supply Works......................................................................................... 12-8 Table 13-1: Risks and mitigation measures of principle design criteria ................................................... 13-1 Table 13-2: Risks and mitigation measures of institutional arrangements and financing ........................ 13-2 Table 13-3: Risks and mitigation measures of project implementation ................................................... 13-3 Table 13-4: Risks and mitigation measures of sustainability issues ........................................................ 13-4 Index of Figures Figure 1-1: Project Towns Location Map .................................................................................................. 1-2 Figure 1-2: Critical project path ................................................................................................................. 1-5 Figure 1-3: Report Structure...................................................................................................................... 1-8 Figure 2-1: Project area map - Harare ...................................................................................................... 2-3 Figure 2-2: Project area map - Chitungwiza.............................................................................................. 2-5 Figure 2-3: Project area map - Epworth .................................................................................................... 2-7 Figure 2-4: Project area map - Norton ...................................................................................................... 2-9 Figure 2-5: Project area map - Ruwa ...................................................................................................... 2-11 Figure 2-6: Temperature Variation Chart ................................................................................................ 2-12 Figure 2-7: Precipitation Variation Chart ................................................................................................. 2-13 Figure 2-8: Map of the Upper Manyame Catchment ............................................................................... 2-16 Figure 3-1: Population Growth in Greater Harare from 1969 to 2012 ....................................................... 3-3 Figure 3-2: Projected Population Growth Rates ....................................................................................... 3-7 Figure 3-3: Projected Population in Greater Harare ................................................................................. 3-8 Figure 3-4: Ward Map - Harare ............................................................................................................... 3-10 Figure 3-5: Future City Development Map – Harare ............................................................................... 3-14 Figure 3-6: Ward Map - Chitungwiza ...................................................................................................... 3-16 Figure 3-7: Future Town Development Map - Chitungwiza .................................................................... 3-20 Figure 3-8: Ward Map - Epworth ............................................................................................................. 3-22 Figure 3-9: Future Town Development Map - Epworth ........................................................................... 3-24 Figure 3-10: Ward Map - Norton ............................................................................................................... 3-26 Figure 3-11: Future Town Development Map – Norton ............................................................................ 3-29 Figure 3-12: Ward Map - Ruwa ................................................................................................................. 3-31 Figure 3-13: Future Town Development Map – Ruwa .............................................................................. 3-34 Figure 4-1: Harare Water Supply Scheme Schematic .............................................................................. 4-1 Figure 4-2: Layout of Existing Water Supply System - Harare ................................................................. 4-2 Figure 4-3: Configuration of the Main Water Transmission Network - Harare ........................................ 4-13 Figure 4-4: Layout map of Existing Sewerage System - HARARE ......................................................... 4-25 Figure 4-5: Principle layout of the water system of Chitungwiza ............................................................ 4-33 Figure 4-6: Layout of Existing Water Supply Infrastructure ................................................................... 4-34 Figure 4-7: Schematic Layout of the Sewerage System of Chitungwiza ................................................ 4-39 Figure 4-8: Layout Map of Existing Sewerage System - Chitungwiza .................................................... 4-40 Figure 4-9: Epworth Transmission and Storage Schematic - Existing .................................................... 4-45 Figure 4-10: Layout Map of Existing Water Supply System - Epworth ..................................................... 4-46 Figure 4-11: Norton Transmission and Storage Schematic - Existing ..................................................... 4-51 Figure 4-12: Layout Map of the Existing Water Supply System - Norton ................................................. 4-54 Figure 4-13: Norton Existing Sewerage Catchments Schematic .............................................................. 4-55 Figure 4-14: Layout Map of Existing Sewerage System - Norton ............................................................. 4-61 Figure 4-15: Ruwa Water Supplies ........................................................................................................... 4-62 Figure 4-16: Ruwa Transmission and Storage Schematic - Existing ........................................................ 4-64 Figure 4-17: Layout Map of the Existing Water Supply System - Ruwa ................................................... 4-68 Figure 4-18: Layout Map of the Existing Sewerage System - Ruwa......................................................... 4-71 Figure 5-1: Urban Sewer Boundary Map .................................................................................................. 5-8 Figure 5-2: Water Production Vs Demand .............................................................................................. 5-14 Figure 7-1: Summary of Investment Measures in Harare ........................................................................ 7-2 Gauff Ingenieure Page VIII Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report ToC Figure 7-2: Layout Map of Proposed Water Supply Investment Measures - Harare ................................ 7-3 Figure 7-3: Layout Map of Proposed Sewerage Investment Measures - Harare ..................................... 7-4 Figure 7-4: NRW Reduction Strategy Sequence of Activities ................................................................... 7-6 Figure 7-5: Summary of Investment Measures in Harare ....................................................................... 7-34 Figure 7-6: Layout Map of Proposed Water Supply Investment Measures - Chitungwiza ..................... 7-35 Figure 7-7: Layout Map of Proposed Sewerage Investment Measures - Chitungwiza ........................... 7-36 Figure 7-8: Summary of Investment Measures in Epworth ..................................................................... 7-45 Figure 7-9: Layout Map of Proposed Water Supply Investment Measures - Epworth ............................ 7-46 Figure 7-10: Layout Map of Proposed Sewerage Investment Measures - Epworth ................................. 7-47 Figure 7-11: Summary of Investment Measures in Norton ....................................................................... 7-55 Figure 7-12: Layout Map of Proposed Water Supply Investment Measures - Norton .............................. 7-56 Figure 7-13: Layout Map of Proposed Sewerage Investment Measures - Norton.................................... 7-57 Figure 7-14: Summary of Investment Measures in Ruwa ......................................................................... 7-71 Figure 7-15: Layout Map of Proposed Water Supply Investment Measures - Ruwa ................................ 7-72 Figure 7-16: Layout Map of Proposed Sewerage Investment Measures - Ruwa ..................................... 7-73 Figure 8-1: City of Harare Top Structure ................................................................................................. 8-10 Figure 8-2: Harare Water Top Structure ................................................................................................. 8-10 Figure 8-3: Organisational structure of Chitungwiza Council .................................................................. 8-12 Figure 8-4: Organisational structure of Engineering Department (Water & Sewerage only) .................. 8-14 Figure 8-5: Organisation structure of Engineering Department (other functions) ................................... 8-14 Figure 8-6: Organisational structure of Chitungwiza Finance Department ............................................. 8-14 Figure 8-7: Organisational structure of Epworth Local Board Council .................................................... 8-20 Figure 8-8: Organisational structure of Epworth Engineering Department ............................................. 8-21 Figure 8-9: Organisational structure of Epworth Finance Department ................................................... 8-21 Figure 8-10: Organizational structure of Epworth Central Administration ................................................. 8-22 Figure 8-11: Norton Town Council Top Structure ..................................................................................... 8-24 Figure 8-12: Organisational structure of the Local Town Council ............................................................. 8-25 Figure 8-13: Organisational structure of the Norton Engineering Department ......................................... 8-25 Figure 8-14: Organisational structure of the Norton Finance Department ................................................ 8-26 Figure 8-15: Organisational structure of the Ruwa Town Council with grades ......................................... 8-28 Figure 8-16: Organisational structure of Ruwa Works and Engineering Department ............................... 8-29 Figure 8-17: Ruwa Local Board Organisational structure of Finance Department ................................... 8-30 Figure 9-1: Overview of Investment Programme - Harare ........................................................................ 9-9 Figure 9-2: Summary of Investment Programme – Harare ..................................................................... 9-10 Figure 9-3: Overview of Investment Programme - Chitungwiza ............................................................. 9-12 Figure 9-4: Summary of Investment Programme – Chitungwiza ............................................................ 9-13 Figure 9-5: Overview of Investment Programme - Epworth .................................................................... 9-15 Figure 9-6: Summary of Investment Programme – Epworth ................................................................... 9-16 Figure 9-7: Overview of Investment Programme - Norton ...................................................................... 9-18 Figure 9-8: Summary of Investment Programme – Norton ..................................................................... 9-19 Figure 9-9: Overview of Investment Programme - Ruwa ........................................................................ 9-21 Figure 9-10: Summary of Investment Programme – Ruwa ....................................................................... 9-22 Figure 9-11: Overview of Investment Programme – Greater Harare ........................................................ 9-24 Figure 9-12: Summary of Investment Programme – Greater Harare........................................................ 9-25 Figure 10-1: Critical Path Activities ....................................................................................................... 10-3 Figure 10-2: Investment Plan Implementation Schedule .......................................................................... 10-4 Figure 11-1: Outline Approach Schematic of the Financial Model ............................................................ 11-1 Figure 11-2: Water Demands and Production Capacities ......................................................................... 11-9 Figure 11-3: Average Tariff and Unit Costs............................................................................................. 11-11 Figure 11-4: Income Statement for Harare Scenario 1 ........................................................................... 11-17 Figure 11-5: Key Financial Results for Greater Harare - Scenario 1 ...................................................... 11-20 Figure 11-6: Cash Flow Statement for Harare - Scenario 1 .................................................................... 11-21 Gauff Ingenieure Page IX Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report ToC Index of Appendices Appendix 1 Introduction Appendix 1.1 Terms of Reference (11 Pages) Appendix 1.2 Comments to the Draft Report (15 Pages) Appendix 1.3 Minutes of Stakeholder Workshop (7 Pages) Appendix 1.2 Bibliography (4 Pages) Appendix 3 Demographic Profile and Macroeconomic Outlook Appendix 3.1 Detailed Demographic Profile Report – Harare (22 Pages) Appendix 3.2 Detailed Demographic Profile Report – Chitungwiza (21 Pages) Appendix 3.3 Detailed Demographic Profile Report – Epworth (17 Pages) Appendix 3.4 Detailed Demographic Profile Report – Norton (17 Pages) Appendix 3.5 Detailed Demographic Profile Report – Ruwa (16 Pages) Appendix 3.6 Population Projections Validation Report (3 Pages) Appendix 4 Existing Water Supply and Sewerage Situation Appendix 4.1 Water and Sewerage Infrastructure Assessment Report - Harare (142 Pages) Appendix 4.2 Water and Sewerage Infrastructure Assessment Report - Chitungwiza (34 Pages) Appendix 4.3 Water and Sewerage Infrastructure Assessment Report – Epworth (11 Pages) Appendix 4.4 Water and Sewerage Infrastructure Assessment Report - Norton (28 Pages) Appendix 4.5 Water and Sewerage Infrastructure Assessment Report - Ruwa (26 Pages) Appendix 5 Water Demand and Wastewater Flow Projections Appendix 5.1 Water Demand and Wastewater Flow Forecasts Tables – Greater Harare (3 Page) Appendix 5.2 Water Demand and Wastewater Flow Forecasts Tables – Harare (3 Page) Appendix 5.3 Water Demand and Wastewater Flow Forecasts Tables – Chitungwiza (3 Page) Appendix 5.4 Water Demand and Wastewater Flow Forecasts Tables – Epworth (3 Page) Appendix 5.5 Water Demand and Wastewater Flow Forecasts Tables – Norton (3 Page) Appendix 5.6 Water Demand and Wastewater Flow Forecasts Tables – Ruwa (3 Page) Appendix 9 Cost Estimates Appendix 9.1 Detailed Investment Cost Estimates - Harare (16 Pages) Appendix 9.2 Detailed Investment Cost Estimates - Chitungwiza (4 Pages) Appendix 9.3 Detailed Investment Cost Estimates - Epworth (3 Pages) Appendix 9.4 Detailed Investment Cost Estimates - Norton (3 Pages) Appendix 9.5 Detailed Investment Cost Estimates - Ruwa (3 Pages) Appendix 11 Financial Analysis Appendix 11.1 Financial Model (30 Page) Gauff Ingenieure Page X Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report ToC List of Acronyms AC Asbestos Cement AfDB African Development Bank BOD Biological Oxygen Demand BoQ Bill of Quantities COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CMMP Computerised Maintenance Management Programme DMA District Metering Areas DPC Dynamic Prime Cost ECZ Engineering Council of Zimbabwe EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMA Environmental Management Agency FRC French Red Cross ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment GI Galvanized Iron GIS Geographic Information System GPS Global Positioning System HDPE High Density Polyethylene HR Human Resources IE Implementing Entity JBG Ingenieurbüro Gauff MoW Ministry of Water Resources Development and Management N Nitrate ND Nominal Diameter NRW Non Revenue Water OD Outside Diameter P Phosphate PRV Pressure Reducing Valve PVC Polyvinylchloride RCP Reinforced Concrete Pipe RPF Request for Proposal ToR Terms of reference USD United States Dollars UV Ultraviolet UWSSRP Urgent Water Supply and Sanitation Rehabilitation Project WSS Water and Sewerage Service WTW Water Treatment Works WWTW Waste Water Treatment Works ZIE Zimbabwean Institution of Engineers ZIMRA Zimbabwe Revenue Authority ZIMSTAT Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency ZINWA Zimbabwe National Water Authority ZISCO Zimbabwe Iron and Steel Company Gauff Ingenieure Page XI Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report CHAPTER 01: BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION Gauff Ingenieure Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 01 1 BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Background Zimbabwe Multi-donor Trust Fund (Zim-Fund) The economic and humanitarian crisis in 2008 that included widespread cholera outbreaks prompted the Zimbabwean Government and the donors to begin dialogue on the modalities of financing relief and remedial efforts. The African Development Bank was asked by a group of donors, with the consent of the Zimbabwean Government, to establish and administer a ‘basket’ fund - the Zimbabwe Multi-Donor Trust Fund (the “Zim-Fund”). The main purpose for the Zim-Fund is to mobilise and administer donor resources needed for the economic recovery and development efforts in Zimbabwe. Part of the resources mobilised by the Zim-Fund have been applied towards the Urgent Water Supply and Sanitation Rehabilitation Project (UWSSRP) whose main scope is the urgent rehabilitation of water supply and sanitation systems in six urban centres, namely Harare, Chitungwiza, Mutare, Masvingo, Kwekwe and Chegutu. Under the UWSSRP, the Zim-Fund is also financing consultancy services for the development of Medium to Long Term Water Supply and Sewerage Investment Plans in the same towns and cities. The contract for these services was awarded to HP Gauff Ingenieure GmbH after an international competitive procurement process. The contract was signed on 22nd April 2013 and the project officially commenced on 20th May 2013. Multi-Donor Analytical Trust Fund The City of Harare requested the World Bank to support the development of a water supply and sanitation strategic plan for Greater Harare - the metropolitan area that includes Harare, Chitungwiza and the satellite towns of Epworth, Ruwa and Norton. The purpose of the strategic plan is to assess the infrastructure requirements for the Greater Harare area as a single water and wastewater infrastructure system that can be managed as one entity. The long term vision is to have a well-structured and sustainable single utility able to raise its own capital on the financial markets. The World Bank, therefore, engaged HP Gauff Ingenieure GmbH (i.e. further referred to as Gauff) to develop the Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan – a key input to the strategic plan -, parallel to the on-going study financed by the Zim-Fund. The Investment Plan will outline the medium (until 2020) to long term (until 2030) water supply and sanitation infrastructure requirements. It is intended to be a ‘blue-print’ that will guide future infrastructure and institutional development necessary for sustainable water and sanitation services. Gauff Ingenieure 1-1 240000 260000 280000 300000 Figure 1-1 Project Town Location Map Gw e bi Ri v er ± 8040000 8040000 1:10,000,000 Datum WGS 84 R i v er ru ru zu Mu HARARE Lake Manyame # * Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan r R iv e Morton Jeffrey ba Norton M arim 3 Q Epworth Ruwa # * # * 8020000 8020000 # * r ive Lake Chivero R isi u k uv M 26 28 29 31 32 34 Legend # Prince Edward Manyame 3 Q * Project Towns -17 -17 Cat ch ment Seke Dam Mazowe Water Treat Plants 3 Q A1 Cat ch ment Chitungwiza N Harava Dam 11 ya tsim Highway/Roads # * A A2 eR !Harare ive Sanyati ( Rivers and Streams -18 -18 A5 r an M ! ( A8 Cat ch ment A5 Chitungwiza ya m Lakes and Dams A3 e Ri er v Gwayi A4 Cat ch ment Save A5 A9 A17 Cat ch ment -20 -20 A9 8000000 8000000 A9 A8 A9 A1 Ru nde A4 A7 8 A9 Cat ch ment A4 -21 -21 Mzingwane A4 A6 Cat ch ment A4 -23 -23 26 28 29 31 32 34 240000 260000 280000 300000 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 01 1.2 Background to the Consulting Services Zim-Fund financed project The Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Zimbabwe (hereafter called the Recipient) appointed “The Crown Agents for Oversea Governments and Administrations Limited” (hereinafter called the Client) to act as its Procurement Agent under the Zim-Fund. The recipient also appointed Lahmeyer GKW Consult GmbH (formerly Pöyry Environment GmbH) (hereafter called the Implementing Entity) to act as its Implementing Entity under the Project under the Zim-Fund. The Client invited pre-selected consulting firms to submit technical and financial proposals for the preparation of “Water Supply and Sewerage Medium to Long Term Investment Plans” for six selected municipalities in Zimbabwe. After a thorough selection process, the Client selected HP Gauff Ingenieure GmbH (hereafter called Gauff) to carry out the services and concluded a contract with Gauff on 16th April 2013. On 22nd April, Crown Agents issued the “Notice to Commence the Services”. In accordance with the consulting service contract (GC 11.1), the date of the notice was the “Effective Date for the Contract” and subsequently the commencement of services was agreed not to be later than 20th May 2013. World Bank financed Project Recognising the linkages and similarities with the Zim-Fund financed study, the World Bank requested Gauff to submit a proposal for providing services necessary to develop the Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan. The proposal was submitted in July 2013. Contract negotiations started in August and the contract was signed on 4th October 2013. The project officially commenced on 28th October 2013. The Consultant mobilised to Harare on 27th October 2013 and carried out kick-off meetings with the various local authorities and agencies involved in the project and made the initial inspection visits to Ruwa, Norton and Epworth. An Inception Report was submitted on ……, which covered the principle approach and planning criteria proposed for application under this project. The Consultant held various technical and non-technical meetings with the councils, provided details of the project progress in various meetings with the WB and submitted discussion papers for various relevant topics. Project Objectives The main objective of the project is to develop an integrated Water Supply and Sanitation Investment Plan for the Greater Harare metropolitan area. The Investment Plan will outline the medium (until 2020) to long term (until 2030) water supply and sanitation infrastructure requirements. It is intended to be a ‘blue-print’ that will guide future infrastructure and institutional development necessary for sustainable water and sanitation services. The specific objective for this project component is to develop detailed water supply and wastewater investment plans that meet medium term (until 2020) and long term (until 2030) infrastructure requirements for the Greater Harare area, combining Harare, Chitungwiza, Epworth, Ruwa and Norton. The investments cover the entire supply chain including water resources development, water and wastewater treatment, transmission and distribution, including institutional and sustainability issues. The consulting services do not cover other important urban infrastructure components, such as solid waste management and do not cover the important aspect of urban drainage. Gauff Ingenieure 1-3 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 01 The project objective and the objective of the consulting service contract are considered in in line with the overall policy goal of the National Water Policy, defining the vision that “all urban water users should enjoy adequate, continuous, readily accessible, safe, hygienic, sustainable and affordable domestic water and sanitation services provided by accountable, efficient, coordinated, funded and capacitated institutions”. 1.3 Scope of Services In order to achieve the above outlined specific project objectives, the scope of services for the project shall be as outlined in the consulting service contract, which included the ToR and the proposed methodology statement prepared by Gauff. The main activities undertaken in each project town are outlined in the table below: Table 1-1: Scope of Services Task Brief Description Data collection and establishment Collection and review of available data, reports, existing of planning framework drawings, plans and maps related to the project for Epworth, Ruwa and Norton. Establishment of a GIS planning platform for Epworth, Ruwa and Norton Use of Planning and Design Adaptation of approved planning and design criteria used on Criteria the Zim-Fund project Water demand forecasts until the Population and water demand forecasting, taking into year 2030 account the 2012 Census population data, factors influencing population growth, population growth rates, service levels, service coverage, spatial development of the towns, land use, per capita consumption, water losses and peak factors, Assessment of existing water and Assessment of the capacity of the existing infrastructure in sewerage infrastructure Ruwa, Epworth and Norton based on the work undertaken for Harare and Chitungwiza, under the Zim-Fund project and engagement with relevant officials in the local authorities. The purpose of this activity was to estimate the capacity deficits with regard to the medium and long term water requirements. Development of medium and long Development of proposals for medium and long term term investment plans investment measures based on the projected water and wastewater service requirements and the assessed capacities of the existing facilities for Greater Harare Preparation of cost estimates Preparation of cost estimates of the proposed investment measures, starting with realistic unit costs that take into account the current country/regional market conditions and inflationary expectations. Financial analysis Development of a simple financial utility model for the Greater Harare area for water and sanitation. The financial model is for the provision of financially sustainable water and sanitation services for Greater Harare, taking into account investment needs, affordability, realistic tariffs, efficient operating costs and a realistic performance improvement Gauff Ingenieure 1-4 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 01 Task Brief Description trajectory. Institutional assessment Brief assessment of the existing capacity for provision of water supply and sanitation in the project towns, describing staff numbers and skill levels and any other relevant measures of capacity and competence to undertake the necessary tasks effectively. As per the consulting contract, it is not the task of this consultancy to develop or determine the future institutional and organisational set-up of the of the Greater Harare utility. Environmental and social Elaboration of the relevant environmental management framework governing the planning and implementation of the investment measures. The critical path of activities for achieving the objectives is illustrated in the figure 1-2 overleaf. Assessment of existing facilities Development of options Analysis, preliminary for improving/extending design & Costing of water supply and options sewerage service Population & water demand, wastewater flow calculations Evaluation of options Development of Investment Plans on Selected Options Financial analysis and Environmental Framework scheduling of investment description plans Bankable Investment Plan For Greater Harare Figure 1-2: Critical project path The project area in each town will be the present urban extent under the service jurisdiction of the city council or municipality of the project city/municipality, plus peri-urban areas and rural districts supplied or managed by the councils and municipalities and areas into which the Councils and Municipalities are due to grow. Gauff Ingenieure 1-5 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 01 1.4 Linkages with other Consulting Contracts This consultancy is closely linked to the Zim-Fund study contract previously awarded to Gauff in the sense that Harare and Chitungwiza intersect both projects. It is important to state that the work done under the Zim-Fund study was not be duplicated; but used as input to this study. Within this study, additional investigations were carried out in Ruwa, Epworth and Norton such that investment plans for these Councils were integrated with those developed for Harare and Chitungwiza into a single investment master plan for the Greater Harare area. Throughout this report, the study on the Water Supply and Sewerage Medium to Long Term Investment Plans for Harare, Chitungwiza, Mutare, Masvingo, Kwekwe and Chegutu is referred to as the ‘Zim-Fund study’. 1.5 Planning Principles The planning principles of this study are aligned to the National Water Policy Document, which provides the necessary framework for the development of planning strategies. The policy document demands for adequate and affordable services to all residents and underlines the importance of efficient and conservative management principles when producing and supplying drinking water. Recurrent cost recovery is a key feature of the policy, which also underlines the importance of private and public users to pay for services. Metering of water production and consumption is an important instrument for effective operation and demand management, which is also promoted by the policy document. Also the reduction of unaccounted for water is promoted by the policy document and considered an important aspect of demand management. The policy also acknowledges the fact that operations can be provided by private service providers and that capacity building and investments in operation and maintenance equipment are necessary for sustainable service provision. The policy document considers the past service standards as being high and suggests that such high standards could be reduced until Zimbabwe has reached again a normalised situation. We believe that this aspect of the policy may be reconsidered as we suggest to promote sustainable service level standards, which are adequate to provide safe water supply and sewerage services and affordable to the residents in low, medium and high density areas. The principle planning strategies resulting from the National Water Policy are further elaborate in Chapter 6. 1.6 Investment Components The investment plan is subdivided into specific investment components, which are developed to support the objective of the project and are aligned to the service level objectives as outline above. The investments packages are as follows: (a) water demand management and NRW Reduction, (b) water supply service improvement, (c) extension of water supply services, (d) sanitation service improvements, (e) extension of sanitation services and, (f) accompanying measures. Table 1-2 gives a detailed explanation on each investment component. Gauff Ingenieure 1-6 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 01 Table 1-2: General Investment Components Category Components General Remarks Water Demand Rehabilitation/replacement of water Investment measures Management and NRW distribution network, Replacement/ aimed at rehabilitating Reduction Programme Installation of section valves, Rehabilitation/ the distribution Installation of valves to facilitate zoning, network and reducing Installation of bulk meters, Rehabilitating/ NRW Installation of pressure reducing valves, Replacement of service connections, Replacement of service water meters, NRW Reduction programme Water Supply Service Rehabilitation of source works, Investment measures Improvements Rehabilitation of existing water treatment aimed at improving facilities, Replacement/ rehabilitation of water production, existing transmission and primary transmission and distribution Mains, Rehabilitation of storage distribution. tanks Extension of Water Extension of water abstraction and Investment measures Supply Services treatment facilities, Installation of new aimed at increasing transmission and primary mains, water production and Construction of new storage reservoirs, extending services to Extension of distribution system in new areas resulting expansion areas, Installation of section from population valves in expansion areas, Installation of increase. fire hydrants in expansion areas, Installation of service connections in expansion areas, Installation of service water meters in expansion areas, Other new bulk management water facilities Sewerage Service Rehabilitation of wastewater treatment Investment measures Improvements facilities, Rehabilitation of sewage pump aimed at improving stations, Rehabilitation/ replacement of sewerage services by existing sewer network, rehabilitating existing sewage collection and treatment infrastructure Extension of Sewerage Extension of wastewater treatment facilities, Investment measures Services Extension of sewage pumping stations, aimed at increasing Construction of new sewer trunk mains, capacity for Extension of sewer reticulation system in wastewater treatment new development areas, Installation of and service coverage sewer service connections in new to the new development areas development areas Accompanying measures Technical operations management, Investment measures Commercial operations management, aimed at improving Gauff Ingenieure 1-7 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 01 Category Components General Remarks commercial and technical information capacity to carry out systems Professional services and technical and contingencies commercial operations Professional services accompanying implementation of investments, uncertainties in estimating physical quantities. 1.7 Structure of this Report This report is divided into thirteen (13) chapters. The chapters deal with the key elements of the investment plan, whilst data, tables and additional technical information are compiled in the appendices. The chapters are outlined in the figure below. Figure 1-3: Report Structure Gauff Ingenieure 1-8 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report CHAPTER 02: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROJECT AREA Gauff Ingenieure Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 02 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROJECT AREA 2.1 Location and geography The project covers Harare and the surrounding satellite towns of Chitungwiza, Epworth, Norton and Ruwa, collectively known as Greater Harare. Greater Harare is situated on Zimbabwe's Highveld between latitudes 17° 40’ S and 18° 06’ S, and between longitudes 30° 37’ E and 31° 16’ E. It is an urban sprawl with a total current population of around 2.35 Million according to the 2012 National Census. 2.2 Project area 2.2.1 Harare Harare is the capital city of Zimbabwe. It is the seat of government, industrial hub and commercial centre of Zimbabwe. Harare was founded in 1890 under the name of Fort Salisbury. It was granted municipality status in 1897 and city status in 1935. Harare has heavy and light industries which are presently operating at low capacity due to the collapse of the country’s economy. It is also surrounded by farms and mines. The city is well connected to other parts of Zimbabwe by railway lines and paved, all weather highways. The Mutare highway links Harare to Mutare, the provincial headquarters of Manicaland Province and far afield to the port City of Beira in Mozambique. The Harare – Beit Bridge highway links Harare to South Africa, while the Harare-Chirundu highway links Harare to the northern neighbouring countries of Zambia and Congo. The The National Railways of Zimbabwe operates a daily overnight passenger train service that runs from Harare to Mutare and another one from Harare to Bulawayo. Harare is linked by long distance bus services to most parts of Zimbabwe. The Harare International airport links the city to other parts of the world with both commercial passenger flights and freigt flights. The project area is the urban metropolitan under the jurisdiction of the City of Harare. There are currently 46 wards within the city boundaries covering an area of 85,000 hectare – including the recently incorporated Ward 1 (Harare South). The project also covers areas outside of the current city boundary where the council provides water and sewerage services and the peripheral areas earmarked for future inclusion into the city boundary. This includes the fast growing low density suburbs such as Rainham, Mt Hampden, Mt Pleasant Heights and Sally Mugabe and high density areas such as Whitecliffe and Caledonia. The wards are the planning units for population estimations and projections, however, the most commonly known areas in the city are suburbs. Harare has a number of low density, medium density and high density suburbs. It also has some informal settlements in Harare South, Caledonia and Whitecliffe. The low density suburbs are generally spread across the northern and north-eastern parts of the city, while the low density suburbs are in the west, save for a few exceptions such as Mabvuku and Tafara. The table below lists some of the suburbs in the city Gauff Ingenieure 2-1 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 02 Table 2-1: Harare Suburbs Low or medium density Suburbs High density Industrial Areas suburbs Northern Alexandra Park; Avenues; Avondale, Belgravia; Groombridge; Gun Hill; Kensington; Mount Pleasant; Northwood; Newlands; Vainona, , North- Ballantyne Park; Borrowdale; Borrowdale Hatcliffe, eastern Brooke; Borrowdale West; Chisipite; Mandara(Lichendale); Colne Valley; Colray; Dawn Hill; Eastlea; Glen Lorne; Glenwood; The Grange; Greendale, Greystone Park; Highlands; Helensvale; Hogerty Hill; Kambanji; Lewisam; Luna; Mandara; Philadelphia; Pomona; Quinnington; Rhodesville; Rietfontein; Rolf Valley; Runniville; Shawasha Hills; Umwinsdale, Eastern Amby; Athlone; Beverley; Beverley West; Mabvuku, Tafara Chizhanje; Coronation Park; Green Grove; Hillside;; Manresa; Msasa; Letombo Park; Eastlea Southern Arcadia; Aspindale Park; Braeside; Budiriro; Mbare; Sunningdale, Workington; Chadcombe; Cranborne; Grobbie Park; Glen Norah; Glen Willowvale; Harare Airport; Hatfield; Hopley; Houghton View, Highfield; Graniteside; Park; Induna; Kutsaga; Lochinvar; Logan Rugare Ardbennie; Park; Malvern; Msasa Park; Midlands; Park Meadowlands; Parktown; Prospect; Queensdale; Southerton; St. Martins; Uplands; Waterfalls; Wilmington Park; Western Adylinn; Ashbrittle; Avonlea; Avondale West; Crowborough North; Belvedere North; Belvedere South; Bluff Hill; Dzivaresekwa; Bluff Hill Park; Cotswold Hills; Lincoln Green; Kambuzuma; Marimba Park; Marlborough; Meyrick Park; Kuwadzana;; Milton Park; Monovale; New Marlborough; Budiriro, Mufakose, Ridgeview; Sentosa; Sherwood Park; St. Warren Park. Andrews Park; Strathaven; Sunridge; Sunrise; Tynwald; Tynwald South; Warren Park; Westgate, Milton Park; Haig Park; Ashdown Park, Mabelreign; Greencroft; Emerald Hill; Westlea Gauff Ingenieure 2-2 270000 275000 280000 285000 290000 295000 300000 305000 310000 315000 8050000 8050000 Figure 2-1 Project Area Map Buckland Estates ± 2030 8045000 8045000 Borrowdale Estates 2020 Mt. Hampden Ward 42 2030 Kinvarra 1:75,000 2020 8040000 8040000 Ward 18 Legend Ward 41 Project Boundary Ward 24 8035000 8035000 Ward 17 Residential Roads 1 25 Trunk/Primary Roads 2 26 Rail Line 3 27 River / Stream 4 28 Expansion Areas 5 29 Ward 8 6 30 Ward 7 Rainham Ward 40 Ward 16 7 31 2020 8030000 8030000 Ward 9 8 32 0 Ward 39 Ward 45 9 33 10 34 Ward 46 Ward 6 11 35 Ward 5 Ward 19 0 Ward 38 Ward 44 Ward 15 Caledonia 12 36 2030 Ward 37 13 37 Ward 2 Ward 20 14 38 8025000 8025000 Ward 4 15 39 Ward 14 Ward 11 Ward 36 16 40 Ward 34 Ward 3 Ward 21 Ward 10 Ward 13 17 41 Ward 12 Ward 22 Ward 35 18 42 19 43 Ward 43 Ward 26 Ward 25 20 44 Ward 33 Ward 24 21 45 8020000 8020000 Ward 23 22 46 Ward 30 Ward 29 23 Ward 32 Ward 27 Ward 28 Ward 31 8015000 8015000 Ward 1 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan 8010000 8010000 0 1 2 4 6 8 Kilometers 270000 275000 280000 285000 290000 295000 300000 305000 310000 315000 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 02 2.2.2 Chitungwiza Chitungwiza started off as dormitory town in 1978 by creation of an urban council which initially incorporated St. Marys, Zengeza townships (formerly under the City of Harare), the Seke area (formerly under the African Development Fund of Internal Affairs) and the TILCOR industrial complex. Chitungwiza was granted town council status in 1981 and became a municipality in 1996. The project area is the urban metropolitan under the jurisdiction of Chitungwiza Municipality. It stretches from Manyame River in the north-west to Duri River in the south-east. It is bound by Seke Road on the north and the Nyatsime River on the south. This project also covers areas outside of the current municipality boundary earmarked for conversion into urban development. The area across the Nyatsime River has been identified as the expansion area where the future additional population will settle. The area has already been planned and demarcated into 5 wards. The council is planning to develop 50,000 stands in this area over the next 30 years. The town will also grow northwards, taking up communal land in Seke District. The most commonly known areas in the municipality are suburbs, sections and “units”. The main suburbs in Chitungwiza are St Mary’s, Seke and Zengeza. St Mary’s, located in the northern part, is the oldest suburb in Citungwiza and is divided into two areas generally known as St Mary’s South and St Mary’s North. Zengeza is located in the central section of the municipality and is divided into five sections numbered from 1 to 5. Seke is a conglomeration of more than 15 housing estates commonly known as “Units”. The units are named alphabetically from unit A to P (skipping I). The northern part of Seke is called Seke North, while the southern part is called Seke South. The houses are mostly high density detached units of single storey with a small yard. Gauff Ingenieure 2-4 288000 290000 292000 294000 296000 298000 300000 8012000 8012000 Ward 1 Lake Seke 8010000 8010000 Ward 4 Ward 3 Ward 2 Ward 8 Harava Lake Ward 10 Ward 5 Ward 7 Ward 9 8008000 8008000 Ward 14 Ward 6 Ward 20 Ward 15 Ward 11 Ward 21 Ward 13 Ward 25 8006000 8006000 Ward 16 Ward 12 Ward 19 BREAMAR 8.03 Sq.km Ward 22 Ward 17 Ward 23 Ward 24 DUNOTTAR 6.2 Sq.km Ward 18 8004000 8004000 CAWDOR 6.52 Sq.km TANTALLON 8002000 8002000 5.9 Sq.km EDINBURGH 8000000 8000000 8.09 Sq.km 7998000 NYATSIME RANCH 7998000 9.86 Sq.km 7996000 7996000 7994000 7994000 288000 290000 292000 294000 296000 298000 300000 Legend Ward Boundaries ± Figure 2 - 2 *UHDWHU+DUDUH:DWHU Rivers & Streams Project Area Map Datum WGS 84 DQG Residential Chitungwiza 1:55,000 Main Roads 6DQLWDWLRQ,QYHVWPHQW3ODQ Project Boundary Council Boundary Lakes Proposed Development Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 02 2.2.3 Epworth Epworth is located about twelve kilometres south-west of the Harare City Centre. It is a high density dormitory town administered by a Local Board – the local authority mandated with the provision of municipal services. It started off a Methodist Mission Post before it was inundated by the large influx of people in the late 70s and early 80s from the rural areas in search of economic opportunities in Harare. The Methodist Church could not control the influx of people, and therefore transferred ownership of the farm to the Ministry of Local Government in 1983. Given that the area was not planned as an urban settlement, it quickly became an informal settlement. It was formalised as a Local Board in 1986 under the Urban Councils Act. Since its inception, the area has grown rapidly, but the rate of growth has not been matched with the provision of basic services such as water, roads and decent sanitation. The local board however is in the process of formalising most of the area to facilitate land ownership rights and provision of services to the residents. There is very little for commercial activity in Epworth. The majority of the people get by as street vendors and informal manufacturers. Even though most of the stands are numbered, the streets are not named. The regularisation processes includes street naming as well. The project area is the current local board area, which comprises 7 wards. The project area also includes peripheral areas envisaged for inclusion into the local board boundaries within the planning horizon. Epworth is expected to grow southwards towards Twentydales farm. The population growth in the short term will be absorbed within the current council boundaries. The Twentydales Farm is likely to be incorporated only in the long term. Gauff Ingenieure 2-6 299000 .000000 300000 .000000 301000 .000000 302000 .000000 303000 .000000 304000 .000000 305000 .000000 306000 .000000 307000 .000000 308000 .000000 309000 .000000 310000 .000000 311000.000000 312000 .000000 Figure 2-3 Project Area Map Epworth 8023000.000000 8023000.000000 ± 8022000.000000 8022000.000000 Ward 1 Ward 7 Datum : WGS 84 Zone 36S Scale 1:21,500 Ward 6 8021000.000000 8021000.000000 Ward 2 Ward 5 8020000.000000 8020000.000000 Ward 4 Legend 8019000.000000 8019000.000000 Residential Roads Trunk/Primary Roads Rail Line 8018000.000000 8018000.000000 Rivers/Stream Ward 3 Lakes Project Boundary 8017000.000000 8017000.000000 Existing Town Boundary Expansion Areas 8016000.000000 8016000.000000 New Mexico, Lyndhurst, Twentydales Estates, Good h 8015000.000000 8015000.000000 Greater Harare 8014000.000000 8014000.000000 Water and Sanitation Investment Plan 8013000.000000 8013000.000000 0 0.5 1 2 Kilometers 299000 .000000 300000 .000000 301000 .000000 302000 .000000 303000 .000000 304000 .000000 305000 .000000 306000 .000000 307000 .000000 308000 .000000 309000 .000000 310000 .000000 311000.000000 312000 .000000 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 02 2.2.4 Norton Norton is a satellite town of Harare, located approximately 40km to the west of Harare along the A5 Harare to Bulwayo Road. It is in Chegutu district of Mashonaland West Province. It lies between latitudes 17° 50’ S and 17° 54’ S, and between longitudes 30° 38’ E and 30° 45’ E. Norton was originally a farming support and industrial town but has since developed significantly as a dormitory town serving Harare. The town was established in 1914 and was initially administered by a Town Management Board under the Rural Councils Act. It was upgraded to Town Council status in 1994. The current council area is made up of residential and industrial developments divided into 13 wards with a total area of around 6,000 ha. The 2012 National Census estimated the population of Norton to be around 68,000. Most of this population resides in the high density areas of Katanga and Ngoni. The town is surrounded by large commercial farms. In fact, the town has expanded over the years by incorporating and subdividing surrounding farms. In recent years, areas such as Knowe, Galloway, Maridale and Johannes have been established by subdividing surrounding farms. The subdivision and development was typically done by private developers. The phenomenal expansion of Norton over the last 10 years has been driven by private developers seeking housing development investments targeting the working population in Harare. Given its proximity to Harare (only 40 km from the city centre), the town is very attractive for investments in residential housing and agro-processing industry (huge urban market in Harare). The town is host to the largest Grain Marketing Board Depot. Key local industry includes the Hunyani Pulp and Paper Company (currently dormant), the Dandy Sweets factory and the Allied Cotton Ginnery. Gauff Ingenieure 2-8 244000 246000 248000 250000 252000 254000 256000 258000 260000 Lake 0 DQ\DPH Figure 2-4 Project Area Map Norton 8026000 8026000 ± Datum WGS 84 1:55,000 8024000 8024000 Tankatara Ward 6 Ward 1 Damofalls Twinlakes Ward 13 Ward 2 Ngoni 8022000 8022000 Johannesburg Ward 5 Galloway Marshlands Ward 7 Ward 8 Maridale Ward 3 Nharira Katanga Ward 9 Ward 12 Ward 10Katanga Phase 1+2 Ward 11 Legend 8020000 8020000 Project Boundary Knowe Norton Industrial Lake Wards Council Boundary Ward 4 Main Residential 8018000 8018000 Landuse Business/Commercial Tankatara, Esmeralda, DaLV\ Industrial 25.56 km.sq Park 2030 Residential Expansion Areas 8016000 8016000 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan 8014000 8014000 0 0.5 1 2 3 4 Kilometers 244000 246000 248000 250000 252000 254000 256000 258000 260000 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 02 2.2.5 Ruwa Ruwa is a town in Mashonaland East Province, situated 22 km south-east of Harare city centre. It is bisected by the main Harare-Mutare highway and railway line. It serves as a small administrative and trading centre for the surrounding mixed farming area. The town has seen rapid growth in recent years mainly because of the housing development opportunities. It has become a popular area for private housing developers and people moving out of Harare. Ruwa is lies between latitudes 17° 52’ S and 17° 55’ S, and between longitudes 31° 18’ E and 31° 15’ E. Originally an industrial suburb it has continued to provide for both industry and increasingly as a dormitory town for Harare. Originally formed as a Local Board, Ruwa is in the process of attaining Town Council status. Development has generally been formal and well planned. The project area is the urban wards under the current jurisdiction of the local authority and the peripheral areas that the council intends to provide water and sanitation services to in future. The town is divided into 9 wards cover a land area of approximately 4,000 ha. Most of the wards are high density residential areas except for Wards 7, 8 and 9, which are either medium or low density residential areas. Most of the industrial and commercial land use is located in wards 7 and 9. The 2012 National Census estimated the population in Ruwa to be approximately 56,000 The town is expected to expand into Anthelney Farm, Mara Farms and Tarisa Farms. This expansion is likely to happen in the long term. In the short-term, the population increase will be absorbed within the current council boundary, especially in Wards 7, 9 and 5. It is important to note that the extension area to the east includes the catchment for the Green Sykes Dam – a water source and storage reservoir for the raw water from Nora Dam. This area must be protected from excessive human development. Gauff Ingenieure 2-10 308000 .000000 309500 .000000 311000.000000 312500 .000000 314000 .000000 315500 .000000 317000 .000000 318500 .000000 Figure 2-5 Project Area Map Ruwa ± Secondary Tara Township Sebastopol Primary Secondary 8024000.000000 8024000.000000 Zimre School Zimre Primary Secondary Ward 8 School School Lot 1 Of Inverangus Hunters Zimre Park Rest Scale 1:17,000 Datum : WGS 84 Zone 36S Cheringoma Chipukutu Ward 9 Rem Ext. Of Chito Of Rem Of SD A Sebastopol Of SD C Of Sebastopol 8022500.000000 8022500.000000 Legend Residential Lot 2 A Of Inverneil Fresnes Caledonia, York Sebastolpol, Trunk/Primary Roads Romany, Clovadeal Rail Line Glamis Fairview River / Stream 8021000.000000 8021000.000000 Ruw_Lakes Lot A Of Oakes Primary Project Boundary School Ednora Sch Ward 1 Ground Thornicraft Existing Town Boundary Park School Lot 1 Of Cranbrook Expansion Areas Ward 3 Sebassa National Rehabiliation Ward 4 Ward 7 Ward 2 8019500.000000 8019500.000000 Hofmoor Boulders Eatate Estates Ward 6 Boulder H Of Galway Ward 5 Egondini, Mapumula 8018000.000000 8018000.000000 PT Of Keymer Farm Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Dagbreek 8016500.000000 8016500.000000 0 0.5 1 2 Kilometers 308000 .000000 309500 .000000 311000.000000 312500 .000000 314000 .000000 315500 .000000 317000 .000000 318500 .000000 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 02 2.3 Climate Greater Harare has a subtropical highland climate. The average annual temperature is 18°C, rather low for the tropics. This is perhaps due to its high altitude position and the prevalence of a cool south-easterly airflow. The Greater Harare area experiences three main seasons: a warm, wet season from November to March/April (rainy season); a cool, dry season from May to August (winter); and a hot, dry season in September/October. In the coldest month of July the average daily temperature ranges from about 7°C to 20°C, while in the hottest month (October), it ranges from about 13°C to 28°C. The figure below shows the average highs and lows over an average year. 35 30 25 Temperature (oC) 20 15 10 5 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Average high °C (°F) Average low °C (°F) Figure 2-6: Temperature Variation Chart Source: Zimbabwe Meteorological Service Department The rainy season starts around November and lasts for approximately five months until April. The average annual rainfall is about 825 mm. Very little rain typically falls during the period May to September, although sporadic showers occur most years. The wettest month is January with around 200 mm of rainfall. Rainfall varies a great deal from year to year and follows cycles of wet and dry periods from 7 to 10 years long. The figure below shows the variations of rainfall over an average year. Gauff Ingenieure 2-12 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 02 250 200 Precipitation (mm) 150 100 50 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Precipitation mm Figure 2-7: Precipitation Variation Chart Source: Zimbabwe Meteorological Service Department 2.4 Topography The general topography of Zimbabwe is characterised by a central watershed which stretches across the country from the north-east to the south-west. The Greater Harare sits on one of the higher parts of the watershed. It was constructed on naturally flat and marshy plateau bounded by rocky hills in the central watershed. The terrain gently galls towards the south-west and the north-east. The ground elevation over the city averages around 1,500 m amsl. The southern, western, central and south-eastern parts of Harare drain southwards into the Manyame River, while the north-eastern part drains northwards into the Mazoe River system. The landscape is covered by a natural vegetation of open woodland. The most common tree of the local region is the Msasa (Brachystegia spiciformis) that colours the landscape wine red with its new leaves in late August. Two South American species of trees, the Jacaranda and the Flamboyant, which were introduced during the colonial era, contribute to the city's colour palette with streets lined with either the lilac blossoms of the Jacaranda or the flame red blooms from the Flamboyant. 2.5 Hydrological and Hydrogeological conditions Greater Harare lies in the upper Manyame sub-catchment – part of the Manyame catchment. Manyame catchment covers areas that are drained by three main rivers; Manyame, Musengezi and Angwa. The catchment is reasonably well endowed with water due to the relatively high mean annual rainfall of around 750mm. The upper Manyame Sub- catchment receives the highest rainfall. The general geology of Upper Manyame Sub-Catchment consists of greenstones of the Bulawayan Group, Older gneisses and granites of the Basement Complex, Great dyke mafics and ultra-mafics, doleritic and gabbroic dykes. The greenstone belt occupies the central part of the sub-catchment and consist of tightly folded, extremely sheared and metamorphosed volcanic and volcaniclastic or sedimentary rocks of the Bulawayan Group. Because of the fissures in these formations, groundwater potential is very high. Water Gauff Ingenieure 2-13 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 02 yields do vary from 0.5-3.0 l/s. Borehole depths range from 30-60 m and water strikes vary from 10-40 m. Groundwater levels range from 1-20 m and are mostly less than 10 m. Granitic rocks are more abundant than any other rock type in the sub-catchment and stretch from NW to the SE part of the sub-catchment. They are varied in age and range from older gneissic rocks to younger granites. These rocks have poor groundwater potential as they have no primary permeability and porosity. These rocks cover the largest part of the Upper Manyame Sub-Catchment. Groundwater is from secondary structures such as faults, fractures and regoliths. Groundwater potential under such conditions is invariably related to the amount of rainfall, fracture pattern distribution and regolith development. Borehole depths in areas containing gneisses and granites range from 30-50 m. Groundwater levels range from 5- 30 m and are mostly less than 20 m deep. Yields are equally variable ranging from 0.1-0.2 litres per second. Values occurring outside these ranges should be expected depending on the prevailing hydrogeological conditions. Very few dolerite dykes occur in Upper Manyame Sub-C and they are more or less parallel to the Great dyke. The doleritic intrusions may be easily traced in the field as they form streaks of red soils and sometimes accompanying ridges of black weathering, rounded boulders, supporting a lot of vegetation.1 2.6 Water Resources The municipal water required in the greater Harare area is abstracted from the Manyame River system. The water is impounded at four main dam sites: Manyame (Darwendale), Chivero, Seke and Harava. In a recent study conducted by ZINWA, the 4% yield of the dams was estimated to be 480,000 m3/day. In addition to the yield of the dams, the catchment receives substantial amounts of water via the return of wastewater effluent (mostly untreated) into the river system. Studies have already been carried out on potential water sources for Greater Harare in other catchments. Sources such as Kunzvi and Shavanhove in the Mazoe Catchment, and Muda in the Sanyati Catchment have already been verified and will be developed when need arises. The need to develop new sources will be determined on consideration of yield and the quality of the water in the Upper Manyame catchment. The 4% risk yield of the dams in the Upper Manyame Catchment has already been exceeded by the installed capacity of the water production facilities. The water demand has also already surpassed the yield of the dams – strengthening the case for developing new water sources in other catchments. 2.7 Environmental Situation (Raw water Quality) The raw water quality in the catchment has been deteriorating at an alarming rate. This is mainly because domestic and industrial wastewater is being discharged into the natural water courses with hardly any treatment as most of the wastewater treatment facilities are dilapidated. A comparison of water quality data from 1996 and 2011 carried out by JICA 2shows a considerable increase in BOD in the catchment over the last 15 years. The comparison data used was from a 1996 JICA study and the Environmental Management Agency (EMA). The table below shows the water quality comparisons. 1 ZINWA Manyame RSOP 2 The Project for Improvement of Water Supply, Sewage and Solid Waste Management in Chitungwiza, JICA, 2013 Gauff Ingenieure 2-14 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 02 Table 2-2: Raw Water Quality Comparison over Time Sampling Point 1996 2011 BOD (mg/l) COD (mg/l) BOD (mg/l) COD (mg/l) Upstream of Harava Dam 1.1 51.1 36.8 Harava Dam 9.5 39.1 36.8 After Seke Dam 0.6 52.1 70.2 Nyatsime after Zengeza WWTW 2.1 51.4 460 Morton Bridge after Lake Manyame 57.4 62.3 Source: JICA Report on Chitungwiza (2013) Given these findings, there is clear need to rehabilitate the existing wastewater treatment facilities in the catchment and to consider appropriate wastewater technologies that will help clean up the catchment. Gauff Ingenieure 2-15 220000 240000 260000 280000 300000 320000 340000 Figure 2-8 Map of the Upper Manyame Catchment ± 8060000 8060000 G we b iR i ve r Hatcliff WWTW ) " 1:400,000 8040000 8040000 Datum WGS 84 ive r Marlborough Ponds r uR " ) ru zu Mu HARARE # * Greater Harare Water and Lake Manyame Donnybrook Ponds er " ) Sanitation Investment Plan Norton WWTW Riv ba Crowborough " ) " ) Morton Jeffrey Ruwa Ponds Epworth ri m 8020000 8020000 3 Q * Norton # ) " r ve Ma * # * # Ri i vi s Ruwa Lake Chivero u ku M Firle " ) Prince Edward 3 Q 26 28 29 31 32 34 Seke Dam Ny Harava Dam ats Ma n im eR * # ya me ive Zengeza r " ) Legend R iv e r # * -17 -17 Manyame Project Towns 8000000 8000000 Cat chment Mazowe 3 Q Water Treat Plants A1 Cat chment 11 ) " Waste Water TP A A2 !Harare ( Highway/Roads Sanyati -18 -18 A5 Cat chment ( Chitungwiza ! A8 A5 Rivers and Streams Lakes and Dams A4 Gwayi A3 Cat chment Upper Manyame Catchment A5 A9 A17 -20 -20 Save Runde Cat chment Cat chment A9 A9 A9 A8 A1 7980000 7980000 A4 8 A7 A9 A4 -21 -21 Mzingwane A4 A6 Cat chment A4 1:8,000,000 -23 -23 26 28 29 31 32 34 220000 240000 260000 280000 300000 320000 340000 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report CHAPTER 03: URBAN PLANNING AND DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE Gauff Ingenieure Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 03 3 URBAN PLANNING AND DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE 3.1 Introduction The Greater Harare Metropolitan Area includes the five component settlements of Harare Chitungwiza, Epworth, Ruwa and Norton. Each of these centres is managed by an independent urban authority: the Harare City Council, Chitungwiza Municipality, the Epworth Local Board, the Norton Town Council and the Ruwa Local Board. Each town has its own unique history and pattern of development and, to date, there has been little in the way of coordinated planning between the individual towns. However, to a large extent, these centres do function as part of single urban and economic entity. In particular they are linked together on the basis of sharing a common water supply system and, also, all their wastewater treatment systems discharge upstream of the water supply dams on the Manyame River and consequently affect their common water supply. The four centres of Harare, Chitungwiza, Epworth and Ruwa form a single contiguous urban area whilst Norton is located some 45 km to the west of Harare. Norton and Ruwa are both situated alongside primary access roads and railway lines, to the west and east respectively. Both were initially developed to provide opportunity for industrial expansion outside of Harare, although more recently the focus has been on residential development. Chitungwiza has a limited industrial area and, together with Epworth, they primarily serve as satellite residential areas for Harare. Harare, with an area of 850 km2 is by far the largest of the entities, and accounts for 81.9% of the overall extent of 1,037 km2 currently included under the Greater Harare Metropolitan Area. Corresponding figures for the other centres are Chitungwiza 51 km2 (4.9%), Epworth 34 km2 (3.3 %), Norton 60 km2 (5.8%), and Ruwa 42 km2 (4.0%). Harare is situated on the watershed between the Manyame catchment to the south and west and the Mazowe catchment to the northeast. Other than the small parts of Harare to the north and east (Hatcliffe, Borrowdale, Highlands, Greendale and Caledonia) which drain north into the Mazowe River, the bulk of the city together with all of Ruwa, Epworth, Chitungwiza and Norton drain to the west into the Manyame River. This leads to the unfortunate position whereby Harare, Chitungwiza, Epworth and Ruwa are all situated upstream of the main water supply dams of Lake Chivero and Lake Manyame, and even for Norton drainage is to the north directly into Lake Manyame. As the capital of Zimbabwe, Harare strongly dominates Greater Harare in terms of area, population and development of commerce and industry. Harare has a well defined Central Business District (CBD) which is lacking for the other centres of Chitungwiza, Epworth, Norton and Ruwa. In each case plans exist for development of a town centre but these have yet to be developed. As the capital city, Harare also supports the bulk of the institutional development, in particular hosting a large number of national organizations. For the other centres, institutional development is limited, the most numerous organizations being educational facilities, particularly schools, and churches. Harare also includes the largest industrial areas. Chitungwiza, Norton and Ruwa each have some industry; indeed the modern development of Norton and Ruwa was specifically in order to reduce pressure on industrial areas in Harare. Despite previous industrial development in these smaller centres, many of the large companies have now ceased operation or have relocated, This is largely due to the prevailing national economic malaise, but has been compounded by erratic water supplies to these towns. Gauff Ingenieure 3-1 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 03 All towns include a mix of two or more types of housing: these being low density (LD), medium density (MD), high density (HD) and informal settlements, although the proportions of each differ widely between the different towns according to their individual histories of development. The overall purpose of this chapter is to provide detailed spatial population estimates that can serve to inform calculations of future water demand for Greater Harare. The remainder of this chapter presents historical population data (Section 3.2) and projected future populations (Section 3.3) and, in Section 3.4, these are broken down according to individual wards and by housing types. Calculation of institutional, commercial and industrial water demand is based on indirect methods, such that the focus of this analysis is primarily on residential populations. All population data is derived from official ZIMSTAT reports, and ward boundaries are those used by ZIMSTAT for the 2012 census. It should be noted that these ward boundaries have been subject to marked changes in recent years, often for political purposes, and that the ZIMSTAT boundaries do not necessarily coincide with those currently in use by the respective urban authorities. More detailed reports relating to each town are included in Appendices 3-1 to 3-5. 3.2 Historic and Present Population Population census data for Harare and Chitungwiza goes back to at least 1969, whilst disaggregated data was first reported for Norton in 1982, and for Epworth and Ruwa only in 1992 (Table 3-1, Figure 3-1). Corresponding annual rates of population growth for the respective census intervals are shown in Table 3-2. It should be noted that the 2012 population figure for Harare includes the population of six adjacent wards, currently outside of the official city boundary, but for which neighbouring parts are already in the process of being incorporated or, in the near future, are expected to be incorporated into the city. These are Wards 35 and 24 of Zvimba District, Ward 20 of Mazowe District, and Wards 6, 7 and 25 of Goromonzi District (Figure 3.2). Collectively, these six wards add an additional 109,708 people to the 2012 Harare population. Harare strongly dominates the overall population of Greater Harare, in 2012 accounting for 72.5% of the overall population of 2,356,764 people. Corresponding figures for the other centres were 15.1% for Chitungwiza, 7.1% for Epworth, 2.9% for Norton and 2.4% for Ruwa. Summing the individual populations, Greater Harare has grown in population from 379,000 in 1969 to nearly 2.4 million in 2012. This represents a six fold increase over a span of 43 years. During this period the mean annual growth rates for Greater Harare have consistently been markedly higher than for the country as a whole, such that Greater Harare has grown to account for a steadily increasing proportion of the overall national population, from 7.4% in 1969 to 18.2% in 2012. This trend is shared with many of the big cities in Africa and can be expected to continue. The expected result will be the increasing concentration of population, economic activity and wealth within Greater Harare. A second key point to note is the marked decline in mean annual growth rates for both the country as a whole and for Greater Harare during the last twenty years (1992-2012) as compared to the previous period from 1969-1992. For Greater Harare the growth rates were over 6% in the earlier years, decreasing to 2.62% for the period 1992-2002 and to 1.84% for the following period to 2012. The primary causes of this decline include the devastating HIV pandemic, leading to markedly increased mortality rates, and the Gauff Ingenieure 3-2 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 03 pronounced economic decline from the late 1990s to the present, which has stifled economic growth and resulted in high levels of out-migration. Given the present unpromising macroeconomic outlook, future urban growth is likely to be due more to the push of continued high levels of poverty in rural areas rather than the pull of new urban opportunities resulting through investment and economic growth. Thus, whilst Greater Harare appears to have adequate land available to support continued growth, actual development is likely to be strongly constrained by the prevailing adverse investment climate. Table 3-1: Population Data for Greater Harare from 1969 to 2012 (Source: ZIMSTAT) YEAR 1969 1982 1992 2002 2012 Harare* 364,390 658,364 1,148,073 1,458,807 1,708,538 Chitungwiza 14,970 172,000 274,912 323,260 356,840 Epworth 62,630 114,067 167,462 Norton 12,438 29,000 44,397 67,591 Ruwa 1,447 23,681 56,333 Total Greater Harare 379,360 842,802 1,516,062 1,964,212 2,356,764 ZIMBABWE 5,134,300 7,608,432 10,412,548 11,631,657 12,973,808 Total as % of Zimbabwe 7.4 11.1 14.6 16.9 18.2 * Note that the Harare population figures from 1992 onwards include Harare South (Ward 1), and the figure for 2012 also includes populations from six adjacent wards amounting to a total of 109,708 people. Figure 3-1 below shows the population growth in Greater Harare from 1969 to 2012. (Source: ZIMSTAT). 2.5 Millions 2 Population 1.5 1 0.5 0 1969 1982 1992 2002 2012 Total Greater Harare Figure 3-1: Population Growth in Greater Harare from 1969 to 2012 Gauff Ingenieure 3-3 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 03 Table 3-2 below shows mean inter census annual population growth rates for Greater Harare from 1969 to 2012. (Source: ZIMSTAT). Table 3-2: Inter Census Annual Growth Rates PERIOD 1969-82 1982-92 1992-02 2002-12 Harare 4.66% 5.72% 2.42% 1.59% Chitungwiza 20.66% 4.80% 1.63% 0.99% Epworth 6.18% 3.91% Norton 8.83% 4.35% 4.29% Ruwa 32.25% 9.05% Total Greater Harare 6.33% 6.05% 2.62% 1.84% ZIMBABWE 3.07% 3.19% 1.11% 1.10% Historical mean annual rates of growth have varied greatly from one town to another. In general the rates of growth over the last 20 years for Epworth, Norton and Ruwa have been substantially higher than those for Harare or Greater Harare as a whole. Chitungwiza, in contrast, has experienced considerably lower growth rates over this period, probably due to limited space for further expansion. Ruwa and Norton have offered ample space for growth, and have attracted considerable levels of state and private investment, whilst in Epworth there has been a massive expansion of informal settlement. This has also been the case for Harare Ward 1 (Harare South or Harare rural) which has increased in population from 23,023 in 2002 to 113,599 in 2012, with virtually all the increase being of informal settlement, as well as the neighbouring areas of Caledonia (Goromonzi Ward 25) and Whitecliff (Zvimba Ward 35). 3.3 Population Projections A key limitation to projecting urban population is the unpredictability of some of the population change factors, especially net migration. While births and deaths could potentially be estimated from historical trends, since they take some time to change significantly, net migration can be influenced by and can quickly respond to short-term changes such as economic swings and patterns of investment. For this reason the approach adopted here was to estimate growth rates of the population from historical data and make reasonable scenarios about these growth rates into the future. Future population growth rates for Greater Harare were estimated through consideration of historical rates of growth (Table 3-2), comparison to regional data (Table 3-3), comparison to estimated growth rates for towns included under the associated Urgent Water Supply and Sanitation Rehabilitation Project (Table 3-4) and through discussions with the respective urban authorities. A number of workshops were held to debate and achieve consensus on the proposed future growth rates. Data on population growth was obtained from 87 urban centres (>25,000 people) in seven comparable Southern and East African countries for which data was available (Namibia, Botswana, Mozambique, Zambia, Malawi, Tanzania, Kenya), as recorded over their most recent census interval (variously 1997-2007 to 2002-2012). For all 87 towns the overall range of annual growth rates over the last decade was -0.03% to 6.97% with a mean value of 3.23% (Table 3-3). The data further suggests that growth is stronger in the largest cities Gauff Ingenieure 3-4 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 03 (> 1 million inhabitants = 3.94%) and slightly lower in smaller centres (3.1% for centres smaller than 250,000 people). Table 3-3 shows comparative annual growth rates for 87 Southern and East African urban areas (>25,000 people) over their respective most recent census intervals (from 1997-2007 to 2002-2012). Table 3-3: Comparative Annual Growth Rates Population Number Range (%) Median (%) Mean (%) > 1 Million 4 1.25% - 5.78% 4.36% 3.94% 500,000 – 1 Million 5 2.79% - 4.69% 4.06% 3.88% 250,000-500,000 12 0.83% - 7.16% 3.39% 3.47% 100,000-250,000 32 0.38% - 6.55% 2.71% 3.08% 25,000-100,000 34 -0.03% - 6.97% 3.14% 3.11% Total 87 -0.03% - 7.16% 3.32% 3.23% Under the UWSSRP future population growth rates for the six project towns (Chegutu, Masvingo, Kwekwe, Mutare, Chitungwiza and Harare) were examined and debated at a combined workshop held in Harare on 09 July 2013. A key outcome of the workshop was to estimate future annual rates of population growth to 2020 and 2030 for each of the project centres, based on specific conditions pertaining to each of the centres. Table 3-4 shows the projected annual growth rates for the medium (2012-2020) and long term (2020-2030) for the six UWSSRP project towns. (Source: Workshop, Harare, 09 July 2013). Table 3-4: Projected Annual Growth Rates for UWSSRP Centres Annual Growth Rate (%) PERIOD 2002-2012 2012-2020 2020-2030 Chegutu 1.39% 4% 2% Masvingo 2.45% 3% 1.5-2% Kwekwe 0.71% 3% 4% Mutare 1.00% 3% 4% Chitungwiza 0.93% 1.1% 2% Harare 0.23% 4% 4% The resulting estimates varied between 1.1-4% for the period 2012-2020 and from 2-4% for the subsequent interval from 2020-2030. Now that the 2013 national election has been concluded, the extent of the macroeconomic challenges facing the country is clear, and there is little to suggest that the population growth trajectory for the coming years should be substantially different from the recent past. Certainly, there seems no feasible justification for predicting an immediate increase to the level of 4% per annum for Harare. The future mean rate of growth for Greater Harare for the period 2012-2020 was thus estimated at 2%, this being slightly higher than the figure of Gauff Ingenieure 3-5 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 03 1.84% obtained during the previous census interval. Consistent with this overall figure the individual growth rates of Chitungwiza, Norton and Ruwa for the period 2012-2020 were maintained at their same levels as for 2002-2012 (Table 3-5). For Epworth, the rate of growth is expected to decline due to restricted opportunities for further expansion within its existing footprint, combined with the fact that the town is hemmed in between Harare and Ruwa such that the opportunities for additional external growth are also strongly constrained. The future rate of growth for Epworth from 2012-2020 is therefore expected to be 2.5% as compared to the former value of 3.91% for the period 2002-2012. For Harare, it was assumed that the relatively restricted opportunities for growth in Chitungwiza and Epworth would be compensated for by marginally higher rates of growth here, such that the future growth was forecast to increase from the previous figure of 1.59% for 2002-2012 to that of 1.75% for 2012-2020. Table 3-5: Projected Future Annual Growth Rates for Greater Harare Annual Growth Rate (%) PERIOD 2002-2012 2012-2020 2020-2025 2025-2030 Harare 1.59% 1.75% 4.00% 5.00% Chitungwiza 0.99% 0.99% 2.00% 4.00% Epworth 3.91% 2.50% 2.00% 2.00% Norton 4.29% 4.29% 4.00% 5.00% Ruwa 9.05% 9.05% 4.00% 5.00% Total Greater Harare 1.84% 2.00% 3.59% 4.68% Population growth for Greater Harare is projected to escalate markedly after 2020. Individual projections for Harare, Ruwa and Norton are estimated at 4% to 2025 and 5% to 2030. Corresponding estimates for Epworth are lower (2% and 2%) again due to space constraints, and also for Chitungwiza (2% and 4%), on the basis that the targeted area of expansion on the Nyatsime Farms is further away from the city centre than much of Harare, such that development in this area is likely to be slower until such time as the closer areas are beginning to reach capacity. These figures imply overall growth for Greater Harare of 3.59% for the period 2020-2025, and increasing to 4.68% for the subsequent interval to 2030. Gauff Ingenieure 3-6 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 03 10.00% 8.00% 6.00% 4.00% 2.00% 0.00% 2012-2020 2020-2025 2025-2030 *Harare Chitungwiza Epworth Norton Ruwa Greater Harare Expon. (Greater Harare) Figure 3-2: Projected Population Growth Rates Applying these estimated growth rates the resulting projected populations are shown in Table 3.6. For Greater Harare, the overall population is projected to grow from 2.4 million in 2012 to 2.8 million in 2020 and to 4.1 million in 2030. Over this same period Harare is estimated to increase from 1.7 million in 2012 to 2.0 million in 2020 and 3.0 million in 2030. Chitungwiza is anticipated to increase to over half a million by 2030, Epworth to reach nearly 250,000 people and Norton and Ruwa to both expand to well over 100,000 people each, to roughly the current size of Epworth. Table 3-6: Projected Future Populations for Greater Harare YEAR 2012 2020 2025 2030 Harare 1,708,538 1,962,908 2,388,178 3,047,987 Chitungwiza 356,840 386,199 426,395 518,774 Epworth 167,462 204,036 225,272 248,719 Norton 67,591 94,606 115,102 146,903 Ruwa 56,333 112,682 137,094 174,971 Total Greater Harare 2,356,764 2,760,430 3,292,042 4,137,355 Given the inherent high level of uncertainty as regards these future predictions, it is essential that these population estimates should be revisited, at a minimum prior to any detailed planning for the second investment horizon (2020-2030), and particularly in 2022 after the next census has been completed. Gauff Ingenieure 3-7 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 03 5 Millions 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 - 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 *Harare Chitungwiza Epworth Norton Ruwa Figure 3-3: Projected Population in Greater Harare 3.4 Urban Planning There has never been any comprehensive planning carried out for the whole of the Greater Harare Metropolitan Area and none of the component towns have an updated master plan (although for Chitungwiza, JICA has recently completed a detailed study on future water supply and sanitation 1 ). The data presented below is largely derived through detailed discussions with the individual urban authorities. The general approach followed for each town was to examine the existing pattern of land use, including the allocation of 2012 ward populations by residential types. This was followed by consideration of existing plans for future growth and identification of possibilities for growth of different residential types both in existing wards and in neighbouring areas, together with analysis of predicted future demand for different types of housing to 2020 and to 2030. By comparison of expected growth by housing types against identified opportunities for growth, it was then possible to estimate future ward populations by housing types for the two periods to 2020 and 2030. The analysis was largely confined to residential use, since water demand for institutional, commercial and industrial purposes is being estimated through indirect means. 3.4.1 Harare Harare strongly dominates the Greater Harare Metropolitan Area. With a 2012 census count of 1,708,538 (including peripheral areas) Harare accounted for 72.5% of the overall population, and with an area of 84,994 ha accounts for 81.9% of the overall extent of Greater Harare (Table 3-7). As the capital city of Zimbabwe, Harare hosts many national and local institutions, is the centre of commercial and industrial activity and, unlike the other component towns of Greater Harare, has a well-developed central business district. 1 The Project for Improvement of Water Supply, Sewerage and Solid Waste Management in Chitungwiza, JICA, 2013 Gauff Ingenieure 3-8 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 03 Table 3-7: Areas and 2012 Populations for Greater Harare Area (ha) % of Total Area Population % of Total 2012 Population Harare 84,994 81.9% 1,708,538 72.5% Chitungwiza 5,106 4.9% 356,840 15.1% Epworth 3,438 3.3% 167,462 7.1% Norton 6,006 5.8% 67,591 2.9% Ruwa 4,187 4.0% 56,333 2.4% TOTAL 103,730 100.0% 2,356,764 100.0% Harare is divided into 46 wards. All wards include residential areas of various types: low density (LD), medium density (MD), high density (HD) or informal (INF) settlements. Low density housing dominates over most of the northern and eastern parts of the city, plus the city centre and a substantial band to the south. There are ten wards that comprise entirely of LD housing (City Centre, Belvedere, Marlborough, Avondale, Mt. Pleasant, Borrowdale, Eastlea, Highlands, Greendale and Waterfalls), plus Mabelreign and Hatfield which are predominantly LD but also include smaller portions of MD housing. MD housing does not dominate in any wards, but rather occurs as a component in association with either LD housing (as for Mabelreign and Hatfield), or else HD housing, as is the case for Sunningdale, Kambuzuma, Highfield, Glen View and Dzivarasekwa. See ward map in Figure 3-4 overleaf. Gauff Ingenieure 3-9 270000 275000 280000 285000 290000 295000 300000 305000 310000 315000 8050000 8050000 Figure Ward Map with Housing Categories Harare Buckland Estates 2030 ± 8045000 8045000 Borrowdale Estates 2020 Mt. Hampden Ward 42 2030 LD,HD Kinvarra 2020 1:75,000 8040000 8040000 Ward 18 LD Ward 41 LD Ward 17 8035000 8035000 LD Ward 8 LD Ward 7 Ward 40 Ward 16 Rainham LD MD,HD LD,MD 2020 8030000 8030000 Ward 9 0 LD Ward 39 Ward 45 HD LD,HD Ward 46 Ward 6 LD,HD Ward 38 Ward 5 LD Ward 19 0 HD LD HD Ward 15 Caledonia Ward 44 MD,HD 2030 LD,HD Ward 37 HD Ward 2 Ward 20 LD HD Ward 4 8025000 8025000 HD Legend Ward 14 Ward 11 Ward 36 MD,HD Ward 21 Residential Roads Ward 34 HD HD Ward 3 HD HD HD Ward 10 Trunk/Primary Roads Ward 13 MD,HD HD Rail Line Ward 12 Ward 22 Ward 35 HD LD,MD HD River / Stream Category Ward 43 Ward 26 Ward 25 LD,HD HD HD MD,HD LD Ward 33 8020000 8020000 HD LD,HD Ward 30 Ward 24 Ward 23 Ward 29 HD LD LD,MD HD HD Ward 32 MD,HD HD Ward 27 HD Project Boundary Ward 31 Ward 28 MD,HD Expansion Areas HD 8015000 8015000 Ward 1 LD,HD Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan 8010000 8010000 0 1 2 4 6 8 Kilometers 270000 275000 280000 285000 290000 295000 300000 305000 310000 315000 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 03 HD housing dominates the southwestern and western portions of the city, with relatively small occurrences to the north (Hatcliffe) and to the east (Mabvuku and Tafara). Immediately to the south of the City Centre are Mbare and Sunningdale. Continuing to the southwest, the sector bounded by the Simon Mazorodze Road (leading south to Masvingo), the High Glen Road (to the west) and the Bulawayo Road, includes the HD areas of Highfield, Rugare, Kambuzuma and Warren Park. Further out, to the west of High Glen Road, are the suburbs of Glen Norah, Glen View, Budiriro, Mufakose, Kuwadzana and Dzivarasekwa. Ward 1 (Harare Rural or Harare South) covers a vast swathe across the southern portion of the city from the headwaters of Lake Chivero in the west to Epworth in the east, and from Chitungwiza in the south to the remainder Harare in the north. Previously commercial farm land, this portion is now dominated by informal settlement. For the purpose of this project it was decided to include portions of six adjacent wards parts of which have been, or are anticipated as being, incorporated into the city in the near future. These wards comprise Wards 35 (Whitecliff, Rainham, Spitzkop, Heaney and Rydale Ridge) and 24 (Mt. Hampden) of Zvimba District to the west; Ward 20 (Mt. Pleasant Heights) of Mazowe District and Wards 6 (Sally Mugabe Heights) and 7 (Echo and Rumani farms) of Goromonzi District to the north and, to the east, Ward 25 (Caledonia) also of Goromonzi District. Zvimba Ward 24 and the three northern wards currently include and are expected to be developed as LD settlements. Caledonia comprises entirely of informal settlement, while Whitecliff is dominated by informal settlement (75%), but also includes portions of MD (20%) and LD (5%) housing. For Harare, for all 52 wards, the estimated break down of population in 2012 by housing types was as follows: 28.3% LD (482,961 people), 3.0% MD (50,409 people), 59.4% HD (1,014,130 people) and 9.4% informal settlement (161,038) (Table 3-8). Based on discussions with City of Harare planning officials, it is expected that the combined proportion of LD and MD residents will gradually decline over the planning period from a combined figure of 31.3% for 2012, to 29% for 2020 to 25% by 2030. During the same period the proportion of informal settlement is expected to grow from 9.4% for 2012 to 13.6% for 2020 and 19.6% for 2030. This implies a corresponding decrease in the proportion of HD population from 59.4% in 2012 to 57.4% in 2020 to 55.4% in 2030. Using these figures, the future estimated populations by housing types for the years 2020 and 2030 are shown in Table 3-8. This suggests that the LD population will grow from 483,000 in 2012, by 29,000 people to 512,000 in 2020, and then by 173,000 people to reach 686,000 in 2030. The MD population is forecast to increase from 50,000 in 2012 to 57,000 in 2020 and to 76,000 in 2030. The HD population was just over 1 million in 2012. This is forecast to grow by 113,000 to 1.13 million in 2020 and then by 562,000 to reach 1.69 million in 2030. Coupled with this, the informal population is expected to grow from 161,000 in 2012, by 106,000 to reach 267,000 in 2020, and by a further 330,000 to reach a total of 597,000 in 2030. The expected general pattern of development is for continued expansion of LD housing to the north and northeast (between the Lomagundi and Murewa roads), and for continued HD expansion to the west and south of the city. This will serve to confine future extension of the sewer network to the southern and western portions of the city, whilst the LD residents to the north can continue to rely on septic tanks. Twelve areas were identified for future LD expansion, eight within the boundaries of the current 46 wards and four in the peripheral areas to the north (Table 3-8). The existing wards appear to offer a total LD growth opportunity of 14,500 stands or 101,500 people. Gauff Ingenieure 3-11 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 03 This is more than adequate to cater for the anticipated demand of 29,358 extra LD residents to 2020, but substantially short of the projected demand of 173,478 new residents to 2030. Thus, by 2030 all LD growth within the existing wards is expected to be fully taken up, and a similar amount of growth will have taken place in the neighbouring areas to the north. However, growth in all prospective areas, other than Goromonzi Ward 7, is expected to start prior to 2020 and to continue into the subsequent interval to 2030. The picture for MD expansion is similar to that of LD, in that the identified four opportunities for expansion within the existing wards, which give a total of 12,600 people, are sufficient to cater for demand to 2020 (6,515 people) but not to 2030 (25,791 people). The major MD development is expected to occur to the west within Zvimba Ward 35, where a further 2,000 stands (14,000 residents) are expected. Again, development in all five potential areas appears likely to span both time horizons to 2020 and to 2030. It is also feasible that there might be additional MD developments in the peripheral areas to the north, although this has not been provided for in this working model. Fifteen of the existing wards appear to offer possibility for HD expansion, collectively amounting to a total of 14,510 stands or 145,100 residents. This compares to an estimated demand of 112,579 people to 2020 and of 674,455 to 2030. Thus, all HD expansion to 2020 is projected to be accommodated within the existing wards, with the balance of opportunities being taken up during the subsequent period to 2030. From 2020-2030 the bulk of HD growth is expected to occur in Ward 1 and the peripheral areas of Caledonia and Whitecliff, and will come about through upgrading of existing informal settlements (550,000) to formal HD housing. The bulk of the low income development is expected to comprise informal housing, and is anticipated to occur primarily within Ward 1 and the peripheral wards of Zvimba 35 to the west and Goromonzi 25 to the east. Collectively, these areas have an estimated capacity for an additional of 99,500 stands or 995,000 people. All growth in these areas in the medium term to 2020 is expected to comprise informal housing. However, during the subsequent interval to 2030, while it is assumed that informal growth will continue, it is further assumed that a substantial portion of the informal settlement in each of these areas will be provided with services and thus upgraded to formal HD housing (total of 550,000 people). The estimated capacity appears more than adequate to cope with the expected demand through to 2030 of 436,367 people, even allowing for the anticipated ongoing conversion of informal to formal HD settlements. Resulting estimated ward populations for 2020 and 2030 broken down by housing types are shown in Appendix 3-1. Gauff Ingenieure 3-12 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 03 Table 3-8: Estimated Future Populations for Harare by Housing Types Residential Type LD MD HD INF Total Estimated Proportion (%) 2012 28.3% 3.0% 59.4% 9.4% 100% 2020 26.1% 2.9% 57.4% 13.6% 100% 2030 22.5% 2.5% 55.4% 19.6% 100% Estimated Population 2012 482,961 50,409 1,014,130 161,038 1,708,538 2020 512,319 56,924 1,126,709 266,956 1,962,908 2030 685,797 76,200 1,688,585 597,405 3,047,987 Estimated Population Increase 2012-20 29,358 6,515 112,579 105,918 254,370 2020-30 173,478 19,276 561,876 330,449 1,085,079 2012-30 202,836 25,791 674,455 436,367 1,339,449 Opportunities for Growth Existing 46 wards 101,500 12,600 145,100 0 259,200 Adjacent 6 wards 101,360 14,000 (550,000) 995,000 1,110,360 Harare Total 202,860 26,600 695,100 (445,000) 1,369,560 Gauff Ingenieure 3-13 270000 275000 280000 285000 290000 295000 300000 305000 310000 315000 320000 Figure 8050000 8050000 Future Town Development Map Harare Buckland Estates 2030 ± 8045000 8045000 Borrowdale Estates 2020 Mt. Hampden Ward 42 LD,HD 2030 Kinvarra 2020 1:75,000 8040000 8040000 Ward 18 LD Ward 41 LD Ward 17 8035000 8035000 LD Legend Expansion Areas Ward 8 LD Ward No. Ward 7 Rainham Ward 40 Ward 16 LD Landuse MD,HD LD,MD 2020 8030000 8030000 Ward 9 Agriculture LD 0 Ward 39 Business Ward 45 HD LD,HD CBD Ward 46 Industrial Ward 6 LD,HD Ward 38 Ward 5 LD Ward 19 Institutional LD 0 HD Ward 15 HD Caledonia Ward 44 MD,HD Mining/Quarrying LD,HD 2030 Ward 37 Recreational HD Ward 2 Ward 20 LD HD Residential Ward 4 8025000 8025000 HD Residential Roads Ward 14 Ward 11 Ward 36 MD,HD HD Ward 21 Trunk/Primary Roads Ward 34 HD Ward 3 HD HD HD Ward 10 Project Boundary Ward 13 MD,HD HD Rail Line Ward 12 Ward 22 Ward 35 HD LD,MD HD River / Stream Ward 43 Ward 26 Ward 25 LD,HD HD MD,HD Ward 33 8020000 8020000 HD Ward 30 Ward 24 Ward 23 Ward 29 HD LD HD HD Ward 32 HD Ward 27 Ward 31 HD MD,HD Ward 28 HD 8015000 8015000 Ward 1 LD,HD Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan 8010000 8010000 0 1 2 4 6 8 Kilometers 270000 275000 280000 285000 290000 295000 300000 305000 310000 315000 320000 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 03 3.4.2 Chitungwiza Chitungwiza primarily serves as a dormitory residential town to Harare. With a 2012 population of 356,840 it was the second largest component of Greater Harare, accounting for 15.1% of the overall population (Table 3-7). Yet with an area of 5,106 ha, or 51 km2 it accounts for just 4.9% of the overall extent of Greater Harare, and is in fact less extensive than Norton. Chitungwiza includes 25 wards. The three constituent portions of St. Marys, Zengeza and Seke form a single contiguous block of high density residential settlement, broken up in places by minor drainages which take the form of vlei areas generally draining in a southwest direction into the Nyatsime River. Interspersed amongst this are minor portions of LD and MD housing. Adjacent to the Duri drainage, in the eastern parts of Wards 18, 22, 23 and 24, there are small portions of informal settlement. There are a number of shopping centres with associated commercial activities and home industries and, in Ward 14, space has been reserved for development of a town centre but this has yet to come to fruition. There is also a heavy industrial portion, principally within Ward 12 but with provision to extend into the adjacent Ward 18 to the east. Gauff Ingenieure 3-15 288000 290000 292000 294000 296000 298000 300000 302000 8012000 8012000 Ward 1 St Marys HD, LD Lake Seke 8010000 8010000 Ward 4 Ward 2 Ward 3 St Marys St Marys St Marys Ward 8 HD HD, LD HD Zengeza 1 HD Harava Lake Ward 10 Ward 5 Zengeza 2 St Marys HD Ward 7 HD Zengeza 1 HD Ward 9 Zengeza 2 Ward 14 8008000 8008000 HD Zengeza 4 Ward 6 HD Ward 20 Zengeza 5 HD Seke Unit E and H Ward 15 HD Ward 11 Seke Unit D Ward 21 Zengeza 3 HD Seke Unit A and B HD HD, MD Ward 13 Zengeza 4 HD, LD Ward 25 Seke Unit G HD, LD Ward 16 8006000 8006000 Ward 12 Seke Unit J Ward 19 Zengeza 3 HD Seke Unit F and C BREAMAR HD HD Ward 17 Ward 22 8.03 Sq.km Seke Unit K Seke Unit O HD, LD HD, Informal Ward 23 Seke Unit N and P HD, Informal Ward 24 Seke Unit M HD, Informal DUNOTTAR Ward 18 6.2 Sq.km Seke Unit L 8004000 8004000 HD, Informal CAWDOR 6.52 Sq.km TANTALLON 8002000 8002000 5.9 Sq.km EDINBURGH 8000000 8000000 8.09 Sq.km 7998000 7998000 NYATSIME RANCH 9.86 Sq.km Legend Rivers & Streams Residential Main Roads 7996000 7996000 Project Boundary Council Boundary Lakes Proposed Development Category HD HD, Informal HD, LD HD, MD 7994000 7994000 288000 290000 292000 294000 296000 298000 300000 302000 ± Figure Greater Harare Water Ward Map with Housing Datum WGS 84 and Categories 1:55,000 Sanitation Investment Plan Chitungwiza Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 03 For Chitungwiza the 2012 HD population was estimated to be 330,017 which equates to 92.5% of the overall population (Table 3-9). The remaining population comprised of 4,489 LD residents, 5,600 MD residents and 16,734 informal settlers, comprising respectively, 1.3%, 1.6% and 4.7% of the overall population. It was assumed that future proportions of housing types will generally be maintained at the 2012 values, except that future informal settlement will be restricted to the Duri River area, and will be completed by 2020. This gives rise to minor fluctuations in the proportions of HD and informal categories of housing. Applying these figures, the future estimated populations for the years 2020 and 2030 broken down by housing categories are shown in Table 3-9. This suggests that the LD population will grow from 4,489 in 2012 by 369 people, to give a 2020 population of 4,858, and then by 2,034 people to give a 2030 population of 6,523. MD growth will similarly be limited, growing from 5,600 in 2012 by 461, to 6,061 in 2020, and by 2,542 to 8,142 in 2030. The bulk of the growth is expected to be in HD housing, which will expand from 330,017 in 2012 by 26,279 people to 356,296 in 2020, and by 155,108 people to 485,125 in 2030. Growth in informal population is expected to be limited to 2,250 people during the interval from 2012 to 2020, resulting in a small rise in population from 16,734 in 2012 to 18,984 in 2020, and which will be maintained to 2030. For Chitungwiza, a key expectation is to incorporate the six adjacent farms of Longlands, Braemar A, Dunnotar, Cawdor, Tantallon and Edinburgh into the municipal area of Chitungwiza. Collectively known as the Nyatsime Farms, these form a single contiguous block of land situated to the south of the Nyatsime River and extending for some 10 km to the south of Ward 6. The intention is that this area should be developed in phases, through to perhaps 2040, with the anticipation of providing 35,889 HD stands on 890 ha; 11,514 MD stands on 576 ha; 2,257 LD stands on 339 ha, and with 157 ha being reserved for industrial stands. It is also planned to incorporate a neighbouring portion of Seke Communal Land, adjacent to Ward 22. Gauff Ingenieure 3-17 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 03 Table 3-9: Estimated Future Populations for Chitungwiza by Residential Types Residential Type LD MD HD INF Total Estimated Proportion (%) 2012 1.3% 1.6% 92.5% 4.7% 100% 2020 1.3% 1.6% 92.2% 4.9% 100% 2030 1.3% 1.6% 93.4% 3.7% 100% Estimated Population 2012 4,489 5,600 330,017 16,734 356,840 2020 4,858 6,061 356,296 18,984 386,199 2030 6,523 8,142 485,125 18,984 518,774 Estimated Population Growth 2012-20 369 461 26,279 2,250 29,359 2020-30 1,665 2,081 128,829 0 132,575 2012-30 2,034 2,542 155,108 2,250 161,934 Opportunities for Growth Existing 25 wards 6,370 3,920 22,550 2,250 35,090 Adjacent areas 20,125 11,690 125,420 0 157,235 Chitungwiza Total 26,495 15,610 147,970 2,250 192,325 Eight areas were identified for future LD expansion, seven within the existing 25 wards plus on the Nyatsime Farms (Table 3-9). For MD housing, a single opportunity for expansion was identified in Ward 6, plus additional potential for the Nyatsime Farms. For both LD and MD the overall identified opportunities for growth (26,495 for LD and 15,610 for MD) far outstrip the projected demand to 2030 (respectively 2,034 and 2,542 people). Although much of the supply relates to development of the Nyatsime Farms, the existing wards have more than enough capacity to satisfy the projected demand, such that future LD and MD growth to 2030 is anticipated to be confined to the existing wards and allocated proportionally in relation to the identified opportunities. Informal growth is expected to be confined to the interval 2012-2020 and to be restricted to the three wards along the Duri River where this is already taking place, collectively resulting in an additional informal population of 2,250 people. Opportunities for future HD growth were identified in three wards, amounting to a total of 22,550 additional residents. Additional opportunities were identified for Seke Communal Land (20,000 people) and the Nyatsime Farms (105,420 people). The estimated expansion to 2020 (26,729 people) is expected to be split between the existing wards and Seke Communal Land. During the subsequent interval to 2030, the remaining opportunities in the existing wards and Seke Communal Land will be fully developed, with the balance being accommodated on the Nyatsime Farms. Overall the expected demand for HD housing (155,108 people) is projected to marginally outstrip the estimated potential supply to 2030 (147,970 people). If necessary, the balance could be accommodated either by Gauff Ingenieure 3-18 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 03 reallocation of some of the proposed Nyatsime LD and MD housing to HD, or else through continued expansion of HD housing further to the south within Nyatsime. Resulting estimated ward populations for 2020 and 2030 broken down by housing types are shown in Appendix 3-2. Gauff Ingenieure 3-19 288000 290000 292000 294000 296000 298000 300000 302000 8012000 8012000 Lake Seke 8010000 8010000 St. Mary's Harava Lake Zengeza 1 Zengeza 2 Zengeza 5 8008000 8008000 Unit H Unit B Zengeza 4 Unit E Unit D Unit A Zengeza 3 Unit F Unit G Unit C 8006000 8006000 Unit J BREAMAR FARM 8.03 Sq.km Unit O 2030 Unit K Unit N Unit M Unit P Unit L DUNOTTAR FARM 6.2 Sq.km 8004000 8004000 2030 CAWDOR FARM 6.52 Sq.km 2030 TANTALLON FARM 8002000 8002000 5.9 Sq.km 2030 EDINBURGH FARM 8.09 Sq.km 8000000 8000000 2030 Legend 7998000 7998000 NYATSIME RANCH FARM Distribution Zones 9.86 Sq.km Rivers & Streams 2030 Residential Main Roads Council Boundary Project Boundary Lakes Proposed Development Landuse 7996000 7996000 Agriculture Commercial Grasslands/Pastures Industrial Infrastructure/Utilities Institutional Mining/Quarrying Parks/Playgroung/Recreational 7994000 7994000 Residential Tourism 288000 290000 292000 294000 296000 298000 300000 302000 ± Figure Future Town Development Datum WGS 84 Greater Harare Water Map 1:55,000 and Chitungwiza Sanitation Investment Plan Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 03 3.4.3 Epworth Epworth, like Chitungwiza, serves as a residential dormitory town for Harare. It contains a number of shopping centres with associated commercial and light industry activities, but there is no CBD and no formal industrial areas. With a 2012 population of 167,462 Epworth had grown to become the fifth largest town in Zimbabwe, and accounted for 7.1% of the overall population of Greater Harare (Table 3.7). In terms of area, Epworth covers just 3,438 ha or 3.3% of the overall area of Greater Harare. Epworth is divided into seven wards. Unlike, the other component towns of Greater Harare, Epworth is dominated by informal settlement (100,870 people), which in 2012 accounted for 60.2% of the overall population (Table 3-10). Informal settlement occurs in all wards and dominates in Wards 1, 4, 6 and 7. The HD population is confined to a single ward (Ward 3) and is limited to just 9,612 people, or 5.7% of the 2012 population. Due to its particular history of development as a mission station, Epworth contains sizeable MD (42,100 people) and LD (14,880 people in Wards 1 and 4) populations, respectively accounting for 25.1% and 8.9% of the overall 2012 population. Wards 2 and 5 are dominated by MD housing. Table 3-10: Estimated Future Populations for Epworth by Residential Types Residential Type LD MD HD INFORMAL Total Estimated Proportion (%) 2012 8.9% 25.1% 5.7% 60.2% 100% 2020 10.0% 20.6% 6.7% 62.7% 100% 2030 8.2% 16.9% 32.1% 42.7% 100% Estimated Population 2012 14,880 42,100 9,612 100,870 167,462 2020 20,480 42,100 13,612 127,844 204,036 2030 20,480 42,100 79,896 106,243 248,719 Estimated Population Growth 2012-20 5,600 0 4,000 26,974 36,574 2020-30 0 0 66,284 -21,601 44,683 2012-30 5,600 0 70,284 5,373 81,257 Opportunities for Growth Existing 7 wards 5,600 0 4,000 27,000 36,600 Adjacent areas 0 0 0 50,000 50,000 Epworth Total 5,600 0 4,000 77,000 86,600 Gauff Ingenieure 3-21 299000 .000000 300000 .000000 301000 .000000 302000 .000000 303000 .000000 304000 .000000 305000 .000000 306000 .000000 307000 .000000 308000 .000000 309000 .000000 310000 .000000 311000.000000 312000 .000000 Figure 3-8 Ward Map With Housing Categories 8023000.000000 8023000.000000 Epworth Ward 1 LD HD ± 8022000.000000 8022000.000000 Ward 7 MD HD Datum : WGS84 Zone 36S Ward 6 Scale 1:21,500 MD HD 8021000.000000 8021000.000000 Ward 2 MD HD 8020000.000000 8020000.000000 Ward 5 MD HD Ward 4 LD HD Legend 8019000.000000 8019000.000000 Residential Roads Trunk/Primary Roads Rail Line 8018000.000000 8018000.000000 Ward 3 MD HD Rivers/Stream Lakes Project Boundary 8017000.000000 8017000.000000 Category Mixed (LD,HD) Mixed (MD,HD) Project Boundary 8016000.000000 8016000.000000 Expansion Areas New Mexico, Lyndhurst, Twentydales Estates, Good h 8015000.000000 8015000.000000 8014000.000000 8014000.000000 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan 8013000.000000 8013000.000000 0 0.5 1 2 Kilometers 299000 .000000 300000 .000000 301000 .000000 302000 .000000 303000 .000000 304000 .000000 305000 .000000 306000 .000000 307000 .000000 308000 .000000 309000 .000000 310000 .000000 311000.000000 312000 .000000 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 03 Epworth has relatively limited opportunity for future expansion within the existing wards, and, other than to the south, most of the surrounding areas are already incorporated into either Harare or Ruwa, again limiting opportunities for future expansion. Thus, although some expansion is envisaged into the adjacent southern areas (Gormonzi Wards 23 and 24), the limited availability of land is expected to lead to slower rates of growth than has been the case in the past. Analysis of future opportunities for growth (Table 3-10) indicates that there is limited opportunity for LD growth, and no MD growth is anticipated. In fact the bulk of the future growth is expected to be informal settlement, but in the long term (2020-30) this will be tempered by conversion of some of the informal settlement to formal high density housing. This is one of the key planning concerns in Epworth, how to regularise and provide services to the existing informal settlements, many of which have been settled in a haphazard manner. This presents numerous challenges to the provision of services, and will necessarily be a demanding and slow process. Based on discussions with town authorities it is assumed that no progress will be made in this respect during the medium term to 2020. However, during the subsequent interval to 2030 it is anticipated that roughly half of the existing informal settlement in Epworth will be upgraded to formal high density housing (with individual household water and sewer connections). The resulting changes in proportions of housing to 2020 and 2030 are shown in Table 3-10. The general trend is of a decrease in the combined proportion of LD and MD housing from 34.0% in 2012 to 30.6% in 2020 to 25.1% in 2030. The proportions of HD and informal housing (currently at 5.7% and 60.2%) are expected to expand marginally to 2020 (to 6.7% and 62.7%, respectively), but thereafter the anticipated conversion of informal settlements to HD housing is expected to lead to a marked drop in the proportion of informal settlements by 2030 (42.7%) and a corresponding increase in the proportion of HD housing (32.1%). Using these figures, the future estimated populations for the years 2020 and 2030 broken down by housing categories are shown in Table 3-10. Essentially, all remaining opportunities within the existing wards will be taken up by 2020 for all housing categories. For the subsequent interval to 2030 all growth (44,683 people) will occur in the adjacent areas to the south, and it will all be informal in nature. However this will be accompanied by substantial conversion of existing informal settlements to HD settlements within Wards 1 to 7. This suggests that the LD population will grow from 14,880 in 2012 by 5,600 people, to give a 2020 population of 20,480, and that there will be no further LD growth to 2030. Similarly, there will be no MD growth such that the 2012 MD population of 42,100 will be maintained to 2030. The largest change is projected for HD housing, which will experience modest growth of 4,000 people from 9,612 in 2012 to 13,612 in 2020, and thereafter will increase by 66,284 people to 2030 to give a total 2030 population of 79,896. The informal population is expected to grow from 100,870 in 2012 by 26,974 to give a 2020 population of 127,844, and then to reduce by 21,601 people to 2030 (through conversion to formal HD housing) to give a 2030 informal population of 106,243. Resulting estimated ward populations for 2020 and 2030 broken down by housing types are shown in Appendix 3-3. Gauff Ingenieure 3-23 299000 .000000 300000 .000000 301000 .000000 302000 .000000 303000 .000000 304000 .000000 305000 .000000 306000 .000000 307000 .000000 308000 .000000 309000 .000000 310000 .000000 311000.000000 312000 .000000 313000 .000000 Figure 3-9 Future Town Developent Map Epworth 8023000.000000 8023000.000000 Ward 1 LD HD ± 8022000.000000 8022000.000000 Ward 7 MD HD Dutam : WGS 84 Zone 36S Ward 6 Scale 1:21,500 MD HD 8021000.000000 8021000.000000 Legend Ward 2 MD HD Expansion Areas 8020000.000000 8020000.000000 Ward 5 Ward No. MD HD Landuse Agriculture Ward 4 Commercial LD HD 8019000.000000 8019000.000000 Grasslands/Pastures Industrial Institutional Mining/Quarrying 8018000.000000 8018000.000000 Park/Playground And Other Recreational Spaces Ward 3 MD HD Proposed Development/Expansion Areas Residential Residential Roads 8017000.000000 8017000.000000 Trunk/Primary Roads Project Boundary Rail Line Rivers/Stream 8016000.000000 8016000.000000 Epw_Lakes New Mexico, Lyndhurst, Twentydales Estates, Good h 8015000.000000 8015000.000000 Greater Harare 8014000.000000 8014000.000000 Water and Sanitation Investment Plan 8013000.000000 8013000.000000 0 0.5 1 2 Kilometers 299000 .000000 300000 .000000 301000 .000000 302000 .000000 303000 .000000 304000 .000000 305000 .000000 306000 .000000 307000 .000000 308000 .000000 309000 .000000 310000 .000000 311000.000000 312000 .000000 313000 .000000 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 03 3.4.4 Norton Norton is situated some 45 km to the west of Harare such that it is not contiguous with the remainder of Greater Harare. With a 2012 population of 67,591 Norton accounted for just 2.9% of the overall population of Greater Harare, yet with an area of 6,006 ha, Norton is larger than either Chitungwiza or Epworth, and accounts for 5.8% of the overall extent of Greater Harare (Table 3-7). Starting during the 1950’s, Norton was specifically planned and developed in order to provide opportunity for industrial expansion outside of Harare. The town comprises of a CBD, industrial area and a mix of low and high density residential housing. There is little in the way of medium density housing and informal settlements are absent. Norton is divided into thirteen wards. Wards 1, 2, 3 and 4 comprise LD housing and include the CBD and the industrial area, and collectively account for two thirds of the overall area. The remaining nine wards are dominated by HD housing. With respective 2012 populations of 16,112 LD and 51,479 HD residents, LD accounted for 23.8% of the overall population and HD the remaining 76.2% (Table 3-11). In the absence of any plans to introduce any MD housing or informal growth, it was assumed that future proportions of housing types will be maintained to 2030 at these same values of 23.8% LD and 76.2% HD. Gauff Ingenieure 3-25 244000 246000 248000 250000 252000 254000 256000 258000 260000 Lake 0D Q\DPH Figure 3-10 Ward Map with Housing Categories 8026000 8026000 Norton ± 8024000 8024000 Tankatara Datum WGS 84 1:55,000 Ward 6 HD Ward 1 LD Damofalls Ward 13 Twinlakes Ward 2 HD Ngoni LD 8022000 8022000 Ward 5 Johannesburg Galloway Ward 7 HD Marshlands HD Ward 8 Ward 9 HD Ward 3 Maridale HD LD Nharira Katanga Ward 12 HD Ward 10 Katanga Phase 1+2 HD Ward 11 HD 8020000 8020000 Knowe Norton Industrial Legend Streams Ward 4 Council Boundary LD Wards Lake 8018000 8018000 Landuse Agriculture Tankatara, Esmeralda, DaLsy Business/Commercial 25.56 km.sq 2030 Industrial Park Residential 8016000 8016000 Expansion Areas Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan 8014000 8014000 0 0.5 1 2 3 4 Kilometers 244000 246000 248000 250000 252000 254000 256000 258000 260000 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 03 Using these figures, the future estimated populations for LD and HD residents for the years 2020 and 2030 are shown in Table 3-11. This suggests that the LD population will grow from 16,112 in 2012 by 6,440 people, to give a 2020 population of 22,552, and by a further 12,467 people to give a 2030 population of 35,019. Similarly, HD residents are expected to grow from 51,479 in 2012, by 20,575 people to give a 2020 population of 72,054, and by an additional 39,830 people to give a 2030 population of 111,884. The expected general pattern of development for Norton is for continued expansion of LD housing within Wards 1-4, plus additional expansion within Wards 6 and 13, specifically targeting those portions closest to Lake Manyame (which were previously zoned for HD development). For HD housing, in addition to Wards 11, 12 and 13, the most logical direction of expansion for HD housing would be to continue to the west of Wards 12 and 13 (i.e. to the north of the railway line). However, this is apparently not possible and, instead, the town envisages expanding into the portion to the south of the railway line and to the west of Ward 4, within what is now Ward 14 of Chegutu District. Eight areas of possible expansion were identified within the extent of the current 13 wards of Norton, five for LD housing (Wards 1, 2, 4, 6 and 13) and three for HD housing (Wards 11, 12 and 13). Collectively, these provide opportunity to accommodate an additional 18,837 LD residents and 21,980 HD residents. For LD housing, this should be just sufficient to cater for the total expected growth to 2030, which is projected to amount to 18,907 people. For HD housing, the expected growth of 20,575 people to 2020 will virtually exhaust the estimated growth opportunities within Wards 11, 12 and 13 (21,980 people). For the subsequent period from 2020 to 2030 it is therefore assumed that the anticipated HD growth of 39,830 people will need to be accommodated outside of the existing town boundary within what is now Ward 14 of Chegutu District. Resulting estimated ward populations for 2020 and 2030 broken down by housing types are shown in Appendix 3-4. Gauff Ingenieure 3-27 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 03 Table 3-11: Estimated Future Populations for Norton by Residential Type Residential Type LD MD HD INFORMAL Total Estimated Proportion (%) 2012 23.8% 0% 76.2% 0% 100% 2020 23.8% 0% 76.2% 0% 100% 2030 23.8% 0% 76.2% 0% 100% Estimated Population 2012 16,112 0 51,479 0 67,591 2020 22,552 0 72,054 0 94,606 2030 35,019 0 111,884 0 146,903 Estimated Population Growth 2012-20 6,440 0 20,575 0 27,015 2020-30 12,467 0 39,830 0 52,297 2012-30 18,907 0 60,405 0 79,312 Opportunities for Growth Existing 13 wards 18,837 0 21,980 0 40,817 Adjacent areas 0 0 40,000 0 40,000 Norton Total 18,837 0 61,980 0 80,817 Gauff Ingenieure 3-28 244000 246000 248000 250000 252000 254000 256000 258000 260000 Lake 0D Figure 3-11 Q\DPH Future Town Development Map Norton 8026000 8026000 ± 8024000 8024000 Tankatara Datum WGS 84 1:55,000 Ward 6 HD Ward 1 LD Damofalls Ward 13 Twinlakes Ward 2 HD Ngoni LD 8022000 8022000 Ward 5 Johannesburg Galloway Ward 7 HD Marshlands HD Ward 8 Ward 9 HD Ward 3 Maridale HD LD Nharira Katanga Ward 12 HD Ward 10 Katanga Phase 1+2 HD Ward 11 HD Legend 8020000 8020000 Knowe Streams Norton Industrial Council Boundary Wards Ward 4 Lake LD Main Residential 8018000 8018000 Landuse Agriculture Tankatara, Esmeralda, DaLVy Business/Commercial 25.56 km.sq 2030 Industrial Park Residential 8016000 8016000 Expansion Areas Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan 8014000 8014000 0 0.5 1 2 3 4 Kilometers 244000 246000 248000 250000 252000 254000 256000 258000 260000 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 03 3.4.5 Ruwa Ruwa with a 2012 population of 56,333 was the smallest of the component towns of Greater Harare, accounting for just 2.9% of the overall population (Table 3-7). In terms of size, Ruwa is 4,187 ha in extent, making it slightly larger than Epworth, and equating to 4% of the overall area of Greater Harare. Ruwa is the youngest of the component towns of Greater Harare having only developed during the post independence era. Like Norton it was developed in order to provide additional industrial capacity and thus relieve pressure on the existing industrial areas elsewhere in Greater Harare. In addition to industrial areas, Ruwa includes a mix of LD, MD and HD housing. Currently, there is no informal settlement. Land has been reserved for construction of a town centre, but this has yet to be realized. Ruwa is divided into nine wards. Low and medium density housing is confined to Wards 7, 8 and 9, which collectively cover 84% of the overall extent of Ruwa. Ward 7 is dominated by LD housing, whilst Wards 8 and 9 comprise a mix of LD and MD housing, and Ward 9 also includes a substantial HD portion. The remaining Wards 1 to 6 comprise a contiguous portion of HD development extending as an irregular strip to the south of the Harare- Marondera road. The industrial area is located in the northeastern corner of Ward 7, immediately to the south of the Marondera road and railway. Part of the northeastern portion of ward 9 has also been reserved for heavy industry but has not yet been developed. Gauff Ingenieure 3-30 308000 .000000 309500 .000000 311000.000000 312500 .000000 314000 .000000 315500 .000000 317000 .000000 318500 .000000 8025500.000000 8025500.000000 Figure 3-12 Ward Map with Housing Categories Ruwa ± Secondary Tara Township Primary Sebastopol Secondary 8024000.000000 8024000.000000 Zimre School Zimre Secondary Primary School Ward 8 School Lot 1 Of MD Inverangus Zimre Hunters Scale 1:17,500 Park Rest Datum : WGS 84 Zone 36S Ward 9 Cheringoma LD MD HD Chipukutu Rem Ext. Rem Of SD A Of Chito Of Of SD C Of Sebastopol Sebastopol 8022500.000000 8022500.000000 Caledonia, Lot 2 A Of Sebastolpol, Inverneil Romany, Clovadeal Fresnes York Glamis Fairview Legend Residential 8021000.000000 8021000.000000 Lot A Trunk/Primary Roads Of Oakes Primary Sch Rail Line School Ednora Ward 1 Ground HD Thornicraft Park School River / Stream Lot 1 Of Cranbrook Lakes Ward 3 HD Category Sebassa Ward 7 National LD Rehabiliation HD Ward 4 HD Ward 2 HD LD 8019500.000000 8019500.000000 Boulders Estates MD Hofmoor Mixed (LD MD HD) Eatate Ward 6 HD H Of Project Boundary Galway Boulder Expansion Areas Egondini, Mapumula Ward 5 PT Of HD Keymer 8018000.000000 8018000.000000 Farm Greater Harare Dagbreek Water and Sanitation Investment Plan 8016500.000000 8016500.000000 0 0.5 1 2 Kilometers 308000 .000000 309500 .000000 311000.000000 312500 .000000 314000 .000000 315500 .000000 317000 .000000 318500 .000000 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 03 The distribution of population in 2012 by housing types was 26.5% LD, 13.7% MD and 59.8% HD – there were no informal settlements. The combined proportion of LD and MD housing (40.2%) was considerably higher than that of the other urban entities of Greater Harare (range is 2.9% for Chitungwiza to 34% for Epworth). Moreover, LD and MD accounted for about only one third of the total identified opportunities for future expansion in Ruwa. As such the combined proportion of LD and MD housing is expected to gradually decrease from 40.2% in 2012, to 35% in 2020 and 30% in 2030. The balance is expected to be taken up by HD housing, which is projected to rise in proportion from 59.8% in 2012, to 65% in 2020, and to 70% in 2030. No development of informal settlement is envisaged. Using these figures, the future estimated populations broken down by housing types for the years 2020 and 2030 are shown in Table 3-12. This suggests that the LD population will grow from 14,950 in 2012 by 10,967 people, to give a 2020 population of 25,917, and by a further 9,077 people to give a 2030 population of 34,994. Similarly, MD residents are expected to grow from 7,718 in 2012, by 5,804 people to give a 2020 population of 13,522, and by an additional 3,976 people to give a 2030 population of 17,498. The major growth will be in terms of HD, the population of which is expected to increase from 33,665 in 2012 to 73,243 in 2020 to 122,479 in 2030, the corresponding levels of growth being 39,578 from 2012-2020 and by 49,235 from 2020-2030. Table 3-12: Estimated Future Populations for Ruwa by Residential Type Residential Type LD MD HD INF Total Estimated Proportion (%) 2012 26.5% 13.7% 59.8% 0% 100% 2020 23.0% 12.0% 65.0% 0% 100% 2030 20.0% 10.0% 70.0% 0% 100% Estimated Population 2012 14,950 7,718 33,665 0 56,333 2020 25,917 13,522 73,243 0 112,682 2030 34,994 17,498 122,479 0 174,970 Estimated Population Growth 2012-20 10,967 5,804 39,578 0 56,349 2020-30 9,077 3,976 49,235 0 62,288 2012-30 20,044 9,780 88,813 0 118,637 Opportunities for Growth Existing 9 wards 9,240 14,000 54,000 0 77,240 Adjacent areas 11,000 0 35,000 0 46,000 Ruwa total 20,240 14,000 89,000 0 123,240 To cater for the future development of Ruwa it is envisaged that additional land will be incorporated to the northeast (Ward 9 Extension - Tarisa, Sebastopol, Romany, Clovadael B and Liddesdale Farms of Goromonzi Ward 25); to the southeast (Ward 5 Extension – Gauff Ingenieure 3-32 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 03 Galway Estate) and to the south (Ward 7 Extension - Dagbreek, Mariandi and Mandalay Farms of Goromonzi Ward 24). It is expected that Ward 9 Extension will comprise a mixture of LD and HD housing, whilst Ward 5 Extension and Ward 7 Extension will be restricted to HD housing. Nine areas of possible expansion were identified within the extent of the current 9 wards of Ruwa, three for LD housing (Wards 7, 8 and 9), one for MD (Ward 9) and five for HD (Wards 1, 2, 5, 7 and 9) (Table 3-12). Collectively, there is opportunity to accommodate a further 9,240 LD, 14,000 MD and 54,000 HD residents. For LD housing, it is assumed that all existing opportunities within Wards 7, 8 and 9 (9,240 people) are developed by 2020, with the balance of the expected population (1,727 people) being absorbed in Ward 9 Extension. For the subsequent interval to 2030 it is assumed that all LD growth will occur in Ward 9 Extension (9,077 people). For MD the projected development in Ward 9 of 2,000 MD stands (14,000 people) should be more than sufficient to cater for the expected MD growth through to 2030 (9,780 people). For HD housing, the expected growth of 39,578 people to 2020 could feasibly be accommodated within the existing wards, although some growth is forecast to also occur within Ward 9 Extension during this period. For the subsequent interval from 2020 to 2030 it is expected that HD growth will occur in Wards 5, 7 and 9, and in the adjacent areas of Ward 5 Extension, Ward 7 Extension and Ward 9 Extension. Resulting estimated ward populations for 2020 and 2030 broken down by housing types are shown in Appendix 3-5. Gauff Ingenieure 3-33 308000 .000000 309000 .000000 310000 .000000 311000.000000 312000 .000000 313000 .000000 314000 .000000 315000 .000000 316000 .000000 317000 .000000 318000 .000000 319000 .000000 Figure 3-13 Future Town Development Map 8025000.000000 8025000.000000 Ruwa ± Secondary Tara Township Primary Sebastopol Secondary 8024000.000000 8024000.000000 Zimre School Zimre Primary Secondary School School Ward 8 Lot 1 Of Inverangus Park MD Zimre Hunters Dutam : WGS 84 Zone 36S Rest Scale 1:17,500 Chipukutu Ward 9 Cheringoma 8023000.000000 8023000.000000 LD MD HD Rem Ext. Of Chito Of Rem Of SD A Sebastopol Of SD C Of Sebastopol Legend 8022000.000000 8022000.000000 Caledonia, Lot 2 A Of Inverneil Sebastolpol, Expansion Areas Romany, Clovadeal Fresnes York Ward No. Landuse Glamis Agriculture Fairview Commercial 8021000.000000 8021000.000000 Grasslands/Pastures Lot A Of Oakes Industrial Primary School Sch Ednora Institutional Ward 1 Ground HD Thornicraft Park School Mining/Quarrying Lot 1 Of Cranbrook Park/Playground And Other Recreational Spaces Ward 3 8020000.000000 8020000.000000 Proposed Development/Expansion Areas HD Sebassa Ward 7 National Residential LD Rehabiliation Ward 4 HD Ward 2 Residential HD Trunk/Primary Roads Boulders Estates Project Boundary Hofmoor Rail Line Ward 6 8019000.000000 8019000.000000 Eatate HD H Of River / Stream Galway Lakes Boulder Egondini, Mapumula Ward 5 PT Of HD Keymer 8018000.000000 8018000.000000 Farm Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Dagbreek Investment Plan 8017000.000000 8017000.000000 0 0.5 1 2 Kilometers 8016000.000000 8016000.000000 308000 .000000 309000 .000000 310000 .000000 311000.000000 312000 .000000 313000 .000000 314000 .000000 315000 .000000 316000 .000000 317000 .000000 318000 .000000 319000 .000000 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report CHAPTER 04: EXISTING WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION Gauff Ingenieure Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 4 EXISTING WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION 4.1 Harare 4.1.1 Water Supply The Harare water supply scheme consists of two water treatment works - Morton Jaffray WTW with a nominal design capacity of 614,000 m3/day and Prince Edward WTW with a nominal design capacity of 90,000 m3/day. The scheme also has 16 treated water pumping stations, 27 reservoir sites 5,400 km of transmission and distribution pipelines and over 200,000 service connections. The schematic in Figure 4-1 Shows the general configuration of the water supply scheme, while the map in Figure 4-2 shows the spatial location of the main facilities in the scheme Figure 4-1: Harare Water Supply Scheme Schematic Gauff Ingenieure 4-1 275000 280000 285000 290000 295000 300000 305000 310000 8045000 8045000 Figure Layout Map of Existing Water Supply System HARARE 200AC U Hill Hogerty T Hogerty Hill Mt Pleasant Heights Reservoir(s) Reservoir Zone 300AC T U Reservoir(s) U T ± 200A C Philadelphia Borrowdale Brooke Reservoir(s) Reservoir(s) ¬ U T " ! U T ¬ " ! 8040000 8040000 C 0A Philadelphia 35 Reservoir Zone T 5S 37 C 5A 22 ¬ " ! 1:55,000 C 22 5A C Kambanji C 5A 5A 22 Reservoir Zone T 22 5S Adylinn 37 C 225A Reservoir Zone New Adylinn Reservoir(s) Epsilon Arundel Kambanji Reservoir(s) 15 0A Legend 300AC C T U Reservoir Zone Reservoir Zone U T ¬ " ! Booster Stations 8035000 8035000 C Adylinn 375AC 5A Westgate 225 37 300AC Reservoir(s)Reservoir(s) ST U T U T Highlands U T Reservoirs 375AC Arundel Reservoir(s) Reservoir Zone U T 300AC Water Mains C 5A 150AC 22 225AC Episilon C 450A 225 Reservoir(s) AC River / Stream 300AC 375AC U T 22 5A C 30 5A C 0A 22 C 30 Emerald Hill 0A Residential Roads C T 0S Bluff Hill 300AC 225AC 40 225A Reservoir Zone C Reservoir(s) T U ¬ " !" ! T U ¬Emerald Hill 800ST Trunk/Primary Roads AC 250ST 375S 150 T Reservoir(s) ¬ " 20 ! Bluff Hill ¬ 0A " 225AC ! 37 C 5A C Rail Line 300AC 525 Reservoir Zone T 450S AC 225AC 300ST 300A C 30 C 5A 0A 37 C 400ST C C Highlands 0A Har_Res_SupplyZones 0A 20 30 30 0A Reservoir(s) Ridge Road U T C 400ST 375ST C ¬ " ! T 37 0A Dzivaresekwa High 0S 5S 45 T 30 U Reservoir T T Reservoir(s) 22 225ST Zone 5S ¬ Adylinn C " 5A 225A 52 ! T VC C 5S U T 52 5P 22 5A 31 C C AC 225AC 5A 225 Alexandra Park 37 375ST 450AC Dzivaresekwa Low 250PVC ¬ ¬ " ! " ! U T Reservoir(s) AC Alexandra Park C 300 0A 300AC 37 40 Reservoir(s) 5S T 52 5S Greendale 30 T U T 375AC 0A Reservoir(s) Arundel C T U Greendale ST Meyrick Park 300 Meyrick Park T Reservoir(s) Alexandra Park Reservoir Zone 8030000 8030000 VC U Bluff Hill 0P C Chikurubi 10 Dzivaresekwa Reservoir Zone 0A 30 Reservoir Zone C Reservoir(s) 0A 15 22 Reservoir Zone 5A C U T AC 600ST 200 Donnybrook Dzivaresekwa 300ST T 300S 225S T 600S T 225S T Emerald Hill 525S Kuwadzana Donnybrook 800ST T Reservoir(s) T 300S U T T Reservoir Zone 0S 400ST 250P 225A 75 Epsilon VC C Kuwadzana Ext T 300AC 5S Reservoir(s) T 52 225S U T Kuwadzana Donny Brook Greendale 300A 375S C 975ST Reservoir(s) 0A T C 30 C 0S 225A T Reservoir Zone 30 U T AC 30 C 0A 0A ¬ 45 " 450 T ! C 225S 30 Mutiny 300ST 0S T 450 AC Reservoir(s) 225A C Letombo Hatfield U T 225ST Reservoir(s) AC 600ST 300A U T 225 C ¬ 0A Warren Booster Stn & " C ! 400ST Highlands T 30 300ST 300S T Mutiny 5S Reservoir(s) 37 750 ST U T To Morton Jeffrey Reservoir Zone Viking 225A C Kopje 225A Hogerty Hill 30 0A Water Treatment Reservoir(s) C T C 500ST 300A C 300ST U Zone Reservoir 225S 600 AC U T C 600AC Plant T 375A 525 600AC 225AC Kopje ST Kambanji 150AC ST Reservoir(s) 450AC Viking 975 300AC 975ST T 225S T 750ST 0ST 0S 130 AC 30 300 Reservoir Zone 600ST Kopje 0ST 130 10 ST ZimPhos AC 0A 300 75 C Reservoir(s) 8025000 8025000 150ST 52 10 0A 5A U T T C C 0S 450 AC 225 45 Kuwadzana ST 22 AC 5A 225 C Sunway City 10 Reservoir(s) 00 225AC T ST 300S 450ST 37 5A U T ¬ " Letombo 25 ! 45 C 0A 0S 225 30 C ST T 375 0A C AC 22 C 225AC 225A 30 Letombo 5A 0S 375A C T C Lonchinvar Ventersburg Lochinvar C 225A 300AC 375AC Hatfield Reservoir(s) Reservoir Zone Reservoir(s) Reservoir(s) T T 15 5S 600S U T U T AC C 00 300ST U T 52 225 5A 0 22 300AC ST 22 5A C C 400AC 225AC Marimba Park 45 5A 30 22 ST 0A 00 22 C 0A 10 0A 5A 525S C C 45 T C 30 300A 22 C 35 0S 5S 0S T T T 37 5A 300 45 AC C 300 Meyrick Park C 0A 0A 30 AC C C C Marimba Park 5A 5A C Lochinvar 0A 37 T 22 525S 40 300A C Reservoir(s) C 0A 30 Marimba High 30 U T Reservoir Zone 750ST 0A Reservoir(s) Mutiny C 300AC Ventersburg 600 U T 525ST 300AC AC T 225AC 0S Reservoir Zone 15 Hatfield 300AC 225AC C Philadelphia 225A AC 375 Reservoir Zone C Beacon Tower 0A 300A 30 975ST C 15 Reservoir(s) 0A C 0S 25 T U T Ridge Road 600AC 450 ST Reservoir Zone 225AC C 5A 250ST 22 Ventersburg 300AC C 5A 22 300 C 5A Viking 22 AC 300ST AC C 300 Marimba Park 37 5A C 30 0A 225AC Waterfalls Reservoir Zone 375A C Reservoir(s) Waterfalls 8020000 8020000 U T 300S 375AC T 22 5A C C 5A 22 T 0S Waterfalls 30 Reservoir Zone Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan 8015000 8015000 0 0.75 1.5 3 4.5 6 To Prince Edward Water Treatment Plant Kilometers 275000 280000 285000 290000 295000 300000 305000 310000 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 4.1.1.1 Water Resources Harare is supplied with raw water from Harava Dam, Seke Dam, Lake Chivero and Lake Manyame. Morton Jaffray WTW is supplied by Lake Chivero and Lake Manyame whilst Prince Edward WTW is supplied by Harava and Seke Dams. All the raw water dams are located in the Upper Manyame Catchment area, along the Manyame River. The total estimated 4% yield of the Chivero-Manyamewith allowance for upstream and downstream commitments is 159,376 Ml/year - approximately 436 Ml/day (Latest ZINWA assessment). Allowing for upstream commitments only, the 4% risk yield is 174,448 Ml/year (478 Ml/d). The 10% risk yield with upstream commitments only is estimated to be 231,117 Ml/year (478 Ml/d). The safe yield of the dams is clearly much lower than current average demand, let alone projected demand. This is risky for a large city such as Harare. There is need to develop water production facilities in other catchments. The two upstream dams, Harava and Seke with a combined capacity of 12.5 million m3, which is a relatively small storage capacity provide water for treatment at Prince Edward WTW. They are normally only used for water supply purposes after the rain season when the dams contain sufficient water of a reasonable quality. It is important to note that the Prince Edward WTW was intended as a peak load facility to be operated during the hot season. Morton Jaffray Water Treatment Works has three number intake works namely; the old intake tower (intake No.1) constructed in 1952 and draws water at five water levels; three being the City of Harare intakes and the other two an irrigation intake and the river outlet pipe respectively. Each of the COH intakes is connected to a common ND 1100 water main which transports raw water to the distribution chamber at the head of the water treatment works. Another intake tower was constructed in 1976 in order to resolve the issue of abstraction levels in the old intake tower as well as to have a better location for abstracting better quality raw water. The new intake tower was built to avoid the weed in the bay around the old intake and to change the design of the intake and install telescopic intakes. Raw water from the intake works enters the treatment works from the northeast via a 3 m x 3 m tunnel. It is directed initially to a mixing chamber before being fed into the treatment works. The third supply is from Lake Manyame and is via a 3 m x 3 m rectangular 15.4 km long tunnel. The tunnel is approximately 45 m into the ground at the works and raw water is pumped from a riser shaft. The mechanical and electrical components of the intake structures are in bad condition and will need to be rehabilitated or replaced. 4.1.1.2 Water Treatment Works The City of Harare operates two water treatment facilities namely: Morton Affray WTW located adjacent located adjacent to the Harare - Bulawayo Highway about 40 km west of Harare and Prince Edward Water Treatment Works located approximately 22 km South of Harare. They are both conventional surface water treatment facilities. Morton Jaffray WTW Morton Jaffray Water Treatment Works (WTW) consists of three units constructed in phases - Unit 1 constructed in 1954 with a design capacity of 160,000 m3/day and fed from Gauff Ingenieure 4-3 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 Lake Chivero by gravity, Unit 2 constructed in 1976 with a design capacity of 227,000 m3/day fed from both Lake Chivero and Lake Manyame by gravity, and Unit 3 constructed in 1994 with a design capacity of 227,000 m3/day and fed from both Lake Chivero and Lake Manyame by gravity. The total design capacity is, therefore 614,000 m3/day, however the estimated current total water production is reported to be around 500,000 m3/day to 550,000 m3/day 1. Water Treatment Components The table below shows a summary of the components of the treatment units Table 4-1: Components of the MJ WTW Component Description Unit 1 Chemical storage, Raw water is dosed with aluminium sulphate which is prepared in four preparation and concrete tanks equipped with a stirrer. These concrete tanks are badly dosing corroded and refurbishment is greatly recommended preferably using an HDPE membrane liner. For pH adjustment, the water is dosed with lime slurry prepared from two circular steel tanks. The corresponding stirrers and dosing pumps need to be replaced. In order to reduce the organic matter content of the raw water, Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) is also dosed and is prepared in two concrete tanks with stirrers which were recently been rehabilitated and new stirrers installed. However, dosing pumps and corresponding pipework does not exist. Sodium silicate is dosed as a flocculation aid after being prepared from two recently rehabilitated concrete tanks with new stirrers. Stirrers have not yet been commissioned. As part of the disinfection process, gaseous chlorine is dosed. The chlorination system for treated water disinfection was rehabilitated under the “UNICEF “project in 2009/2010. Two new chlorinators were installed. Clarifiers Clarifiers No. 1 and No. 2 are circular with separate upstream flocculation chambers equipped with flocculators for moderate mixing purposes and bottom scrapers for sludge removal. For both clarifiers, flocculators are not operational. The motors and stirrers would have to be replaced. The scraper bridge drives are not working, making sludge removal very difficult. This can only be achieved by emptying the tanks and removing sludge manually. Clarifier No. 3 is a circular clarifier of the Accelerator type with an integrated flocculator. This clarifier is completely out of operation as the electromechanical equipment (motor, stirrer, valves, and pipe-work) is worn out and would have to be replaced.Clarifiers No. 4, No. 5 and No. 6 are vertical flow clarifiers (overall depth: 12m) of the PATTERSON CANDY type with 8 sludge pockets each. Clarifier No. 7 is a DegremontPulsator type clarifier, which receives its raw water by means of a separate gravity main from Lake Chivero. The vacuum system that creates the pulsations for sludge blanket formation is not working. A number of raw water diversion plates at the bottom of the rectangular clarifier are broken. Raw water inlet and 1 The production volumes are based on calculation from original pump discharge and hours run as the flow meters are not working Gauff Ingenieure 4-4 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 Component Description clarified water outlet valves will need to be checked on their operational status including desludge valves. Rapid Gravity Unit 1 comprises a total of 26 No. rapid gravity sand filters: 12 PATTERSON Sand Filters filters (installed between 1952 and 1954) and 14 DEGREMONT filters (installed in 1966). Inlet and outlet baffle gates of the 12 “Patterson “type filters are completely corroded and need complete replacement. The float type filter outflow regulation system is completely worn out, and no longer operational. All valves (filtered water outlet, backwash water inlet, and air inlet) need to be replaced as many of these are heavily leaking. The new valves will need to be equipped with pneumatic actuators complete with corresponding air compressors. The two existing backwash air blowers are very old, but still operational. Inlet plates of the 14 “Degremont” filters are heavily corroded. A number of the A.C. filter floor slabs are cracked and need repairing. The “Degremont” siphon type outflow control system is not working. All valves (filtered water outlet, backwash water inlet, and air inlet) will need to be replaced. The new valves will need to be equipped with pneumatic actuators complete with corresponding air compressors. Only one air blower is operational for filter backwashing. A second air blower will need to be installed including all corresponding pipework and fittings.The existing air pipework is leaking and requires repair or replacement. Two very old backwash water pumps (installed in 1954) are serving both, the “Paterson” and “Degremont” filters. A number of valves and pump starters will need to be replaced as the electrical control board is now in a bad state. Units 2 & 3 Raw Water The underground raw water pumping station receives water by gravity flow Pumping Station/ from Lake Manyame via a rectangular tunnel, approximately 3m x 3m and Raw Water Tower 15.4 km long. The underground raw water pumping station is approximately 45 m below the ground, and comprises a total of 5 WEIR pumps; 3 pumps installed in 1985 and 2 pumps installed in 1993. Raw water is pumped up a raw water tower approximately 40m above ground and then falls down by gravity into the 1800 mm Ø main leading to the raw water mixing chamber where it is mixed with Lake Chivero raw water. Due to the 40 m falling height it is expected that the water from Lake Manyame is supersaturated with dissolved oxygen, which later on is released in the Pulsator type clarifiers, thus reducing the floc formation process due to flotation effects. Chemical In order to reduce the organic matter content of the raw water, Powdered Storage, Activated Carbon (PAC) is dosed into the raw water mixing chamber by one Preparation and PAC dosing pump capable of dosing 25 % of the total PAC demand leaving Dosing 75 % being dosed manually by pouring the content of 25 kg bags of PAC directly into the mixing chamber. For pH correction Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4, 98%) is dosed into the same mixing chamber above in order to reduce the raw water pH from a maximum range of 8.5 to 8.7 down to 6.8 to 7.0 which is the optimum pH range for subsequent coagulation with aluminium sulphate. Gauff Ingenieure 4-5 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 Component Description Sulphuric acid is stored in a 60 ton storage capacity tank, which lasts on average 4 days only and is dosed by a single pump. Aluminium Sulphate is dosed at the inlet point of the six distribution channels to the six Pulsator type clarifiers of Unit 2 and 3. Due to the required high aluminium dosing rates of 60 to 80 mg/l, a daily amount of approximately 40 tons of aluminium sulphate is required. There are three aluminium sulphate solution tanks approximately 600 m3 in capacity each. Granular aluminium sulphate is being dosed. Two concrete tanks, originally foreseen for sodium silicate preparation are now used for alum solution preparation and from these preparation tanks alum is pumped to two alum dosing tanks, out of which alum is dosed by means of two centrifugal pumps (GRUNDFOS). In order to allow for some alum solution reserve volume, it is now common practice to store surplus prepared alum solution in the above 600 m3 alum solution tanks. Sodium Silicate is dosed as a flocculation aid by means of two separate dosing plants, one for Unit 2 and one for Unit 3.Each plant comprises two concrete preparation and dosing tanks, each tank is equipped with a stirrer. Lime dosing for final pH-adjustment is through a lime dosing station, comprising 4 No. lime slurry hoppers and 4 No. lime dosing pumps. As part of the disinfection process, gaseous chlorine is dosed Pulsator Type Unit 2 comprises 3 Pulsator type Clarifiers commissioned in 1976 and Unit 3 Sludge Blanket again comprises 3 Pulsator type Clarifiers commissioned in 1994. All clarifiers Clarifiers are of the same type and size. Pre-treated water is distributed by a distribution chamber with weirs discharging partially treated water to individual channels, where coagulation and some kind of pre-flocculation take place. Each clarifier inlet channel has a “Venturi” flume for flow measurement purposes. However, in one of the six channels this flume has been taken out, which leads to overloading of this individual channel and thus of the corresponding downstream clarifier. The “Pulsator” type clarification process is considered as not being the optimum clarification process for algae containing raw water as the formation of a sludge blanket over a large rectangular surface area is rather difficult under operational circumstances, where chemical dosing rates cannot be accurately monitored and where frequent power failures occur, leading to a complete breakdown of these sludge blankets. Compared to the vertical clarifiers (No.4, No.5 and No.6 of Unit 1), the solids and algae removal rate of Unit 2 and Unit 3 clarifiers is less than the removal rates observed for Unit 1 clarifiers. Therefore, due to the difficult sludge blanket formation only a limited sludge abstraction via sludge concentrators located at one side of the clarifiers, a lot of sludge is accumulated at the bottom of the clarifiers. This leads to frequent emptying and cleaning of the clarifiers (roughly, every 3 to 4 months) and thus a significant loss of water. Gauff Ingenieure 4-6 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 Component Description The Pulsator system comprises the air pump, the corresponding motor, the starters and the vacuum release device. The vacuum systems are subject to frequent failures and thus have to be monitored very carefully and are being repaired rather frequently. Rapid Gravity Unit 2 comprises 18 Degremont V-type rapid gravity sand filters and Unit 3 Sand Filters comprises 18 rapid gravity sand filters of the same type. Filter regulation is of the syphon type outflow regulation. This system is longer operational. New pneumatically actuated solenoid valves were installed in 2009/2010 in all four mains per filter (i.e. in Φ400 mm filtered water outlet, Φ 600 mm backwash water outlet, Φ 500 mm backwash water inlet and Φ 300 mm air inlet) for both, Unit 2 and Unit 3 sand filters,. However, Unit 3, compressed airlines are inadequate to meet the pressure required to operate the valve actuators. Filter backwash is by 5 No. backwash water pumps of which, 3 are dedicated to Unit 2 and 2 are dedicated to Unit 3.5 No. air blowers are also operational of which 2 are dedicated to Unit 2 and 2 are dedicated to Unit 3 with one stand-by air blower serving both Unit 2 and Unit 3. Rapid Gravity Sand Filters Pulsator Clarifiers High Lift Pump Station The treated water pump station comprises of 14 pump-sets. Pump-sets 1-3 are fed from an ND 800 mm suction pipe with a positive suction. Pump-sets 4-14 are fed from a concrete clear water duct with a capacity of 455 Ml/d with a positive suction. Pump-sets 1 - 3 were commissioned in 1954 as treated water pumps for the old treatment works. Due to continual operating problems during the last 5 to 10 years the pumps (W. H. Allen, Sons & Co, Size 20"/18") are scheduled to be replaced by Worthington Pumps with the same characteristics. When operating with two pumps in parallel only a minor rise in flow is achieved and the usual duty is with one pump operating and two as standby. Maximum discharge is 25 m3/min for one pump. The pumps discharge into a ND 750 mm transmission main to Lochinvar Reservoir. A performance curve for the new 12 UZDL 25 Worthington pumps is available. The duty point for each pump-sets is 19.0 m3/min against a 172 m head with an efficiency of 85%. The speed is 1450 rpm. Pump-sets 4 - 6 were installed in 1960 for the transfer of treated water from the water treatment works to Warren Control Pump station through a ND 975 pumping main. These pumps are now being replaced with new Worthington pumps with the same characteristics. Gauff Ingenieure 4-7 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 The pumping station is connected to the old ND 1300 pumping main due to the replacement of the old and damaged pipes along the pipeline route to Warren Control. A performance curve for the new 12 LNC 29"A Pleuger Worthington pump is available. The duty point for two pumps in parallel is 75 m3/min against a 154.3 m head with an efficiency of 85%. The speed is 1480 rpm. Pump-sets 7 - 10 were commissioned in 1976 and the pump Model is 20" SDS METS. They consists of an A pump rated 600 kWin series with a B pump rated 1,300 kW. They discharge into a 1300 mm Ø transmission main to Warren Control Pump Station. Pump-sets 11 - 14 were installed in 1994 and the pump Model is 16-LN-35E. Each pump set consists of two identical pumps connected in series with a duty point of 53 m3/min against a of 90 m head. The speed is 1482 rpm and the efficiency 88%. They discharge into another ND 1300 transmission main to Warren Control Pump station. The three old pipes (ND 750, ND 975 and ND 1300) and the new ND 1300 pipeline from the treated water pump station have flow recorders installed in separate chambers out of the main pump station. Backwash Water Treatment and Recycling Plant A backwash water treatment plant was installed approximately 10 years ago to treat dirty backwash water and recycle treated dirty backwash water to the head of the works. At nominal plant design capacity and depending on filter backwashing frequencies, the plant could easily result in a water savings of around 12,000 to 15,000 m3/d. However, due to lack of funding for the final completion of the works by ODIS Filtering Ltd., of Israel, the plant was never commissioned. The plant comprises the following treatment processes: • Polymer supported solid-liquid separation, (SOLIQUATOR), • Pressure filtration of the liquid phase of the SOLIQUATOR with the filtered water to Unit 3, • High rate settling for the solid phase of the SOLIQUATOR with the settled water returned to the SOLIQUATOR, • Polymer supported belt press thickening of the settled solids of the high rate settlers with the supernatant returned to the SOLIQUATOR, • Polymer supported filter press dewatering of the sludge from the belt press with the supernatant returned to the SOLIQUATOR. Prince Edward WTW Raw water for PE-WTW is taken from Seke and Harava Dams with a combined volume of 12.5 million m3. The design capacity of PE-WTW is 90,000 m3/d. it was built as a peak load station intended to be operated during the hot months prior to the start of the rainy season. Prince Edward Water Treatment Works (WTW) is a conventional surface water treatment works which consist of the following unit processes: Gauff Ingenieure 4-8 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 Chemical Rapid mixing Flocculation Sedimentation dosing Rapid sand Disinfection Stabilization filtration Low lift Pump Station The low lift pump station consist of 4 pumps and abstracts raw water from Seke Dam (formerly Prince Edward Dam). The pumps have been in operation for the past 40 years. These pumps will be replaced under the UWSSRP Phase 1. Low Lift Pump Station Water Treatment Components The table below shows a summary of the components of the treatment units Table 4-2: Components of the MJ WTW Component Description Chemical Dosing Aluminium Sulphate is dosed at the inlet point of the distribution channel to 28 No. clarifiers where rapid mixing and flocculation is achieved. The channel is 28.6 m long by 2.4 m wide and 2 m deep and has asbestos deflectors that facilitate mixing and flocculation and ensures the homogeneity of the coagulant and promotes flocculation. Gauff Ingenieure 4-9 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 Component Description The coagulant is mixed in three alum make-up tanks and the solution gravitates to three number mixing tanks before being pumped to the dosing point. According to the plant operators, the average Aluminium Sulphate dosage rate is almost the same throughout the year, approximately 27.5 to 35 mg/l. In order to reduce the organic matter content of the raw water during dry periods and following the first rains, Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) is dosed into the raw water by means of manually dosing one 25 kg bag for 2 hrs. For pH correction, lime is dosed after being prepared in two octagonal tanks with mixers. Dosing is done down-stream of the rapid sand filters. Sodium Silicate is dosed as a flocculation aid between September and December at a rate of 0.5 mg/l. As part of the disinfection process, gaseous chlorine is dosed. In addition it is dosed to kill algae, due to algal bloom in the supplying dams. Clarifiers There are 28 No. vertical flow clarifiers all approximately 18m x 9m x 9m with a surface loading rate of 1.5m/hr. The clarifiers receive coagulated water from a central circular distribution chamber that is connected to the flocculation channel. Clear water collection troughs are made of asbestos cement and consequently are very difficult to clean and as such these must be replaced with steel troughs with V-notch weirs for optimum and even distribution of clarified water. Treated water is collected by several troughs installed at the top of the tanks and flows to rapid sand filters. The clarification treatment performance appears to be good. The manually operated desludging valves are all in good operational status. The abstracted clarifier sludge is transferred to sludge lagoons by means of two sludge pumps, installed in the old 1929 low lift pump station. Out of these two pumps only one is operational and is very old. Therefore, two properly designed sludge pumps will need to be installed including corresponding pipework and valves. Rapid Sand There are sixteen DegremontAquazur type rapid gravity sand filters Filters constructed in banks of eight either side of the filter gallery and observation deck with the following dimensions: 11.8m x 4.25m. The operators advised that under normal circumstances the filtration rate is around 5m/hr. The water depth on the sand filter surface is controlled by siphons, of which vacuum strength is regulated by floats so that the water level is constant. However, this control mechanism is no longer operational and when the filter resistance reaches 1.5 m, washing of the filter layer using pumped water and pressurized air takes place. The backwash sequence is; air only followed by air and water and then water only until the water is clear. The filter floors comprise partly cracked precast concrete slabs with Degremont D20 type filter nozzles. Each filter is operated via three valves i.e. filtered water outlet, backwash water inlet and air inlet valves. The valves are fitted with pneumatic actuators which needs a complete overhaul. Gauff Ingenieure 4-10 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 High Lift Pump Station Three pumps are installed in the high lift pump station. Some pumps were replaced recently under the EU project. All the other installations are approximately 40 years old. Presently only one pump is operational and it is reported that even the characteristics of the newly installed pump motors might not be adequate for the corresponding pump. However, new pumps will be installed under the UWSSRP Phase 1. The pump station has a drainage pump that is very old. 4.1.1.3 Transmission and Storage Booster Stations The water distribution network of the City of Harare consists of 16 booster stations for the conveyance of treated water. Based on the designated duty pumps in these stations, the pumping capacity ranges from 720 m3/day to 362,880 m3/day as minimum. Out of the 16 booster stations, 6 are lift stations with 4 water towers at Donnybrook, Highlands, Greendale and Waterfalls with 2 being reservoirs near Kuwadzana and Dzivaresekwa. There are also 2 private pump stations at Donnybrook for Lafarge Cement Factory and at Philadelphia for a military camp. With the proposed Kunzwi WTP and Kunzwi Booster Station, a number of these booster stations will not be required in the long term planning to 2030. A summary of these booster stations is provided in the table overleaf. Modetailed assessment of the booster stations is presented in Appendix 4.1. Table 4-3: Booster Stations - Harare (1) Ref. Pumping Station Function of PS Capacity Head Year of Constr. (m3/d) (m) (year) (a) Alexandra Park transmission 50,000 45 1971 (b) Avondale transmission 325 55 1959 (c) Bluff Hill transmission 13,055 55 1960 (d) Crow hill transmission 9,160 37 1971-72 (e) Emerald Hill lift station 460 27 ? (f) Greendale lift station ? ? 1979-80 (g) Hatfield removed - - - (h) Hogerty Hill transmission 3,260 30 1978-79 (j) Kuwadzana transmission 4,750 90 1995 (k) Letombo transmission 64,800 98 ? (l) Mabvuku lift station 1,700 22 1955-56 (m) Marimba Park lift station ? ? ? (n) Orange Grove transmission 15,650 35 1969-70 (o) Pockets Hill lift station ? ? ? (p) Warren Control transmission ? 125 ? (q) Waterfalls lift station ? ? ? Transmission Mains The City of Harare and surrounding areas are supplied by transmission pipelines from Morton Jaffray and Prince Edward Water Treatment Works. Two ND 1300 pipelines, a ND 750 and a ND 975 pipeline convey water from Morton Jaffray WTW pumping station to Gauff Ingenieure 4-11 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 Warren Control ground reservoir. DN 750 main conveys water from Morton Jaffray to Lochinvar reservoir. Prince Edward Treatment Works supplies treated water through a ND 975 pipeline to the City of Harare and Chitungwiza. The main supply point of the city’s water distribution system is the Warren Control pumping station from where most of the city is supplied with treated water. From Warren Control, water is conveyed to 24 reservoirs by four transmission mains. These transmission mains also feed directly into the distribution system of the City. The four transmission mains are: • The ND 800 main, supplying the north-west of the City (North-West Main); • The ND 750 main supplying the Alexandra Park reservoir site (Alexandra Main); • The ND 975 main supplying the Letombo system reservoirs (Letombo Main); • The 1000 mm main supplying the south of the City and feeding the Letombo reservoir (Highfield Main). These four transmission mains constitute the backbone of the supply system of the city. They are supported by additional primary mains which form a looped system incorporating the main pumping stations and reservoirs of the water distribution system. The main components of this system are: • Warren Control pumping station; • Letombo reservoirs and pumping station; • Alexandra Park reservoirs and pumping station; • Orange Grove pumping station; • Greendale reservoirs; • Highlands reservoirs and pumping station. From Warren Control pumping station treated water gets pumped through the Letombo Mains and Highfield Mains to the Letombo reservoirs. The Letombo reservoir site/ pumping station operates as the main supply point of the eastern part of Harare. From there, treated water gets transferred by pumping to the reservoirs at Greendale, Ventersburg and Donnybrook. These reservoirs command the eastern areas of Harare. Greendale reservoir gets fed by a second supply source, the Orange Grove pumping station. This pumping station is supplied by two gravity mains - a ND 450 and a ND 375 from Alexandra Park reservoirs. From Warren Control pumping station the Alexandra Park reservoirs are fed by two transmission mains, the ND 750 Alexandra Main and a ND 600 pipe branching off the ND 975 Letombo Main. From Alexandra Park the Highlands reservoirs are fed by pumping through a ND 525 main which gets supported by a ND 300 pumping main from Orange Grove pumping station. The north-east of the city gets supplied from Highlands reservoirs. The north-west of the city is supplied by the ND 800 North-West Main from Warren Control. The reservoirs of Dzivaresekwa, Bluff Hill, Epsilon and Adylinn get supplied by this main. The south-western areas of the city are supplied off the transmission mains from Morton- Jaffray to Warren Control by pumping. In addition, the reservoirs at Lochinvar and Marimba are directly fed from this transmission main. Gauff Ingenieure 4-12 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 Figure 4-3 below illustrates the main transmission network in Harare. The condition assessment of the transmission mains is presented in Appendix 4.1. To Borrowdale ND525 R Highlands To Epsilon Monavale & Kensington PS Reservoir Alexandra Park ND300 R Orange Grove ND450 Greendale To ND357 PS Alexander Main Dzivaresekwa R ND525 Northwest Main ND800 ND600 Belvedere North PS To Warren Letombo park area/ Mutiny ND975 Letombo Main R Reservoir ND750 To Ventersburg & Donny Brook Reservoir R PS Msasa Warren Control Centre Highfield main Sunningdale ND975 ND1000 ND750 ND750 PS = Pump Stattion To Seke Reservoir R = Reservoir Figure 4-3: Configuration of the Main Water Transmission Network - Harare Storage Reservoirs The water supply system in Harare has 27 treated water reservoir sites. The reservoirs are dotted all around the city between 1,460 m and 1,600 m amsl. The main reservoirs in terms of capacity are Letombo, Alexandra Park, Lochinvar, Greendale and Highlands which together have a storage capacity of approximately 553,740 m3. This is about 70% of the total storage capacity of the water supply system. The table below shows the main characteristics of the reservoirs. Table 4-4: Reservoir Characteristics - Harare ReservoirSite Volume(m3) T.W.L(m) Adylinn 1,140 1519.02 Alexandra Park 111,950 1538.37 Arundel 7,580 1532.82 Bluff Hill 5,680 1506.06 Donnybrook 36,180 1602.02 Dzivaresekwa 5,680 1481.50 Emerald Hill 25,750 1552.39 Epsilon 4,090 1518.86 Greendale 70,770 1583.76 Hatfield 13,630 1521.30 Highlands 61,740 1568.55 Hogerty Hill 1,140 1600.07 Kambanji 5,680 1538.75 Gauff Ingenieure 4-13 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 ReservoirSite Volume(m3) T.W.L(m) Kopje 7,960 1527.27 Kuwadzana Letombo 236,400 1539.51 Lochinvar 1475.58** 72,880 1478.05 Marimba Park 34,400 1463.45 Meyrick Park 2,280 1517.65 Mutiny 11,400 1520.45 Philadelphia 7,580 1574.40 Ridge Road 3,410 1531.31 Ventersburg 22,800 1559.50 Viking 27,260 1516.73 Waterfalls 5,680 1467.13 Total Volume 783,060 4.1.1.4 Distribution Network The primary and secondary distribution network is made up of AC, steel and PVC pipes. The total network length (excluding transmission pipes above ND 600) is 5,200 km. Steel pipes are the oldest. Installation of PVC pipes only started in the 80s. PVC pipes now account for 22% of the network.Deterioration of the steel pipes is a major source of leakage. Much of the old steel reticulation in the centre of the city was replaced with PVC pipes in the last few years. Table 4-5: Primary and Secondary Network Pipe Lengths - Harare Diameter Material Total AC ST PVC ND 50 450,000 7,970 457,970 ND 63 190,780 190,780 ND 75 686,100 30,000 716,100 ND 90 270,000 270,000 ND 100 1,107,080 29,000 1,136,080 ND 110 300,000 300,000 ND 125 750 750 ND 150 890,000 48,000 938,000 ND 160 150,000 150,000 ND 225 312,900 12,485 325,385 ND 250 30,900 8,650 98,700 138,250 ND 300 140,455 20,840 140,000 301,295 ND 350 1,500 14,830 16,330 ND 375 30,000 21,380 51,380 ND 400 8,000 9,800 17,800 ND 450 60,620 18,970 79,590 ND 500 8,000 16,900 24,900 ND 525 5,000 18,000 23,000 ND 575 3,000 3,000 ND 600 16,400 16,400 Total 3,731,305 276,225 1,149,480 5,157,010 Gauff Ingenieure 4-14 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 The distribution system is supplied by both pumping and gravity. There are areas that are supplied exclusively by pumping or gravity and others that are supplied by a combination of both.Most of the areas are supplied by pumping. Off-takes on transmission mains feed directly into the distribution system. These off-takes are equipped with 33 pressure reducing valves (PRVs) in order to reduce excessive pressure levels in the distribution network. District Metering System The City of Harare used to have a comprehensive metering system in operation. Bulk water meters and flow meters were installed to measure weekly flows at outlets/inlets of reservoirs and pumping stations as well as flows in main supply pipes transferring water into individual supply areas of the city. There were 145 district meters installed in the water supply system. Out of 145 meters, 11 bulk meters used to be read by the Chitungwiza Council. The remaining 134 meters were under the control of the water workshop of the COH. The district metering system is no longer functional because (a) the meters are not working, and (b) there have been interconnections among district metering areas that are not metered. We recommend that the old district metering system be restored after a comprehensive NRW study. Areas outside the City Boundaries Harare provides treated water to consumers outside the city boundaries. These areas include neighbouring municipalities and government facilities such as, Chitungwiza, Epworth, Ruwa, Norton, Domboshava, Inkomo Barracks, Chikurubi Complex (within the City boundaries), Cranbourne Barracks (within the City boundaries) Pilot Area Investigations The purpose of the pilot area investigations was to assess the condition of the water distribution and sewerage networks and recommend rehabilitation investment measures for the entire system using statistical methods. The pilot areas were selected in liaison with the Harare Water following the selection criteria specified in the ToR of the Zim-Fund financed study. It was chosen to be conveniently small, but characteristically representative of the entire network so that extrapolations to the entire network could be done with reasonable levels of confidence. Two pilot areas - one representing the high density housing category the other representing the medium density housing category - were chosen for the investigations.Highfield was chosen because it is one of the oldest high density suburbs and is densely populated, while Cranborne was chosen because it is one of the oldest medium density suburbs and isfairly representative of most medium density suburbs. The AC pipes in the study areas appear to be in good condition despite the age – not very surprising considering that AC pipes have a lifespan of 50-70 years. Even though AC pipes undergo gradual degradation in the form of corrosion (i.e., internal calcium leaching due to conveyed water (lower Langelier index = more leaching) and/or external leaching due to groundwater), the council has not reported enough pipe failures to suggest that the pipes need replacement. The exposed pipes from the replaced pipes did indicate that the pipes were in fair condition except for those cracked pipes from presumably too high pressures as shown in the photo below. Gauff Ingenieure 4-15 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 Exposed Asbestos Cement (AC) pipe Generally, all the valves are in a bad shape; they are rusty and leaking.Valve chambers are generally in a very poor condition, damaged and filled with stones as shown in the photos below. Valve Chamber Furthermore, there are no covers and those that do have, have been vandalised. Therefore, the conclusion based on the above is that, all network appurtenant fittings and structures must be replaced. Significant amount of water is lost after the meter resulting in unnecessary water use/ wastage. If metered, these wastages lead to increased water bills, which may not be paid by the consumers. If unmetered, these wastages result in high NRW levels, as flat rate billing considers only a limited average amount of water usage. Wastage can be reduced and water conservation measures be implemented through rehabilitation of household installations and household education and awareness programs. Even though Household investments are normally not part of project funding, a provision in the investment plan for public awareness campaigns aimed at sensitizing consumers on the motivation and financial benefits associated with investing in internal plumbing repairs is made. It is further recommended that council should make it a policy to fix leaking taps and pass on the costs to the consumers as a way to minimise water losses. As can be seen from the photos below, the service connections are heavily corroded and incrusted. This was expected, given that these connections have been in service for over 30 years. Most of the leakages in the network occur on these lines. Gauff Ingenieure 4-16 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 It is therefore recommend that, all house connections be replaced including the saddles. It is further recommend that, the replacement of service lines should be of HDPE. HDPE house connections have proved to be durable and reliable. HDPE pipes have a smooth internal surface that does not corrode or tuberculate and maintains its flow capability over time. HDPE service connection pipes have a cost benefit associated with their longevity. The polyethylene pipe industry conservatively estimates the service life for HDPE pipes to be 50-100 years. This translates to savings in replacement costs for a long period. Incrusted house connections 4.1.2 Sewerage 4.1.2.1 Catchment areas Harare is divided into Six catchment areas according to the drainage patterns of the city. The existing catchment areas are; Firle Mukuvisi Catchment Area, Crowborough Catchment Area, Marlborough Catchment Area, Budiriro Catchment Area, Hatcliff Catchment Area and Donnybrook ponds catchment area. Firle or Mukuvisi Catchment Area Firle or Mukuvisi Catchment Area is a large drainage area which encompasses the low density suburbs of Chisipite, Lewisham, Highland, Newlands, Oval Park, Runnivale, Borrowdale West, Pomona, Vainona,Groombridge, Little Norfolk, Mount Pleasant, North Wood, Gunhill, Worms Hill, Greendale, Dawn Hill, Oval Park, Rhodesville, Masasa, Mukuvisi Park, Beverly, Mukuvisi, Mukuvisi Park, Gleenglove, Beverly West, Amby, Bingley, Athlone, Cranborne Park, Queensdale, Arcadia, Braeside, Chadcombe, Masasa Park, Park Meadows, Hatfield, Graniteside, St Martins, Sunningdale, New Prospect Park, City Centre, the Avenues, Mbare, part of Southerton, Ardbennie, Prospect, Park Town, Malvern, Midlands, Waterfalls, Induna, Grobbie Park, Mbare West, Glen View, Glen Norah, Highfield and Willowvale. The collector mains carrying influent flows from this catchment area ranges from 150 mm Ø to 1400 mm Ø mains. Table 4-6: Systems Description ofFirle Catchment Area Suburbs covered System Description Wastewater from these areas is pumped via a ND200 AC to a Chisipite and Lewisam Transition Chamber in Highlands. The influent gravitates from the Transition Chamber via the ND 375 RC main into a ND 450 RC Gauff Ingenieure 4-17 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 Suburbs covered System Description pipe which subsequently discharges into the ND 750 RC main. The ND 750 main discharges into a ND 900 AC main which also discharges into one of the ND 1400 twin collector main. The ND 1400 collector main discharges into the Firle WWTW. Wastewater from these areas discharge into a ND 450 RC pipe which subsequently discharges into the ND 750 RC main. The ND Highland, part of Newlands, 750 main discharges into a ND 900 AC main which also discharges Oval Park and Runnivale into one of the ND 1400 twin collector main. The ND 1400 collector main discharges into the Firle WWTW. Wastewater from these areas is pumped via a ND 300 AC to a Borrowdale West, Pomona, Transition Chamber in Gunhill. The influent gravitates from the Vainona,Groombridge, Transition Chamber via the ND 450 RC main. The ND 450 RC main Little Norfolk, Mount discharges into the ND 675 RC main. The ND 675 main discharge Pleasant and North Wood into one of the ND 1400 twin collector main. The ND 1400 collector main discharges into the Firle WWTW. The influent from these areas gravitate from the Transition Chamber via the 450 mm Ø RC main. The 450 mm Ø RC main Gunhill and part of discharges into the 675 mm Ø RC main. The 675 mm Ø main Newlands discharge into one of the 1400 mm Ø twin collector main. The 1400 mm Ø collector main discharges into the Firle WWTW. Wastewater from these areas discharge a 315 mm Ø PVC main which subsequently discharge into the 450 mm Ø RC main. The Worms Hill, Greendale, 450 mm Ø RC main discharges into the 675 mm Ø RC main. The Dawn Hill, Oval Park and 675 mm Ø main discharge into one of the 1400 mm Ø twin collector Rhodesville main. The 1400 mm Ø collector main discharges into the Firle WWTW. Wastewater from these areas discharge a 375 mm Ø RC main Masasa, Mukuvisi Park, which subsequently discharge into the 525 mm Ø RC main and Beverly, Mukuvisi, Mukuvisi then into a 600 mm Ø RC main. The 600 mm Ø RC main Park, Gleenglove, Beverly discharges into the 750 mm Ø RC main. The 750 mm Ø main West, Amby, Bingley and discharge into one of the 1400 mm Ø twin collector main. The 1400 Athlone mm Ø collector main discharges into the Firle WWTW. Wastewater from these area discharge a 675 mm Ø RC main. The Cranborne Park, 675 mm Ø main discharge into one of the 1400 mm Ø twin collector Queensdale, Arcadia and main. The 1400 mm Ø collector main discharges into the Firle Braeside WWTW. Wastewater from these areas discharge a 375 mm Ø RC main which subsequently discharge into the 525 mm Ø RC main. The Chadcombe, Masasa Park, 525 mm Ø main discharge into one of the 1400 mm Ø twin collector Park Meadows and Hatfield main. The 1400 mm Ø collector main discharges into the Firle WWTW. Graniteside, St Martins, Wastewater from these areas discharge into two directions. Sunningdale and New Graniteside drains directly into the 1400 mm Ø collector main Gauff Ingenieure 4-18 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 Suburbs covered System Description Prospect Park discharges into the Firle WWTW 1400 mm while Sunningdale, St Martins and New Prospects area drains into the 675 mm Ø main, which also discharges into one of the 1400 mm Ø twin collector main. The 1400 mm Ø collector main discharges into the Firle WWTW. Wastewater from these areas discharge into two mains. The 525 mm Ø RC main collecting wastewater from the town centre and the 750 mm Ø RC main collecting the wastewater from the avenues. City Centre and the The 525 mm Ø RC main discharges into a 750 mm Ø RC main Avenues which in turn discharges into the 1400 mm Ø RC collector main to Firle WWTW. The 750 mm also discharges into another twin 1400 mm Ø RC collector main to the Firle WWTW. Wastewater from this area discharges into the 1400 mm Ø RC Mbare collector main to the Firle WWTW. Wastewater from these area is discharges a 375 mm Ø RC main which subsequently discharge into the 600 mm Ø RC main. The Part of Southerton 600 mm Ø main discharge into one of the 1400 mm Ø twin collector main which in turn discharges into the Firle WWTW. Wastewater from this area discharges into two mains directions, the North Eastern part discharges into a 375 mm Ø RC main which in Ardbennie turn discharge into the 1400 mm Ø RC collector main. The other parts other parts of the suburb discharges into the 1400 mm Ø RC collector main to the Firle WWTW. Wastewater from these areas discharge into a 300 mm Ø RC main Prospect and Park Town which in turn discharge into the 1400 mm Ø RC collector main to the Firle WWTW. Malvern, Midlands, Wastewater from these areas discharge into the 1400 mm Ø RC Waterfalls, Induna, Grobbie collector main to the Firle WWTW Park and Mbare West Wastewater from this area discharges into a 300 mm Ø AC main which in turn discharge into a 375 mm Ø AC main. The 375 mm Ø Glen View AC main in turn discharges into the 450 mm Ø AC collector main. The influent from the 450 mm Ø AC main discharges into the 675 mm Ø AC collector main to the Firle WWTW. Wastewater from this area discharges into two mains directions, the North part discharges into a 300 mm Ø AC. The Southern part Glen Norah discharges into 450 mm Ø RC main. Both mains discharges into the 1400 mm Ø RC collector main to the Firle WWTW. Wastewater from this area discharges into two 375 mm Ø RC Highfield mains. Both mains merge downstream a 375 mm Ø RC before joining the 1400 mm Ø RC collector main to the Firle WWTW. Willowvale Wastewater from this area discharges into a 450 mm Ø RC main which in turn discharge into a 525 mm Ø RC main. The 525 mm Ø Gauff Ingenieure 4-19 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 Suburbs covered System Description RC main in turn discharges into the 675 mm Ø RC collector main which discharges into the Firle WWTW. Crowborough Catchment Area Sunrise, Sunridge, Avondale West, Sherwood Park, Sentosa, Mayfield Park, Gotsword Hills, Meyrick Park, Strathaven, St Andrews Park, Mablereigh, Monavale, Avondale, Kensington, Alexandra Park, Belvedere North, Milton Park, Lincoln Green, Belvedere South, Ridge View, Workingston, Rugare, Lochinvar, Kambuzuma, New Marimba, Marimba, Mufakose, Crowborough, Crowborough North, Kwadzana, Kwadzana Phase 3, Kwadzana Phase 4 Ext, Glaudina, Dzivaresekwa, Dzivaresekwa Ext, Tynwald North and Sanganayi Park, Bluff Hill, Bluff Park, New Bluff Hill Park, Tynwald, Tynwald South, Nkwisi Park, Westlea, Ashdown Park, Warren Park and Warren Park D and part of the Town Centre. Table 4-7: Systems Description ofCrowboroughCatchment Area Suburbs covered System Description Sunrise, Sunridge, Avondale West, Wastewater from these areas discharge into two Sherwood Park, Sentosa, Mayfield mains; a 315 mm Ø PVC and 525 mm Ø RC mains. Park, Gotsword Hills, Meyrick Park, The mains join downstream into a 900 mm Ø RC main Strathaven, St Andrews Park, also discharges into the Crowborough WWTW. Mablereigh and Monavale Wastewater from these areas discharge into two mains 315 mm Ø PVC mains. The mains join downstream Avondale, Kensington and Alexandra into a 450 mm Ø RC main also discharges into one of Park the 900 mm Ø twin collector main. The 900 mm Ø collector main discharges into the Crowborough WWTW. Wastewater from these areas discharge into a 450 mm Belvedere North, Milton Park and Ø RC main. The 450 mm Ø RC main discharge into a Lincoln Green 900 mm Ø RC twin main which discharge into the Crowborough WWTW. Wastewater from these areas discharge into a 315 mm Ø PVC main which in turn discharge into a 450 mm Ø Belvedere South, Ridge View and RC main. The 450 mm Ø RC main discharge into a 900 Workingston mm Ø RC twin main which discharge into the Crowborough WWTW. Wastewater from this area discharge into a 450 mm Ø RC main. The 450 mm Ø RC main discharge into a 900 Rugare mm Ø RC twin main which discharge into the Crowborough WWTW. Wastewater from these areas discharge into a 300 mm Ø PVC main. The 300 mm Ø PVC main discharge into Lochinvar and Kambuzuma a 900 mm Ø RC twin main which discharge into the Crowborough WWTW. Gauff Ingenieure 4-20 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 Suburbs covered System Description Wastewater from these areas discharge into a 300 mm Ø AC main. The 300 mm Ø AC main discharge into a New Marimba and Marimba 900 mm Ø RC twin main which discharge into the Crowborough WWTW. Wastewater from this area discharges into a 315 mm Ø PVC and 600 mm Ø RC mains. The 315 mm Ø PVC Mufakose main discharges directly into Crowborough WWTW. The 600 mm Ø RC discharges into the 900 mm Ø RC which in turn discharge into the Crowborough WWTW. Wastewater from these areas discharge into a 300 mm Ø AC main. The 300 mm Ø AC main discharges into a Crowborough and Crowborough North 900 mm Ø RC twin main which discharge into the Crowborough WWTW. Kwadzana, Kwadzana Phase 3, Wastewater from these areas discharge into a 600 mm Kwadzana Phase 4 Ext, Glaudina, Ø AC main which in turn discharges into the Dzivaresekwa, Dzivaresekwa Ext, Crowborough WWTW. Tynwald North and Sanganayi Park, Bluff Hill, Bluff Park and New Bluff Hill Park Wastewater from these areas discharge into a 450 mm Tynwald, Tynwald South, Nkwisi Park, Ø RC main. The 450 mm Ø RC main discharges into a Westlea, Ashdown Park and Warren 900 mm Ø RC twin main which discharge into the Park D Crowborough WWTW. Wastewater from these areas discharge into a 900 mm Warren Park Ø RC twin main which discharge into the Crowborough WWTW. A sewer draining Mufakose enters Crowborough Mufakose WWTW at a low level and is pumped to the head of the works. Budiriro Catchment Area Budiriro Catchment Area comprise of the high density areas of Budiriro 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Table 4-8: Systems Description ofBudiriroCatchment Area Suburbs covered System Description Wastewater from these areas discharge into two mains 375 mm Ø RC main which in turn discharges into a 450 Budiriro 1, 2 and 3 mm Ø RC main. The 450 mm Ø RC main discharges into a 675 mm Ø collector main. The 675 mm Ø collector main discharges into the Firle WWTW Wastewater from these areas discharge into a 450 mm Budiriro 4 and 5 Ø RC to Budiriro Pump Station. From here, the influent is pumped to Firle WWTW via a 675 mm Ø RC Gauff Ingenieure 4-21 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 Suburbs covered System Description collector main. Marlborough Catchment Area Marlborough Catchment Area consists of the low density of Marlborough, New Marlborough, Adylinn, Emerald Hill, Ashrrittle and Avonlea. The collector mains carrying sewage from this catchment area ranges from 300 mm Ø to 450 mm Ø mains. The table below gives detailed sewerage system description in the contributing suburbs within the Marlborough Catchment Area. Table 4-9: Systems Description in each Suburb in Marlborough Catchment Area Suburbs covered System Description Wastewater from these areas discharge into the Marlborough Pump Station where it is pumped via 375 Avonlea, Ashrrittle and Emerald Hill mm Ø RC main into the Firle wastewater pipe network. In case of power outages, wastewater from these areas gravitates to the Marlborough WWTW. Wastewater from these areas discharge into a 450 mm Adylinn and Marlborough Ø RC main which discharge into the Marlborough WWTW Wastewater from these areas discharge into a 300 mm New Marlborough Ø AC main which discharge into the Marlborough WWTW Hatcliff Catchment Area Hatcliff Catchment Area encompasses low density areas of Philadelphia, Borrowdale Brook, and Hogertt Hill part of Carrick Creach. The catchment also consist of the High density area of Hatcliff.The collector mains carrying influent flows from this catchment area ranges from 250 mm Ø to 450 mm Ø mains. The table below gives detailed sewerage system description in the contributing suburbs within the Hatcliff Catchment Area. Table 4-10: Systems Description of HatcliffCatchment Area Suburbs covered System Description Wastewater from these areas is pumped through a series of Booster Pump Stations into a Transition Hogert Hill, Borrowdale Brook, Chamber in Hatcliff. From here, the wastewater Philadelphia and part of Carrick Creagh gravitates via a 300 mm Ø AC main and then into a 450 mm Ø AC main to the Hatcliff WWTW. Wastewater from this discharges into a 300 mm Ø AC Hatcliff main and then into a 450 mm Ø AC main to the Hatcliff WWTW. Gauff Ingenieure 4-22 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 4.1.2.2 Condition Assessment of Trunk Sewers The condition of the critical sewer mains conveying waste water from different suburbs in Harare were assessed with the help of Harare Water Staff. The following are the critical sections inspected during the site visit: • the 1400 mm Ø RC twin mains collecting most of the influent in the Firle or Mukuvisi Catchment; • the 600 mm Ø AC main collecting most of the influent on the eastern part of the Crowborough Catchment; • the 900 mm Ø RC twin mains collecting most of the influent on the western part of the Crowborough Catchment. The 1400 mm Ø RC twin mains colleting waste water in the Mukuvisi Catchment. Assessment of these mains was carried by visual inspection via manholes. The main seem to be in good condition. However, the benching indicated some corrosion. The mains will require rehabilitation in a long term (2030). The photos below show the condition of the manholes on the 1400 mm Ø RC twin mains. Manholes The ND 600 main collects waste water from the eastern section of the Crowborough Catchment Area such as Kwadzana, Glaudina, Dzivaresekwa, Tynwald North Sanganayi Park and Bluff Hill. Assessment of this main was carried out by visual inspection of the manholes and on specific sections of the pipe. The pipe is currently surging and has collapsed at the downstream end. The entire section of main mustbe replaced and upgraded. The photos below show the condition of the manholes and collapsed sections on the 600 mmØ AC main. Gauff Ingenieure 4-23 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 Collapsed section of the 600 mm Ø AC and state of Manholes on the main The 900 mm Ø RC twin mains collects the influent from the western part of Crowborough Catchment. Assessment of these mains was carried out by visual inspection of the manholes and the pipe bridge upstream of the Crowborough WWTW. The steel pipes on the pipe bridge are severely corroded and damaged, and all the influent from one of the 900 mm Ø is surcharging into the stream. Consequently, about 5,000 m of the 900 mm Ø does not convey any waste water and is in effect, abandoned. Part of the influent on the 900 mm Ø RC main discharges into the main. The steel pipes pipe bridge and the 5,000 m length of the 900 mm Ø RC downstream of the pipe bridge that is currently abandoned due to the influent surcharging into the stream needs to be replace and upgraded. The figure below shows the condition of the manholes and damaged pipes on Pipe Bridge. Condition of manhole and surcharging pipe on Pipe Bridge Gauff Ingenieure 4-24 275000 280000 285000 290000 295000 300000 305000 310000 Hatcliffe New Plant Wasterwater TP 3 Q Figure 8045000 8045000 Layout Map of Existing 45 0A C 225AC Sewerage System HARARE C 30 0A No.4 ± Sewer Pump No.3 É & Station Sewer Pump Station Ú [ Ú [ No.2 Sewer Pump Station Ú [ 25 0A C Borrowdale Brook Sewer Pump Station Ú [ 8040000 8040000 1:55,000 315PV Malborough 315PVC Sewer Ponds C C 0A 30 45 0R C North Earsten Sewer Pump 8035000 8035000 Station Avonler Sewer Pump Ú [ Station Ú [ Legend 375AC ÉTransitionChambers 30 0A & É [ Har_SewerPumpStations Ú C 30 0A C New C Ú 0A 0A C [ Sewer Pump 3 Q Har_SewerTreatmentPlants 30 30 450AC Station 600A C É & Ú [ 300A C 16 0P V C Har_SewerPonds C Gravity Main 0A 20 315PVC_RC Pumping Main 75AC 15 0R É & C C 0A River Crossing 90 C C 5R 0R 22 30 C C 52 5R 5R River / Stream 8030000 8030000 37 É & 450PVC 315PVC _RC Residential Roads C 0A 30 450RC Trunk/Primary Roads C 45 0R C 0A 45 C Rail Line 67 5R C _R VC 450RC 375RC 5P 31 250PVC Project Boundary 45 0A C C C 225RC 0R 0A C 15 45 0A Agriculture 450RC 45 525RC 315PVC_RC 225ac 600AC 300AC Business 525RC 375RC C 45 0A 525RC 750RC 675RC 900AC CBD 375RC Donnybrook 4 C C 300RC 22 5R 5R 67 Sewer Ponds 75 0R C Industrial Donnybrook 3 C 87 5A 60 0R C 0S Sewer Ponds Institutional 22 5R 75 T 300AC 60 0R C 225PVC C 750RC 525RC 375RC 900AC Donnybrook 1 225RC Mining/Quarrying 52 5R 22 875ST C 67 450RC 5A C Sewer Ponds 5A 5R 525RC 15 C 67 C 0E 8025000 8025000 _RC W 1400RC VC 31 5P 45 0A 675A C 875A C Donnybrook 2 Recreational 450RC C Sewer Ponds 30 Residential 0A 1400RC C C _R C VC 0R 31 5P C 60 C _R 30 0A VC 31 5P 30 0A C Crowborough 600AC Wasterwater TP 375RC C 5R 3 Q 300AC RC 37 V C_ 5P 31 1400RC C 0R 75 375RC 525RC 315PVC_RC 37 5R 600RC C 37 5R C 30 0S 450AC 45 T 0R C 0R C RC 45 C 00 30 0A 450AC 14 375AC 45 0R C 450RC 30 0A C C 0A 45 40 8020000 8020000 0R 900RC 45 0A C C Willowvale Estate Sewer Pump 45 0R 37 5R Station C É & C Ú [ Greater Harare 525RC 20 0A 300AC Water and Sanitation C 300AC 52 5A C C Airport 5A Investment Plan 37 C C 30 0A Sewer Pump 45 0A Station É & 450RC Ú [ 00 R C C RC 10 5R 00 67 14 1400ST 1400 RC 30 0A C RC 00 RC 14 00 12 67 5A Firle C R C 00 Wasterwater TP 1400ST 14 3 Q 0 0.75 1.5 3 4.5 6 RC 12 00 Kilometers 8015000 275000 280000 285000 290000 295000 300000 305000 310000 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 4.1.2.3 Wastewater treatment facilities The City of Harare operates a number of wastewater treatment facilities. These includeFirle WWTW, Crowborough WWTW, Donnybrook Stabilisation Ponds, Hatcliffe WWTW and Marlborough Stabilisation Ponds. Firle WWTW Firle sewage treatment works comprises a total of 5 individual wastewater treatment streams with a nominal overall design treatment capacity of 144,000m3/day. Units 1 and 2 were commissioned around 1970, and have a nominal design treatment capacity of 18,000 m3/d each. The two units comprise the following; • A common intake works comprising two parallel screen channels equipped with two sets of manually raked coarse and medium screens and corresponding Venturi Flumes, • Six parallel baffled type vertical flow grit chambers with corresponding air-lift type grit removal system including compressor and air-lift pipework, • Each unit has 6 No. circular sedimentation tanks, of the Dortmund tank design, without any sludge scraping device, • Each unit has 4 No. trickling filters 38m in diameter and 4m high, filled with granite rocks, • Each unit has 4 No. circular humus tanks (Final Sedimentations Tanks). Unit 3 is a modified activated sludge process biological reactor commonly known as a BNR with a 5 stage configuration for biological nutrient removal of nitrogen and phosphorous, and was commissioned in 1982 and has a nominal design treatment capacity of 18,000 m3/d. Unit 3 comprises; • A 5 stage biological reactor that includes denitrification and phosphorous removal and treatment of carbonaceous load, • Three number humus tanks. Unit 4 is also a modified activated sludge process biological reactor with a 3-stage configuration for the biological nutrient removal of nitrogen and phosphorous, instead of the 5-stage concept as unit 3. In addition to the above units,Firle WWTW has 3 No. ponds in series serving all units for additional effluent treatment in order to meet the corresponding standards for land and/or crop irrigation. However, currently, treated effluent from units 3, 4 and 5 is directly discharged into Mukuvisi River. FirleWWTW has two separate effluent pump stations: • Existing Effluent Pump Station (EEPS) with a total of six pumps, all of which are not working, • New Effluent Pump Station with a total of four pumps, two of which are operational. Treated effluent from Unit 1 & 2 is discharge on adjacent farms owned by the City of Harare for further purification. Crowborough WWTW Gauff Ingenieure 4-26 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 CrowboroughWWTW comprises a total of 3 individual wastewater treatment streams with a nominal overall design treatment capacity of 54,000 m3/day.Units 1 and 2 were commissioned in 1959 and 1972 respectively, and have a nominal design treatment capacity of 18,000 m3/day each. The two units comprise the following; • A common intake works comprising two parallel screen channels equipped with two sets of manually raked coarse and medium screens and corresponding Venturi Flumes; • Six parallel baffled type vertical flow grit chambers with corresponding air-lift type grit removal system including compressor and air-lift pipework; • Each unit has 6 No. circular sedimentation tanks, of the Dortmund tank design, without any sludge scraping device; • Each unit has 4 No. trickling filters 38m in diameter and 4m high, filled with granite rocks; • Each unit has 4 No. circular humus tanks (Final Sedimentations Tanks). Unit 3 is a modified activated sludge process biological reactor commonly known as a BNR with a 5 stage configuration for biological nutrient removal of nitrogen and phosphorous, and was commissioned in 1982 and has a nominal design treatment capacity of 18,000 m3/d. Unit 3 comprises; • A 5 stage biological reactor that includes denitrification and phosphorous removal and treatment of carbonaceous load, • Three number humus tanks. In addition to the above units Crowboroughhas 3 No. ponds in series serving unit 1 and 2 for additional effluent treatment in order to meet the corresponding standards for land and/or crop irrigation. However, currently, treated effluent from units 3 is directly discharged into Marimba River. CrowboroughWWTW has one effluent pump station with a total of six pumps, all of which are not working. Treated effluent from Unit 1 & 2 is discharged on to the adjacent farms owned by the City of Harare for further purification. Hatcliffe WWTW Hatcliffe sewage treatment works comprises one wastewater treatment stream with a nominal overall design treatment capacity of 5,000 m3/day.The treatment process includes preliminary pre-treatment and biological treatment using a BNRtecnology. Marlborough Ponds Marlborough sewage treatment works is a pond system with a nominal overall design treatment capacity of 2,000 m3/day. The treatment process comprises 3 primary stabilisation ponds and 2 secondary stabilisation ponds. 4.1.3 On-Going Works The notable on-going projects in Harare are the Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Rehabilitation Project (UWSSRP) – Phase 1 and the projects that are being financed by a loan from China Exim Bank. Gauff Ingenieure 4-27 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 4.1.3.1 UWSSRP – Phase 1 Works These works under the Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Rehabilitation Project (UWSSRP) are designed to reinstate existing water production and wastewater treatment plants. The works are summarised in the following table. Table 4-11: Ongoing Works Under UWSSRP - Phase 1 Location Scope of Works Morton Jaffray Unit 1: Water Treatment Installation of proper flow meters in the raw water main from Lake Chivero to Works raw water inlet chamber and raw water main from Lake Chivero to Clarifier No. 7, Aluminium Sulphate solution transfer pumps, Aluminium Sulphate solution dosing pumps, Replacement of existing lime slurry preparation and dosing facilities, Rehabilitation of the Chlorine Dosing System, Replacement of pump sets No. 1 to 3, including all related motors, starters, pipework, valves and fittings and electrical control boards, Installation of an electric powered chlorine cylinder lifting system. Morton Jaffray Units 2 & 3: Water Treatment Installation of proper flow meters in raw water ND 2200 main from Lake Works Manyame to raw water mixing chamber and the raw water ND 1390 main from Lake Manyame to raw water mixing chamber, Aluminium Sulphate solution transfer pumps, Rehabilitation of the lime slurry preparation and dosing facilities, Installation of sodium silicate dosing pumps, Replacement of sand to 16 rapid gravity sand filters, Refurbishment to filter under-drainage system, Replacement of broken nozzles, Replacement of all gallery pipework and valves, Installation of an additional air compressor for the operation of pneumatically actuated valves, Refurbishment of the Pulsator system of 3No. Clarifiers, including air pump, motor, starters and vacuum release devices, Replacement of lateral pipes to 1No. Clarifier, Replacement of baffles to 3No. Clarifiers, Replacement of pump sets No. 4 to 6, including all related motors, starters, pipework, valves and fittings and electrical control boards, Replacement of pump sets No. 7 to 10, including all related motors, starters, pipework, valves and fittings and electrical control boards, Supplying spare parts for pump sets No. 11 to 14, Rehabilitation of Unit 2 & 3 Buildings Prince Edward Rehabilitation of the raw water pump-station, Rehabilitation of Flash Mixing Water Treatment and Flocculation Tank, Rehabilitation of Clarifiers, Rehabilitation of Rapid Works Gravity Sand Filters,Rehabilitation of High lift Clear Water Pump station, Rehabilitation of Chemical Building and General Site Works Firle Sewage Rehabilitation of Biological Trickling Filters, including, Rehabilitation of Pond Treatment Works System (Firle 1&2, Rehabilitation of Effluent Pumping Station,Rehabilitation of Effluent Pumping Main, Crowborough o Rehabilitation of Biological Trickling Filters, Rehabilitation of Pond System, Sewage Treatment Works Donnybrook Rehabilitation of Pond System, Repair of inlet, outlet structures, including Stabilisation installation of aluminium gates, valves and other metal fittings to distribution Ponds and collection chambers. Little Marimba Rehabilitation of damaged sections along the trunk sewer Trunk Sewer Gauff Ingenieure 4-28 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 Location Scope of Works Supply of Goods Supply of Laboratory Equipment, Shop Tools and Equipment andSpare Parts. 4.1.3.2 China Exim Bank Loan The works that will be financed by the China Exim Bank loan and executed by CMEC are summarised in the table below. Table 4-12: Chinese Loan Scope of Works Item Scope of works Morton Jaffray WTW Rehabilitation of Plant No. Chivero Intake, mixing Chamber, Alexander and accelerator 1 clarifiers, Degremont filters, Patterson filters for No.1 works, Materials and installation Equipment for Plant No. 2 No. 2 & 3 Plant clarifiers, Aluminium sulphate dosing system for &3 No. 1, 2 & 3, Silica and acid dosing systems for No. 1, 2 & 3, No. 2 & 3 Plant clarifiers, Lime dosing systems for No. 1, 2 & 3, Activated carbon dosing systems for No. 1, 2 & 3, Chlorination systems for No. 1, 2 & 3, Degremont filters, Wash water pumps, Clean water pumps, electric valves, Installation materials Dosing Equipment for Aluminium sulphate dosing system, Silica dosing system, Clarifier No. 7 Activated carbon dosing system, Installation materials, Other Equipment and Dewatering Pumps, Fire Hoses, Chlorine, Acid Storage Tanks, Materials Clear Water Meters, Construction of facilities Chemical storage warehouse Wash Water Pump station Standby generator sets for Darwendale Pump station and No 1& 2 2 Plant Installation Materials Pipes and fittings, Electrical cable and material Additional Materials, Supply Butterfly valves No 7 to 10 pumps, NRV on No 1 &pumps 3, and Installation for MJ Interconnector valves for between New/old 7 to 10 and 11 to 14 pumps, Dewatering pumps, Motors, Turbine pumps, Darwendale intake, clarifier inlet valves and pipes. Miscellaneous Central Control Room and Redecoration, Lights for Workshop and Roads in plant (without poles). Firle WWTW Biological Filters Screw conveyoring machine, Completing electrics and wiring, Gauff Ingenieure 4-29 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 Item Scope of works Supply 2 and install 1 Mufakose Mechanical screens, Replace accelerator clarifier equipment, supply and install flow meters Supply and install items for Raw sewage pumps, Vertical pump, Pipes and fittings, Electrical Mufakose sump cable and material/installations Plant Facility Supply ACSR conductors, Supply and Install Raw sewage pump, Transformers, and portable submersible pump, Dewatering pump station, pipes and fittings and Electricals. Crowborough WWTW Existing Effluent Pump Sewage pumps, Dewater pump set and motor, Replace Station accelerator clarifier equipment, flow meter recorder, screen board ,transformer, replace all electrical system for Pump station , Valves. New Effluent Pump Station Flow meter, Sewage pump and motor starters, valves, Supply 2 and install Transformer, Fans, pipes, steel grating and guard rails, All electrical systems. Installation Materials Pipes, fittings, electrical cable and material and lights for workshop and roads. Plant Facility Supply and install Generator, Transformers, Breakers for transformers and Portable sub pump for dewatering effluent pump station. Clear Water Pump Stations Alex Park Pump Station Install Pipe delivery work, Control panel, Electric chain block, pipes and fittings, Electrical cables and material New Alex Pump Station Installation of Pump, Motor and Lighting system Letombo Pump Station Supply Motors, bolts, Gaskets, Valves, Fans and install Pipe works/ fittings Warren Control Booster Supply and install Pumps, Motors, Valves, Pipes and fittings, all Pump Station Electrical works. Spares for motor and Pump bearing, Centre control room. Sewerage Reticulation Borrowdale Brooke Pump Install 12 Pump sets, Electrical connection to control room, New Station 1-4 cables, Switches, Lighting, Materials and installation, Pipes and fittings. Gauff Ingenieure 4-30 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 Item Scope of works Workshop Tools and Maintenance Equipment Plant Workshop Supply Welding, Cutting, Shaping, Hydraulic, Radial Drilling, Universal Radial, Horizontal Milling, Pressing, Impact Drilling and Manual Pipe threading Machine. A Diesel Generator, Bearing heater, Clamp meter, Digital Camera, Bearing analyser and detector, Megger, Vibration meter, Balancer, High voltage tester. Replace Accelerator clarifier equipment, Multimeter, Sewer drain cleaning, Power cable detector and Tractor drawn mower. Garage Tools Supply Sockets, Allan keys, Joints, Pliers, Vehicle hoists, Trolley jacks, Tyre changer, Air Compressor ( stationery and compressor), Breakdown recovery trucks, Lathe and Milling Machine Laboratory Equipment Lab Equipment for Clear Supply Heat magnetic Stir, Ultraviolet spectrometer, Water Plant Biochemistry incubator, Stationery turbidimeter, Ion chromatograph, Replace Accelerator Clarifier equipment, electronic balance, BOD incubator, Viscosity meter, Gas chromatograph, Chlorine detector, Colorimeter, PH meter, Atom spectrometer, Muffle furnace, Conductivity meter, Bottom sampler, 3-way taps, E-Collilert Complete, Autoclave, Binocular microscope, Electric centrifugal machine, Distillation unit, Liquid chromatograph, Dry oven Lab Equipment For Liquid chromatograph, PH meter, Gas chromatograph, Sewage Water Plant Binocular microscope, Portable DO, Portable SS, Portable Hydrogen Sulphide meter, Table DO analyser, Stationery Hydrogen Sulphide meter, Muffle furnace, , Biochemistry incubator, Electric heater constant dryer, Electric balance, Physics balance, Disinfector, Magnetic Stir, Refrigerator, Vacuum pump, Desktop PC, Electric centrifugal machine, Medical cabinet, Glassware, COD tester, Nitrogen analyser, Ion selective meter and electrode, Ultraviolet spectrometer, Automatic liquid sampler, Medical cabinet Dragger gas analyser Information and Communication Equipment Computer Hardware and Supply Desktop computers, Laptops, printers, Copiers, Gauff Ingenieure 4-31 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 Item Scope of works Other Peripheral devices Recording media Network Equipment And Supply Routers, Wireless network, Cisco switch core, Accessories distribution and access, Network tool kits, Network cables, Connectors , Projectors, UPS, Workshop Equipment And Supply Hard drives, Plotters, Scanners, Trimble and differential Accessories GPS, Memory chips, Dust blowers and Power Supply systems. Software Supply and install Land information Management systems, Perimeter access control and clocking system, Gauff Ingenieure 4-32 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 4.2 Chitungwiza This section presents a summary of the existing water supply and sewerage infrastructure in Chitungwiza. More tailed information is presented in Appendix 4.2. 4.2.1 Water Supply The Municipality of Chitungwiza receives bulk water from the City of Harare’s water treatment facilities which are mainly; Morton Jaffray Water Treatment Works and Prince Edward Water Treatment Works. The transmission system is designed in such a way that water can be drawn from both Prince Edward WTW and Morton Jaffray WTW. Overall, the city provides services to a population of 356,840 (2012 National Statistics). At present, the system has 55,669 connections, which are equipped with water meters most of which are not functional. The schematic layout of the system is presented in the following figure. From MJ WTW Prince Edwards WTP WTP 1430m.a.m.s.l Man yame PS Rive r Prince Edwards Dam ND225 Guzha Township offtake St Mary’s/Manyama Park ND300 offtake ND300 Zega 1,2,3,4,5 offtake ND500/600 ND400 Tilco Rd Offtake Chitungwiza Distribution Network ND300 Unit D,J,K Offtake ND375 Marapara Rd Offtake Chitungwiza Reservoirs 46,000 m3 ND300 18 No. Handpumps To unit O,P 1468m a.m.s.l 2 No. Boreholes Figure 4-5: Principle layout of the water system of Chitungwiza Gauff Ingenieure 4-33 288000 290000 292000 294000 296000 298000 300000 302000 Figure  Layout Map of Existing Water Supply Infrastructure ± 8012000 8012000 1:45,000 Datum WGS 84 Lake Seke 8010000 8010000 er Ri v ya m e St. Mary's an Harava Lake M Zengeza 1 Legend Reservoirs U T Reservoirs Zengeza 2 Rivers Zengeza 5 Rivers 8008000 8008000 Unit H Roads Residential Unit B Unit E Seke Reservoir Secondary Zengeza 4 T U Trunk Unit D Dams & Lakes Unit A Dams & Lakes Zengeza 3 Project Boundary Unit G Project Boundary Unit F Unit C 8006000 8006000 Unit J Unit O Unit K Unit N Unit M Unit P Unit L 8004000 8004000 Urgent Water Supply and Sanitation Rehabilitation Project Medium to Long Term Investiment Plan 8002000 8002000 288000 290000 292000 294000 296000 298000 300000 302000 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 4.2.1.1 Water Sources Prince Edward Water Treatment Works (WTW) is located approximately 22 km South of Harare adjacent to Prince Edward Dam also known as Seke Dam. The Water Treatment Works has a reported maximum peak production of 90,000 m3/day. The current average daily water production is reported to vary between 50,000 to 55,000 m3/day. During the rainy season when Prince Edward WTW is operating at full capacity, most of the supply to Chitungwiza is from Prince Edward WTW. Prince Edward WTW is supplied with raw water from the upstream Harava1, Harava2 and Seke Dams all along the Manyame River. During the dry season when Prince Edward WTW is not operating at full capacity due to insufficient water in the upstream dams, Chitungwiza is supplied from the Morton Jaffray WTW system. 4.2.1.2 Transmission System The transmission main from Prince Edward WTW starts off as a ND 600 steel main followed by a ND 225 branch after the bridge feeding an area called Mayambara which is under Harava Rural District Council. The ND 600main continues before splitting into a 450mm diameter main and a ND 525 main before the Police Station. The ND 450 main feeds the reservoirs located on the northern part of Makoni Shopping Centre. The ND 525main also feeds the reservoirs and the reticulation network. The reservoirs can hydraulically be described as floating reservoirs. The ND 600mm diameter main has off-takes feeding the following areas; • ND225 off-take for Area 1 - Mayambara; • ND300 off-take for Area 2 - St Mary`s &Manyame Park; • ND300 off-take for Area 3 - Zengeza 1, 2, 3 & 5; • Area 4- ND375 - off take for area 4-Tilcor, Zengeza 2, 3 & 4. The ND525 main has off-takes feeding the following areas; • ND 300 off-take for Area 5- Unit H,D,J, with interconnection to Unit K; • ND375 off-take for Area 6- Unit A, C, F, M, L & K. 4.2.1.3 Storage Reservoirs The reservoirs for Chitungwiza are located on the north eastern outskirts of the town north of Makoni Shopping Centre at the end of the network. The reservoir site has four ground reservoirs of equal capacity and an elevated tank. They have a total storage capacity of approximately 46, 000 m3. A small booster pump station houses the pump sets used to transfer water to the elevated tank. From a visual inspection, the tanks are in a good state with no cracks, scaling concrete or rusting rebar. They are in good working order but, largely redundant since they never fill up because of their location in the network and the limited water supply from Harare. Gauff Ingenieure 4-35 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 4.2.1.4 Distribution Network The distribution network comprises of a combination of AC pipes in old sections of the town, Polyethylene and PVC pipes in newer sections of the city (15 years old). The Municipality of Chitungwiza advised that, some sections in the distribution network continuously suffer from pipe bursts. This is attributed to the fact that pressure reducing valves are not working. The areas most vulnerable are; Unit N and Unit K. No issues have been raised in the recently installed networks. The recently installed networks include the following areas: • ND90 Polyethylene pipes in Zengeza; • ND110 PVC pipes in St Mary’s (Manyame Park); • ND 90 PVC pipes in New Developments and infill areas; • ND 75 PVC pipes in New Developments and infill areas. It is worth noting that, there are control valves and bulk flow meters on all the branches, but most of them are not working. The branches come off the 525mmØ rising main to the storage reservoir resulting in low lying areas getting water ahead of the high level areas, hence the need to address the issue of control valves. The oldest section of the distribution network was constructed between 1973 and 1978 and the network has been expanding based on the growth of the city.The layout of the network is structured in eight independent supply zones, with the last supply zone to Unit O formed as a loop so that water can be supplied from both the service reservoirs and also from Unit N. The water supply to Chitungwiza is erratic and varies in terms of continuity of supply but has an approximate supply rate of 500m3/hour. To manage supplies to the various suburbs, the municipality has a rationing criterion in which certain areas/zones get water on a particular day in a week. The table overleaf shows a summary of the water supply schedules for Chitungwiza. The water supply to Chitungwiza is erratic and varies in terms of continuity of supply but has an approximate supply rate of 500 m3/hour. To manage supplies to the various suburbs, the municipality has a rationing criterion in which certain areas/zones get water on a particular day in a week. The table overleaf shows a summary of the water supply schedules for Chitungwiza. Gauff Ingenieure 4-36 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 Table 4-13: Water service on daily basis Supply Zones Supply day Area 1- Old St Mary’s and Manyame Park Monday Area 2- Zengeza 1 Tuesday Area 3- Industrial Area continuous Area 4- Unit H Thursday Area 5 – Unit A Saturday 4.2.1.5 Pilot Area Investigations Findings and Recommendations – Water Distribution Network All the network elements are over 30 years old. There have not been any major rehabilitation or replacement undertakings since the town was developed. In the oldest parts of town, water pipes and appurtenant structures date as far back as 1978. Water pipes St Marys is supplied by a ND225 main. The water distribution mains within the pilot zone are ND75 mm mains. The AC pipes appear to be in good condition despite the age – not very surprising considering that AC pipes have a lifespan of 50-70 years. Even though AC pipes undergo gradual degradation in the form of corrosion (i.e., internal calcium leaching due to conveyed water (lower Langelier index = more leaching) and/or external leaching due to groundwater), the council has not reported enough pipe failures to suggest that the pipes need replacement. The exposed pipes from the replaced pipes did indicate that the pipes were in fair condition except for those blocked as a result of siltation. Valves and fire hydrants There were no hydrants in the pilot area. Isolation valves were found randomly installed on the distribution mains. Generally, all the valves are in a bad shape; they are rusty and leaky. Valve chambers are generally in a very poor condition, damaged and filled with stones as shown in the photos below. Furthermore, there are no covers and those that do have, they have been vandalised. Therefore, the conclusion based on the above is that, all network appurtenant fittings and structures must be replaced as most network leakages occur there. Gauff Ingenieure 4-37 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 Vandalised valve chamber Significant amount of water is lost after the meter resulting in unnecessary water use/ wastage. If metered, these wastages lead to increased water bills, which may not be paid by the consumers. If unmetered, these wastages result in high NRW levels, as flat rate billing considers only a limited average amount of water usage. Wastage can be reduced and water conservation measures be implemented through rehabilitation of household installations and household education and awareness programs. Even though Household investments are normally not part of project funding, a provision in the investment plan for public awareness campaigns aimed at sensitizing consumers on the motivation and financial benefits associated with investing in internal plumbing repairs is made. It is further recommended that council should make it a policy to fix leaking taps and pass on the costs to the consumers as a way to minimise water losses. Vandalised water meter House connection Flow meter testing Service connections are taken off the 75 mm tertiary mains using cast iron saddles. Each saddle serves 4 ND 20 service connections. As can be seen from the photos below, the service connections are heavily corroded and incrusted. This was expected, given that these connections have been in service for over 30 years. Most of the leakages in the network occur on these lines. It is therefore recommend that, all house connections be replaced including the saddles. It is further recommend that, the replacement of service lines should be of HDPE. HDPE house connections have proved to be durable and reliable. HDPE pipes have a smooth internal surface that does not corrode or tuberculate and maintains its flow capability over time. HDPE service connection pipes have a cost benefit associated with their longevity. The polyethylene pipe industry conservatively estimates the service life for HDPE pipes to be 50-100 years. This relates to savings in replacement costs for a long period. Gauff Ingenieure 4-38 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 Water testing meter Encrusted pipes 4.2.2 Sewerage The wastewater infrastructure in Chitungwiza consists of both on-site and off-site sanitation systems. Building and housing guidelines, by-laws and standards stipulate that Low density properties depending on soil conditions, are not connected to the sewerage system. They are provided with on-site septic tanks and soak-away pits. High and medium density properties, on the other hand, are all connected to the sewerage system. The sewerage system in Chitungwiza consists of laterals, collector mains, pump stations and trunk mains that collectively convey wastewater to Zengeza Sewage Treatment Works. Figure 4-7 shows the schematic layout of the sewerage system in Chitungwiza. Figure 4-7: Schematic Layout of the Sewerage System of Chitungwiza Gauff Ingenieure 4-39 288000 290000 292000 294000 296000 298000 300000 302000 Figure  Layout Map of Existing SewerDJH System 8012000 8012000 r Lake Seke ± 1:45,000 ve mA C Datum WGS 84 8010000 8010000 Ri 375m me n ya C ON mC 300m Ma St Marys Pump Station 1 Harava Lake Ú [ 22 5m mA C AC m St Marys Pump Station 2 Legend 0m 30 Ú [ 225mmAC É & 22 5m St Marys Pump Station 3 mA Ú Transition Chambers C [ 22 5m mA 225 mm AC C É Transition Chambers & C mA 40 0m 0m 30 30 mA 0m C mA C Wastewater TW AC m 5m 8008000 8008000 3 Q 22 É & Wastewater TW É & 45 0m Sewer Pump Stations mA C C mA AC 5m Ú [ Sewer Pump Stations 300mm 22 300mmAC C mA 0m Sewer Lines Projected 30 300mmAC AC mA C 450m Sewer Lines Projected m mA C 5m 450m 22 AC m Rivers 0m 45 AC m 525mmA C 5m 22 Rivers AC 22 m Roads 5m 0m 15 m AC AC 675 m mm 5m 22 AC Residential 8006000 8006000 A C mm 300 m AC AC Secondary AC 0m m 0m m 45 5m 675m mA C 15 62 Trunk 300mmAC Chitungwiza WWTW 3 Q Dams & Lakes AC AC 525mm mm C N O 300 C m Dams & Lakes AC 5m m 22 5m 67 37 Ú 5m C [ 22 7LOFRU6HZHU36 AC m AC 300m mC ON C C 600m 375mmCONC mA mAC m 5m 0m 52 20 8004000 8004000 *UHDWHU+DUDUH:DWHUDQG 6DQLWDWLRQ,QYHVWLPHQW3ODQ 8002000 8002000 288000 290000 292000 294000 296000 298000 300000 302000 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 4.2.2.1 Catchment Areas and Sewer Reticulation Network Chitungwiza has currently seven catchment areas according to the drainage patterns of the city. The existing catchment areas are; Old St Mary’s, St Mary’s/Manyame Park, Zengeza 1 & 5, Zengeza 2, 3 & 4, Seke North & South and Industrial Catchment Areas. The following table summarises the characteristics of the catchment areas. Table 4-14: Catchment Areas Catchment Areas Suburbs covered General characteristics Old St Mary’s Wastewater from this catchment area discharges Old St Mary’s into a ND 225 AC pipe which subsequently drains into Pump Station No. 2. Pump Station No 2 pumps waste water flow to Pump Station No. 3 where it is pumped to Zengeza Wastewater Treatment Works. St Mary’s Manyame St Mary’s/Manyame Wastewater from this catchment area discharges Park Park. into a ND 375 AC pipe which subsequently drains into Pump Station No. 1. Pump Station No 1 pumps via a ND 400 AC pipe to Zengeza Wastewater Treatment Works. New St Mary’s St Mary’s, parts of Wastewater from this catchment area discharges Zengeza 1 and 5 into a ND 225 AC pipe which subsequently drains into Pump Station No. 3. Pump Station No 3 pumps via a ND 300 AC to Zengeza Wastewater Treatment Works. Zengeza 1 & 5 Zengeza 2, part of Wastewater from this catchment area discharges Zengeza 1 & 5 into a ND 300 AC pipe which subsequently drains into the ND 450 AC to Zengeza Wastewater Treatment Works. Zengeza Zengeza 2, 3 and 4, Wastewater from this catchment area discharges Seke Unit D and J into ND 225 and ND 450 AC pipes which subsequently drain into ND 675 AC collector main to Zengeza Wastewater Treatment Works. Seke North and Seke North and South Wastewater from this catchment area discharges South into a ND 525 AC pipe which subsequently drains to Zengeza Wastewater Treatment Work. Industrial Industrial Wastewater from this catchment area discharges into the Tilcor Pump Station which subsequently pumps wastewater flow to Zengeza Wastewater Treatment Works. The sewer network comprises collector mains ranging in size from ND 100 to ND 525 and trunk/outfall sewers up to ND 825. Most of the drawings showing the layout plans and longitudinal profiles of the existing collector, sub-trunk and trunk sewers could not be Gauff Ingenieure 4-41 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 located. Due to lack of sufficient information, it was not possible to establish the exact length of the existing network and number of man-holes. 4.2.2.2 Pilot Area Investigations Findings and Recommendations – Sewerage Network The sewer collection system in the pilot area comprises of ND 150 Vitrified Clay (VC) and AC material. The sewer pipes are generally in good condition though; there is silt/solids accumulation due to insufficient sewage flow.The structural integrity of all inspected manholes is considered to be good. However, there seems to be insufficient flow in thesewers to flush away the solids (silt and human waste) as observed in the photos below. Given the findings elaborated above, it is recommend that measures should be put in place for routine cleaning of sewer pipes and ensuring that there is sufficient flow in the sewers by improving water supply services. Phase 1 of the UWSSRP has provided sufficient sewer cleaning equipment that the councils will be using to address the problem of sewer blockages. Investment should also be directed towards replacing those sewers that were reported by the council to have collapsed, including reconstructing the manholes that are damaged. Sewer manholes blocked due to siltation in pipes 4.2.2.3 Wastewater Treatment Works (Zengeza) Chitungwiza wastewater scheme comprises one treatment site: Zengeza Sewage Treatment Works comprising two treatment streams namely; Modified Conventional Treatment Works; with a treatment capacity of 35,000 m3/day, comprising; • Inlet Workscomplete with a grit removal system • Anaerobic ponds, • Biological Filters, and • Effluent Pump Stations. Biological Nutrient RemovalTreatment Works; with a treatment capacity of 20,000 m3/day, comprising; • New Inlet Works complete with a grit system discharging grit to the existing Old Works grit removal system. • Primary sedimentation tanks, Gauff Ingenieure 4-42 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 • Equalisation basin, • BNR Tank comprising; an anaerobic basin, anoxic basin, and an aerobic basin, • Final Sedimentation Tanks, • Maturation Ponds, • Sludge Thickeners, • Sludge Digesters. Modified Conventional Treatment Works Old Works The modified conventional treatment works consist of the following process units; Intake Works The inlet works consist of two parallel screen channels, which were supposed to be isolated by penstocks which are completely corroded. According to the original design, the two screen channels would comprise a coarse screen (with approximately 60mm spacing between bars) and a medium screen (with approximately 30mm spacing between bars), manually raked. However, only the medium screens are in place at present, but are highly corroded and damaged. Grit removal is supposed to take place in two parallel baffled grit chambers. The baffles (A.C. plates) are no longer in place and the weir penstocks are completely corroded and missing in some areas. The two grit removal chambers are nearly full with sand. Rusting Air-lift pipework 150 mm in diameter discharges grit into a shallow grit separation box, with missing aluminium sluice gates. Anaerobic Ponds The pond system consists of 4 parallel sets of ponds, i.e. 3 ponds in series each. All ponds are concrete lined with a sloped floor and a sloped collection trough to allow for gravity flow of the settled sludge towards the scour valves (one per pond) for desludging. Two ponds are interconnected by sluice gates in order to be able to take-out of operation one of the two ponds for maintenance (cleaning) purposes. A third pond can be by-passed by making use of a separation chamber, which was supposed to be equipped with sluice gates. All the ponds are filled up with sand, sludge and weeds. All gates, submerged steel plates (at the outlet of the ponds) and valves are corroded and some are missing. The ponds are surrounded by 150 mm diameter A.C. pipes, which supply recycled effluent from the outlet of the biological trickling filters by means of the effluent pumping station back to the ponds for scum breaking purposes. The recycled effluent is distributed on top of the ponds by making use of numerous jet pipes (50 mm diameter). However, these jet pipes are heavily corroded and not operational. Biological Trickling Filters The works comprises a total number of 5 trickling filters, approximately 38 m, in diameter and 4.0 m deep. The filters are filled with granite rocks of average grain size of around 50 Gauff Ingenieure 4-43 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 to 80mm from local quarries. The trickling filters were constructed between 1975 and 1980. They have, however, undergone major repair works to inlet columns and distributor arms, between 1997 and 1999. The 450 mm diameter incoming pipes to the five trickling filters are partly broken and valves would be required to isolate individual trickling filters for maintenance purposes. The concrete structures of the trickling filters do show cracks and leakages and thus have to be sealed. Effluent Pumping There are 2 no. Effluent Pump Stations. The old Pump Station was constructed in 1975 and comprises a total of 4 pumps. The new Pump Station was constructed in 1995 and comprises a total of 5 pumps, out of which 3 are treated effluent pumps to Imbwa farm and 2 are recirculation pumps to anaerobic ponds for scum breaking purposes. Biological Nutrient RemovalTreatment Works; The BNR Works constructed with financial support from Japan in 2000 ha a nominal capacity of 20,000 m3/d. The plant was operated from the day of commissioning upto 2004 and consists of the following process units; • New Inlet Works complete with a grit system discharging grit to the existing Old Works grit removal system. • Primary sedimentation tanks, • Equalisation basin, • BNR Tank comprising; an anaerobic basin, anoxic basin, and an aerobic basin, • Final Sedimentation Tanks, • Maturation Ponds, • Sludge Thickeners, • Sludge Digesters. Gauff Ingenieure 4-44 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 4.3 Epworth A summary of the existing situation in Epworth is presented here. More detail along with a narrative of the proposed investment measures is presented in Appendix 4.5. 4.3.1 Water Supply 4.3.1.1 Water Sources Epworth has only one source of water which is the City of Harare via the Ventersberg Tanks. For the supply route from Morton Jaffray WTW to Ventersberg refer to the City of Harare Report. 4.3.1.2 Transmission System Figure 4-9 below shows the transmission system for Epworth, in schematic form: DN500 1075m Ventersberg DN450 785 DN400 1285 WARD 1 DN300 DN400 785 2400m WARD 7 WARD 6 DN250 775 DN350 DN200 WARD 2 633m 1100m HARARE EPWORTH WARD 5 DN200 DN200 2075 2220 WARD 3 WARD 4 Figure 4-9: Epworth Transmission and Storage Schematic - Existing Gauff Ingenieure 4-45 301000 .000000 302000 .000000 303000 .000000 304000 .000000 305000 .000000 306000 .000000 307000 .000000 308000 .000000 309000 .000000 Figure 4-10 Layout Map of Existing Water Supply Epworth ± 8023000.000000 8023000.000000 Datum : WGS 84 Zone 36S Scale 1:14,500 Muguta Legend 8022000.000000 8022000.000000 Water Infrastracture Existing Water Pipes Landuse Agriculture Ward 7 Commercial Overspill Grasslands/Pastures 8021000.000000 8021000.000000 Industrial Institutional Mining/Quarrying Makomo Park/Playground And Other Recreational Spaces Maseko Proposed Development/Expansion Areas 8020000.000000 8020000.000000 Residential Roads Residential Roads Trunk/Primary Roads Chizungu Rail Line 8019000.000000 8019000.000000 River/Lake Rivers/Stream Lakes Project Boundary Project Boundary Ward Boundary Dombo la 8018000.000000 8018000.000000 Mwari Ward Boundary Expansion Areas New Mexico, Lyndhurst, Greater Harare Twentydales Water and Sanitation Estates, Good h Investment Plan 8017000.000000 8017000.000000 0 0.5 1 2 Kilometers 301000 .000000 302000 .000000 303000 .000000 304000 .000000 305000 .000000 306000 .000000 307000 .000000 308000 .000000 309000 .000000 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 Only one source of treated water is available to Epworth from the City of Harare’s Ventersberg Tanks, directly into the supply network via a 1075m long DN500 supply line. 4.3.1.3 Distribution Network Table 4-15: Demand Management Areas DMA Source of Supply Comment EXISTING TOWN AREAS Ward 1 DN500 from Ventersberg. all other DMZs are supplied through ward 1 onward supply to wards 3 and 5 Ward 2 DN 400 from Ward 1 through ward 2 Ward 3 DN200 from Ward 2 Ward 5 Existing DN350 on boundary of In future ward 5 could be Wards 1 and 2 subdivided into northern and southern halves with separate Future Supply may include supply supply each through ward 2 Ward 4 DN200 from ward 6 Only a small area is currently developed. Major expansion expected in this ward Ward 6 DN200 southern part of ring from Only a small area is currently ward 5 developed. Major expansion in to Rockview is expected DN300 northern part of ring from Ward 7 Wards 7 DN400 from Ward 1 Only a small area of the ward has water network. 4.3.1.4 NRW assessment • Bulk and Block Metering - Bulk and block metering is absent and new metering will be needed throughout as soon as water is restored. • Distribution Networks - The distribution networks were reportedly in relatively good condition when water was last regularly supplied. The condition cannot be assessed now as water has been entirely absent for many years. Incidents of vandalism have been noted, especially at locations where public water points used to be provided. • Consumer Metering - The Council reports that almost all consumers either have never had a meter or have a faulty meter. Gauff Ingenieure 4-47 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 4.3.1.5 Emergency Water Supplies With the considerable water shortages that Epworth has been experiencing the Local Board has an ongoing programme to supply water through strategically located boreholes as follows: - 6 No Boreholes with hand-pumps were installed in a joint programme with a church Water Point with Hand Borehole Pump A once off testing of all boreholes was carried out and all were found to have high iron content but met requirements for potable water. 4.3.2 Sewerage 4.3.2.1 Sewage Sub Catchments A small area of Epworth, within Wards 1, 2, 5 and 7 currently has a sewerage network. Ponds were constructed to collect and treat the sewage from the area but were quickly overbuilt and were never commissioned. Therefore the sewerage network was never commissioned either. 4.3.2.2 Sewer Reticulation System The sewerage system covering most areas that have water supply has never been commissioned. As soon as water supply is restored there are many properties that do have water connections and demand for a sewage system will grow. Discussions with the local board indicate that sewer pipes are likely to be in good condition whilst manholes will require sand removal and in about 50% of cases, reconstruction of the cover slab. 4.3.2.3 Sewage Treatment Epworth has an existing pond set which was never commissioned and is now overbuilt and used as a sports field and so cannot now be commissioned. Gauff Ingenieure 4-48 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 Epworth Sewage Ponds Gauff Ingenieure 4-49 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 4.4 Norton A summary of the existing situation in Norton is presented here. More detail along with a narrative of the proposed investment measures is presented in Appendix 4.4. 4.4.1 Water Supply 4.4.1.1 Water Sources Norton currently obtains all of its water from Morton Jaffray WTW. A DN300 steel treated water supply line 4.3km long feeds the town’s reservoirs on a hill to the east of the town from the WTW. The existing supply has a capacity of between 8 and 10MLD, depending on the pumping pressure at the Morton Jaffray WTW. Modelling for Harare indicates that pressures at Morton Jaffray will be about 12.5bar at the discharge manifold once the refurbishment is complete. On this basis the existing line can supply around 8MLD to Norton. Current supplies are also around this figure. 4.4.1.2 Raw Water Pump Stations and Intakes and Transmission Mains The town currently has no raw water supply of its own although a project has been underway for some time to develop one. This is discussed further below. 4.4.1.3 Norton WTW The town currently has no water treatment works of its own although a project has been underway for some time to develop one. This is discussed further below. 4.4.1.4 Booster Pump Stations The current system in Norton is entirely gravity fed. This makes for easy operation but supply pressures have been declining with increased demands and as more demand areas have been added to the system. Transmission System Figure 4-11below shows the transmission system for Norton, in schematic form: Gauff Ingenieure 4-50 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 DN300 WARD 2 4700m NORTON TANKS 10ML MORTON DN600 JAFFRAY 2600m NORTON HARARE WARDS WARDS 1, 12, 13 & 6 DN250 3, 5, 7, 8, 300m 9, 10 & 11 DN160 WARD 4 2500m Figure 4-11: Norton Transmission and Storage Schematic - Existing The sole treated water supply to the whole of Norton is a single DN600 AC pipeline from the Norton Tanks to a distribution centre at the Council Engineering Offices in Ward 3. A major concern with this line once it enters the town boundary it has no servitude and has been overbuilt in areas. A tee off approximately half way along the line feeds Ward 2 which is a newly developed low density suburb. At ward 3 the DN600 splits into the various parts of the distribution system for Wards 1 and 3 and with onward transmission to Wards5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10 and 11. These wards together make up the whole of the original town of Norton for which the water supply system was designed. New expansion areas in Wards 12,13 and 6 have been attached to the distribution system for the old town and receive almost no water. Modelling confirms that the network simply does not have capacity to supply these areas. Similarly Ward 4 is supplied through the distribution system of ward 3 and then via a 2.5km DN160 main which is entirely too small to supply the area. Thus under the existing condition areas of the old town which used to have adequate supply now suffer from low pressures and short supply hours but do receive water, New development areas receive little or no water at very low pressures. As a result many people, especially in the new development areas now rely on shallow wells for their water supplies. 4.4.1.5 Storage Reservoirs Norton has a single tank site with 2 x 5000m3 circular concrete tanks located on the site. Gauff Ingenieure 4-51 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 Reservoirs GIZ Installed Flow Meter into Norton Tanks 4.4.1.6 Distribution Network The following Zones are logically identified from the network layout. Currently poor valves mean that many of the zones are heavily interconnected and do not constitute demand management areas. A GIZ initiative currently underway aims to improve this. Table 4-16: Demand Management Areas DMA Source of Supply Comment EXISTING TOWN AREAS Ward 1 Off-takes from existing DN600 - Ward 2 Off take half way along existing DN600 Ward 3 Off-takes from existing DN600 Ward 4 Via 2500m long DN160 from Ward Supply line is totally insufficient for 3 demand Ward 5 DN375 form Ward 3 Low pressures in ward Ward 6 Supplied out of Ward 5 network Investments plant to provide separate supply for Ward 6 Ward 7 DN225 from Ward 8 Low pressures in ward Ward 8 DN300 from Ward 7 Low pressures in ward Ward 9 DN225 from ward 8 Low pressures in ward Ward 10 DN225 from Ward 9 Low pressures in ward Ward 11 DN225 from Ward 9 Low pressures in ward Ward 12 DN250 from Ward 10 Line and pressures are absolutely insufficient to supply Ward 12 in this Gauff Ingenieure 4-52 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 DMA Source of Supply Comment way.Ward 12 effectively receives no supply Ward 13 DN225 from Ward 12 Ward 13 effectively receives no supply New Supply Areas This area has not commenced formal Chegutu DN450 from Ward 4 development. Network expansion into Expansion the area will be a long term goal. 4.4.1.7 NRW assessment Bulk and block metering is absent for most of the town although a GIZ project is currently underway to address this. The distribution network has certain parts which are known to be problematic and which will require significant rehabilitation. These tend to be the older areas of the town. The Council staff identified: • DN300AC line in Wards 8 and 9 suffers regular burst despite low pressures. • Western part of Ward 5 has GI pipes and very low supply pressures despite bing low lying. The Council Reports that over 50% of consumer meters are faulty or inoperable. 4.4.1.8 Emergency Water Supplies With the considerable water shortages that Norton has been experiencing the Council has an ongoing programme to supply water through strategically located water points and boreholes provided mostly by NGOs. There currently 21 boreholes with hand pumps. Council borehole with Handpump Well maintained private shallow well. note the close proximity of the private shallow well(foreground) to a pit latrine (background) The Council arranges for the department of health to test the boreholes. Gauff Ingenieure 4-53 250000 252000 254000 256000 258000 260000 8026000 8026000 Figure 4-12 Layout Map of Existing Lake 0DQ\ Water Supply System DPH NORTON ± 8024000 8024000 Ward 6 Datum WGS 84 HD 1:40,000 Ward 1 LD Ward 13 Ward 2 HD LD 8022000 8022000 Ward 5 HD Ward 7 HD Ward 8 HD Ward 3 LD Ward 9 HD Ward 12 HD Ward 10 Ward 11 HD HD Norton Reservoir 8020000 8020000 5000cu.m U T U T Norton Reservoir 5000cu.m Legend U T Nor_WaterTank Wards Ward 4 nor_w_pipes LD Streams Lake Council Boundary 8018000 8018000 Main Residential Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan 8016000 8016000 0 0.25 0.5 1 1.5 2 Kilometers 250000 252000 254000 256000 258000 260000 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 4.4.2 Sewerage 4.4.2.1 Sewage Sub Catchments Originally there was just one main sewerage catchment in Norton with two small sub- catchments supplied by small sewage pump stations. All wastewater was conveyed to the Town’s wastewater treatment works on a single location near LakeManyame. Recent expansion in the town to the west has led to development outside of this sewage catchment and consideration must now be given to strategically planning the future sewerage catchments of the town. L. MANYAME NORTON WWTW WARD 6 &13 WARDS 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, TANGATARA SPS 10, 11 MARRIDALE WARD 12 SPS NARIRA SPS WATERSHED GRAVITY MAIN HUNYANY P&P TREE PLANTATION PUMP & FORCE MAIN Figure 4-13: Norton Existing Sewerage Catchments Schematic The schematic above shows the intended function of the Norton sewerage system. The main current concerns are that the Maridale SPS is not equipped with pumps and that Ward 6 and 13 have a sewerage system which is blanked off and has neither ponds nor pump station to discharge to. A system is required which collects from all areas that are currently sewered and that the Council intends to provide with sewerage services in future. The proposed system of sewerage catchments for Norton is shown in the figure below. 4.4.2.2 Sewer Reticulation System Norton’s sewer system varies in age but is generally considered to be in reasonable condition with no areas reported as causing significant maintenance problems. However general rehabilitation works will be expected on the system including targeted line replacements and manhole rehabilitation and cover programmes. Older parts of town experience significant amount of infiltration flow during and just after the rainy season. Gauff Ingenieure 4-55 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 4.4.2.3 Transmission Sewers The current sewage transmission system meets current hydraulic requirements and according tothe Council is reliable and does not present an undue maintenance burden. The system has been modelled assuming normalized water supplies to meet demands and in areas of existing development is adequate. In Figure 4-13 above the proposed sewerage catchment development is presented. If this is followed then all existing sewers have the capacity needed for the long term duty. For Norton, it is not planned that any expansion to the existing sewerage reticulation system will be carried out in the short term. Therefore there are no proposed short term measures to expand the main sewage transmission. 4.4.2.4 Sewage Pump Stations There are three sewage pump stations in Norton as follows: Tangatara SPS Tangatara SPS handles flows from a few houses in the Twin Lakes Area of Norton. Peak flows are <10l/s. The station pumps into a 785m long AC force main 150mm diameter. The SPS is not enclosed in a fenced area and its pump is considered by the Council to be unreliable as it is a temporary unit which is also used for many other duties. The 1AC force main suffers regular bursts and should be replaced. There are no standby power facilities and the station overflows at times of power failure. Details of the pumping equipment in the station were not available. Tangatara SPS Sewage Overflow from Burst Force Main Narira SPS Narira SPS handles flows from a few houses in the Narira Area of Norton. Peak flows are <10l/s. The station pumps into a 500m long AC force main 150mm diameter. The SPS is enclosed in a fenced area and its pump and force main are reliable. There are no standby power facilities and the station overflows at times of power failure. Large informal ponds have been dug to capture these overflows. Details of the pumping equipment in the station were not available. Gauff Ingenieure 4-56 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 Narira SPS The Maridale SPS was built by a private developer to handles flows from the development in Ward 12. Modelled flows are 35l/second. It is however intended that this station will be abandoned in the long term and will therefore only continue to operate in the short term. Currently that station does not function because it has no pumps installed. No problems are reported with the Force Main which discharges to a manhole in Ward 9 from where sewage gravitates to the Norton WWTW. The SPS is not enclosed in a fenced area and there are no standby power facilities. As there is almost no water supplied to this area overflows of sewage are minimal but as soon as water returns these will be serious. Maridale SPS Station 4.4.2.5 Sewage Treatment Norton has two sewage treatment plants at the same location known as the ‘Old Works’ and the ‘New Works’. Norton Old Works The Norton Old Works consists of a traditional treatment process with the following components: • Intake works with coarse and fine bar screens, grit screening and flow measuring and flow diversion facilities. • 2 No. Primary sewage clarifiers with bridge mounted scrapers • 2No. Biological trickling filters Gauff Ingenieure 4-57 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 • 2No. Humus tanks with bridge mounted scrapers • Holding ponds for treated wastewater awaiting pumping to disposal • Disposal to a forest plantation owned by Hunyani Pulp and Paper but currently leased out. • Drying beds for clarifier sludge. In addition to the above, non treatment components include: • A pump station with the following functions; o Pumping of primary effluent to trickling filters; o Pumping sludge to sludge drying beds; o Pumping of final wastewater to the holding ponds; • High lift pump station at the ponds serving the new and old works • 7.8km AC main to the forest plantation serving the new and old works. Norton New Works The Norton New Works consists of a traditional treatment process with the following components: • Intake works with coarse and fine bar screens, grit screening and flow measuring and flow diversion facilities; • 4 No. Primary sewage clarifiers of the ‘Dortmund’ upflow type, without scrapers. 2 of the four are generally finished but not yet commissioned; • 3No. Biological trickling filters. Only one is commissioned and two are partly constructed; • 6No. Humus tanks of the Dortmund type. Three are commissioned and the other three are generally finished but not commissioned; • Sludge drying beds; • A partly completed digester. Construction quality on this is poor and the potential to complete it dubious. • Disposal system is the same as for the old works. In addition to the above, non treatment components include: • A pump station with the following functions; o Pumping of clarified wastewater to the filters; o Pumping primary effluent to trickling filter distribution box; o Pumping of final wastewater to the holding ponds; o Pumping sludge to sludge drying beds. Existing Works Capacity Calculations of the capacity of the new and old works have been carried out as part of the GIZ exercise which looked at, but eventually did not proceed with, rehabilitation of the Gauff Ingenieure 4-58 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 works. The following capacities were provided based on actual sewage characteristics at the plant inflow: Old Works Limiting component is the Biological Trickling Filters with 3.2MLD capacity. Clarifier capacity is 6.6MLD. Works nominal capacity is 3.2MLD. New Works Limiting component is the Primary Clarifiers with 2.2MLD capacity in the two existing clarifies which can be economically raised to 4.4MD by commissioning the other two units. Filter capacity of the one complete unit is 4.7MLD. Therefore completion of the other two units is not required. The large filter capacity of this plant arises from design at a time when Norton had significant industry producing high COD wastewater. Combined Works Capacity The combined nominal capacity of the works is around 7.2MLD. Holding Ponds The existing holding ponds have an allowable loading rate of around 300kg BOD per day, equivalent to a flow of 2.4MLD from treated sewage from the works. Thus with any flow above this the pond will be overloaded and will remain anaerobic throughout. On-Going Works Norton Water supply Project When supply difficulties first arouse with the Morton Jaffray Supply Norton commenced a project to bring Raw Water from Lake Chivero to their own water treatment works, from where it was to be pumped to the hillside tanks. The project included the following components: 1. An intake on Lake Chivero based on the re-use of an existing intake tower. This tower has been identified as problematic because it has a fixed depth intake which cannot be moved to access the layers of best water and it is located within a bay that wind tends to fill will weed from other areas of the lake. City of Harare had previously abandoned the use of this intake due to wind blown weed choking the area of the dam in which it is located. 2. A raw water pump station and pipeline 3km long 3. A 20MLD FC Reactor type water treatment plant. 4. A treated water pump station and pipeline 1500m to the Norton tanks Money for the project was provided intermittently and at the time it was suspended the main works were the partial completion of the FC reactor WTW. None of the pump stations or pipework had been completed. A review of the project was carried out by GIZ with a view to a decision on whether it would be prudent to fund the completion of the works. GIZ concluded that the costs would be very high and that the raw water source quality was very low and therefore a risk to success and decided not to finance completion. The current review concurs with the GIZ findings and therefore we have recommended an increase in supplies to Norton from Morton Jaffray Gauff Ingenieure 4-59 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 WTW as a more efficient investment than the completion of Norton’s independent water supply. Partially Complete FC Reactor GIZ Financing GIZ are funding some Non Revenue Water activities in Norton including a current programme of valve replacement and bulk and block metering. Gauff Ingenieure 4-60 250000 252000 254000 256000 258000 260000 Figure 4-14 8026000 8026000 Layout Map of Existing Sewerage System NORTON Lake Man yam e ± 8024000 8024000 Tankatara Datum WGS 84 C 5A 22 1:40,000 AC 2 25 Tangatara Sewer Treatment Sewer Pump Norton Plants Station 100AC Sewer Treatment 3 Q 150AC Ú [ Plants 250AC &É 3 Q 450AC Damofalls AC 450 C 300AC Twinlakes 0A 30 Legend W 22 0E 30 5A AC C 1 50 Ngoni 8022000 8022000 & É Transition Chembers 300AC Johannesburg Galloway C 25 5A 0A 3 Q Wastewater TP 37 C Marshlands Maridale Katanga Sewer Pump Ú [ Sewer Pump Stations Station Nharira NC 375A C Ú Gravity Lines 300CO [ 225AC É & Nharira C 0A Maridale C 15 0A Sewer Pump 30 225A Station Pumping Main C 22 100AC É Ú & [ 5AC Streams 150AC 150AC 300AC C C C 0A 0A 225A 50AC 30 15 15 30 1 0A Katanga Phase 1+2 C 0A 0A Lake C C 15 15 150 C 15 150 150 0A 0A C 5A 150AC AC C C 22 AC A C 150A Council Boundary 8020000 8020000 Main Knowe Residential Norton Industrial Landuse Agriculture Business/Commercial Industrial Park Residential 8018000 8018000 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan 8016000 8016000 0 0.25 0.5 1 1.5 2 Kilometers 250000 252000 254000 256000 258000 260000 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 4.5 Ruwa A summary of the existing situation in Ruwa is presented here. More detail along with a narrative of the proposed investment measures is presented in Appendix 4.5. 4.5.1 Water Supply 4.5.1.1 Water Sources Ruwa currently obtains water from the following sources: • Nora Dam via DN450 uPVC/ DN515AC supply line which feeds into Green Sykes dam on the outskirts of the town. This has been constructed as part of a 25 year Build Operate Transfer (BOT) scheme. • City of Harare (treated water supply) via: o DN525 supply line from Donny Brook tanks to the ZIMRE estate and onwards into the supply network for Ruwa o DN350 supply line from the Ventersberg tanks which feeds the Mutare Road Ground Tanks via a booster station on the western outskirts of Ruwa. • Green Sykes dam on the outskirts of the town which is connected to the WTW via DN515 AC supply line. DONNY BROOK RUWA GREEN SYKES DAM VENTERSBERG 450PVC DN300 BOOSTER 2 DN525AC BOOSTER 1 DN525AC INTAKE NORA DAM Figure 4-15: Ruwa Water Supplies The supplies from City of Harare have become increasingly unreliable and are now virtually non- existent. Thus over the past ten years Ruwa has focused on its project to bring the town’s water needs from Nora dam, some 15.5km southeast of the town. This project has been largely completed in 2014. Gauff Ingenieure 4-62 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 The ZINWA yield assessment for the ‘Nora Pick up Weir’ gives a 4% yield of around 10,000 ML per annum or 27MLD. Ruwa have installed a raw water system capable of transferring 21ML per day (24 hour pumping). 4.5.1.2 Ruwa WTW The Ruwa WTW is of the ‘FC Reactor’ type. This is a proprietary design of ‘Hydro Project Zimbabwe’ of Bulawayo. The FC reactor contains two functional units within a single vessel constructed of either steel of concrete.The base of the unit functions as an upward flow clari-flocculator and above this there is a filter which achieves filtration through a floating bed of hardened kaylite. Filtration is upwards and backwash is downwards and is achieved by opening a valve at the base of the unit. The system operates entirely under gravity and requires no circulation or backwash pumps. The FC reactor plant is used in many locations throughout Zimbabwe and the Ruwa Engineering staff are very happy with the performance of the units installed. There are two FC reactor units on the site: 1. The original 2.5MLD unit fabricated steel unit 2. A more recent 5MLD reinforced concrete unit Works was commenced on a 4000m3 clear water reservoir at the site of the WTW but this has not been completed. The FC reactor units therefore drain directly into supply. The works is generally in good condition although the following issues were identified: 1. Corrosion of the 2.5ML steel FC reactor vessel. 2. Chemical dosing arrangement is not functional and requires overhaul. Filter beds are losing hardened kaylite media which finds its way into supply and clogs supply meters. 3. Sludge drying bed construction is incomplete 4. Treated water reservoir is incomplete. FC Reactor Units 2.5MLD (left) and 5MLD (right) Broken Down Chemical Dosing 4.5.1.3 Booster Pump Stations The system currently contains one booster pump station, split into two parts, located at the Mutare Road reservoir site. Gauff Ingenieure 4-63 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 The original part of the station pumps to the 180m3 elevated tank at that location whilst a new section of the pump station is under construction and will deliver to the new Damofalls Tanks and generally into supply. 4.5.1.4 Transmission System Figure 4-16 below shows the transmission system for Ruwa, in schematic form: DN250 (1) Donny Brook DAMOFALLS WARD9 DN525 3700m ZIMRE DN315 MUTARE Rd (2) Ventersberg (4) DN315 9400m DN200 DN250 2000m Wards 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, (3b) DN250 6 &7 (3a) HARARE RUWA Figure 4-16: Ruwa Transmission and Storage Schematic - Existing Three sources of treated water are available to Ruwa when all things are functioning normally. These are the two City of Harare reservoirs at Ventersberg and Donny Brook and the Ruwa WTW. The City of Harare Supplies are as follows: • The original supply to Ruwa was a DN315 line from Ventersberg through a booster at Sunway City and then Via a DN200 Line to Ruwa’sMutare Road Tanks. • Later a DN525 was added to supply the ZIMRE area without any intervening storage. • Currently no supply is received from Ventersberg and little from Donny Brook. • There are no reported problems with the pipelines themselves. The supply from Ruwa WTW Operates as Follows: • At the water treatment works there are a number of connections directly into the supply network of the northern part of Ward 9. • A DN315 AC line runs south with offtakes to Ward 9 and Damofalls before reducing to DN250 and terminating at the Mutare Road Ground Tanks Gauff Ingenieure 4-64 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 • From Mutare Road Ground Tanks a single DN250 goes into supply in the southern area of the town with multiple off-takes. 4.5.1.5 Storage Reservoirs Existing storage reservoirs are located and supplied as shown in Figure 4-16 above. The following reservoirs exist in the town: Table 4-17: Reservoir Storage - Ruwa ID Location Capacity 1 Ruwa WTW 4000m3 under construction 2 New Damofalls 1000m3 elevated on 10m stand 3a Mutare Road Ground 2000m3 Ground with - 3 x 50kW Pumps to (3b). - 3 x 50kW Pumps to (2) Not connected 3b Mutare Road Elev. 180m3 steel – condition suspect 4 Sunway City +-200m3 The above table covers the storage within the town only. Of great importance to Ruwa but belonging to Harare are the Donny Brook tanks which have a large diameter supply line to Ruwa and to a lesser extent the Ventersberg tanks which have a long DN300 supply line to Ruwa but which should also feed the growing Sunway City development. Little or no water is currently received through these lines. 4.5.1.6 Distribution Network The following Zones are logically identified from the network layout. Currently poor valves etc. mean that many of the zones are heavily interconnected and do not constitute demand management areas. Table 4-18: Demand Management Areas DMA Source of Supply Comment EXISTING TOWN AREAS ZIMRE Area via DN525 from Harare Donny Interconnected to ward 9 via Brook Tanks. DN250. This should be normally closed Ward 9 Ruwa WTW via numerous offtakes Ward 9 should be subdivided from DN315 line running from into three DMAs covering; Ruwa WTW to Mutare Road Tanks - the northern and southern parts of the ward west of the supply line and, - theDamofalls area east of Gauff Ingenieure 4-65 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 DMA Source of Supply Comment the supply line. Ward 1 Mutare Road Tanks offtake from Existing DN250 running south from the tanks Ward 2 Mutare Road Tanks offtake from Existing DN250 running south from the tanks Ward 3 Mutare Road Tanks offtake from Existing DN250 running south from the tanks Wards 4 and 6 Mutare Road Tanks offtake from Existing DN250 running south from the tanks Ward 5 Mutare Road Tanks offtake from This area is currently expanding Proposed DN400/315 running south from the tanks. Ward 7 - North Mutare Road Tanks with offtake This is the existing developed from existing DN250 running south area of Ward 7 from the tanks Ward 7 - South Ward 5 Mutare Road Tanks offtake from Proposed DN400/315 running south from the tanks. EXPANSION AREAS (Current and Future) This is a currently expanding Tarisa Farm Ruwa WTW via existing Dn250 line area and will continue to expand running east to west along the eastwards up to 2030 boundary between Tarisa Farm and Ward 9 Mara Farm Ruwa WTW via new secondary Expansion into Mara Farm area network. has commenced but only at small scale. Athelney Farm Mutare Road Tanks via new Expansion into Athelney Farm secondary network area has not commenced. 4.5.1.7 NRW assessment Bulk and block metering is absent for most of the town. The Ruwa distribution networks are relatively new as Ruwa is a new settlement. As such major issues with dilapidated pipes and house connections are not generally reported. Gauff Ingenieure 4-66 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 However there has been a significant water supply deficit for many years which makes it almost impossible to assess the level of leakage in the tertiary distribution system. The Council Reports that over 50% of consumer meters are faulty or inoperable. 4.5.1.8 Emergency Water Supplies With the considerable water shortages that Ruwa has been experiencing the Council has an ongoing programme to supply water through strategically located water points and boreholes as follows: - 5 electrically powered boreholes with typical yields <1 lps. - 5 boreholes with hand pumps Gauff Ingenieure 4-67 308000 .000000 309000 .000000 310000 .000000 311000.000000 312000 .000000 313000 .000000 314000 .000000 315000 .000000 316000 .000000 317000 .000000 318000 .000000 319000 .000000 Figure 4-1 Layout Map of Existing Water Supply Ruwa 8025000.000000 8025000.000000 DamoFalls Treatment Plant " ± M Tara Township Sebastopol Lot 1 Of Inverangus 8024000.000000 8024000.000000 Lot 1 Of Inverangus Datum : WGS 84 Zone 36S Zimre Park Hunters Rest Scale 1:17,500 Industrial Cheringoma Legend 8023000.000000 8023000.000000 Rem Ext. Of Water Infrastracture Chipukutu Chito Of Zimre Park Sebastopol T U Reservoir Riverside " M Treatment_Plants Zimre Park Pumping Water Main from Norra H ! Boster Pump Station Dam with Booster Pumps 1 & 2 Water Pipes 8022000.000000 8022000.000000 Caledonia, Agriculture Lot 2 A Of Industial Sebastolpol, Inverneil Romany, Clovadeal Commercial ! H Fresnes York Windsor Tawona Park Grasslands/Pastures Windsor Glamis Industrial Park Glamis Fairview T Tank U Institutional Main 8021000.000000 8021000.000000 Tank Mining/Quarrying Lot A Of T U Windsor Oakes Park Park/Playground And Other Recreational Spaces Ednora Proposed Development/Expansion Areas Runyararo Residential Lot 1 Of Upfront Cranbrook Roads 8020000.000000 8020000.000000 Mash Holdings Residential Sebassa Trunk/Primary Roads Rail Line Stand Boulders 856 Rail Line Estates River/Lake Hofmoor River / Stream 8019000.000000 8019000.000000 Eatate H Of Lakes Galway Project Boundary Boulder Project Boundary Egondini, Mapumula Ward Boundary Ward Boundary PT Of Keymer 8018000.000000 8018000.000000 Expansion Areas Farm Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Dagbreek Investment Plan 8017000.000000 8017000.000000 0 0.5 1 2 Kilometers 8016000.000000 8016000.000000 308000 .000000 309000 .000000 310000 .000000 311000.000000 312000 .000000 313000 .000000 314000 .000000 315000 .000000 316000 .000000 317000 .000000 318000 .000000 319000 .000000 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 4.5.2 Sewerage 4.5.2.1 Sewage Sub Catchments Ruwa has a single sewage catchment served by the Adelaide Ponds. This is divided into four sub-catchments, each served by a single sewage pump station. • Runyararo SPS Sub-catchment - This is a small area of Wards 1 and 2 which drains to the Runyararo SPS. This SPS has a short lift into a sewer line in the Ruwa Main SPS sub-catchment at Jun-93. • Chiremba SPS Sub-catchment - This covers wards 4 and 6 and areas of Ward 5 which drain to the Chiremba SPS. This SPS has a short lift into a sewer line in the Ruwa Main SPS sub catchment at Jun-102. • Ruwa Main SPS Sub-catchment - This covers the whole of Ruwa, including flows from the two above sub catchments with the balance of flow arriving all the way by gravity to the Ruwa Main SPS. • Wards 5&7 Sub Catchment - The new developments in Wards 5 and 7, south of the Chiremba SPS cannot feed any of the existing sub catchments by gravity. It would appear that the developer intends to install a sewage pump station at the southernmost extent of this area (Jun-31 in mapping) and pump up to a manhole within the Ruwa Main SPS sub-catchment. This pump station has not yet been installed. 4.5.2.2 Sewer Reticulation System Ruwa is a relatively new town and as such there are no significant problems reported with the sewer network. However, in the last decade water supplies have been short and flows therefore low and it is expected that a return to normal supply levels may show up areas where the existing system has deteriorated. 4.5.2.3 Transmission Sewers The main sewer network for Ruwa has been modelled using the expected flows at the 2030 time horizon to identify sewer lines which may need to be augmented or upgraded to accommodate the expansion of the town. It should be noted that all of the current network appears adequate for normal flows with the current population. 4.5.2.4 Sewage Pump Stations There are three sewage pump stations in Ruwa as follows: Runyaro SPS Runyaro SPS (Jun-87 in modelling). Peak modelled inflows were 18l/s and pumping head is not clear but <15m for the short lift to Jun-93 in the Ruwa Main SPS sub catchment. The SPS has is enclosed within a fenced area and has an inlet works with coarse and fine bar screen and grit screening upstream of the pumps. Pumping equipment consists of one submersible pump in a wet well. The station is prone to overflows as a result of power failures but is mechanically reliable. Spills are into the Ruwa stream and thence into the Manyame No standby power is available at the station. Gauff Ingenieure 4-69 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 04 Chiremba SPS Chiremba SPS (Jun-106 in modelling). Peak modelled inflows were 6l/s and pumping head is not clear but are estimated around 40m for the lift to Jun-103 in the Ruwa Main SPS sub catchment. The SPS is enclosed within a fenced area and has an inlet works with coarse and fine bar screen and grit screening upstream of the pumps. Pumping equipment normally consists of two submersible pumps but has been replaced by a single end suction pump after failure of the submersibles. The station is prone to overflows as a result of power failures but is mechanically reliable. Spills are into the Ruwa stream and thence into the Manyame. The station has a relatively new standby generator. Ruwa Main SPS All sewage from Ruwa ends up at the main sewage pumps station. From here it should be pumped around 1250m to the Adleigh ponds located between Ruwa and Epworth. The SPS is enclosed within a walled area and has an inlet works with coarse and fine bar screen and grit screening upstream of the pumps. There are three inlet works consisting of coarse and fine screens and grit screening. Two feed into old wet wells and are not used whilst the one feeding the current pump station is in good condition and is in use. The station is currently inoperable with one pump failed, two motors failed and one panel failed. With no pumps running, all of Ruwa’s sewage discharges untreated into the Manyame catchment. Ruwa Stream Downstream of Ruwa Main SPS 4.5.2.5 Sewage Treatment Ruwa currently uses the Adelaide stabilization ponds which are in an area which forms part of Epworth and which has been zoned by Epworth for development. Ruwa has no direct access to the ponds and discharge no effluent to them. Gauff Ingenieure 4-70 308000 .000000 309000 .000000 310000 .000000 311000.000000 312000 .000000 313000 .000000 314000 .000000 315000 .000000 316000 .000000 317000 .000000 Figure 4-18 Layout Map 8025000.000000 8025000.000000 Of Existing Sewerage System Ruwa ± Tara Township Sebastopol Lot 1 Of Inverangus 8024000.000000 8024000.000000 Lot 1 Of Datum : WGS 84 Zone 36S Zimre Park Inverangus Hunters Scale 1:15,000 Rest Legend Ú [ Sewer Pump Station Industrial Sewerage Ponds Chipukutu Cheringoma Sewer Pipes 8023000.000000 8023000.000000 Rem Ext. Of Chito Of Diameter Sebastopol Zimre 125 Park Riverside 150 160 Zimre Park 200 225 250 8022000.000000 8022000.000000 300 Industial Lot 2 A Of 350 Inverneil Fresnes 400 York Windsor Tawona Ruwa Main Park 450 Sewerage Caledonia, Ponds Sebastolpol, 525 Romany, Clovadeal Windsor Glamis Sewer Catchment Area Ú [ Park Landuse Fairview Agriculture 8021000.000000 8021000.000000 Commercial Lot A Windsor Of Oakes Grasslands/Pastures Park Industrial Ednora Institutional Mining/Quarrying Runyararo Park/Playground And Other Recreational Spaces Upfront Lot 1 Of Cranbrook Proposed Development/Expansion Areas Residential Mash Ú [ 8020000.000000 8020000.000000 Holdings Roads Sebassa Trunk/Primary Roads Residential Rail Line Stand Rail Line Boulders 856 Estates River/Lake River / Stream Lakes Hofmoor Eatate Ú [ 8019000.000000 8019000.000000 Project Boundary H Of Project Boundary Galway Ward Boundary Egondini, Boulder Mapumula Ward Boundary Expansion Areas Greater Harare PT Of Water and Sanitation Keymer Farm Investment Plan 8018000.000000 8018000.000000 Dagbreek 0 0.5 1 2 Kilometers 308000 .000000 309000 .000000 310000 .000000 311000.000000 312000 .000000 313000 .000000 314000 .000000 315000 .000000 316000 .000000 317000 .000000 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report CHAPTER 05: POPULATION, WATER DEMAND AND WASTEWATER FLOW PROJECTIONS Gauff Ingenieure Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 05 5 POPULATION, WATER DEMAND AND WASTEWATER FLOW PROJECTIONS This chapter presents the methodology for projecting the water demand and wastewater flows. The projected flows are applied for each project town, and Greater Harare as a whole, to determine the medium and long-term water supply and sewerage infrastructure input/output requirements. The chapter also summarises the basic assumptions made concerning water usage, wastewater generation and water losses, which were already presented and approved in the Final Inception Report. 5.1 Key Planning Criteria 5.1.1 Service Levels Domestic water consumption depends to a large extent on the service levels utilised by the users. These service levels depend on the affluence and income levels of the water users. The housing development standards in Zimbabwe categorise properties according to density and size of properties. There are generally three categories: High density with properties (stands) equal or smaller than 400 m2, medium density with properties between 400 m2 and 1,000 m2, and low density areas with properties larger than 1,000 m2. The standard in Zimbabwe was to provide house connections for all urban properties with sewer connections for all medium and high density stands. Low density areas were to be on-site septic tanks with soakaways. There were some exceptions such as Epworth, which developed as an informal settlement although informal settlements were not allowed. In the last 15 years there have been a number of housing developments that have either not been provided with technical infrastructure services or have been provided with infrastructure but without water services. Residents have been forced to obtain their water from boreholes, wells and surface water whilst sanitation has been on-site septic tanks with soakaways (even on small stands), pit latrines or open defecation. However, it should be noted that even though the National Water Policy emphasises that there is a duty to provide safe water and sanitation services to all, it recognises the challenges associated with such a commitment and hence acknowledges that the requirements for house connections and water borne sanitation may be relaxed during the recovery phase. Hence, the provision of waterborne sanitation systems will be strategically phased over the planning horizon. The use of low cost technologies for services provision during the recovery phase will be promoted as stipulated by the National Water Policy. In this regard, the population in peri-urban areas such as parts of Epworth and Harare South that are currently developing informally will initially be provided with low cost water supply systems based on water kiosks or house connections with flow restrictors. Field visits and discussions with the councils were conducted to determine the proportions of population in each service level category. The results of these surveys are presented in the Appendix. 5.1.2 Per Capita Consumption The current standards for specific water consumption in Zimbabwe are generally higher than the regional averages. However, the actual consumption is lower than the standard provisions due to water rationing induced by high network leakages and reduced water production. Infrastructure rehabilitation interventions are expected to restore production Gauff Ingenieure 5-1 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 05 facilities to design capacity and also arrest the leakage situation in the network. However, the specific water consumption is not expected to rise back to the old standards due to a number of factors such as: progressive block tariff system which penalises high water usage, improved public awareness on the need to conserve water, and state driven policies that promote principles of financial sustainability in the provision of water and sanitation services. In light of the foregoing, the specific consumption figures presented in the table below have been applied in the calculation of the domestic water demand. Table 5-1: Proposed Specific Water Consumption Figures Urban areas At present 2020 2030 l/cap/day l/cap/day l/cap/day Low Density (LD) areas 300 250 200 Medium Density (MD) areas 200 175 150 High density (HD) areas 85 80 80 Informal* 40 40 40 *without in-house plumbing These figures a comparable with actual measured consumption figures from the region – Lusaka, Zambia. Table 5-2 shows a summary of consumption figures measured in several DMAs and suburbs. The consumer category equivalents for Zimbabwe are as follows • Low Cost (LC) → High Density (HD); • Medium Cost (MC) → Medium Density (MD); • High Cost (HC) → Low Density (LD). Table 5-2: Actual Measured Consumption from the Region (Lusaka, Zambia) Township Consumer Metered Avg Avg Monthly avg Avg per capita category domestic Consumption consumption consumption population / consumption connections /Connection / category connection [no.] [m 3 /month] [m 3 /month] [m 3 /month] [no.] [l/day] Rhodespark HC 985 64,931 66 Kabulonga & Sunningdale HC 1,240 92,425 75 58.89 6 327.16 Town/Kabelenga HC 162 7,418 46 Northmead HC 827 40,781 49 Chelston MC 2,481 83,585 34 Avondale Southend MC 1,384 73,508 53 Kabwata MC 1,357 43,301 32 38.63 8 160.95 New Kabwata S/S MC 1,165 53,520 46 Emmasdale Bank Houses S/S MC 596 22,637 38 Chilenje South MC 2,422 70,551 29 Marapodi LC 1,565 26,213 17 Matero *** LC 6,413 106,797 17 21.57 10 71.91 Garden LC 786 24,469 31 Chawama/Kuomboka LC 671 14,599 22 5.1.3 Institutional Consumption Water consumption for institutions such as schools, hotels, hospitals, prisons, service camps and administrative offices is closely intertwined with domestic consumption. In essence, the water requirements for daily patrons and workers of these institutions are generally included in the total water requirements, if they come from within the enumeration area. An allowance (15% of domestic consumption) has been made for people that patronise and visit the institutions from areas outside the area of consideration (ward). Gauff Ingenieure 5-2 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 05 5.1.4 Industrial and Commercial Consumption Industrial and commercial demand on the other hand depends on activities of the commercial or industrial establishment. Most of the commercial and industrial activities use water in their production processes in addition to the water used for cleaning and consumption by the workforce. Studies have shown that the size of the property on which the industry is located, gives a good indication of the amount of water required by that industry. At this master-planning stage, detailed characteristics of the existing and future industries are not known and in the absence of such information, the industrial water requirements have been calculated on the basis of area. A unit consumption figure of 15 – 22.5 m3/ha/day has been assumed. The current industrial land area was calculated using a combination of information gathered during field investigations and recent satellite images. 5.1.5 Physical Water Losses Physical water losses are inevitable no matter how well controlled and maintained a public water supply system is, but it can be minimised. Such losses occur at various stages of the water supply chain. In the distribution network, losses occur at the numerous pipe connections and fittings. This type of losses depends on the type of fittings and the nature of connections as well as workmanship. As the network gets older, the various elements begin to fail due to rusting or bursting, increasing the network losses considerably. This is normally exacerbated by high pressures in a network based on system operation and control. This type of losses can be mitigated by regular maintenance and routine rehabilitation. There has not been a specific attempt to quantify the physical losses in all the towns. Data on total NRW (physical and commercial losses) is generally reported by the councils without breaking it down into the two components. Without carrying out appropriate measurements in the field, it is virtually impossible to determine the current physical water losses. Furthermore, the erratic water supply situation especially in the satellite towns and the non-functional bulk and domestic water meters makes it very difficult to determine current physical losses. Moving forward, it is reasonable to assume that system losses and especially technical losses will decrease significantly as the quality of the infrastructure improves and the level of operation is enhanced. For the purposes of the current estimates, it is assumed that physical losses will reduce to 25% by 2020 1 and eventually to 20% by 2030. The reduction to 20% of the average day gross water demand is in-line with what can be considered desirable within a system 2 . All utilities would like to eliminate physical water losses completely, however a more economically realistic and acceptable level is around 15% to 20%. The reduction in leakage rates will be achieved by implementing the activities outline in Table 2-2 overleaf. While we recognise the efforts being made by Harare Water to reduce the water losses in the network, we believe that significant water loss reduction will only occur after implementation of a targeted water loss reduction project. 1 It has been assumed that Harare Water implements water loss reduction measures as a priority measure with immediate effect 2 Mays, L.W. (2000). “Unaccounted-for Water” in Water Distribution Systems Handbook (p.p. 17.2 - 17.10). McGraw-Hill Gauff Ingenieure 5-3 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 05 Table 5-3: Water Loss Reduction Progression Year Rate Activities promoting water loss reduction Remark • Emergency repairs 2013 40% • bulk meters not working Present situation • service meters not working • some properties not metered • old and dilapidated network • pipe repair and replacement programme 2020 25% completed Implementation of • established NRW teams and training of staff investment • provision of tools and equipment to monitor, measures control and manage the network • universal metering implemented • bulk metering applied • distribution zones operational • water demand and pressure management introduced • active leakage control, monitoring detection 2030 20% and repair is part of the operational ethos Continuous • functioning NRW teams improvement of • availability of latest tools and equipment to operation monitor, control and manage the network practices • on-going pipe replacement and repair programme • improved operation and maintenance activities 5.1.6 Peak Factors Water production and transmission facilities are usually designed to meet service requirements during the peak demand month. The peak month in Zimbabwe is October when demand is generally around 25% above average. Hence a peak season factor (Psf) of 1.25 was used. Water distribution pipes are designed with peak hour hydraulic loading. The peak hour factor depends on the nature of commercial activities and the demographic characteristics of a town. Generally, the higher the population, the smoother the diurnal curve (the less the fluctuations in water consumption). Table 2.3 below shows peak hour factors for different population ranges. Given the population and demographic characteristics of the urban centres that make up Greater Harare, a peak hour factor of 1.5 is considered applicable for distribution network designs. However, as part of an investment master plan, network hydraulics of the supply networks in the various networks of Harare are not undertaken. This activity will be undertaken for supply areas selected for rehabilitation and/or expansion during the study and final design stage. Gauff Ingenieure 5-4 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 05 Table 5-4: Typical Peak Hour Factors Population Peak Hour Factor <5,000 2.5 5,000 > 50,000 2 > 50,000 1.5 5.1.7 Wastewater Return Rates The wastewater flows have been estimated as a function of the water demand. Studies have shown that the proportion of water that is returned as wastewater is highly dependent on the water consumption patterns. Properties such as those in low density areas with well- manicured and watered gardens will generate less wastewater (as a percentage of water consumed) than high density properties with no lawns. The table below shows the assumed water return for each service user category. Generally low density areas are on septic tanks except that where soil conditions are not suitable for soakaways, sewers are provided. Table 5-5: Wastewater generation rates Category Wastewater generation rate Low Density Areas (where connected to sewer) 50% Medium Density Areas 70% High Density Areas 85% Institutional 80% Commercial 80% Industrial 70% 5.1.8 Service Coverage Service coverage is a very important input parameter in the water demand and wastewater flow calculations. Field surveys and extensive discussions with the councils were used to determine the current water and sewerage service coverage for all the urban centres that make up greater Harare. Thematic maps showing the areas serviced were created and used to estimate the service coverage percentages used in the calculation of water demand and wastewater flows. Water Service Coverage The water service coverage considered factors such as the actual reticulation network coverage and the prevalence of boreholes. The population living in areas where there is a water reticulation network were considered ‘covered’ even though the supply in those areas is erratic so that they could be included in the water demand calculations. This approach essentially determines the amount of water needed to service the population living in areas that already have a reticulation network. The mainly informal settlements that are not reticulated, such as large parts of Harare South and some parts of Epworth, are considered ‘not covered’ and are excluded from the current water demand. Given that the guiding principles outlined in the National Water Policy stipulate access to water services for all, the coverage proportion for these areas Gauff Ingenieure 5-5 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 05 have been increased over the planning period while keeping in mind that the service levels in the ‘recovery period’ will be basic (water kiosks and service connections with flow limiters). In recent years, there has been a proliferation of private boreholes in the low density areas, mainly as a reaction to the unreliable municipal water supply. The properties with private boreholes are essentially not using municipal water even though they have a service connection. There are significant numbers of private boreholes in the northern low density suburbs of Greendale, Waterfalls, Mt Pleasant, Highlands, Hatfield Belvedere, Marlborough, Borrowdale, Alexander Park, Eastlea, Avondale, Vainona and Northwood. The table below shows the approximate numbers of registered private boreholes as reported in the Upper Manyame Sub-Catchment Council’s Annual Report 2013. Table 5-6: Borehole Numbers in Low Density Suburbs Suburb Ward No. Appr. Number of borehole Greendale 8 1,400 + Waterfalls 23 1,200 + Mt Pleasant 17 1,000 + Highlands 8 1,000 + Hatfield 22 8000 + Belvedere 5 600 + Marlborough 41 500 + Borrowdale 17 400 + Alexandra Park 7 400 + Eastlea 2 400 + Avondale 7 300 + Vainona 17 400 + Northwood 17 100+ These properties were considered ‘not covered’ in the service coverage proportion. The actual coverage proportions used for the Wards in which these suburbs fall, are shown in the detailed water demand calculation tables. Sewerage Service Coverage The sewerage coverage proportion considers the population living in areas that have municipal sewer reticulation systems. It excludes areas that are on septic tanks – majority of the northern low density suburbs. It also excludes the informal high density areas on pit latrines. Using sewer network data collected from the councils, we have defined the so called ‘urban boundary’ - the current extent of the municipal sewer network and areas where it would be economically and technically feasible to extend municipal sewerage services. The map in Figure 5-1 shows the current ‘urban boundary’ and the proposed extension of this boundary over the planning horizon. The northern low density suburbs such as Vinona, Pomona, Borrowdale, Quinnington, Greystone Park, Helensvale and Glenwood are mainly on septic tanks and are not covered Gauff Ingenieure 5-6 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 05 by the municipal sewer reticulation system. The area around the CBD and the western high density suburbs are all covered by the municipal sewer reticulation system. There are two isolated sewer reticulation catchments in the high density areas of Tafara/Mabvuku and Hatcliffe. Harare is developing rapidly southwards into Harare South ahead of water and waterborne sanitation services. Most parts of Harare south are not sewered and people are relying on pit latrines. The ‘urban boundary’ will gradually be extended into these areas over time as long as the property development is controlled and urban planning protocols are followed. A sewer reticulation network was laid in parts of Epworth, but it was never commissioned. This network cannot be resuscitated because the pipes and manholes have been vandalised over time. Hence the whole of Epworth is considered to be un-sewered. Most people are relying on pit latrines. With the construction of the proposed wastewater treatment works in Harare South, the southern parts of Epworth can be provided with a sewer reticulation network. Chitungwiza is mostly sewered except for informal settlements sprouting on the southern and eastern outskirts. The new high density housing developments in the Nyatsime area will be sewered in phases as shown on the map. Most of Ruwa is on sewers despite the fact that the sewage is currently not being treated. The whole Ruwa catchment area will be connected to an outfall sewer that will lead to the new wastewater treatment works in Harare South. This will allow most of development areas in Ruwa to be sewered in phases as indicated on the urban boundary map. In the medium term, the urban sewer boundary will be extended westwards in to cover the new development areas in Ward 9 and southwards within Wards 7 and 5. In Norton, the high density suburbs of Ngoni, Katanga and Damo Falls are all sewered. The majority of the low density suburbs such as Twinlakes, Galloway, Nharira and Knowe are on septic tanks. Sewers were also laid in Maridale and Johannesburg but they were never commissioned. These sewers have since been vandalised and cannot be reused. The people in these suburbs are relying on pit latrines. They make up part of the population without water borne sanitation services. The sewer network in these areas will be rebuilt in the medium term, extending the current sewer boundary westwards. In the long term, the urban sewer boundary will be extended to the new high density development area west of Knowe (Chegutu 14). Gauff Ingenieure 5-7 256000 264000 272000 280000 288000 296000 304000 312000 320000 ad Ro ale Figure 5-1 ro wd Bo 8048000 8048000 Urban Sewer Boundary Map ± A1 A11 8040000 8040000 3 A1 A2 1:100,000 d oa eR ris e rp Ent Sam Nujom a St reet (2n d St . Ex ten Lomagu Upper East Road ndi Roa sio n) d ad Ro a le 8032000 8032000 wd ro King George Road Bor West Road Ch u rc hil Har Av Harare en a re u Quendon e Dri Ea Road Argyle ve st Road Milton u th So Road d Prin ce oa Avenue R e ris p Diep Prince rp Ed wa Rek ai s Ro nte Arcturus Road ad Ave nue E Bulawayo Road itep o Sam ora Mac hel rd Str rt Ch Ave nue Bulawayo Road Tan gwe Herbe Road uth Bula way o Roa Avenue che l eet So d ora Ma Ga ul ue na Ave Sam Rainham ue Aven Moyo Aven ad Jaso n Bis hop e Ro nue gab na ra t Mu Row Rober ad Gle Ro n er Rotte a rt Ch e e t yi Str Caledonia ho in Ch Road Die pp Cripp s Ro ad 8024000 8024000 A3 d Roa ze ad orod Ro yo Maz wa Jo sh la Bu on ua Sim Nko High Gleneagles Road mo Glen Roa d (A Ro ad Ruwa irp Norton ort Roa d) A5 d Roa ba Epworth re m Chi Seke Road Legend 8016000 8016000 d t Roa Delpor Present Sewer Coverage Road ad lp o rt Ro 2020 Sewer Extension dze De Simon Mazoro 2030 Sewer Extension Town Boundaries A3 8008000 8008000 Seke Roa d Chitungwiza Norton Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan 8000000 8000000 A4 1:75,000 ± 0 1.5 3 6 9 12 Kilometers 256000 264000 272000 280000 288000 296000 304000 312000 320000 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 05 5.2 Population in Service Level Categories Water supply and sewerage schemes are sized and designed to meet the service requirements of a population. Hence the target population is a very important parameter in the calculation of water demand and wastewater flows. The base population and population projection methodology have been elaborated in Chapter 3. Domestic water consumption is largely driven by the level of affluence of the population and the service level type used to receive the services. Affluent people with house connections tend to use more water than poor people accessing services through yard taps or communal water points. It is important therefore to determine the population in each service level category before the domestic water consumption can be calculated. As elaborate in Chapter 3, the population in each service level category was determined through a combination of consultations with the councils and spatial analysis of population and water distribution infrastructure. The tables below population distribution across service level categories in each project town. The capita water consumption for each of these service categories is Table 5-7: Population in Service Category - Greater Harare Category Present 2020 2030 Population Prop (%) Population Prop (%) Population Prop (%) LD 525,175 22% 573,677 21% 768,732 19% MD 114,044 5% 136,959 5% 175,936 4% HD (a) 1,438,903 61% 1,636,010 59% 2,470,054 60% HD (b) 278,642 12% 413,784 15% 722,632 17% Total 2,356,764 100% 2,760,431 100% 4,137,354 100% Table 5-8: Population in Service Category - Harare Category Present 2020 2030 Population Prop (%) Population Prop (%) Population Prop (%) LD 482,961 28% 512,319 26% 685,797 22% MD 50,409 3% 56,924 3% 76,200 3% HD 1,014,130 59% 1,126,709 57% 1,688,585 55% Inf. 161,038 9% 266,956 14% 597,405 20% Total 1,708,538 100% 1,962,908 100% 3,047,987 100% Table 5-9: Population in Service Category - Chitungwiza Category Present 2020 2030 Population Prop (%) Population Prop (%) Population Prop (%) LD 4,489 1% 4,858 1% 6,523 1% MD 5,600 2% 6,061 2% 8,142 2% Gauff Ingenieure 5-9 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 05 HD (a) 330,017 92% 356,296 92% 485,125 94% HD (b) 16,734 5% 18,984 5% 18,984 4% Total 356,840 100% 386,199 100% 518,774 100% Table 5-10: Population in Service Category - Epworth Category Present 2020 2030 Population Prop (%) Population Prop (%) Population Prop (%) LD 14,880 9% 20,480 10% 20,480 8% MD 42,100 25% 42,100 21% 42,100 17% HD (a) 9,612 6% 13,612 7% 79,896 32% HD (b) 100,870 60% 127,844 63% 106,243 43% Total 167,462 100% 204,036 100% 248,719 100% Table 5-11: Population in Service Category - Norton Category Present 2020 2030 Population Prop (%) Population Prop (%) Population Prop (%) LD 16,112 24% 22,552 24% 35,019 24% MD - 0% - 0% - 0% HD (a) 51,479 76% 72,054 76% 111,884 76% HD (b) - 0% - 0% - 0% Total 67,591 100% 94,606 100% 146,903 100% Table 5-12: Population in Service Category - Ruwa Category Present 2020 2030 Population Prop (%) Population Prop (%) Population Prop (%) LD 6,733 12% 12,396 11% 20,180 12% MD 15,935 28% 27,065 24% 31,195 18% HD 33,665 60% 73,221 65% 123,595 71% Total 56,333 100% 112,682 100% 174,970 100% 5.3 Water Demand The level of investment required to provide water supply and sewerage services to a population is driven by the water demand and the resultant wastewater flows. Water demand comprises domestic, institutional, commercial and industrial water use (consumption), and the inevitable water losses resulting from the physical leakages and inefficiencies in the commercial operations of the service provider (NRW). The water Gauff Ingenieure 5-10 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 05 consumption varies over time, so the water supply and sanitation infrastructure is sized and designed with capacity to provide services during the highest possible demand (peak period). 5.3.1 Calculation Methodology The current and projected water demand is calculated using the process illustrated in the figure below and the formulae stated hereunder. Calculate peak season Calculate consumption Calculate average Calculate peak hour demand (required for for each water user demand including demand (required to sizing water production category physical losses size distribution pipes) facilities and storage ) () = × () = × 15% () () = × ( ) = + + + (. ) = /(1 − ℎ ) () = . () Gauff Ingenieure 5-11 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 05 5.3.2 Greater Harare The water demand summary tables for Greater Harare are presented in the tables below. Table 5-13 shows the demand summary for all the towns put together, while Table 5-14 shows the peak season demand for each town. The total peak season demand for Greater Harare is currently around 712,000 m3/d. It reduces to 662,000 m3/d in the medium term and then grows to just over 820,000 m3/d in the long term. The reduction in the medium term is due to the assumed reduction in the physical losses over the next 7 years and the gradual reduction in per capita water consumption over time. As elaborated in the Inception Report, for these assumptions to take root, there must be significant investment in network rehabilitation, including awareness campaigns aimed at changing water usage habits. Table 5-13: Water Demand Summary – Greater Harare Parameter Unit Present 2020 2030 3 Domestic Consumption m /d 257,399 294,352 394,687 3 Institutional Consumption m /d 38,610 44,153 59,203 3 Commercial Consumption m /d 11,308 13,996 16,837 3 Industrial Consumption m /d 33,656 44,806 54,815 3 Total m /d 340,973 397,306 525,543 Water Loss Rate % 40% 25% 20% 3 Water Loss m /d 229,238 132,435 131,386 3 Average demand m /d 570,212 529,742 656,929 Peak Season factor / 1.25 1.25 1.25 3 Peak season demand m /d 712,765 662,177 821,161 Table 5-14: Water Demand in Each Town 3 3 City/Town Average Demand (m /day) Peak Season Demand (m /day) 2013 2020 2030 2013 2020 2030 Harare 465,166 396,681 494,013 581,457 495,852 617,516 Chitungwiza 54,469 54,499 68,471 68,086 68,123 85,589 Epworth 14,371 28,829 30,436 17,963 36,037 38,045 Norton 20,031 22,666 29,008 25,039 28,333 36,260 Ruwa 16,175 27,066 35,000 20,219 33,832 43,750 Greater 570,212 529,742 656,929 712,765 662,177 821,161 Harare Total The Greater Harare area is currently utilizing water from the Upper Manyamen Catchment, except for Ruwa which uses sources in the Mazoe Catchment. The 4% risk yield of the four dams (Seke, Harava, Chivero, Manyame) that provide storage for the water supply in Greater Harare is around 478,000 m3/d (allowing for upstream commitments only) . clearly, the demand already exceeds the available water at 4% risk. The available water could increase if the risk factor was to be relaxed to 10% as is being advocated in some quarters. Gauff Ingenieure 5-12 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 05 However, the evident climate change effects on the environment, particularly rainfall patterns, may weaken the argument for relaxing the risk factor. In terms of water production facilities (raw water abstraction and treatment), the installed capacity currently stands at a total of just over 710,000 m3/d, even though the actual production is around 540,000 m3/d. The plant rehabilitation efforts currently going on under various financing sources are expected to restore the water works to design capacity. Given the demand figures presented in the tables above, it is clear that investment in new production facilities will not be needed in the medium term. Investments must rather be directed towards arresting the physical losses in the distribution network. It will only become necessary to invest in new sources in the long term. Given the low yield and general environmental degradation of the Upper Manyame Catchment, the additional sources and production facilities must be located in other catchments. The Kunzvi dam and water treatment plant in the Mazoe catchment will have to be built within the period 2020 to 2030. The figure below shows the balance between water production and demand over the planning horizon. In the medium term, the production deficit will be addressed by investments in the distribution network to reduce losses and the rehabilitation of water works to restore production capacity. Kunzvi Dam will only become necessary after 2020. Given the low yield and general environmental degradation of the Upper Manyame Catchment, additional production facilities located in other catchments are needed soon. The Kunzvi dam and water treatment plant in the Mazoe catchment will have to be built as soon as possible. We propose that Kunzvi should be constructed first instead of Muda Dam because it can provide all the required capacity at one site. If Muda were to be developed first, Kunzvi would still have to be developed with a short period because Muda Dam WTW (with a capacity of 50,000 m3/day would not provide enough water to satisfy the projected demand within the planning horizon. However, the Muda Dam and the Shabanove schemes should also be considered in the long term beyond the planning horizon of this study Kunzvi will be developed in two phases – phase I with a capacity of 100,000 m3/day should come online by 2022. A second module of capacity 50,000 m3/day should come start production by 2029. The development of Kunzvi was chosen over Muda Dam Gauff Ingenieure 5-13 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 05 900 Thousands 800 700 Water Production [m3/d] 600 500 400 300 200 100 - 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Morton Jaffray WTW Prince Edward WTW Ruwa WTW Kunzvi WTW Average Demand Peak Season Demand 4% Risk Yield - Manyame 10% Risk Yield - Manyame Figure 5-2: Water Production Vs Demand 5.3.3 Harare The water demand for Harare is summarised in the table below. The important thing to note is that Harare would be able to meet its water requirements even in the long term if the satellite towns had their own sources. However, it is not economically and, in some cases, technically feasible to develop own sources in each the satellite towns. As explained above, the collective water deficit in the long term will have to be addressed collectively as greater Harare in the long term. Table 5-15: Water Demand Summary – Harare Parameter Unit Present 2020 2030 3 Domestic Consumption m /d 201,930 219,028 296,982 3 Institutional Consumption m /d 30,290 32,854 44,547 3 Commercial Consumption m /d 9,130 11,087 13,043 3 Industrial Consumption m /d 28,446 34,542 40,638 3 Total m /d 269,796 297,511 395,210 Water Loss Rate % 42% 25% 20% 3 Water Loss m /d 195,370 99,170 98,803 3 Average demand m /d 465,166 396,681 494,013 Peak Season factor / 1.25 1.25 1.25 3 Peak season demand m /d 581,457 495,852 617,516 Gauff Ingenieure 5-14 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 05 In terms of storage requirements in the distribution network, the design criteria are that there should be at least 1 day storage (of the peak season daily demand). The total reservoir storage in Harare is currently around 830,000 m3. It may appear as if there is enough storage capacity for the long term horizon. But, given the restructuring of the network necessitated by the addition of the Kunzvi scheme, some of the main reservoir sites such as Letombo and Alexandra Park will have redundant capacity that cannot be utilized in the new structure. Hence there will be need to upgrade some of the reservoir sites in order to provide the required 1 day storage for the zones commanded. The table below shows the zones where there is need to upgrade storage capacity. Reservoirs that will supply the new development areas in Harare South and the northern low density outskirts will have to be upgraded. The deficits at Hatcliff and Kambanji reservoirs will be compensated by the huge surpluses at Alexandra Park and Greendale respectively. Table 5-16: Zone Demands and Reservoir Capacities Zone 2030 Available storage Storage Remark Demand Deficit 3 3 3 [m /d] [m ] [m ] Hatcliff 26,401 11,400 15,001 Deficit Kambanji 7,348 5,680 1,668 Deficit Philadelphia 3,782 7,580 (3,798) Surplus Adylinn 21,776 1,140 20,636 Deficit Highlands 8,372 61,710 (53,338) Surplus Arundel 3,460 7,580 (4,120) Surplus Epsilon 10,939 4,090 6,849 Deficit Bluff Hill 16,401 5,680 10,721 Deficit Emerald Hill 4,098 25,750 (21,652) Surplus Greendale 12,257 70,770 (58,513) Surplus Donnybrook 43,738 47,460 (3,722) Surplus Alexandra Park 23,968 111,950 (87,982) Surplus Ridge Road 3,234 3,580 (346) Surplus Meyrick Park 4,098 2,280 1,818 Deficit Dzivaresekwa 37,002 16,480 20,522 Deficit Letombo 72,620 236,400 (163,780) Surplus Kopje 24,982 7,960 17,022 Deficit Mutiny 4,106 11,400 (7,294) Surplus Viking 13,460 27,260 (13,800) Surplus Lochinvar 53,573 72,160 (18,587) Surplus Ventersburg 50,467 22,800 27,667 Deficit Hatfield 49,663 13,610 36,053 Deficit Marimba Park 24,898 34,700 (9,802) Surplus Waterfalls 56,128 5,680 50,448 Deficit Kuwadzana 56,192 11,940 44,252 Deficit Shamva RD 7,452 - 7,452 Deficit Mt Pleasant Heights 15,145 ?? #VALUE! #VALUE! 5.3.4 Chitungwiza The table below shows the water demand summary for Chitungwiza. Chingwiza relies on bulk water from Harare Water. It is estimated that Chitungwiza currently receives around 16,000 m3/d from Harare Water. This is clearly nowhere near meeting the current water requirements for Chitungwiza, let alone long term water requirements. The JICA study Gauff Ingenieure 5-15 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 05 concluded that there is no ground water potential in the area around Chitungwiza and that developing Muda Dam as an own source for Chitungwiza is more expensive than buying bulk water from Harare water. The deficit therefore will have to be addressed by rehabilitating the bulk transmission pipeline from Harare and strengthening the water purchase agreement with Harare Water or indeed merging with Harare into one water utility company – an economic and political decision that will have to be taken by the government. Our recommendation, however, is that it would be in the best interest of Chitungwiza to be part of single Greater Harare utility. Table 5-17: Water Demand Summary – Chitungwiza Parameter Unit Present 2020 2030 3 Domestic Consumption m /d 29,645 31,538 42,095 3 Institutional Consumption m /d 4,447 4,731 6,314 3 Commercial Consumption m /d 1,681 2,018 2,581 3 Industrial Consumption m /d 1,811 2,587 3,787 3 Total m /d 37,583 40,874 54,777 Water Loss Rate % 31% 25% 20% 3 Water Loss m /d 16,885 13,625 13,694 3 Average day demand m /d 54,469 54,499 68,471 Peak Season factor / 1.25 1.25 1.25 3 Peak season day demand m /d 68,086 68,123 85,589 The Chitungwiza water scheme currently has one reservoir site in the Seke area with a total storage volume of 46,000 m3. This represents less than one day storage volume, which is below the stipulated criteria. Additional reservoirs are recommended, both at the location of the existing reservoirs and in the Nyatsime area where most of the new housing developments are planned. 5.3.5 Epworth The water demand summary for Epworth is shown in the table below. Epworth relies on bulk water from Harare even though supply is dismal. It is technically and economically not feasible to construct an own water source for Epworth. The yield for ground water sources is very poor and there is no surface water source within the vicinity of Epworth. Hence it should continue relying on supply from Harare. Table 5-18: Water Demand Summary – Epworth Parameter Unit Present 2020 2030 3 Domestic Consumption m /d 8,706 18,690 21,052 3 Institutional Consumption m /d 1,306 2,804 3,158 3 Commercial Consumption m /d 47 128 139 3 Industrial Consumption m /d - - - 3 Total m /d 10,059 21,622 24,349 Water Loss Rate % 35% 25% 20% 3 Water Loss m /d 5,417 7,207 6,087 3 Average day demand m /d 15,476 28,829 30,436 Gauff Ingenieure 5-16 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 05 Peak Season factor / 1.25 1.25 1.25 3 Peak season day demand m /d 19,345 36,037 38,045 There is currently no storage reservoir in Epworth and this has emerged as one of the major issues around demand management raised by the local board. Given that there is no high ground within Epworth where a storage reservoir can command the with reasonable pressure, Epworth will continue using Ventersburg Resrvoirs and measures have been proposed to improve supply from the reservoirs to Epworth. 5.3.6 Norton The water demand summary for Norton is shown in the table below. Norton relies on bulk water from Harare Water. It currently estimated that Norton receives around 5,000 m3/d from Harare Water. This is clearly not enough to meet the town’s current water service requirements. There is a general suspicion that the main bottleneck that limits the amount of water to Norton is the hydraulic capacity of the ND 300 transmission main. Given the proximity of the Norton to Morton Jaffray (MJ) WTW, it is more economical for the town to continue getting bulk water than building an own source. The hydraulic capacity of the transmission main from MJ WTW will be increased in phases to meet the water requirements for the town. Gauff Ingenieure 5-17 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 05 Table 5-19: Water Demand Summary – Norton Parameter Unit Present 2020 2030 3 Domestic Consumption m /d 9,209 11,402 15,955 3 Institutional Consumption m /d 1,381 1,710 2,393 3 Commercial Consumption m /d 110 175 219 3 Industrial Consumption m /d 2,320 3,712 4,640 3 Total m /d 13,020 17,000 23,207 Water Loss Rate % 35% 25% 20% 3 Water Loss m /d 7,011 5,667 5,802 3 Average day demand m /d 20,031 22,666 29,008 Peak Season factor / 1.25 1.25 1.25 3 Peak season day demand m /d 25,039 28,333 36,260 In terms of storage, Norton relies on 2 x 5,000 m3 capacity reservoirs situated on the south- eastern outskirts of the town. The available storage volume is way below the one day storage requirement. Hence additional storage is required. The additional storage will be strategically located within the service area. 5.3.7 Ruwa The water demand summary for Ruwa is presented in the table below. Ruwa is the only satellite town with its own source, in addition to bulk water from Harare Water (though unreliable according to the council). There is a water treatment plan in the Tara township area with a nominal capacity of 7,500 m3/day abstracting water from the Green Sykes Dam. The plant is currently not operating at full capacity because there is not enough raw water in the Green Sykes Dam. A new raw water pipeline from Nora Dam to Green Sykes Dam has just been commissioned. This will increase available raw water to Ruwa. With this pipeline fully operational the water treatment plant should be able to operate at full capacity throughout the year. Even at full capacity, the amount of water produced will not be enough to satisfy current and future demand. Since the new raw water pipeline has a hydraulic capacity of 21,000 m3/d, there is room to expand the treatment facilities. The council has proposed to increase the capacity of the existing plant by 10,000 m3/d to bring the total nominal capacity to 17,500 m3/d. This proposal has been adopted in this investment plan. Even with this increase in water production capacity, it will still be short of the estimated medium and long term water demand. Hence Ruwa will still continue relying on Harare Water to close the deficit. The construction of the Kunzvi water supply scheme will make more water available for bulk supply to Ruwa Gauff Ingenieure 5-18 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 05 Table 5-20: Water Demand Summary – Ruwa Parameter Unit Present 2020 2030 3 Domestic Consumption m /d 7,909 13,693 18,603 3 Institutional Consumption m /d 1,186 2,054 2,790 3 Commercial Consumption m /d 340 587 856 3 Industrial Consumption m /d 1,079 3,965 5,751 3 Total m /d 10,514 20,299 28,000 Water Loss Rate % 35% 25% 20% 3 Water Loss m /d 5,661 6,766 7,000 3 Average day demand m /d 16,175 27,066 35,000 Peak Season factor / 1.25 1.25 1.25 3 Peak season day demand m /d 20,219 33,832 43,750 In terms of reservoirs, the total existing reservoir volume is 3,700 m3 – way short of the 1 day storage requirement. There is need to construct more reservoirs in the network over the planning horizon until the total volume is around 44,000 m3. 5.4 Wastewater flow Estimations Wastewater flow is closely correlated with water use. The water supplied to a property is used for consumption, watering the garden and cleaning. The water used for cleaning and other hygienic uses ends up as wastewater. Zimbabwe’s low density properties are generally huge with lush gardens that require a lot of water to maintain. Studies in Zimbabwe have shown that 50-85 % of the water supplied ends up as wastewater depending on the housing category. 3 The wastewater calculation procedure and the results are elaborated in the following sub- sections. 5.4.1 Calculation Methodology The current and projected wastewater flow is calculated using the process illustrated in the figure below and the formulae stated hereunder. Calculate consumption Calculate average dry Calculate wet weather for each water user weather wastewater flow using appropriate category flows infiltration rates ℎ ( ) = ℎ × ℎ 3 Ministry of Local Government and Housing- Design Approach to Water and Sewerage Problems Relative to Urban (Predominantly High Density) and Rural Communities in Zimbabwe Gauff Ingenieure 5-19 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 05 ℎ ( ) = ℎ × 5.4.2 Greater Harare A summary of the wastewater flow estimated for Greater Harare is presented in the table below. Table 5-21: Summary of Wastewater Flow Estimates City/Town Wastewater flow (Dry Weather) [m3/d] Present 2020 2030 *Harare 182,354 191,270 242,468 Chitungwiza 37,872 40,985 55,328 Epworth - 7,299 7,934 Norton 3,805 8,743 13,266 Ruwa 9,221 18,416 25,801 Total 233,251 266,712 344,798 The present wet weather wastewater flow for Harare is estimated to be around 182,000 m3/d, increasing to 191,000 m3/d in 2020 and 243,000 m3/d in 2030. The nominal hydraulic capacity of the treatment facilities in Harare is 219,000 m3/d. However, the treatment facilities are in a dilapidated state. Harare Water estimates the current treatment capacity to be a paltry 26,000 m3/d. The Zim-fund Project and the loan from Exim Bank of China are expected to extensively rehabilitate the wastewater treatment facilities and restore the nominal treatment capacities in the short and medium term. In the long term, there will be a capacity deficit. Most of the additional sewage is expected in the Harare South development area. Wastewater flow in Chitungwiza is estimated to be round 38,000 m3/d, increasing to 55,000 m3/d in the long term. Chitungwiza has a 20,000 m3/d BNR plant which has not been operational since 2005 and a 35,000 m3/d modified conventional plan which is partially operational. Hence, most of the wastewater from Chitungwiza is discharged to the water courses untreated. Rehabilitation works under the Zim-Fund project are expected to restore the modified conventional treatment plant to nominal capacity. The BNR plant is not being rehabilitated under the Zim-fund project, but has been included in this investment plan. Hence, the existing plants would suffice for the long term when rehabilitated. However, the need to avoid pumping and the topographical configuration of the new development areas means that the sewage from St Mary’s and the Nyatsime area will be transmitted to the new Harare South wastewater treatment facility. Wastewater from Ruwa is not being treated at present because the pond system the town was using has been abandoned due to land wrangles with Epworth Local Board. The Epworth Local Board has taken back the land on which the ponds are located because it falls within their boundaries. Hence there is urgent need to find a solution for treating the estimated wastewater out of Ruwa. Epworth has a sewer reticulation network, which was never commissioned because the treatment plant to which it was designed to discharge was never built 4. Hence, residents 4 The Safege sewerage master plan of 2003 had proposed a wastewater treatment plant just south of Epworth that would cater for the Donny Brook area and Epworth. This facility was never built due to lack of finances Gauff Ingenieure 5-20 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 05 are currently using pit latrines and septic tanks. The sewer network can still be utilised once there is a treatment plant that can receive the sewage from Epworth. A combined solution for the treatment sewage from Ruwa, Donny Brook, Epworth, Harare South and parts of Chitungwiza has been proposed. The sewage treatment facility will be strategically located at the lowest point so that the sewage from all these areas will be collected and conveyed by gravity. The treatment facility will have enough capacity to handle the estimated sewage flows for the target areas. A detailed description of this proposal is presented in the Appendix. The wastewater flow for Norton is expected to increase from the current 3,800 m3/d to 13,200 m3/d in the long term horizon. Norton currently operates one old wastewater treatment plant a nominal capacity of 3,200 m3/d. There is a new plant under construction, which, when complete, will be able to treat 4,400 m3/d, bringing the total treatment capacity to 8,200 m3/d. This will barely meet the requirement for the medium term. Additional treatment facilities will be required in the long-term, especially in the new development west of Knowe. Gauff Ingenieure 5-21 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report CHAPTER 06: STRATEGIC PLANNING PRINCIPLES FOR WATER AND SANITATION Gauff Ingenieure Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 06 6 STRATEGIC PLANNING PRINCIPLES FOR WATER AND SANITATION 6.1 Introduction The objective of the medium- and long term investment plan for Greater Harare is to provide cost estimates, along with implementation schedules for specific water supply and sewerage infrastructure components. Such investments must be tailored towards agreed national water sector objectives and policy directions. Such are enshrined in the National Water Policy published by the Ministry of Water Resources Development and Management in March 2013. The policy defines the vision for urban water supply and sanitation services as follows: ‘All urban water users should enjoy adequate, continuous, readily accessible, safe, hygienic, sustainable and affordable domestic water and sanitation services provided by accountable, efficient, coordinated, funded and capacitated institutions’ The policy document is clear in its strategic objectives. The key urban water and sanitation policy guidelines are summarised as follows. These guidelines provide the foundation for the planning strategies applied in this investment master plan. Table 6-1: Key policy principles of the National Water Policy Section Title Quotes from the NWP document Investment Master Plan Strategy 6.2.2. Integrated water IWRM is intended to bring about Consideration of IWRM resources improved equity of access to water, principles in the planning management greater efficiency of water use, of investment measures. (IWRM) environmental protection and greater sustainability for the benefit of current and future generations. 6.2.6 Water for Water for primary needs is a RIGHT Objective to provide primary needs for all Zimbabweans. Access to WSS sufficient quantity and services in sufficient quantity and adequate quality to all adequate quality to sustain life is a Zimbabweans. human right which is accompanied with the responsibility of all to meet their obligations to other users and water service providers. In urban settings, because water treatment, transmission, storage and distribution networks is expensive, primary water needs are based on Principle application of lifeline tariffs and only in cases where lifeline tariffs. Exceptions people cannot afford to pay, can free are people who cannot life saving water per household of afford to pay. 10m3 per month be supplied. Water for primary needs, termed ‘Primary Water’ includes water for direct personal consumption, personal household hygiene, and food preparation and for household Public water supply is for productive purposes such as direct personal gardening and household stock consumption. watering, not for commercial purposes. 6.2.8 Water demand Water is a finite, limited and scarce Water must be used management resource that must be conserved and conservatively and used efficiently. Various mechanisms efficiently. Water demand are needed to manage demand management methods and Gauff Ingenieure 6-1 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 06 Section Title Quotes from the NWP document Investment Master Plan Strategy including water pricing mechanisms, principles are required and volumetric abstraction monitoring, NRW shall be reduced. volumetric allocation and licensing, and through regulation to require service providers to monitor and reduce unaccounted for water 6.2.10 Water The private sector and civil society Private sector can play a institutions and have an important role to play in the role in service provision. decentralisation water sector. Government ministries or departments or local authorities should restrict themselves to and focus on policy making, establishing regulatory regimes that provide incentives for Operations can be achieving goals and sanction for undertaken by parastatals serious failures and that they leave and private sector. operations to parastatals and private sector based on sufficient autonomy to control outcomes 6.2.11 Water in growth Planning will take into account the Investment plans must and long-term needs of the economy, consider economic development national strategic interests, regional feasibility and integration and social/environmental infrastructure services must impacts. be affordable. Economic feasibility is vital: This means that the level of development of the infrastructure must be defined by what the country as a whole can afford to operate and maintain. It is important however to concentrate on a recovery programme in order to restore services to acceptable levels 6.2.12 Water Investments in primary water for basic Recurrent costs are to be investments needs of urban areas may be financed by the users. subsidized but recurrent costs will be borne by the users to ensure sustainability. Given the principle that users bear the costs of operation and maintenance, Service levels are to be service levels will be tailored to be tailored to be flexible, flexible, affordable and technically affordable and technical appropriate, allowing for upgrading appropriate. once user affordability increases 6.2.13 Water pricing To achieve efficiency, water prices will User pays and polluter be based on the user pays and polluter pays principle. pays principles and be socially acceptable to different interest groups in the water sector. Subsidies will be targeted to users who are not in a position to pay the full cost of the Subsidies are the service provider or where national exception only for users interests would be compromised. not able to pay for services. Water pricing will reflect the full costs of provision of water for all uses (capital and recurrent costs), except for primary water where the price will at Gauff Ingenieure 6-2 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 06 Section Title Quotes from the NWP document Investment Master Plan Strategy least reflect the operation and maintenance costs. The price will take into account user viability. Water pricing will be used as a demand management instrument to encourage efficient use of scarce water resources. Water pricing should be based on the quantity of water used by volume to manage demand Water pricing is used as a Water billing will revert back to being demand management clear, transparent and based on actual instrument. volumetric readings and income derived will be applied to the costs of Billing shall be done on providing water, otherwise the ‘user volumetric readings. pays’ principle collapses together with the services The payment of water service bills by Payment of water services public consumers including from public consumers government institutions is vital for including government viability of water service providers. institutions is vital. Regulations will be drawn up to permit recovery of unpaid bills directly from PSIP allocations of the institutions involved 6.3.4 Capacity All government institutions and Capacity building is key to building parastatals that deal directly with water sustainable operations. services need to be strengthened and in many instances rebuilt with respect to human resources, equipment, information and technology. Investments in equipment, Government will provide financial information and technology resources to enhance capacity of the for operation and key institutions in the water sector in a maintenance are way which will be sustainable. important. 6.5.2 Service Urban local authorities are responsible Local authorities are authorities and for ensuring the welfare of urban responsible for efficient and service residents through the provision of affordable water supply providers efficient and affordable water supply services and are free to and sanitation services. However, a delegate services to a distinction is made between the dedicated service responsibility of urban authorities to provider. ensure that services are provided and the actual operation of services which may be more efficiently undertaken by a dedicated service provider as a function delegated by the local authority 6.5.3 Targets, In order to ensure universal access to Past high service technical norms water supply and sanitation services standards can be and standards for all urban residents the previous temporarily reduced. The of Urban WSS high service standards will be policy suggests to return to temporarily reduced during the the high standards once recovery period. This will be followed situation is normal. by a full resumption of high standards once the situation is normalised. The policy is therefore to temporarily lower Gauff Ingenieure 6-3 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 06 Section Title Quotes from the NWP document Investment Master Plan Strategy the technical standards during the recovery phase and upgrade them to the current standards during the normal development phase. 6.5.5 Financing Revenue derived from water sales will Local authorities shall apply be applied to the costs of providing ring fencing to revenue water services in order to maintain collected from water and consumer confidence and not sanitation services and compromise cost recovery and the ensure that such revenue is ‘user pays principle’. used for service provision. Local Authorities should undertake cost accounting and ring-fence revenue from water sales. Tariffs should be set to achieve full cost recovery. Tariffs should be set to achieve full cost Government will provide interim recovery. subsidies to Urban Authorities through PSIP and donor financing that will be coordinated within a Water Sector Investment Framework to finance rehabilitation and expansion of infrastructure during the recovery period. Long-term financing during the normalized growth phase will be the responsibility of ULAs The National Water Policy provides the principle development objective and necessary foundation to develop planning strategies for this investment master plan. The policy document demands for adequate and affordable services to all residents and underlines the importance of efficient and conservative management principles when producing and supplying drinking water. Recurrent cost recovery is a key feature of the policy, which also underlines the importance of private and public users, to pay for services. Metering of water production and consumption is an important instrument for effective operation and demand management, which is also promoted by the policy document. Also, the reduction of Non-Revenue Water (NRW), is promoted by the policy document and considered to be an important aspect of demand management. The policy also acknowledges the fact that operations can be provided by private service providers and that capacity building and investments in operation and maintenance equipment are necessary for sustainable service provision. The policy document considers the past service standards as being high, and suggests that such high standards could be reduced until Zimbabwe has reached again a normalised situation. It is believed that this aspect of the policy may be reconsidered. Promotion of conservative standards for water production, storage, use and treatment, which consider recent environmental sound technologies and sustainable approaches can be suggested, which do not contradict high service level and improved living standards. 6.2 Planning strategies of the investment master plan In the following sections, we summarise the principle strategies applied under this investment master plan, split into specific subjects, such as: Gauff Ingenieure 6-4 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 06 a) water demand management, b) water supply service improvement, c) extension of water supply services, d) sanitation service improvements, e) extension of sanitation services, f) Accompanying measures. 6.2.1 Water demand management Investment measures considered under water demand management are designed to promote the effective and efficient operation of the water supply infrastructure. These project components will entail the procurement and installation of new water meters for all consumer connections (100% metering), procurement and installation of pre-paid water meters for large bulk water consumers, consumers database review and identification of illegal and unregistered connections, network re-structuring to allow for bulk metering and water balancing, rehabilitation/ replacement of existing water distribution network, rehabilitation and installation of section valves to facilitate zoning of the network into metering districts, installation of bulk meters/ data loggers and pressure reducing valves, the implementation of leakage control, monitoring and repair programme and set-up of permanent computerised monitoring programmes and a replacement programme of leaking house connections. Table 6-2: Water demand management and its benefits Component Benefits Procurement and installation of water meters at all Reduce wastage at existing consumer level, existing consumers (public, commercial and larger presently charged on flat rate. Increase revenues private consumer may be connected to pre-paid from water users with high water consumption. meters) Re-investment in the replacement of water meters Reduce wastage at existing consumer level, after 5 years of operation presently charged on flat rate. Increase revenues for water users with high water consumption Registration of all consumers (consumer database Reduce “administrative loss” component and update) to identify illegal and unregistered increase in revenue. connections Detailed technical assessment, mapping of Improve management of distribution network (e.g. infrastructure, hydraulic modelling/ calibration of pressure zoning). Effective management of the primary and secondary distribution system system through better understanding of layout and structure. Rehabilitation/ replacement of existing water Reduce “physical loss component” of UFW. distribution network Promote the identification of illegal/ unregistered connections. Rehabilitation and installation of section valves to Monitoring and control of supply, as well as facilitate zoning of the network into metering improved supply services through service districts and installation of bulk meters/ data management. Facilitate identification and loggers reduction of “physical loss component” of UFW. Installation of new pressure reducing valves Reduction of downstream pressure will reduce excessive pressure and promote loss reduction through pressure management Implementation of leakage control, monitoring and Reduction of “physical loss component” of UFW repair programme and set-up of permanent through improved principles of operation. computerised monitoring programme Gauff Ingenieure 6-5 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 06 Promotion program to repair leaking in-house Reduction of wastage inside consumer premises. installations Water conservation and promotion of efficient water use. 6.2.2 Water supply service improvement The investment measures covered under the water supply service improvement component will lead to adequate services in terms of quantity and quality. We have developed specific criteria to define the water production requirements for various planning horizons and determined the adequacy of present service levels and defined progressive service level improvements for the planning horizon (see Section 6.3 for more details). The investment measures in this component cover the rehabilitation and extension of water production facilities, reservoirs, pumping stations, the installation of telemetry system for monitoring of reservoir levels and provision of water quality monitoring equipment. Table 6-3: Water supply service improvements and its benefits Component Benefits Rehabilitation and expansion of water production Reliability of supply and service level facilities improvements. Optimisation of operation and maintenance costs. Rehabilitation and expansion of reservoirs Reliability of supply through additional storage capacity and expansion of services in upcoming development areas. Optimisation of operation and maintenance costs Rehabilitation and extension of pumping stations Reliability of supply and optimisation of operation and maintenance costs Rehabilitation and installation of transmission and Reliability of supply and service level primary mains improvements though additional pipelines where necessary Installation of telemetry system for monitoring of Improved management and control of reservoir levels operations Optimisation of operation of pumping station pumping into storage tanks. Reduction in energy cost and reduction in maintenance costs Provision of water quality monitoring equipment Improved control of quality and level of services 6.2.3 Extension of water supply services Extension of water supply services are required in areas presently not serviced and in future development areas. The investment measures under this component cover the installation of new service connections and water meters in existing areas presently not served and costs for the installation new distribution networks and service connections (with water meters) in newly developed or future developing areas. The investments will lead to improved service coverage, larger consumer base and enhanced revenue generation. Gauff Ingenieure 6-6 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 06 Table 6-4: Extension of water supply services and its benefits Component Benefits Installation of new service connections in existing Improved service coverage and increase in areas presently not serviced customer base (revenue enhancement) Installation of new distribution network and service Expansion of service area in un-serviced connection in newly developed urban areas areas leading to higher service coverage and increased customer base Installation of water kiosks and flow limiters in Provision of water equitably at low cost to informal settlements poor sections of society 6.2.4 Sanitation service improvements The sanitation service improvements are required to rehabilitate or expand existing wastewater treatment facilities, sewer networks and pumping stations. The detailed scope will be defined as per present situation analysis and effluent flow projections. The investments into these sanitation improvements will lead to improved collection and treatment of sewage and promote public health and the environment. Sanitation service improvements will have an important environmental benefit in that reduction in pollution of the main water sources will result in reduction of risks to health and reduction in water treatment costs. Table 6-5: Extension of sewage services and its benefits Component Benefits Rehabilitation and expansion of sewage treatment Improvement of sewerage service and plants improvement of effluent quality/ environmental improvements Rehabilitation of sewage network Improvement of sewerage service and reduction of environmental impacts of leaking sewage into the groundwater/ environment Replacement of missing man-hole covers Reduction of sediments in pipe network during rainy season. Reduction of blockages in network and sewage treatment plants Rehabilitation and expansion of sewage pumping Improvement of sewerage service and station improvement of operation and maintenance costs 6.2.5 Extension of sanitation services Extension of sanitation services are required in areas presently not serviced and in future development areas. The investment measures under this component cover the installation of new sewer networks and service connections presently not served and costs for the installation new networks and house connections in future developing areas. The investments will lead to improved service coverage, larger consumer base and enhanced revenue generation. In areas where reticulated sewerage is not possible or practical, safe on-site sanitation infrastructure such as septic tanks and VIP latrines will be provided. Gauff Ingenieure 6-7 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 06 Table 6-6: Extension of water supply services and its benefits Component Benefits New sewerage networks in newly developed Improved service coverage and increase in areas, close to existing network systems customer base (revenue enhancement) Environmental benefits due to off-site sewage collection and centralised treatment New sewerage networks in newly developed Expansion of service area in un-serviced areas, close to existing network systems areas leading to higher service coverage and increased customer base 6.2.6 Accompanying Measures The accompanying measures include investment measures aimed at improving capacity to carry out technical and commercial operations such as, revenue improvement program, technical and commercial operations management, management and technical information systems and professional services. Revenue improvement program The revenue improvement program covers the scope of a complete customer survey and data base clean-up of the existing billing database. The component also considers the upgrading or procurement of a modern computerised billing system, which allows for consumer meter management, NRW applications, asset management and other utility related operational activities. The benefits of a modern and improved billing and infrastructure management systems are significant and lead to reduced revenue loss and enhanced asset management. Table 6-7: Revenue improvement program and its benefits Component Benefits Customer survey and data base clean-up of Reduce “administrative loss” component of existing customer base UFW Procurement and installation of billing and asset Effective and efficient management of management information system customers, operations and assets Strategic asset use Promotion of informed decision making Operations management The procurement of tools and equipment for the water and sanitation service teams are necessary to allow for active operation control and maintenance. This will reduce down- times and promote infrastructure lifespan. The required tools and equipment are aligned with the existing and proposed infrastructure development. Workshops for general and specific maintenance are equally required, as well as suitable transport for technical supervision and maintenance teams. A large proportion of low density housing areas are operated with individual septic tank systems, which require emptying. Provisions for the purchase of vacuum tankers, including tools for the operations, may be necessary. Gauff Ingenieure 6-8 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 06 Table 6-8: Operations management investments and their benefits Component Benefits Procurement of tools and equipment for water and Improve operations and maintenance sewer operations and maintenance procedures Reduction in overflow sewers and elimination of pollution of surface Establishment of meter control, testing and repair Repair of defective and faulty water meters workshop Improve life span of water meters Provision of portable meter control Improve customer satisfaction by testing instrumentation water meters Provision of vehicles for operation and Improve operations and maintenance maintenance teams procedures Provision of vacuum tanker for septic tank Improve operations and maintenance emptying procedures Management and technical information systems Management and technical information systems are important tools for utility management, especially for larger urban service providers. We consider under this investment component the procurement of a modern accounting and payroll system, the procurement and installation of network information/asset management system, based on GIS technology, and other types of information systems or modules (e.g. asset management, demand management and customer support service in combination with the billing system). Especially the asset management system will provide a number of advantages as far as monitoring, operations and maintenance of the network infrastructure is concerned. Table 6-9: Management and technical information systems and their benefits Component Benefits Procurement and installation of accounting and Improved quality and timeliness of financial payroll system information Procurement and installation of Network Improved control and management of Information System, based on GIS technology technical system components Procurement and installation of various other Improved quality of data for decision making types of information systems (e.g. asset on management level management, demand management and customer support service) – in combination of billing system (see section above) IT Infrastructure and Professional Services These investment measures are intended to support and facilitate the implementation and operation of technical infrastructure. These measures include provision of IT hard- and software, tools, materials and consulting services. These investments will provide the necessary tools to undertake effective and efficient operating and maintenance procedures, promote capacity and skill enhancement and lead to sustainable operations. Consulting services for study, design, supervision and capacity building are covered under this investment component, which are necessary to implement the proposed works and training programs. Gauff Ingenieure 6-9 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 06 Table 6-10: Additional measures and their benefits Component Benefits Procurement and installation of other office Improved technical and administrative equipment (e.g.IT hard- and software, furniture, planning and day-to-day services equipment, etc.) Improved and modern IT systems lead to efficient operation of infrastructure Training and capacity building Improved skills and performance of staff. Continuous training and planned education of staff allows for replacement and rotation staff at outside training institutes or schools Public awareness and sensitisation campaigns Improved customer satisfaction and awareness Reduction of vandalism and theft Improved willingness to pay for water bills Consulting services required to study, design and Detailed investigations and design of implement works proposed infrastructure investments Construction supervision service to control and monitor contractors Assistance during defects liability period Consulting services to provide specific services Capacity building services to enhance billing, (land use master plans, capacity building and accounting, operation and maintenance skills training, etc.) Capacity building to promote coordinated planning and implementation of future infrastructure needs Capacity building to promote improved infrastructure mapping and network modelling 6.3 Service levels and performance indicators 6.3.1 Introduction Services must be provided according to a defined level to the consumers. This guarantee of service is necessary to provide value for money to customers and is an instrument for regulating the consumer’s and service provider’s interests. In an environment of limited market competition, the water and sanitation services should be regulated and be organised in accordance with specific guidelines to ensure that consumers are provided with adequate and reliable services. It is also in the interest of a service provider to offer and provide such agreed services in order to promote and increase customer satisfaction and willingness to pay for services. Service levels are considered a minimum standard the service provider should aim at exceeding such levels. Considering the present dilapidated state of infrastructure in Harare and the satellite towns, the following proposed service levels can only be achieved after the implementation of the medium term investment program. 6.3.2 Proposed Investment Performance indicators Considering the service level guidelines in the National Water Policy and the current situation in Greater Harare, the investment plan intends to achieve the performance targets indicated in the table below. Gauff Ingenieure 6-10 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 06 Table 6-11: Proposed service levels Service Levels Unit Present Mid-term Long-term 2013 2013-2020 2020-2030 Hours of water supply hours/day Range from 0 to 18 hours a day 24 hours a day 12 Water Quality / WHO WHO guidelines WHO guidelines Water supply service % 70 80% 90% area coverage 1 Metered connections % 90% 100% 100% Working meters % 10% 100% 100% Pressure in the network m Too low and too min 7m / max min 7m / max high in places 50m 50m Technical water losses % 40 25% 20% Commercial water % 20 10% 5% losses NRW % 60 35% 25% Effluent discharge / Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Effluent Effluent Discharge Discharge Standards Standards (Statutory (Statutory Instrument 274 of Instrument 274 of 2000) 2000) Sanitation service cover % ? 100% 100% for people outside the sewer boundary (to be provided with septic tanks & VIP latrines Collection ratio % 60% 80% 95% Debt collection from months NIL 3 month 1 month government institutions The performance indicators in are defined as follows. a) Hours of water supply: average daily water supply at individual connections; b) Water Quality: as per Zimbabwean or WHO drinking water guidelines; c) Water supply service area coverage: percentage of population served with drinking water from the public water distribution network; d) Metered connections: percentage of consumers being provided with a metered house or yard connection; e) Working meters: percentage of operational consumer meters in the system; f) Pressure in the network: measure minimum and maximum pressure during specific times and at defined locations in the network; g) Technical water losses: physical water losses in the infrastructure; h) Commercial water losses: revenue losses due to wrong or incorrect billing; i) NRW: combination of technical and commercial losses; j) Effluent discharge: as per Zimbabwean or WHO water guidelines; 1 Service in informal settlement will be provided by way of water kiosk and yard taps with flow limiters in the medium term Gauff Ingenieure 6-11 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 06 k) Collection ratio: percentage of revenue collected from issued bills; l) Debt collection from government institutions: actions to promote reduction of water wastage at public institutions and collection of outstanding debts. Gauff Ingenieure 6-12 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report CHAPTER 07: DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED WATER AND SANITATION INVESTMENT MEASSURES Gauff Ingenieure Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 7 DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED WATER AND SANITATION INVESTMENT MEASURES The assessment of the existing water supply and sewerage systems described in chapter 4 has concluded that there is need for major rehabilitation investment to bring the facilities back to good working order. Further analysis of the water and sewerage service requirements detailed in Chapter 5 indicates that the water and sewerage reticulation networks will need to be extended in the medium and long term horizons. The water demand production capacity in the medium term will be addressed by the rehabilitation of the existing water treatment facilities and implementation of a structured NRW reduction strategy. Additional water production capacity will only be added in the long term, with the construction of the Kunzvi scheme. Priority will also be given to the rehabilitation of the existing sewerage reticulation network and wastewater treatment facilities in order to improve the quality of raw water in the Manyame catchment. This chapter summarises the identified investment measures. The conceptual design of the technical investment measures is presented in the Appendix 4. The proposed investment measures have been designed to meet the service requirements for the medium term year of 2020 and long term year of 2030. The proposed investment measures are grouped in the broad categories illustrated in the figure below. Water Supply • Water Demand Management/NRW Reduction Programme • Water Supply Service Improvements • Extension of Water Supply Services Sanitation • Sewerage Service Improvements • Extension of Sewerage Services Accompanying Measures The following sections briefly describe the proposed investment measures included in the investment plan for each town. Gauff Ingenieure 7-1 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 7.1 Harare Investment measures in Harare are summarized in the figure below. The maps in Figure 7- 2and Figure 7-3 show the spatial location of the proposed water supply investment measures and sewerage investment measures, respectively. • Replacement of 54 km of transmission pipelines, including associated appurtenant fittings and structures, • Replacement of pressure reducing valves • Replacement of 83 km of distribution pipelines, including A - Water Demand associated appurtenant fittings and structures, Management/NRW • Replacement of 87 Bulk Meters, Reduction Programme • Replacement of 260,000 service connections and water meters • Network Mapping, Network investigations and repair/replacement programme • Customer database cleanup and awareness campaigns • Rehabilitation of MORTON JAFRAY WTW including source works • Rehabilitation of PRINCE EDWARDS WTW including source works B - Water Supply • Rehabilitation of WARREN Control station Service Improvements • Rehabilitation of ALEXANDER PARK Booster Station • Rehabilitation of LETOMBO Booster Station • Rehabilitation of storage Reservoirs including lift stations • Construction of Proposed Kunzvi Dam, WTP (150,000 m3/day in two phases), and transmission infrastructure C - Extension of • Construction of new storage reservoirs to incease capacity by Water Supply 230,000 m3 Services • Extension of distribution system in expansion areas (881 km of pipes, 81,000 service connections in the medium term. 2,565 km, 238,000 service connections in the long term • Rehabilitation of Firle WWTW, • Rehabilitation of Crowborough WWTW • Rehabilitation of Hatcliff WWTW D - Sewerage Service • Rehabilitation of all sewage pump stations Improvements • Replacement/Upgrading of 104 km of existing sewer reticulation and transmission network • On site sanitation support to communities outside the sanitation boundary • Decommissioning of Donny Brook ponds • Rehabilitation/ Commissioning of Existing Lyndhurst Farm Sewer (1.5 Km) • Trunk Sewer Extensions in Southern Suburbs (Ward 1) • Construction of the Harare South Trunk Sewer E - Extension of • Construction of the Harare South Sewage Pump Station and Sewerage Services Force Main • Construction of the Harare South Wastewater Treatment Works • Expansion of Crowborough WWTW • Extension of sewer reticulation system in new development areas (401 km of sewers, 47,000 service connections in the medium term. 1,300 km of sewers, 163,000 service connections in the long term) Figure 7-1: Summary of Investment Measures in Harare Gauff Ingenieure 7-2 275000 280000 285000 290000 295000 300000 305000 310000 Hatcliffe New Plant Wasterwater TP 3 Q Figure 8045000 8045000 Layout of Proposed 45 0 Sewerage Service Improvements •Rehabilitation of Firle WWTW Sewerage Investment •Rehabilitation of Crowborough WWTW Measures 225 J126 J127 J123 ! ( ( ! •Rehabilitation of Hatcliff WWTW ( ! •Rehabilitation of AVONLEA Sewage Pump Stations •Rehabilitation of BUDIRIRO Sewage Pump Station HARARE 30 0 •Rehabilitation of MT PLEASANT NE Sewage Pump Station •Rehabilitation of NEW MARLBOROUGH Sewage Pump Station •Rehabilitation of BORROWDALE BROOK Sewage Pump H a t c l i f f No.3 C a t& É c h m e n[ t ( ! Station ( ! Sewer Pump Station •Rehabilitation of CHISIPITE Sewage Pump Station Ú Ú [ No.4 ± •Replacement/Upgrading of existing sewer network Sewer Pump No.2 Sewer Pump Station Station Extension of Sewerage Services Ú [ 25 0 •Decommissioning of Sewage Treatment Works •Rehabilitation/ Commissioning of Existing Lyndhurst Farm J152 Sewer Ú [ ! ( Borrowdale Brook 8040000 8040000 Sewer Pump •Trunk Sewer Extensions in Southern Suburbs (Ward 1) Station •Harare South Trunk Sewer •Harare South Sewage Pump Station and Force Main •Harare South Wastewater Treatment Works •Expansion of Crowborough WWTW •Extension of sewer reticulation system in new development areas J153 1:55,000 ( ! Malborough J8 315 Sewer Ponds M a l b o r o u g h J29 ( 450! ! ( 0 30 ( ! J7 C a t c h m e n t 45 0 North Earsten Sewer Pump 8035000 8035000 Station J161 Avonler Sewer Pump Ú [ ( ! Station 450 J155 Ú [ ! ( J5 ( ! 375 Legend J132 Chisipite 30 0 ! ( J43 & É ! (!(J160 Sewer Pump J89 J11 Station 0 ! ( New 30 0 ( ! J53 J149 J77 30 Sewer Pump Ú [ Station Sewer Treatment Plants J144 450 ( ! 600 ! ( 600 ( ( ! ! ( ! J18 É & ( ! J78 Ú [ ! ( J162 3 Q 525 J103 315 ( ! 600 J24 & É Transition Chambers 0 20 ( ! 315 0 60 J41 J63 ( ! J185 ! ( J186 & É ( ! J135 Ú [ Sewer Pump Stations 45 ! ( J137 315 ! ( 0 J117 J75 J145 ( ! 5 22 ( ! ( ! ! ( Nodes 315 J6 0 ! ( 30 J138 ! ( 52 5 J9 ( 5! 37 8030000 8030000 ( ! J134 J139 J130 J187 ! ( & É ( ! Streams / Rivers 45 0 315 ( ! 0 450 J76 J12 82 5 30 5( J98 67 ! ! ( ! ( J140 J10 450 ( ! 45 0 ( ! C r o w b o r o u g h J189 J16 ! ( ( ! ( ! Model Sewer Lines 45 0 ! ( J128 90 0 ! ( C a t c h m e n t 87 5 ( ! J190 ( ! J201 J202 (J164 ! 31 5 Upgrade 450 375 450 J142 J108 45 450 J141 ( ! ! ( ! ( 0 J17 0 ( ! 45 ( ! 450 0 J1 45 45 Existing ! ( 0 900 5 J167 37 ( ! J188 J40 ( ! 525 ( ! 380 J4 J15 ! ( J183 525 ! ( J148 J65 375 ! ( Sewer Ponds 45 0 ( ! J28 525 ! ( 0 J121 525 525 ! ( J82 75 ( ! 750 J102 ! ( J74 87 5 ( ! 900 ! ( Donnybrook 4 Roads 375 J70J72 0 J181 0 75 J119 ( ! ! ( 90 Sewer Ponds J178 ( ! 75 0 52 5 ! ( J83 J182 ( ! J194J73 ( ! Donnybrook 3 87 ( ! ( ! Residential Roads 450 5 J91 10 50 87 5 J198 87 ( ! Sewer Ponds 750 750 5 60 0 ! ( J86 525 J14J84 J125 ! ( 525 J87 375 31 5 ( ! Donnybrook 1 525 ! ( J94 J100 ( ! J166 ! ( J143 J20 87 5 87 5 ! ( 67 5 J85 525 J99 450 ! ( ( ! J67 J69 J62 J66 ! ( J88 Sewer Ponds Trunk/Primary Roads 8025000 8025000 87 5 !J97 ( ( ! 900 ! ( 31 5 ( ! ! ( 450 0 87 5 90 ! ( 45 0 J107 J58 ( ! ! 875 J177 J81 Donnybrook 2 Rail Line ( 52 10 50 ( ! J96 J114 ! ( Sewer Ponds 5 1400 1400 ( ! ( ! ( 45 0 J93 J199 ( ! 5 ( ! 31 5 J60 87 ( ! 52 J56 J92 31 5 Main Sewer Catchments 5 30 0 ! ( ! ( J71 30 J184 ( ! 0 ! ( J59 52 J165 J168 Crowborough J50 ( ! J191 375 J55 ( ! 5 ! ( J158 ! ( F i r l e ! ( 600 ( ! Wasterwater TP 5 J51 87 5 ! ( 31 J192 J193 J101 375 5 3 J19 Q ! ( J200 52 ! (Chamber2 ! ( J54 ( ! 300 C a t c h m e n t ( ! 1400 1400 0 J52 45 ! ( J116 ( ! J147 37 5 ( ! J122 J48 450 J47 ( ! J172 ! ( ! ( ! ( J2 525 J170 525 ! ( ( ! 375 14 00 450 37 5 J169 J171 J120 ( ! 600 J45 ( ! J61J64 1400 1400 ! ( J21 ! ( ! ( J35 1400 ( ! ( ! 450 J23 45 ! ( 5 0 52 J180 J33 J22 450 ! ( J44 J136 ! ( 450 ( ! ( 450 ! J151 ! ( J32 00 375 14 ! ( ! ( 450 J68 67 5 ! ( 30 0 00 14 J113 J195 ! ( 8020000 8020000 40 ( ! J90 J46 0 ( ! 45 ( ! (J150 45 0 ! 0 0 60 J27 ( ! J26 J175 45 0 ( ! 37 ! ( J105 5 J79 J57 J13 J34 5 ! ( ( ! 52 Ú [ J30 ! ( (J25 ! ! ( J115 ( ! É & ! ( Greater Harare 675 Willowvale Estate J38 ! (52 300 5 ! ( 20 0 J118 Sewer Pump 600 J174 450 ( ! ! ( Station Water and Sanitation J37 J49 00 J197 ! ( ( ! 14 450 ! ( 5 37 60 0 J36 J110 Airport Investment Plan 0 ( ! 30 ! ( Sewer Pump 0 0 J111 J104 45 75 J31 J39 ! ( J109 450 ( ! Station & É ! ( ! ( ! ( J173 J146 J196 ! ( Ú [ ( ! 67 5 450 ( ! 450 J42 00 ( ! 14 J106 J112 1400 ! ( ! ( 5 82 67 5 J176 Firle ! ( J156 J157 00 Wasterwater TP ! ( ( !J154 14 Chamber 3 Q 8015000 8015000 0 0.75 1.5 3 4.5 6 Kilometers 275000 280000 285000 290000 295000 300000 305000 310000 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 7.1.1 A – Water Demand Management/NRW Reduction Measures Any efforts aimed at reducing NRW water including network rehabilitation should be preceded by a comprehensive NRW assessment and other preliminary activities such as network mapping. The NRW assessment will shade more light on the components of NRW and the results of this exercise will inform a comprehensive NRW reduction action plan. The following activities will have to be undertaken • Assessment of commercial losses: This activity will include review of billing and revenue collection processes that impact commercial losses. This activity will first quantify and categorise commercial losses as guided IWA’s “best practice” water balance. It will also identify commercial processes that contribute to commercial losses. Then a comprehensive strategy to reduce commercial losses will be developed. The strategy may involve policy and major work processes changes. • Assessment of physical losses in some pilot District Metering Areas (DMAs): The aim of this activity is to determine the quantity of physical losses in typical areas and also determine the amount of resources needed reduce the physical losses. The results obtained from the pilot areas will then be used to estimate the physical losses in the entire network and the level of effort required to reduce the losses within economic reason. The outcome of this activity will be a network rehabilitation investment programme and a sustainable strategy to reduce physical losses over a reasonable period of time. • Development and calibration of a hydraulic model for the water supply system: The objective of this activity is to have a model for predicting the behaviour of the water supply system under certain operating conditions. The model will be used to optimise the distribution network for better management of physical losses. • Pressure measurements: Among the many factors that affect water network leakage is pressure. Pressure affects leakage in a number of ways, including: the rate of leakage, frequency of bursts, location of leaks, pressure surges and pressure cycling. The objective of the pressure measurements is to establish the diurnal pressure profiles in the different parts of the distribution network. The pressure measuring exercise will yield the requisite information for the development of the performance indicators and the planning of the NRW management strategy. • Review of network operating procedures: this activity is necessary to ensure a sustainable leakage control programme. It is important to understand why the water is being lost in the first place. This activity will involve carrying out a thorough review of the physical characteristics of the network and the current operational practices. The outcome will be a catalogue of problems caused by poor infrastructure and poor network management practices. This information will form the basis for structural reforms in the management of the water supply system. • Establishment of a Computerised Network Information System: record keeping is an integral part of a good water network management system. A GIS database management system is preferred because of the location dimension of the network elements. The City of Harare has no functional GIS-based network information system at the moment. Network data is still on hard copy maps that are hardly updated. So there is an urgent need for a comprehensive network mapping exercise. This should actually precede all the other leakage related network investigations. Gauff Ingenieure 7-5 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 These activities should be sequenced (and grouped) as shown in the figure below Setting up of GIS-based Network Development of Hydraulic Model and Information System and Network Mapping Pressure Meassurements Implementation of NRW reduction strategy Physical & Commercial NRW (Network rehabilitation and restructuring of Assessment, including review of commercial operations) Network Operating Practices Figure 7-4: NRW Reduction Strategy Sequence of Activities In order to bring the physical water losses down to around 20% by 2030, the network will be systematically rehabilitated (replacing pipes and valves in bad condition). The ToR stipulates that the network rehabilitation measures for the entire network shall be determined using statistical methods. Pipe and valve condition assessments were conducted in a pilot area that could be deemed as representative of the entire network. The details of the pilot area investigations have been presented in Chapter 4. The findings of the investigation are summarised below: • The AC distribution pipes are reported to be in good condition despite their age; • All of the gate valves are in poor condition. Network leakages occur at these fittings; • The majority of service connections are corroded and incrusted. This is where most of the network leakages occur; • Areas of the city with GI Pipe networks are badly corroded. Some replacement has been carried out in the CBD but significant work remains to replace all GI pipes. • The majority of water meters are non-functional and few functional ones are not measuring water usage accurately; • Significant amount of water is wasted after the meter resulting in unnecessary water use/ wastage. In light of the above findings, the following measures are recommended: Gauff Ingenieure 7-6 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 • Since the AC pipes are still in good condition, they should be left in service except for the broken pipes identified by council; • Network replacement programmes shall target areas where the ditribution network is in poor condition, especialy areas with GI pipes. • All pressure reducing valves shall be replaced • All network appurtenant structures such as valves and fire hydrants should be replaced; • All service connections and water meters should be replaced; • All bulk water meters should be replaced; • A database cleanup programme shall be carried out which shall include measures to locate unmetered connections and illegal connections. • Under normal circumstances, line after the service meter and the plumbing system in a property is the responsibility of the property owner or water user. But, if the property is not metered, there is no incentive for the water user to keep their plumbing system in good condition and reduce water wastage. In a water supply scheme where most water users are not metered (or meters are not working) as is the case in Harare, there are huge water losses at the properties and this is usually part of the NRW since the customers are billed on normal usage estimates. Hence, we recommend that council should, firstly, meter all customers and then implement a water conservation programme that has elements of rehabilitating household plumbing installations and household education and awareness programmes. The finances for such a programme are part of the investment plan. Given the recommendations outlined above, the investment measures needed to rehabilitate the network and reduce physical losses are presented in the table below. The network rehabilitation measures proposed will be implemented under the medium term project. Gauff Ingenieure 7-7 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Table 7-1: TransmissionNetwork Rehabilitation Measures - Harare Investment Measures Unit Qty Rehabilitation/replacement of treated water transmission network Replacement of pipes ND 150 (OD 160) PVC m 13,000 ND 200 (OD 225) PVC m 2,700 ND 225 (OD 280) PVC m 4,300 ND 250 (OD 280) PVC m 740 ND 300 (OD 315) PVC m 13,320 ND 375 (ND 400) PVC m 1,590 ND 400 DI m 530 ND 450 DI m 7,160 ND 525 (ND 500) DI m 2,210 ND 600 DI m 2,000 ND 750 DI m 6,000 Replacement of gate/butterfly valves ND 400 nos 3 ND 450 nos 10 ND 500 nos 2 ND 600 nos 2 ND 750 nos 4 ND 800 nos 1 ND 1000 nos 5 Replacement of bulk water meters: ND 375 nos 10 ND 400 nos 2 ND 450 nos 9 ND 525 (ND 500) nos 5 ND 600 nos 7 ND 700 nos 1 ND 750 nos 3 ND 800 nos 1 ND 975 nos 2 ND 1000 nos ND 1300 nos 2 ND 1500 nos 1 Replacement of air valves nos 45 Reconstruction of broken chambers and covers nos 80 Gauff Ingenieure 7-8 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Table 7-2: Distribution Network Rehabilitation Measures - Harare Investment Measures Unit Qty Rehabilitation/replacement of water distribution network Replacement of pipes ND 75 (OD 80) PVC m 8,250 ND 100 (OD 110) PVC m 28,380 ND 150 (OD 160) PVC m 26,620 ND 200 (OD 225) PVC m 1,000 ND 225 (OD 280) PVC m 1,100 ND 300 (OD 280) PVC m 15,070 ND 400 DI m 3,000 Replacement of air valves nos 76 Replacement of fire hydrants nos 152 Replacement of gate/butterfly valves ND 80 nos 10 ND 100 nos 45 ND 150 nos 30 ND 200 nos 10 ND 250 nos 5 ND 300 nos 12 ND 350 nos 5 ND 375 (ND 400) nos 5 Replacement of pressure reducing valves: ND 50 nos 20 ND 80 nos 20 ND 100 nos 15 ND 150 nos 25 ND 200 nos 15 ND 250 nos 5 ND 300 nos 8 Replacement of bulk water meters: ND 50 nos 1 ND 75 nos 3 ND 100 nos 18 ND 150 nos 38 ND 200 nos 16 ND 225 (ND 250) nos 2 ND 300 nos 8 ND 325 (ND 300) nos 1 Replacement of non-return valves nos 100 Clean and service sluice valves Sum 1 Reconstruction of broken chambers and covers Sum 1 Replacement of service connections Domestic (ND 15) (OD 20) nos. 209,600 Gauff Ingenieure 7-9 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Investment Measures Unit Qty Non-Domestic (ND 25) nos. 52,400 Replacement of service water meters Domestic (ND 15) nos. 209,600 Non-Domestic (ND 25) nos. 52,400 Provisional sum for network mapping, network investigations and repair/replacement programme Provisional sum for customer database clean-up and awareness campaigns 7.1.2 B – Water Supply Service Improvements 7.1.2.1 Rehabilitation of Morton Jaffray WTW including Source Works Raw water for Morton Jaffray WTW is abstracted from three intake works namely; • The old intake tower (intake No. 1) constructed in 1952 and draws water at five water levels; three being the City of Harare intakes and the other two an irrigation intake and the river outlet pipe respectively. The COH intakes are connected to a common 1100 mm diameter water main which transports raw water to the distribution chamber at the head of the water treatment works. This tower was abandoned because of water quality issues and recently has only been used as an irrigation abstraction point by local farmers. • The new intake tower constructed in 1976 in order to resolve the issue of abstraction levels in the old intake tower and to move the intake to an area that was not affected by windblown weed. This discharges raw water into a mixing chamber via a 3 m x 3 m tunnel before it is fed into the treatment works. • The Lake Manyame 3m x 3m rectangular 15.4 km long tunnel. The tunnel is approximately 45m into the ground at the works and raw water is pumped from a riser shaft. Morton Jaffray Water Treatment Works was constructed in three stages. All three units are conventional surface water treatment plants consisting of the process units illustrated in the schematic below: Chemical Rapid mixing Flocculation Sedimentation dosing Rapid Sand Stabilization Filtration The first module was constructed in a number of phases starting in 1953, with an initial rated capacity of 162,000 3 /d, followed by the second module in 1976 with a rated capacity of 227,000 3 /d. The third module was constructed in 1994 with a rated capacity of 227,000 3 /d. Therefore, the total capacity of the Treatment Works is thus 616,000 3 /d. However, due to operational challenges, it has been reported that, the present combined output under the current mode of operation is limited to only 429,408 3 /day. Gauff Ingenieure 7-10 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 All the intakes and the components of the treatment units were subjected to comprehensive condition and capacity assessment. The details of the assessments are presented in Chapter 4 and Appendix 4.1. The general finding is that facilities are in urgent need of rehabilitation so that they are restored to the nominal design capacity. The identified rehabilitation measures are summarised in the table below. Table 7-3: Rehabilitation Measures at Morton Jaffray WTW Component Description Remarks Rehabilitation of Lake Rehabilitation/Replacement of 4 no. Periscope some of the parts Chivero Intake Lifting Mechanisms, 2 no. Penstock Gates (not cited here) will 3mx3m, and Intake Building be replaced under the China EXIM Bank loan Rehabilitation of Lake Rehabilitation/Replacement of Periscope Lifting Manyame Intake Mechanism, butterfly valves and actuators , desludging pump, Forebay Pumps, Penstock Gates, screens and lifting mechanism, transformer, LV Switchboard,small Power and Lighting, building and security Fence, desludging pumps and hoist, DN 150 in Shaft 5 Raw water transmission and Replacement/Rehabilitation of Raw Water pumping Pumps (Q = 5,400, H = 60 m) and Controls, Raw Water Pump Suction Gate Valves with Actuators (DN 700), Raw Water Pump Delivery Gate Valves with Actuators (DN 700), Non- Return Valves (DN 700), Pressure Gauges, Air Valves, Raw Water Pump 3.3 kV Starter Switchboard, Raw Water Pump 3.3 kV Starter Consoles, Raw Water Pump 3.3 kV Remote Starter Panels, Raw Water Pump 380 V LV Switchboard, Small Power and Lighting, overhead Wire Rope Hoist, 3t, Dewatering Pumps and Ventilation Fan Chemical Preparation and Rehabilitation of all Dosing Unit 1, 2 and Unit 3* units is covered under the China EXIM Bank loan Rehabilitation of Unit 1 Rehabilitation/modification/replacement of Clarifiers Vertical Flow Patterson Candy Clarifiers (nr 04, nr 05 & nr 06), Degremont Pulsator Type Clarifier (nr 07), Small Power and Lighting Rehabilitation and Rehabilitation/Modification/Replacement of Unit Modification of Unit 2 and 3 2 Degremont Type of Clarifiers (nr 09 & nr 10), Clarifiers Unit 3 Degremont Type of Clarifiers (nr 11, nr 12 & nr 13), Small Power and Lighting Gauff Ingenieure 7-11 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Component Description Remarks Rehabilitation of Unit 1 Filters Replacement of Pressure Gauges, Air Valves, Some of the Overhead Electric Wire Rope Hoist, 5t, Air Scour rehabilitation works Blowers, Delivery Gate Valves (DN 150), Safety are covered under Valves, Pressure Gauges, Small Power and the China EXIM Lighting, Backwash Switchboard Bank loan Rehabilitation of Unit 2 and Rehabilitation of Degremont Filters, Overhead Most of the Unit 3 Filters Electric Wire Rope Hoist, rehabilitation works are covered under the China EXIM Bank loan Rehabilitation/Replacement Replacement of Small Power and Lighting, Most of the and Maintenance of HL overhead Wire Rope Hoist, Dewatering Pumps, rehabilitation works Pumps: Unit 1 (Pump Nrs 1 - and Ventilation Fans are covered under 3) the China EXIM Bank loan (CMEC) and the Zim-Fund Phase I project Rehabilitation/Replacement Replacement of Small Power and Lighting, Most of the and Maintenance of HL overhead Wire Rope Hoist, Dewatering Pumps, rehabilitation works Pumps: Unit 2 (Pump Nrs 4 - and Ventilation Fans are covered under 6) the China EXIM Bank loan and the Zim-Fund Phase I project Rehabilitation/Replacement Replacement of Small Power and Lighting, Most of the and Maintenance of HL overhead Wire Rope Hoist, Dewatering Pumps, rehabilitation works Pumps: Unit 3 (Pump Nrs 7 - and Ventilation Fans are covered under 10: 2 Stage) the China EXIM Bank loan Rehabilitation/Replacement Replacement of Small Power and Lighting, Most of the of High Lift (HL) Pumps: Unit overhead Wire Rope Hoist, Dewatering Pumps, rehabilitation works 4 (Pump Nrs 11 - 14: 2 and Ventilation Fans are covered under Stage) the China EXIM Bank loan Clear water valves, All rehabilitation flowmeters and level gauges works are covered under the China EXIM Bank loan Rehabilitation of the Rehabilitation/Replacement of Secondary Washwater Recovery Plant Clarifier, Turbine Pumps (Q = 1,800 m3/h, H = 18 m), Raw Water Pump Delivery Gate Valves (DN 500), Non-Return Valves (DN 500), Pressure Gauges, Raw Water Pump 380 V LV Gauff Ingenieure 7-12 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Component Description Remarks Switchboard, Small Power and Lighting, overhead Wire Rope Hoist, Dewatering Pumps, Alum Dosing System, Farm Irrigation System Replacement/Rehabilitation Rehabilitation of Transformer for HL Pump of Transformers Station 01: 1 MVA, 33/3.3 kV, Transformer for the HL Pump Station 01: 100 kVA, 3.3/.40 kV, Transformer for the HL Pump Station 01: 200 kVA, 3.3/.40 kV, Transformer for the HL Pump Stations 02 & 03: 6.3 MVA, 33/3.3 kV, Transformer for the HL Pump Station 02: 1600 kVA, 3.3/.40 kV, Transformer for the Waste Water Stations: 2 MVA, 33/3.3 kV Miscellaneous Security lights and fence, Standby generators, Rehabilitation of buildings and roads, Replacement of boats, Replacement of vehicles, tractors and plant,Laboratory equipment, SCADA and Radio communication systems 7.1.2.2 Rehabilitation of Prince Edwards WTW Prince Edward Water Treatment Works was constructedin 1972.The design capacity of PE WTP is 90,000 m3/d. The amount of water currently being treated at PE-WTW is 55,000 m3/d during the wet season and 40,000 m3/d in the dry season respectively. The raw water intake amounts during the above periods are around 60,000 m3/d and 45,000 m3/d respectively. The plant was subjected to comprehensive condition and capacity assessment. The details of the assessments are presented in Chapter 4 and Appendix 4.1. The general finding is that facilities are in urgent need of rehabilitation so that they are restored to the nominal design capacity. The identified rehabilitation measures are summarised in the table below. Table 7-4: Rehabilitation Measures at Prince Edward WTW Component Description Remarks Rehabilitation of Dam Intake Replacement/Rehabilitation of Intake Gate Valves (DN 1000), Butterfly Valves and Actuators (DN 1200), Desludging Pumps, DN 50 with lifting mechanism,Screens and liftin mechanism, 75 mm mesh, 1200 mm dia, Transformer, 100 kVA, LV Switchboard, Small Power and Lighting Raw Water Pumps, Fittings Replacement/Rehabilitation of RW Water Pump and MV Switchboards and Controls, Replacement of Non-Return Valves, DN MCCs 500, Pressure Gauges, Air Valves, Raw Water Pump 3.3 kV Starter Feeder Switchboard, Raw Water Pump 3.3 kV Starter Consoles, Raw Water Pump 3.3 kV Remote Starter Panels, Raw Water Pump 380 V LV Switchboard, Small Power and Gauff Ingenieure 7-13 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Component Description Remarks Lighting, overhead Wire Rope Hoist, 7.5t Dewatering Pumps, Ventilation Fan Chemical preparation and Replacement of Alum Mixers, Replacement of Alum dosing plant Dosing Pumps, 0 - 45 l/min, Air Agitation System for Alum, Lime Mixers, 0 - 45 l/min, Lime Dosing Pumps, PAC Plant, Silica Mixers, Silica Dosing Pumps, Chlorinator Unit (Post-chlorination), 20 kg/h, Chlorination Unit (Pre-Chlorination), Small Power and Lighting, Chemical LV Switchboards and MCC Vertical flow clarifiers Replacement/Rehabilitation of BW Water Pump Some works (LxWxD: 18m x 9m x 9m) Controls, Pressure Gauges, Air Valves, Overhead (blowers) Electric Wire Rope Hoist, 3 t, Air Scour Blowers and covered fittings, Q = 3,179 m3/h; Diff Press = 1.0 bar, under Phase Delivery Gate Valves, DN 200, Safety Valves, Small 1 Zim-Fund Power and Lighting, BW Switchboard project High Lift Pumps (Pump Nrs Installation/Rehabilitation of HL Water Pump Some works 1 - 3)* Controls, Pressure Gauges, Air Valves, covered Replacement/Maintenance/Replacement of Small under Phase Power and Lighting, overhead Wire Rope Hoist, 10 1 Zim-Fund t, Dewatering Pumps, Ventilation Fans project Clear water valves, Replacement/Rehabilitation of Valves, Flowmeters flowmeters and level gauges and Level Gauges Sludge pump house Replacement/Rehabilitation of Sludge Pumps (Q = 350 m3/h, H = 40 m), Sludge Pump Suction Gate Valves, DN 300, Sludge Water Pump Delivery Gate Valves, DN 250, Non-Return Valves, DN 250, Pressure Gauges, Sludge Pump 380 V Incomer Switchboard, Sludge Pump 380 V LV Switchboard and MCC, Small Power and Lighting, overhead Wire Rope Hoist, 3 t, Dewatering Pumps, Screen, DN 400, the Main Valve , DN 250 Miscellaneous Rehabilitation/Replacement of transformers, security lights and fence, Existing Generator, 87 kVA, Office and Workshop Buildings Incl. Electrical and Mechanical Works, Compound Roads, Supply and Delivery/Replacement of Boat, operational Vehicles, Tractors and Plant, Laboratory Equipment, SCADA and Radio Communication Systems 7.1.2.3 Rehabilitation of Warren Control Station and Other Booster stations, Warren control station is the main distribution centre for all the water that comes from Morton Jaffray WTW. It costs of a number of pumps pumping water to the various reservoir sites dotted around the city. Given that this is a key installation, it was given special Gauff Ingenieure 7-14 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 attention during the condition assessment. Other booster stations such as Alexandra Park and Letombo were also assessed. The identified rehabilitation measures are summarised in the table below. Table 7-5: Rehabilitation Measures at Booster Stations Component Description Remarks WARREN CONTROL STATION Chemical preparation and Rehabilitation/Replacement of Chlorination Unit , dosing plant 20 kg/h, Ammonia Unit , 5 kg/h, Small Power and Lighting, Lifting Hoist and Adapters, 3t, Chemical LV Switchboards and MCC, Chlorination Chamber Replacement/Rehabilitation All of High Lift Booster Pumps Rehabilitation (Pump Nrs 1 - 14) works covered under the Chinese loan Clear water valves, Replacement of Flowmeters, DN1500, Some flowmeters and level gauges Flowmeters, DN1400, Flowmeters, DN800 (to Rehabilitation Emerald Hill), Flowmeters, DN 975 (to works covered Alexandra Park), Flowmeters, DN 750 (to under the Alexandra Park), Level Gauges on Clear Water China EXIM Reservoir, Mechanical Level Gauge on Clear Bank loan Water Reservoir Miscellaneous Replacement/Rehabilitation of Power Transformers, Security lights and fence, Standby generators, Buildings, Vehicles, plant and equipment, SCADA and radio communication systems ALEXANDER PARK BOOSTER STATION Replacement/Rehabilitation/ Rehabilitation/Replacement of Booster Pumps, Replacement of Booster Q = 1250, H = 55 m, of Booster Pumps, Q = Pumps (Pump House No. 1250, H = 55 m, Booster Pump Controls, 01) Booster Pump Suction Gate Valves, DN 400, Booster Pump Delivery Gate Valves, DN 400, Booster Water Pump NRVs, DN 400, Pressure Gauges, Air Valves, DN 100, Feeder Switchboard, Booster Pump Starter Console, 380 V LV Switchboard, Small Power and Lighting, overhead Wire Rope Hoist, 5t, Dewatering Pumps, Ventilation Fans Gauff Ingenieure 7-15 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Component Description Remarks Rehabilitation/Replacement Rehabilitation/Replacement of Booster Pumps, of Booster Pumps (Pump Q = 1035, H = 95 m, Booster Pump Controls, House No. 02) Booster Pump Suction Butterfly Valves, DN 400, Booster Pump Delivery Gate Valves, DN 400, Booster Water Pump NRVs, DN 400, Pressure Gauges, Air Valves, DN 100, 380 V LV Switchboard, Small Power and Lighting, overhead Wire Rope Hoist, 3t, Gravity Drainage System, Ventilation Fan Rehabilitation/Replacement Rehabilitation/Replacement of Butterfly Valve, of Valves DN 525 (outflow from Pump House 01), NRV, DN 525 (outflow from Pump House 01), Gate Valve, DN 525 (main inflow), Level Gauges on Clear Water Reservoir Installation/Replacement of Installation /Replacement of Inflow Flowmeter, Flowmeters DN 600 (from Warren), Inflow Flowmeter, DN 750 (from Warren), Outflow Flowmeters, DN 450 (to Hatcliff), Outflow Flowmeters, DN 525 (to Crow Hill) Miscellaneous Rehabilitation/Replacement of Transformer : 500 kVA, 11/0.40 kV (Pump House 02), Transformers : 750 kVA, 11/0.40 kV (Pump House 01), security fence and lights, Generator, 60 kVA (for dewatering pumps and security lights), Office and Workshop Buildings Incl. Electrical and Mechanical Works, SCADA and Radio Communication Systems All the other smaller booster stations also need rehabilitation. Generally all electro- mechanical installations will have to be replaced. 7.1.2.4 Rehabilitation of storage Reservoirs The water supply system of the City of Harare (COH) has 27 treated water reservoir sites. The reservoirs are dotted all around the city between 1,460 m and 1,600 m amsl. The main reservoirs in terms of capacity are Letombo, Alexandra Park, Lochinvar, Greendale and Highlands which together have a storage capacity of approximately 553,740 m3. This is about 70% of the total storage capacity of the water supply system. All the reservoirs were assessed. The table below shows the rehabilitation measures at each reservoir site. Gauff Ingenieure 7-16 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Table 7-6: Rehabilitation Measures at Reservoir Sites Reservoir Site Assessment Notes Rehabilitation measures Emerald Hill Security Fence needs to be redone, all air Install security fence, replace air vents are corroded, level gauge is valves, install level gauge, damaged, internal access ladders heavily replace access ladder corroded Arundel Security Fence needs to be redone, all air Install security fence, replace air vents are corroded, internal access vents, replace access ladder, ladders heavily corroded, external access ladder vandalized Episilon Float valve removed, 300mm inlet heavily Replace valve float, replace corroded, 375mm outlet pipes heavily inlet,replace outlet pipes, corroded, access ladder and handrails are replace ladder and handrails, heavily corroded, security fence needs to Install security fence, replace be redone, gate valves are damaged, valves work platform is corroded inside the tank Adylinn Security fence needs to be redone, Replace security fence, replace internal access ladders heavily corroded, access ladder, replace inlet, reservoir not in use, 225mm inlet heavily replace outlet pipes corroded, 375mm outlet pipes heavily corroded Bluff Hill Tank missing security fence,air vents Replace security fence, replace vandalized, internal access ladders access ladder, replace access heavily corroded, access covers covers vandalized Meyrick Park Wire fence heavily vandalized,inlet pipes Replace fence , replace covers are corroded and leaking,access covers covers, replace access ladder, are vandalized,internal access ladders replace access ladder, replace heavily vandalized,external access Float Valve, replace gauge ladders heavily vandalized, 300mm Float Valve is damaged, level gauge is damaged Dzivaresekwa No internal access ladder, no external Install access ladder, install Low access ladder,valve chamber covers access ladder, replace valve stolen,no security fence installed,all air chamber, install security fence, vents are corroded,float valve is replace air vents, replace Float damaged, work platform inside tank is Valve corroded Dzivaresekwa No external access ladder, no security Install external access ladder, High fence installed install security fence Kuwadzana No security fence installed,reservoir not in Install security fence, replace all use,outlet pipes are vandalized, internal outlet pipes, replace all internal access ladders are vandalized,external access, replace all external access ladders vandalized, reservoir access, replace all reservoir Gauff Ingenieure 7-17 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Reservoir Site Assessment Notes Rehabilitation measures access covers have been stolen,air vents access, replace all air vents are corroded Kuwadzana Ext. No security fence installed, internal Install security fence, replace all access ladders are vandalized, external internal access, replace all access ladders vandalized, reservoir external access, replace all access covers are stolen, air vents are reservoir access, replace all air corroded, float valve is damaged vents, replace all float valve Hogerty Hill No security fence Install security fence Mutiny No security fence,internal access ladders Install security fence, replace all are corroded, external access ladders internal access ladders, replace corroded, inlet pipes are heavily corroded, all external access, replace all outlet pipes are heavily corroded, air inlet pipes, replace all outlet vents are heavily corroded, reservoir pipes, replace all air vents, access covers are vandalized replace all reservoir access Viking Wire fence heavily vandalized, inlet pipes replace security wire fence, are corroded and leaking, access covers replace all inlet pipes, replace all are vandalized, internal access ladders access covers, replace all heavily vandalized, external access internal access ladders, replace ladders heavily vandalized, no float valves all external access ladders, installed, level gauge is damaged replace Float Valve, replace level guage Marimba Park No security fence installed, access covers Install security fence, replace are vandalized, internal access ladders access covers, replace internal heavily vandalized, external access access ladders, replace external ladders heavily vandalized, float valves access ladders, replace Float are damaged, no level gauges installed Valve, install level gauge Marimba High Tank leaking heavily, float gauge is Replace Braithwaite tank (Braithwaite) damaged, access ladder from platform to complete with all accessories, tank inlet is damaged, tank internal refurbish tank stand bracings are corroded Kopje Float valves are damaged, inlet pipes are Replace Float Valves, replace corroded and leaking, all air vents are Inlet Pipes Are Corroded, heavily corroded, security fence needs replace all Air Vents, replace rehabilitation security access fence Alexandria Park No security fence installed Install security fence Highlands Security fence heavily vandalized,internal Replace security fence, internal access ladders heavily corroded, reservoir access ladders, access covers, access cover vandalized, all air vents are air vents and install float gauge corroded, no float gauge installed Hatfield No security fence installed,internal Install security fence, replace ladders heavily corroded, one tank leaking internal access ladders, repair on joints, float valves are damaged, all leaking points, replace float Gauff Ingenieure 7-18 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Reservoir Site Assessment Notes Rehabilitation measures external ladder missing, access covers valves, replace external access vandalized, air vents are corroded, float ladder, replace access covers, gauges are damaged replace air vents, replace float gauges Letombo Wire fence heavily vandalized, access Replace Security Fence, replace covers vandalized, no level gauge access covers, replace level installed guages Greendale Security fence vandalized, float valves are Replace Security Fence, replace damaged, external ladder missing, access float valves, replace external covers vandalized/corroded, air vents are access ladder, replace access corroded, float gauges are covers, replace air vents, damaged/missing replace float gauges Kambanji Internal access ladder is corroded, Replace access ladder, replace security wire fence is partly vandalized, Security Wire Fence, replace float valveis damaged, access covers are float valves, replace access vandalized covers Philadelphia Fence is heavily vandalized, float gauge is Replace fence, float gauge, damaged, outlet valves are damaged, outlet valves, access covers, access cover vandalized, air vents are and air vents corroded Donny Brook Wire fence heavily vandalized, internal Replace Security Fence, replace access ladders are corroded, access internal access ladders, replace covers are vandalized, no level gauge access covers, install level installed gauges Ventersburg No security fence, valve chamber covers Install security fence, replace heavily vandalized, flow meter chamber chamber covers, reconstruct heavily vandalized, flow meter housing is meter chamber heavily vandalized Waterfalls Fence is heavily vandalized, float valves Reconstruct security fence, are damaged, no level gauge installed replace covers, install level gauge Hatcliff Fairly new reservoir, no security fence construct security fence, install installed, no float valves installed, no level float valves, install level gauge gauge installed 7.1.3 C – Extension of Water Supply Services 7.1.3.1 Kunzvi Water Supply Scheme The Kunzvi water production facilities will be needed to augment current production in the medium and long term. The facilities have been sized to produce and deliver 150,000 m3 /d of water during the peak month. Hence the average production will be 120,000 m3 /d and total production per year will be 43,800 Ml p.a. according to ZINWA, the 4% risk yield after deducting upstream commitments is 43,200 Ml p.a – which is the same order of magnitude as the planned capacity of the plant. It should also be noted that the plant will be designed Gauff Ingenieure 7-19 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 to take into account the need to accommodate the raw water from the proposed Musami scheme on the Shavanoe River. Kunvi will be built in two phases. Phase I with a capacity of 100,000 m3 /d will be built over a period of three years starting in 2019. Phase II with a capacity of 50,000 m3 /d will be added in 2029. The scheme was extensively studied in 1999 by GKW Consult and BCHOD. Under this study, we have endeavoured to update the parameters used and revisited the sizing of the different components. A new hydraulic model has been built to resize the facilities. The scheme will comprise a dam, an intake tower, raw water transmission mains, a water treatment plant (150,000 m3/day), two treated water pump stations, and a transmission main to deliver treated water to Donny Brook Reservoirs. There will also be need to restructure the water distribution system so that the water from Kunzvi is only restricted to the eastern parts of the city, while the water from Morton Jaffray WTW is restricted to the western and north-western parts. Hence, high level primary transmission and secondary distribution mains needed to effect the resource zoning, have been identified and sized. The full discussion on the hydraulic analysis is presented in Appendix 4.1. The proposed investment measures for the Kunzvi Scheme, including the primary transmission mains is shown in the table below. Table 7-7: Kunzvi Scheme Investment Measures Investment Measure Unit Qty Construction of Dam sum 1 Water Production, Treatment and Transmission Facilities Raw water intake and pump station Sum 1 Raw water transmission main (ND 1200) m 8,050 Water Treatment Plant (150,000 m3/day) ML/day 150 First treated water pump station Sum 1 Treated water transmission main (ND 1200) m 39,432 Second treated water pump station Sum 1 Miscellaneous (access roads, surge relief structures, special pipe Sum 1 surports, power supply etc) Transmission Pipelines downstream of Donny Brook Reservoirs ND 900 from Donny Brook to Greendale pipeline m 9,413 ND 350 from Greendale to Highlands and Crowhill m 6,303 ND 350 from Greendale to Shamva Rd m 12,750 ND 600 from Donnybrook to Vernterberg m 7,100 Warren to Munity and Kuwadzana and Dzivaresekwa ND 300 m 3,116 ND 600 m 4,927 ND 700 m 1,553 Warren to Lonchinvar and Marimba Park DN 350 m 576 DN 400 m 1,176 DN 500 m 5,311 to Adylinn (See map) Gauff Ingenieure 7-20 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Investment Measure Unit Qty DN 300 m 454 DN 450 m 2,148 DN 650 m 1,049 ND 600 Off Warren-Letombo line to Waterfalls (off-take) m 2,715 ND 600 Off Warren-Letombo line to Hatfield (off-take) m 1,481 7.1.3.2 Construction of new storage reservoirs In terms of storage requirements in the distribution network, the design criterion is that there should be at least 1 day storage (of the peak season daily demand). The total reservoir storage in Harare is currently around 820,000 m3. There is enough storage even for the long term horizon. However, there will be need for localised reservoirs for the new development areas such as the northern low density extension areas around Sally Mugabe. We have proposed a new 8,000 m3 reservoir along Shamva Road. 7.1.3.3 Extension of Distribution Network to new areas The water reticulation network will be extended to cover the new development areas. As outlined in Chapter 3, most of the additional population in the medium and long term will settle in Harare South, Whitecliff, Rainham, Mount Hampden, Mount Pleasant Heights, Sally Mugabe and Caledonia.There will also be some infill growth in a few wards that are not saturated yet. The water network requirements in the new development areas have been calculated on the basis of population and the per capita infrastructure requirements. The per capita infrastructure requirements were calculated using the existing network quantities and the population from the 2012 census. The parameters below were used to calculate the infrastructure requirements in extension areas • House hold size (assuming one connection per household): 6 people • Tertiary pipe network lengths per capita – ND 75: 1.2 m/ca. • Tertiary pipe network lengths per capita – ND 100: 0.8 m/ca. The table below shows the investment measures needed to extend the water network to the new development areas. In addition to the above measures which will cover the areas formally supplied with water there will remain in the short term some areas where no formal water supply exists. These areas will need to be provided with kiosks with water supply from the nearest point of supply in the city or by borehole. Table 7-8: Investments for New Development Areas - Harare Investment Measures Unit 2020 2030 Pipes ND 75 PVC m 408,312 1,187,929 ND 110 PVC m 326,649 950,343 ND 160 PVC m 146,992 427,654 Section valves ND 75 Gate nos. 4,083 11,879 ND 100 Gate nos. 3,266 9,503 ND 150 Gate nos. 1,470 4,277 Gauff Ingenieure 7-21 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Investment Measures Unit 2020 2030 Fire hydrants ND 80 nos. 947 2,756 Service connections and water meters ND 15 nos. 68,052 197,988 ND 25 nos. 13,610 39,598 Water Kiosk supplies to peri urban areas Boreholes to supply peri urban areas nos. 40 Water Kiosks nos 20 7.1.4 D – Sewerage Service Improvements The sewerage improvement measures will focus on rehabilitating existing sewage collection transmission, treatment and disposal facilities. An extensive condition assessment was carried out on all the major facilities such as Firle WWTW, Crowborow WTW, Hatcliff WTW, and a number of sewage pump stations. Capacity assessments of the sewerage network were also carried out. The proposed investment measures aimed at improving sewerage services and protecting the Manyame catchment are briefly described below. 7.1.4.1 Rehabilitation of Firle WWTW Firle sewage treatment works comprises a total of 5 individual wastewater treatment streams with a nominal overall design treatment capacity of 144,000m3/d. Units 1 and 2 were commissioned around 1970, and have a nominal design treatment capacity of 18,000 m3/d each. Unit 3 is a modified activated sludge process biological reactor commonly known as a BNR with a 5 stage configuration for biological nutrient removal of nitrogen and phosphorous, and was commissioned in 1982 and has a nominal design treatment capacity of 18,000 m3/d.Unit 4 is also a modified activated sludge process biological reactor with a 3-stage configuration for the biological nutrient removal of nitrogen and phosphorous, instead of the 5-stage concept as unit 3. Unit 5 is a modified activated sludge process biological reactor commissioned in 1996 and has a nominal design treatment capacity of 72,000 m3 /d. Firle WWTW in addition to the above units has 3 No. ponds in series serving all units for additional effluent treatment in order to meet the corresponding standards for land and/or crop irrigation. However, under normal circumstances treated effluent from units 3, 4 and 5 is directly discharged into Mukuvisi River. Firle Sewage Treatment Works has two separate effluent pump stations – the existing Effluent Pump Station (EEPS) with a total of six pumps, all of which are not working and the new Effluent Pump Station with a total of four pumps, two of which are operational. Treated effluent from Unit 1 & 2 is discharge on adjacent farms owned by the City of Harare for further purification. The identified rehabilitation measures at Firle WWTW are summarised in the table below. Gauff Ingenieure 7-22 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Table 7-9: Rehabilitation Measures at Firle WWTW Component Description Remarks Rehabilitation of Inlet Works Replacement of LV Switchboard, Small Power and Lighting, installation of mechanical screen, extension of inlet works Raw sludge pumps (Units 1 to Replacement of Raw Sludge Pumps, Q = 95 m3, 4) H = 20 m, RW Water Pump Controls, Non- Return Valves, DN 100, Pressure Gauges, Air Valves, Raw Water Pump 380 V LV Switchboard, Small Power and Lighting, overhead Wire Rope Hoist, 5t, Dewatering Pumps, Humas Pumps and Fittings, Q = 1620 m3/h, H = 40 m, Irrigation Pumps and Fittings, Q = 40m3 /h, H = 10 m BNR Reactor (Units 3 & 4) Replacement/Rehabilitation of RAS Pump, kW = 11, RAS Pump Delivery Valves, DN 250, RAS Pump Non-Return Valves, DN 250, Ras Pump Pressure Gauges, RAS Pump Air Valves, WAS Pump, kW = 5.5, WAS Pump Delivery Valves, DN 150, WAS Pump Non-Return Valves, DN 150, WAS Pump Pressure Gauges, WAS Pump Air Valves, RAS & Was Pump 380 V LV Switchboard, Small Power and Lighting, overhead Wire Rope Hoist, 3.0t Clarifiers Rehabilitation of Clarifiers Raw Sludge Pumps (Unit 5) Replacement/Rehabilitation of Raw Sludge Pumps, Q = 95 m3/h, H = 20 m, Raw Sludge Water Pump Controls, Non-Return Valves, DN 100, Pressure Gauges, Air Valves, Raw Sludge Pump 380 V LV Switchboard, Small Power and Lighting, overhead Wire Rope Hoist, 5t, Dewatering Pump BNR Reactor (Unit 5) Replacement/Rehabilitation of RAS Pump, kW = 37, RAS Pump Delivery Valves, DN 400, RAS Pump Non-Return Valves, DN 400, Ras Pump Pressure Gauges, RAS Pump Air Valves, WAS Pump, kW = 13.5, WAS Pump Delivery Valves, DN 150, WAS Pump Non-Return Valves, DN 150, WAS Pump Pressure Gauges, WAS Pump Air Valves, RAS & Was Pump 380 V LV Switchboard, Power and Lighting, overhead Wire Rope Hoist, 3.0 t Clarifiers (Unit 5) Rehabilitation of Clarifiers Effluent Pump Station A& B Covered under Gauff Ingenieure 7-23 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Component Description Remarks the Zim-Fund Phase 1 project and China EXIM Bank loan Digesters: Unit 1 to Unit 4 and Rehabilitation/Maintenance/Rehabilitation of Unit 5 Primary Digesters and Secondary Digesters Heat Exchanger A& B Covered under the Zim-Fund Phase 1 project Power Transformers and Covered under Switchgear the China EXIM Bank loan Miscellaneous Security lights and fence, Standby generators, Buildings and roads, Vehicles, plant and equipment, SCADA and radio communication systems 7.1.4.2 Rehabilitation of Crowborough WWTW Crowbrough WWTP comprises of 3 units with a combined treatment capacity of 54,000 m3/d. The estimated dry weather flow is reported to be between 100,000 to 110,000 m3/d, being twice the design capacity. Unit 1 was commissioned in 1959 and Unit 2 some years later. These have a nominal design capacity of 18,000 3 /d each. Unit 3, commissioned in 1984 has Nominal design capacity 18,000 3 /d. Units 1 and 2 have primary settlement with trickling filters. Unit 3 is BNR. The table below summarise the rehabilitation measures identified. Table 7-10: Rehabilitation Measures at Crowborough WWTW Component Description Remarks Inlet Works Replacement/Rehabilitation of the Main Inlet Coarse Screens, 1.2m x 2.0m (approx), Main Intake Fine Screens, 1.2m x 2.0m (approx), Intake Sluice Gates, 1.2m x 2.0m, Grit Tanks, mechanical screen, Air Lift Pumps, Elevators, Flowmeter, Compressors for Air Pumps, Enlargement of Intake Works to 110 ML/D, LV Switchboard, Small Power and Lighting Inlet Works: Mufakose Replacement of Intake Sluice Gates, 1.2m x 1.5m (approx), Main Inlet Coarse Screens, 1.2m x 2.0m (approx), Main Intlet Fine Screens, 1.2m x 2.0m (approx), Flowmeter, LV Switchboard, Air Lift Pumps, Small Power and Lighting, Enlargement and Improvement of Inlet Works, Replacement of Intake Sluice Gates, 1.2m x 1.5m (approx), Inflow DN 900 Concrete Pipes Gauff Ingenieure 7-24 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Component Description Remarks PSTs, Trickling Filters and Rehabilitation of the Primary Sedimentation Humas Tanks (Unit 1 & 2) Tanks, Trickling Filters, Humas Tanks* Raw Sludge Submersible Replacement/Rehabilitation of Raw Sludge Pumps Unit 1 Pumps, Q = 95 m3, H = 20 m, RW Sludge Pump Controls, Rehabilitation/Replacement of Raw Sludge Pump Delivery Gate Valves, DN 250, Non-Return Valves, DN 250, Pressure Gauges, Air Valves, Raw Sludge Pump 380 V LV Switchboard, Small Power and Lighting, overhead Wire Rope Hoist, 3 t Effluent Pumps to Installation/Replacement/Rehabilitation of Effluent Some of the Crowborough Farm Pumps Controls, Replacement of Pressure rehabilitation Gauges, Air Valves, Effluent Pumps 380 V LV works are cover Switchboard, Small Power and Lighting, overhead under the Wire Rope Hoist, 3t, Dewatering Pump Chinese loan Raw Sludge Surface Installation/Rehabilitation/Replacement of RW Some of the Pumps to Ingwe Farm Sludge Pump Controls, Pressure Gauges, Air rehabilitation Valves, 3.3 kV Switchboard, Small Power and works are cover Lighting, overhead Wire Rope Hoist, 3t, under the Dewatering Pump Chinese loan Raw Sludge Surface Installation/Rehabilitation/ Replacement of RW Some of the Pumps Mufakose Sludge Pump Controls, Pressure Gauges, Air rehabilitation Valves, Raw Sludge Pump 380 V LV Switchboard, works are cover Small Power and Lighting, overhead Wire Rope under the Hoist, 3t, Dewatering Pump Chinese loan Effluent Pump ReplacementMaintenance/Replacement of Gate Transmission Pipe and Valve, DN 450, NRV, DN 450, Steel Pipe, DN 600 Valves PSTs and Clarifiers (Unit 3) Covered under the Zim-Fund Phase 1 project Raw Sludge Surface Rehabilitation/Replacement of Raw Sludge Some of the Pumps Unit 3 Pumps, Q = 150 m3, H = 20 m, RW Sludge Pump rehabilitation Controls, Rehabilitation/Replacement of Pressure works are Gauges, Air Valves, Raw Sludge Pump 380 V LV covered under Switchboard, Small Power and Lighting, overhead the Zim-Fund Wire Rope Hoist, 3t, Dewatering Pump Phase 1 project BNR Unit 3 Replacement/Rehabilitation of RAS Pump, kW = 11, RAS Pump Delivery Valves, DN 250, RAS Pump Non-Return Valves, DN 250, Ras Pump Pressure Gauges, RAS Pump Air Valves, WAS Pump, kW = 5.5, WAS Pump Delivery Valves, DN 200, WAS Pump Non-Return Valves, DN Gauff Ingenieure 7-25 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Component Description Remarks 200, WAS Pump Pressure Gauges, WAS Pump Air Valves, RAS & Was Pump 380 V LV Switchboard, BNR LV Switchboard, Small Power and Lighting, overhead Wire Rope Hoist, 3.0 t Digesters Rehabilitation of Primary Digesters and Secondary Digesters Digester Sludge Control Installation/Rehabilitation/Replacement of Mixing Some of the Pumps Pumps Controls, of Injection Pumps Controls, rehabilitation Injection Pumps Delivery Gate Valves, DN 150, works are Injection Pumps Non-Return Valves, DN 150, covered under Injection Pumps Pressure Gauges, Injection the Zim-Fund Pumps Air Valves, Small Power and Lighting, Phase 1 project overhead Wire Rope Hoist, 3t, Dewatering Pumps Heat Exchanger Replacement/Rehabilitation of Heat Effluent Pumps, kW = 11, Heat Effluent Pumps Controls, Effluent Pumps Suction Gate Valves, DN 150, Heat Effluent Pumps Delivery Gate Valves, DN 150, Non-Return Valves, DN 150, Heat Effluent Pumps Pressure Gauges, Heat Effluent Pumps Air Valves, Recirculation Pumps, kW = 2.2, Recirculation Pumps Controls, Recirculation Pumps Suction Gate Valves, DN 150, Recirculation Pumps Delivery Gate Valves, DN 150, Recirculation Pumps Non-Return Valves, DN 150, Recirculation Pumps Pressure Gauges, Recirculation Pumps Air Valves, Heat Effluent and Circulation Pumps 380 V LV Switchboard, Small Power and Lighting, overhead Wire Rope Hoist, 3t, Dewatering Pumps Gas Holders Replacement/Rehabilitation of Gas Holders and Burner Miscellaneous Power Transformers and Switchgear, Security lights and fence, Standby Generators, Office and Workshop Buildings Incl. Electrical and Mechanical Works, Roads, Vehicles, Tractors and Plant, Laboratory Equipment, SCADA and Radio Communication Systems Gauff Ingenieure 7-26 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 7.1.4.3 Rehabilitation of Hatcliff WWTW Rehabilitation measures at Hatcliff WWTW are summarised in the table below Table 7-11: Rehabilitation Measures at Hatcliff WWTW Component Description Remarks Inlet Works Modification and Extension/Rehabilitation of Inlet Civil Works, Replacement/Rehabilitation of the Main Inlet Coarse Screens, Main Inlet Fine Screens, Inlet Sluice Gates, construction/rehabilitation of Grit Tanks, installation/replacement of mechanical screen, Air Lift Pumps, Compressors for Air Pumps, Elevator, Flowmeter, LV Switchboard, Small Power and Lighting, BNR Unit Rehabilitation/Replacement of BNR Unit, RAS Pump, RAS Pump Delivery Valves, DN 200, RAS Pump Non-Return Valves, DN 200, Ras Pump Pressure Gauges, RAS Pump Air Valves, Axial Pumps, Axial Pump Delivery Valves, DN 200, Axial Pump Non-Return Valves, DN 200, Axial Pump Pressure Gauges, Axial Pump Air Valves, RAS & Axial Pump 380 V LV Switchboard, Small Power and Lighting, Clarifiers Unit Rehabilitation of Clarifiers Miscellaneous Transformer, 500 kVA, 11/0.40 kV, Security Lights, Security Fence, Generator, 300 kVA, Office and Workshop Buildings Incl. Electrical and Mechanical Works, Road/Compound, Vehicles, Tractors and Plant, Laboratory Equipment, SCADA and Radio Communication Systems 7.1.4.4 Rehabilitation of Sewage Pump Stations A number of sewage pump stations were inspected. The identified rehabilitation measures are presented in the table below Table 7-12: Rehabilitation Measures at Sewage Pump Stations Component Description Remarks AVONLEA Sewage Pump Rehabilitation of Pump Sump, Replacement of Stations Sewage Pump, No. 2, Replacement of Sewage Pump, No. 3 and No 4, Miscellaneous BUDIRIRO Sewage Pump Rehabilitation of Inlet Works, Rehabilitation of Station Pump Sump, Replacement of Sewage Surface Pumps, Miscellaneous Gauff Ingenieure 7-27 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Component Description Remarks MT PLEASANT NE Rehabilitation of Pump Sump, Replacement of Sewage Pump Station Sewage Surface Pumps, Miscellaneous NEW MARLBOROUGH Rehabilitation of Pump Sump, Replacement of Sewage Pump Station Sewage Submersible Pumps, Miscellaneous BORROWDALE BROOK Rehabilitation of Pump Sump - Pump Station, No. Some of the Sewage Pump Station 01*, Rehabilitation of Pump Sump - Pump rehabilitation Stations Nos. 02 - 04*, Replacement of Sewage works are Pump Station, No. 01, Replacement of Sewage covered under Pump Station, No. 02 – 04, Miscellaneous the China EXIM Bank loan CHISIPITE Sewage Pump Rehabilitation of Pump Sump - Old Pump Station, Station Rehabilitation of Pump Sump - New Pump Station, Replacement of Old Sewage Pump Station, Replacement of New Sewage Pump Station, Miscellaneous 7.1.4.5 Replacement/Upgrading of existing sewer network The sewers are generally in good condition, except for the exposed ferrous sections on stream crossing, which are badly leaking. The pipes in these sections will be replaced. Sewers in older parts of the city such as Mbare, CBD, Kuwadzana, Rugare and Westlea are reported to be in bad condition. These sewers will also be replaced. According to the hydraulic model, some trunk sewers will be upgraded to increase carrying capacity. The details of the modelling are presented in Appendix 4.1. The table below summarises the sewers that will be replaced/upgraded. Table 7-13: Pipe Replacement Measures in the Sewer Network - Harare Replacement/Upgrading of existing sewer network Sewer reticulation pipes in some areas (Mbare, CBD, Kuwadzana, Rugare, Westlea etc) ND 150 PVC m 35,484 ND 250 PVC m 3,255 ND 315 PVC m 3,026 Replacement (complete with pipe bridge) of leaking pipe sections on stream/river crossings ND 250 ST m 75 ND 300 ST m 670 ND 375 ST m 75 ND 450 ST m 300 ND 525 ST m 200 ND 600 ST m 880 ND 675 ST m 250 ND 750 ST m 270 ND 875 ST m 150 ND 1400 ST m 2,390 Gauff Ingenieure 7-28 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Replacement/Upgrading of existing sewer network Trunk sewer upgrades ND 450 PVC m 18,630 ND 525 RC m 13,517 ND 600 RC m 6,359 ND 675 RC m 2,484 ND 750 RC m 2,896 ND 825 RC m 3,688 ND 900 RC m 6,755 ND 1050 RC m 2,905 ND 1200 RC m 197 7.1.5 E – Extension of Sewerage Services 7.1.5.1 Harare South sewerage Investment measures The Harare South sewerage investment measures relate to the sewage collection and treatment for the eastern, south eastern and southern suburbs of Harare. These areas all fall within the Manyame river catchment. Currently these areas have varied sewage provision and include large un-sewered areas into which the city is expanding. Collected sewage is, with the exception of Chitungwiza, treated in many, dispersed small stabilization ponds which are generally functioning poorly. The current situation in this catchment is that the majority of sewage is therefore discharged into the Manyame and its tributaries untreated.The prince Edward Water Treatment works extracts water from the centre of this increasingly polluted catchment. Existing Plan Current plans date back to the 2003 Harare Sewage Master Plan prepared by Safege. This master plan recognized that the major expansions of Harare would be in the southern suburbs, termed in that report the Southern Industrial Area or SIA. That Master Plan expected population growth within the SIA to increase sewage production from zero in 2003 to 85MLD in 2015. The management of this sewage and sewage from eastern suburbs was proposed as follows: 1. Ventersberg, Tafara, Donny Brook, Ruwa and Epworth would all be drained to a new sewage treatment works at Lyndhurst Farm. The plan called for the construction of collector and trunk sewers leading a Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) plant on Lyndhurst Farm. Considerable progress was made on the sewer construction but none on the treatment works before the project was suspended due to lack of funds. 2. The Southern Harare Suburbs, collectively termed the SIA were divided into six sub catchments. The 2003 plan calls for part of the effluent from the SIA area to be pumped to Lyndhurst Farm WWTW whilst 3 new BNR works and two additional sewage pumping stations would serve the balance of the SIA. 3. Not included in the 2003 Harare Master Plan is Chitungwiza. Current plans are for the construction of a new Sewage Treatment Plant at the confluence of the Nyatsime and Manyame rivers an the North West corner of Chitungwiza. Gauff Ingenieure 7-29 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Proposed Combined Plan This project is recommending a proposal to combine all of these areas into a single sewage catchment with all of the effluent to be collected into a major new Harare South Trunk Sewer (HSTS) and treated at a new Harare South Wastewater Treatment Works (HSWWTW). The proposal would include the following sub projects: 1. Completion of the Donny Brook to Lyndhurst Farm trunk sewer and connection of Ventersberg, Donny Brook and Mabvuku /Tafara to this line. This was partly constructed in 2003 but not completed. This sub project is required regardless of whether a combined sewage plan is implemented and will allow for the decommissioning of three sets of waste stabilization ponds in Donny Brook. 2. Connection of the Epworth area to the Donny Brook to Lyndhurst Farm trunk sewer which passes through Epworth. This sub project is required regardless of whether a combined sewage plan is implemented and will allow the Epworth sewer system constructed 20 years ago finally to be commissioned. 3. Construction of two trunk sewers to link the collection system in Ruwa to the Donny Brook to Lyndhurst sewer. This construction will allow the decommissioning of three sewage pumping stations in Ruwu which currently regularly discharge raw sewage into the Ruwa river.This sub project is required regardless of whether a combined sewage plan is implemented. 4. An extension from the end of the existing Donny Brook to Lyndhurst Farm Sewer approximately 28km to a proposed new Sewage Treatment Plant close to the confluence between the Manyame and Mukuvisi Rivers. 5. An extension in the trunk sewer proposed to link Chitungwiza to its new WWTW by approximately 1km such that it ties into the trunk sewer from Lyndhurst Farm to the new WWTW. 6. Construction of a single WWTW at the end of the new Trunk Sewer. The construction of this works would obviate the need for construction of the five new WWTWs currently proposed at Lyndhurst Farm, SIA Zones 2,3 and 4 and Chitungwiza. Ideally these works would be put in place immediately but the HSTS and its associated treatment works represent a very major capital investment at a time when the city has many competing demands for resources. Therefore it is planned that interim measures will be put in place in the short to medium term to keep the existing system functioning and return it to its designed functionality whilst the HSTS scheme will be implemented as a long term investment measure. Interim measures proposed are as follows: 1. Short term minor works to rehabilitate the existing Donny Brook 1 to 4 waste stabilisation ponds 2. Construction of temporary pond system in Ruwa to treat Ruwa Wastewater in the Medium Term 3. Delay any measures to provide waterborne sanitation in Epworth until the long term when the HSTS will be in place. 4. Develop a 125Ha irrigation area for the disposal of wastewater from the Donny Brook Ponds Gauff Ingenieure 7-30 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 5. Only the lowest portion of the Harare South Trunk Sewer will be developed in the Medium Term, from Chitungwiza to the outfall. 6. Initially the new Single Treatment works will be sized for just flows from Chitungwiza and areas downstream and so wil require a small pump station and DN500 force main to the location of the new ponds and irrigation system. The detailed investment measures are presented in the table overleaf Table 7-14: Harare South Sewerage System Investment Measures Investment Measures Unit Medium Term Long Term Decommissioning of Sewage Treatment Works Donny Brook 1 Sum 1 Donny Brook 2 Sum 1 Donny Brook 3 Sum 1 Donny Brook 4 Sum 1 Rehabilitation/ Commissioning of Existing Lyndhurst Farm Sewer New / replacement Pipework ND 450 PVC m 300 ND 600 Concrete m 210 ND 750 Concrete m 90 ND 900 Concrete m 390 ND 1050 Concrete m 340 ND 1200 Concrete m 190 Construction of replacement manholes nos. 15 Rehabilitation of manhole cover and frame nos. 30 New manhole covers only nos. 106 Complete Pipelaying over Pipe Bridges ND 450 ST m 200 ND 525 ST m 200 Trunk Sewer Extensions in Southern Suburbs (Ward 1) New / replacement Pipework ND 400 PVC m 2,300 ND 450 PVC m 2,550 ND 525 Concrete m 1,000 ND 750 Concrete m 860 ND 825 Concrete m 2,450 Construction of New Manhole nos. 114 Harare South Trunk Sewer New / replacement Pipework ND 750 Concrete m 2570 ND 825 Concrete m 640 Gauff Ingenieure 7-31 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Investment Measures Unit Medium Term Long Term ND 900 Concrete m 19,250 ND 1350 Concrete m ND 1500 Concrete m 9000 Construction of replacement manholes nos. 54 471 Harare South Sewage Pump Station and Force Main Sewage Pumping Station Construction kW 250 1500 Sewage Pumping Equipment kW 250 1500 GRP Force Main DN500 m 7000 GRP Force Main DN1000 m 7000 Harare South Wastewater Treatment Works Wastewater Stabiliation Pond System Construction of Wastewater Stabilisation Pond MLD 12 83 System Wastewater Slow Rate (irrigation) disposal system Irrigation Set Up Ha 140 804 Irrigation Pumps and Equipment Ha 140 945 7.1.5.2 Extension of sewer reticulation system in new development areas Waterborne Sanitation The sewer network will be extended to cover the new development areas. As outlined in Chapter 3, most of the additional population in the medium and long term will settle in Harare South, Whitecliff, Rainham, Mount Hampden, Mount Pleasant Heights, Sally Mugabe and Caledonia. There will also be some infill growth in the existing areas. The sewer network requirements in the new development areas have been calculated on the basis of population and the per capita infrastructure requirements. The per capita infrastructure requirements were calculated using the existing network quantities and the population from the recent census. The parameters below were used to calculate the infrastructure requirements in extension areas • House hold size (assuming one connection per household): 6 people • Tertiary sewer collector lengths per capita: 1.2 m/ca. Table 7-15: Sewerage Investment Measures in New development Areas - Harare Investment Measures Unit 2020 2030 pipes ND 100 PVC m 118,063 407,876 ND 160 PVC m 283,352 978,903 Construction of manholes nos. 8,028 27,736 Sewer service connections ND 100 nos. 47,225 163,150 Gauff Ingenieure 7-32 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Unserviced Areas A significant proportion of the population of Harare will remain outside of the areas provided with formal waterborne sanitation, even in the long term. Sewage system investments will take many years to implement and some area will remain outside of the sanitation boundary for the town even in the long term. In these areas support must be given for the proper use of on-site sewage disposal and treatment systems. Support will include: • In areas of high water table where pit latrines and pour flush latrines are not practical, communities will need support to deploy and manage urine separation composting toilets. This type of toilet offers a good solution in these areas but as they require a more significant structure than pits or pour flush toilets they are often unaffordable. In addition users must be trained in their proper use and communities must find a source of ash which has to be added to the composting solids and is not readily available in Harare where people do not cook on wood stoves. • In other areas pour flush toilets are clearly the preference of the householders and are seen to be installed where ever sufficient water is available. These offer a cheap alternative to a full waterborne solution with significant benefits over pit latrines. Pour flush systems should only be encouraged in areas where water supply is piped in. Support to communities wishing to use this type of toilet may include: o Improvements to water supply such that the householders have sufficient water to operate pour flush systems o Training of builders in good practices for construction of pour flush toilets and soakaways. o Provision of subsidised components such as cover slabs and squat pans to improve the affordability of pour flush systems • Only where water supplies are very scarce will pit latrines be favoured by house holders. In future, reliance on pit latrines should therefore be limited to areas where no formal water supply system is in place. Support to communities on pit latrines may include: o Training of builders in good practices for construction of pit latrines. o Provision of subsidised components such as cover slabs, squat pans and ventilation pipes to improve the affordability of quality pit latrine systems o Training of householders in methods of maintaining the toilets and preventing the breeding of insects in the toilets. Gauff Ingenieure 7-33 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 7.2 Chitungwiza Investment measures in Chitungwiza are summarized in the figure below. The maps in Figure 7-6 and Figure 7-7 show the spatial location of the proposed water supply investment measures and sewerage investment measures, respectively. • Replacement of 12.4 km of transmission and distribution pipelines, including associated appurtenant fittings and structures, A - Water Demand • Replacement of 14 Bulk Meters, Management/NRW • Replacement of 56,000 service connections and water meters Reduction Programme • Network Mapping, Network investigations and repair/replacement programme • Customer database cleanup and awareness campaigns B - Water Supply • Rehabilitation of storage reservoirs Service Improvements • Installation of 36 km of new transmission and primary network pipes • Construction of additional reservoir storage at Makoni and construction of a new reservoir in the Nyatsime new development C - Extension of area Water Supply Services • Extension of distribution system in expansion areas (53 km of pipes, 5,800 service connections in the medium term. 239 km, 26,000 service connections in the long term • Provision of Kiosks water supply to peri urban areas in Seke Communal Land • Rehabilitation of Zengeza WWTW- Modified Conventional Works, • Rehabilitation of Zengeza WWTW- BNR System • Rehabilitation of Tilco sewage pump station D - Sewerage Service Improvements • Replacement/Upgrading of 2.1 km of existing sewer reticulation and transmission network • Provide support for on site sanitation in areas outside of the sewerage boundary • Installation of 22 km of new sewer trunk mains E - Extension of • Extension of sewer reticulation system in new development areas Sewerage Services (49 km of sewers, 5,800 service connections in the medium term. 222 km of sewers, 26,000 service connections in the long term) Figure 7-5: Summary of Investment Measures in Harare Gauff Ingenieure 7-34 288000 290000 292000 294000 296000 298000 300000 Figure  Reservoirs 8012000 8012000 Layout of Proposed Water • Rehabilitation of reservoirs • Rehabilitation of booster pump station at reservoirs Investment Measures • Construction of 22 Ml New Concrete Reservoir at Makoni Reservoir Site • Construction of 15 Ml New Concrete Reservoir to supply the proposed Nyatsime Developments ± 600ST J65 0 DI 45 J31 J32 600 Lake Seke ST AC 8010000 8010000 0 7 AC J33 00DI 15 DI J14 300AC 0 J05 1:45,000 450 30 600 J11 AC C ST 300A 0 J15 J04 Datum WGS 84 15 St. Mary's C J94 A Zengeza 1 Harava Lake 300 J30 225 A C J26 J37 22 J19 J02 DI 5 AC C 0 50A J18 45 15 150 AC 1 0 AC 15 60 DI J17 0 AC 0 0 45 DI J03 J 30 J95 0 AC J111 *UHDWHU+DUDUH:DWHUDQG 6DQLWDWLRQ,QYHVWLPHQW3ODQ AC 450AC AC 30 525AC 22 0 0 AC 5 0 15 AC J40 J06 AC 30 30 0 525AC 5 AC 37 Zengeza 5 Zengeza 2 J97 J48 J51 J3 0 DI Treated Water Transmission 8008000 8008000 AC 40 200AC • Upgrading of 12.4 km transmission mains J08 5 37 • Installation of 36 km new transmission mains DI J1 Unit H J67 J36 0 40 Unit B J43 150AC Zengeza 4 Unit E 45 J50 J56 0 J12 T U 22 AC AC 5 J104 AC AC 0D I Seke Reservoir 0 J07 22 00 20 J09 40 30 5A C J2 I 2 0 0D J55 J93 AC 15 300A J91 DI 50 C 0 C Unit A AC AC 375A 400 Zengeza 3 15 0 J58 0 AC J85 AC J80 150AC 30 J99 J90 0 Unit D 15 20 15 VC 0 P 0 200 DI AC 250P AC VC J41 0 J86 225 C 50 Unit F 30 20 A C 0A J98 Unit G 300 UPV DI 0 0 10 AC UP C 0 Unit C 15 V C J61 DI AC J88 8006000 8006000 J013 0 J87 AC Unit J 0 Unit O 50 J39 15 15 5 J52 22 22 0 J106 J81 AC 5 AC J63 I BREAMAR J83 AC 0D 0 50 15 AC J112 8.03 km.sq A C J45 150 AC AC 15 150 J68 J72 0 20 0 0 Unit N 15 20 100AC 0 AC AC Unit K 30 225AC C C J59 PV J70 375A 0 0 J75 J76 J62 UP 20 J53 C J78 225AC J46 V A 375 225AC C J108 J69 J77 Unit P 250 C J44 7 5A C J64 0A J110 3 Unit M PV 15 J74 C 225AC C PV C Unit L Legend 0 PV 30 0 20 DUNOTTAR 6.2 km.sq Model Nodes 8004000 8004000 J105 J109 Model Nodes Water Pipes - Model Distribution Network Existing 300 C CAWDOR UP V • Replacement of valves New Mains UP 0 6.52 km.sq 30 • Replacement of 56,000 service connections and water meters V Upgrades C • Detailed network investigations and replacement programme, including customer database clean-up • Distribution network extension in new development areas, including valves and fire hydrants Roads • Installation of service connections and water meters in expansion areas 45 J107 0 Residential DI Secondary TANTALLON Trunk 8002000 8002000 5.9 km.sq 0D I Dams & Lakes 45 Dams & Lakes Nyatsime Farm RES EDINBURGH 8.09 km.sq NYATSIME RANCH 9.86 km.sq 288000 290000 292000 294000 296000 298000 300000 288000 290000 292000 294000 296000 298000 300000 Figure  Layout of Proposed Sewerage Investment Measures ± 8012000 8012000 Sewer Reticulation Network • Upgrading of 2.1 km of sewers • Reconstruction of broken sewer manholes and replacement of manhole covers • Extension of sewer reticulation system in new development areas 1:45,000 J99 Datum WGS 84 i ver 5A C ! Lake Seke J0-649 37 R 8010000 8010000 ! me AC nya 375 J39 ! Transmission Sewers J0-648 CON C Ma ! 300 AC • Installation of 22 km of new outfall sewers ! 5 J38 22 ! J36 37 J0-643 ! ! 5A ! J27 J76 Harava Lake !J96 30 0A C ! ! 40 J94 150AC!J93 C J28 AC Proposed WWTW 0 AC J95 ! *UHDWHU+DUDUH:DWHUDQG 0 ! 450PVC 30 J91 J0-650 50 ! ! ! 6DQLWDWLRQ,QYHVWPHQW3ODQ AC ! 0 CO J0-654 300PVC C J81 300 ! 5A ! 22 J0-651 NC J0-657 ! ! ! !30 J73 J98 0A ! ! E_1 C J83 J75 C ! 450P 40 ! !3 ! A V C 0A 00 225 30 E_12 C A C 0 ! J74 AC PV ! C 0 J0-659 8008000 8008000 30 AC ! ! E_10 0 C J80 AC 30 ! 150 P VC 400A ! 5 ! 22 J0-655 J67 J58 300PVC E_16 !J71 J72 ! ! J69 J56 ! ! ! AC ! 15 300AC 45 J0-656 J52 225 0 0 PV ! 300AC ! AC AC E_6 !J54 C ! E_11 J70 0 30 !J59 30 0 ! ! !J53 PV C AC 450A E_14 300PVC 15 C J65 450AC E_21 5 ! 0 PV ! 22 ! C AC 250 0 P 45 AC VC 525AC J66 5 J97 22 !! J62 E_18 ! ! AC ! J64 ! J84 67 J45 0 Sewage Pump Station 15 15 ! ! 5 0 AC Legend C AC • Rehabilitation of Tilco Pump Station AC J108 250PV 0 15 J85 ! E_24 8006000 8006000 J63 ! C ! ! A ! 237 E_4 Model Sewer Nodes 20 J0-653 AC AC AC C ! 0 ! J29 PV 0 0 200PV 45 45 0 BREAMAR 0A AC 675A ! 30 15 ! Model Sewer Nodes C AC C J41J48 C 5A C !J109 5 62 8.03 km.sq J011 C 82 0 ! 15 ! 50 A AC Chitu_ModelSewerPipes 300 Chitungwiza WWTW 150AC 3 Q 5AC 250 37 ! 1 ! !J51 150AC E_3 50 Existing AC ! ! P AC AC J31 0 AC 150AC C VC 30 ! ! 0 A New Sewer Main 15 0 J17 ! 300 60 150AC 37 ! 150AC E_17 ! 5 J26 ! AC ! E_19 C J68 Upgrade AC 675A E ! C !J50 5A J57 375AC !J16 ! ! 52 0 ! ! ! J46 60 C !J49 J11 20 E_13 45 0A Wastewater TW 0 ! PV ! J40 Zengeza ! 3 Q C DUNOTTAR Wastewater TW C 6.2 km.sq 600A 8004000 8004000 Roads Residential E_15 ! Secondary 200 P CAWDOR Trunk VC 6.52 km.sq Zengeza WWTW - BNR Plant • Refurbishment of Inlet Structure Rivers ! E_2 • Rehabilitation of Primary Sedimentation Tanks Zengeza WWTW - Modified conventional works • Rehabilitation of Equalization/Balancing Basin Rivers • Refurbishment of Inlet Structure • Rehabilitation of Biological Nutrient Removal Plant Unit • Rehabilitation of Anaerobic Ponds Dams & Lakes • Rehabilitation of Secondary Sedimentation Tanks • Refurbishment of Flow Distribution Chamber • Rehabilitation of Return Activated Sludge Pump Station Dams & Lakes • Rehabilitation of Biological Filters • Rehabilitation of Waste Activated Sludge Pump Station • Refurbishment of the effluent recirculation pump station TANTALLON • Rehabilitation of Infiltration Pit 8002000 8002000 • Refurbishment of the effluent pump stations 5.9 km.sq • Rehabilitation of Mixed Liquor Recycle Pump Station • Refurbishment of Sludge Digesters • Refurbishment of control building EDINBURGH 8.09 km.sq 288000 290000 292000 294000 296000 298000 300000 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 7.2.1 A – Water Demand Management/NRW Reduction Measures Pilot area investigations yielded the following findings: • The AC distribution pipes are reported to be in good condition despite their age; • All of the gate valves are in poor condition. Network leakages occur at these fittings; • The majority of service connections are corroded and incrusted. This is where most of the network leakages occur; • The majority of water meters are non-functional and few functional ones are not measuring water usage accurately; • Significant amount of water is wasted after the meter resulting in unnecessary water use/ wastage. • The billing database is poorly maintained and revenue collection efforts are hampered by this. In light of the above findings, the following measures are recommended: • Since the AC pipes are still in good condition, they should be left in service except for the broken pipes identified by council; • All network appurtenant structures such as valves and fire hydrants should be replaced; • All service connections and water meters should be replaced; • All bulk water meters should be replaced; • Under normal circumstances, line after the service meter and the plumbing system in a property is the responsibility of the property owner or water user. But, if the property is not metered, there is no incentive for the water user to keep their plumbing system in good condition and reduce water wastage. In a water supply scheme where most water users are not metered (or meters are not working) as is the case in Chitungwiza, there are huge water losses at the properties and this is usually part of the NRW since the customers are billed on normal usage estimates. Hence, we recommend that council should, firstly, meter all customers and then implement a water conservation programme that has elements of rehabilitating household plumbing installations and household education and awareness programmes. The finances for such a programme are part of the investment plan. • Support will be required to clean up the billing database and to ensure that all mains water connections are properly recorded. Given the recommendations outlined above, the investment measures needed to rehabilitate the network and reduce physical losses are presented in the table below. The network rehabilitation measures proposed will be implemented under the medium term project. Gauff Ingenieure 7-37 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Table 7-16: Network Rehabilitation Measures - Chitungwiza Investment Measures Unit Qty Rehabilitation/replacement of water distribution network ND 75 PVC m ND 110 PVC m ND 160 PVC m 315 Replacement/Installation of section valves ND 50 Gate nos. 409 ND 75 Gate nos. 1,190 ND 100 Gate nos. 544 ND 150 Gate nos. 88 ND 200 Gate nos. 4 ND 250 Gate nos. 2 ND 300 Butterfly nos. 1 ND 400 Butterfly nos. 1 ND 500 Butterfly nos. 1 Installation of bulk meters ND 150 Woltman type nos. 4 ND 200 Woltman type nos. 3 ND 250 Woltman type nos. 2 ND 300 Woltman type nos. 3 ND 400 Electromagnetic nos. 1 ND 500 Electromagnetic nos. 1 Replacement of service connections and water meters Domestic (ND 15) (OD 20) nos. 44,800 Non-Domestic (ND 25) nos. 11,200 Provisional sum for network mapping, network investigations and Sum 1 repair/replacement programme Provisional sum for customer database clean-up and awareness Sum 1 campaigns 7.2.2 B – Water Supply Service Improvements Chitungwiza relies on water supply from the City of Harare. Hence there are not water production facilities to be considered. Investment measures in Chitungwiza under this category are restricted to the rehabilitation of the Makoni reservoirs and replacement/upgrading transmission and primary distribution pipes as shown in the table below Table 7-17: Transmission Pipe replacements - Chitungwiza Pipe Diameter Unit Qty ND 315 PVC m 1,236 ND 400 DI m 2,978 ND 450 DI m 1,695 ND 500 DI m 2,995 ND 600 DI m 925 ND 700 DI m 2,553 Gauff Ingenieure 7-38 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 7.2.3 C – Extension of Water Supply Services 7.2.3.1 Installation of new transmission and primary mains The new transmission and primary distribution mains are needed mainly to transfer water to the new Nyatsime development areas. The detailed discussion on the capacity analysis and sizing (hydraulic modelling) in presented in Annex 4.2. The table below shows the new transmission and primary mains. In addition to the above measures which will cover the areas formally supplied with water there will remain in the short term some areas such as the Seke Communal Area where no formal water supply exists. These areas will need to be provided with kiosks with water supply from the nearest point of supply in the city or by borehole. Table 7-18: Transmission and Primary Mains - Chitungwiza Investment Measures Unit 2020 Pipes ND 200 PVC (OD 225) m 7,157 ND 250 PVC (OD 280) m 4,742 ND 315 PVC m 11,380 ND 450 DI m 12,633 Section Valves ND 200 Gate nos. 72 ND 250 Gate nos. 47 ND 300 Butterfly nos. 113 ND 400 Butterfly nos. 126 Water Kiosk supplies to peri urban areas Boreholes to supply peri urban areas nos. 20 Water Kiosks nos 10 7.2.3.2 Construction of new storage reservoirs The reservoirs for Chitungwiza are located on the north eastern outskirts of the town north of Makoni Shopping Centre at the end of the network. The reservoir site has four ground reservoirs of equal capacity and an elevated tank. They have a total storage capacity of approximately 46, 000 m3. A small booster pump station houses the pump sets used to transfer water to the elevated tank. Considering the long term demand of around 85,000m3 , it is clear that the existing storage capacity will not be sufficient. Hence we recommend the following investment measures: • Construction of a new 22,000m3 /d concrete reservoir at Makoni Reservoir Site; • Construction of a new 15,000 m3 /d concrete reservoir at highest point on Nyatsime Farm Development. 7.2.3.3 Extension of distribution system in expansion areas The water reticulation network will be extended to cover the new development areas. As outlined in Chapter 3, most of the additional population in the medium and long term will Gauff Ingenieure 7-39 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 settle on Nyatsime Farms. There will also be some infill growth in the following areas; Seke CL. The water network requirements in the new development areas have been calculated on the basis of population and the per capita infrastructure requirements. The per capita infrastructure requirements were calculated using the existing network quantities and the population from the 2012 census. The parameters below were used to calculate the infrastructure requirements in extension areas • House hold size (assuming one connection per household): 6 people; • Tertiary pipe network lengths per capita – ND 75: 1.2 m/ca; • Tertiary pipe network lengths per capita – ND 100: 0.8 m/ca. The table below shows the investment measures needed to extend the water network to the new development areas. Table 7-19: Investment Measures in Expansion Areas Investment Measures Unit 2020 2030 Pipes ND 75 PVC m 29,359 132,575 ND 110 PVC m 23,487 106,060 Section valves ND 75 Gate nos. 294 1,326 ND 100 Gate nos. 235 1,061 ND 150 Gate nos. - - Installation of fire hydrants in expansion areas ND 80 nos. 47 212 Installation of service connections and water meters in expansion areas ND 15 nos. 4,893 22,096 ND 25 nos. 979 4,419 7.2.4 D – Sewerage Service Improvements Sewerage improvement measures in Chitungwiza consist of rehabilitation of Zengeza WWTW, rehabilitation of Tilco Sewage Pump Station and replacement/upgrading of sewers. 7.2.4.1 Rehabilitation Zengeza WWTW Zengeza WWTW consist of two treatment facilities constructed in phases – the Modified Conventional Treatment Works and the Biological Nutrient Removal Works. The modified conventional works consist of inlet works, anaerobic ponds, biological trickling filters and an effluent pumping station. The BNR Plant was constructed with some financial support from Japan in 2000.It has a nominal plant capacity of 20,000 m3/d. It consists of the following process units; • New Inlet Works complete with a grit system discharging grit to the existing Old Works grit removal system. • Primary sedimentation tanks, • Equalisation basin, • BNR Tank comprising; an anaerobic basin, anoxic basin, and an aerobic basin, Gauff Ingenieure 7-40 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 • Final Sedimentation Tanks, • Maturation Ponds, • Sludge Thickeners, • Sludge Digesters. The plant was operated from the day of commissioning up to 2004 and it hasn’t been operated since because it’s in a bad state. The table below summarises the rehabilitation measures for both the modified convectional plant and the BNR. Table 7-20: Rehabilitation Measures at Zengeza WWTW Component Investment measures Remarks Modified Conventional Works Inlet Structure Covered under the Zim-Fund Phase 1 project Anaerobic Ponds Covered under the Zim-Fund Phase 1 project Flow Distribution Chamber Rehabilitation of pitted concrete walls and damaged sections, rehabilitation of distribution weirs Biological Filters Covered under the Zim-Fund Phase 1 project Effluent recirculation pump Replacement of pumps, replacement of control station gear, rehabilitation of pitted concrete walls and damaged sections Effluent pump stations Covered under the Zim-Fund Phase 1 project Biological Nutrient Removal Plant Inlet Structure Replacement of screens, hand penstock gates, intake control valve, flow measurement system, refurbishment of grit removal system, replacement of water tower supply pumps, refurbishment of the above ground shed structure, replace baffles in the grit tanks, weir overflow gates, compressor, air receiver, empty and clean grit chambers Primary Sedimentation Replacement/Rehabilitation of weirs, sludge Tanks collectors, inlet and outlet pipes and fittings, pitted concrete walls and damaged sections, sludge pump Equalisation/Balancing Replace/rehabilitate mixers, and flow meters Gauff Ingenieure 7-41 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Component Investment measures Remarks Basin Biological Nutrient Removal Replacement of mixers, motors and gear box, Plant Unit aerators, motors and gear box, all hand-railing and related steel work Secondary Sedimentation Replacement of weirs, steel bridges, inlet and Tanks outlet pipes and fittings, rehabilitation of pitted concrete walls and damaged sections, replacement of all hand-railing and related steel work, repair sludge collector bridge drives Return Activated Sludge Replacement of pumps and control gear, Pump Station rehabilitation of pitted concrete walls and damaged sections Waste Activated Sludge Replacement of pumps and control gear, Pump Station rehabilitation of pitted concrete walls and damaged sections Infiltration Pit Replacement of pumps and control gear, rehabilitation of pitted concrete walls and damaged sections Mixed Liquor Recycle Replacement of pumps, control gear, Pump Station compressors, Rehabilitation of pitted concrete walls and damaged sections Sludge Digesters Replacement of choked pipes, thickener drives, thickener pumps, mixing pumps, bilge pumps, withdrawal pumps, sludge storage shed roof, pumps and motors Control building Replacement of electrical switchboard, mimic panel, servicing of the main switchboard 7.2.4.2 Replacement/upgrading of sewers Given that Chitungwiza is a relatively recent settlement, the sewer pipes are in generally good condition. However some sewer will require upgrading increase carrying capacity. The table below summarises the estimated investment measures in the sewer reticulation system. Table 7-21: Sewer Replacements - Chitungwiza Investment Measures Unit Qty i Pipes b ND 250 PVC m 1,188 c ND 315 PVC m 954 ii Manholes a rehabilitation of manholes nos. 24 b replacement of missing manhole covers nos. 24 Gauff Ingenieure 7-42 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 7.2.5 E – Extension of Sewerage Services Formally Sewered Areas The sewer network will be extended to cover the new development areas. As outlined in Chapter 3, most of the additional population in the medium and long term will settle in Longlands, Braemar A, Dunnotar, Cawdor, Tantallon and Edinburgh which are loosely referred to as Nyatsime Farms. There will also be some infill growth in the existing areas. The sewer network requirements in the new development areas have been calculated on the basis of population and the per capita infrastructure requirements. The per capita infrastructure requirements were calculated using the existing network quantities and the population from the recent census. The parameters below were used to calculate the infrastructure requirements in extension areas • House hold size (assuming one connection per household): 6 people • Tertiary sewer collector lengths per capita: 1.2 m/ca. Table 7-22: Sewerage Investment Measures in New development Areas - Chitungwiza Investment Measures Unit 2020 2030 pipes ND 100 PVC m 14,495 65,455 ND 160 PVC m 34,788 157,092 Construction of manholes nos. 986 4,451 Installation of sewer service connections ND 100 nos. 5,798 26,182 Unserviced Areas Certain areas of Chitungwiza will remain outside of the areas provided with formal waterborne sanitation, even in the long term. Sewage system investments will take many years to implement and some area will remain outside of the sanitation boundary for the town even in the long term. In these areas support must be given for the proper use of on- site sewage disposal and treatment systems. Support will include: • In areas of high water table where pit latrines and pour flush latrines are not practical, communities will need support to deploy and manage urine separation composting toilets. This type of toilet offers a good solution in these areas but as they require a more significant structure than pits or pour flush toilets they are often unaffordable. In addition users must be trained in their proper use and communities must find a source of ash which has to be added to the composting solids and is not readily available in Harare where people do not cook on wood stoves. • In other areas pour flush toilets are clearly the preference of the householders and are seen to be installed where ever sufficient water is available. These offer a cheap alternative to a full waterborne solution with significant benefits over pit latrines. Pour flush systems should only be encouraged in areas where water supply is piped in. Support to communities wishing to use this type of toilet may include: o Improvements to water supply such that the householders have sufficient water to operate pour flush systems Gauff Ingenieure 7-43 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 o Training of builders in good practices for construction of pour flush toilets and soakaways. o Provision of subsidised components such as cover slabs and squat pans to improve the affordability of pour flush systems • Only where water supplies are very scarce will pit latrines be favoured by house holders. In future, reliance on pit latrines should therefore be limited to areas where no formal water supply system is in place. Support to communities on pit latrines may include: o Training of builders in good practices for construction of pit latrines. o Provision of subsidised components such as cover slabs, squat pans and ventilation pipes to improve the affordability of quality pit latrine systems o Training of householders in methods of maintaining the toilets and preventing the breeding of insects in the toilets. Gauff Ingenieure 7-44 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 7.3 Epworth Investment measures in Epworth are summarized in the figure below. The maps in Figure 7-9 and Figure 7-10 show the spatial location of the proposed water supply investment measures and sewerage investment measures, respectively. • Replacement of 17.7 km of transmission and distribution pipelines, including associated appurtenant fittings and structures, • Installation of 64 Bulk Meters, A - Water Demand • Replacement of 13,600 service connections and water meters Management/NRW • Installation of 13,600 flow limiters (done with service connection Reduction Programme replacement) • Network Mapping, Network investigations and repair/replacement programme • Customer database cleanup and awareness campaigns B - Water Supply • Construction of 21 water kiosks, complete with meters Service Improvements • Construction of Ventersberg - Epworth Booster Pump Station C - Extension of • Construction of 845 m of secondary pipes Water Supply • Extension of distribution system in expansion areas (21 km of Services pipes, 1,800 service connections in the medium term. 153 km, 13,200 service connections in the long term D - Sewerage Service • Sewer reticulation pipes Replacement (3.2 km), Improvements • Sewer reticulation pipes Grit Removal (12.4 km) • Epworth Outfall to Lyndhyrst Farm Line (4.7 Km) • Network expansion into Wards 3 and 4 E - Extension of • Extension of sewer reticulation system in new development areas Sewerage Services (6.8 km of sewers, 11,200 service connections in the medium term. 114 km of sewers, 13,200 service connections in the long term) Figure 7-8: Summary of Investment Measures in Epworth Gauff Ingenieure 7-45 299000.000000 300000.000000 301000.000000 302000.000000 303000.000000 304000.000000 305000.000000 306000.000000 307000.000000 308000.000000 309000.000000 310000.000000 311000.000000 8025000.000000 8025000.000000 Water Demand Management/NRW Reduction Programme Figure 7-9 •Rehabilitation/replacement of treated water transmission network •Rehabilitation/replacement of water distribution network Layout Map of Proposed •NRW Reduction programme Water Supply Investment Measures Epworth ± Water Supply Service Improvements •Water Kiosk Programme 8024000.000000 8024000.000000 Extension of Water Supply Services ! . DN Jun-71 •Ventersberg- Epworth Booster Pump 100 U T 0U T DN 350 0 50 Station DN DN DN 35 35 0 0 0 Jun-63 N 50 D DN 350 19 0 DN 35 Dutam : WGS 84 Zone 36S 0 DN 50 Extension of Water Supply Services 20 Jun-58 • Ventersberg- Epworth Booster Pump Station Scale 1:22,500 8023000.000000 8023000.000000 Jun-57 Jun-56 DN 450 • New Parallel Supply Line from Ventersberg DN Jun-55 • Secondary water distribution network reinforcement DN 35 25 0 • Extension of water reticulation into currently un-serviced areas 0 0 Legend 40 DN Jun-54 T U Water Reservoir DN 400 DN 400 Nodes Muguta DN 350 21 Jun-53 8022000.000000 8022000.000000 ! . Res1 DN Jun-114 400 Jun-52 Jun-51 Jun-48 Jun-47 Investment Ward 7 DN 350 DN Ruwa Main 200 Existing Pipes DN 0 20 Sewerage DN 30 Ponds 0 D DN DN N 200 2030 30 400 Overspill 0 Jun-37 Jun-36 DN Roads 400 Jun-115 8021000.000000 8021000.000000 Jun-32 Residential Roads 22 DN 350 Jun-23 DN DN 250 DN 25 Jun-20 35 DN Jun-18 27 DN 350 0 0 0 DN 20 250 DN 250 23 Trunk/Primary Roads DN 30 Jun-12 Jun-11 DN 0 20 DN 0 35 24 Epworth_Rail_Line 0 Jun-10 DN DN Jun-09 200 20 0 Makomo River DN 30 Rivers/Stream 0 DN DN 200 Jun-05 D 20 Maseko 8020000.000000 8020000.000000 N 300 0 Epworth Ponds Lakes Landuse DN 200 D N 20 Agriculture 0 DN 20 0 0 N3 0 25 Jun-19 Commercial 0 DN 28 Chizungu D Grasslands/Pastures 8019000.000000 8019000.000000 Industrial 0 20 0 30 Institutional DN DN Mining/Quarrying DN 200 30 Jun-06 Park/Playground And Other Recreational Spaces 8018000.000000 8018000.000000 Dombo la Proposed Development/Expansion Areas Mwari Residential Project Boundary Project Boundary Ward Boundary 8017000.000000 8017000.000000 Ward Boundary Expansion Areas New Mexico, Greater Harare Lyndhurst, Water and Sanitation 8016000.000000 8016000.000000 Twentydales Estates, Good h Investment Plan 8015000.000000 8015000.000000 0 0.5 1 2 Kilometers 299000.000000 300000.000000 301000.000000 302000.000000 303000.000000 304000.000000 305000.000000 306000.000000 307000.000000 308000.000000 309000.000000 310000.000000 311000.000000 299000.000000 300000.000000 301000.000000 302000.000000 303000.000000 304000.000000 305000.000000 306000.000000 307000.000000 308000.000000 309000.000000 310000.000000 311000.000000 Figure 7-10 DN 450 Sewerage Service Improvements Layout Map of Proposed •De-silting and commissioning of the Existing Sewage Network Sewerage Investment Measures Epworth 8025000.000000 8025000.000000 ± Accompanying Measures •Technical operations management •Information Communication Technology Infrastructure •Commercial operations management •Management, commercial and technical information systems DN 450 •Professional services - Institutional Support •Professional services - Feasibility, Design and Supervision 8024000.000000 8024000.000000 Jun-66 Dutam : WGS 84 Zone 36S Scale 1:20,000 0 DN 60 45 DN 0 Legend Jun-12 Node 8023000.000000 8023000.000000 Investment 0 75 Existing DN 2020 Jun-13 Muguta 2030 8022000.000000 8022000.000000 Sewer Ponds Sewer Ponds(To be Abandoned) 0 Ruwa Main 90 Ward 7 Sewerage DN Roads Ponds Residential Roads Jun-15 DN 225 Jun-16 Overspill Trunk/Primary Roads 0 90 8021000.000000 8021000.000000 Epworth_Rail_Line N D Jun-298 River Rivers/Stream Lakes DN Makomo 22 Landuse 5 Maseko Agriculture 8020000.000000 8020000.000000 Epworth Ponds DN 900 Jun-291 Commercial Grasslands/Pastures Industrial Jun-14 DN Chizungu Extension of Sewerage Services • Connection of Epworth to the Donny Brook to Lyndhurst Farm Trunk Sewer 3 50 Institutional • Extension of sewerage reticulation into currently un-serviced areas 8019000.000000 8019000.000000 DN Mining/Quarrying 82 5 00 10 DN Jun-292 Park/Playground And Other Recreational Spaces DN 8 Jun-288 25 Proposed Development/Expansion Areas 5 DN 82 DN Residential 4 50 8018000.000000 8018000.000000 00 Project Boundary Dombo la 10 DN Mwari Project Boundary DN 825 Jun-299 Ward Boundary 00 10 DN Ward Boundary. Jun-24 Expansion Areas 8017000.000000 8017000.000000 Jun-26 Greater Harare 00 Water and Sanitation 12 New Mexico, DN Lyndhurst, Investment Plan Twentydales Estates, Good h 8016000.000000 8016000.000000 0 1 20 DN Jun-27 0 0.5 1 2 Kilometers 8015000.000000 8015000.000000 299000.000000 300000.000000 301000.000000 302000.000000 303000.000000 304000.000000 305000.000000 306000.000000 307000.000000 308000.000000 309000.000000 310000.000000 311000.000000 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 7.3.1 A - Water Demand Management/NRW Reduction Programme 7.3.1.1 Rehabilitation of the Distribution Network No detailed investigations were done as condition assessments of the water network in Epworth. Rather data gathered for other towns under previous studies was combined with information from local officials to build up a picture of the state of the networks and the cost estimates from replacement of network piping are therefore based on a simple percentage of the total length of the network in place. Pipes Whilst the Epworth water network is considerably newer than in many areas of Harare it has had perhaps the worst supply of water. Estimates therefore allow for replacement of up to 10% of the existing network pipes. Network Valves Discussions with the operators of the network in Epworth indicate that valves in many areas have not had water and have not been operated for many years. Water supply quantities are too small to allow the operators to practice any form of demand management. Therefore the investment plan allows for full replacement of network valves. The comprehensive valve replacement programme in the short term will not need to be repeated as a long term measure. Bulk Metering There are no operational bulk or block meters in Epworth. Therefore estimates for the metering programme are based on the number of meters required to meter all main pipes that feed the demand areas as well as metering both ends of all primary distribution pipes. Experience shows that meter replacement programmes must be regularly repeated as meters have a limited lifespan. Therefore the cost of meter replacements are repeated at the long term also. The cost of metering new and expanded areas is covered in the estimates made for those expansions. Pressure Reducing Valves Currently the network into Epworth has no pressure reducing valves. An allowance has been made for one valve which may be required initially of Ventersberg is rehabilitated and it remains necessary to moderate network pressures in Epworth to ensure even distribution of supply to all areas supplied by the tanks. Replacement of Service Connections Experience has shown that service connections of galvanised iron as are provided in Epworth are subject to corrosion and heavy loss rates. It is therefore intended to replace all GI connections with HDPE connections prior to or parallel to network rehabilitation. In Epworth it is not intended to greatly expand the quantity of supply available until the long term investment round. Therefore some form of demand management is required for the interim period. Allowance has therefore been made to fit flow limiting devices to the house connections as they are renewed. Service connection replacements should have a 60 year life and will not be repeated in the long term investment measures. Replacement of Service Water Meters Gauff Ingenieure 7-48 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 In Epworth, the limited number of metered properties has had almost no water for nearly a decade. Water meters cannot continue to operate reliably under such conditions. Therefore the investment plan includes a short term intervention to replace all service water meters at the same time as the connections are replaced. The fitting of flow limiting devices should allow for network pressures to be maintained even if supply volumes remain low for some time and this will prevent the need to drain and refill the network with the consequent damage to meters caused by venting air. Commercial Operation Improvement Measures For each town a package of commercial and operational improvement measures shall be implemented. This shall revolve around giving the network managers the tools they need to effectively identify and manage non-revenue water. Table 7-23: Network Rehabilitation Measures - Epworth Item Unit 2020 2030 Water Pipes ND 110 PVC or less m 11,100 Nil ND 160 PVC m 2,800 Nil ND 200 PVC m 2,000 Nil ND 250 PVC m 300 Nil ND 315 PVC m 200 Nil ND 350 DI m 200 Nil ND 400 DI m 800 Nil ND 450 DI m 200 Nil ND 500 DI m 100 Nil Network Valves ND 75 Gate nos. 86 Nil ND 100 Gate nos. 36 Nil ND 150 Gate nos. 18 Nil ND 200 Gate nos. 6 Nil ND 250 Gate nos. 3 Nil ND 300 Gate nos. 2 Nil ND 350 Butterfly nos. 2 Nil ND 400 Butterfly nos. 8 Nil ND 450 Butterfly nos. 1 Nil ND 500 Butterfly nos. 1 Nil Bulk Meters ND 100 Woltman type nos. 35 35 ND 150 Woltman type nos. 20 20 ND 200 Woltman type nos. 4 4 ND 250 Woltman type nos. 2 2 ND 300 Woltman type nos. 1 1 ND 400 Electromagnetic nos. 1 1 ND 500 Electromagnetic nos. 1 1 Replacement of Service Connections Domestic (ND 15) (OD 20) nos. 11,300 Nil Non-Domestic (ND 25) nos. 2,300 Nil Installation of flow limiter (done with service connection nos. 13,000 Nil replacement) nos. Nil 13,000 Removal of flow Limiters Replacement of Service Water Meters Domestic (ND 15) nos. 11,300 18,600 Gauff Ingenieure 7-49 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Item Unit 2020 2030 Non-Domestic (ND 25) nos. 2,300 200 Provisional sum for network mapping, network investigations Sum 1 and repair/replacement programme Provisional sum for customer database clean-up and Sum 1 awareness campaigns 7.3.2 B – Water Supply Service Improvements In Epworth, to improve the services a water kiosk programme will be rolled out as a short term investment measure. This will ensure that people in all areas of Epworth have access to safe potable water in the short term. Table 7-24: Kiosk Programme - Epworth Item Unit 2020 2030 nos. Construction of Water Kiosks Including Valves etc. 21 Nil Pipework Connections to Kiosks DN50 HDPE Pipework m 21,000 Nil DN160 PVC Mains into Areas to be Kios m 9,500 Nil Supplied Metering of Kiosks nos. Non-Domestic (ND 25) 21 Nil 7.3.3 C – Extension of Water Supply Services 7.3.3.1 New Transmission and Storage Facilities In the short term there will be no investment in expanding the transmission and storage facilities in Epworth. Current supply levels are near zero so the short term will focus on the rehabilitation measures described above. Long term significant investments will be required in the Epworth water transmission facilities. This will involve construction of a water booster pump station at the Ventersberg Reservoirs, dedicated to the supply of Epworth and the extensions and augmentations to the distribution network as follows: Characteristic Unit Value Pumps to Epworth Distribution Station Maximum Flow m3/hr 2900 Station Pumping Head m 70 Motors Make and Model 7.5kW 380V Coupling Direct drive Station Elevation m 1560 Discharge Elevation m 1573 Gauff Ingenieure 7-50 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Nominal Static Head m 13m Rising Main Length m 20m Rising Main Nominal Diameter mm 300 Rising main material Steel Table 7-25: Transmission/Primary/Secondary Distribution Investment Measures - Epworth TRANSMISSION/ PRIMARY/ SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION a Ventersberg to Ward 1 975m of DN500 Ductile Increased general flow requirements ‘Overspill’ Area Iron parallel to existing DN500 b From Ward 1 tee to 2500m of DN400 (// to Increased general flow requirements Ward 7 to tee off to existing DN400) ward 2 c Through Ward 2 to 2500m of DN200 (// to Increased general flow requirements Ward 5 existing DN400) d Tee at south of ward 1 2200m of DN350 (// to Increased general flow requirements to tee off to ward 3 and existing DN350 and 4 DN200) e Line from ward 6, 4200m of DN300 (// to Increased general flow requirements south into ward 4 existing DN200) f Through part of Ward 7 785m of DN300 (// to Localised bottleneck in supply existing DN300) capacity after end of DN400 A review of the modelling of the Harare water network has shown that increasing the quantity of storage at Epworth would be inefficient with such large available storage volume at nearby Ventersberg. Therefore there are no plans to install any bulk storage within Epworth but rather to rely on a boosted pumped supply from Ventersberg as described above. 7.3.3.2 Extension of Distribution Network to new areas The predicted population growth in Epworth will require extensions to the distribution system. Some of this work will likely be funded through private developers but in Epworth there are also considerable areas which are already settled and where the council will be responsible for the provision of services. As it is only intended to significantly increase supply volumes with the installation of new distribution capacity in the long term there will be a period during which demand would greatly outstrip supply and therefore new connections made in this period should be provided with flow limiting devices as recommended for existing connections. The estimated no of new connections and associated water network lengths required are as shown below. Gauff Ingenieure 7-51 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Table 7-26: Investment Requirements in new Development Areas - Epworth Item Unit 2020 2030 Extension of Distribution System Pipes ND 75 PVC m 9,600 53,000 ND 110 PVC m 7,680 67,000 ND 160 PVC m 3,840 33,500 Section valves ND 75 Gate nos. 96 530 ND 100 Gate nos. 77 670 ND 150 Gate nos. 38 335 Fire hydrants ND 80 nos. 23 201 Service connections and water meters ND 15 nos. 1,600 11,047 ND 25 nos. 320 2,209 7.3.3.3 New Bulk Water Management Facilities With the introduction of the Epworth pump station at Ventersberg there will be need for remote monitoring and control of the reservoirs. 7.3.4 D – Sewerage Service Improvements 7.3.4.1 Rehabilitation of Sewerage Reticulation System The sewerage system covering most areas that have water supply has never been commissioned. As soon as water supply is restored there are many properties that do have water connections and demand for a sewage system will grow. Discussions with the local board indicate that sewer pipes are likely to be in good condition whilst manholes will require sand removal and in about 50% of cases, reconstruction of the cover slab. Short Term Investment Measures In the short term, the inability to treat any sewage generated in Epworth means that the area must remian on on site sanitation systems. Long Term Investment Measures In the long term improvement to the sewer network in Epworth will commence with the activation of the sewer network that was previously installed but never commissioned. This will involve limited replacements, extensive grit removal and refurbishment of nearly all manholes on this system. Gauff Ingenieure 7-52 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Long term expansion of waterborne sanitation in Epworth will depend on the water supply network first being reinforced such that there is sufficient supply for all households with waterborne sanitation. Only once this occurs can the sewer network be expanded. Table 7-27: Sewerage Reticulation System Investment Measures - Epworth Item Unit 2020 2030 Sewer reticulation pipes Replacement ND 150 PVC m 2,720 ND 200 PVC (OD 225) m 340 ND 250 PVC (OD 280) m 100 ND 315 PVC m 100 Construction of manholes nos. 65 Rehabilitation of Manhole cover and frame nos. 249 New Manhole Covers only nos. - Sewer reticulation pipes Grit Removal ND 150 PVC m 10,880 ND 200 PVC (OD 225) m 1,360 ND 250 PVC (OD 280) m 100 ND 315 PVC m 100 Clearing of silted Manhole nos. 249 7.3.5 E – Extension of Sewerage Services 7.3.5.1 Extension of Sewer Reticulation System to new areas Currently Epworth is not connected to any treatment works. Connection to the Harare South Trunk Sewer will only occur in the long term. Once the HSTS is available the following sewers will be installed to meet the long term requirements for Epworth. Table 7-28: New Sewer Mains - Epworth ID Model Nodes Investment Required Reason for Investment New Mains 1 J23 to J291 New 1450m of DN250uPVC Epworth Sewer connection 2 J291 to J292 1260m of DN350 uPVC Epworth Sewer connection 3 J292 t J299 1020m of DN450 uPVC Epworth Sewer connection With the commissioning of the Epworth outfall sewer there will be a considerable increase in the number of properties connected to sewer. As most areas are already developed the responsibility for extending the tertiary sewer network to connect more customers will likely Gauff Ingenieure 7-53 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 fall onto the Epworth Local Board. The table below outlines works that will be required to connect customers to the sewer network. All of these works are long trem as they cannot commence until HSTS is in place. Initially this consists mainly of connecting customers to the existing network but eventually a significant length of new network will be required. Item Unit 2020 2030 Pipes ND 100 PVC m 85,000 ND 160 PVC m 35,500 Construction of manholes nos. 2,400 Sewer service connections ND 100 nos. 13,257 Gauff Ingenieure 7-54 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 7.4 Norton Investment measures in Norton are summarized in the figure below. The maps in Figure 7- 12 and Figure 7-13 show the spatial location of the proposed water supply investment measures and sewerage investment measures, respectively. • Replacement of 8.2 km of transmission and distribution pipelines, including associated appurtenant fittings and structures, • Replacement of 49 Bulk Meters, A - Water Demand • Replacement of 11,600 service connections and water meters Management/NRW • Installation of flow limiter (done with service connection Reduction Programme replacement) • Network Mapping, Network investigations and repair/replacement programme • Customer database cleanup and awareness campaigns • Provision of 3.8km of DN500 water pipeline from Morton Jaffray to B - Water Supply Norton to improve supply volumes. Modifactions to pumping Service Improvements arrangements at MJ will ensure this supply is consistent. • Rehabilitation of existing water tanks • Expansion of Primary and Secondary Distribution (39 km) C - Extension of • Expansion of Norton Hillside Storage Water Supply • Extension of distribution system in expansion areas (60 km of Services pipes, 5,400 service connections in the medium term. 115 km, 10,400 service connections in the long term • Rehabilitation of Norton WWTW • New Pumps and Force Main to New SR Irrigation System D - Sewerage Service • Establishment of New Slow Rate Irrigation Disposal System Improvements • Rehabilitate Existing Sewage Pump Stations • Replacement/Upgrading of 1.4 km of existing sewer reticulation and transmission network • Construction of New Norton WWTW (anaerobic/ Facultative Ponds) • New Secondary Sewerage Wards 12 and 13 E - Extension of Sewerage Services • New Secondary Sewerage Chegutu Expansion Area • Extension of sewer reticulation system in new development areas (35 km of sewers, 4,200 service connections in the medium term. 67.7 km of sewers, 8,000 service connections in the long term) Figure 7-11: Summary of Investment Measures in Norton Gauff Ingenieure 7-55 246000 248000 250000 252000 254000 256000 258000 260000 Figure 7-12 Layout of Proposed Water Supply Investment Measures NORTON 8026000 8026000 Lake Man yam e . ! ± Datum WGS 84 8024000 8024000 Tankatara J98_5 ! ( 1:50,000 J98_6 ! ( 20 0 Legend U T Water Reservoirs Damofalls J-052 J-070 ! !( 1RGHV 22 ( J98_7 ! 30 0 Twinlakes 5 ( ! ( J-009J-05130 300 ! (! ( 0 20 0 ! (! J-010 Investment ( 450 ( J-089 ! J-088 J98_3 Ngoni ! ( 8022000 8022000 ! ( 30 0 40 Johannesburg 0 J-053 J-068 J-103 Galloway Existing ! ( 0 ! ( J000 20 0 ! 37 5 ( 30 ! ( J-048 J-017J-018 ! ( ! ( J98_4 20 0 Marshlands ! ( ! ( ! ( J-01620 0 2020 0 5 20 30 22 J-061 ! ! ( ( ! ( 0 J-100 J-003 J-102 J-041 J-042 ! J-015 ! ( ! ( 225 ! ( J-074 ! ( ! ( J98_2 ! ! ( ( ( J-040 J-043 ! ( ! (! ( J-021 J-062 2030 5 30 0 ! ( ! ( 22 Maridale ! (! ( Nharira Katanga! J-095 ! ( J-101 ( J-093 ! ( J-028 J-090 200 J-004J-050 ! ( ! ( J-002 . ! res2 60 0 22 J-039 ! ( ! ( ! ( J-027 20 0 5 ! ( 22 5 (22 5 Nor_Streams 0 (J-094 ! !! ( 20 ! ( ! ! ( J-081 J-049 J-071 ( J-054 J-038 0 ! Katanga Phase 1+2 ! ( J-092 15 ( 20 0 J-029 ! ( 25( J-037 2 ! ! ( ! ( ! ! ( J-091 20 0 1 Council Boundary J-057 J-036 J-033 ( ! ( ! ( J-072 225 J98_1 60 0 1500 8020000 8020000 ! ( ! ( Project Boundary J-0011500 15 0 Knowe J_99_1 U! T T U .! ( Lake J99_4 ! ( Norton Industrial ! ( Norton Reservoir ! ( J97_2 5000cu.m Main Residential 250 Type of Sanitation 0 0 16 25 60 0 On Site J97_3 Sewered 8018000 8018000 ! ( J99_2 ! ( Expansion Areas 35 0 J99_3 ! ( Tankatara, Esmeralda, Daisy 25.56 km.sq 2030 31 5 8016000 8016000 J97_1 ! ( Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan 0 45 J97_4 ! ( 0 0.325 0.65 1.3 1.95 2.6 8014000 8014000 Kilometers 246000 248000 250000 252000 254000 256000 258000 260000 244000 246000 248000 250000 252000 254000 256000 258000 260000 Figure 7-13 Layout of Proposed 8026000 Sewerage Investment 8026000 Lake Measures Man NORTON yame ± MH-052 ( ! 31 5 31 5 Ú [ 8024000 8024000 Tankatara 350 MH-029 MH-051 MH-047 ! ( Datum WGS 84 5 ! ( ! ( 22 MH-027 200 ! ( ! ( MH-055 5 1:50,000 22 Tangatara Sewer Treatment Sewer Pump Plants MH-028 Station 315 0 Norton 20 ! ( 3 Q Ú [ 250 Sewer Treatment MH-037 ! ( 1500 225 MH-054 Plants 250 MH-036 ( ! ( ! 300 MH-038 3 Q 225 0 ! ( ( ! 250 0 450 MH-041 25 (MH-050 ! 0 MH-046 20 Damofalls 300 ( ! MH-002 MH-042 MH-053 450 ( ! ! ( MH-026 300 Twinlakes ( ! Legend ( ! MH-006 ( 3 ! 00 MH-034 MH-025 ! ( 30 0 ! ( MH-004 ! ( ( ! 22 Proposed WWTW 5 (MH-005 ! 3 Q 8022000 8022000 Ngoni 250 0 15 315 MH-032 300 ! ( Johannesburg 25 Galloway Ú [ Proposed Sewer PS 5 MH-033 37 0 ( ! 300 MH-039 Investment 300 ! ( MH-049 Marshlands ( ! MH-045 MH-011 ! ( ! ( MH-035 ! ( 300 375 5 MH-012 Nharira 31 MH-024 MH-044 37 Maridale ( ! Ú MH-018 MH-010 ( 5 375 MH-007 ! Existing 300 [ ( ! !!( ! ( ! ( 30 Sewer Pump ( (( ! ! Nharira 0 MH-031 Maridale MH-008 0 0 Station ( ! Sewer Pump 30 30 Katanga (MH-021 ! MH-040 Station ! ( ! ( 2030 225 MH-023 MH-013 Ú [ 300 225 ( ! ( ! MH-015 ! ( 225 ! ( MH-020 30 0 Katanga Phase 1+2 Existing 30 MH-019 0 0 ( ! 5 30 22 ! ( MH-043 MH-022 ! ( MH-030 2020 ( ! 8020000 8020000 2030 3 Q Knowe Norton Industrial 3 Q Wastewater TP ! ( MH-059 Ú [ Existing Sewer Pump Stn 400 0 Nor_Streams 25 0 Lake MH-060 0 ! ( 0 MH-061 35 ! ( Type of Sanitation On Site 31 8018000 8018000 5 Sewered MH-066 MH-058 ( ! Expansion Areas ! ( Tankatara, Esmeralda, Daisy 25 0 25.56 km.sq 2030 MH-057 ( ! 25 0 8016000 8016000 MH-056 ! ( Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan 8014000 8014000 0 0.325 0.65 1.3 1.95 2.6 Kilometers 244000 246000 248000 250000 252000 254000 256000 258000 260000 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 7.4.1 A - Water Demand Management/NRW Reduction Programme 7.4.1.1 Rehabilitation of the Distribution Network No detailed investigations were done as condition assessments of the water network in Norton. Rather data gathered for other towns under previous studies was combined with information from local officials to build up a picture of the state of the networks and the cost estimates from replacement of network piping are therefore based on a simple percentage of the total length of the network in place. Pipes Norton’s water network is reportedly in generally good condition although specific areas of concern were located with the DN300 AC lines in Ward 1 and Ward 9 and the galvanised iron pipe network in parts of Ward 5 which is known to be severely scaled. Estimates have allowed for the replacement of up to 5% of the existing network pipes. Network Valves Discussions with the operators of the network in Norton have indicated that valving in the town should be improved to facilitate proper demand management. A programme of valve replacement is already underway utilising GIZ financing so this investment measure may already be in hand. The comprehensive valve replacement programme in the short term will not need to be repeated as a long term measure. Bulk Metering There are no operational bulk or block meters in Norton. Therefore estimates for the metering programme are based on the number of meters required to meter all main pipes that feed the demand areas as well as metering both ends of all primary distribution pipes. Experience shows that meter replacement programmes must be regularly repeated as meters have a limited lifespan. Therefore the cost of meter replacements is repeated at the long term also. A programme of metering is already underway utilising GIZ financing so this investment measure may already be in hand. The cost of metering new and expanded areas is covered in the estimates made for those expansions. Pressure Reducing Valves With improvement of network pressures in Norton an allowance has been made in the investment plans for the installation of pressure reducing valves. These will most likely be used, at least initially, in the pressure sustaining role in order to maintain pressures in the mains whilst demands exceed supply in the distribution system. Replacement of Service Connections Experience has shown that service connections of galvanised iron as are provided in Ruwa are subject to corrosion and heavy loss rates. It is therefore intended to replace all GI connections with HDPE connections prior to or parallel to network rehabilitation. Given the age of most of the networks in Norton all historical connections are likely in GI and should be replaced. Visual inspection of newly constructed areas show that in most area the service connections have been vandalised by owners in an attempt to get more flow from the system. Gauff Ingenieure 7-58 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 In Norton, despite increases in supply of water to the town, major expansions to the distribution network are not expected until the long term project and therefore flow limiting devices should be fitted to the service connections. Replacement of Service Water Meters As a foundation to an effective non-revenue water programme in Ruwa it is intended to replace all service water meters. Those in service now are generally 10 to 20 years old and at least 50% are known to be faulty. 7.4.1.2 Commercial Operation Improvement Measures For each town a package of commercial and operational improvement measures shall be implemented. This shall revolve around giving the network managers the tools they need to effectively identify and manage non-revenue water. Table 7-29: Network Rehabilitation Measures - Norton Item Unit 2020 2030 Water Pipes ND 110 PVC or less m 5,800 Nil ND 160 PVC m 1,100 Nil ND 200 PVC m 200 Nil ND 250 PVC m 500 Nil ND 315 PVC m 200 Nil ND 400 DI m 100 Nil ND 600 DI m 300 Nil Network Valves ND 75 Gate nos. 100 Nil ND 100 Gate nos. 72 Nil ND 150 Gate nos. 23 Nil ND 200 Gate nos. 50 Nil ND 250 Gate nos. 14 Nil ND 350 Butterfly nos. 2 Nil ND 500 Butterfly nos. 1 Nil ND 600 Butterfly nos. 12 Nil Bulk Meters ND 100 Woltman type nos. 18 18 ND 150 Woltman type nos. 15 15 ND 200 Woltman type nos. 8 8 ND 300 Woltman type nos. 6 6 ND 600 Electromagnetic nos. 2 2 Pressure Reducing Valves and Level Control Valves ND 300 nos. 5 Nil Replacement of Service Connections Domestic (ND 15) (OD 20) nos. 11,500 Nil Non-Domestic (ND 25) nos. 100 Nil Installation of flow limiter (done with service nos. 11,500 Nil connection replacement) Gauff Ingenieure 7-59 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Item Unit 2020 2030 Removal of flow Limiters nos. Nil 11,500 Replacement of Service Water Meters Domestic (ND 15) nos. 11,500 20,547 Non-Domestic (ND 25) nos. 100 1,909 Provisional sum for network mapping, network Sum 1 investigations and repair/replacement programme Provisional sum for customer database clean-up Sum 1 and awareness campaigns 7.4.2 B – Water Supply Service Improvements In Norton, work is required to improve the valving at the tanks if additional supplied of water are to be coming from Morton Jaffray. The selected valve replacement will allow the tanks to operate without manual intervention. GIZ have already installed bulk meters on the existing line from Morton Jaffray. Table 7-30: Rehabilitation Measures at the Tanks - Norton Item Unit 2020 2030 Rehabilitation of Existing Water Tanks ND 300 Gate nos. 6 Nil ND 600 Butterfly nos. 4 Nil Level Control Valve 300 nos. 2 NIl 7.4.3 C – Extension of Water Supply Services 7.4.3.1 New Water Production Facilities Norton will rely on increased production at the Morton Jaffray Water Treatment Plant to meet its short and long term water production requirements. 7.4.3.2 New Transmission and Storage Facilities Short Term Investment Measures In the short term the minimal intervention necessary is to supply sufficient water to the town for its population minimal requirements and to reverse the trend of chronic low pressure in the network. The 8MLD that can be supplied by the existing line cannot sustain Norton so this supply must be expanded. At the same time regardless of available supplies pressures will be very low unless certain minimum interventions are carried out. The following short term measures are therefore proposed. Table 7-31: Transmission Investment Measures - Norton Note Description of Investment Required Reason for Investment Refers Pipeline a Morton Jaffrey to 3800m DN500 DI Increase supply capacity to Norton Norton Tanks. to meet the town’s long term needs b Termination of DN600 2975m of DN400 DI Provide sufficient supply to Wards 6, in Ward 3 to Ward 6 12 and 13 and improve pressures Gauff Ingenieure 7-60 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Note Description of Investment Required Reason for Investment Refers Pipeline throughout. c Line J-98_3 to 98_5 2995m of DN200 uPVC New secondary pipe network for Ward 6 where development has commenced d Main connection 1365m of DN300 uPVC Improve supplies to Wards 12 and between ward 6 and 13 and allow these to be ward 13 disconnected from current connection to ward 10. This will improve pressures in all areas. e Connect existing 453m of DN150 Improve pressures in ward 4 DN225 in Ward 12 to temporarily. Ward 4 will still require Ward 4. Pipeline J98_1 flow limiters until the long term to J99_4 investment measures are in place but will receive improved flow. In the ultimate configuration this line would be valved off. f Norton Tanks to Ward 8000m of DN600 DI New line to provide proper rate of 4 supply to ward 4 and to provide the supply to allow for expansion of the network into the Chegutu expansion area. Water Storage In the short term the existing 10ML of reservoir capacity will have to suffice as demand management methods are still in place. The storage time will drop well below the recommended 24 hours during this period. Long Term Investment Measures The focus of the long term investment measures will be to supply adequate water to meet normal demands at reasonable network pressures in all areas of Norton and to supply the increasing demand of the areas of new development in Wards 2, 4 12, 13 and the Chegutu expansion area (planned expansion of the town into Chegutu District). The following investments will be necessary: Table 7-32: Primary and Secondary Distribution Investment Measures - Norton Note Description of Investment Required Reason for Investment Refers Pipeline PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION a Norton Tanks to 5150m of DN600 DI The new line feeds Wards 13 and 6 Norton Town Center releasing the old line to its design duty of feeding wards 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, Gauff Ingenieure 7-61 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Note Description of Investment Required Reason for Investment Refers Pipeline (Ward 3) 8, 9, 10 and 11. Once this line is in place demand management flow limiters may be removed in all Wards. SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION c Extension of existing 1665m of DN200 uPVC Allows the completion of the DN200 on boundary of expansion of these wards wards 12 and 13 d New Link between 1390m of DN200 Allows for higher flow rates and J98_2 in ward 13 and pressures to ward 12 as it expands J98_1 in Ward 12 to full potential size. e New supply line into 850m of DN350DI With the installation of the DN600 Ward 4 from the new there will be sufficient supply for DN600 in (b) above. ward 4 but the existing pipework in J99_3 to J99_2 ward 4 is insufficient to distribute it. f New line through ward 2600m of DN250uPVC All secondary pipework in Ward 4 is 4 J99_2 to J99_4 currently undersized. g New supply line to the 3925m of DN450DI New development area requires Chegutu expansion main water supply area from Ward 4. J99_2 to J99_4 h New secondary supply 5760m of DN315 Secondary distribution to new line in Chegutu expansion area extension. J97_4 to J97_3 i Extension of the above 2285m of DN250 Secondary distribution to new line, J97_3 to J97_2 expansion area 7.4.3.3 Water Storage As a long term measure it will be necessary to build reservoir volume to get back to the required 24hours of storage. This will require the construction of an additional 26ML of storage at the same reservoir site. 7.4.3.4 Extension of Distribution Network to new areas The predicted population growth in Norton will require extensions to the distribution system. Most of this work will likely be funded through private developers but there are also some Gauff Ingenieure 7-62 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 areas which are already settled and where the council will be responsible for the provision of services. As it is only intended to significantly increase supply volumes in the long term there will be a period during which demand would greatly outstrip supply and therefore new connections made in this period should be provided with flow limiting devices as recommended for existing connections. The estimated no of new connections and associated water network lengths required are as shown below. Table 7-33: Investment Requirements in New Development Areas Item Unit 2020 2030 Extension of Distribution System Pipes ND 75 PVC m 27,000 52,000 ND 110 PVC m 22,000 42,000 ND 160 PVC m 11,000 21,000 Section valves ND 75 Gate nos. 270 520 ND 100 Gate nos. 220 420 ND 150 Gate nos. 110 210 Fire hydrants ND 80 nos. 66 126 Service connections ND 15 nos. 4,503 8,716 ND 25 nos. 901 1,743 Service water meters Domestic (ND 15) nos. 4,503 8,716 Non-Domestic (ND 25) nos. 901 1,743 7.4.3.5 New Bulk Water Management Facilities Improved monitoring and control at the Norton Reservoirs will become essential once supply volumes increase. Control feedback will need to be provided from the reservoirs to Morton Jaffray and at the reservoirs. GIZ have already installed a flow meter with telemetry on the existing DN300 line which whill assist in this exercise. 7.4.4 D – Sewerage Service Improvements 7.4.4.1 Rehabilitation of Sewerage Reticulation System Norton’s sewer system varies in age but is generally considered to be in reasonable condition with no areas reported as causing significant maintenance problems. However general rehabilitation works will be expected on the system including targeted line replacements and manhole rehabilitation and cover programmes. Gauff Ingenieure 7-63 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Table 7-34: Sewerage Reticulation System Investment Measures - Norton Item Unit 2020 2030 Sewer reticulation pipes Replacement ND 150 PVC m 400 ND 200 PVC (OD 225) m - ND 250 PVC (OD 280) m 400 ND 315 PVC m 500 ND 450 PVC m 100 ND 450 Steel on Existing Pipe Bridge m 400 Construction of manholes nos. - Rehabilitation of Manhole cover and frame nos. 23 New Manhole Covers only nos. 200 Sewer reticulation pipes Grit Removal ND 150 PVC m 10,880 ND 200 PVC (OD 225) m 1,360 ND 250 PVC (OD 280) m 100 ND 315 PVC m 100 Clearing of silted Manhole nos. 249 7.4.4.2 Rehabilitation of Sewage Pump Stations There are three existing sewage pumping stations in Norton, two of which requiring some degree of rehabilitation. in the long term pumps and generators will need to be replaced at only two of the stations as the third, Maridale is due for decommissioning. Table 7-35: Rehabilitation of Pump Stations - Norton Item Unit 2020 2030 Tangatara SPS ND 150 Class 9 HDPE m 785 ND 150 Gate nos. 1 Sewage Pumps 36 /hr @20m Head nos. 2 2 Standby Generator No. 1 1 Maridale SPS Sewage Pumps 136 /hr @11m Head No. 2 Standby Generator No. 1 Narira SPS Standby Generator No. 1 1 Gauff Ingenieure 7-64 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 7.4.4.3 Rehabilitation of Wastewater Treatment Plants The rehabilitation of the Norton SPS will require not only repairs to the existing works but the establishment of a new treated effluent pump station, rising main and a new wastewater disposal system through irrigation onto forest trees. The investments required are as follows: In the short term it is proposed that the Norton Old and New Sewage Treatment works be fully rehabilitated as these will remain integral to sewage treatment in Norton in the future. The rehabilitation measures shall include: Old Works • Intake o Replace flow measurement devices o Provide grit drying slabs and skip from screenings • 2 No. Primary sewage clarifiers o Mechanical rehabilitation and o replacement of corroded steelwork • 2No. Biological trickling filters o Remove, clean and replace media o Reconstruct collapsed wall o Renew distributor arms • 2No. Humus tanks o Mechanical rehabilitation and o replacement of corroded steelwork • Holding ponds for treated wastewater awaiting pumping to disposal o Clear vegetation from embankments o Clear vegetation from pond and dredge sediment o Fill low areas of embankment where overflow occurs • Drying beds for clarifier sludge. o Clean the drying beds o Replace sections of collapsed wall o Replace sludge carts In addition to the above, non-treatment components include: • Pumps to the filters: o Replace 1 duty and 1 standby pump o Replace 2No. Sludge Pumps to the drying beds o Service all electrical equipment • New pumps as described below Gauff Ingenieure 7-65 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Norton New Works The Norton New Works consists of a traditional treatment process with the following components: • Intake works o Replace flow measurement devices o Provide grit drying slabs and skip from screenings • 4 No. Primary sewage clarifiers of the ‘Dortmund’ upflow type, without scrapers. 2 of the four are generally finished but not yet commissioned o Complete commissioning of 2 clarifiers • 3No. Biological trickling filters. Only one is commissioned and two are partly constructed. o No works • 6No. Humus tanks. Two are commissioned and four are generally finished but not commissioned. o No Works • Sludge drying beds o Replace sludge carts • Digester o Construct a sludge digester for the sludge produced by the new and old works • New treated effluent pump station and force main o Install new treated effluent pumps and force main discharging at the proposed new irrigation site with characteristics as follows: Characteristic Unit Value Pumps to Irrigation Disposal Site at MH066 nos. 3 (2 Duty/ 1 Standby) No. of Pumps Duty Flow (Station) m3 /hr 325 Station Elevation m 1352 Discharge Elevation m 1392 Nominal Static Head m 40 Rising Main Length m 11,200 Rising Main Nominal Diameter mm 315 Rising main material HDPE PN10 Wastewater Disposal Area Norton has an existing irrigation scheme on Greenacres farm. This is capable of manging the effluent produced by the two existing works. However the farm is not controlled by the Gauff Ingenieure 7-66 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 municipality and the force main, owned by the farm, is in poor condition. The most economical solution would be to rehabilitate this existing system to support the existing WWTWS but because of the lack of control and reliability of this system it is proposed to provide Norton with a new wastewater disposal area. Whilst the investment plan has been prepared on the basis that a new disposal area will be required this decision should be revisited at feasibility study stage. The proposed new disposal area should be outside of the Manyame catchment where there is land available and a promising area has been located at the location of MH 66 on the mapping. This area is within the Chegutu expansion area but outside of the Town’s proposed Sewerage Boundary. At this location it is proposed that Norton shall establish 170Ha of forest plantation onto which its wastewater can be irrigated. The entire 170Ha shall be established as a short term measure as the effluent from the existing WWTW can be disposed of on 170Ha without the need for any storage pond to allow for lower application rates during the rainy season. In the long term the proposed new pond system in Norton will also discharge to this irrigation area but no additional land will be required as the ponds will provide significant rainy season storage. The works are summarised as follows. Note that in the long term certain minor rehabilitation measures will also be required to renew mechanical equipment at the works and its associated pump stations. Table 7-36: Rehabilitation of WWTW - Norton Item Unit 2020 2030 Rehabilitation of Norton WWTW Rehabilitation of old Works ML 3.6 Rehabilitation and Expansion of New ML 4 Works 2 New Pumps and Force Main to New SR Irrigation 1 System Sewage Pumps 322m3/hr @80m Head No. 2 ND 315 Class 9 HDPE m 11,200 ND 300 Gate nos. 1 Establishment of New Slow Rate Irrigation Disposal System Wastewater Slow Rate (irrigation) disposal system Irrigation Set Up Ha 170 Gauff Ingenieure 7-67 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 7.4.5 E – Extension of Sewerage Services 7.4.5.1 Extension of Sewer Reticulation System to new areas For Norton, it is not planned that any expansion to the existing sewerage reticulation system will be carried out in the short term. Therefore there are no proposed short term measures to expand the main sewage transmission. Long Term Investment Measures In the long term Norton’s water shortages should be resolved and it is intended to remove flow limiting devices as significantly increased supply volumes become available with the construction of the two new DN600 supply lines into Norton as described above. At this stage it will be necessary to greatly expand the sewerage systems in Wards 6, 12 and in the new Chegutu Expansion area. The following lines are proposed. Table 7-37: Sewer Mains Investments - Norton ID Model Nodes Investment Required Reason for Investment EXISTING MAINS UPGRADES/ AUGMENTATION 1 MH03 to MH04 390m of DN450 Steel Original pipe was replaced with new on Existing Pipe Bridge AC. The new line is starting to show signs of similar failure (longitudinal cracking). It will need to be replaced and steel is preferred. NEW MAINS 1 MH49-MH50-MH51 1650m of DN230 Western expansion of sewerage boundary in ward 6 2 MH51-MH52-MH48 1440m of DN315 Western expansion of sewerage (new Ward 6 WWTW) boundary in ward 6 3 MH053-MH54-MH55- 2420m of DN200 Western expansion of sewerage MH47 boundary in ward 6 4 MH24-MH45-MH46- 2700m of DN315 Western expansion of sewerage MH47 boundary in ward 6 5 MH47-MH48 (new 525m of DN350 Western expansion of sewerage Ward 6 WWTW) boundary in ward 6, 12 and 13 6 MH59-MH61-MH60 1810m of DN200 Chegutu District Expansion Area 7 MH56-MH45-MH57- 2709m of DN200 Chegutu District Expansion Area MH58 8 MH58-MH60 1200 of DN315 Chegutu District Expansion Area 9 MH60-MH62 (new 1200 of DN315 Chegutu District Expansion Area facultative ponds) outfall line to treatment works Gauff Ingenieure 7-68 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Considerable growth is expected in the short and long term in the number of properties connected to the sewer system and in the areas covered by Sewerage. In the short term the expansion of sewerage will be limited to areas where there is already connection to the existing Sewage Treatment Plant. Long term as the new sewage treatment capabilities are added the town will expand its sewerage boundary and numbers of new connections will increase significantly. Table 7-38: Sewerage Investment requirements in new development Areas - Norton Item Unit 2020 2030 Pipes ND 100 PVC m 10,300 19,900 ND 160 PVC m 24,700 47,800 Construction of manholes nos. 700 1,354 Sewer service connections ND 100 nos. 4,200 8,000 7.4.5.2 New sewage pump stations No new sewage pump stations are to be added in the sewerage network of Norton. Effluent pumping from the treatment works is covered below. 7.4.5.3 New sewage treatment facilities Ward 6 WWTW As a long term measure it is proposed to construct an anaerobic pond at Ward 6 for the purpose of primary treatment of wastewater arising from Wards 12, 13 and 6. Peak and average inflow to this works are predicted at 9.5 and 3.8MLD respectively. The works to be constructed will consist: • Inlet works with coarse and fine screens and grit screening as well as screening disposal • Anaerobic pond with 2 streams in parallel of 3 days retention time. Each pond should therefore have volume around 6,000m3 . • Pump station and force main with characteristics described below: Characteristic Unit Value Pumps to Facultative Ponds No. of Pumps No. 3 (2 Duty/ 1 Standby) Duty Flow (Station) m3 /hr 400 Station Elevation m 1350 Discharge Elevation m 1368 Nominal Static Head m 18 Rising Main Length m 6600 Rising Main Nominal Diameter mm 315 Gauff Ingenieure 7-69 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Rising main material HDPE PN10 Facultative Ponds near Chegutu Expansion Area At the same time as the anaerobic ponds it is proposed to construct a facultative pond system at a location where the Chegutu Expansion area can gravitate to the ponds. This location is between the Chegutu Expansion and Ward 12. The ponds shall provide treatment for wastewater from the Chegutu Expansion area and secondary treatment for the wastewater from the Ward 6 Anaerobic Ponds. The works to be constructed will consist: • Inlet works with coarse and fine screens and grit screening as well as screening disposal • Anaerobic pond with 2 streams in parallel of 3 days retention time. Each pond should therefore have volume around 5,000m3 as anaerobic treatment is only required for wastewater from the Chegutu Expansion Area. • Facultative pond for all wastewater (approximately 9MLD). The pond will require retention time of 20 days and approximate volume 180,000m3 . Typical dimensions would be 600 x 300m which could be subdivided into two parallel streams. • Pump station and force main with characteristics described below: Characteristic Unit Value Pumps to Facultative Ponds No. of Pumps No. 3 (2 Duty/ 1 Standby) Duty Flow (Station) m3 /hr 435 (designed for average WWF) Station Elevation m 1368 Discharge Elevation m 1392 Nominal Static Head m 24 Rising Main Length m 6300 Rising Main Nominal Diameter mm 315 Rising main material HDPE PN10 Gauff Ingenieure 7-70 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 7.5 Ruwa Investment measures in Ruwa are summarized in the figure below. The maps in Figure 7- 15 and Figure 7-16 show the spatial location of the proposed water supply investment measures and sewerage investment measures, respectively. • Replacement of 13.9 km of transmission and distribution pipelines, including associated appurtenant fittings and structures, • Replacement of 24 Bulk Meters, A - Water Demand • Replacement of 2,100 service connections and 12,500 water Management/NRW meters Reduction Programme • Network Mapping, Network investigations and repair/replacement programme • Customer database cleanup and awareness campaigns B - Water Supply • Rehabilitation of Existing WTW Service Improvements • 10ML Expansion of FC Reactor WTW • Construction of Ruwa WTW Booster Pump Station and Mutare Road Water Booster Pump Station C - Extension of • Expansion of Primary and Secondary Distribution (24.5 km) Water Supply • Replacement of Mutare Road Elevated Services • Ruwa WTW Clear Water Tanks Expansion • Extension of distribution system in expansion areas (129 km of pipes, 11,300 service connections in the medium term. 142 km, 12,300 service connections in the long term • Decommissioning of Sewage Treatment Works • Decommissioning of Sewage Pump Stations (Retain Screening D - Sewerage Service Facilities) Improvements • Replacement/Upgrading of 8 km of existing sewer reticulation and transmission network • Ruwa Northern Expansion • Ruwa Southern and Ward 4 Expansion • Ruwa Eastern Expansion E - Extension of • Ruwa Outfall to Lyndhurst Farm / HSTS Sewerage Services • Extension of sewer reticulation system in new development areas (86 km of sewers, 10,100 service connections in the medium term. 92 km of sewers, 10,900 service connections in the long term) Figure 7-14: Summary of Investment Measures in Ruwa Gauff Ingenieure 7-71 308000.000000 310000.000000 312000.000000 314000.000000 316000.000000 318000.000000 320000.000000 322000.000000 Water Demand Management/NRW Reduction Programme Figure 7-15 •Rehabilitation/replacement of treated water transmission network Layout Map of Proposed Water Supply DN •Rehabilitation/replacement of water distribution network 525 •NRW Reduction programme Investment Measures Ruwa Jun-112 8026000.000000 8026000.000000 ( ! ± Extension of Water Supply Services •Expansion of Ruwa Water Treatment Plant •Connection between Donny Brook and Ruwa WTP Tanks •Secondary water distribution network reinforcement DN •Construction of new storage tanks at Ruwa WTP and Mutare Road 52 5 500 DN 500 Water Supply Service Improvements DN 10 ! ( DN 250 DN 500 • Rehabilitation of Ruwa Water Treatment Plant Jun-109 9 DN 250 ( ! DN 225 ( ! ( ! 11 ! . DN 250 DN 225 DN 200 Jun-105 (Jun-106 DN 225 ! ( ! DN 500 ! ( Jun-107 Jun-108 1000 ! ! . ( Jun-104 DN DN Jun-103 DN 250 Jun-102 DN ! " Datum : WGS 84 Zone 36S 52 Jun-100 ! ( ( M DN 250 5 Jun-98 Jun-97 ( ! 5 16 ( ! DN 200 ( ! 31 6 30 0 (! ! ( ( ! Jun-93 ! ( Jun-99 ! ( ( ! DN ( Jun-96 Jun-95 ( ! ( ! Scale 1:16,200 DN 200 Jun-101 ! DN 200 DN Jun-94 Jun-89 Jun-90 Tara 225 ( ! 5 DN 22 ( !( !Jun-91 DN 250 ( Jun-92 ! Jun-88 ! ( DN 225 Township Jun-86 Jun-85 Jun-84 DN 200 ( ! ! ( ! ( ( ! 300 Jun-87 0 Jun-82 DN N 25! (( ! Legend Jun-81 Sebastopol Jun-80 D Jun-83 (( DN 200 Jun-79 !! ! ( DN DN 400 DN 315 ( Jun-78 ! Water Infrastracture 22 8024000.000000 8024000.000000 Jun-77 Lot 1 Of 5 ! ( DN Jun-75 (!( 0 Inverangus DN 250 25 ! U T 20 Jun-76 DN Reservoir 0 0 20 Jun-70 Jun-73 !Jun-72 ( DN ( ! 0 ( ! ( Jun-74 ! DN 2 25 Jun-69 Lot 1 Of 25 ( ! DN " M Treatment_Plants Zimre Jun-68 Inverangus 0 ! ( DN 40 DN Park Hunters 5 DN 250 Jun-66 22 35 DN 315 0 Jun-64 ! ( DN 250 Rest ! ( ! H Boster Pump Station DN ( Jun-67 0! DN 250 25 DN Jun-62 0 25 ! ( DN ! . res1 Jun-65 ! ( Industrial Jun-59 D 7 5 ( N 22 ! 22 5 Cheringoma ( ! Rem Ext. ( ! Node DN Jun-60 Chipukutu Of Chito Of ( ! Sebastopol Investment 250 DN Zimre 35 DN 25 0 DN 0 Park Riverside DN 400 Existing Pipes DN 315 Zimre DN 250 Park Jun-113 2030 ( ! DN DN Jun-61 Roads 350 2 50 ! ( DN 315 Jun-49 8022000.000000 8022000.000000 ( ! Trunk/Primary Roads Caledonia, Lot 2 A Of Industial Sebastolpol, Inverneil DN 350 Jun-47 Jun-50 ! ( Romany, Clovadeal Residential ! H DN 400 ( ! Fresnes Windsor DN Tawona York Green Sykes 200 Rail Line Park Jun-46 Protection DN 200 ! ( Windsor Area Rail Line Jun-44 DN 250 Park D ( ! Jun-42 Glamis N ( ! Jun-43 25 ( Jun-39 DN 400 U T Jun-38 ! River/Lake ! ( 0 DN 200 (! ! . DN Jun-34 DN 200 250 Fairview ! ( DN 250 Glamis River / Stream ! ( Jun-31 Jun-33 Tank T U Jun-45 ! ( Jun-24 Jun-22 ! Jun-21 ! . ! . Lot A Jun-30( ! ( ! ! ( ! ( ( ! ! ((! ! ( Jun-29 DN 250 Windsor DN ( ( ! Jun-35 Jun-27 Lakes 25 ! ( Of Oakes 12 ! ( 0 8 Park DN Jun-13! ( DN 200 ( ! ! ( 25 0 13 Jun-14 Landuse 0 ! ( 50 Ednora DN Jun-07 Agriculture 17 ! ( ! (! ( Jun-08 Runyararo 0 Lot 1 Of 25 Upfront Commercial DN Cranbrook Jun-02 8020000.000000 8020000.000000 ( ! ! (15 DN 25 Mash Grasslands/Pastures 0 Holdings Jun-04 ! ( Sebassa Jun-03 Industrial ( ! DN 25 0 0 Institutional 40 Stand DN DN 0 20 Boulders 856 5 ! ( Estates Mining/Quarrying 18 Hofmoor ! ( Park/Playground And Other Recreational Spaces 0 Eatate 25 DN H Of Proposed Development/Expansion Areas Galway 0 20 Boulder DN 4 Residential 0 ! ( 40 DN Egondini, Project Boundary Mapumula Project Boundary 0 25 DN 25 PT Of DN 0 Ward Boundary 8018000.000000 ( 14 ! 8018000.000000 ! ( Keymer Jun-01 Farm Ward Boundary 5 31 Expansion Areas DN 3 DN 250 ! ( Catchment 1 ( ! DN 250 2 ! ( Green Sykes Dam catchment Dagbreek Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan 8016000.000000 8016000.000000 0 0.5 1 2 Kilometers 308000.000000 310000.000000 312000.000000 314000.000000 316000.000000 318000.000000 320000.000000 322000.000000 308000 .000000 309000 .000000 310000 .000000 311000.000000 312000 .000000 313000 .000000 314000 .000000 315000 .000000 316000 .000000 317000 .000000 318000 .000000 319000 .000000 8026000.000000 8026000.000000 Jun-18 Figure 7-16 Sewerage Service Improvements •Rehabilitation of existing sewers and manholes Layout Map Of Proposed Sewerage Investment Measures DN •Decommissioning Adleigh ponds 525 •Decommissioning 3 existing sewage pump stations Ruwa Jun-23 Sewerage Service Improvements ± •Rehabilitation of existing sewers and manholes •Decommissioning Adleigh ponds 8025000.000000 0 8025000.000000 DN 45 •Decommissioning 3 existing sewage pump stations 5 DN 52 5 Jun-17 DN 52 Sewerage Service Improvements •Rehabilitation of existing sewers and manholes 225 DN •Decommissioning Adleigh ponds Jun-118 Jun-47 Jun-45 Tara •Decommissioning 3 existing sewage pump stations Township 225 Jun-61 DN 0 60 DN 5 Jun-67 Jun-51 Sebastopol DN 22 Lot 1 Of Datum : WGS 84 Zone 36S Scale 1:17,500 DN Inverangus DN 8024000.000000 8024000.000000 30 Jun-46 22 0 Jun-119 5 Jun-78 DN 225 Jun-304 Jun-70 0 Jun-66 Jun-62 20 5 Jun-72 22 Lot 1 Of DN Jun-68 DN DN 20 0 Jun-48 Inverangus 0 Zimre Jun-60 Jun-71 DN 30 Hunters DN 225 600 Jun-69 Park Jun-49 Rest Legend DN 200 2 25 DN 22 DN D N DN 22 0 Jun-74 30 5 5 DN Jun-117 DN 525 DN Jun-50 Industrial Ú [ Sewer Pump Station (To Be Abandoned) 45 0 0 Jun-64 30 Jun-12 Cheringoma DN Node DN Jun-303 22 8023000.000000 8023000.000000 DN 22 5 DN 5 Rem Ext. Of N Investment D 22 Chipukutu Chito Of 25 2 5 Zimre DN 22 5 Jun-63 Jun-116 Sebastopol Existing Pipes Park 450 0 75 Riverside 0 20 DN Jun-73 DN Jun-53 2020 DN 0 DN 25 DN Zimre Jun-120 22 5 2030 52 5 Park Jun-54 5 DN DN DN 22 22 Jun-77 Jun-13 5 DN 22 Jun-83 5 Sewer Ponds (To Be Abandoned) Jun-86 0 Jun-81 DN 225 35 Jun-59 Landuse DN DN 450 Jun-65 750 DN DN 22 5 8022000.000000 8022000.000000 Jun-57 0 DN Jun-82 DN 45 Jun-84 20 Agriculture 0 Caledonia, Lot 2 A Of Jun-79 Industial Jun-80 Sebastolpol, Inverneil DN 52 5 Romany, Clovadeal Commercial D N 525 DN 20 DN 225 0 DN 20 Ruwa Main Fresnes York 0 Sewerage Windsor Tawona Grasslands/Pastures Ponds Park DN DN Jun-305 225 525 Industrial Windsor DN 20 Jun-110 DN 225 Jun-16 Park Glamis 0 Jun-58 DN 525 Jun-85 Fairview Ú [ Institutional 5 DN 22 DN Jun-114 35 0 Jun-112 Jun-306 Mining/Quarrying 8021000.000000 8021000.000000 Jun-113 DN Jun-111 22 5 Lot A Of Park/Playground And Other Recreational Spaces 0 DN 75 Windsor DN 35 Oakes 5 0 22 0 Park 20 Proposed Development/Expansion Areas DN DN Ednora Residential Jun-99 DN 2 25 DN Roads 350 Jun-115 Jun-93 Runyararo Jun-98 Jun-97 Lot 1 Of Trunk/Primary Roads 350 Upfront Jun-94 Cranbrook 0 DN DN 20 DN Jun-89 225 0 Jun-90 DN 350 Jun-96 DN 25 DN Jun-87 Residential 8020000.000000 8020000.000000 75 0 350 Jun-102 Mash Ú [ Jun-95 D N Holdings Sebassa Rail Line Jun-103 5 31 DN Rail Line DN 25 0 Jun-109 River/Lake Jun-88 Jun-108 Jun-107 Stand River / Stream Boulders 856 Estates Lakes 5 31 5 22 DN DN Project Boundary Hofmoor DN 750 Jun-33 Jun-106 Jun-29 8019000.000000 8019000.000000 Eatate Project Boundary Ú [ 0 25 H Of 0 Ward Boundary DN 25 DN Jun-34 Galway Jun-28 DN 25 0 Ward Boundary Boulder 0 Jun-302 DN 40 Jun-35 Jun-288 Jun-30 Expansion Areas DN 825 Egondini, DN 40 Jun-40 Mapumula 0 DN 250 Jun-39 200 DN 400 DN 400 PT Of DN Keymer 0 Jun-36 8018000.000000 8018000.000000 0 25 DN 25 Farm DN DN 25 0 Greater Harare Jun-37 Water and Sanitation DN Jun-43 Jun-38 40 0 Jun-32 Investment Plan DN Jun-301 250 DN 250 Jun-31 Jun-44 200 DN Dagbreek DN 20 0 8017000.000000 8017000.000000 Jun-300 0 0.5 1 2 Kilometers 308000 .000000 309000 .000000 310000 .000000 311000.000000 312000 .000000 313000 .000000 314000 .000000 315000 .000000 316000 .000000 317000 .000000 318000 .000000 319000 .000000 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 7.5.1 A - Water Demand Management/NRW Reduction Programme 7.5.1.1 Rehabilitation of the Distribution Network Network Pipes No detailed investigations were done as condition assessments of the water network in Ruwa. Rather data gathered for other towns under previous studies was combined with information from local officials to build up a picture of the state of the networks and the cost estimates from replacement of network piping are therefore based on a simple percentage of the total length of the network in place. Ruwa has a relatively new water network, mainly dating from the 1980s and 1990s. Discussions with the network managers indicate that generally the network is not problematic. Pressures have been low for many years and as supply is restored it is likely that rates of pipe failure will increase. Estimates therefore allow for replacement of up to 5% of the existing network pipes. Network Valves Discussions with the operators of the network in Ruwa have indicated that valving in the town should be improved to facilitate proper demand management. The comprehensive valve replacement programme in the short term will not need to be repeated as a long term measure. Bulk Metering There are no operational bulk or block meters in Ruwa. Therefore estimates for the metering programme are based on the number of meters required to meter all main pipes that feed the demand areas as well as metering both ends of all primary distribution pipes. Experience shows that meter replacement programmes must be regularly repeated as meters have a limited lifespan. Therefore the cost of meter replacements are repeated at the long term also. The cost of metering new and expanded areas is covered in the estimates made for those expansions. Pressure Reducing Valves Only one pressure reducing valve is expected to be required in Ruwa in the incoming supply to ZIRE from Donny Brook. In addition there are level control valves required at the two elevated tanks and the ground tanks Replacement of Service Connections Experience has shown that service connections of galvanised iron as are provided in Ruwa are subject to corrosion and heavy loss rates. It is therefore intended to replace all GI connections with HDPE connections prior to or parallel to network rehabilitation. These connections are estimated at around 20% of the total falling mainly in the older wards of Ruwa. In Ruwa there will be an augmentation of supply in the short term from the new Nora Dam water source and so it is not intended to install flow limiting devices on the service connections. Replacement of Service Water Meters Gauff Ingenieure 7-74 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 As a foundation to an effective non-revenue water programme in Ruwa it is intended to replace all service water meters. Those in service now are generally 10 to 20 years old and at least 50% are known to be faulty. Rationalisation of Zoning With improved metering and valving there is a need in Ruwa to rationalise the Zoning of the town. In principal the Ruwa WTW will supply the northern areas of Ruwa, Glamis reservoir will serve areas to the between it and Ruwa river and Mutare Road Tanks and Booster Station will supply the southern parts of the town. ZIMRE will continue to be supplied from Harare and valves interconnecting ZIMRE's network with that of the rest of Ruwa should be closed when water supplies normalise. Modifications to this Zoning may be required as water respources become available from different sources. 7.5.1.2 Commercial Operation Improvement Measures For each town a package of commercial and operational improvement measures shall be implemented. This shall revolve around giving the network managers the tools they need to effectively identify and manage non-revenue water. Table 7-39: Network Rehabilitation Measures - Ruwa Item Unit 2020 2030 Water Pipes ND 110 PVC or less m 9,000 Nil ND 160 PVC m 1,600 Nil ND 200 PVC m 600 Nil ND 250 PVC m 1,600 Nil ND 315 PVC m 300 Nil ND 350 DI m 500 Nil ND 450 DI m 100 Nil ND 600 DI m 200 Nil Network Valves ND 75 Gate nos. 70 Nil ND 100 Gate nos. 20 Nil ND 150 Gate nos. 10 Nil ND 200 Gate nos. 20 Nil ND 250 Gate nos. 5 Nil ND 300 Gate nos. 10 Nil ND 350 Butterfly nos. 2 Nil ND 400 Butterfly nos. 2 Nil ND 450 Butterfly nos. - Nil ND 500 Butterfly nos. 1 Nil Bulk Meters ND 100 Woltman type nos. Nil 35 ND 150 Woltman type nos. Nil 20 ND 200 Woltman type nos. 8 4 ND 250 Woltman type nos. 12 2 ND 300 Woltman type nos. 2 1 ND 400 Electromagnetic nos. Nil 1 ND 500 Electromagnetic nos. 1 1 Pressure Reducing Valves and Level Control Gauff Ingenieure 7-75 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Item Unit 2020 2030 Valves ND 50 nos. Nil Nil ND 80 nos. Nil Nil ND 100 nos. Nil Nil ND 150 nos. Nil Nil ND 200 nos. Nil Nil ND 250 nos. Nil Nil ND 300 nos. 5 Nil Replacement of Service Connections Domestic (ND 15) (OD 20) nos. 2,000 Nil Non-Domestic (ND 25) nos. 1,000 Nil Installation of flow limiter (done with service nos. Nil Nil connection replacement) Removal of flow Limiters No. Nil Nil Replacement of Service Water Meters Domestic (ND 15) No. 12,000 28,531 Non-Domestic (ND 25) No. 500 3,806 Provisional sum for network mapping, network Sum 1 investigations and repair/replacement programme Provisional sum for customer database cleanup Sum 1 and awareness campaigns 7.5.2 B – Water Supply Service Improvements The Ruwa intakes are new and will not need rehabilitation. Limited rehabilitation works have been identified for the existing water treatment facilities in the short and long term projects as follows: Short Term Investment Measures 1. Strip down and apply internal and external corrosion protection to the steel 2.5MLD FC reactor unit. 2. General servicing/ rehabilitation of both FC reactor units is required, including: a. Attend to seals which are allowing filter media to escape into supply b. Install strainers on discharge pipework to catch any filter media that does escape the reactor. c. Service all valves d. Improve safety and handrailing on walkways and ladders 3. Replace the existing chemical mixing and dosing facilities. As this is the only, very small power requirement of the plant, it is recommended that the current system be replaced with a solar powered dosing system. With a solar power source it will be possible to increase the automation of the chemical dosing system. 4. Complete the 4000m3 circular clear water reservoir and all connecting pipework. The works currently operate at low flow rate, discharging directly into supply. The 4000m3 clear water reservoir should be constructed to balance outflows and allow the plant to optimize production. Gauff Ingenieure 7-76 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 5. Complete the construction of the sludge drying beds. The works are currently operating at low rate but when 17.5MLD of treatment capacity is on site the drying beds will be essential. Long Term Investment Measures Short term measures will take the capacity of the Norton WTW to 20MLD, matching the 21MLD supply available through the raw water pipeline. Once the capacity of this supply is exhausted additional flows will come from the Kunzvi scheme. Kunzvi will deliver its treated water to Donny Brook reservoirs which already have a high capacity link to Ruwa. However the works will be maintained at 20MLD capacity even after commissioning of Kunzvi. Long term investment measures will be limited to repair and rehabilitation of mechanical plant, corrosion protection and servicing of the FC reactor units and the dosing equipment. Table 7-40: Investment Measures at Ruwa WTW Item Unit 2020 2030 Corrosion protection to existing 2.5MLD FC Reactor WT Vessel m2 412 412 Rehabilitation of FC Reactor Units 5MLD Unit MLD 5 5 2.5MLD Unit (Steel) MLD 3 3 10MLD Unit (2018 Install) MLD - 10 Rehabilitation / Extension of Chemical Dosing Facilities Provision of 3kW Solar Array with Controller and Batteries for kW 3 3 dosing Replacement of dosing equipment nos 1 1 Complete drying beds m2 400 Completion of WTW treated water reservoir 4000m3 Concrete Reservoir 4000m3 m3 4,000 Supply Pipework DN750 m 110 Level Control Valve DN750 nos. 1 1 7.5.3 C – Extension of Water Supply Services 7.5.3.1 New Water Production Facilities Ruwa has recently completed a major Bulk Water Supply project from the Nora Dam. Investigations with ZINWA show that the dam has a high yield potential and should provide a reliable source of water to the town. The town currently only has 7.5MLD in available treatment capacity but the raw water supply is rated at up to 21MLD. To capitalise on the investment made in raw water it is proposed to expand the water treatment capacity by adding a 12.5 ML/d FC reactor to the existing water treatment facilities. The total water production capacity will be 20 ML/d 7.5.3.2 New Transmission Facilities Short Term Investment Measures Gauff Ingenieure 7-77 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Following from the investment made into supply of water it is necessary to strategically reinforce the distribution facilities in the town. This will include works on booster pump stations and pipework as follows: The additional water supply availability in Ruwa in the short term will require the construction or reconfiguration of the water booster stations. The purpose of the two proposed booster stations is to maintain reasonable network pressures at high flow rates in high areas which cannot be gravity fed from the tanks. One transfer pumping station is proposed to transfer water from Ruwa WTW to the Mutare Road tanks as a gravity feed of sufficient capacity would require an uneconomically large diameter pipe. Pumping proposed is as follows: Table 7-41: Pump Stations Reconfiguration - Ruwa Pump Station Location Supplies to Type of Pumping Capacity Mutare Road Ground Water Transfer. 230l/s @25m Ruwa WTW Reservoir Constant Speed head Pumping Wards 9, Damofalls, New Booster pumping. 400l/s @25m Expansions North and East Variable speed head of Ruwa. pumping preferred Mutare Road Reservoirs Wards 1 to 7 and new Booster pumping. 455l/s @20m expansion areas southeast, Variable speed head south and southwest of pumping preferred Ruwa The Ruwa Transmission system is to be reinforced in the short term to the extent necessary to properly distribute the water that will become available from the expanded WTW. This requires additional capacity on a north south axis through the town allowing higher feed rate from the Ruwa WTW to Mutare Tanks and from Mutare Tanks to the expansion areas in the south of Ruwa in Wards 5 and 7. Table 7-42: Transmission/Primary Distribution Short Term Investment Measures - Ruwa Note Description of Investment Required Reason for Investment Refers Pipeline a Ruwa WTW to Mutare 4650m DN400 Ductile Increase supply availability in Rd Tanks. Iron Southern areas of Ruwa b Mutare Road Tanks to 3260m DN400 Ductile Augment supply the southern Southern Ruwa Iron expansion areas of Ruwa currently supplied through the distribution 775m DN315 uPVC network for existing areas. Long Term Investment Measures As Ruwa’s water supply situation normalizes it will be necessary to reinforce the primary and secondary distribution system as tabulated below: Gauff Ingenieure 7-78 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Table 7-43: Transmission/Distribution Long Term Investment Measures - Ruwa Note Description of Investment Required Reason for Investment Refers Pipeline TRANSMISSION/ PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION c ZIMRE to WTW Tanks 4250m of DN500 Allow the existing DN525AC to be Ductile Iron used as a main treated water supply line to rather than just as supply to ZIMRE. This will meet Ruwa’s expanding treated water requirements in the long term SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION d New line to supply east 3720m of DN200 PVC Expansion of water supply into new of ward 5 and the new residential areas expansion area (2030) of Athelney Farm. e New line to supply the 7900 of DN200 PVC Expansion of water supply into new 2030 expansion area residential areas of Mara Farm east of Ruwa WTW and Damofalls. 7.5.3.3 Storage Facilities In the short term the minimum work will be done on water storage which shall involve the replacement of the elevated tank at Mutare road with a similar sized storage on the same tower. The Council wish to decommission the existing tank because of extensive corrosion. As Ruwa’s water supply situation normalizes the available storage as proportion of daily supply will likely drop significantly below the recommended 24hour minimum. Therefore as a long term measure it will be necessary to augment storage within Ruwa. The layout of the town is such that the existing WTW is at approximately the highest point but also it is the closest high point in the town which can be easily connected to the Donny Brook Tanks which will supply treated water above and beyond the 17.5MLD that the Ruwa WTW will ultimately be capable of. It is therefore makes sense to construct the town’s main storage at this location. This new storage will be sized to provide a total of 24hours of storage in the system. Hence investment in storage will be as follows: • Replacement of Mutate Road Elevated reservoir in the medium term (200 m3 ) • Ruwa WTW Clear Water Tanks Expansion in the long term (40,000 m3 ) 7.5.3.4 Extension of Distribution Network to new areas The predicted population growth in Ruwa will require extensions to the distribution system. Most of this work will likely be funded through private developers. Gauff Ingenieure 7-79 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Unlike other towns, Ruwa should have sufficient water supplies to expand without having to use flow limiting devices to manage demand. Table 7-44: Investment Requirements in New Development Areas - Ruwa Item Unit 2020 2030 Extension of Distribution System Pipes ND 75 PVC m 45,000 49,000 ND 110 PVC m 56,000 62,000 ND 160 PVC m 28,000 31,000 Section valves ND 75 Gate nos. 450 490 ND 100 Gate nos. 560 620 ND 150 Gate nos. 280 310 Fire hydrants ND 80 nos. 168 186 Service connections ND 15 nos. 9,392 10,381 ND 25 nos. 1,878 2,076 Service water meters Domestic (ND 15) nos. 9,392 10,381 Non-Domestic (ND 25) nos. 1,878 2,076 7.5.3.5 New Bulk Water Management Facilities Ruwa has a complex arrangement of multiple supply sources and multiple reservoirs, some of which boost into supply. To work efficiently this system will require good control and automation of reservoir levels and booster pumping pressures. Variable speed pumping is recommended on all booster pump stations and should be controlled by network pressures with lower pressures set for off peak hours when system frictional losses are lower. A system will be required to monitor the status of all reservoirs and to control the feed pumps from the Ruwa WTW to the tanks 7.5.4 D - Sewerage Service Improvements 7.5.4.1 Rehabilitation of Sewerage Reticulation System Ruwa is a relatively new town and as such there are no significant problems reported with the sewer network. However, in the last decade water supplies have been short and flows therefore low and it is expected that a return to normal supply levels may show up areas Gauff Ingenieure 7-80 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 where the existing system has deteriorated. The sewer network rehabilitation measures are designed to be split into two parts to be carried out in the long and short term. Table 7-45: Sewer Network Rehabilitation Measures - Ruwa Item Unit 2020 2030 Sewer reticulation pipes Replacement ND 150 PVC m 5,328 10,657 ND 200 PVC (OD 225) m 256 512 ND 250 PVC (OD 280) m 1,820 3,640 ND 315 PVC m 205 409 ND 400 PVC m 290 580 ND 450 PVC m 76 152 Construction of manholes nos. 23 46 Rehabilitation of Manhole cover and frame nos. 319 319 New Manhole Covers only nos. 638 638 7.5.4.2 Rehabilitation of Sewage Pump Stations In Ruwa, the modifcations proposed to the sewerage system mean that the existing sewage pumps stations are to be decommissioned rather than rehabilitated. Certain decommissioning works are required in the short term and there will be no long term works on sewage pump stations. Table 7-46: Rehabilitation of Sewage Pump Stations - Ruwa Item Unit 2020 2030 Renyaro SPS Grade and Gravel Access Road m 50 New Site Fencing (Clearvu) m 142 New Gate No. 1 Demolition of unused structures nos 2 Landscaping and grassing or gravelling nos 1,050 Removal of contaminated material to spoil nos 210 Construction of skip hard standing for m2 24 rakings Chilemba SPS Grade and Gravel Access Road m 85 New Site Fencing (Clearvu) m 184 New Gate No. 1 Demolition of unused structures nos 2 Landscaping and grassing or gravelling nos 2,091 Gauff Ingenieure 7-81 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Item Unit 2020 2030 Removal of contaminated material to spoil nos 418 Construction of skip hard standing for m2 24 rakings Ruwa Main SPS Grade and Gravel Access Road m - Repairs and painting to site walling m 240 nos. New Gate 1 Demolition of unused structures nos - Landscaping and grassing or gravelling nos 875 Removal of contaminated material to spoil nos 175 Construction of skip hard standing for m2 - rakings 7.5.4.3 Rehabilitation of Wastewater Treatment Plants Ruwa historically discharged sewage to the Adelaide ponds. These are located on land controlled by Epworth and this land has been earmarked for redevelopment. Thus the ponds are now to be decommissioned. Table 7-47: Ponds De-commissioning Works - Ruwa Item Unit 2020 2030 RUWA Stabilisation Pond Dewatering and drying out Sum 1 Sludge excavation and removal m3 15,741 Dozing of walls and lanscaping level m3 28,320 Demolition of unused structures nos 2 7.5.5 E – Extension of Sewerage Services 7.5.5.1 Protection of Green Sykes Dam The catchment area of the Green Sykes dam contains areas currently proposed for housing development. Ruwa should revisit this planning and ensure that the whole catchment area of Green Sykes is protected against any development that may damage water quality in the dam. Zoning within the Green Sykes dam catchment should be limited to agricultural and agricultural small holding and housing developments should be prevented. 7.5.5.2 Extension of Sewer Reticulation System to new areas Considerable growth is expected in Ruwa in three separate areas to the North East and South of the Town. In addition it is a key part of the proposal for Ruwa that it will decommission all of its sewage pump stations and its ponds. Gauff Ingenieure 7-82 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 In the long term it is proposed that Ruwa will construct an outfall sewer to the existing line between Donny Brook and Lyndhurst Farm joining to the Harare South Trunk Sewer. In the short term this final connectionw will not be available so an interim pond treatment system is required. These ponds will be located at the lowest area in the proposed expanded town of Ruwa and therefore, considerable investment is required in main sewers. The main sewer network for Ruwa has been modelled using the expected flows at the 2030 time horizon to identify sewer lines which may need to be augmented or upgraded to accommodate the expansion of the town. It should be noted that the entire current network appears adequate for normal flows with the current population. The modelling has identified the following investments required within Ruwa. Short Term Investment Measures Table 7-48: Short Term Sewerage Investment Measures - Ruwa ID Model Nodes Investment Required Reason for Investment EXISTING MAINS UPGRADES/ AUGMENTATION 1 J116 to J73 Replace 175m of Allow for flows arising from DN300 with DN450 RC northerly expansion of Ruwa into Tarisa Farm 2 J73-J65-J59 Replace 650m of Allow for flows arising from DN300 with DN525 RC northerly expansion of Ruwa into Tarisa Farm 3 J59-J57 Replace 215m of Crossing of Mutare Road will DN525 215 with DN675 accommodate Ruwa’s northerly RC and easterly expansions NEW MAINS A J58-J228 3165m of DN750 RC New sewer line from the location of the existing Ruwa Main SPS to the lowest point in Ruwa. This line will also provide gravity sewer of the expansion areas of Ward 7 and Sunway City. B J87 (Relnyaro SPS) to 1228m of DN315 uPVC Links the existing SPS to the J29 gravity sewage system C J106 (existing 50m of DN250 uPVC Links the existing SPS to the Chilemba SPS) to J33 gravity sewage system D J31 to J32 435m of DN250 uPVC Link the low points east and west of Ward 5. E J32 to J228 3210m of DN400 uPVC Link the lowest point in ward 4 to the lowest point in ward 7. This line Gauff Ingenieure 7-83 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 ID Model Nodes Investment Required Reason for Investment completes the new gravity network required in Ruwa to allow for the decommissioning of all SPS. From the end of this link Sewage will be pumped to the new temporary ponds in the northern part of Dagbreek farm Long Term Investment Measures The short term measures described above will remove Ruwa’s reliance on sewage pumping and add capacity in certain critical sections which will become overloaded because of existing development. Long term measures are required to accommodate increased flows from new development areas. Table 7-49: Long Term Sewerage Investment Measures - Ruwa ID Model Nodes Investment Required Reason for Investment EXISTING MAINS UPGRADES/ AUGMENTATION 1 J84 - J86 - J83 1640 of DN225 uPVC Additional flows arising from laid parallel to existing expansion into Mara Farm DN225 2 J57-J58 1780m of DN525 RC Additional flows arising from laid parallel to existing expansion into Mara Farm DN525 NEW MAINS A J304 -J302-J84 2250m of DN200 uPVC Expansion into Mara Farm B J306-J305—J84 2250 of DN200 uPVC Expansion into Mara Farm C J302-J301-J300-J44 3075m of DN200 uPVC Expansion into Athalney Farm area E J228 to J229 4550m of DN825 Main outfall from Ruwa to the existing but as yet not commissioned main sewer line between Donny Brook and Lyndhurst Farm. The expansions in sewage coverage will lead to considerable increases in the number of connections to the sewer network. Gauff Ingenieure 7-84 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Table 7-50: Sewerage Investment requirements in new development Areas - Ruwa Item Unit 2020 2030 Pipes ND 100 PVC m 24,700 47,800 ND 160 PVC m 10,300 19,900 Construction of manholes nos. 700 1,354 Sewer service connections ND 100 nos. 4,200 8,000 7.5.6 New Ruwa Wastewater Treatment Plant The decommissioning of the Adelaide ponds will leave Ruwa with no Sewage Treatment system until the commissioning of the HSTS which is not expected in the short term. Therefore as a short term investment measure it will be necessary to construct a new WWTW for Ruwa. It is proposed that a pond/ irrigation system will be used and will be constructed at the Northern Part of Dagbreek farm. Ruwa have already commenced planning for a new WWTW although their proposed location is north of the river. In this proposal a location south of the river was selected so as not to interfere with land that could be used for housing development. Final decision on location can be made at feasibility study stage. Table 7-51: Proposed Temporary Sewage Treatment and Disposal - Ruwa Item Unit Qty Pump station from south of Ruwa to head of ponds Sewage Pumps 600m3/hr @15 No. 3 Booster Pump Suction and Discharge Ppipework No. 3 Booster Pump Station Building m2 60 Booster Pump Station Ancilliaries Sum 1 Force Main 1000m ND500 GRP m 1,200 Civil Works in Pond Construction 9MLD Stream Stream 2 Pond System Pipework Stream 2 Inlet Works Stream 2 Ancilliary Buildings Stream 2 Wastewater Slow Rate (irrigation) disposal system Irrigation Set Up Ha 250 Irrigation Pumps and Equipment Ha 250 Gauff Ingenieure 7-85 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 7.6 F – Accompanying Measures Accompanying measures are aimed at improving the operations of the councils so that water and sanitation services are provided efficiently and sustainably. The table below summarises the main components that constitute accompanying measures. Table 7-52: Accompanying Measures Component Sub-components Remarks Technical operations • Establishment of meter control, testing These measures will management and repair workshop provide equipment and • Procurement of tools and equipment tools to the technical for operations and maintenance sections, which will • Provision of vehicles for operation and improve their capacity to maintenance teams provide services • Provision of vacuum tankers for septic tank emptying Information • Supply of server Information infrastructure Communication • Supply and install Local Area for data processing, Technology Networking reporting and archiving Infrastructure • Supply and install Wide Area Networking • Supply and install generator power back-up • Supply personal computers complete with software, UPS, etc. • Supply laptop computers • Supply heavy duty printer (dot-matrix) • Supply laser printers • Supply and if appropriate install auxiliary equipment Commercial • Review/Improvement of billing and Thorough review of operations commercial operations (consultancy) commercial operations management and comprehensive billing database aimed at improving cleanup. revenue collection • Socio-economic surveys and customer awareness campaigns Management, • Procurement and installation of billing Software applications for commercial and and customer services software commercial and technical technical information • Procurement and installation of operations systems management information software • Procurement of commercial operations software (various) • Procurement and installation of accounting and payroll software • Procurement and installation of GIS based Network Information Systems software • Procurement and installation of other software (asset management, Gauff Ingenieure 7-86 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 07 Component Sub-components Remarks hydraulic modelling etc) Professional services • Advice, guidance and support in the Professional services - Institutional Support development of institutional aimed at building capacity frameworks towards an autonomous for the water utility utility • Assessment of capacity, competency and development of a comprehensive training program • Specific training courses (various) Professional services • Engineering Services Engineering services - Feasibility, Design necessary for the and Supervision implementation of investment measures Gauff Ingenieure 7-87 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report CHAPTER 08: INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ASSESSMENT Gauff Ingenieure Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 08 8 INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ASSESSMENT 8.1 Legal and Policy Framework On a national level, the main legislation that regulates the access to water and the development and management thereof is provided for in the Water Act. This was overhauled to its current version referred to as the Water Act 1998, which replaces the Water Act 1976. It has been strengthened by the National Water Policy, 2013 of the Ministry of Water Resources Development and Management. In general terms, the 1976 Water Act prioritised water allocations to commercial farms and other enterprises with commercial interests through the issuing of indefinite water rights. This effectively favoured a representative population of about 1% and neglected the remaining population. The Water Act 1998 sought to rectify the allocation of the national water resource more equitably and recognises the notion that the access to water for primary use is a basic right. The Water Act 1998 (CAP 20:24) provides the following main features: • Water rights have been replaced with water use permits. The permits are issued for a limited period and can only be renewed subject to water availability and evidence of efficient use. The previous Act provided water rights without limitation of time and issued on a first come, first serve basis and were part of the title deed; • The priority principle (favouring commercial use) has been done away with. • Water can no longer be privately owned. • Water is to be viewed from the complete hydrological perspective, i.e. groundwater and surface water are treated as part of one hydrological system, i.e. recognising the presence of ground water as an equal resource, which was previously ignored. • Stakeholder-driven institutions have been formed that will have more say on water allocation and general water management on a day-to-day basis. • Greater consideration of the environment, with environmental water use now recognized as a legitimate user. • More control over pollution, with the “polluter pays” principle being introduced. Relevant extracts from the Water Act 1998 (CAP 20:24) are provided in the following table. Table 8-1: Key elements of the Water Act 1998 Section Title Quotes from the Water Act 1998 Investment Master Plan Strategy 12(1) Preparation of For the purpose of ensuring the optimum Availability of raw water outline plans development and utilization of the water against projected demand resources of Zimbabwe, the National Water projections to be considered, Authority, and the catchment council guided by river basin concerned, shall prepare an outline water development plans on the development plan for every river system. supply side. 13(2) Contents of The National Water Authority shall clearly Uses of raw water available outline plan indicate in an outline plan the priorities in guided by outline development the utilization and allocation of water, plan. taking into account policy guidelines 33(1) Application for No person shall abstract water for any Application to be made/issued permit purpose other than primary purposes by Local Board Gauff Ingenieure 8-1 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 08 Section Title Quotes from the Water Act 1998 Investment Master Plan Strategy except in terms of a permit. 35 Authority to sink The written authority of the catchment Ensure that authorities to sink boreholes council to sink, alter or deepen a boreholes have been/will be borehole… be obtained before making an obtained. application for a permit 36 Period of validity A permit shall be valid for a period of Planning horizon to consider of permit twenty years or such shorter or longer span of water abstraction period as a catchment council, with the approvals. approval of the Secretary, may fix. 43 Records of A catchment council may require the holder Monitoring, record keeping amount of water of a permit issued in terms of this Part— and control of raw water intake abstracted to be (a) to provide and install a meter or other must be provided for. maintained measuring device for measuring and recording the amount of water abstracted; and (b) to submit to the catchment council in the prescribed form at such intervals as the catchment council may require, returns indicating the amount of water abstracted 60 Conferring of The Minister may, after consultation with Possibility of transferring raw powers of the Minister responsible for local water management to the catchment government and the urban council Local Board. councils to urban concerned, and after considering the councils financial resources available to that council— (a) subject to such conditions as he thinks fit to impose, confer on the urban council any of the powers of a catchment council in terms of this Part; and (b) amend or withdraw the powers conferred in terms of paragraph (a). `69 Permits for Notwithstanding section sixty-eight, the discharge or National Water Authority, upon an disposal into application by any interested person and water subject to prescribed standards of quality Apart from this, the Water Act 1998 (Section 20) provides the basis for the establishment of the Zimbabwe National Water Authority (ZINWA) as detailed in the separate National Water Authority Act, which also guides and regulates the formation of the supervisory entities; Catchment Councils and Sub-Catchment Councils as outlined with their functions in the following table. Table 8-2: Key Establishments Responsible for Resource Development and Management Name Functions Zimbabwe National Water a) Advise the Minister on the formulation of national policies and Authority (ZINWA) created standards: under the Zimbabwe national • Water resource planning, management and development; Water Authority Act • Water quality, pollution control and environmental protection; • Hydrology and hydrogeology; • Dam safety and borehole drilling; • Water pricing. b) Assist, participate or advise on the planning and development of water resources. c) Exploit, conserve and manage water resources. • to promote an equitable, efficient and sustainable allocation and distribution of water resources; Gauff Ingenieure 8-2 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 08 Name Functions • providing, in both the short and the long term, adequate water on a cost effective basis; • take appropriate measures to minimise drought of flooding; d) Promote an equitable, efficient and sustainable allocation and distribution of water resources; e) Encourage and assist the local authorities in the discharge of their functions; f) Ensure that Catchment Councils discharge their functions in accordance with the Water Act 1998; g) Encourage and assist Catchment Councils to develop water resources; h) Operate and maintain any water works owned or managed by the Authority; i) At a fee, provide assistance, personnel, training, information; j) Undertake research; k) Hydrological and geo-hydrological surveys, maps; l) Promote mechanisms for cooperative management of international resources; Catchment Councils (CC’s) Established for the management of seven demarcated catchment areas to: established under Water Act a) prepare a catchment management (outline) plan, in consultation with 1998, section 20(1) ZINWA, for the river system; b) grant permits for water use; c) regulate and supervise water use; d) supervise the performance of SCCs; e) Resolve conflicts within their areas of jurisdiction. Sub-Catchment Councils Facilitate water management on a smaller scale to: (SCC’s) established under the a) regulate and supervise the implementation of permits, including Water Act 1998 Section 24 groundwater use; b) monitor water flows and use, in accordance with allocations by the CC; c) provide representatives for the CC; d) promote catchment protection; e) monitor water discharge; f) assist in data collection and participate in catchment planning; g) Collect rates and fees for all permits issued. With the changes provided through the promulgation of aforementioned legislation and establishment of new authorities outlined above, the Water Act 1998 also constituted part of the water sector reform, which took place in parallel with land settlement reforms. The water sector reform process was also driven by international calls for more efficient and sustainable management embracing environmental, technical and financial aspects of sustainability. The support for Zimbabwe’s water sector reform emanated from concerns of inadequate water availability coupled with unsatisfactory efficiency levels and inconsistencies between legislation and the requirements for water. Some explanations to the disappointing performance of the water sector, despite the revised legislation and newly formed organisational framework are provided in a joint report from the University of Zimbabwe and ZINWA1: • Conflicting policies – the water reform was being launched at the same time as the land reform process. Although the objectives were similar in redistributing the resources to the same people in each reform, the land reform took place at a speed 1 H. Makurira and M. Mugumo: Water Sector Reforms in Zimbabwe: The importance of policy and institutional coordination on implementation (Chapter 14), ref. http://www.fao.org/forestry/11736-034e5c33d2c2b2c1704994cfabd4f7014.pdf Gauff Ingenieure 8-3 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 08 that the water sector could not keep pace, loosing track of who is located where and holds what permit. • Weak institutional linkages; The Water Act assumes that water institutions created under the Water Act are consulted before use of the natural resource, however there is little evidence that this is done. • Insufficient funding resulting from donor withdrawals at a time when the water sector reform was being implemented. The CC’s were supposed to be implemented with the assistance of donor funding, however, without the planned and necessary financial backing the CC’s could not take off as intended. With the implementation of the land reform and uncertainties regarding continuing occupancy, existing occupiers ceased or reduced their payments for water permits and contributions to the Water Fund set up as part of the Water Act 1998 and intended, with additional contributions from the government’s budget, to develop the water sector as directed by the minister. Unfortunately, new settlers did not necessarily abide by the principles of “user pays” and “polluter pays”. Thus, the inflows into the Water Fund were meagre and required investments into the water sector were not possible as intended. • Lack of capacity within key institutions including ZINWA, Ministry of Water and Rural Development could not offer the necessary professional expertise since several key positions were vacant. The much needed Water Fund would have gone a long way to fill these posts. Apart from this, staff remunerations were low and unattractive for staff working in these institutions. • The lack of enforcing critical elements of the Water Act 1998 contributes to inadequate inflow of funds to sustain ZINWA. The recently endorsed National Water Policy (2013) provides an opportunity for a renewed start of implementing the water sector reform. The document echoes the Water Act 1998 in many respects. This medium and long term investment plan recognises this policy and at the same time is considered to be an integral part of implementing the National Water Policy. Whilst all aspects, including technical considerations of the National Development Plan are detailed in Chapter 7, relevant legislative, institutional and organisational issues are extracted as shown in the following table. Table 8-3: Key institutional and organisational principles of the National Water Policy Section Title Quotes from the NWP document Investment Master Plan Strategy 6.2.2. Integrated water IWRM is intended to bring about improved Consideration of IWRM resources equity of access to water, greater efficiency principles in the planning of management of water use, environmental protection and investment measures. (IWRM) greater sustainability for the benefit of current and future generations. 6.2.10 Water institutions The private sector and civil society have an Private sector can play a role and important role to play in the water sector. in service provision. decentralisation Government ministries or departments or local authorities should restrict themselves to and focus on policy making, establishing regulatory regimes that provide incentives for achieving goals and sanction for serious failures and that they leave operations to Operations can be undertaken parastatals and private sector based on by parastatals and private sufficient autonomy to control outcomes sector. Gauff Ingenieure 8-4 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 08 Section Title Quotes from the NWP document Investment Master Plan Strategy 6.2.11 Water in growth Planning will take into account the long- Investment plans must and development term needs of the economy, national consider economic feasibility strategic interests, regional integration and and infrastructure services social/environmental impacts. must be affordable. Economic feasibility is vital: This means that the level of development of the infrastructure must be defined by what the country as a whole can afford to operate and maintain. It is important however to concentrate on a recovery programme in order to restore services to acceptable levels 6.2.13 Water pricing To achieve efficiency, water prices will be User pays and polluter pays based on the user pays and polluter pays principle. principles and socially acceptable to different interest groups in the water sector. Subsidies will be targeted to users who are not in a position to pay the full cost of the service provider or where national interests Subsidies are the exception would be compromised. only for users not able to pay Water pricing will reflect the full costs of for services. provision of water for all uses (capital and recurrent costs), except for primary water where the price will at least reflect the operation and maintenance costs. The price will take into account user viability. Water pricing will be used as a demand management instrument to encourage efficient use of scarce water resources. Water pricing should be based on the quantity of water used by volume to manage demand Water billing will revert back to being clear, transparent and based on actual volumetric Water pricing is used as readings and income derived will be demand management applied to the costs of providing water, instrument. otherwise the ‘user pays’ principle collapses together with the services Billing shall be done on The payment of water service bills by volumetric readings. public consumers including government institutions is vital for viability of water Payment of water services service providers. Regulations will be from public consumers drawn up to permit recovery of unpaid bills including government directly from PSIP allocations of the institutions is vital. institutions involved 6.5.2 Service Urban local authorities are responsible for Local authorities are authorities and ensuring the welfare of urban residents responsible for efficient and service providers through the provision of efficient and affordable water supply affordable water supply and sanitation services and are free to services. However, a distinction is made delegate services to a between the responsibility of urban dedicated service provider. authorities to ensure that services are provided and the actual operation of services which may be more efficiently undertaken by a dedicated service provider as a function delegated by the local authority 6.5.5 Financing Revenue derived from water sales will be Local authorities shall apply applied to the costs of providing water ring fencing to revenue services in order to maintain consumer collected from water and confidence and not compromise cost sanitation services and ensure recovery and the ‘user pays principle’. that such revenue is used for Gauff Ingenieure 8-5 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 08 Section Title Quotes from the NWP document Investment Master Plan Strategy Local Authorities should undertake cost service provision. accounting and ring-fence revenue from water sales. Tariffs should be set to achieve full cost recovery. Government will provide interim subsidies to Urban Authorities through PSIP and Tariffs should be set to donor financing that will be coordinated achieve full cost recovery. within a Water Sector Investment Framework to finance rehabilitation and expansion of infrastructure during the recovery period. Long-term financing during the normalized growth phase will be the responsibility of ULAs Other important legislation guiding the management of the water resources are: • Council by-laws gazetted in the 1972 2 still form the basis of operations with respect to water supply and sewerage service provisions. Over time sections thereof have been amended, in particular the tariff for water supply and sewerage collection/treatment services through various statutory instruments readily available at the council 3. Less readily available are the original by-laws and it is obvious that little reference and in most cases little knowledge on their content is reflected by council personnel in their day-to-day operations. This is confirmed with the lack of litigations against defaulters and offenders of the by-laws and Epworth is no exception. General sensitisation and possible review of this fundamental legal framework needs to be looked into to encourage greater obedience to comply with the same. • Public Finance Management Act (CAP 22:19) of 2009; as part thereof, the councils have been instructed by the Ministry of Finance to ring-fence the revenues and expenditures for water and sewerage service operations. In line with the National Water Policy it encourages the councils to isolate the daily operations in the form of a more autonomous organisation. However, realistically this step toward decentralisation of water and sewerage service operations has not and cannot take place presently as there is need to cross-fund and subsidise other council activities such as health, education, road maintenance and cleaning, etc. As long as the other mandatory services of the council are unable to operate sustainably, ring fencing is not possible. This opens the need to involve line ministries of the financially ailing services to provide subsidies or other funding as is understood to have been the case before the economic downturn. • Labour Act (CAP 28:01); provides the basis of employment, remuneration, and termination as well as trade union matters, codes of conduct and disciplinary , As described in section 4A the purpose of the act is to: o advance social justice and democracy in the workplace by—  giving effect to the fundamental rights of employees provided for under Part II; 2 Government Notice 608 of 1972. 3 2013 tariffs published through statutory instrument No 46 of 2013, Epworth (incorporated area) (Amendment) By-Laws, 2013 (No. 19). Gauff Ingenieure 8-6 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 08  providing a legal framework within which employees and employers can bargain collectively for the improvement of conditions of employment;  the promotion of fair labour standards;  the promotion of the participation by employees in decisions affecting their interests in the work place;  Securing the just, effective and expeditious resolution of disputes and unfair labour practices. • Directives; It is understood from the councils that the Minister for Local Government issued a directive not to disconnect any household connection supplying water to the premises on the basis that water is a human right. This in itself, but exacerbated by the currently depressed economic situation, has encouraged non-payment for outstanding debts. While the basis of the directive is understood and generally followed, it substantially infringes on the council’s ability to operate sustainably, plunging it into a downward spiral of decreasing ability to effectively finance the water and sewerage service operations causing declining service delivery capacities, which in turn strengthen the consumer’s argument not to make payments. Following the general elections of August 2013 a directive was issued to write-off all accumulated debt accrued from water and sewerage charges relating to domestic use with effect from 01.09.2013. In summary, the council is bound to a variety of national and local legislations that are partially implemented due to either conflicts between some legal requirements, inability to comply and ignorance to their existence. The proper implementation of the existing legal framework, notwithstanding the need for some critical amendments to be carried out to support the basis for effective delivery of services, this should affect the institutional and organisational re-organisation of the councils with respect to water and sewerage services. 8.2 Institutional Framework The current organisational structure for water and sewerage services in Epworth, Norton Ruwa, Chitungwiza and Harare is integrated in the overall Municipal Council’s structures, resulting in the operational involvement of several departments and sections, viz: • Department of Engineering Services: technical matters relating to daily development, daily operation and maintenance/repair activities, drawing on specific sections: o Water section; o Sewerage section; and o Planning. • Department of Financial Services: meter reading, billing, collection, customer care, budgeting, external payments (suppliers on cash terms and credit), internal payments (payroll), management and control of debt and credit, performed by: o Revenue section; o Expenditure section; and o Information Communication Technology (ICT) section; Gauff Ingenieure 8-7 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 08 • Department of Central Administration contributing with aspects of human resource, legal matters and general administration and security supported by various sections: o Administration; o Welfare; o Legal section; and o Human resources. This presents a complex and scattered organisational setup for the planning, operation and maintenance of water and sewerage facilities. Apart from the structure, the main shortcomings in relation to the specific operation of water and sewerage services were noted to be: • Unclear job-titles and job descriptions; • Work overlaps and in the existence of several vacancies, work gaps; • Unclear and/or disregard for responsibilities, particularly at lower levels, leading to the necessity to micro-manage and director’s and immediate subordinates over- burdened with responsibilities; • Cumbersome reporting lines between sections and more so, between departments, officially requiring the involvement of heads of section and possibly heads of department on operational issues between officers on lower levels (e.g. revenue officers compiling monthly reports including production figures from the technical section [Engineer’s Department]); • Prioritisation and decision making typically involves several departments, causing delay, particularly if these are not unanimous amongst the parties involved; • Low literacy levels, notably prevalent at the supervisory level and below. • Poor revenue collection which leads to poor performance of the utility. The little revenue that is collected is consumed by staffing costs leaving nothing for maintenance. Some of the resulting challenges reported were, lack of preventive maintenance, poor/no recapitalisation of assets including consumer water meters, delays in procurement leading to delays in repairs, uncertain availability of chemicals and other inputs, Poor standard of comprehensive reports from which well-founded management decisions can be made, delays in payment of payroll leading to poor work morale and declining work ethics. The Council operates a joint fiscal system for all its activities, which proved to be satisfactorily as long as deficit-making activities (e.g. health) were subsidised with regular and adequate subsidies. However, these grants are reported to have shrunk significantly and are not received regular any longer. This has resulted in a situation whereby any surpluses generated automatically cross-subsidise deficit operations and denying, amongst others the surplus-making activities to carry out preventive maintenance and recapitalise themselves. This has undermined the ability of otherwise surplus-making activities to operate sustainably. It is believed that this situation has led to a directive from the Ministry of Finance to ring fence all council activities. As much as the Council attempts to comply thereto, it is realistically unable, since the volume of subsidy has reduced while the activities still need to be performed as part of the Council’s mandate. The implications were Gauff Ingenieure 8-8 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 08 and still are that any surpluses generated are taken to deficit operations and the overall financial performance of the Council is reduced, which in turn exacerbates the challenges outlined in the foregoing. This fundamental issue needs to be addressed to comply with the directive as well as allowing the break even and surplus activities to remain financially buoyant. Harare City on the hand has a separate department, Harare Water that reports directly to the Town Clerk. Harare Water’s revenue is not exactly ring fenced. Revenue collection is through the City Treasurer who issues combined bills for water, rates and refuse collection. There is an agreed percentage of the collected revenue that is passed to Harare Water’s account. Having recognised the aforementioned general shortcomings there is need to address several main topics: 1. Organisational structure – to streamline activities and create a leaner more efficient set up with regard to daily operations including decision making, reporting and responsibilities. In previous years, local authorities in Zimbabwe functioned well and provided good service in both water supply and sewerage using the same organisational structure that still exists today. Whereas there is need to streamline the scattered organisational structure to achieve higher levels of organisational efficiency, the existing structure can be made to function by empowering staff to do their work and motivating them. 2. Separation of accounts to ring fence the funds received for water and sewerage operations; 3. Job descriptions – to clearly specify reporting lines, responsibilities, functions and result based tasks. Once drawn up and approved by management, these need to be read and accepted to ensure they are followed; 4. Training in specific fields directly relating to the tasks assigned, but excluding general educational and basic qualifications. 8.3 Organisational Capacity Assessment This section provides a brief overview of the existing capacity for provision of water supply and sanitation in Harare, Chitungwiza, Ruwa, Epworth and Norton. It describes staff numbers and skill levels and other relevant measures of capacity and competence to undertake the necessary tasks effectively. 8.3.1 Harare Water The City of Harare is mandated to supply water to approximately 2.5 million people, including residents of satellite towns of Chitungwiza, Norton, Ruwa, Epworth and other settlements on the periphery of the City. This mandate has been delegated to the technical department within the council known has Harare Water Harare Water is faced with various challenges that include water quantity, water quality and financial issues. Owing to lack of adequate investment in the water and sewerage infrastructure for the past 15 years, the infrastructure has been deteriorating and most of the equipment is now obsolete. The City is therefore experiencing perpetual water supply shortages due to the demand that has outstripped supply and frequent breakdowns in the aged infrastructure and power supply challenges. Gauff Ingenieure 8-9 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 08 Harare Water is also experiencing challenges in the provision of wastewater disposal services to its residents due to the dilapidated sewerage and wastewater treatment infrastructure. The City of Harare is run by an elected council. The town clerk is the chief executive of the Council. Figure 8.1 shows the top structure of Harare City. TOWN COUNCIL Town Clerk Chief Executive Personal Assistant Engineering Health Housing & Human Harare Water Chamber City Urban Planning Community Amenities Services Services Capital Director Secretary Treasurer Director Services Director Director Director Director Director Figure 8-1: City of Harare Top Structure Harare Water is a department within the City which is semi-autonomous. Its finances are controlled by the City Treasurer. Revenue collection is through the City Treasurer who issues combined bills for water, rates and refuse collection. There is an agreed percentage of the collected revenue that is passed to Harare Water’s account. Harare Water has seven divisions, each headed by a manager (Finance and Administration, Production, Distribution and customer services, Waste Water, Maintenance, Quality Assurance, and Planning and Technical Services) and three independent sections headed by officers (Human Capital, Information systems and Auditing). Figure 8.2 shows the top Harare Water structure. City of Harare Town Clerk Harare Water City Director Treasurer Personal Assistant Grade 8 Water Supply Water (Logistics) Investment & Quality Customer Finance & Chief Human Waster Water Farming (Production) Distribution Projects Assurance Service Administration Capital Manager Operations Manager Manager Manager Manager Manager Manager Officer Figure 8-2: Harare Water Top Structure Gauff Ingenieure 8-10 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 08 Total Estimated Current Staffing (2014-2018) The staffing for the existing WSS department is summarised in the following Table 8.4. This shows that the total current establishment is 2,338 and that the majority of the staff (more than 60%) is in the technical sections (Production, Distribution, Workshops, Wastewater and Quality control) while the Commercial and Financial Section and the overall management and ICT make up the balance. Table 8-4: Harare Water Staffing Levels Section Establishment In-post Vacant Positions Executive 9 9 0 Human Capital 10 7 3 Finance 34 17 17 Production 292 184 108 Distribution 1,017 646 371 Wastewater 775 564 211 Quality Assurance 62 23 39 Maintenance 111 41 70 PTS 22 3 19 Audit 3 2 1 IT 3 1 2 Total 2,338 1,497 841 Whereas, the current establishment look good in terms of numbers, the actual numbers of staff on the ground is 1497 (64% of the establishment). This explains why the services are poor, that there is not enough staff to cover as per the establishment. Considering that there were 190,761 connections in 2011, the current staffing level per 1000 connections is around 7.8 while the staffing levels would have been 12.3 per 1000 connections using established numbers. The work load on the current staff is heavier than the commonly used benchmark of 10/1000 connections. However, it should be borne in mind that certain functions would still be provided by the Council (e.g. HR, Audit and legal), which will raise the number of staff per 1000 connections further up. 8.3.2 Chitungwiza Municipality Overview Chitungwiza was formed in 1978 from three townships: Seke, Zengeza, and St Marys located about 30 km south of Harare. Due to its proximity to the capital, it is sometimes referred to as a dormitory town with residents commuting to and seeking employment in Harare, The Town is run by a council consisting of 25 Councillors including the executive Mayor. The Councillors are elected into office by a public ballot in the 25 wards of the city for a term of 4 years, who are the policy makers for that period. The executive board comprises of council managerial staff headed by the Town Clerk responsible for implementing council policies. The executive board is answerable to the Minister of Local Government. The main mandate of the council is to provide public services relating to basic and social services to the residents of the city within the boundaries of the municipality: Gauff Ingenieure 8-11 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 08 • Water supply and sewerage services; • Health: clinical services; • Housing (estates); • Works and roads; • Traffic and parking meters; • Street sweeping; • Refuse collection; • Security and rangers; • Firefighting; • Parks and recreation grounds; • Cemetery. These wide range of services are provided by council owned assets, managed and operated by its structure with an establishment of 1,735 and actual employment of 1,722 4. The overall organisational structure is summarised in the following chart, showing 5 departments and two groups of separate divisions, the first divisions for audit, public relations and IT, the second responsible for Human resources. All departments named divisions report to the Mayor through the Town Clerk. Councilor Name Title Name Title Name Title Name Name Name Name Name Name Name Name Name Title Title Title Title Title Title Title Title Title Name Name Name Name Name Title Title Title Title Title Name Name Name Name Name Title Title Title Title Title Name Name Name Name Title Title Title Title Name Name Title Title Name Title Name Title Name Title Figure 8-3: Organisational structure of Chitungwiza Council 4 HR Officer Chitungwiza Gauff Ingenieure 8-12 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 08 It is worth noting that almost all positions are filled (99 %) with permanent employees and the council does not engage any casual workers. Apart from technical facilities (e.g. water treatment works, sewerage works, workshops) Chitungwiza Council offers its services to the public through five offices: Head office, Seke North, Seke South, St. Mary’s and Zengeza. The activities related to the management and operation of water and sewerage services is spread across several departments as shown in the table below. Table 8-5: Departmental Responsibilities for Chitungwiza Water and Sewerage Department Section Activities Persons Involved Works Water Water Production, • Director of Works storage and • Principal Engineer - Water distribution • Supervisor • Foreman • Operators Sewerage Sewerage collection • Director of Works • Superintendent (specialised equipment) • Foreman • Operators • Workers Sewerage treatment • Director of Works • Principal Engineer – Sewerage Treatment • Supervisors • Laboratory Technician • Electrician • Fitter (machine) • Operators IT Division IT Division Billing • Town Clerk • IT Manager • System Support Administrator • Technician • Data Clerk Finance Revenue Collection • Revenue Manager • Revenue Officers • Cashiers Procurement Procurement • Supply Chain Manager • Procurement Officer • Stores Controller • Clerks Accounting Accounts • Financial Manager • Financial Accountant • Accounts Clerks The structural organisation main departments involved in the provision of water and sewerage services are shown individually for Works Department, Finance Department and IT Division. The boxes shaded blue represent positions fully or significantly involved in the operation of the water and sewerage services. Gauff Ingenieure 8-13 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 08 Director of Works PA Principal Eng. Supervisor Principal Eng. Water Sewer Network Sewerage Works Clerk Clerk Foreman Supervisor Secialised Equip. Foreman Supervisor Reservori Operators Operators Supervisor Supervisor Fitter Electrician Laboratory Zengeeza Works BNR Plant Machinist Technician Operators Operators Plant Plant Operators Operators Operators Operators Figure 8-4: Organisational structure of Engineering Department (Water & Sewerage only) Director of Works PA Quantity Survey Chief Fire Supervisor Roads Supervisor Electrical Town Technician Officer Workshops Planning Principal Principal Building Fire Prevention Operations Supervisor Supervisor Supervisor Electrician Surveyor Town Planner Supervisor Projects Maintenance Workshops General Hands Clerk Draugntsman Bricklayer Structures Earthworks Supervisor Foreman Artisans Sub-Officer Foreman Foreman Signwriter Carpenter Transport Survey Hands Operator Operator Operator Operator Firefighters Plumber Principal Estate Architect Manager Painter Chief Building Quantity Clerk Inspector Surveyor Building Clerk Inspector Clerk Figure 8-5: Organisation structure of Engineering Department (other functions) Finance Director PA to Finance Admin Assistant Director Revenue Supply Chain Finance Liquor Marketing Manager Manager Manager Manager Revenue Officer Credit Controller Procurement Stores Financial Management Officer Controller Accountant Accountant Area Supervisor Refrigeration Mechanic Cashiers Debt Collectors Clerks Clerks Accounts Clerks Clerks Bar Hands General Hands Cashier Fuel Attendant General Hands Figure 8-6: Organisational structure of Chitungwiza Finance Department Gauff Ingenieure 8-14 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 08 From the organisation charts above it is evident that the functions related to water and sewerage services are spread across different departments and sections of the council’s existing organisation structure. Institutional Assessment The Works Department headed by the Director of Works is responsible for a number of services. Part of these services is positioned under the Water distribution and sewerage collection and treatment works. The responsibilities for water distribution and sewerage treatment are with two Principal Engineers while the sewerage network is headed by a Superintendent. The water distribution section comprises of a supervisor for the reservoirs, a foreman and operators under this position. In addition a clerk is available to provide administrative support. This team is responsible for the general maintenance of the network and ensuring that the water is distributed to the customers. The official establishment of the sewerage network headed by the Superintendent comprises a foreman, a supervisor for specialised equipment and operators to carry out cleaning and repair of the sewerage network. However, the actual current position varies in that there is no Principal Engineer. The Principal Engineer for the sewage treatment works is supported by a supervisor for Zengeza treatment works, another supervisor for the BNR plant, an electrician, laboratory technician, a machinist (fitter) and operators, responsible for the operation and maintenance of the two sewage treatment works. In addition a clerk is available for general administration. This organisational setup, as also depicted in the official organisation charts provides for service delivery of water and sewerage services as evidenced with reports of past performance (prior to 2000). However in recent years limitations and challenges are experienced, some of which are partly attributable to the current organisational architecture subjected to a different economic environment for which it was originally not designed for. In view of the current dilapidated state of the infrastructure, in particular the clear water storage reservoirs the sewage pumping stations, and waste water treatment works the staffing levels still appear to be high despite recent efforts to reduce these. Although the support for and provision of services in relation to water and sewerage has been confronted with serious challenges, the importance of these sections should not be underestimated considering the public health implications if not provided in adequate quantity and quality and the potential revenues earned from the service. It should therefore be given a greater priority by the council. The operational units identified as relevant for the provision of water and sewerage services are: • Storage and distribution / Reticulation, • Waste water collection; • Waste water treatment; • Maintenance, • Data collection and Billing, Gauff Ingenieure 8-15 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 08 • Revenue Collection, • Management. Water Storage and Distribution The potable water received by customers in Chitungwiza is produced by Harare Water, specifically by the Prince Edward water treatment works with augmentation from Morton Jaffray water works. Therefore, the main function of Chitungwiza Council is the storage and distribution of the water received. Since Harare Water is not supplying adequate volumes of water to Chitungwiza, it is a challenge for the council to fulfil its mandate of providing potable water to all its residents. Water storage and distribution is performed under an experienced Principal Engineer and assisted by a Supervisor for the reservoirs and two Foremen, one for Seke area and the other for Zengeza and St. Mary’s. Reporting to them are 60 operators; 55 for the network maintenance and the remaining 5 to operate the storage reservoirs. Furthermore, the team lacks much needed ultrasound equipment to detect and monitor leakages in the pumping main from the bulk meter at Prince Edward treatment works to the storage reservoirs north of Makoni Shopping Centre. The personnel engaged in the water distribution section directly impact on the delivery of water produced to the consumers and is primarily involved in the water management through pressure control, repair of breakdowns and reduction of water losses. Unfortunately it is largely underequipped with regard to equipment and tools to detect leaks and effect repairs. This detrimentally affects billing, unaccounted for water, the willingness to pay for this service by consumers and hence revenue collection. Sewage Collection and Treatment Sewage collection is divided into two drainage areas, namely, drainage area 1 from St. Mary’s, Manyame Park, Zengeza 1 and parts of Zengeza 5, which drains into 3 pumping stations for subsequent transmission to Zengeza sewage treatment works and drainage area 2 for: Seke, parts of Zengeza 2, Zengeza 5, Zengeza 3 and Zengeza 4, which drains by gravity, which gravitates directly to the same sewage treatment works. Although the official organisation charts provide for a Principal Engineer in charge of sewage treatment and a Superintendent responsible for the sewerage network, the former is currently held by a Superintendent and the position intended for a Superintendent is currently vacant. Thus, the sewage treatment is headed by a Superintendent, who also takes charge of the sewerage network. The currently consolidated functions of sewerage network and sewer treatment are supported by two sections. The first section, responsible for sewerage reticulation comprises 4 assistant foremen, and 8 line supervisors and 64 operators. In addition this section has one supervisor for specialised equipment with an additional 8 operators. The second section, in charge of sewer treatment consists of one Superintendent with 10 works attendants. In addition, this section has one electrician and one assistant for Electrical works. Furthermore the section has a Laboratory Technician and an Assistant. It also has a Fitter (Machinist) and an Assistant. This section is supported by 112 works operators. Gauff Ingenieure 8-16 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 08 Maintenance This essentially refers to workshop personnel, equipment and materials. As stated above, both water and waste water workshops have no qualified Journeyman. Currently the workshop is largely underequipped and experiences challenges in the repair of flow meters and effect preventative maintenance to pumping plant and equipment as well as basic repairs to infrastructure such as valves and flow meters. Data Collection, Billing and Revenue Collection This core activity is performed by the Financial Department in collaboration with the Information Communication Technology (ICT) section that is headed by an ICT Manager supported by a system support administrator, 2 Technicians and one Data Clerk. The field work (mainly meter reading) and customer interface (receipting and receiving customer queries) is handled by 6 supervisors who coordinate a team of 50 to 60 meter readers provided by the Housing Department. In addition to the ICT staff, there are 8 Data Clerks who digitise the data into the billing system. Apart from this, there are 50 cashiers and their assistants located at the four satellite offices and the head office; Seke North, Seke South, St. Mary’s and Zengeza. The coordination of the cashiers is carried out by a revenue accountant who reports to an assistant revenue director, both at the head office. The revenue collection is further supported and assisted by a team of Principal Credit Controller and 8 Credit Controllers from the Chamber Secretary’s Department. In view of the large number of non-functional consumer meters and the anticipated adoption of technologies to streamline meter reading and data entry, the current establishment responsible for billing is regarded as high. The billing for water and sewerage services is combined with others; fees, rents and levies through an all-encompassing billing and accounting software; Pastel-Sage Evolution run on an HP ProLiant G7 server, procured in 2011, connected to a combined wired and Wi-Fi LAN. Table 8.9: Chitungwiza Municipality Monthly billing cycle activities Step Activity Personnel Number Department 1 Planning/coordination Supervisor 6 Housing 2 Meter Reading Meter readers 50 – 60 Housing 3 Data capture Data entry clerks 8 Finance 4 Billing/printing IT Manager 1 Town Clerk System admin 1 (IT section) Hardware tech. 2 5 Collection Cashier & assistant 50 Finance 6 Debt Collection Principal credit controller 1 Chamber. Credit control clerks 8 Sec (credit control section) The Satellite offices are connected through a fibre optic connection. A summary of the main activities, the personnel involved, their department and number of personnel is provided in the following table. Whereas there is a monthly activity schedule that provides a clear monthly cycle of the above activities, there is scope to improve on the overall effectiveness if additional activities Gauff Ingenieure 8-17 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 08 are included; disconnection / reconnections, meter servicing and repairs of the tertiary distribution network (house connections) checking for unauthorised water consumptions. This will require closer cooperation with the Engineering Department that performs technical operation and maintenance activities as well as formalised multi-skilling. Further to the current monthly activity schedule, the potential benefits of the following amendments and additions should be investigated: • Staggering of the monthly cycle in a way that each operational area starts its monthly activity schedule at a different time and that a particular activity (e.g. meter reading) can be performed throughout the month. This should not negate efforts to introduce the aforementioned multi-skilling of personnel; • Introduce more efficient methods of data collection and transfer to a software best capable of storing and processing data related to water and sewerage services; • Introduce system-generated reminders and demand notes (warnings) in response to non-payment, which could be issued through letter, e-mail, short message service (SMS) and/or other appropriate modes of communication to the consumer; • Introduce alternative modes of payment, in particular the possibility of payment via the mobile phone as offered by at least one mobile phone provider in Zimbabwe; • Introducing a comprehensive MIS that can provide relevant information not only to management but operators and consumers. With regard to the consolidation and streamlining of information, the current LAN, WAN and server provides a first step. However investments would be required to expand the WAN network to the anticipated new area, Nyatsime as well as providing a LAN in the offices of the new area. In addition some 31 personal computers (PC) and a backup server were reported as a necessary investment. Apart from the above listed opportunities, there are other possibilities of improving the effectiveness and efficiency of the billing and revenue collection systems, which are covered in more detail in Chapter 9. Management Heads of departments are responsible for defining and implementing policies and coordinating the available resources in the most effective and efficient way to achieve pre- set performance targets. Management is also responsible for the review and adjustment of performance targets in line with strategic development goals (e.g. metering) and realistic capacities. Under the current organisational arrangements the management for water and sewer4age services is split and performed by different Departments; Engineering Services, Finance Department, Housing and Chamber Secretary. The apparent challenges experienced with regard to performance (technical and financial), setting policies relevant and specific to water and sewerage operations, coordination of technical, financial and human resources and prioritisation of strategic goals may, at least in part, be attributed to the currently fragmented management responsible for water and sewerage services. Whilst the overall responsibility is vested under the Department of Engineering Services, this excludes important functions provided by the Finance Department and Housing. General observations and challenges Gauff Ingenieure 8-18 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 08 From discussions with various council management personnel, the Chitungwiza Council appears to be suffering from similar symptoms as experienced in other councils in Zimbabwe 5 . While the central government has continuously promoted a process of decentralisation of responsibility to the local authorities in the fields of health, education, water, sanitation, roads and other public and community services, it has not decentralised the financial resources including slowing down or cessation of financial grants that accompany these responsibilities. Furthermore, it was reported that the central government has in the past not settled large outstanding amounts for services rendered by the local authorities contributing to the poor financial performance of the councils. This in turn has led to declining service delivery over the years. Local authorities are not able to set charges without the approval of their line ministry and “zero-rate increases” (since 2009) have become a common feature. It is clear that the priority of the line ministry differs to the council’s desire to set cost-covering tariffs. In view of the zero-rate increases, despite increases of input costs, the Council is confronted with increasing difficulties of operating a budget with minimal or no increases. Even with modest or negligible budget increases the council is increasingly unable to cover operational costs. This general situation has led to an increasing dependency on overdrafts and/or non- payment of creditors as well as non-payment of salaries. With this background it is not surprising that service delivery has fallen to its lowest levels in history for most services. With respect to water and sewerage service delivery, the impetus of change is anticipated to be provided by a change of the organisational structure. 8.3.3 Epworth Local Board Epworth is run by a council consisting of 8 Councillors including the executive Mayor. The Councillors are elected into office by a public ballot in the 7 wards of the Local Board for a term of 4 years, who are the policy makers and members of the Local Board council for that period. The executive board comprises of council managerial staff headed by the Town Clerk responsible for implementing council policies. The executive board is answerable to the Minister of Local Government. Epworth Local Board constitutes one parliamentary constituency seat. The council’s main mandate is to provide public services relating to basic and social services to the residents of the city within the boundaries of the municipality: • Water supply and sewerage services; • Works and roads; • Health: clinical services; • Education: • Housing (estates); • Refuse collection; • Security and rangers; • Firefighting; • Parks and recreation grounds; 5 From: https://sites.google.com/site/cityofchitungwiza/governmentinchitungwiza Gauff Ingenieure 8-19 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 08 • Swimming pool (not functional); • Stadium; • Theatre (in form of a wall); • Library; • Cemetery. This wide range of services is provided by council owned assets managed and operated by its structure with a total establishment of around 450 6. The overall organisational structure is summarised in the following chart, showing 2 departments (Treasurer’s and Engineer’s departments) and the Internal Auditor reporting directly to the Town Clerk. Epworth does not have water production/treatment or wastewater treatment facilities. It receives its water mainly from Harare Water supplemented by a few individual boreholes. The present supply from the Harare Water is not reliable. Council Secretary Council Engineer Treasurer Vacant Administration Accountant Civil Engineering Technologist Acting House Acc. Officer Acc. Officer Sister-In Building Building Officer Expenditure Revenue Charge Inspector Inspector Senior Housing Registry Receptionist Acc. Stores Acc. Debtor Roads Officer Typist Clerks Clerks Clerks Clerks Supervisor Plumbers Housing Drivers Security Ambulance N. Plant Assistants Guards Drivers Aides Operators Office G. Hands General General Refuse Order Cemetery Att. Hands Hands Collectors Figure 8-7: Organisational structure of Epworth Local Board Council The activities related to the management and operation of water and sewerage services is spread across the two departments. The structural organisation of the main departments involved in the provision of water and sewerage services are shown individually for Department of Engineering Services and Department of Financial Services. There are eighteen (18) workers involved in water supply and sewerage services comprising six (6) meter readers under the housing section of Financial Services Department and three (3) plumbers under the Engineering Services Department. There are also nine (9) workers who work on both roads and also on water and sewerage and are housed in the Engineering Services Department. The Local Board would like to have roads as a priority to set the location where the water services will pass 6 Based on information from the HRO of 18 total employed on water and sewerage services and there are 5 vacancies, for the Engineer, Town Planner, Environmental Health Officer and field supervisors; total establishment is estimated at 450. Gauff Ingenieure 8-20 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 08 Board Secretary Other Depts Board Engineer E.H.O to Move Eng.Assistant Planning Officer Civil Eng Tech to Health Dept Water and Snr Building Roads Refuse Sewer Inspector Supervisor Supervisor Supervisor Operators 2 Building DraughtsPerson Plumber Operatorsx3 to Move to Insector Health Dept Drivers x1 to Assistant Driversx2 Move to Health Plumberx2 Dept General Hands General Hands General Hands x4 to Move to Health Dept Figure 8-8: Organisational structure of Epworth Engineering Department Director of Financial Services Secretary Support Director Staff Deputy Director Financial Services System Expenditure Revenue Administator Accountant Accountant Data Buyer Bookkeeper Creditor's Liquor Debt Control Rates Hall Capture Clerk Manager Officer Supervisor Meter Stores Deputy Liquor Debt Senior Revenue Reader Controller manager Collector Clerk Stores Bookkeeper Rates Hall Clerk Farm/ Liquor Clerk Farm Liquor Terminus Supervisor Supervisor Cashier Clinic Bar Cashier Cashier Vendors Çlerk Bar Hands Figure 8-9: Organisational structure of Epworth Finance Department Gauff Ingenieure 8-21 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 08 Director of Central Administration Secretary to Support Director Staff Deputy Director Central Admin. HR Administration Chief Fire Chief Security Officer Committee Officer Officer Officer HR Assistant Sub-Officer Sargeant Assistant Admin Officer Major Receptionist HR Leading Sargeant Clerk Fireman Registry Clerk Firemen Constable Assistant Driver Registry Clerk Drivers Trainee Figure 8-10: Organizational structure of Epworth Central Administration The fragmented structure in relation to the provision of water and sewerage services presented in the separate organisation charts for the departments for Engineering Services, Financial Services and Central Administration is consolidated in the following table, sorted by the main activities relating to the provision of water and sewerage services. Gauff Ingenieure 8-22 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 08 Table 8-6: Staffing Associated with Water and Sewerage Management and Operations STAFFING ASSOCIATED WITH WATER AND SEWERAGE MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS JOB TITLE DEPARTMENT ACTIVITY No. PER- No. No. TOTAL GRADE COMMENT MANENT CASUAL/ VACANT ESTAB- STAFF TEMP LISH- STAFF MENT Director for Engineering Services Engineering Overall management 1 1 CET Engineering Coordination 1 1 DL4 Revenue Accountant Finance Revenue collectio 1 1 CL3 Cross cutting Plumbers Engineering Water supply 3 3 CL2 Water Supply Foreman Engineering Water supply 0 Water Supply Fitter Engineering Water supply 0 Plumbers (low density) Engineering Water supply 0 Sewer Cleaning Foreman Engineering Sewerage services 0 Billing supervisors Finance Billing 0 Debt collection officer Finance Revenue collection 0 Secretaries Engineering Support 1 1 BL3 Waterworks Supervisor Engineering Water supply 0 Sewer Cleaning Supervisor Engineering Sewerage services 0 Sewer Disposal Supervisor Engineering Sewerage services 0 Data capture Finance Billing 0 Buyer 0 Store controller 1 1 BL3 Cross cutting Storekeeper Finance Support 0 Waterworks Operator Engineering Water supply 0 Assistant Plumber Engineering Water supply 0 Water Supply Fitter Assistant Engineering Water supply 0 Drivers Central AdministrSupport 6 6 BL1 Guards Central AdministrSupport 0 Fault Clerk Engineering Support 0 Waterworks Pump Attendant Engineering Water supply 0 Sewer Cleanting Attendant Engineering Sewerage services 0 Meter readers Finance Meter reading 6 6 BL1 Debt collectors Finance Revenue collectio 1 1 BL3 Sewer Cleaner/General Hands Engineering Sewerage service 5 5 A2 Building Inspectors Engineering 2 2 CL3 TOTAL 27 27 Notwithstanding that not all personnel in the above table are fully deployed in water and sewerage activities 7, a total of 27 permanently employed staff or 6% out of the total 450 permanent staff employed by the council are engaged in activities related to the provision of water and sewerage services. Only 1 employee was on temporary terms. Positions of three (3) chief officers are vacant. These are Director for Engineering Services, Town Planner and Environmental Health Officer. A breakdown of the personnel establishment by department is shown in the following table. By far the most important contributor to the overall personnel establishment for the water and sewerage service activities is the Engineering Department. As such, the water and sewerage services are mainly provided and driven by this department. Nonetheless, the other two involved departments also play important roles and thus there is need to streamline the scattered organisational structure to achieve higher levels of institutional efficiency and ring fencing, which is addressed in later Table 8-7 shows the number of staff employed by the council excluding the medical services section. 7 For example; the drivers are part of a pool that is used by all departments and other activities not related to water and/or sewerage, thus the total figures in the table are somewhat overstated. Gauff Ingenieure 8-23 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 08 Table 8-7: Epworth Local Board Personnel Establishment by Department Activity Central Admin Engineering Finance Total Billing 1 1 2 Coordination 1 3 1 5 Meter Reading 6 6 Management 2 2 4 Revenue Collection 2 2 Sewerage Services 5 5 Support 22 7 8 37 Water Supply 3 3 Total 31 19 14 64 8.3.4 Norton Town Council Norton is run by a town council consisting of Councillors, the Town Secretary, the internal auditor, the general administration and the private secretary. The main mandate of the council is to provide public services relating to basic and social services to the residents of the city within the boundaries of the municipality. The council has the following departments: • Engineering department including: Water supply and sewerage services; Works and roads • Health: • Education: • Housing; Norton does not have water treatment works but it has sewerage works and workshops. It receives its water mainly from Harare Water; however, the supply is not reliable. The organisation of the council is as shown in the Figures below. Council (Political Wing) Policy Making Body Head of Administration Chief Executive Officer Head of Department Senior Internal Head of Department Head of Department Head of Department Engineering Auditor Housing Finance Department Health Department Department Audit Section Department Figure 8-11: Norton Town Council Top Structure Gauff Ingenieure 8-24 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 08 Council (policy Makers) Finance Engineering Health & Licensing Housing and Human Resources Committee Services Committee Committee Community Services Audit Committe Committee Committee Head of Department Head of Department Head of Section Head of Council Head of Department Head of Department Director of Health (Director of (Senior Internal Administration Director of Finance Town Engineer Services Housing) Auditor) (Chief Executive) Figure 8-12: Organisational structure of the Local Town Council The activities related to the management and operation of water and sewerage services is within the Engineering Department, supported by the finance department and the central administration. The structural organisation of the Engineering Department is shown in the figure below. TOWN ENGINEER Secretary to the Town Engineer Deputy Town Town Receptionist Engineer Planner Water Civil Engineering Sewage Works Workshop Town Planning Electrician Messenger Purification Technician Superintendent Foreman Technician General Hand Supritendent Roads Plumbing Supervisors Auto Building Assistant Foreman Foreman Electrician Inspectors Electrician Assistant Roads Plumber Sewer Mechanic Handyman Foreman Linesman Operator Water Works Operator Mechanic Semi Skilled (Grader/Dozer) Operator Assistant Bricklayer General General Drivers Hands Hands Figure 8-13: Organisational structure of the Norton Engineering Department Gauff Ingenieure 8-25 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 08 Director of Finance DOF Secretary Deputy Director Of Finance Accountant Accountant Date Processing (Expenditure) (Revenue) Supervisor Credit 2x Assistant Stores Beer Hall Computer Controller Accountants Controller Manager Controller Senior Accounts Stores 2x Data Collecting Clerk Officer Supervisors Clerk 4x Accounts Stores Senior Clerk Assistant Cashier 2x Revenue 6x Clerk Cashiers 7x General Hands Figure 8-14: Organisational structure of the Norton Finance Department There are One Hundred and Forty Nine (149) workers involved in water supply and sewerage services comprising Twenty Five (25) workers from the Finance Department Seventy-one (71) workers from the central administration (these are not directly involved in the water supply and include guards and drivers) and the rest of the workers from the engineering department. The fragmented structure in relation to the provision of water and sewerage services presented in the separate organisation charts for the departments for Engineering Services, Financial Services and Central Administration is consolidated in the following table, sorted by the main activities relating to the provision of water and sewerage services. Table 8-8: Norton Town Council Consolidated Staff on Water and Sewerage Services JOB TITLE DEPARTMENT ACTIVITY No. No. No. TOTAL GRADE PERMANENT CASUAL VACANT ESTABLIS STAFF STAFF HMENT Director of Engineering Overall 1 0 0 1 15 Engineering Management Services Deputy Director Engineering Coordination 0 0 1 1 14 for Engineering WASH Engineering Coordination 0 0 0 0 N/A Engineer Systems Finance Billing 1 0 0 1 13 Gauff Ingenieure 8-26 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 08 JOB TITLE DEPARTMENT ACTIVITY No. No. No. TOTAL GRADE PERMANENT CASUAL VACANT ESTABLIS STAFF STAFF HMENT Administrator Credit Finance Revenue 0 0 1 1 12 Controller Collection Accountant Finance Revenue 1 0 1 2 13 Collection Water & Waste Engineering Coordination 0 0 0 0 N/A Water Technician Water Works Engineering Water 1 0 0 1 12 Superintendent Supply Sewerage Engineering Sewerage 1 0 0 1 12 Superintendent Services Plumbing Engineering Water 0 0 1 1 11 Foreman Supply Plumber Engineering Water 1 0 1 2 9 Supply Plumbing Engineering Water 0 0 2 2 7 Assistant Supply Water Engineering Water 8 0 0 8 6 Linesmen Supply Sewerage Engineering Sewerage 1 0 0 1 Foreman Services Sewer Engineering Sewerage 12 0 2 14 6 Linesmen Services Sewer Engineering Sewerage 17 0 3 20 6 Operators Services Receptionist/ Engineering Support 1 0 0 1 7 typist Stores Finance Support 1 0 0 1 13 Controller/ Buyer Computer Finance Billing 1 0 0 1 10 Operator Data Capture Finance Billing 1 0 0 1 9 Clerk Sewer Disposal Engineering Sewerage 0 0 0 0 N/A Supervisor Services Drivers Central Support 1 0 0 1 7 Administration Guards Central Support 69 0 1 70 6 Administration Fault Clerk Engineering Meter Readers Finance Meter 13 0 5 18 6 Reading Notwithstanding that not all personnel in the above table are fully deployed in water and sewerage activities a total of 79 permanently employed staff out of the total 149 permanent staff employed by the council are engaged in activities related to the provision of water and sewerage services. There were no temporary staff members. Positions of eighteen (18) chief officers are vacant. These are the Deputy Director of Engineering, One (1) Credit Controller, One (1) Accountant, one (1) plumbing foreman, one (1) plumber, two (2) plumbing assistants, two (2) sewer linesmen, three (3) sewer operators, one (1) guard and five (5) meter readers. By far the most important contributor to the overall personnel establishment for the water and sewerage service activities is the Engineering Department. As such, the water and sewerage services are mainly provided and driven by this department. Nonetheless, the other two involved departments also play important roles and thus there is need to Gauff Ingenieure 8-27 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 08 streamline the scattered organisational structure to achieve higher levels of institutional efficiency and ring fencing. 8.3.5 Ruwa Local Board Ruwa is run by a town council consisting of Councillors, the town secretary, the internal auditor, the general administration and the private secretary. The main mandate of the council is to provide public services relating to basic and social services to the residents of the city within the boundaries of the municipality: • Water supply and sewerage services; • Works and roads; • Health: and amenities; • Education: • Housing – the building inspectorate; Figure 8-15 below shows the organisational structure of the Ruwa Town Council. RUWA COUNCIL Town Secretary (16) Internal Auditor General Private (14) Administration Secretary (14) Assistant Administration Sr In Charge Auditor (12) Managers (14) (11) Registered Chief Security Purchasing Administration Housing officer General Nurse Officer (11) Officer (11) Officer (12) (10) (10) Municipal Police Committee Registered Administration Drivers Housing Clerk Nurse Aid Health Inspector (10) Clerk (10) Officer (10) Clerks (9) (8) (10) (2) Promoter (5) Sergeant Registry Clerk/Typist Grounds Man Receptionist General Hands (6) Clerks (8) (6) (1) (8) (1) Private Messengers (3) (2) Security Guard (1) Figure 8-15: Organisational structure of the Ruwa Town Council with grades The activities related to the management and operation of water and sewerage services is spread across two departments. The structural organisation of the main departments involved in the provision of water and sewerage services are shown individually for Department of Engineering Services and Department of Financial Services. There are sixty six (66) workers involved in water supply and sewerage services comprising 26 workers from the Financial Services Department and the rest of the workers fall under the engineering department. Gauff Ingenieure 8-28 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 08 RUWA TOWN COUNCIL Project & Environmental Town Infrastructure Management Secretary Development Engineer (15) H.O.D Private Town Secretary Planner Water & Building Name Roads & Workshop Water & Sewer Sewage Inspectorate Title Maintenance Reticulation Works Environmental Snr Building Technical Transport Plumber Plumber Superintendent Health Officer Inspector (13) Assistant (13) Officer (11) (9) (9) (12) (13) Supervisor Supervisor Building Refuse Truck Roads Driver (5) (5) Assistant Inspector (13) Driver (9) Supervisor (10) Supritendant Journeyman’s Journeyman’s Laborer (2) Laborer (2) Snr Sewage Records Health Truck Drivers Roads Hand Man General Head Snr Water Works Operator Clerks Promoters (6) (7) Foreman (6) (1) Works Operator (5) General General Hand (1) Hand (1) Sewage Works Water Works General Hand Assistant Handy Ambulance Mechanic Operator (2) Operator (2) (1) (1) Technician (8) General General Hand (1) Hand (1) Assistant Mechanic Figure 8-16: Organisational structure of Ruwa Works and Engineering Department Gauff Ingenieure 8-29 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 08 RUWA TOWN COUNCIL Town Secretary Director of Financial Services (15) Information Private Technology Secretary (10) Section Deputy Director Financial System Services Administrator (13) Liquor Undertaking Treasurer Accountant Revenue Income (12) Accountant Credit Revenue Controller (12) Expenditure (12) Salaries Beer Hall Officer (10) (11) Snr Accounting Office (11) Meter Reader Accounting Officer (10) Account’s Senior Cashier Credit Control Clerk (9) (7) Clerk (7) Accounts Cashier Clerks (6) (6) Receipting Clerk (6) Beer Hall (3) General Hand (1) Figure 8-17: Ruwa Local Board Organisational structure of Finance Department Gauff Ingenieure 8-30 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 08 The fragmented structure in relation to the provision of water and sewerage services presented in the separate organisation charts for the departments for Engineering Services, Financial Services and Central Administration is consolidated in the following table, sorted by the main activities relating to the provision of water and sewerage services. Table 8-9: Staffing Associated with Water and Sewerage Management and Operations JOB TITLE DEPARTME ACTIVITY No. OF No. OF No. PROPOSE NT PERMANENT TEMPORARY VACANT D POST STAFF STAFF Town Engineer Engineering Overall 1 management Deputy Director Engineering Coordination 0 1 Works Environmental Engineering Coordination 1 Health Officer Systems Finance Billing 1 Administrator Finance Director Finance Revenue 1 Collection Deputy Director Finance Revenue 1 Finance Collection Revenue Finance Revenue 1 Accountant Collection Water and Sewer Engineering Water Supply 1 Works Superintendent Senior Plumber Engineering Sewerage 1 6 Services Plumbers (high Engineering Water Supply 0 6 density) Assistant Water Engineering Water Supply 1 and sewerage works attendant Sewer Cleaning Engineering Sewerage 0 2 2 Foreman Services Plumbers (low Engineering Water Supply 0 3 density) Secretaries Engineering Support 1 Secretaries Finance Support 1 Stores Controller Finance Support 1 Water Works Engineering Water Supply 0 0 0 4 Foreman Sewer Cleaning Engineering Sewerage 1 1 Supervisor Services Water Works Engineering Water Supply 10-2 staff 12 Operator Assistant Engineering Water Supply 0 9 9 Plumber Sewage Works Engineering Water Supply 11 Operator Pond Engineering Water Supply 0 1 Messenger of Finance Revenue 2+5 staff Court and Lawyer Collection General 0 3 hands/water General Hands 14 Meter Readers Finance Meter 11 1 Reading Cashiers Finance Revenue 2 Collection Notwithstanding that not all personnel in the above table are fully deployed in water and sewerage activities a total of 66 permanently employed staff out of the total 103 permanent staff employed by the council are engaged in activities related to the provision of water and Gauff Ingenieure 8-31 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 08 sewerage services. There were no temporary staff members. Positions of twenty three (23) chief officers are vacant. These are the Deputy Director of Works, Six (6) Senior Plumbers, two (2) Sewer Cleaning Foremen, nine (9) assistant Plumbers, one (1) pond, three (3) general hands, and one (1) meter reader. The water and sewerage services are mainly provided and driven by the Engineering Department with support from the other departments. Thus there is need to streamline the scattered organisational structure to achieve higher levels of institutional efficiency and ring fencing, which is addressed in later. 8.4 Proposed Organisational Structure for Greater Harare Metropolitan Utility In this section the envisaged organisational structure for the greater Harare Water Utility is presented. The headquarters for the utility will be in Harare where also the largest consumers are. The satellite towns of Chitungwiza, Epworth, Norton and Ruwa will have semi-autonomous branches sharing the legal, audit and human capital services from the headquarters. The entity would be fully responsible for all aspects of an operation responsible for providing water and sewerage services, owned and guided by the various Councils. In comparison to the department in one council, this organisational arrangement takes over the responsibility of all investment budget aspects, human resource management, audit, legal matters and any other function that was provided under the Council’s WSS department. The concept of a utility is to enhance the commercial principles of providing the services of water supply and sewerage collection and treatment, as would be appropriately contained in the new entity’s memorandum and articles of association, in a technically and financially sustainable manner. Essentially the existing sections would remain in place, though partly expanded as outlined in the following: • Technical section comprising two main units: o Water supply unit responsible for the production, storage and distribution of potable water; and o Sewerage unit in charge of collection and treatment of sewage; plus o Investment planning unit responsible for the early planning of both re- investments (of e.g. consumer meters) and new expansion works to cope with increasing demand for services and confirm and implement the investment plans; o Electrical and mechanical unit providing expertise and support functions to the water and sewerage units; • Commercial, Financial and Administration section with two sub-sections for commercial and financial/administrative aspects respectively: Commercial sub-section in charge of revenue generating and collection activities through: o The data entry and billing unit responsible for the timely generation of water and sewerage invoices; and Gauff Ingenieure 8-32 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 08 o Collection unit that takes care of receipting, posting and banking of the monies collected for water and sewerage only (i.e. not for other council services); o Customer relations/service unit that is dedicated to address (record and follow up) issues raised by consumers. This unit would be closely knit with the new connections unit that also provides a customer interface; Financial and Administration sub-section in charge of planning and managing expenditures required for daily operations. This section harbours the following units: o The planning unit that coordinates the drawing up of strategic and business plans as well as compiling of annual operational budgets. The unit would furthermore take up the responsibility of financial reporting and liaison during annual audits; o The more operational expenditure unit responsible for (approved) budget procurements and expenditures including reimbursements to the council for expenses incurred on behalf of the new department (including payroll). This unit would also be in charge of bank reconciliations, credit control and cash flow management. o Human resources unit to take over the function previously provided by the Council. It’s activities would include the recruitment and termination processes, contractual and welfare issues as well as the preparation of the payroll; o Administration unit to manage office supplies, utilities, insurance, security, transport, communication and any corporate social responsibility matters that may be deemed appropriate; • Information and technology section providing cross cutting support for the planning, management and maintenance of hardware and software used by all main sections. • In addition, legal and audit support functions would be provided by appropriately employed officers and if deemed necessary separate units may be defined as to be confirmed through a separate and detailed organisational development consultant. Thus, compared to the department, the WSS utility has no direct links to the Council and all functions necessary to provide the water supply and sewerage services are carried out by the new entity. Essentially the independent utility would take over the long-term financial issues (investment budget), administrative issues including human resource. Other functions the new entity will take over are in relation to audit and legal matters. The expanded staff for the utility is as follows: • Harare Head Office and Harare Branch 1,933 • Epworth Branch 33 • Norton Branch 157 • Ruwa Branch 82 • Chitungwiza Branch 208 TOTAL 2,413 The structure to support this establishment is presented in Appendix 8, Tables A8.2 to A8.6 Gauff Ingenieure 8-33 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report CHAPTER 09: INVESTMENT COST ESTIMATES Gauff Ingenieure Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 09 9 INVESTMENT COST ESTIMATES 9.1 Introduction This chapter presents the methodology and approach used for estimating the investment costs. It also discusses the principles that guided the creation of the priority list for the investment measures.It ends with summaries of the estimated investments necessary to improve and extend water and sewerage services in the towns that constitute Greater Harare up to 2030. The investment measures have been grouped into six broad categories that reflect the problem areas and‘value chain’ for providing water and sewerage services. The categorisation also considered the ease of creating project packages for implementation from the investment plan. 9.2 Unit Rates Unit rates for individual investment items are a very important building block towards estimating investment costs. Given the recent economic downturn in Zimbabwe coupled with uncertainty over the future economic outlook for the country, it is difficult to estimate accurate unit rates. The possibility of cost escalation due to perceived political risk has been taken into account. For major procured components such as pipes, pumps valves etc. quotations have been obtained from reputable manufacturer’s agents in the region and these have been developed into rates with the addition of transport, handling charges, profit and overhead charges and installation costs. For the major overall works component of pipe installations and civil works involving earthworks,the rates have generally been worked up from first principals using basic earthworks rates from the higher end of the market spread (Market is US$2.5 to US$6.5/m3 and US$6.5 is used as the basis). To these basic earthworks, rates additions are made for shoring of excavations, haulage of materials etc. For investment items where works are similar to recent tenders under the UWSSRP Phase 1 works currently under execution, the rates tendered by the contractors have been used. In all cases the median rate of contractors’ bid prices has been used in estimate preparation and not the lowest. The rates from the contractors were also compared with similar works in the region. As expected, the rates used by the phase 1 contractors are higher than the regional averages, possibly because of perceived political risks, and logistical difficulties in clearing imports. In general, the unit rates cover the following: • Supply of the items, • Installation of the items, • Ancillaries and related works to ensure the proper function of the items, • 15% to cover perceived political risk and other risks. The rates do not include VAT and other taxes. We assume that the council is a registered VAT agent of ZIMRA, as such it does not pay VAT (claims VAT on all goods purchased). Gauff Ingenieure 9-1 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 09 We further assume that import duty will be waived on all materials and equipment that will be imported for the purpose of these investments. The rates calculated above are for the present year. We have assumed an inflation rate of 2% for calculating future rates for the medium and long term. 9.3 Prioritization Principles 9.3.1 Introduction The water and sanitation facilities in Harare and its satellite towns have been neglected in the last couple of decades. Very little investment has gone into rehabilitation or extension of the systems, hence huge investments are required to restore the facilities to nominal capacity and extend services to meet demand necessitated by population and economic growth. Given the current political and economic situation in Zimbabwe, there may not be enough funds to finance all the identified investment measures in one project. Hence prioritization and evaluation to identify measures with the highest economic and social returns is an important element of this investment plan. The following subsections outline the principles guiding the prioritization. We have grouped the investment measures into three broad priority categories. The highest priority will be given to investment measures aimed at ensuring that the utility meets its basic public health and service obligations by getting the most out of the existing facilities. The second priority will be given to measures that will help the councils meet all environmental obligations, while the last priority will include measures that will respond to the increasing demand for services due to population and economic growth. 9.3.2 Priority 1 – Investments for Restoration of Existing Facilities The highest priority will be given to the measures outlined in the table below. From the list it should be noted that the ‘minimum Service measures ‘and ‘coverage restoration measures’ for water and the ‘critical environmental interventions’ for sewerage must be the immediate priority as providing safe drinking water to all and preventing sewage spills in residential areas are fundamental to public health. st Table 9-1: 1 Priority Investment Measures Investment Measures Remarks Water - Minimum Service Provide water kiosks in all areas with no supply and where the cost Measures of restoring or establishing a reliable 24 hour supply in the short to medium term will be prohibitive. Water - Coverage NRW identification through a programme of bulk meter, block Restoration Measures valves and pressure reducing valve installation combined with proper zoning of the secondary and tertiary network so that an accurate water balance can be obtained. Night flow monitoring programmes should be initiated to identify areas where leaks are likely heaviest. Repair and replacement programme on primary distribution pipelines. Metering will indicate where large leaks are occurring and a targeted replacement programme can then be initiated. Gauff Ingenieure 9-2 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 09 Investment Measures Remarks Repair and replacement programme on secondary distribution pipelines. Metering will indicate where large leaks are occurring and a targeted replacement programme can then be initiated. Burst management response programme. Create teams with necessary equipment to quickly respond to bursts and use public relations campaign to enrol the help of the public in reporting bursts. Water Demand General demand management through: (i) restoration of 100% Management Measures domestic and commercial metering for water. In areas where 24 hour supply cannot be achieved metering cannot go ahead; (ii) Renewal of house connections; (iii) installation of pressure reducing valves to lower tertiary distribution network pressures (iii) Public Education measures. It is normal for a small number of large customers to represent a large proportion of utility revenue. Meter replacement programmes should target this group as a priority. Demand management in areas not currently getting 24 hour supply. This would involve three stages: (i) Increasing network pressures but managing these to reasonable levels with pressure reducing valves; (ii) Installing flow limiters and meters (iii) Restoring 24 hour supply. The flow limiters will keep demand down allowing 24 hours of supply. Metering can only take place in areas where the network pressures never fall to zero. The use of flow limiting devices flattens the peaks in the daily demand curve, making it easier to keep network pressures positive at all times. Roll out of metering should be planned to occur on an area by area basis. An area may only be selected for metering once major leaks have been repaired, it has 24 hour supply and the network has stabilised. Water – Database Clean- Prior to embarking on a programme of individual customer metering up (and possibly parallel to it) a complete overhaul of customer database and billing database is required. This should be considered as a revenue raising measure by ensuring all customers are known, are being billed and will get a meter or have their existing meter replaced when the metering programme commences. The database cleanup exercise requires considerable field work in identifying the location of all consumer meters and known unmetered connections, geo-referencing these and linking the connection to the appropriate account number. A concurrent desk exercise should review the locations of meters on satellite photography with the actual layout of stands to identify any stand which does not have an associated meter/ connection in the Gauff Ingenieure 9-3 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 09 Investment Measures Remarks database and may therefore be getting water for free. Water – Tertiary Network Once supplies have been restored and primary and secondary Rehabilitation distribution system leaks have been reduced there will be more water arriving in the tertiary networks, sufficient to achieve 24 hour supply and 100% customer metering. Data from block and customer meters will then make it possible to determine which areas of the distribution system are leaking most. From this will follow (a) targeted replacement of tertiary distribution pipework (b) targeted replacement of house connections Water - Initial Coverage These measures allows the utility to bring on extra customers and Expansion Measures raise revenue. The additional water needed must be obtained from NRW savings. (a) Priority expansions into areas with least overhead in terms of additional distribution system. These are areas where the distribution system is already constructed but supplied with little or no water. These are new customers which can be added at minimal additional cost. (b) Secondary expansion into new service areas where tertiary infrastructure has been provided by developers and the Utility needs to add only secondary distribution. City planning authorities should only allow new developments n areas where these criteria are met. High cost/ low density areas should be targeted to maximize revenue increases and minimize additional load on the sewerage system. Sewage - Critical Coverage Restoration. Rehabilitation of sewers in areas where Interventions - water supplies are revived. This is to prevent sewage spills in areas Environmental of population. To include: (i) de- choking of blocked sewers in areas where newly restored water supply causes blockages. Equipments should be provided for this; (ii) replacement of sections of sewer in areas of most infiltration and or collapses. This is a maintenance reduction and cost saving measure. Restoration of trunk sewers. This is to prevent sewage spills upstream of sewage works. (i) replacement of key sections of blocked sewer; (ii) capacity enhancements (new parallel lines) on low gradient sections of main and trunk sewer lines running at or above capacity Restoration of sewage pumping. (i) minimal emergency interventions in sewage pump stations to restore screening and pumping equipment;(ii) replacement of sections of sewage force main susceptible to bursts. Restoration of treatment capacity at existing sewage treatment plants in the following order of priority: (i) screening, inlet works and diversion facilities; (ii) primary treatment and sludge handling Gauff Ingenieure 9-4 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 09 Investment Measures Remarks facilities; (iii) secondary treatment facilities (iv) Irrigation and disposal facilities Sewage – Initial coverage This will expand sewage coverage into areas where developers or expansion measures council have already installed sewer lines but these are not hooked up or commissioned. This should be done in areas where water supply has been reconnected or expanded and will allow council to start to bill for sewage also. This will therefore be a revenue raising method. Works will include; (a) short lengths of main sewer to connect the area to the trunk system (b) installation of missing sewage pump stations Water – Next Stage of When networks are stabilized, customers metered and the billing Demand Management system is functional the utility can gain more information about Measures customers use of water. This will lead to new demand management initiatives including: (a) identification of wards with high consumption and running education programmes to encourage customers in those areas to reduce consumption; (b) improve the tariff band structure to discourage very high consumption; (c) identify industries with heavy consumption patterns and work with them to reduce their water demand through recycling, demand management etc. At the end of this set of interventions the city will be getting the most from its existing assets and customers and will have a strong revenue base through which it can start to address capital intensive expansion measures. As well as the capital investment measures described above there should be a similar priority given to public health in those areas that are outside of the Sewerage Boundary, where householders do not have a sewage connection. Provision of safe drinking water in these areas will alleviate the disease burden but other measures will also be required: Education measures – safe Once the city has restored its supplies by way of public standpipes drinking water or water kiosks the population should be educated to use these safe sources in preference to their (often closer) shallow wells. Education measures – safe Further education programmes should teach people better practices sanitation in building and managing their pit latrines and pour flush systems to lower the likelihood of these spilling raw sewage onto properties. Disease monitoring Initiate programmes working with local clinics tocontinuously map diseases linked to poor sanitation. This will allow for rapid and targeted intervention when a disease outbreak linked to poor sanitation occurs. Targeted construction of In some areas, generally those prone to flooding, the pit latrines toilet facilities commonly constructed will not suffice and may lead to sewage spills. Generally these are also the communities least able to invest Gauff Ingenieure 9-5 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 09 in better sanitation. In these area programmes of construction of composing toilets parallel to education programmes in their use will be required and will need to be publicly funded. Itis assumed that the measures described above will not be a one off but all of these efforts will continue on an ongoing basis through good maintenance, meter replacement, ongoing database audits etc. 9.3.3 Priority 2 – Investments to meet all environmental obligations The second priority will be given to the measures aimed at enabling the councils to meet all their environmental obligations as outlined in the table below. It is assumed that the revenue improvements realised from the implementation of the first priority measures will enable the councils manage operate the sewage treatment and disposal facilities more sustainably. nd Table 9-2: 2 Priority Investment Measures Investment Measures Remarks Sewage – Expand Sewage It is likely that with the completion of all or most of the measures Treatment Capacity above the City’s sewage treatment plants will be functional but heavily overloaded, with significant flows bypassing the secondary and tertiary treatment. At this stage the treatment capacity deficit can be addressed by expanding full treatment capacity to meet demand at all works in the Manyame Catchment and construction of the HSTS project Sewage – Eradicate sewer These measures and the measures above, do not include any bottlenecks. significant increase in water supply into the city and therefore in general the capacity of the main and trunk sewers should not be challenged. However there may be certain small sections of main and trunk sewers which are acting as bottlenecks. This may include: (a) replacement of collapsed or partly collapsed lines, (b) replacement of mains with larger diameter or improving gradients to improve velocities in areas where silting occurs, (c) increasing line capacity in short sections of line with low fall by doubling up the line or by short length line replacements with larger diameters. Sewage – Sewerage Expand secondary and tertiary sewerage to high and medium System Expansion density areas previously provided with water but without sewage coverage. This should be limited to areas within the sewerage boundary. 9.3.4 Priority 3 – Investments to Meet Increasing Needs of the City The third priority measures are those aimed at expanding capacity and extending service infrastructure to cater for increased demand fuelled by population and economic growth. These measures are outlined in the table below. rd Table 9-3: 3 Priority Investment Measures Investment Measures Remarks Gauff Ingenieure 9-6 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 09 Investment Measures Remarks Water – Supply Increases Bring on new sources of supply to meet the expansion of the city after all available water savings from demand management and NRW reduction have been used up:i.e (a) implementation of the Kunzvi project (b) primary distribution system restructuring and enlargements to cater for increased water from Kunzvi Sewage – Maintain As new water supply sources come on line the capacity of WWTWs Environmental Standards will be challenged. New treatment streams and BNR modules will need to be added on an ongoing basis. Water – Supply Area The secondary water supply network will be expanded into new Coverage Increases areas, not currently provided with water supply. This will allow new areas to be released for development. Sewage – Serviced Area New trunk sewers to areas of new water supply coverage. These Coverage Increases areas will only be within the City sewage boundary Water – Improved Storage The city has well over 24 hours of storage capacity at present. Many cities operate effectively with significantly less than this but it is a desirable figure. With the increases in supply availability the storage tie will decrease and in many satellite areas increased coverage may reduce local storage time to just a few hours. Thus a major storage increase will be required to create a minimum of 24 hours storage throughout the system. 9.4 Investment Cost Estimates The detailed cost estimates for all the investment components are presented in the Appendix. The investment plan has been structured according to the prioritization principles outlined above. 1st and 2nd priority measures have been put under the medium term project (2017/18), while 3rd priority measures could be implemented under the long term project (2026/27). We assume that more refined project packaging will be done at the feasibility study level once a decision has been taken to implement. 9.4.1 Harare For Harare the total required investment between now and 2030 is US$1,759 million split US$664 million in short term investment measures focused mainly on rehabilitation of existing infrastructure and US$1,095 million in longer term investments in expansion. In the short term the majority of the expenditure is on repair and rehabilitation to existing water networks. In the long term the Kunzvi scheme and the Harare South Trunk Sewer and its associated new treatment facilities dominate the cost estimates. Of the ‘expansion’ measures there is an approximately 60:40 split between expansion in tertiary water and sewer networks, traditionally carried out by private developers and primary and secondary infrastructure provided by the utility. Gauff Ingenieure 9-7 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 09 The total programme represents an investment of $3,000 per connection 1 with the repair, rehabilitation and environmental intervention (Priorities 1 and 2) measures costing $2,500 per existing connection whilst expansions will cost approximately US$3,430 per connection added. The investments are summarised in the tables on the following pages. 1Calculation uses [Total Investment/ estimated total no of connections in 2030] Gauff Ingenieure 9-8 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Figure 9-1: Overview of Investment Programme - Harare Summary of Harare Investments by Category Item Description Total Investment Investment to Investment 2021- 2020 2030 A Water Demand US$ (million) US$ (million) US$ (million) Management/NRW Reduction Programme A Water Demand Management/NRW 178 96 82 B Water Supply Service Reduction Programme 69 Improvements 178 B Water Supply Service Improvements 69 21 48 410 C Extension of Water Supply Services C Extension of Water Supply Services 458 139 318 D Sewerage Service Improvements D Sewerage Service Improvements 69 40 29 143 458 E Extension of Sewerage E Extension of Sewerage Services 397 119 278 Services F Accompanying Measures 143 68 76 F Accompanying Measures G Contingency and P&G 410 145 264 397 G Contingency and P&G 69 Total 1,723 628 1,095 Summary of Harare Investments by Priority Item Description Total Investment Investment to Investment 2021- 2020 2030 1 Priority 1 Projects - US$ (million) US$ (million) US$ (million) Investments for Restoration of Existing 1 Priority 1 Projects - Investments for 430 232 197 Facilities Restoration of Existing Facilities 430 2 Priority 2 – Investments to meet all 274 142 132 2 Priority 2 – environmental obligations Investments to meet all environmental 3 Priority 3 – Investments to Meet Increasing 1,020 254 766 obligations Needs of the City 1,020 274 3 Priority 3 – Investments to Meet Total 1,723 628 1,095 Increasing Needs of the City Reticulation to new development areas 634 152 482 37% 24% 44% Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Figure 9-2: Summary of Investment Programme - Harare Investment Components and Capital Expenditure Programme - HARARE Item Category Ref. No. Component Source Priority 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Total [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] A Water Demand Management/NRW Reduction Programme - - - 23,904,070 23,904,070 23,904,070 23,904,070 15,271,195 263,875 1,847,125 12,327,125 12,327,125 12,327,125 12,327,125 5,608,898 4,025,649 5,608,898 177,550,419 A.1 Rehabilitation/replacement of treated water transmission network field investigations results and consultaions with council 1 - - - 2,462,760 2,462,760 2,462,760 2,462,760 2,462,760 - - - - - - - - - 12,313,800 A.2 Rehabilitation/replacement of water distribution network pilot area investigations results and consultaions with council 1 - - - 20,541,310 20,541,310 20,541,310 20,541,310 11,908,435 263,875 1,847,125 12,327,125 12,327,125 12,327,125 12,327,125 5,608,898 4,025,649 5,608,898 160,736,619 A.3 NRW Reduction programme pilot area investigations results and consultaions with council 1 - - - 900,000 900,000 900,000 900,000 900,000 - - - - - - - - - 4,500,000 B Water Supply Service Improvements - - - 10,506,427 10,506,427 - - - - - - - 23,924,151 23,924,151 - - - 68,861,156 B.1 Rehabilitation of MORTON JAFRAY WTW including source works Condition assessments 1 - - - 5,482,469 5,482,469 - - - - - - - 15,436,713 15,436,713 - - - 41,838,363 B.2 Rehabilitation of PRINCE EDWARDS WTW including source works Condition assessments 1 - - - 1,506,029 1,506,029 - - - - - - - 3,389,776 3,389,776 - - - 9,791,610 B.3 Rehabilitation of WARREN Control station Condition assessments 1 - - - 1,171,728 1,171,728 - - - - - - - 4,329,205 4,329,205 - - - 11,001,865 B.4 Rehabilitation of ALEXANDER PARK Booster Station Condition assessments 1 - - - 546,202 546,202 - - - - - - - 768,457 768,457 - - - 2,629,318 B.5 Rehabilitation of LETOMBO Booster Station Condition assessments 1 - - - 800,000 800,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,600,000 B.6 Rehabilitation of storage Reservoirs including lift stations Condition assessments 1 - - - 1,000,000 1,000,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2,000,000 C Extension of Water Supply Services 7,774,489 7,774,489 7,774,489 8,444,489 8,444,489 49,621,335 49,621,335 57,680,032 15,833,187 15,833,187 15,833,187 15,833,187 55,134,854 55,134,854 55,134,854 15,833,187 15,833,187 457,538,830 C.1 Proposed Kunzvi Water Supply Scheme 1999 Study report by GKW Consult/BCHOD, hydraulic modelling 2 - - - - - 41,846,845 41,846,845 41,846,845 - - - - 8,635,000 8,635,000 8,635,000 - - 151,445,535 C.2 Construction of new storage reservoirs design guidelines, water demand 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - 30,666,667 30,666,667 30,666,667 - - 92,000,000 C.3 Extension of distribution system in expansion areas design guidelines, population projections 3 7,774,489 7,774,489 7,774,489 7,774,489 7,774,489 7,774,489 7,774,489 15,833,187 15,833,187 15,833,187 15,833,187 15,833,187 15,833,187 15,833,187 15,833,187 15,833,187 15,833,187 212,753,295 C.4 Other new bulk water management facilities Discusions with local authority 3 - - - 670,000 670,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,340,000 D Sewerage Service Improvements - - - 13,517,894 13,517,894 6,355,567 6,355,567 6,355,567 - - - - 11,516,153 11,516,153 - - - 69,134,794 D.1 Rehabilitation of Firle WWTW Condition assessments 2 - - - 2,939,615 2,939,615 - - - - - - - 5,741,811 5,741,811 - - - 17,362,851 D.2 Rehabilitation of Crowborough WWTW Condition assessments 2 - - - 2,554,007 2,554,007 - - - - - - - 3,759,808 3,759,808 - - - 12,627,629 D.3 Rehabilitation of Hatcliff WWTW Condition assessments 2 - - - 302,046 302,046 - - - - - - - 385,556 385,556 - - - 1,375,204 D.4 Rehabilitation of AVONLEA Sewage Pump Stations Condition assessments 2 - - - 230,029 230,029 - - - - - - - 181,565 181,565 - - - 823,187 D.5 Rehabilitation of BUDIRIRO Sewage Pump Station Condition assessments 2 - - - 242,500 242,500 - - - - - - - 509,881 509,881 - - - 1,504,762 D.6 Rehabilitation of MT PLEASANT NE Sewage Pump Station Condition assessments 2 - - - 285,899 285,899 - - - - - - - 279,899 279,899 - - - 1,131,595 D.7 Rehabilitation of NEW MARLBOROUGH Sewage Pump Station Condition assessments 2 - - - 127,717 127,717 - - - - - - - 132,567 132,567 - - - 520,568 D.8 Rehabilitation of BORROWDALE BROOK Sewage Pump Station Condition assessments 2 - - - 318,430 318,430 - - - - - - - 361,983 361,983 - - - 1,360,824 D.9 Rehabilitation of CHISIPITE Sewage Pump Station Condition assessments 2 - - - 162,085 162,085 - - - - - - - 163,085 163,085 - - - 650,340 D.10 Replacement/Upgrading of existing sewer network Condition assessments 1 - - - 6,355,567 6,355,567 6,355,567 6,355,567 6,355,567 - - - - - - - - - 31,777,835 E Extension of Sewerage Services 7,208,614 7,208,614 7,208,614 41,557,764 41,557,764 7,208,614 7,208,614 17,432,629 17,432,629 17,432,629 17,432,629 17,432,629 52,629,240 52,629,240 50,816,740 17,432,629 17,432,629 397,262,221 E.1 Decommissioning of Sewage Treatment Works Environmental guidelines, council recommendation 3 - - - 613,750 613,750 - - - - - - - 1,812,500 1,812,500 - - - 4,852,500 E.2 Rehabilitation/ Commissioning of Existing Lyndhurst Farm Sewer Hydraulic calculations 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - 384,648 384,648 384,648 - - 1,153,944 E.3 Trunk Sewer Extensions in Southern Suburbs (Ward 1) Hydraulic calculation 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,173,636 1,173,636 1,173,636 - - 3,520,907 E.4 Harare South Trunk Sewer Hydraulic calculation 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - 10,467,794 10,467,794 10,467,794 - - 31,403,383 E.5 Harare South Sewage Pump Station and Force Main Hydraulic calculation 3 - - - 1,050,000 1,050,000 - - - - - - - 3,722,333 3,722,333 3,722,333 - - 13,267,000 E.6 Harare South Wastewater Treatment Works Process & Hydraulic calculations 3 - - - 3,885,400 3,885,400 - - - - - - - 17,635,700 17,635,700 17,635,700 - - 60,677,900 E.7 Expansion of Crowborough WWTW wastewater flow estimates 3 - - - 28,800,000 28,800,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - 57,600,000 E.8 Extension of sewer reticulation system in new development areas population projection data 3 7,208,614 7,208,614 7,208,614 7,208,614 7,208,614 7,208,614 7,208,614 17,432,629 17,432,629 17,432,629 17,432,629 17,432,629 17,432,629 17,432,629 17,432,629 17,432,629 17,432,629 224,786,587 F Accompanying Measures 1,498,310 5,498,310 5,498,310 15,933,064 13,793,064 12,708,959 12,708,959 9,673,942 3,352,969 3,511,294 4,559,294 4,559,294 15,553,152 15,553,152 11,156,049 3,729,146 3,887,471 143,174,742 F.1 Technical operations management Consultations with council 1 - - - 1,200,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,200,000 F.2 Information Communication Technology Infrastructure Consultations with council 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - F.3 Commercial operations management Consultations with council 1 - - - 800,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 800,000 F.4 Management, commercial and technical information systems Consultations with council 1 - - - 140,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 140,000 F.5 Professional services - Institutional Support Consultations with council 1 - 4,000,000 4,000,000 4,000,000 4,000,000 4,000,000 4,000,000 - - - - - - - - - - 24,000,000 F.6 Professional services - Feasibility, Design and Supervision Previous experience 0 1,498,310 1,498,310 1,498,310 9,793,064 9,793,064 8,708,959 8,708,959 9,673,942 3,352,969 3,511,294 4,559,294 4,559,294 15,553,152 15,553,152 11,156,049 3,729,146 3,887,471 117,034,742 Contractors' P&G and Physical contingencies 5,244,086 5,244,086 5,244,086 34,275,726 34,275,726 30,481,355 30,481,355 33,858,798 11,735,392 12,289,529 15,957,529 15,957,529 54,436,033 54,436,033 39,046,172 13,052,013 13,606,150 409,621,597 G Contingency and P&G Total 21,725,500 25,725,500 25,725,500 148,139,435 145,999,435 130,279,899 130,279,899 140,272,163 48,618,051 50,913,764 66,109,764 66,109,764 225,520,707 225,520,707 161,762,714 54,072,623 56,368,335 1,723,143,760 Cumm. Total 21,725,500 47,451,000 73,176,501 221,315,935 367,315,370 497,595,269 627,875,169 768,147,331 816,765,383 867,679,146 933,788,910 999,898,673 1,225,419,380 1,450,940,087 1,612,702,801 1,666,775,424 1,723,143,760 Prioritised Investment Summary - Harare Priority Description Sub Total Priority 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Total [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] 1 Priority 1 Projects - Investments for Restoration of Existing Facilities - 4,000,000 4,000,000 65,250,793 63,110,793 47,876,474 47,876,474 31,358,804 382,619 2,678,331 17,874,331 17,874,331 52,564,349 52,564,349 8,132,903 5,837,191 8,132,903 429,514,644 Works and Goods 1 - 4,000,000 4,000,000 46,906,064 44,766,064 34,259,637 34,259,637 21,626,762 263,875 1,847,125 12,327,125 12,327,125 36,251,275 36,251,275 5,608,898 4,025,649 5,608,898 304,329,410 Engineering Professional Services - - - 4,076,606 4,076,606 3,025,964 3,025,964 2,162,676 26,387 184,712 1,232,712 1,232,712 3,625,128 3,625,128 560,890 402,565 560,890 27,818,941 P&G and Contingency - - - 14,268,122 14,268,122 10,590,873 10,590,873 7,569,367 92,356 646,494 4,314,494 4,314,494 12,687,946 12,687,946 1,963,114 1,408,977 1,963,114 97,366,293 2 Priority 2 – Investments to meet all environmental obligations - - - 10,385,374 10,385,374 60,677,925 60,677,925 60,677,925 - - - - 29,219,172 29,219,172 12,520,750 - - 273,763,618 Works and Goods 2 - - - 7,162,327 7,162,327 41,846,845 41,846,845 41,846,845 - - - - 20,151,153 20,151,153 8,635,000 - - 188,802,495 Engineering Professional Services - - - 716,233 716,233 4,184,685 4,184,685 4,184,685 - - - - 2,015,115 2,015,115 863,500 - - 18,880,249 P&G and Contingency - - - 2,506,814 2,506,814 14,646,396 14,646,396 14,646,396 - - - - 7,052,904 7,052,904 3,022,250 - - 66,080,873 3 Priority 3 – Investments to Meet Increasing Needs of the City 21,725,500 21,725,500 21,725,500 72,503,268 72,503,268 21,725,500 21,725,500 48,235,433 48,235,433 48,235,433 48,235,433 48,235,433 143,737,186 143,737,186 141,109,061 48,235,433 48,235,433 1,019,865,498 Works and Goods 3 14,983,104 14,983,104 14,983,104 50,002,254 50,002,254 14,983,104 14,983,104 33,265,816 33,265,816 33,265,816 33,265,816 33,265,816 99,129,094 99,129,094 97,316,594 33,265,816 33,265,816 703,355,516 Engineering Professional Services 1,498,310 1,498,310 1,498,310 5,000,225 5,000,225 1,498,310 1,498,310 3,326,582 3,326,582 3,326,582 3,326,582 3,326,582 9,912,909 9,912,909 9,731,659 3,326,582 3,326,582 70,335,552 P&G and Contingency 5,244,086 5,244,086 5,244,086 17,500,789 17,500,789 5,244,086 5,244,086 11,643,035 11,643,035 11,643,035 11,643,035 11,643,035 34,695,183 34,695,183 34,060,808 11,643,035 11,643,035 246,174,431 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 09 9.4.2 Chitungwiza For Chitungwiza the total required investment between now and 2030 is US$162 million split US$72 million in short term investment measures focused mainly on rehabilitation of existing infrastructure and US$90 million in longer term investments in expansion. The majority of the expenditure is on repair and rehabilitation to existing water networks. Significant ‘new’ works are limited to the distribution system as much of the investment required in expanded water and sewage treatment is undertaken by Harare as the first phase of the Harare South Trunk Sewer will cater for Chitungwiza's needs. The total programme represents an investment of $1,850 per connection with the repair, rehabilitation and environmental intervention (Priorities 1 and 2) measures costing $1,200 per existing connection whilst expansions will cost approximately US$2,800 per connection added. The investments are summarised in the tables on the following pages. Gauff Ingenieure 9-11 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Figure 9-3: Overview of Investment Programme - Chitungwiza Summary of Chitungwiza Investments by Category Item Description Total Investment Investment to Investment 2021- 2020 2030 A Water Demand US$ (million) US$ (million) US$ (million) Management/NRW Reduction Programme A Water Demand Management/NRW Reduction 23 11 12 B Water Supply Service Programme Improvements 23 4 B Water Supply Service Improvements 4 4 - 39 C Extension of Water Supply Services C Extension of Water Supply Services 35 18 17 D Sewerage Service Improvements D Sewerage Service Improvements 13 7 5 13 35 E Extension of Sewerage E Extension of Sewerage Services 36 8 28 Services F Accompanying Measures 13 7 6 F Accompanying Measures G Contingencies 39 17 22 36 13 G Contingencies Total 162 72 90 Summary of Chitungwiza Investments by Priority Item Description Total Investment Investment to Investment 2021- 2020 2030 1 Priority 1 Projects - US$ (million) US$ (million) US$ (million) Repair and Rehabilitation and Restoration of 1 Priority 1 Projects - Repair and Rehabilitation 41 25 17 Service and Restoration of Service 41 2 Priority 2 Projects - Meet Environmental 18 10 8 2 Priority 2 Projects - Commitments Meet Environmental Commitments 3 Priority 3 Projects - Water and Sanitation 103 37 65 Coverage Expansions 18 103 3 Priority 3 Projects - Water and Sanitation Total 162 72 90 Coverage Expansions Reticulation in new development areas 69 13 57 43% 17% 63% Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Figure 9-4: Summary of Investment Programme - Chitungwiza Figure Investment Components and Capital Expenditure Programme - CHITUNGWIZA Item Category Ref. No. Component Source Priority 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Total [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] A Water Demand Management/NRW Reduction Programme - - - 5,484,598 5,484,598 - - 132,815 132,815 132,815 9,092,815 132,815 170,315 170,315 552,635 552,635 552,635 22,591,803 A.1 Rehabilitation/replacement of water distribution network pilot area investigations results and consultaions with 1 - - - 7,088 7,088 - - - - - - - - - - - - 14,175 council A.2 Replacement/Installation of section valves pilot area investigations results and consultaions with 1 - - - 253,210 253,210 - - - - - - - - - - - - 506,420 council A.3 Installation of bulk meters Field investigations and consultations with the council 1 - - - 37,500 37,500 - - - - - - - 37,500 37,500 - - - 150,000 A.4 Rehabilitating/Installation of pressure reducing valves Field investigations and consultations with the council 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A.5 Replacement of service connections Field investigations and consultations with the council 1 - - - 156,800 156,800 - - - - - - - - - - - - 313,600 A.6 Replacement of service water meters pilot area investigations findings and consultaions with 1 - - - 4,480,000 4,480,000 - - 132,815 132,815 132,815 9,092,815 132,815 132,815 132,815 552,635 552,635 552,635 20,507,608 council A.7 NRW Reduction programme Meter testing results 1 - - - 550,000 550,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,100,000 B Water Supply Service Improvements - - - 2,122,805 2,122,805 - - - - - - - - - - - - 4,245,610 B.1 Rehabilitation of Source Works Condition assessments 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - B.2 Rehabilitation of existing water treatment facilities Condition assessments 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - B.3 Rehabilitation of Pump Stations Condition assessments 1 - - - 25,000 25,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - 50,000 B.4 Replacement/rehabilitation of existing transmission and primary Field investigations and consultations with the council 1 - - - 2,062,805 2,062,805 - - - - - - - - - - - - 4,125,610 distribution mains B.5 Rehabilitation of storage tanks Condition assessments 1 - - - 35,000 35,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - 70,000 C Extension of Water Supply Services 348,477 348,477 348,477 7,975,333 7,975,333 348,477 348,477 1,101,521 1,101,521 1,101,521 1,101,521 1,101,521 4,101,521 4,101,521 1,101,521 1,101,521 1,101,521 34,708,267 C.1 Extension of water abstraction and treatment facilities Water demand calculations hydraulic analysis 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - C.2 Construction of new Pump Stations Hydraulic analysis 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - C.3 Installtion of new transmission and primary mains population projection data and hydraulic analysis 3 - - - 3,174,356 3,174,356 - - - - - - - - - - - - 6,348,711 C.4 Construction of new storage tanks design guidelines 3 - - - 4,400,000 4,400,000 - - - - - - - 3,000,000 3,000,000 - - - 14,800,000 C.5 Extension of distribution system in expansion areas design guidelines 3 211,049 211,049 211,049 211,049 211,049 211,049 211,049 667,117 667,117 667,117 667,117 667,117 667,117 667,117 667,117 667,117 667,117 8,148,519 C.6 Installation of service connections in expansion areas population projection data 3 4,614 4,614 4,614 4,614 4,614 4,614 4,614 14,583 14,583 14,583 14,583 14,583 14,583 14,583 14,583 14,583 14,583 178,127 C.7 Installation of service water meters in expansion areas population projection data 3 132,815 132,815 132,815 132,815 132,815 132,815 132,815 419,821 419,821 419,821 419,821 419,821 419,821 419,821 419,821 419,821 419,821 5,127,910 C.8 Other new bulk water management facilities Field investigations and consultations with the council 1 - - - 52,500 52,500 - - - - - - - - - - - - 105,000 D Sewerage Service Improvements - - - 3,613,363 3,613,363 - - - - - - - 2,696,250 2,696,250 - - - 12,619,227 D.1 Rehabilitation of wastewater treatment facilities Condition assessments 2 - - - 3,453,277 3,453,277 - - - - - - - 2,696,250 2,696,250 - - - 12,299,055 D.2 Rehabilitation of sewage pump stations Condition assessments 2 - - - 75,000 75,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - 150,000 D.3 Rehabilitation/replacement of existing sewer network pilot area investigations results and consultaions with 2 - - - 85,086 85,086 - - - - - - - - - - - - 170,172 council E Extension of Sewerage Services 885,023 885,023 885,023 1,856,770 1,856,770 885,023 885,023 2,797,547 2,797,547 2,797,547 2,797,547 2,797,547 2,797,547 2,797,547 2,797,547 2,797,547 2,797,547 36,114,123 E.1 Extension of sewage treatment facilities Wastewater flow calculations & hydraulic analysis 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - E.2 Extension of sewage pumping stations Wastewater flow calculations & hydraulic analysis 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - E.3 Construction of new sewer trunk mains Hydraulic analysis 3 - - - 971,747 971,747 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,943,493 E.4 Extension of sewer reticulation system in new development areas population projection data and hydraulic analysis 3 586,840 586,840 586,840 586,840 586,840 586,840 586,840 1,854,995 1,854,995 1,854,995 1,854,995 1,854,995 1,854,995 1,854,995 1,854,995 1,854,995 1,854,995 22,657,830 E.5 Installation of sewer service connections in new development areas population projection data 3 298,183 298,183 298,183 298,183 298,183 298,183 298,183 942,552 942,552 942,552 942,552 942,552 942,552 942,552 942,552 942,552 942,552 11,512,800 F Accompanying Measures 123,350 1,650,150 123,350 2,968,287 2,105,287 123,350 123,350 403,188 403,188 403,188 1,299,188 403,188 976,563 976,563 445,170 445,170 445,170 13,417,703 F.1 Technical operations management 1 - - - 430,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 430,000 F.2 Information Communication Technology Infrastructure 1 - 258,800 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 258,800 F.3 Commercial operations management 1 - - - 350,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 350,000 F.4 Management, commercial and technical information systems 1 - - - 83,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 83,000 F.5 Professional services - Institutional Support 1 - 1,268,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,268,000 F.6 Professional services - Feasibility, Design and Supervision 0 123,350 123,350 123,350 2,105,287 2,105,287 123,350 123,350 403,188 403,188 403,188 1,299,188 403,188 976,563 976,563 445,170 445,170 445,170 11,027,903 - G Contingencies Contingencies 431,725 431,725 431,725 7,368,504 7,368,504 431,725 431,725 1,411,159 1,411,159 1,411,159 4,547,159 1,411,159 3,417,971 3,417,971 1,558,096 1,558,096 1,558,096 38,597,660 Total 1,788,576 3,315,376 1,788,576 31,389,659 30,526,659 1,788,576 1,788,576 5,846,230 5,846,230 5,846,230 18,838,230 5,846,230 14,160,167 14,160,167 6,454,970 6,454,970 6,454,970 162,294,393 Cumm. Total 1,788,576 5,103,952 6,892,528 38,282,187 68,808,846 70,597,422 72,385,998 78,232,228 84,078,458 89,924,688 108,762,918 114,609,148 128,769,315 142,929,483 149,384,453 155,839,423 162,294,393 Contractor's P&G and Physical contingencies 10% of physical works (A+B+C+D+E) Physical contingencies 35% of physical works (A+B+C+D+E) Inflation 0% Prioritised Investment Summary - Chitungwiza Priority Description Sub Total Priority 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Total [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] 1 Priority 1 Projects - Repair and Rehabilitation and Restoration of Service - 1,526,800 - 11,969,859 11,106,859 - - 192,581 192,581 192,581 13,184,581 192,581 246,956 246,956 801,321 801,321 801,321 41,456,298 Works and Goods 1 - 1,526,800 - 8,522,903 7,659,903 - - 132,815 132,815 132,815 9,092,815 132,815 170,315 170,315 552,635 552,635 552,635 29,332,213 Engineering Professional Services - - - 765,990 765,990 - - 13,281 13,281 13,281 909,281 13,281 17,031 17,031 55,264 55,264 55,264 2,694,241 P&G and Contingency - - - 2,680,966 2,680,966 - - 46,485 46,485 46,485 3,182,485 46,485 59,610 59,610 193,422 193,422 193,422 9,429,844 2 Priority 2 Projects - Meet Environmental Commitments - - - 5,239,377 5,239,377 - - - - - - - 3,909,563 3,909,563 - - - 18,297,879 Works and Goods 2 - - - 3,613,363 3,613,363 - - - - - - - 2,696,250 2,696,250 - - - 12,619,227 Engineering Professional Services - - - 361,336 361,336 - - - - - - - 269,625 269,625 - - - 1,261,923 P&G and Contingency - - - 1,264,677 1,264,677 - - - - - - - 943,688 943,688 - - - 4,416,729 3 Priority 3 Projects - Water and Sanitation Coverage Expansions 1,788,576 1,788,576 1,788,576 14,180,424 14,180,424 1,788,576 1,788,576 5,653,649 5,653,649 5,653,649 5,653,649 5,653,649 10,003,649 10,003,649 5,653,649 5,653,649 5,653,649 102,540,216 Works and Goods 3 1,233,501 1,233,501 1,233,501 9,779,603 9,779,603 1,233,501 1,233,501 3,899,068 3,899,068 3,899,068 3,899,068 3,899,068 6,899,068 6,899,068 3,899,068 3,899,068 3,899,068 70,717,390 Engineering Professional Services 123,350 123,350 123,350 977,960 977,960 123,350 123,350 389,907 389,907 389,907 389,907 389,907 689,907 689,907 389,907 389,907 389,907 7,071,739 P&G and Contingency 431,725 431,725 431,725 3,422,861 3,422,861 431,725 431,725 1,364,674 1,364,674 1,364,674 1,364,674 1,364,674 2,414,674 2,414,674 1,364,674 1,364,674 1,364,674 24,751,087 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 09 9.4.3 Epworth For Epworth the total required investment between now and 2030 is US$64 million split US$16 million in short term investment measures focused mainly on rehabilitation of existing infrastructure and US$47 million in longer term investments in expansion. The majority of the expenditure is on projects to meet environmental commitments which includes for commissioning the Epworth sewer network and connecting it to the Harare South Trunk Sewer. Significant ‘new’ works are limited to the distribution system as much of the investment required in expanded water and sewerage treatment is undertaken by Harare. The total programme represents an investment of $2,000 per connection with the repair, rehabilitation and environmental intervention (Priorities 1 and 2) measures costing $1,000 per existing connection whilst expansions will cost approximately US$3,100 per connection added. The investments are summarised in the tables on the following pages. Gauff Ingenieure 9-14 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Figure 9-5: Overview of Investment Programme - Epworth Summary of Epworth Investments by Category Item Description Total Investment Investment to Investment 2021- 2020 2030 A Water Demand US$ (million) US$ (million) US$ (million) Management/NRW Reduction Programme A Water Demand Management/NRW Reduction 10 6 4 B Water Supply Service Programme Improvements 10 B Water Supply Service Improvements 2 2 - 15 2 C Extension of Water Supply Services C Extension of Water Supply Services 14 1 12 D Sewerage Service Improvements D Sewerage Service Improvements 1 - 1 E Extension of Sewerage E Extension of Sewerage Services 16 - 16 7 14 Services F Accompanying Measures 7 4 3 F Accompanying Measures G Contingencies 15 3 11 16 G Contingencies 1 Total 64 16 47 Summary of Epworth Investments by Priority Item Description Total Investment Investment to Investment 2021- 2020 2030 1 Priority 1 Projects - US$ (million) US$ (million) US$ (million) Repair and Rehabilitation and Restoration of 1 Priority 1 Projects - Repair and Rehabilitation 21 15 6 Service and Restoration of Service 21 2 Priority 2 Projects - Meet Environmental - - - 2 Priority 2 Projects - Commitments Meet Environmental Commitments 3 Priority 3 Projects - Water and Sanitation 43 2 41 Coverage Expansions 43 - 3 Priority 3 Projects - Water and Sanitation Total 64 16 47 Coverage Expansions Reticulation in new development areas 36 2 34 56% 11% 71% Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Figure 9-6: Summary of Investment Programme - Epworth Investment Components and Capital Expenditure Programme - EPWORTH Item Category Ref. No. Component Source Priority 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Total [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] A Water Demand Management/NRW Reduction Programme - - - 3,066,600 3,066,600 - - 43,429 43,429 43,429 2,593,429 43,429 283,679 283,679 253,314 253,314 253,314 10,227,641 A.1 Rehabilitation/replacement of water distribution network field inspections, consultations with council and 1 - - - 465,000 465,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - 930,000 investigations in other towns A.2 Replacement/Installation of section valves field inspections, consultations with council and 1 - - - 49,350 49,350 - - - - - - - - - - - - 98,700 investigations in other towns A.3 Installation of bulk meters field inspections, consultations with council and 1 - - - 70,750 70,750 - - - - - - - 70,750 70,750 - - - 283,000 investigations in other towns A.4 Rehabilitating/Installation of pressure reducing valves field inspections, consultations with council and 1 - - - 7,000 7,000 - - - - - - - 7,000 7,000 - - - 28,000 investigations in other towns A.5 Replacement of service connections field inspections, consultations with council and 1 - - - 1,154,500 1,154,500 - - - - - - - 162,500 162,500 - - - 2,634,000 investigations in other towns A.6 Replacement of service water meters field inspections, consultations with council and 1 - - - 1,275,000 1,275,000 - - 43,429 43,429 43,429 2,593,429 43,429 43,429 43,429 253,314 253,314 253,314 6,163,941 investigations in other towns A.7 NRW Reduction programme field inspections, consultations with council and 1 - - - 45,000 45,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - 90,000 investigations in other towns B Water Supply Service Improvements - - - 791,650 791,650 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,583,300 B.1 Water Kiosk Programme Condition assessments 1 - - - 791,650 791,650 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,583,300 C Extension of Water Supply Services 185,527 185,527 185,527 185,527 185,527 185,527 185,527 945,610 945,610 945,610 945,610 945,610 2,292,010 2,292,010 1,000,610 945,610 945,610 13,502,588 C.1 Primary and Secondary Distribution System Expansion Discusions with local authority 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,318,900 1,318,900 - - - 2,637,800 C.2 Extension of distribution system in expansion areas Design guidelines, hydraulic modelling 3 185,527 185,527 185,527 185,527 185,527 185,527 185,527 945,610 945,610 945,610 945,610 945,610 945,610 945,610 945,610 945,610 945,610 10,754,788 C.3 Other new bulk water management facilities Hydraulic Modelling 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 27,500 27,500 55,000 - - 110,000 D Sewerage Service Improvements - - - - - - - - - - - - 364,215 364,215 - - - 728,430 D.1 Rehabilitation/replacement of existing sewer network 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - 364,215 364,215 - - - 728,430 E Extension of Sewerage Services - - - - - - - 1,381,352 1,381,352 1,381,352 1,381,352 1,381,352 2,238,489 2,238,489 1,381,352 1,381,352 1,381,352 15,527,794 E.1 Epworth Outfall to Lyndhyrst Farm Line Wastewater flow calculations & hydraulic analysis 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - 316,681 316,681 - - - 633,361 E.2 Epworth Wards 3 and 4 Expansion Wastewater flow calculations & hydraulic analysis 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - 540,456 540,456 - - - 1,080,913 E.3 Extension of sewer reticulation system in new development areas Population growth calculations 3 - - - - - - - 1,381,352 1,381,352 1,381,352 1,381,352 1,381,352 1,381,352 1,381,352 1,381,352 1,381,352 1,381,352 13,813,520 F Accompanying Measures 18,553 498,553 138,553 2,690,978 832,378 18,553 18,553 237,039 237,039 237,039 492,039 237,039 517,839 517,839 263,528 258,028 258,028 7,471,575 F.1 Technical operations management 1 - - - 230,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 230,000 F.2 Information Communication Technology Infrastructure 1 - - - 176,600 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 176,600 F.3 Commercial operations management 1 - - - 1,500,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,500,000 F.4 Management, commercial and technical information systems 1 - - - 140,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 140,000 F.5 Professional services - Institutional Support 1 - 480,000 120,000 240,000 428,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,268,000 F.6 Professional services - Feasibility, Design and Supervision 0 18,553 18,553 18,553 404,378 404,378 18,553 18,553 237,039 237,039 237,039 492,039 237,039 517,839 517,839 263,528 258,028 258,028 4,156,975 Contractor's P&G and Physical contingencies 64,934 64,934 64,934 1,415,322 1,415,322 64,934 64,934 829,637 829,637 829,637 1,722,137 829,637 1,812,437 1,812,437 922,346 903,096 903,096 14,549,414 G Contingencies Total 269,014 749,014 389,014 8,150,076 6,291,476 269,014 269,014 3,437,066 3,437,066 3,437,066 7,134,566 3,437,066 7,508,670 7,508,670 3,821,150 3,741,400 3,741,400 63,590,742 Cumm. Total 269,014 1,018,028 1,407,042 9,557,118 15,848,595 16,117,609 16,386,623 19,823,689 23,260,755 26,697,822 33,832,388 37,269,454 44,778,124 52,286,793 56,107,943 59,849,343 63,590,742 Engineering Services 10% of physical works (A+B+C+D+E) Contractor's P&G and Physical contingencies 35% of physical works (A+B+C+D+E) Inflation 0% Prioritised Investment Summary - Epworth Priority Description Sub Total Priority 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Total [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] 1 Priority 1 Projects - Repair and Rehabilitation and Restoration of Service - 480,000 120,000 7,881,063 6,022,463 - - 62,971 62,971 62,971 3,760,471 62,971 451,209 451,209 447,055 367,305 367,305 20,599,964 Works and Goods 1 - 480,000 120,000 6,144,850 4,286,250 - - 43,429 43,429 43,429 2,593,429 43,429 311,179 311,179 308,314 253,314 253,314 15,235,541 Engineering Professional Services - - - 385,825 385,825 - - 4,343 4,343 4,343 259,343 4,343 31,118 31,118 30,831 25,331 25,331 1,192,094 P&G and Contingency - - - 1,350,388 1,350,388 - - 15,200 15,200 15,200 907,700 15,200 108,913 108,913 107,910 88,660 88,660 4,172,329 2 Priority 2 Projects - Meet Environmental Commitments - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Works and Goods 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Engineering Professional Services - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - P&G and Contingency - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 Priority 3 Projects - Water and Sanitation Coverage Expansions 269,014 269,014 269,014 269,014 269,014 269,014 269,014 3,374,095 3,374,095 3,374,095 3,374,095 3,374,095 7,057,461 7,057,461 3,374,095 3,374,095 3,374,095 42,990,778 Works and Goods 3 185,527 185,527 185,527 185,527 185,527 185,527 185,527 2,326,962 2,326,962 2,326,962 2,326,962 2,326,962 4,867,214 4,867,214 2,326,962 2,326,962 2,326,962 29,648,813 Engineering Professional Services 18,553 18,553 18,553 18,553 18,553 18,553 18,553 232,696 232,696 232,696 232,696 232,696 486,721 486,721 232,696 232,696 232,696 2,964,881 P&G and Contingency 64,934 64,934 64,934 64,934 64,934 64,934 64,934 814,437 814,437 814,437 814,437 814,437 1,703,525 1,703,525 814,437 814,437 814,437 10,377,084 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 09 9.4.4 Norton For Norton the total required investment between now and 2030 is US$100 million split US$42 million in short term investment measures focused mainly on rehabilitation of existing infrastructure and US$57 million in longer term investments in expansion. The majority of the expenditure is required in priority 3 projects to expand water and sewerage coverage to new areas. There is also significant investment required in sanitation as the town requires a rehabilitation of its existing sewage works, a new disposal system and a new future sewage treatment works. Costs in Norton are also generally higher than in other towns because the new developments are spread out and require significant investment in primary and secondary water and sewerage systems. The total programme represents an investment of $3,600 per connection with the repair, rehabilitation and environmental intervention (Priorities 1 and 2) measures costing $3,700 per existing connection whilst expansions will cost approximately US$3,600 per connection added. The investments are summarised in the tables on the following pages. Gauff Ingenieure 9-17 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Figure 9-7: Overview of Investment Programme - Norton Summary of Norton Investments by Category Item Description Total Investment Investment to Investment 2021- 2020 2030 A Water Demand US$ (million) US$ (million) US$ (million) Management/NRW Reduction Programme A Water Demand Management/NRW Reduction 9 5 4 0 B Water Supply Service Programme 9 Improvements B Water Supply Service Improvements 0 0 0 24 C Extension of Water Supply Services C Extension of Water Supply Services 28 10 18 D Sewerage Service 28 Improvements D Sewerage Service Improvements 9 8 1 9 E Extension of Sewerage E Extension of Sewerage Services 21 5 16 Services F Accompanying Measures 9 5 4 F Accompanying Measures G Contingencies 24 10 14 21 9 G Contingencies Total 100 43 57 Summary of Norton Investments by Priority Item Description Total Investment Investment to Investment 2021- 2020 2030 1 Priority 1 Projects - US$ (million) US$ (million) US$ (million) Repair and Rehabilitation 15 and Restoration of 1 Priority 1 Projects - Repair and Rehabilitation 15 9 6 Service and Restoration of Service 2 Priority 2 Projects - Meet Environmental 12 11 1 2 Priority 2 Projects - Commitments 12 Meet Environmental Commitments 3 Priority 3 Projects - Water and Sanitation 72 22 50 Coverage Expansions 3 Priority 3 Projects - 72 Water and Sanitation Total 100 42 57 Coverage Expansions Reticulation to new development areas 33 11 22 33% 27% 38% Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Figure 9-8: Summary of Investment Programme - Norton Investment Components and Capital Expenditure Programme - NORTON Project Item Category Ref. No. Component Source Priority 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Total [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] A Water Demand Management/NRW Reduction Programme - - - 2,272,175 2,272,175 - - 122,211 122,211 122,211 1,867,211 122,211 380,661 380,661 287,818 287,818 287,818 8,525,179 A.1 Rehabilitation/replacement of water distribution network field inspections, consultations with council and 1 - - - 231,250 231,250 - - - - - - - - - - - - 462,500 investigations in other towns A.2 Replacement/Installation of section valves field inspections, consultations with council and 1 - - - 116,475 116,475 - - - - - - - - - - - - 232,950 investigations in other towns A.3 Installation of bulk meters field inspections, consultations with council and 1 - - - 79,700 79,700 - - - - - - - 79,700 79,700 - - - 318,800 investigations in other towns A.4 Rehabilitating/Installation of pressure reducing valves field inspections, consultations with council and 1 - - - 35,000 35,000 - - - - - - - 35,000 35,000 - - - 140,000 investigations in other towns A.5 Replacement of service connections field inspections, consultations with council and 1 - - - 892,250 892,250 - - - - - - - 143,750 143,750 - - - 2,072,000 investigations in other towns A.6 Replacement of service water meters field inspections, consultations with council and 1 - - - 872,500 872,500 - - 122,211 122,211 122,211 1,867,211 122,211 122,211 122,211 287,818 287,818 287,818 5,208,929 investigations in other towns A.7 NRW Reduction programme field inspections, consultations with council and 1 - - - 45,000 45,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - 90,000 investigations in other towns B Water Supply Service Improvements - - - 38,400 38,400 - - - - - - - 14,000 14,000 - - - 104,800 B.1 Rehabilitation of Existing Water Tanks Condition assessments 1 - - - 38,400 38,400 - - - - - - - 14,000 14,000 - - - 104,800 C Extension of Water Supply Services 400,842 400,842 400,842 3,992,654 3,992,654 400,842 400,842 539,130 539,130 539,130 539,130 539,130 7,082,235 7,082,235 539,130 539,130 539,130 28,467,025 C.1 Expansion of Primary and Secondary Distribution 3 - - - 3,551,813 3,551,813 - - - - - - - 1,343,105 1,343,105 - - - 9,789,835 C.2 Construction of new storage reservoirs Design guidelines, hydraulic modelling 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - 5,200,000 5,200,000 - - - 10,400,000 C.4 Extension of Distribution System in Expansion areas Discusions with local authority 3 400,842 400,842 400,842 400,842 400,842 400,842 400,842 539,130 539,130 539,130 539,130 539,130 539,130 539,130 539,130 539,130 539,130 8,197,190 C.5 Other new bulk water management Hydraulic Modelling 1 - - - 40,000 40,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - 80,000 D Sewerage Service Improvements - - - 3,916,289 3,916,289 - - - - - - - 367,950 367,950 - - - 8,568,477 D.1 Rehabilitation of Norton WWTW Condition assessments 2 - - - 1,701,333 1,701,333 - - - - - - - - - - - - 3,402,667 D.2 New Pumps and Force Main to New SR Irrigation System Condition assessments 2 - - - 1,341,884 1,341,884 - - - - - - - 78,000 78,000 - - - 2,839,768 D.3 Establishment of New Slow Rate Irrigation Disposal System Conceptual Designs 2 - - - 630,700 630,700 - - - - - - - 225,250 225,250 - - - 1,711,900 D.4 Rehabilitate Existing Sewage Pump Stations Condition assessments 2 - - - 91,121 91,121 - - - - - - - 15,500 15,500 - - - 213,243 D.5 Rehabilitation/replacement of existing sewer network Data from Norton Town Council 2 - - - 151,250 151,250 - - - - - - - 49,200 49,200 - - - 400,900 E Extension of Sewerage Services 703,386 703,386 703,386 703,386 703,386 703,386 703,386 947,830 947,830 947,830 947,830 947,830 4,374,167 4,374,167 947,830 947,830 947,830 21,254,673 E.1 New Norton WWTW (anaerobic/ Facultative Ponds) Conceptual Designs 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2,216,654 2,216,654 - - - 4,433,308 E.2 New Secondary Sewerage Wards 12 and 13 Wastewater flow calculations & hydraulic analysis 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - 703,925 703,925 - - - 1,407,850 E.3 New Secondary Sewerage Chegutu Expansion Area Wastewater flow calculations & hydraulic analysis 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - 505,758 505,758 - - - 1,011,515 E.4 Extension of sewer reticulation system in new development areas Wastewater flow calculations & hydraulic analysis 3 703,386 703,386 703,386 703,386 703,386 703,386 703,386 947,830 947,830 947,830 947,830 947,830 947,830 947,830 947,830 947,830 947,830 14,402,000 F Accompanying Measures 110,423 590,423 230,423 2,649,273 1,551,673 110,423 110,423 160,917 160,917 160,917 335,417 160,917 1,223,876 1,223,876 177,478 177,478 177,478 9,312,330 F.1 Technical operations management 1 - - - 430,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 430,000 F.2 Information Communication Technology Infrastructure 1 - - - 176,600 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 176,600 F.3 Commercial operations management 1 - - - 350,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 350,000 F.4 Management, commercial and technical information systems 1 - - - 83,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 83,000 F.5 Professional services - Institutional Support 1 - 480,000 120,000 486,000 428,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,514,000 F.6 Professional services - Feasibility, Design and Supervision 0 110,423 110,423 110,423 1,123,673 1,123,673 110,423 110,423 160,917 160,917 160,917 335,417 160,917 1,223,876 1,223,876 177,478 177,478 177,478 6,758,730 Contingencies 386,480 386,480 386,480 3,932,855 3,932,855 386,480 386,480 563,210 563,210 563,210 1,173,960 563,210 4,283,567 4,283,567 621,172 621,172 621,172 23,655,556 G Contingencies 99,888,041 Total 1,601,130 2,081,130 1,721,130 17,505,031 16,407,431 1,601,130 1,601,130 2,333,297 2,333,297 2,333,297 4,863,547 2,333,297 17,726,455 17,726,455 2,573,428 2,573,428 2,573,428 Cumm. Total 1,601,130 3,682,259 5,403,389 22,908,420 39,315,852 40,916,982 42,518,111 44,851,409 47,184,706 49,518,003 54,381,550 56,714,848 74,441,303 92,167,758 94,741,186 97,314,613 99,888,041 Engineering Services 10% of physical works (A+B+C+D+E) Contractor's P&G and Physical contingencies 35% of physical works (A+B+C+D+E) Inflation 0% Prioritised Investment Summary - Norton Priority Description Sub Total Priority 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Total [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] 1 Priority 1 Projects - Repair and Rehabilitation and Restoration of Service - 480,000 120,000 4,933,934 3,836,334 - - 177,206 177,206 177,206 2,707,456 177,206 572,258 572,258 417,336 417,336 417,336 15,183,069 Works and Goods 1 - 480,000 120,000 3,876,175 2,778,575 - - 122,211 122,211 122,211 1,867,211 122,211 394,661 394,661 287,818 287,818 287,818 11,263,579 Engineering Professional Services - - - 235,058 235,058 - - 12,221 12,221 12,221 186,721 12,221 39,466 39,466 28,782 28,782 28,782 870,998 P&G and Contingency - - - 822,701 822,701 - - 42,774 42,774 42,774 653,524 42,774 138,131 138,131 100,736 100,736 100,736 3,048,493 2 Priority 2 Projects - Meet Environmental Commitments - - - 5,678,619 5,678,619 - - - - - - - 533,528 533,528 - - - 12,424,292 Works and Goods 2 - - - 3,916,289 3,916,289 - - - - - - - 367,950 367,950 - - - 8,568,477 Engineering Professional Services - - - 391,629 391,629 - - - - - - - 36,795 36,795 - - - 856,848 P&G and Contingency - - - 1,370,701 1,370,701 - - - - - - - 128,783 128,783 - - - 2,998,967 3 Priority 3 Projects - Water and Sanitation Coverage Expansions 1,601,130 1,601,130 1,601,130 6,751,258 6,751,258 1,601,130 1,601,130 2,156,092 2,156,092 2,156,092 2,156,092 2,156,092 16,611,782 16,611,782 2,156,092 2,156,092 2,156,092 71,980,462 Works and Goods 3 1,104,227 1,104,227 1,104,227 4,656,040 4,656,040 1,104,227 1,104,227 1,486,960 1,486,960 1,486,960 1,486,960 1,486,960 11,456,401 11,456,401 1,486,960 1,486,960 1,486,960 49,641,698 Engineering Professional Services 110,423 110,423 110,423 465,604 465,604 110,423 110,423 148,696 148,696 148,696 148,696 148,696 1,145,640 1,145,640 148,696 148,696 148,696 4,964,170 P&G and Contingency 386,480 386,480 386,480 1,629,614 1,629,614 386,480 386,480 520,436 520,436 520,436 520,436 520,436 4,009,741 4,009,741 520,436 520,436 520,436 17,374,594 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 09 9.4.5 Ruwa For Ruwa the total required investment between now and 2030 is US$100 million split US$42 million in short term investment measures focused mainly on rehabilitation of existing infrastructure and US$57 million in longer term investments in expansion. The majority of the expenditure is required in priority 3 projects to expand water and sewerage coverage to new areas. However, unlike many of the other towns considerable areas of these expansions are already in place and therefore the investment is required sooner than in other cases. There is also significant investment required in sanitation to provide a new sewage treatment works in the short term and in order to link the town to the Harare South Trunk Sewer in the long term. The total programme represents an investment of $3,600 per connection with the repair, rehabilitation and environmental intervention (Priorities 1 and 2) measures costing $3,700 per existing connection whilst expansions will cost approximately US$3,600 per connection added. The high cost of the new WWTW drives up the cost per existing customer of the priority 1 and 2 measures. The investments are summarised in the tables on the following pages. Gauff Ingenieure 9-20 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Figure 9-9: Overview of Investment Programme - Ruwa Summary of Ruwa Investments by Category Item Description Total Investment Investment to Investment 2021- 2020 2030 A Water Demand US$ (million) US$ (million) US$ (million) Management/NRW Reduction Programme A Water Demand Management/NRW 9 3 5 3 B Water Supply Service Reduction Programme 9 Improvements B Water Supply Service Improvements 3 2 1 33 C Extension of Water Supply Services C Extension of Water Supply Services 39 12 27 D Sewerage Service 39 Improvements D Sewerage Service Improvements 4 2 2 12 E Extension of Sewerage E Extension of Sewerage Services 41 25 16 Services F Accompanying Measures 12 7 5 F Accompanying Measures G Contingencies 33 16 18 41 4 G Contingencies Total 141 68 73 Summary of Ruwa Investments by Priority Item Description Total Investment Investment to Investment 2021- 2020 2030 1 Priority 1 Projects - US$ (million) US$ (million) US$ (million) Repair and Rehabilitation 1 Priority 1 Projects - Repair and Rehabilitation 19 11 8 19 and Restoration of Service and Restoration of Service 2 Priority 2 Projects - 2 Priority 2 Projects - Meet Environmental 42 18 23 Meet Environmental Commitments Commitments 3 Priority 3 Projects - Water and Sanitation 80 38 41 80 42 Coverage Expansions 3 Priority 3 Projects - Water and Sanitation Total 141 68 73 Coverage Expansions Reticulation to new development areas 56 27 29 40% 40% 40% Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Figure 9-10: Summary of Investment Programme - Harare Investment Components and Capital Expenditure Programme - RUWA Item Category Ref. No. Component Source Priority 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Total [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] A Water Demand Management/NRW Reduction Programme - - - 1,666,600 1,666,600 - - 254,912 254,912 254,912 2,154,912 254,912 341,412 341,412 452,157 452,157 452,157 8,547,057 A.1 Rehabilitation/replacement of water distribution network field inspections, consultations with council and 1 - - - 378,500 378,500 - - - - - - - - - - - - 757,000 investigations in other towns A.2 Replacement/Installation of section valves field inspections, consultations with council and 1 - - - 44,100 44,100 - - - - - - - - - - - - 88,200 investigations in other towns A.3 Installation of bulk meters field inspections, consultations with council and 1 - - - 51,500 51,500 - - - - - - - 51,500 51,500 - - - 206,000 investigations in other towns A.4 Rehabilitating/Installation of pressure reducing valves field inspections, consultations with council and 1 - - - 35,000 35,000 - - - - - - - 35,000 35,000 - - - 140,000 investigations in other towns A.5 Replacement of service connections field inspections, consultations with council and 1 - - - 162,500 162,500 - - - - - - - - - - - - 325,000 investigations in other towns A.6 Replacement of service water meters field inspections, consultations with council and 1 - - - 950,000 950,000 - - 254,912 254,912 254,912 2,154,912 254,912 254,912 254,912 452,157 452,157 452,157 6,940,857 investigations in other towns A.7 NRW Reduction programme field inspections, consultations with council and 1 - - - 45,000 45,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - 90,000 investigations in other towns B Water Supply Service Improvements - - - 1,216,125 1,216,125 - - - - - - - 253,425 253,425 - - - 2,939,100 B.1 Rehabilitation of RUWA WTW Condition assessments 1 - - - 1,216,125 1,216,125 - - - - - - - 253,425 253,425 - - - 2,939,100 C Extension of Water Supply Services 1,140,326 1,140,326 1,140,326 3,226,576 3,226,576 1,140,326 1,140,326 881,142 881,142 881,142 881,142 881,142 9,860,142 9,860,142 881,142 881,142 881,142 38,924,205 C.1 Proposed RUWA WTW Expansion Discusions with local authority 2 - - - 531,250 531,250 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,062,500 C.2 Distribution System Expansion Design guidelines, hydraulic modelling 3 - - - 1,315,000 1,315,000 - - - - - - - 979,000 979,000 - - - 4,588,000 C.3 Construction of new Storage Reservoirs Design guidelines, hydraulic modelling 2 - - - 100,000 100,000 - - - - - - - 8,000,000 8,000,000 - - - 16,200,000 C.4 Extension of Distribution System in Expansion areas Discusions with local authority 3 1,140,326 1,140,326 1,140,326 1,140,326 1,140,326 1,140,326 1,140,326 881,142 881,142 881,142 881,142 881,142 881,142 881,142 881,142 881,142 881,142 16,793,705 C.5 Other new bulk water management Hydraulic Modelling 1 - - - 140,000 140,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - 280,000 D Sewerage Service Improvements - - - 1,141,457 1,141,457 - - - - - - - 830,188 830,188 - - - 3,943,289 D.1 Decommissioning of Wastewater Stabilisation Ponds Condition assessments 3 - - - 565,125 565,125 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,130,250 D.2 Decommissioning of Sewage Pump Stations Condition assessments 3 - - - 109,400 109,400 - - - - - - - - - - - - 218,800 D.3 Rehabilitation/replacement of existing sewer network 3 - - - 466,932 466,932 - - - - - - - 830,188 830,188 - - - 2,594,239 E Extension of Sewerage Services 1,501,743 1,501,743 1,501,743 8,724,513 8,724,513 1,501,743 1,501,743 1,130,420 1,130,420 1,130,420 1,130,420 1,130,420 3,532,140 3,532,140 1,130,420 1,130,420 1,130,420 41,065,384 E.1 Ruwa Northern Expansion Wastewater flow calculations & hydraulic analysis 3 - - - 1,255,311 1,255,311 - - - - - - - 356,000 356,000 - - - 3,222,623 E.2 Ruwa Southern and Ward 4 Expansion Wastewater flow calculations & hydraulic analysis 3 - - - 313,765 313,765 - - - - - - - 106,320 106,320 - - - 840,170 E.3 Ruwa Eastern Expansion Wastewater flow calculations & hydraulic analysis 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - 222,815 222,815 - - - 445,630 E.4 New Ruwa WWTW Ponds and Lift Pump Station Wastewater flow calculations & hydraulic analysis 2 - - - 5,653,693 5,653,693 - - - - - - - 82,500 82,500 - - - 11,472,387 E.5 Ruwa Outfall to Lyndhurst Farm / HSTS Wastewater flow calculations & hydraulic analysis 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,634,084 1,634,084 - - - 3,268,169 E.6 Extension of sewer reticulation system in new development areas Population growth calculations 3 1,501,743 1,501,743 1,501,743 1,501,743 1,501,743 1,501,743 1,501,743 1,130,420 1,130,420 1,130,420 1,130,420 1,130,420 1,130,420 1,130,420 1,130,420 1,130,420 1,130,420 21,816,406 F Accompanying Measures 264,207 744,207 384,207 2,877,127 2,025,527 264,207 264,207 226,647 226,647 226,647 416,647 226,647 1,481,731 1,481,731 246,372 246,372 246,372 11,849,504 F.1 Technical operations management 1 - - - 430,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 430,000 F.2 Information Communication Technology Infrastructure 1 - - - 176,600 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 176,600 F.3 Commercial operations management 1 - - - 350,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 350,000 F.4 Management, commercial and technical information systems 1 - - - 83,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 83,000 F.5 Professional services - Institutional Support 1 - 480,000 120,000 240,000 428,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,268,000 F.6 Professional services - Feasibility, Design and Supervision 0 264,207 264,207 264,207 1,597,527 1,597,527 264,207 264,207 226,647 226,647 226,647 416,647 226,647 1,481,731 1,481,731 246,372 246,372 246,372 9,541,904 Contingencies 924,724 924,724 924,724 5,591,345 5,591,345 924,724 924,724 793,266 793,266 793,266 1,458,266 793,266 5,186,057 5,186,057 862,302 862,302 862,302 33,396,662 G Contingencies 140,665,201 Total 3,831,001 4,311,001 3,951,001 24,443,743 23,592,143 3,831,001 3,831,001 3,286,388 3,286,388 3,286,388 6,041,388 3,286,388 21,485,095 21,485,095 3,572,393 3,572,393 3,572,393 Cumm. Total 3,831,001 8,142,003 12,093,004 36,536,747 60,128,889 63,959,891 67,790,892 71,077,280 74,363,667 77,650,055 83,691,443 86,977,831 108,462,926 129,948,021 133,520,415 137,092,808 140,665,201 Engineering Services 10% of physical works (A+B+C+D+E) Contractor's P&G and Physical contingencies 35% of physical works (A+B+C+D+E) Inflation 0% Prioritised Investment Summary - Ruwa Priority Description Sub Total Priority 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Total [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] 1 Priority 1 Projects - Repair and Rehabilitation and Restoration of Service - 480,000 120,000 5,662,551 4,810,951 - - 369,623 369,623 369,623 3,124,623 369,623 862,514 862,514 655,628 655,628 655,628 19,368,528 Works and Goods 1 - 480,000 120,000 4,302,325 3,450,725 - - 254,912 254,912 254,912 2,154,912 254,912 594,837 594,837 452,157 452,157 452,157 14,073,757 Engineering Professional Services - - - 302,273 302,273 - - 25,491 25,491 25,491 215,491 25,491 59,484 59,484 45,216 45,216 45,216 1,176,616 P&G and Contingency - - - 1,057,954 1,057,954 - - 89,219 89,219 89,219 754,219 89,219 208,193 208,193 158,255 158,255 158,255 4,118,155 2 Priority 2 Projects - Meet Environmental Commitments - - - 9,113,168 9,113,168 - - - - - - - 11,719,625 11,719,625 - - - 41,665,586 Works and Goods 2 - - - 6,284,943 6,284,943 - - - - - - - 8,082,500 8,082,500 - - - 28,734,887 Engineering Professional Services - - - 628,494 628,494 - - - - - - - 808,250 808,250 - - - 2,873,489 P&G and Contingency - - - 2,199,730 2,199,730 - - - - - - - 2,828,875 2,828,875 - - - 10,057,210 3 Priority 3 Projects - Water and Sanitation Coverage Expansions 3,831,001 3,831,001 3,831,001 9,668,023 9,668,023 3,831,001 3,831,001 2,916,765 2,916,765 2,916,765 2,916,765 2,916,765 8,902,956 8,902,956 2,916,765 2,916,765 2,916,765 79,631,088 Works and Goods 3 2,642,070 2,642,070 2,642,070 6,667,602 6,667,602 2,642,070 2,642,070 2,011,562 2,011,562 2,011,562 2,011,562 2,011,562 6,139,970 6,139,970 2,011,562 2,011,562 2,011,562 54,917,991 Engineering Professional Services 264,207 264,207 264,207 666,760 666,760 264,207 264,207 201,156 201,156 201,156 201,156 201,156 613,997 613,997 201,156 201,156 201,156 5,491,799 P&G and Contingency 924,724 924,724 924,724 2,333,661 2,333,661 924,724 924,724 704,047 704,047 704,047 704,047 704,047 2,148,989 2,148,989 704,047 704,047 704,047 19,221,297 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 09 9.4.6 Greater Harare For Greater Harare the total required investment between now and 2030 is US$2,225 million split US$863 million in short term investment measures focused mainly on rehabilitation of existing infrastructure and meeting environmental standards and US$1,363 million in longer term investments in expansion. In the short term the majority of the expenditure is on repair and rehabilitation to existing water networks. The only significant ‘new’ works in the short term is the first phase of the Kunzvi Scheme and. In the long term the Kunzvi scheme and the Harare South Trunk Sewer and associated treatment works dominate the cost estimates. Of the ‘expansion’ measures there is an approximately 60:40 split between expansion in tertiary water and sewer networks, traditionally carried out by private developers and primary and secondary infrastructure provided by the utility. The cost per connection implications for each town and greater Harare as a whole are presented below. Total investment between now and 2030 is $2,900 for Greater Harare and ranges between a high of $3,600 and a low of $1,850 in the individual towns. Towns which have their bulk water and sewage treatment needs met by Harare (Epworth, and Chitungwiza) require significantly lower investment than those that meet more of their own needs. Ruwa and Norton's higher initial costs reflect the need for the towns to make significant investment in sewage treatment and disposal, this cost being distributed in the table amongst the existing connections and not the expansions. Table 9-4: Summary of Cost Per Connection by Town (US$) Investment Greater Harare Chitungwiza Epworth Norton Ruwa Measures Harare Total investment 2,900 3,000 1,850 2,000 3,600 3,600 per Connection Repair and 2,400 2,500 1,200 1,000 3,700 3,700 rehabilitation and environmental commitments cost per existing connection Expansion cost per 3,400 3,400 2,800 3,100 3,600 3,600 connection added The investments are summarised in the tables on the following pages. Gauff Ingenieure 9-23 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Figure 9-11: Overview of Investment Programme - Greater Harare Summary of Greater Harare Investments by Category Item Description Total Investment Investment to Investment 2021- 2020 2030 A Water Demand US$ (million) US$ (million) US$ (million) Management/NRW Reduction Programme A Water Demand Management/NRW Reduction 227 121 107 B Water Supply Service Programme 78 Improvements 227 B Water Supply Service Improvements 78 29 48 520 C Extension of Water Supply Services C Extension of Water Supply Services 573 181 393 D Sewerage Service Improvements D Sewerage Service Improvements 95 57 38 185 573 E Extension of Sewerage E Extension of Sewerage Services 511 157 354 Services F Accompanying Measures 185 91 94 F Accompanying Measures G Contingencies 520 191 329 511 G Contingencies 95 Total 2,190 827 1,363 Reticulation to new development areas 828 205 623 38% 25% 46% Summary of Greater Harare Investments by Priority Item Description Total Investment Investment to Investment 2021- 2020 2030 1 Priority 1 Projects - US$ (million) US$ (million) US$ (million) Repair and Rehabilitation and Restoration of 1 Priority 1 Projects - Repair and Rehabilitation 580 312 268 Service and Restoration of Service 580 2 Priority 2 Projects - Meet Environmental 327 141 186 2 Priority 2 Projects - Commitments Meet Environmental Commitments 3 Priority 3 Projects - Water and Sanitation 1,282 373 909 Coverage Expansions 1,282 327 3 Priority 3 Projects - Water and Sanitation Total 2,189 827 1,363 Coverage Expansions Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Figure 9-12: Summary of Investment Programme - Greater Harare Investment Components and Capital Expenditure Programme - GREATER HARARE Item Category Ref. No. Component Source 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Total [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] A Water Demand Management/NRW Reduction Programme - - - 36,394,043 36,394,043 23,904,070 23,904,070 15,824,561 817,241 2,400,491 28,035,491 12,880,491 13,503,191 13,503,191 7,154,823 5,571,573 7,154,823 227,442,098 B Water Supply Service Improvements - - - 14,675,407 14,675,407 - - - - - - - 24,191,576 24,191,576 - - - 77,733,966 C Extension of Water Supply Services 9,849,662 9,849,662 9,849,662 23,824,580 23,824,580 51,696,507 51,696,507 61,147,435 19,300,590 19,300,590 19,300,590 19,300,590 78,470,762 78,470,762 58,657,257 19,300,590 19,300,590 573,140,915 D Sewerage Service Improvements - - - 22,189,002 22,189,002 6,355,567 6,355,567 6,355,567 - - - - 15,774,756 15,774,756 - - - 94,994,218 E Extension of Sewerage Services 10,298,767 10,298,767 10,298,767 52,842,432 52,842,432 10,298,767 10,298,767 23,689,778 23,689,778 23,689,778 23,689,778 23,689,778 65,571,582 65,571,582 57,073,889 23,689,778 23,689,778 511,224,195 F Accompanying Measures 2,014,843 8,981,643 6,374,843 27,118,729 20,307,929 13,225,491 13,225,491 10,701,734 4,380,761 4,539,086 7,102,586 5,587,086 19,753,162 19,753,162 12,288,597 4,856,194 5,014,519 185,225,854 Contingencies 7,051,950 7,051,950 7,051,950 52,583,751 52,583,751 32,289,219 32,289,219 37,456,069 15,332,663 15,886,800 24,859,050 19,554,800 69,136,066 69,136,066 43,010,089 16,996,679 17,550,817 519,820,890 G Contingencies 2,189,582,137 Total 29,215,221 36,182,021 33,575,221 229,627,944 222,817,144 137,769,620 137,769,620 155,175,144 63,521,033 65,816,745 102,987,495 81,012,745 286,401,094 286,401,094 178,184,654 70,414,814 72,710,526 Cumm. Total 29,215,221 65,397,242 98,972,463 328,600,408 551,417,552 689,187,173 826,956,793 982,131,937 1,045,652,969 1,111,469,714 1,214,457,209 1,295,469,954 1,581,871,048 1,868,272,142 2,046,456,797 2,116,871,611 2,189,582,137 1 Engineering Services of physical works (A+B+C+D+E) 2 Contractor's P&G and Physical contingencies of physical works (A+B+C+D+E) 3 Inflation 4 5 Prioritised Investment Summary - GREATER HARARE 19 Priority Description Sub Total 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Total [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] [USD] 1 Priority 1 Projects - Repair and Rehabilitation and Restoration of Service - 6,966,800 4,360,000 106,083,573 99,272,773 47,876,474 47,876,474 32,161,185 1,184,999 3,480,711 40,651,461 18,676,711 71,395,708 71,395,708 10,454,243 8,078,781 10,374,493 580,290,095 Works and Goods - 6,966,800 4,360,000 76,914,644 70,103,844 34,259,637 34,259,637 22,180,128 817,241 2,400,491 28,035,491 12,880,491 49,238,419 49,238,419 7,209,823 5,571,573 7,154,823 411,591,459 Engineering Professional Services - - - 6,481,984 6,481,984 3,025,964 3,025,964 2,218,013 81,724 240,049 2,803,549 1,288,049 4,923,842 4,923,842 720,982 557,157 715,482 37,488,586 P&G and Contingency - - - 22,686,945 22,686,945 10,590,873 10,590,873 7,763,045 286,034 840,172 9,812,422 4,508,172 17,233,447 17,233,447 2,523,438 1,950,051 2,504,188 131,210,050 2 Priority 2 Projects - Meet Environmental Commitments - - - 70,577,230 70,577,230 - - 2,002,960 2,002,960 2,002,960 2,002,960 2,002,960 60,575,495 60,575,495 50,409,922 2,002,960 2,002,960 326,736,096 Works and Goods - - - 48,673,952 48,673,952 - - 1,381,352 1,381,352 1,381,352 1,381,352 1,381,352 41,776,204 41,776,204 34,765,463 1,381,352 1,381,352 225,335,239 Engineering Professional Services - - - 4,867,395 4,867,395 - - 138,135 138,135 138,135 138,135 138,135 4,177,620 4,177,620 3,476,546 138,135 138,135 22,533,524 P&G and Contingency - - - 17,035,883 17,035,883 - - 483,473 483,473 483,473 483,473 483,473 14,621,671 14,621,671 12,167,912 483,473 483,473 78,867,333 3 Priority 3 Projects - Water and Sanitation Coverage Expansions 29,215,221 29,215,221 29,215,221 52,825,920 52,825,920 89,893,147 89,893,147 121,010,998 60,333,073 60,333,073 60,333,073 60,333,073 154,421,004 154,421,004 117,320,490 60,333,073 60,333,073 1,282,255,729 Works and Goods 20,148,428 20,148,428 20,148,428 36,431,669 36,431,669 61,995,273 61,995,273 83,455,861 41,609,016 41,609,016 41,609,016 41,609,016 106,497,244 106,497,244 80,910,683 41,609,016 41,609,016 884,314,296 Engineering Professional Services 2,014,843 2,014,843 2,014,843 3,643,167 3,643,167 6,199,527 6,199,527 8,345,586 4,160,902 4,160,902 4,160,902 4,160,902 10,649,724 10,649,724 8,091,068 4,160,902 4,160,902 88,431,430 P&G and Contingency 7,051,950 7,051,950 7,051,950 12,751,084 12,751,084 21,698,346 21,698,346 29,209,551 14,563,156 14,563,156 14,563,156 14,563,156 37,274,035 37,274,035 28,318,739 14,563,156 14,563,156 309,510,004 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report CHAPTER 10: IMPLEMENTATION CONCEPT Gauff Ingenieure Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 10 10 IMPLEMENTATION CONCEPT 10.1 Introduction This chapter outlines the implementation road map for the investment plan. The road map makes several assumptions regarding modes of implementation, sources of funds and the imminent institutional reforms espoused in the National Water Policy. 10.2 Key Assumptions In developing this implementation road map, we have made the following key assumptions: • Some form of concessionary finance will be available for the implementation of the initial projects in the medium term; • The institutional arrangements for water and sanitation services in the Greater Harare area will evolve towards an autonomous utility service provider as recommended in the National Water Policy; • The water utility will be viable enough to attract financing for the investment requirements in the long term (2020 to 2030); • Electromechanical equipment and devices such as water meters shall be replaced periodically given their relatively short economic life. We assumed that bulk and domestic water meters shall be replaced every Seven (7) years. Pump sets and other electromechanical equipment shall be replaced after Fifteen (15) years; 10.3 Proposed Sequencing of Investment Measures The sequencing of investment measures should be as illustrated in the figure below. Stabilise the Incease water Expand facilities to situation and get the production to cover cater for inreased most of the existing deficit after reducing demand for services facilities, NRW •reduce NRW •increase water •extend reticulation •rehabilitate water production network to new production and •expand wastewater development areas treatment facilities treatment facilities •expand water •rehabilitate sewage production facilities collection and treatment facilities The first wave of investments should focus on institutional reforms, reduction of NRW and rehabilitation of existing water and sewerage infrastructure. The second wave of investments will focus on increasing water production to bridge the demand gap after reducing NRW to economically feasible levels. The third wave of investments should expand facilities to cater for increased demand due to population and economic growth. Given the proposed sequencing framework above, the investment measures can be grouped into three main project clusters as follows: • The medium term investment projects (mainly rehabilitation measures); • The Kunzvi project Phase I (to increase water production); Gauff Ingenieure 10-1 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 10 • The long term projects (expansion of water production and wastewater treatment facilities). The following section outlines the timing of the envisaged implementation activities up to 20130. 10.4 Implementation Road Map The investment plan is expected to be finalised in the second quarter of 2014 after a comprehensive consultative process with all relevant stakeholders. It is assumed that the acceptance of the investment plan report will signify ratification and intent to implement the investment plan. We assume that the internal consultations and initial discussions around financing arrangements will take place in the second quarter of 2014. The second half of 2014 has been set aside for the project appraisal process and finalisation of financing agreements. Besides the above mentioned activities, it is imperative that the proposed institutional reforms are set in motion to ensure that, by the time investments in infrastructure are completed in 2018, an appropriate institutional arrangement that ring-fences revenue from water supply and sewerage assets, is in place. Going by the pronouncements in the National Water Policy, we believe that there is sufficient political will to transform the water sector and that the necessary reforms will start in time to safeguard the proposed investments. Actual planning (feasibility study) and design work for the medium term projects is expected to start in the first quarter of 2015 so that the designs and tender documents can be completed by the fourth quarter of 2015. The entire 2016 has been set aside for the process of procuring construction services. The actual implementation of the projects is envisaged to start in the first quarter of 2017. Construction will continue for two years until the end of 2018. Thereafter, the traditional liability period will kick in for another year until the end of 2019. The facilities will be completely handed over to presumably well streamlined “water utility” for operation by end of 2019. The Kunzvi phase I project is expected to start with a review of the studies and final designs done in 1998. This scheme will involve construction of a new dam, which may be under the jurisdiction of ZINWA. Hence the necessary inter-institutional talks and preparations must start well in advance. Actual construction is expected start in 2019 for three years until 2022. It is assumed that the new water utility will have adequate human resource and financial capacity to continue with the implementation of the periodic investment measures such as replacement of aging water meters. This assumption hinges on a further assumption that the water tariffs will have been revised to reflect the true cost of service provision and that the institutional reforms will have been completed. Extension of the water and sewerage reticulation system to new development areas will be financed and implemented by private developers. The long term projects are slated for implementation in the years 2026 and 20207. The studies, planning and design should start two years earlier to provide adequate time for the sometimes lengthy process of procuring contractors. It should also be noted that the construction of the Kunzvi phase II is envisaged to be part of the long term projects. Gauff Ingenieure 10-2 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 10 The critical path of activities is shown in Figure 10-1, while the detailed implementation schedule is presented in Figure 10-2. Acceptance of the finalisation of financing Institutional reforms Investment Plan arrangements sustainable operation Studies, planning and Project implementation and maintenance of design (Medium term projects) facilities re-investments and expansion of reticulation Studies, planning and Project implementation system by the water design (Long term projects) utility and developers Figure 10-1: Critical Path Activities Gauff Ingenieure 10-3 Urgent Water Supply and Sanitation Rehabilitation Project Investment Plan Report Water Supply and Sanitation Medium to Long Term Investment Plans Mutare Item Driver 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Submission of Final Investment Plan Report Gauff 1 Institional Reforms Govt/Council 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Project Appraisal World Bank/Council 1 1 Feasibiliy Study and Final Design - Medium Term Projects World Bank/Council 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Project Implementation - Medium Term Projects World Bank/Council 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Liability Period - Medium Term Projects World Bank/Utility 1 1 1 1 Designe Review - Kunzvi Phase I Utility 1 1 1 1 Implementation - Kunzvi Phas I Utility 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Liability Period - Kunzvi Phase I Utility 1 Feasibiliy Study and Final Design - Long Term Projects World Bank/Council 1 Project Implementation - Long Term Projects World Bank/Council 1 1 1 Liability Period - Long Term Projects World Bank/Utility 1 Extension of services to new development areas Council/Utility 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Figure 10-2: Investment Plan Implementation Schedule Gauff Ingenieure 10-4 Urgent Water Supply and Sanitation Rehabilitation Project Investment Plan Report Water Supply and Sanitation Medium to Long Term Investment Plans Mutare 10.5 Critical Success Factors for Implementation The critical success factors for the implementation of the investment plan are presented in the table below. Table 10-1: Critical Success Factors Critical success factor Main key player Recommended action to influence factor Institutional reforms to ring- Government of the Republic of Detailed operational fence water supply and Zimbabwe development study and sanitation services are implementation plan to ensure implemented that structures are in place: • 2018 WSS Utility There is willingness and Donors, Consultant Consultant prepares a bankable consensus among donors and investment plan with good other financiers to finance the justification for implementation. medium term project Good project appraisal with strong justification by the World Bank Utility develops capacity for WB/Zim-Fund/Council Implementation of the efficient management of water recommended training of supply and sanitation services trainers Tariff study carried out and Government of the Republic of Council should actively lobby recommendations Zimbabwe/Council government to seriously implemented to ensure cost consider setting sustainable covering tariff. tariffs for water and sewerage services. The Councils (eventually, Council/Water Utility Council should actively lobby utility) must own the government to speed up investment plan and actively institutional reforms source funds (internally or externally) to finance implementation Gauff Ingenieure 10-5 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report CHAPTER 11: FINANCIAL ANALYSIS Gauff Ingenieure Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 11 11 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS 11.1 Objective and Output of the Financial Analysis The main objective of the financial analysis contained in this chapter is to provide a measure of the entity’s financial sustainability. The output of the financial analysis is a utility based financial model, providing forecasts of income statements, annual and cumulative cash flows and (simplified) balance sheet over the project evaluation period that include the effects of an investment plan scenario. The financial analysis provides a means of judging the entity’s financial viability under the various investment plan scenarios considered. 11.2 Approach and Methodology In line with the objectives and outputs outlined in the previous section, the general approach of the financial analysis is to firstly identify and quantify all relevant cost/expenditures and revenues over the project horizon, i.e. to 2030, and capture these vide a commonly used spreadsheet application (Excel). The second step of the analysis allocates the relevant annual data to a simplified income statement, which is subsequently used as the first line item for a consolidated annual cash flow statement followed by a simplified balance sheet linked to the investment asset source sheet and aforementioned financial analyses. A schematic overview of the general approach is shown in figure 11.1. ASSETS VOLUMES COSTS REVENUE Demand & Tariff production (consolidated) Variable costs Billing (sales) • Abstraction/bulk • Power • Chemicals Collections Fixed costs • Employment • Transport • Admin Invest. costs Existing Depreciation assetsIn (exist & invest) Investment Maintenance assetsIn (exist & invest) ANALYSIS Income Cash Flow Balance Statement Statement Sheet Figure 11-1: Outline Approach Schematic of the Financial Model These financial statements are specific to water and sanitation activities performed by the entity and form the main analysis tool to determine its financial viability. As such, the analysis effectively isolates and theoretically ring-fences the flow of funds paid and Gauff Ingenieure 11-1 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 11 received for water and sewerage from the council' other financial obligations (related to roads, health, education, etc.). In fulfilment of the first step, the costs and revenues identified and quantified in the financial model are listed in the following: Costs Operating Costs broken down into: • Fixed Costs comprising: o Personnel costs including allowances, bonuses, statutory payments derived from an elementary breakdown of staffing numbers by grade, salary scales to arrive at the net payroll on top of which allowances, pension and bonuses (including other gratuities) are added as a proportion of salaries. An item referred as allocation to WSS adjusts the gross payroll to take into account the existence of vacancies and recharges for staff deployed not only exclusively for water/sewerage but also in other departments of the council; o Transport costs are derived from the number of units, distinguishing between vehicles, motorcycles and heavy vehicles/machinery, average distance travelled annually and average consumption costs (litres/ 100 km); o Other administrative costs including insurance, office stationary, utilities and maintenance, professional and legal fees (e.g. audit) based on a percentage of calculated personnel costs, o Maintenance and repair of existing assets and planned investment assets based on a percentage of their current value; • Variable Costs The following are calculated on the basis of a unit cost linked to raw water abstraction or volumes of water produced, whichever applicable. o Raw water abstraction charges payable to the Zimbabwe National Water Authority (ZINWA) for the abstraction of raw water representing a natural resource; o Chemicals for both treatment (aluminium sulphate and lime) and disinfection (chlorine) purposes; o Power used primarily for pumping raw and/or clear water and sewage1; • Capital and Financial Costs for the various investment loans identified, namely the existing Exim Bank loan (CMEC) and the anticipated loan for the investment plans subject to this report. o Repayment of principal loan as a constant amount over the period of the loan reducing the balance annually; o Capital charges 2, which for the purpose of this financial analysis is equal to the interest on the reducing balance of the loan, applying an assumed rate of interest. 1 The overall power required to pump sewage in relation to that for water is considered negligible overall. 2 Capital Charge: the cost of capital (opportunity cost of capital) times the amount of invested capital. Gauff Ingenieure 11-2 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 11 o Depreciation on existing assets and investment measures used to adjust the income statement to reflect capital items; Revenues • Sales and collections for volumes of water supplied in bulk. This is applicable to Harare Water under the current organisational setup, which would become obsolete once the satellite towns to which bulk water is supplied become part of the entity. • Income (sales) and cash collections for water sold to the entities direct customers with water and sewer connections, referred to as retail sales and collections. For purposes of this project the value of sales and collections for the provision of services in relation to sewerage is combined with water sales through the application of a combined and single water and sewerage tariff. While the relationship between the production of water and water sales is determined by the billing efficiency (inverse of Non-Revenue Water) and the tariff, the relationship and ultimately the value of the cash collections is determined by the collection efficiency. Although this determines the significant portion of the receivables collected, the model also includes the collection of a small portion of old debt (after 3 years) to quantify the efforts and effects of anticipated debt collection to improve overall collections. Having identified and quantified the aforementioned cost and revenue streams these are used to forecast three financial analyses over the project’s evaluation period. Firstly, an income statement to ascertain the gross margin and accounting profit of the water and sewerage specific enterprise; secondly, an annual cash flow statement to assess the financial sustainability and determine the cash liquidity both in terms of net annual cash surpluses/(deficits) and cumulative cash position; and thirdly a simplified balance sheet to estimate the entities position of assets and liability. The outline methodology applied to arrive at these three financial reports is presented in the following set of tables. Table 11-1: Methodology Adopted for Annual Income Statement Line Item Notes 1) Revenue from: 1) The billing is based on the volume of water • sales of water sold to residential and non-residential use, • sales of sewerage services based on average unit costs (combining fixed • other billing and unit charges) Cost streams 2) Based on assumed percentage of asset • Operation – fixed costs values – see next section for assumptions. • Operation – variable costs 3) Use assumed interest on loan • Maintenance 2) • Capital charges 3) Surplus/(Deficit) Income – costs Adjusted Income statement 4) Add straight line depreciation based on 2013 • Total income value of asset and economic life • Adjusted Expenditure 4) Provision for bad debt equal to the value of uncollected cash, i.e. the difference between billing and actual cash collection for each respective year. Adjusted Surplus/(Deficit) This profit/(loss) item is carried forward to the cash flow statement Gauff Ingenieure 11-3 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 11 Table 11-2: Methodology Adopted for Annual Cash Flow Statement Line Item Notes Cash flow from operating activities 1) Remove (subtract) depreciation and provision • Surplus/(Deficit) from Income for bad debt/write-off statement • Adjust for non-cash items 1) Adjust for change in working capital 2) Based on the difference between sales and • (Increase)/decrease in debtors 2) collection. • Increase/(Decrease) in creditors 3) 3) See assumptions below equating costs with expenses Cash flow from investment items 4) Value of assets • Repayment of principal 4) Cash and cash equivalents Sum of all cash flow and adjustment items above Table 11-3: Methodology Adopted for a Simplified Annual Balance Sheet Line Item Notes Assets 1) Value of existing assets as at base year • Fixed Assets 1) and estimated current value of future • Current assets 2) investments (as per investment plan). 2) Short term cash (accumulated reserves/(deficit), debtors and creditors. Equity and liabilities 3) Balance on long term loans. • Liabilities 3) 4) Difference of total assets and (less) long • Increase/(Decrease) in creditors 3) balance of long term loans The rationale behind this analysis approach is to assess the financial sustainability in terms of the entity responsible for the provision of water and sewerage services, net of any other current financial transactions related to other activities provided under the current council set up. The above analysis is carried out for each of the entities considered in this project, namely, Harare, Epworth, Norton, Ruwa, Chitungwiza and finally Greater Harare, whereby the first five entities are in the form as found currently and the latter representing a clustered form of all previously mentioned organisations. For each of these entities three scenarios are considered separately (spate model file for each): • Scenario 1: for investment priority 1 + 2 + 3; • Scenario 2: for investment priority 1 + 2; and • Scenario 3: for investment priority 3 only. As mentioned above, the financial model makes use of the commonly used spreadsheet application, MS Excel, encompassing all input and output tables as summarised below: Table 11-4: Summary of Financial Model Input and Output Tables Table Name Input Output Human Resource • Number of staff • Net payroll • Salary scales • Gross Payroll • Annual increase (if any) • Cost of casuals • % allowance (of salary) • Annual cost of employment • % pension (of salary) • % bonus (of salary) Gauff Ingenieure 11-4 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 11 Table Name Input Output • Number of casuals • Average wage rate of casuals • Allocation to WSS 3 Existing Assets • Construction cost (2013 value) • Asset value totals and sub-totals • Year of construction • Depreciation (ideal) • Economic life • Maintenance cost (ideal) • Asset category (civil,, pipework, • Depreciated residual costs (DRC) M&E); Investment Assets • Disbursements • Funding summary • Split of funding options (grant/loan) • Depreciation Costs • Water demand • Disbursements on capital • Production capacity investments (from investment • Production losses (%) assets • Proportion of bulk water sold/ • Repayment of principal received • Balance of loan • Adjustment of depreciation • Interest on loan • Unit bulk water cost • Annual bulk water costs • Unit abstraction cost and • Annual abstraction cost adjustment to payment rate • Annual power costs • Unit power cost (KWh) • Annual chemical costs • Unit chemical costs and dosing • Annual transport costs • Transport units & fuel price • Annual administration costs • Proportion of admin/employment • Annual maintenance costs costs (%) • Cost covering unit bulk and retail • Adjustment of maintenance costs tariff (suggested) • Tariff to use vis a vis unit costs Revenue • Bulk water demand volumes • Revenue sales for water and • Proportion of water produced sewerage available for bulk sales • Cash collections • Non-Revenue Water • Payment of old debt • Tariff override (option) • Collection efficiency Financial Analysis • Income statement including adjusted income statement • Net and cumulative cash flows • Annual balance sheets Dashboard & Results • Summary results in table and graph form While key values/milestones and assumptions are dealt with in the next section, additional detail on calculation methods are provided in Annex 11 to this chapter, which furthermore presents detailed input data and results (outputs) for each entity and scenario considered. As part of the overall approach the financial model was input and calibrated for Harare at first, aligning the key input parameters with information reported by the entity for recent 3 Having ascertained the cost of employment based on the approved establishment, the model adjusts the result to take into consideration the existence of vacancies and recharge for personnel deployed in more than one department (outside the Water and Sewerage Service sector). Gauff Ingenieure 11-5 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 11 years and where available for the base year 4 . The calibration exercise also included modelling of the outputs in line with reported data and realistic values anticipated by the entity. Once this was achieved, the model including the key parameters were used to model the other entities. The purpose of maintaining the same input parameters is to provide a basis for comparing the financial analysis outputs, not only for the various entities but also for the various scenarios considered. In line with the foregoing, the methodology adopted to ascertain the effect of clustering was to firstly determine a realistic common basis of key parameters applied to all entities including the clustered option. Thereafter, the different results, particularly in relation to profitability was used to determine the relative preference. This obviously implies that the absolute outcome of the financial model of the entities (apart from Harare) may not necessarily be realistic, but serve to fulfil the main purpose of determining the comparative outcome. 11.3 Basic Parameters and Assumptions To enable the financial analysis to be carried out, a set of basic parameters and assumptions needed to be defined and applied as outlined in the following table. Table 11-5: Parameters and Assumptions Applied in the Financial Model Parameter Harare Chitu- Epworth Norton Ruwa Greater ngwiza Harare Project horizon 2013 to 2030 Base year 2013 for all values Costs versus expenditure It is assumed that all costs will be paid and hence actual expenses are assumed to be equal to costs Creditors In view of late payments to creditors historically and the result of the entities uncreditworthiness costs are assumed to be equal to expenditures. Subsequently, the value of creditors is assumed to be nil, hence expenditure = costs. Debtors Calculated as the difference between sales and revenue collections for the same respective year. Provision for bad debt Equivalent to debtors for the respective year Human Resources • Staff grading 1 = lowest grade, 12 = highest grade • Scales based on Chegutu Chegutu Chegutu Chegutu Chegutu Chegutu plus 10% plus 10% • Allowances 30 % of salaries to account for overtime, etc. • Pension 10 % of salaries • Bonuses 8 % of salaries Capital costs The capital costs used as the value of investment assets acquired and for calculations of depreciation are inclusive of: • Preliminaries and general; • Consultancy for design and supervision • Physical contingency of 10 % 4 Apart from management reports (not audited), little commercial and financial data could be obtained for the base year resulting in reliance on data received through the donor for other consultancies carried out on Harare Water. Gauff Ingenieure 11-6 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 11 Parameter Harare Chitu- Epworth Norton Ruwa Greater ngwiza Harare Unit Costs • Abstraction 5 0.06 N/A N/A N/A 0.06 0.06 • Power 2013 (USD/m ) 3 0.07 N/A N/A N/A 0.12 0.07 • Power 2015 (USD/m ) 3 0.08 N/A N/A N/A 0.12 0.08 • Chemicals (USD/m ) 3 0.05 N/A N/A N/A 0.05 0.05 • Fuel 2013 (USD/litre) 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 • Bulk 6 (Water/Sewerage) N/A W only W+S W+S W+S N/A Depreciation Straight line on the value/economic life: • Civil works 60 years • Pipework 50 years (average for all pipes) • M&E 15 years GHWSSIP Loan conditions Investment items to be funded in the GHWSSIP are assumed to be 50 % grant and 50 % loan repaid over 20 years, No grace period. Interest rate = 5.0 % p.a., i.e. effective interest rate of 2.5 % p.a. (including grant element). CMEC Loan conditions USD 130 million at 3.5 % p.a. interest repayable over 5 years starting 2014. Inflation 7 Input costs set to increase at 0 % (real inflation). Maintenance Costs Annual maintenance costs are based on the asset value and category: • 1 % for civil works • 2 % for pipework • 3 % for M&E The resulting ideal level of maintenance is gradually implemented up to 50 % to reflect current financial performance of the entities and their actual expenditure on maintenance. NRW reduction Total non-revenue water is assumed to reduce equally between the set milestones in response to reforms and investment measures from the currently reported 58 % to a level of: By 2020 total NRW of 30 % • 15 % for technical losses, plus • 15 % for commercial losses. By 2030 total NRW of 20 % • 15 % for technical losses, plus • 5 % for commercial losses. Bulk Tariff 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 N/A Revenue Cost Cost Cost Cost Retail Tariff Combined tariff starting at current average of USD 1.45, reduce overtime to milestones: By 2020: USD 1.15 By 2030: USD 0.90 Retail tariff reduction possible with improved revenue and collection 5 The abstraction fees payable to ZINWA are in practice not paid as far as can be seen from the financial reports provided. It is assumed that these costs will gradually be paid as the overall level of efficiency in service delivery improves. 6 W – Water, S – Sewerage. See table with annual bulk water calculation results for more detail. Note that Ruwa produces part and receives part bulk water while Harare produces exclusively and the other satellite towns rely fully on bulk water supply. 7 While the rates of inflation are set the same for all inputs making a case to adopt nominal inflation, this was input to obtain an idea of the implied future tariffs. Gauff Ingenieure 11-7 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 11 Parameter Harare Chitu- Epworth Norton Ruwa Greater ngwiza Harare efficiencies anticipated. Collection efficiency Based on reforms and improved service delivery: Rapid recovery from around 40 % to 70 % by 2016, then 95 % by 2020, and hold this level until 2030. Additional details on the calculation methodology and functioning of the model are provided in Appendix 11. Further to the values and milestones presented in the foregoing, the following elaborates on the critical and key variables that determine the outcome of the model’s results most. 11.3.1 Water Demand for Retail and Bulk Supply The water demand versus supply levels of bulk water supply is obviously a current issue as production levels do not cover gross demand (including NRW) for Harare leading to shortfalls in the desired level of water required by the satellite towns. While water demand levels for Harare and the satellite areas are based on average annual demands, the current and future supply of bulk water is arrived at through an iterative process that seeks to reflect the current position and improve the situation as rapidly as possible without depriving the supply of water through a regressive trend for Harare. Despite a forecast erratic and partly reducing average demand (due to current high NRW levels) an excessive increase of bulk water supply will cause greater supply deficits in Harare which are unlikely as Harare, as in the past, has prioritised the supply of water to its residence before satisfying the demand for bulk water supply to the satellite areas. Thus, the volume of water supplied in bulk as a proportion of calculated demand for the same increases from an estimate of 50 % at present (2013), increasing gradually at a rate of 5 % annually until 100 % by 2023. Although this may appear to be considered to be slow, it should be borne in mind that there is likely to be a treatment deficit until 2017. The figure below illustrates the position described above. This clearly shows that the gross demand (including NRW) is higher than the production capacity in the first five years and that there is likely to be a shortfall in the supply of water for either and/or bulk supply, which is addressed by the allocation/proportion of bulk water supplied. Apart from affecting the demand satisfaction, this key decision/allocation affects the proportion of water sold at the bulk rate and the other proportion sold at the higher retail rate, though subjected to currently high water losses. Gauff Ingenieure 11-8 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 11 Water Demand vs. Production 350,000 300,000 250,000 Production Capacity 200,000 000 m3 Bulk Demand 150,000 Demand Harare 100,000 Peak Demand 50,000 Gross Demand - Figure 11-2: Water Demands and Production Capacities 11.3.2 Non-Revenue Water As outlined in Table 11-5 above the current NRW for Harare is around 60 %, while NRW attributable to physical losses as used in the water demand forecasts is assumed to be 40 %. The financial model takes into account both physical and commercial losses and hence the starting point is 60 % for 2013 with gradual improvements to the agreed milestones of 30 % by 2020 and 20 % by 2030. The NRW forecasts for the periods between the base year and aforementioned milestones is calculated on the basis of a linear interpolation. 11.3.3 Bulk Tariff Harare Water assumes a major role with regard to the supply of potable water for most residents in Harare and the satellite towns of Chitungwiza, Epworth, Norton and to a lesser extent Ruwa. Except for Chitungwiza, that operates its own sewerage treatment works, the other areas rely on Harare Water for the treatment of sewerage too. As most satellite areas do not have an alternative, this dependence on Harare can be regarded as a one-sided relationship in which Harare, being in charge of water production and sewerage treatment not only determines the level of service(s) provided but also sets the bulk tariff. On the other hand, Harare relies on the prompt payment of the satellite areas to settle costs incurred in the production of water and sewerage treatment services to be settled. This redefines the relationship in a more balanced way and supports the need to determine an affordable and cost covering bulk tariff. The financial model calculates the average unit bulk water cost taking into consideration: • Abstraction fees payable to ZINWA; • 5 % production losses; • Unit power costs based on the calculated average pumping volumes and dynamic head as well as pump efficiency and of course the cost of power (per KWh); • Unit chemical costs calculated on the basis of expected dosing levels for flocculation, pH correction and disinfection for surface water treatment; • 40 % of financial costs; Gauff Ingenieure 11-9 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 11 • 40 % of fixed costs and • 40 % of maintenance costs. Other than production losses, no other efficiency losses (NRW or collection) were included in the calculation for bulk water production. As presented for each year in Appendix 11, the average bulk water tariff for the project period is USD 0.31, ranging from USD 0.25 in 2014to 0.34 by 2030. Based on the current billing and upward trend of bulk water costs as derived from the unit cost calculations and in addition recognising the occurrence of malfunctioning bulk meters and/or losses from the transmission mains, a constant bulk rate of USD 0.40 is applied in the model throughout, which is equal to the current rate charged. This rate is applied as both a cost (for the satellite areas and a unit of revenue (for Harare). Since the main concern for the satellite towns lie in the provision of bulk water rather than the tariff, which offers a potential to realise a gross margin after applying current retail charges there was insufficient reason to reduce the bulk rate. 11.3.4 Retail Tariff The current charges for water and sewerage are made up of a combination of unit (variable) and fixed charges. Whereas water tariffs are generally charged by the unit of water sold (unless not metered or estimated), the sewerage service charges are based on the type of dwelling, size and/or number of sewerage facilities (toilets, etc.) and essentially represents a fixed charge. Although it is recommended that the tariff levels and structure is reviewed as part of a detailed tariff study to be carried out as one part of the reforms this project uses a combined simple average effective tariff derived from the total revenue received divided by the volume of water sold. The combined tariff in the base year was assumed to be USD 1.45 based on the revenues and volumes billed reported in the current and recent years. While these are regarded as excessively high in relation to average tariffs in the region, the tariff levels are reduced as assumed improvements in the reduction of water losses are realised, in part as a result of the meter replacements and other NRW reduction activities (pipe rehabilitation) included as part of the medium term measures included in this investment plan. The assumed combined tariff for retail water sales is expected to reduce from USD 1.45/m3 in 2013 to 1.15/m3 by 2020 and further to 0.90/m3 by 2030. The overall combined tariff, (including water billed in bulk) is USD 1.20/m3 which is expected to drop to 0.96/m3 by 2020 and again down to USD 0.76/m3 by 2030. Gauff Ingenieure 11-10 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 11 Average tariff and unit costs 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 Unit operating cost 0.80 Total unit cost 0.60 Average tariff 0.40 Combined retail tariff 0.20 - 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Figure 11-3: Average Tariff and Unit Costs 11.3.5 Collection Efficiency The collection efficiencies calculated for the base year for the various entities was generally low: • Harare: 41 % • Epworth: 64 % • Norton: 67 % • Ruwa: 60 % • Chitungwiza: 60 %. With the anticipated reforms and associated drive to improve operational efficiencies the milestone for 2020 was set at 95 % which is expected to remain unchanged until 2030. For Harare, with the lowest current collection efficiency, this improvement rate may appear ambitious. However judging reports for previous years (2010: 73 %, 2011: 59 %, 2012: 56 %) the result for the base year appears to be an outlier and therefore it should be possible for Harare Water to achieve much improved collection efficiencies in 2014 (assumed to be 50 %) through to 2017 to increase by 10 % annually. 11.3.6 Maintenance Costs As explained in Appendix 11 and outlined in Table 11-5 above, the calculation of maintenance costs is based on the value of existing and future investment values> However, due to the significant numbers and sizes of existing facilities and hence high value as well as the anticipated investment costs, the forecast ideal maintenance costs are high. From reports and experience as well as confirmations during field visits, the actual expenditure on maintenance and repair is considerably lower than it should be. Thus, the model adopts a gradual increase from 10 % of the calculated ideal maintenance cost to a maximum of 50 % (by 2021). This represents a gradual increase of maintenance costs from USD 2.3 million in 2013 to USD 13.8 million in 2021. By 2030 the forecast maintenance costs for Harare are estimated to be USD 19.4 million for the year. Gauff Ingenieure 11-11 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 11 11.3.7 Particular Adjustments for Greater Harare To best model the situation of a clustered entity, the key parameters were based on Harare and adjusted to reflect the weigted average position. Thus, the NRW was adjusted to 55 % in 2013 and the collection efficiency to 45 % for the base year. By 2020 these efficiency levels are assumed to reach the same milestones as assumed for Harare on its own. Furhtermore, the clustering is deemed to benefit from economies of scale and thus the proportion o other administrative costs was adjusted downward from 20 % to 15 %. 11.4 Current Financial Situation The following sections briefly summarise the financial position based on the latest available data reported by the respective councils and local boards for 2012. While this information provides an indication of the financial performance, it is not complete or in some cases reliable. Nonetheless, it provides a guide to calibrate the base year of the financial model for the individual entities. 11.4.1 Harare Water As a starting point for the financial assessment of water and sewerage activities relating to Harare (i.e. Harare Water) as well as a foundation for the calibration of the financial model the income statement was obtained for the latest available financial year from Harare Water, 2012 as presented in the following table. Table 11-6: Income Statement for Harare Water – 2012 (from Harare Water reports) LINE ITEM 2012 (USD) INCOME Total Income from water & sewerage sales 64,573,983 EXPENDITURE Chemicals 18,623,767 Power 19,345,564 Maintenance and Repair 10,214,335 Salaries 38,061,926 Other Expenditure 19,674,111 Total Expenditure 105,919,703 Surplus / Deficit (41,345,720) The financial model was calibrated to reflect a similar financial result for 2013, which was further supported with additional information received recently for part of the base year. 11.4.2 Chitungwiza Municipality The most recent available financial information from Chitungwiza was for 2012. This was summarised in the form of a consolidated income statement as shown in the following table and used to assimilate the base year of the financial model to reflect much the same position. Gauff Ingenieure 11-12 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 11 Table 11-7: Income Statement for Chitungwiza - 2012 LINE ITEM 2012 (USD) INCOME Collections from water sales 3,516,635 Collections from sewerage sales 1,266,102 Total Revenue 4,782,737 Bulk Water Charge 3,548,520 Maintenance and Repair 61,607 Salaries 1,837,739 Other Expenditure 17,233 Total Expenditure 5,465,099 Surplus / Deficit (682,362) Table 11.7 above indicates a deficit for 2012, which is reflected as the overall financial result for 2013 and 2014 in the financial model as no significant improvements are anticipated in the immediate years. 11.4.3 Epworth Local Board An overall indication of the 2012 financial position (most recently available) reported by the local board of Epworth is provided in the following Table. A similar position was applied as the basis for the financial model for 2013. Table 11-8: Income Statement for Epworth - 2012 LINE ITEM 2012 (USD) INCOME Total Revenue 40,174 Expenditure Bulk Water Charge 9,600 Power Maintenance and Repair 3,592 Salaries 24,876 Other Expenditure Total Expenditure 38,068 Surplus / Deficit 2,106 The small, but nonetheless positive financial result shown in Table 11-8 above is attributed to the low expenditure on bulk water, based on the low levels of water received on the one hand and the fixed charges levied to its customers on the other. Furthermore, the noticeably low levels of expenditure reported for staff contributes towards achieving a surplus reported. The financial model adopts a technically more sustainable situation, with increasing volumes of water received and higher staffing levels with associated higher levels of remuneration. As a result the calculated income statement for 2013 is assumed to record a deficit. 11.4.4 Norton Town Council A simple income statement for 2012 as extracted from financial data provided by Norton is shown in Table 11.8 below. Gauff Ingenieure 11-13 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 11 Table 11-9: Income Statement for Norton - 2012 LINE ITEM 2012 (USD) INCOME Total Revenue 1,220,532 Expenditure Bulk Water Charge 597,660 Power Maintenance and Repair 50,832 Salaries 365,381 Other Expenditure 31,764 Total Expenditure 1,045,637 Surplus / Deficit 174,895 While the financial model adopts a similar position for 2013, it is assumed that the surplus has reduced with the adoption of a technically slightly more viable situation of increased water volumes and staffing. 11.4.5 Ruwa Local Board For the financial year 2012 Ruwa reported a deficit on its water and sewerage operations as summarised in Table 11-10 below. Table 11-10: Income Statement for Ruwa - 2012 LINE ITEM 2012 (USD) INCOME Total Revenue 565,224 Expenditure Bulk Water Charge 203,844 Power 214,200 Maintenance and Repair 5,784 Salaries 256,380 Other Expenditure 23,412 Total Expenditure 703,620 Surplus / Deficit (138,396) The major expenditure items are staff, power and bulk water costs, which are not covered by current incomes from water and sewerage services. 11.5 Overall Assessment of the Current Financial Situation Despite two entities (Epworth and Norton) reporting a surplus on their water and sewerage activities for 2012, the overall result for all five entities is less positive. This is mainly attributed to the councils and local boards inability to maintain their facilities, leave alone provide for replacement and recapitalisation as evidenced in the noticeably low levels reported for maintenance in the financial overviews provided in the foregoing. Whereas this may explain high levels of NRW it is important to recognise other challenges and shortcomings observed in one or more of the entities: • The operation of a merged and consolidated financial system for all operations carried out by the councils and local boards, whereby billing and receipting of water and sewerage is combined with land rents and other services. It is therefore obvious that expenditure for all council and local board operations are provided Gauff Ingenieure 11-14 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 11 from single source and prioritised on grounds not necessarily related to technical requirements or revenues from water and sewerage. This phenomenon has been seen in other parts of the country and is believed to be responsible for the lack of re-investments and maintenance; • Due to generally dilapidated facilities production levels and service delivery is low/poor, detrimentally affecting collection efficiencies; • Unpredictable and low revenue collections affect payments increasing creditor balances (if goods and services sold on credit) and delaying salaries which in turn have negative effects on the reliability of suppliers and working morale of the council’s and local boards staff; Essentially, a situation prevails whereby a downward spiral is created in which service delivery is reduced affecting lower revenues which in turn reduce the already low level re- investment and maintenance of the facilities resulting in lower service delivery. It is clear that a turnaround in both the technical and financial performance is unlikely to be achieved without investments into the basic facilities responsible for the supply of potable water and sewerage collection and treatment services that form part of the entities mandate. 11.6 Funding Source Having recognised the need to invest into the rehabilitation and expansion of water and sewerage facilities the financial model absorbs the following financing scenario that is either already implemented or anticipated based on discussions with the potential donors (World Bank and ZimFund/AfDB). As presented in the following table for scenario 1 in which all three priorities are implemented 50 % of the required funding would be provided as a grant while the other 50 % would be a loan repayable in 20 years at an interest rate of 5 % p.a. This funding is applied to the main investments excluding meter replacements and pipeline extensions, which are assumed to be financed directly by the utility (Harare Water) and passed onto private developers opening up new areas with housing for which water and sewerage services are essential. Table 11-11: Breakdown of Investments by Funding Source A: GHWSSIP FUNDING SOURCE FINANCE 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Grant 50% - - 2,000 2,000 63,207 54,539 46,679 46,679 44,679 Loan 50% - - 2,000 2,000 63,207 54,539 46,679 46,679 44,679 Own resources (consumer meters) N/A - - - - - 15,196 15,196 15,196 2,678 External private investments N/A - 21,726 21,726 21,726 21,726 21,726 21,726 21,726 48,235 TOTAL INVESTMENT 100% - 21,726 25,726 25,726 148,140 146,000 130,280 130,280 140,272 B: Other Investments OTHER INVESTMENTS 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 CMEC Loan 129,600 UWSSRP 14,200 TOTAL OTHER INVESTMENTS - 143,800 - - - - - - - A: GHWSSIP FUNDING SOURCE FINANCE 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Grant 50% - - - - 79,706 79,706 52,697 - - Loan 50% - - - - 79,706 79,706 52,697 - - Own resources (consumer meters) N/A 383 2,678 17,874 17,874 17,874 17,874 8,133 5,837 8,133 External private investments N/A 48,235 48,235 48,235 48,235 48,235 48,235 48,235 48,235 48,235 TOTAL INVESTMENT 100% 48,618 50,914 66,110 66,110 225,521 225,521 161,762 54,073 56,368 B: Other Investments OTHER INVESTMENTS 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 CMEC Loan UWSSRP TOTAL OTHER INVESTMENTS - - - - - - - - - An existing loan provided by Exim Bank amounting to USD 129.6 million repayable in 5 years (commencing 2014) at a rate of interest of 3.5 % has also been included into the capital and financial costs of the model. Gauff Ingenieure 11-15 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 11 11.7 Areas of Investment Impact Apart from the detailed presentations of the investment plans with their associated technical impacts detailed in the previous chapters, the planned capital investments should aim to maximise their positive impact on the following key areas in order to turn around and support a financially sustainable entity: • Increase water supply to cover the demand for water and sewerage services, thereby increasing the revenue base; • Reduce NRW in line with the milestones; 30 % or lower by 2020 and 20 % or lower by 2030 to reduce the marginal cost of water; • Increase cash collection efficiencies to 95 % or better by 2020 and maintain this minimum thereby improving the cash flow and liquidity enhancing the financial viability; • Ensure that maintenance and repair is carried out including meter replacements to enhance the longevity of the existing and newly invested assets; • Revise and implement a cost covering tariff and review its structure to reduce the fixed elements; Apart from these main variables that underpin the level of financial sustainability the following associated improvements are also expected to be implemented as part of the overall organisational and operational reforms required: • Improve on data collection and record keeping of both technical and financial nature including e.g. bulk meters to enable water balances and the like to assess critical performance indicators and enable management decisions; • Introduce routine recapitalisation in the form of meter replacements to reduce high NRW levels; • Conduct a full consumer survey to establish the consumer details including consumer category; • Ensure timely and accurate billing; • Develop and implement a strict disconnection policy that will improve collection efficiencies; • Settle financial obligations on time (possible with an improved cash flow position) to improve staff motivation and productivity as well as shorten delivery times of consumables (e.g. chemicals) and materials (e.g. spare parts) thereby ensuring the quality of water and reducing/avoiding the downtime of facilities required in the production of water and/or the collection or treatment of sewerage. • Ring fence both receivables and payables related to water and sewerage; • Assess current staff capacities and provide relevant training and/or staff replacements. • Apply multi-skilling and other measure of improving staff productivity allowing the unit personnel costs (per 1000 connections) to reduce and conversely to enhance the collection rate per staff. These associated activities and measures should be an integral part of achieving the key goals. They are indirectly assumed forming an intangible part of the financial model. Gauff Ingenieure 11-16 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 11 11.8 Financial Projections and Evaluation Results 11.8.1 Income Statement An overview of the main line items of the individual income statements forecast and produced for each entity is presented in the following table. This table shows mixed results for the different entities. HARARE Apart from 2014 the income statement for Harare is generally positive, with surplus annual gross margins of up USD 54.1 million in 2015, which positively influence a similarly surplus adjusted income statement that shows a peak in 2019 of around USD 32.2 million. The deficit forecast for 2014 is attributed to a combination of lower retail tariffs, high NRW levels and low collection efficiency. The consistently improving levels of revenue and cash efficiencies (i.e. billing and collection efficiency) as well as the generally increasing demand for water provides sufficient income to offset the opposite effects of falling tariffs and increasing costs. This implies that the income generating aspects are anticipated to grow faster than the factors pushing costs upward. The fluctuations in the income statement after around 2017 are mainly due to the effects of the various investment costs, The overall trend and composition of the income statement for Harare is illustrated in Figure 11-4 above for the period up to 2023. Income Statement - Harare 160,000 Provisions for bad 140,000 debt 120,000 Interest 100,000 80,000 Depreciation 60,000 40,000 Operating costs 20,000 - Billed revenue 2013 2,014 2,015 2,016 2,017 2,018 2,019 2,020 2,021 2,022 2,023 Figure 11-4: Income Statement for Harare Scenario 1 Gauff Ingenieure 11-17 Gauff Ingenieure Table 11-12: ENTITY/ITEM 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 HARARE Income 94,722 94,845 116,044 117,839 123,586 128,820 131,799 135,989 134,810 116,721 120,308 124,508 128,773 133,102 137,495 141,952 146,472 151,057 Expenditure 49,875 56,349 61,848 66,532 71,958 80,784 84,436 90,766 97,973 98,700 100,423 102,362 104,359 107,050 112,376 115,537 115,614 115,515 Surplus/(Deficit) 44,847 38,496 54,196 51,307 51,628 48,036 47,364 45,223 36,838 18,021 19,884 22,146 24,414 26,052 25,119 26,415 30,858 35,542 Provision for Bad Debt 27,916 47,423 46,418 35,352 24,717 19,323 13,180 6,799 6,741 5,836 6,015 6,225 6,439 6,655 6,875 7,098 7,324 7,553 Depreciation 0 169 388 438 998 1,541 1,939 3,507 5,372 6,933 8,641 9,355 9,609 11,148 12,694 13,281 13,525 13,899 Adj. Surplus/(Deficit) 16,931 (9,095) 7,390 15,517 25,913 27,172 32,244 34,916 24,726 5,252 5,228 6,566 8,367 8,250 5,550 6,037 10,009 14,090 CHITUNGWIZA Income 3,027 3,704 4,176 4,940 5,969 7,090 12,077 16,013 15,934 13,551 14,074 14,607 15,148 15,699 16,259 16,828 17,407 17,994 Expenditure 3,968 4,370 5,766 6,625 8,029 10,094 12,603 14,320 14,873 15,046 15,218 15,525 15,698 16,119 16,530 16,089 16,247 16,405 Surplus/(Deficit) (941) (666) (1,590) (1,686) (2,059) (3,004) (526) 1,693 1,061 (1,495) (1,144) (918) (549) (420) (271) 739 1,159 1,589 Provision for Bad Debt 378 926 1,044 1,235 1,194 1,064 1,208 801 797 678 704 730 757 785 813 841 870 900 Depreciation 0 4 14 18 130 236 240 366 517 677 841 1,214 1,065 1,003 1,111 1,164 1,201 1,238 Adj. Surplus/(Deficit) (1,319) (1,596) (2,648) (2,939) (3,383) (4,304) (1,974) 526 (253) (2,850) (2,689) (2,863) (2,371) (2,208) (2,195) (1,266) (912) (548) EPWORTH Income 819 1,138 1,436 1,881 2,494 3,225 5,941 8,471 8,264 6,895 7,029 7,164 7,301 7,438 7,577 7,716 7,857 7,998 Expenditure 932 1,141 1,657 1,997 2,526 3,050 4,370 5,436 5,502 5,533 5,563 5,632 5,663 5,819 5,970 5,996 6,019 6,043 Surplus/(Deficit) (113) (3) (221) (116) (32) 175 1,571 3,035 2,762 1,362 1,466 1,532 1,638 1,619 1,607 1,720 1,837 1,956 Provision for Bad Debt 164 626 718 753 748 645 594 424 413 345 351 358 365 372 379 386 393 400 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Depreciation 0 0 2 3 32 54 55 84 127 177 233 350 302 297 342 372 393 414 Adj. Surplus/(Deficit) (277) (629) (941) (871) (811) (525) 922 2,528 2,222 841 881 824 971 951 886 963 1,052 1,142 NORTON Income 1,113 1,388 1,593 1,919 2,359 2,851 4,940 6,660 6,642 5,661 5,892 6,127 6,366 6,609 6,856 7,108 7,364 7,623 Expenditure 2,173 2,350 3,112 3,557 4,246 5,202 6,217 6,936 7,098 7,168 7,237 7,333 7,403 7,897 8,372 8,372 8,406 8,437 Surplus/(Deficit) (1,060) (963) (1,519) (1,639) (1,886) (2,351) (1,277) (277) (456) (1,507) (1,345) (1,206) (1,037) (1,288) (1,516) (1,264) (1,042) (814) Provision for Bad Debt 184 416 478 480 472 428 494 333 332 283 295 306 318 330 343 355 368 381 Depreciation 0 2 7 11 57 94 98 152 215 281 352 432 384 431 517 538 552 566 Income Statement Summary for Scenario 1 Adj. Surplus/(Deficit) (1,244) (1,381) (2,004) (2,129) (2,415) (2,872) (1,869) (761) (1,003) (2,071) (1,992) (1,945) (1,740) (2,050) (2,376) (2,158) (1,962) (1,761) RUWA Income 1,232 2,396 2,546 2,910 3,458 4,093 6,623 7,953 7,942 6,777 7,061 7,351 7,646 7,946 8,251 8,561 8,877 9,198 Expenditure 1,563 1,862 2,381 2,753 3,577 4,793 5,278 5,797 5,988 6,256 6,385 6,543 6,671 7,301 7,867 7,913 7,945 7,992 Surplus/(Deficit) (330) 534 165 157 (119) (700) 1,346 2,155 1,953 521 677 808 974 645 384 648 932 1,206 Provision for Bad Debt 363 1,198 1,018 873 692 614 662 398 397 339 353 368 382 397 413 428 444 460 Depreciation 0 4 17 25 84 135 143 227 322 418 521 611 556 602 698 724 742 760 Adj. Surplus/(Deficit) (693) (668) (870) (741) (894) (1,449) 540 1,530 1,234 (236) (197) (171) 36 (354) (726) (504) (254) (14) GREATER HARARE Income 106,220 106,744 127,587 129,294 136,143 142,819 149,322 155,651 154,637 131,311 136,185 141,142 146,183 151,307 156,516 161,807 167,182 172,641 Expenditure 53,140 57,936 70,451 73,960 83,792 93,729 98,172 104,908 112,865 113,726 115,582 117,882 120,011 124,133 130,845 133,472 133,656 133,677 Surplus/(Deficit) 53,080 48,808 57,137 55,334 52,351 49,090 51,150 50,743 41,772 17,585 20,603 23,261 26,172 27,174 25,670 28,336 33,526 38,964 Provision for Bad Debt 29,211 53,372 51,035 38,788 27,229 21,423 14,932 7,783 7,732 6,566 6,809 7,057 7,309 7,565 7,826 8,090 8,359 8,632 Depreciation 0 177 212 245 648 1,029 2,473 2,888 3,273 3,391 3,526 3,984 3,968 4,490 5,117 5,356 5,468 5,622 Adj. Surplus/(Deficit) 23,870 (4,742) 5,890 16,300 24,474 26,638 33,745 40,073 30,767 7,628 10,268 12,219 14,895 15,119 12,727 14,889 19,700 24,710 Investment Plan Report Chapter 11 11-18 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 11 CHITUNGWIZA Desptie some Interim surplus results for Chitungwiza, the income statement is overwhelmingly negative. Despite this, a noticeable improvement is forecast from around 2018 when the effects of the planned investments are felt. After this point, notably in 2020 both the basic and adjusted income statements turn positive with a surplus of USD 1.7 million and USD 0.5 millionj respectively. Although the subsequent years are forecast with an adjusted income statement deficit, this is significantly improved in comparison ot the period before the project. While the income statement could be truned positive from the point of the project implementation, this would imply an increase in the tariff, which is not justifiable and not implemented in the model as the projected tariff is kept the same for all entities to provide a level ground for comparison. EPWORTH Throughout the evaluation period Epworth is forecast to return deficit income statements despite the application of the same high tariffs used for the other areas. Nonetheless, an improved position is perceived after the implementation of the investments, namely in 2020 and again around the end of the project horizon in 2029 NORTON Again, this area displays the same trends and similar absolute retunns as sescribed for Chitungwiza implying that the relatively high tariffs are inadequate to cover the bulk plus administrative costs. The entity appears to fall just short of adequate volumes of water that would allow some economies of scale to be realised. RUWA Further to the underlying patterns observed for the other areas, Ruwa ia anticipated to break into a positive gross margin from 2019 onward. However the adjusted income statement is forecast to only briefly recover in a window of three years from 2019 to 2021 caused by the effects of the first major investment phase. A second brief recovery of the adjusted income statement is forecast for 2025 only reflecting the impact of he next investment phase. While Ruwa appears to perform better than Chitungwiza, Epworth and Norton, it is inadequately self-sustainable in the short and medium term from an income statement point of view. As with the aforementioned satellite towns Ruwa would require a subsidy if it were to continue operating independently (with some additional supply of water from Harare). GREATER HARARE The main difference of the financial model for the clustered entity is that it replaces the bulk sales otherwise sold to the satellite towns with retail sales made directly to its customers in all areas. Although this involves a greater volume sold at a higher (retail) tariff, it is subject to the weighted average water losses estimated at 55 %. Nonetheless, the total calculated income is higher than for Harare Water alone. On the other hand the combined costs are also higher. As these more or less balance out, the gross margin is not significantly different to that anticipated for Harare Water. While the gross margin is forecast to be surplus throughout the entire evaluation period, the adjusted income statement is expected to start with a surplus in the base year and dip into a one-year deficit in 2014 in much the same way as displayed by the other areas, reflecting the still poor efficiency performance and at the same time implementing a tariff reduction combined with additional costs. This Gauff Ingenieure 11-19 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 11 short deficit turns and remains positive from 2014 onwards with improved efficiencies offsetting the payables. 200 180 100% 160 140 Net Cash 120 50% Income 100 Adj. Expenditure 80 0% Cum. Cash 60 NRW % 40 -50% Coll % 20 - 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 (20) -100% Figure 11-5: Key Financial Results for Greater Harare - Scenario 1 11.8.2 Cash Flow Statement The bottom line of the cash flow statements are summarised for all entities in the table overleaf, whowing both the annual net cash flow (at the end of each respective year) and the accumulated cash flows. HARARE After 2014 the forecast net cash flow projections are expected to be in surplus, growing consistently until 2017 when the Exim Bank loan sets in thereby reducing the net cash flow to a deficit position by 2018. Despite the repayment of the Exim Bank loan upto 2022 a brief recovery of the net cash flow is realised between 2019 and 2020 (both years included). From 2023 the net cash flow is forecast to be positive upto 2026 when the anticipated repayment of the loan for the project under this investment plan commences. By the end of the project horizon the net cash flow is projected to improve into a surplus position. Thus, the otherwise consistently growing cashflow is interrupted and reduced, in part to a negative net cash flow mainly due to the financial implications of the variouis investments. The cumulative cash flow is positive overall from 2016 onward. Hoever, the forecast bank balance reduces during the years when the aforementioned effects of the various investments set in. In this respect reduced accumulative cash flows are expected in the years 2021 to 2023 and again in 2027 to 2028. The first dip is illustrated in the figure below that shows the cash flow positon upto and including 2023. The initial deficit anticipated in the early ears from 2013 to 2015 are attributable to the generally low efficiency levels, i.e. NRW and collection efficiency which are anticipated to improve, rhough gradually over time. CHITUNGWIZA The net cash flow for Chitungwiza is positive in only one year (2014) over the project horizon. The initial cash flow in the base year is also negative, mainly due to poor efficiency levels which improve and turn the net cash flow into a positive position in 2014. From 2015 the repayment of the first phase of the loan for the project under this investment plan Gauff Ingenieure 11-20 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 11 reverts the net cash flow back into a deficit which is not recovered over the project period as additional financial costs burden the entities financial position. Similarly the cumulative cash flow for Chitungwiza is in deficit, growing consistently in a more or less linear fashion. Cash Flow - Harare 160,000 20,000 140,000 15,000 120,000 10,000 100,000 Cash income 5,000 80,000 Cash expenses 0 60,000 Net cash flow (5,000) 40,000 Cummulative cash 20,000 (10,000) - (15,000) 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 -20,000 (20,000) Figure 11-6: Cash Flow Statement for Harare - Scenario 1 Gauff Ingenieure 11-21 ENTITY/ITEM 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 HARARE Net cash flow (10,985) (6,611) 10,233 18,547 2 (973) 1,610 2,984 (7,846) (145) 1,220 3,269 5,278 2,724 (2,404) (3,955) 273 4,739 Accumulated cash flow (10,985) (17,596) (7,363) 11,183 11,185 10,212 11,822 14,806 6,961 6,815 8,035 11,304 16,582 19,305 16,901 12,946 13,219 17,957 Gauff Ingenieure CHITUNGWIZA Net cash flow (1,697) 723 (117) (2,921) (3,985) (5,512) (3,168) (544) (1,179) (3,609) (3,304) (3,106) (2,770) (2,874) (2,960) (1,977) (1,584) (1,182) Table 11-13: Accumulated cash flow (1,697) (975) (1,092) (4,013) (7,998) (13,509) (16,678) (17,222) (18,402) (22,010) (25,315) (28,420) (31,190) (34,064) (37,024) (39,000) (40,584) (41,767) EPWORTH Net cash flow (440) 1,674 1,601 (867) (961) (797) 652 2,286 2,018 684 773 832 928 801 680 784 895 1,007 Accumulated cash flow (440) 1,234 2,835 1,968 1,007 210 862 3,149 5,167 5,851 6,624 7,457 8,384 9,185 9,865 10,649 11,544 12,551 NORTON Net cash flow (1,428) 924 544 (2,115) (2,766) (3,569) (2,561) (1,400) (1,581) (2,579) (2,438) (2,310) (2,155) (2,804) (3,429) (3,190) (2,980) (2,764) Accumulated cash flow (1,428) (504) 40 (2,075) (4,841) (8,409) (10,970) (12,371) (13,951) (16,530) (18,968) (21,278) (23,433) (26,237) (29,666) (32,856) (35,835) (38,599) RUWA Net cash flow (1,057) 1,639 1,687 (695) (1,281) (2,287) (297) 768 563 (809) (681) (564) (415) (1,214) (1,944) (1,695) (1,427) (1,168) Accumulated cash flow (1,057) 582 2,269 1,575 294 (1,993) (2,290) (1,522) (960) (1,769) (2,449) (3,014) (3,429) (4,642) (6,587) (8,282) (9,708) (10,876) GREATER HARARE Net cash flow (5,341) (2,278) 8,510 18,749 (2,376) (3,529) 2,542 6,840 (4,158) (1,583) 833 3,241 5,842 2,491 (3,369) (3,065) 1,870 7,047 Accumulated cash flow (5,341) (7,619) 891 19,641 17,264 13,735 16,277 23,117 18,958 17,375 18,208 21,449 27,291 29,782 26,413 23,347 25,217 32,264 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Cash Flow Summary for Scenario 1 Investment Plan Report Chapter 11 11-22 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 11 EPWORTH The net and cumulative cash flow expected for 2013 is negative, reflecting the situation of low sales due to inadequate and unreliable bulk water supplies from which equally inadequate revenues can be obtained to cover the mainly fixed operating costs. Despite this, Epworth reported a nominal surplus for 2012 achieved in the same situation, whihch is explained through receipt of fixed charges and high recharges to other departments. In any case, the potential of attaining a cash flow surplus from the operation of water and sewerage facilities in Epworth is also reflected in the financial model for the period from 2014 to 2015 (inclusive), which is achieved by an assumed increase in the volumes of bulk water supplied to to the entity. However the net cash flow turns negative in 2016 upto and including 2018. Howver the previously accumulated cash flow is forecast to be adequate to bridge this period and thus the cumulative cash flow remains positive to the end of the project horizon, growing consistently as net cash remain surplus after 2018. NORTON Modelled projections of cash flows for Norton follow the same pattern and similar magnitude as outlined for Chitungwiza above. The underlying reasons are the same and overall the entity is unable to generate adequate surpluses despite the relatively high tariffs (same as those applied across all entities). RUWA Despite a financial recovery from 2014 to 2017 -based on increased volumes of bulk water supplies coupled with improved revenue and cash efficiencies- at least in terms of the cumulative cash flow, the negative cash flow from 2016 to 2018 and again from 2022 to the end of the project horizon attributed to the financial implications of the various investments result in a constantly negative cumulative cash flow from 2018 onward. Thus, overall, Ruwa is not expected to greatly improve its financial position and if operated as a separate entity is likely to return similar financial results as reported for 2012 by the logal board and as forecast in the model. GREATER HARARE In line with the results for the income statement of Greater Harare, the Cash Flow is similarly in deficit in the early yaers of the evaluation period (for 2013 and 2014 only) and thereafter generally turns and remains positive. Although the net cash flow briefly returns to a deficit from 2014 and 2018 at the onset of the repayments fo the planned investments, the accumulated cash flow is sufficiently positive to buffer this brief period of deficit. With this result the cluster’s liquidity would be adequate to take on the individual losses forecast for the satellite towns. 11.8.3 Annual Balance Sheet A simplified balance sheet to reflect the position for each year within the evaluation period was generated by the financial model as summarised for all entities in the table overleaf. In view of the planned investments the total assets have grown significantly over the project horizon. For Harare and Greater Harare this increase is 113 % and 131 % respectively. For the satellite towns this growth is: • Chitungwiza: 137 %; • Epworth: over 1000 % (ten-fold); • Norton: 407 % Gauff Ingenieure 11-23 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 11 • Ruwa: 394 %% This ties in with the results of negative net current assets implying that the existing and furthermore the future cash position is not tenable to support such heavy investments in the satellite towns. Gauff Ingenieure 11-24 ENTITY/ITEEM 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 HARARE Fixed Assets 772,845 763,334 757,323 750,811 861,114 963,846 1,046,872 1,126,578 1,212,959 1,206,813 1,201,904 1,209,811 1,216,873 1,378,216 1,542,722 1,641,515 1,631,803 1,623,141 Current Assets 8,216 1,586 15,997 34,713 35,773 35,466 37,399 40,543 31,333 26,285 28,006 31,893 37,796 41,710 40,039 36,935 38,129 43,834 Total Assets 781,062 764,921 773,320 785,524 896,887 999,312 1,084,271 1,167,121 1,244,292 1,233,097 1,229,910 1,241,705 1,254,670 1,419,926 1,582,761 1,678,450 1,669,932 1,666,974 Gauff Ingenieure Equity 781,062 635,321 641,820 652,224 729,660 809,554 882,175 955,021 1,026,422 1,028,217 1,038,019 1,062,802 1,088,757 1,191,282 1,295,370 1,361,958 1,377,034 1,397,671 Long term liability 0 129,600 131,500 133,300 167,227 189,758 202,096 212,100 217,870 204,881 191,891 178,902 165,913 228,644 287,390 316,492 292,898 269,303 Table 11-14: Total Liability 781,062 764,921 773,320 785,524 896,887 999,312 1,084,271 1,167,121 1,244,292 1,233,097 1,229,910 1,241,705 1,254,670 1,419,926 1,582,761 1,678,450 1,669,932 1,666,974 Debt/Equity ratio 0% 20% 20% 20% 23% 23% 23% 22% 21% 20% 18% 17% 15% 19% 22% 23% 21% 19% CHITUNGWIZA Fixed Assets 76,813 74,934 74,512 72,922 99,813 124,779 120,967 117,116 117,181 117,121 116,967 128,560 127,661 135,282 142,543 141,921 142,374 142,705 Current Assets (1,370) (545) (656) (3,486) (7,325) (12,690) (15,042) (14,901) (16,205) (20,451) (23,665) (26,701) (29,377) (32,161) (35,029) (36,806) (38,288) (39,365) Total Assets 75,443 74,389 73,856 69,436 92,489 112,089 105,925 102,215 100,976 96,671 93,302 101,859 98,284 103,120 107,514 105,115 104,087 103,339 Equity 75,443 74,389 73,131 68,749 77,779 84,507 79,840 77,626 77,884 75,075 73,203 83,257 81,179 83,563 85,711 85,225 86,109 87,274 Long term liability 0 0 725 687 14,709 27,582 26,085 24,589 23,092 21,595 20,099 18,602 17,105 19,558 21,802 19,890 17,978 16,065 Total Liability 75,443 74,389 73,856 69,436 92,489 112,089 105,925 102,215 100,976 96,671 93,302 101,859 98,284 103,120 107,514 105,115 104,087 103,339 Debt/Equity ratio 0% 0% 1% 1% 19% 33% 33% 32% 30% 29% 27% 22% 21% 23% 25% 23% 21% 18% EPWORTH Fixed Assets 6,333 6,885 7,069 7,124 14,772 20,334 19,865 19,388 22,003 24,546 27,020 32,801 35,043 41,376 47,560 49,955 52,200 54,374 Current Assets (342) 1,379 3,008 2,206 1,343 670 1,778 4,517 6,469 6,803 7,601 8,453 9,407 10,230 10,932 11,743 12,664 13,698 Total Assets 5,990 8,264 10,077 9,330 16,115 21,004 21,644 23,905 28,472 31,350 34,621 41,254 44,450 51,606 58,492 61,697 64,864 68,072 Equity 5,990 8,036 9,804 9,072 12,128 14,369 15,371 17,995 22,925 26,165 29,799 36,794 40,353 45,937 51,353 55,087 58,822 62,598 Long term liability 0 228 273 258 3,986 6,635 6,272 5,910 5,547 5,185 4,822 4,459 4,097 5,669 7,138 6,610 6,042 5,474 Total Liability 5,990 8,264 10,077 9,330 16,115 21,004 21,644 23,905 28,472 31,350 34,621 41,254 44,450 51,606 58,492 61,697 64,864 68,072 Debt/Equity ratio 0% 3% 3% 3% 33% 46% 41% 33% 24% 20% 16% 12% 10% 12% 14% 12% 10% 9% NORTON Fixed Assets 10,974 12,591 13,812 14,877 32,018 47,685 47,882 48,043 48,873 49,653 50,385 53,381 54,005 69,906 85,521 85,874 86,247 86,573 Current Assets (1,317) (352) 196 (1,878) (4,580) (8,081) (10,296) (11,392) (13,011) (15,854) (18,252) (20,527) (22,640) (25,408) (28,800) (31,940) (34,875) (37,592) Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Total Assets 9,658 12,240 14,008 12,999 27,438 39,604 37,587 36,651 35,861 33,799 32,133 32,854 31,365 44,498 56,721 53,934 51,373 48,981 Equity 9,658 12,012 13,735 12,741 19,342 24,606 23,402 23,281 23,305 22,057 21,205 22,740 22,065 28,682 34,774 33,573 32,598 31,792 Long term liability 0 228 273 258 8,096 14,999 14,184 13,370 12,556 11,742 10,928 10,114 9,300 15,816 21,947 20,361 18,775 17,189 Total Liability 9,658 12,240 14,008 12,999 27,438 39,604 37,587 36,651 35,861 33,799 32,133 32,854 31,365 44,498 56,721 53,934 51,373 48,981 Debt/Equity ratio 0% 2% 2% 2% 42% 61% 61% 57% 54% 53% 52% 44% 42% 55% 63% 61% 58% 54% RUWA Balance Sheet Summary for Scenario 1 Fixed Assets 24,549 28,035 31,080 33,922 56,785 78,284 79,939 81,513 82,447 83,319 84,127 87,394 88,091 106,842 125,271 125,700 126,073 126,453 Current Assets (891) 991 2,678 2,033 838 (1,358) (1,112) (107) 412 (741) (1,381) (1,907) (2,279) (3,455) (5,354) (6,995) (8,364) (9,476) Total Assets 23,658 29,027 33,758 35,955 57,623 76,925 78,827 81,406 82,859 82,578 82,746 85,487 85,813 103,387 119,918 118,705 117,709 116,977 Equity 23,658 28,799 33,485 35,697 47,589 58,035 60,961 64,564 67,042 67,785 68,978 72,743 74,093 84,047 93,412 94,134 95,072 96,275 Long term liability 0 228 273 258 10,034 18,890 17,866 16,842 15,817 14,793 13,769 12,744 11,720 19,340 26,505 24,571 22,637 20,702 Total Liability 23,658 29,027 33,758 35,955 57,623 76,925 78,827 81,406 82,859 82,578 82,746 85,487 85,813 103,387 119,918 118,705 117,709 116,977 Debt/Equity ratio 0% 1% 1% 1% 21% 33% 29% 26% 24% 22% 20% 18% 16% 23% 28% 26% 24% 22% GREATER HARARE Fixed Assets 891,515 885,781 883,796 879,656 1,064,500 1,234,927 1,315,526 1,392,638 1,483,462 1,481,452 1,480,403 1,511,947 1,521,674 1,731,621 1,943,615 2,044,964 2,038,695 2,033,244 Current Assets 16,757 14,571 26,978 45,888 44,724 42,179 45,778 53,235 47,621 39,801 41,432 45,417 52,053 55,883 53,408 51,487 54,473 62,684 Total Assets 908,272 900,352 910,774 925,544 1,109,224 1,277,106 1,361,304 1,445,873 1,531,083 1,521,253 1,521,835 1,557,365 1,573,727 1,787,505 1,997,023 2,096,451 2,093,167 2,095,928 Equity 908,272 770,061 777,686 790,682 904,010 1,016,123 1,089,257 1,164,629 1,244,430 1,247,949 1,261,881 1,310,760 1,340,472 1,468,993 1,597,364 1,667,732 1,688,124 1,714,561 Long term liability 0 130,291 133,088 134,862 205,214 260,983 272,047 281,244 286,653 273,304 259,954 246,605 233,255 318,511 399,659 428,719 405,043 381,367 Total Liability 908,272 900,352 910,774 925,544 1,109,224 1,277,106 1,361,304 1,445,873 1,531,083 1,521,253 1,521,835 1,557,365 1,573,727 1,787,505 1,997,023 2,096,451 2,093,167 2,095,928 Debt/Equity ratio 0% 17% 17% 17% 23% 26% 25% 24% 23% 22% 21% 19% 17% 22% 25% 26% 24% 22% Investment Plan Report Chapter 11 11-25 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 11 11.9 Financial Projections and Evaluation for Other Scenarios In addition to the base and ideal investment option as expressed under scenario 1 (investment priority 1 + 2 + 3) -for which results are presented in the foregoing- two additional, lower investment scenarios- were investigated for Harare and Greater Harare to cater for improved service delivery in these areas with lower investment requirements. For these scenarios the requirements of the satellite towns was included under the financial model for Greater Harare. To provide a comparative basis betweent he various scenarios, all input data except for the actual investment costs remained unchanged. The summary results for all three options are presented in the following tables. The Income statements for scenarios 2 and 3 in respect of both the gross margin and the adjusted accounting profit are positive throughout, though higher for scenario 3 than x. Similarly the surplus is higher for scenario 2 than sceneario 1. With regard to the cash flow statements shown in the second table the resulting net and cumulative cash flow is the same in the base year and is generally in surplus, crowing consistently over the project period. Again, the comparison between scenario 1, 2 and 3 reveals the same relationship, i.e. the surplus at the endo fhte project evaluationperiod (2030) is highest for scenario 3, next for scenario 2 and then scenario 1. This comparative result is to be expected as investment costs are lower for scenario 2 than 1 and again lower for scenario 3 than 2, while the benefits remain constant. Thus the overall outcome is that the financial result is acceptable (generally surplus) for scenario 1, but better for both scenarios 2 and 3. Howver, at the same time, the investments are more extensive and technically superior for scenario 3 than 2 and again scenario 2 is technically superior to 1. Gauff Ingenieure 11-26 ENTITY/ITEM 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 HARARE - Scenario 1 Income 94,722 94,845 116,044 117,839 123,586 128,820 131,799 135,989 134,810 116,721 120,308 124,508 128,773 133,102 137,495 141,952 146,472 151,057 Expenditure 49,875 56,349 61,848 66,532 71,958 80,784 84,436 90,766 97,973 98,700 100,423 102,362 104,359 107,050 112,376 115,537 115,614 115,515 Gauff Ingenieure Surplus/(Deficit) 44,847 38,496 54,196 51,307 51,628 48,036 47,364 45,223 36,838 18,021 19,884 22,146 24,414 26,052 25,119 26,415 30,858 35,542 Provision for Bad Debt 27,916 47,423 46,418 35,352 24,717 19,323 13,180 6,799 6,741 5,836 6,015 6,225 6,439 6,655 6,875 7,098 7,324 7,553 Table 11-15: Depreciation 0 169 388 438 998 1,541 1,939 3,507 5,372 6,933 8,641 9,355 9,609 11,148 12,694 13,281 13,525 13,899 Adj. Surplus/(Deficit) 16,931 (9,095) 7,390 15,517 25,913 27,172 32,244 34,916 24,726 5,252 5,228 6,566 8,367 8,250 5,550 6,037 10,009 14,090 HARARE - Scenario 2 Income 94,722 94,845 116,044 117,839 123,586 128,820 131,799 135,989 134,810 116,721 120,308 124,508 128,773 133,102 137,495 141,952 146,472 151,057 Expenditure 49,875 56,320 61,774 66,410 70,339 77,645 81,427 87,921 95,064 95,632 97,197 98,982 100,825 100,842 103,615 104,375 104,650 104,749 Surplus/(Deficit) 44,847 38,526 54,270 51,429 53,247 51,176 50,372 48,067 39,747 21,088 23,110 25,526 27,948 32,260 33,880 37,576 41,822 46,308 Provision for Bad Debt 27,916 47,423 46,418 35,352 24,717 19,323 13,180 6,799 6,741 5,836 6,015 6,225 6,439 6,655 6,875 7,098 7,324 7,553 Depreciation 0 144 307 326 690 1,044 1,567 3,134 5,064 6,335 7,622 7,860 7,754 8,582 9,240 9,016 8,657 8,747 Adj. Surplus/(Deficit) 16,931 (9,041) 7,545 15,751 27,839 30,809 35,626 38,134 27,942 8,917 9,473 11,441 13,755 17,023 17,765 21,463 25,841 30,008 HARARE - Scenario 3 Income 94,722 94,845 116,044 117,839 123,586 128,820 131,799 135,989 134,810 116,721 120,308 124,508 128,773 133,102 137,495 141,952 146,472 151,057 Expenditure 49,875 56,349 61,848 66,532 70,429 77,802 80,090 85,132 91,126 92,234 94,338 96,657 99,035 98,988 101,733 102,951 103,852 104,576 Surplus/(Deficit) 44,847 38,496 54,196 51,307 53,157 51,018 51,709 50,857 43,684 24,487 25,970 27,851 29,738 34,114 35,762 39,001 42,621 46,481 Provision for Bad Debt 27,916 47,423 46,418 35,352 24,717 19,323 13,180 6,799 6,741 5,836 6,015 6,225 6,439 6,655 6,875 7,098 7,324 7,553 Depreciation 0 169 388 438 998 1,541 1,939 3,507 5,372 6,933 8,641 9,355 9,609 11,148 12,694 13,281 13,525 13,899 Adj. Surplus/(Deficit) 16,931 (9,095) 7,390 15,517 27,442 30,154 36,590 40,550 31,572 11,718 11,314 12,271 13,691 16,312 16,193 18,623 21,772 25,029 GREATER HARARE - Scenario 1 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Income 106,220 106,744 127,587 129,294 136,143 142,819 149,322 155,651 154,637 131,311 136,185 141,142 146,183 151,307 156,516 161,807 167,182 172,641 Expenditure 53,140 57,936 70,451 73,960 83,792 93,729 98,172 104,908 112,865 113,726 115,582 117,882 120,011 124,133 130,845 133,472 133,656 133,677 Surplus/(Deficit) 53,080 48,808 57,137 55,334 52,351 49,090 51,150 50,743 41,772 17,585 20,603 23,261 26,172 27,174 25,670 28,336 33,526 38,964 Provision for Bad Debt 29,211 53,372 51,035 38,788 27,229 21,423 14,932 7,783 7,732 6,566 6,809 7,057 7,309 7,565 7,826 8,090 8,359 8,632 Depreciation 0 177 212 245 648 1,029 2,473 2,888 3,273 3,391 3,526 3,984 3,968 4,490 5,117 5,356 5,468 5,622 Adj. Surplus/(Deficit) 23,870 (4,742) 5,890 16,300 24,474 26,638 33,745 40,073 30,767 7,628 10,268 12,219 14,895 15,119 12,727 14,889 19,700 24,710 GREATER HARARE - Scenario 2 Income 106,220 106,744 127,587 129,294 136,143 142,819 149,322 155,651 154,637 131,311 136,185 141,142 146,183 151,307 156,516 161,807 167,182 172,641 Expenditure 53,140 57,899 70,353 73,783 81,446 89,158 93,677 100,510 108,218 108,837 110,451 112,435 114,326 114,936 118,259 118,405 118,684 118,800 Surplus/(Deficit) 53,080 48,845 57,235 55,511 54,698 53,662 55,645 55,141 46,418 22,474 25,734 28,707 31,857 36,372 38,256 43,402 48,498 53,841 Provision for Bad Debt 29,211 53,372 51,035 38,788 27,229 21,423 14,932 7,783 7,732 6,566 6,809 7,057 7,309 7,565 7,826 8,090 8,359 8,632 Depreciation 0 147 161 170 429 673 1,868 2,391 2,836 2,837 2,840 2,991 2,874 3,126 3,395 3,327 3,213 3,247 Adj. Surplus/(Deficit) 23,870 (4,673) 6,039 16,552 27,040 31,566 38,845 44,968 35,851 13,071 16,084 18,659 21,674 25,680 27,035 31,984 36,927 41,962 GREATER HARARE - Scenario 3 Income 106,220 106,744 127,587 129,294 136,143 142,819 149,322 155,651 154,637 131,311 136,185 141,142 146,183 151,307 156,516 161,807 167,182 172,641 Expenditure 53,140 57,899 70,353 73,783 80,570 87,391 89,958 94,771 100,152 101,013 102,870 105,097 107,231 106,542 108,613 108,647 109,272 109,734 Surplus/(Deficit) 53,080 48,845 57,235 55,511 55,573 55,428 59,364 60,880 54,485 30,298 33,314 36,045 38,952 44,765 47,903 53,160 57,911 62,907 Provision for Bad Debt 29,211 53,372 51,035 38,788 27,229 21,423 14,932 7,783 7,732 6,566 6,809 7,057 7,309 7,565 7,826 8,090 8,359 8,632 Depreciation 0 147 161 170 377 568 1,367 1,597 1,750 1,751 1,755 1,906 1,834 1,946 2,128 2,097 2,080 2,114 Adj. Surplus/(Deficit) 23,870 (4,673) 6,039 16,552 27,968 33,438 43,066 51,501 45,003 21,981 24,751 27,083 29,809 35,253 37,948 42,973 47,471 52,161 Summary Income Statements for Harare and Greater Harare (Scenario 1, 2, 3) Investment Plan Report Chapter 11 11-27 ENTITY/ITEM 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 HARARE - Scenario 1 Net cash flow (10,985) (6,611) 10,233 18,547 2 (973) 1,610 2,984 (7,846) (145) 1,220 3,269 5,278 2,724 (2,404) (3,955) 273 4,739 Accumulated cash flow (10,985) (17,596) (7,363) 11,183 11,185 10,212 11,822 14,806 6,961 6,815 8,035 11,304 16,582 19,305 16,901 12,946 13,219 17,957 Gauff Ingenieure HARARE - Scenario 2 Net cash flow (10,985) (6,582) 10,307 18,669 2,890 4,705 7,157 8,368 (2,398) 5,461 6,984 9,188 11,351 13,857 13,671 16,842 20,873 25,140 Table 11-16: Accumulated cash flow (10,985) (17,567) (7,260) 11,409 14,299 19,004 26,161 34,529 32,131 37,592 44,577 53,764 65,115 78,973 92,643 109,485 130,358 155,499 HARARE - Scenario 3 Net cash flow (10,985) (6,611) 10,233 18,547 3,060 5,067 10,531 14,710 6,610 13,929 14,914 16,583 18,211 21,513 22,084 25,111 28,515 32,157 Accumulated cash flow (10,985) (17,596) (7,363) 11,183 14,244 19,310 29,841 44,551 51,161 65,090 80,004 96,587 114,799 136,311 158,396 183,506 212,022 244,179 GREATER HARARE - Scenario 1 Net cash flow (5,341) (2,278) 8,510 18,749 (2,376) (3,529) 2,542 6,840 (4,158) (1,583) 833 3,241 5,842 2,491 (3,369) (3,065) 1,870 7,047 Accumulated cash flow (5,341) (7,619) 891 19,641 17,264 13,735 16,277 23,117 18,958 17,375 18,208 21,449 27,291 29,782 26,413 23,347 25,217 32,264 GREATER HARARE - Scenario 2 Net cash flow (5,341) (5,341) (1,083) 9,886 20,537 2,803 5,315 11,004 14,915 4,021 6,676 9,156 11,878 14,688 17,336 17,351 21,999 26,846 Accumulated cash flow (5,341) (5,341) (6,424) 3,462 23,998 26,802 32,117 43,121 58,036 62,057 68,733 77,888 89,766 104,454 121,790 139,142 161,141 187,987 GREATER HARARE - Scenario 3 Net cash flow (5,341) (5,341) (1,083) 9,886 20,537 4,287 8,299 17,153 24,298 16,944 19,357 21,594 24,073 26,640 31,495 33,670 38,681 43,181 Accumulated cash flow (5,341) (5,341) (6,424) 3,462 23,998 28,285 36,584 53,738 78,036 94,981 114,338 135,931 160,004 186,644 218,139 251,809 290,490 333,671 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Summary Cash Flow for Harare and Greater Harare (Scenario 1, 2, 3) Investment Plan Report Chapter 11 11-28 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 11 11.10 Viability Assessment for Greater Harare Metropolitan Utility Summarising the various findings presented above it can be stated that the base model for Harare using current and reducing tariff levels is positive with regard to the income statement, sustainable in terms of the cash flow and shown to have an affordable rate of investment according to the balance sheet. However, this cannot be stated for the satellite towns that return a substantially inferior financial position taking into consideration all three financial statements forecast for these areas. It can further be stated (in general terms) that the satellite areas neither have the liquidity at present nor are they likely to have this in future to cover costs and as such, not be able to honour the obligations of a loan required to implement the much needed investments. Clustering Harare Water together with the satellite areas does however present an opportunity of achieving a financially sustainable result and at the same time be in a position to refund the loan required to implement the much needed capital investments in all areas. While the existing loan from Exim Bank has provided for the funding of capital investments in Harare worth USD 130 million, the terms and conditions of a 5-year repayment period at an interest rate of 3.5 % p.a. poses a heavy burden on the entity. Nonetheless, the financial model shows that by and large it is possible to still afford an additional loan or loans required to implement the medium to long-term investment plan as proposed herein and service the existing loan obligations, however with the result that there are occasional periods during which the forecast financial performance may require assistance from the shareholders of the entity. The two alternative investment plan scenarios offered in this investment plan do provide scope for reducing the financial burden on the entity. However, these do not offer the same degree of satisfactory long-term technical solutions. Since the first option can be afforded, it would be advisable to consider re-negotiating the existing loan towards more favourable conditions in order to comfortably take on the full investments recommended and detailed under the investment scenario 1. As indicated above, the full investment for all areas, i.e. including all satellite towns, is best achieved under a single entity that clusters all areas into one more capable organisation. In view of the above, it is therefore recommended to cluster the areas and prioritise the investment plan as detailed under scenario 1. Gauff Ingenieure 11-29 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report CHAPTER 12: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK Gauff Ingenieure Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 12 12 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK 12.1 Introduction The overall thrust of the investment plan is to improve and optimize the future delivery of water and sewerage treatment services within Greater Harare, such that in future the residents of Greater Harare have adequate access to safe and clean water and an efficient system for the disposal of waste water. In doing so it is important that this objective is achieved within the context of safeguarding the wider environment, such that the overall result is a healthy population coupled with a healthy environment. To achieve this requires that environmental and social concerns are identified and incorporated into all stages of the management cycle, from planning through to implementation and operation. The purpose of this section is to outline a general framework to provide for the incorporation of environmental and social concerns within subsequent implementation of the investment plan and operation of the resulting infrastructure. In this respect it is relevant to note that the investment plan builds on and, in many instances, extends existing infrastructure, such that it comprises a mix of rehabilitation, improvement and extension of existing water and sewerage treatment systems plus, in some cases, the construction of new infrastructure. The section starts by outlining the relevant national policies and legislation pertinent to the management of water resources and the environment in Zimbabwe, and identifying the key management institutions and outlining their general roles (Section 12.2). Thereafter, consideration is given to the formal procedure for conducting environmental impact assessments in Zimbabwe, and how this will be incorporated as part of the investment process (Section 12.3), as well as to supporting international assessment procedures (Section 12.4). This is followed by a summary of the major project works proposed for Greater Harare, and general guidance as to how environmental and social concerns will be incorporated and addressed within the investment cycle (Section 12.5). 12.2 Zimbabwe Policies, Legislation and Institutions 12.2.1 Constitution of Zimbabwe The newly adopted “Constitution of Zimbabwe”, as part of the declaration of rights (Chapter 4), specifically recognizes the rights of all persons to safe, clean and potable water (Section 77) and to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being, and to have the environment protected for the benefit of present and future generations (Section 73) (Table 12-1). 12.2.2 Key Ministries There are three ministries that share key responsibilities towards the successful delivery of adequate water and sanitation services within a context of maintaining a healthy environment, namely the: • Ministry of Local Government, Public Works and National Housing, • Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate, and • Ministry of Health and Child Care. Gauff Ingenieure 12-1 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 12 The general responsibility of each is outlined in Table12-2, together with relevant policies, strategies and legislation in Table 12-3. There are other Ministries that play a strong supporting role, such as the Ministry of Finance which is responsible for raising the necessary funds for infrastructure development. Table 12-1: Extracts from the Constitution of Zimbabwe Section Statement Section 73: (1) Every person has the right— Environmental (a) to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being; and rights (b) to have the environment protected for the benefit of present and future generations, through reasonable legislative and other measures that— (i) prevent pollution and ecological degradation; (ii) promote conservation; and (iii) secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources while promoting economic and social development. (2) The State must take reasonable legislative and other measures, within the limits of the resources available to it, to achieve the progressive realisation of the rights set out in this section. Section 77: Right Every person has the right to— to food and water (a) safe, clean and potable water; and (b) sufficient food; and the State must take reasonable legislative and other measures, within the limits of the resources available to it, to achieve the progressive realisation of this right. Table 12-2: Core Ministries Involved in the Provision of Water and Sanitation Services Ministry Responsibilities Ministry of Local Government, Establishing and supervising the functions of urban authorities. Public Works and National The urban councils are responsible for delivery of water and Housing waste water treatment services to residents. Ministry of Health and Child Promoting the health and quality of life for all people of Zimbabwe Care Ministry of Environment, Water Development and management of water resources and and Climate management and protection of the environment The Ministry of Local Government, Public Works and National Housing is responsible for supervising local authorities and regional development including both the rural and urban areas. These functions are governed by three pieces of legislation: the Urban Councils Act, the Rural District Councils Act and the Provincial Councils and Administration Act. The Urban Councils Act (Chapter 29:15) provides for the administration of the country’s towns and cities. Urban Councils are ranked, according to their size and levels of development, into cities, municipalities, towns and local boards. The Act affords the Minister of Local Government, Public Works and National Housing wide ranging supervisory powers over urban authorities. The provision for input by civil society, in contrast, is relatively weak and poorly developed. Under the Urban Councils Act, urban councils are mandated to provide water and waste water treatment services to residents, as well as to take responsibility for environmental protection. In doing so, the Act does not preclude the possibility of delegating responsibility to a designated service provider (public, private or mixed). The manner in which water and Gauff Ingenieure 12-2 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 12 sanitation services are organised varies from one council to the next, for example as part of the Department of Engineering, or Department of Works, etc. The Ministry of Health and Child Care is responsible for promoting the health and quality of life for all people in Zimbabwe. As part of its Preventative Services, the Ministry includes a Department of Environmental Health which administers the Public Health Act (Chapter 19 of 1924) and related regulations. The Public Health Act (Chapter 15:09) clearly states that it is the duty of a local authority to furnish water supplies in line with health requirements. It also requires other agencies providing water in an area, such as ZINWA, to comply with this requirement. The Public Health Act also requires the local authority to maintain existing water supplies in good working order. Table 12-3: Key Policies, Strategies, Plans, Legislation and Regulations Responsible Ministry Policies, legislation, strategies and plans Ministry of Local Urban Councils Act (Chapter 29:15), 1997 Government, Public Works and National Housing Ministry of Health and Public Health Act of 1924 Child Care Public Health (Effluent) Regulations, 1972 The National Health Strategy for Zimbabwe 2009-2013 Ministry of Environment, Zimbabwe National Water Authority Act (Chapter 20:25), 1998 Water and Climate Water Act (Chapter 20:24), 2002 National Water Policy 2013 Environmental Management Act (Chapter 20:27), 2002 Environmental Management (Effluent and Solid Waste Disposal) Regulations, 2007 Environmental Management (Environmental Impact Assessments and Ecosystems Protection) Regulations, 2007 National Environmental Policy (2009) Standards Association of Zimbabwe Standard No. 560:1997 (Water for Domestic Supplies) Zimbabwe Specific functions of the Department of Environmental Health include conducting water quality inspections and samples on drinking water sources. Under the Public Health (Effluent) Regulations, 1972, the Department also plays a role in terms of water pollution control, specifically in terms of monitoring the microbiological content of effluents. The Department delivers these services through officers at the national, provincial, district and ward levels. Responsibility for management of water and environmental resources is primarily vested in the newly constructed Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate, which combines the previously separate Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Management, and Ministry of Water Resources and Development. The key policies and acts for management Gauff Ingenieure 12-3 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 12 of the environment and water are the National Environmental Policy (2009) and the Environmental Management Act (2002, updated 2007), together with the Water Act (2002) and the recently updated National Water Policy (2013). 12.2.3 Management of Water Resources The recent National Water Policy defines the vision for urban water supply and sanitation services as follows: ‘All urban water users should enjoy adequate, continuous, readily accessible, safe, hygienic, sustainable and affordable domestic water and sanitation services provided by accountable, efficient, coordinated, funded and capacitated institutions’ The policy document demands for adequate and affordable services to all residents and underlines the importance of efficient and conservative management principles when producing and supplying drinking water. These principles have been centrally incorporated into the process of development of the investment plan, as outlined in Chapter 6, which summarises the key strategies applied during the planning process in order to optimize the delivery of efficient, sustainable and affordable water and waste water treatment services. 12.2.4 Environmental Management The National Environmental Policy and Strategy was gazetted in June 2009. Its vision closely follows that of the National Development Objective of the government ‘to alleviate poverty and improve the quality of life of the people of Zimbabwe’. In line with this vision, the goal of the National Environmental Policy is: “To avoid irreversible environmental damage, maintain essential environmental processes, and preserve the broad spectrum of biological diversity so as to sustain the long-term ability of natural resources to meet the basic needs of people, enhance food security, reduce poverty, and improve the standard of living of Zimbabweans through long-term economic growth and the creation of employment.” The Environmental Management Act (Chapter 20:27), 2002 (amended 2006) is the primary legislation dealing with environmental management in Zimbabwe. The intention of the Environmental Management Act was to consolidate previously disparate environmental legislation into a single act, and in so doing to provide an overall and integrated approach to environmental management. It aims to provide for sustainable management of natural resources and protection of the environment and prevention of pollution and environmental degradation. One of the requirements under the Environmental Management Act is for the Minister to prepare a National Environmental Plan and for each local authority to prepare a local Environmental Action Plan for the area under its jurisdiction. This requirement has yet to be complied with in any of the project areas. The Act provides for the establishment of an Environmental Management Agency (EMA) and lays out the responsibilities of EMA in terms of overseeing environmental management in the country. One of the functions of EMA is to develop and enforce environmental quality standards for various parameters including minimum quality standards for water for different uses, and for the discharge of effluent into the environment. As yet, EMA has not produced standards for drinking water quality. This has previously been done by the Standards Association of Zimbabwe, whereby Zimbabwe Standard No. 560:1997 (Water for Domestic Supplies) lays down the minimum physical, chemical and bacteriological Gauff Ingenieure 12-4 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 12 requirements for purity as delivered to the consumer, of water for domestic supplies regardless of source. Reference is also commonly made to the World Health Organization guidelines for drinking water quality. EMA has produced regulations concerning the discharge of effluent to the environment, known as the Environmental Management (Effluent and Solid Waste Disposal) Regulations, 2007. According to the regulations no person shall dispose of effluent into a public stream or into any other surface water or ground water, whether directly or through drainage or seepage, except under a licence. The regulations provide criteria for a wide range of physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters, according to which effluent can be categorized into four categories: • Blue – safe; • Green – low hazard; • Yellow – medium hazard; • Red – high hazard. Any person wishing to dispose of effluent is required to apply for and receive a permit for the appropriate class of licence. Such a licence is valid for one year and needs to be updated annually. Another of the key functions of the EMA is to manage the environmental impact assessment (EIA) process, which provides for the incorporation of environmental assessment and management in all economic and development activities, as outlined in the following section. EMA carries out its duties through a network of national, provincial and district offices and officers. 12.3 Zimbabwe Procedures for Environmental Impact Assessments The Environmental Management Act identifies those projects for which an EIA is required, as listed in the First Schedule of the Act (Table 12-4). According to the Act: • A person who proposes to embark on any of the projects listed in the First Schedule is required to submit an EIA report to the Director-General; • The developer can only embark on the project if she/he has obtained a certificate from the Director-General; • It is an offence for any person to knowingly implement a project without a certificate showing that an EIA has been carried out. The process for environmental review and conducting an EIA are outlined in the Environmental Management (Environmental Impact Assessments and Ecosystems Protection) Regulations of 2007. Before carrying out an EIA for a prescribed activity, the developer must first submit a prospectus to EMA. The prospectus should provide the following information: • A description of the proposed project; • A description of the anticipated environmental and social impacts; and • Terms of reference for the proposed environmental impact assessment. Gauff Ingenieure 12-5 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 12 Table 12-4: Sectors for which an EIA is Mandatory (Source: EMA, First Schedule, 2007) Sector Notes Dams and man-made lakes It is an offence to embark on any of these listed projects unless one is in possession of a licence Drainage and irrigation from the Minister. Housing developments In order to apply for a licence one must first Industry prepare an EIA report for submission and Infrastructure approval to the Environmental Management Agency. Mining and quarrying The procedure for preparation, submission, Petroleum production, storage and distribution review and approval of EIAs is regulated under Power generation and transmission the Environmental Management (Environmental Impact Assessments and Ecosystems Tourist resorts and recreational developments Protection) Regulations of 2007. Waste treatment and disposal (including The Ministry has prepared sector guidelines to municipal sewage: waste treatment plants, assist in the preparation of EIAs for each of outfalls into aquatic systems and effluent water these listed sectors. irrigation schemes) The fee for submission of an EIA is 1.5% of the Water supply (including water withdrawals from estimated investment. rivers or reservoirs and major pipelines) In response to the prospectus, the Director General may require the developer to submit additional information or, if satisfied that the proposed EIA is capable of evaluating the project’s impact on the environment, approve the prospectus and ask the developer to proceed with the EIA. Once the EIA has been completed this must be submitted to EMA for review. Once again, the Director General may either approve the EIA or else, request for additional information. If the project is approved, the Director-General will issue a certificate, which serves as authorization for the project to be implemented. To assist the EIA process, the former Ministry of Environment and Tourism in 1997 published Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines. The purpose of these guidelines is to facilitate the implementation of EIAs within specific sectors, including the water and waste management sectors. For each sector the guidelines provide examples of major activities that are likely to be undertaken for projects in that sector; the types of environmental impacts that are likely to result; possible measures for managing such impacts; sample terms of reference for EIA studies; and useful sources of information for use in an EIA study. Public participation Public participation is a requirement of the EIA process, and the policy states that the public should participate in the preparation and review of EIA reports. Such consultations typically focus on determining the probable impacts and the mitigation measures that will be acceptable to the community involved. Gauff Ingenieure 12-6 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 12 12.4 International Policies and Procedures Implementation of the investment plan is likely to depend to a greater or lesser extent on securing foreign investment, for example through the African Development Bank or World Bank. In this case there will be an additional need to comply with environmental and social assessment policies and procedures of the relevant investment agency. For example, the AfDB, in accordance with their environmental and social assessment procedures (2003), classified the existing Urgent Water Supply and Sanitation Rehabilitation Project, as a Category 2 project, this being a project likely to induce site-specific environmental and/or social impacts but that can be minimised by the application of mitigation measures. For Category 2 projects it is necessary to prepare an Environmental and Social Management Plan. 12.5 Framework for Environmental and Social Management 12.5.1 Summary of Works The following works are proposed for Greater Harare for the medium and long-term for water supply (Table 12-5) and for treatment of waste water (Table 12-6). An indication of the level of environmental assessment likely to be required for each component (ESMP or EIA) is also provided. For each town and for both water supply and waste water treatment works, it will be possible to address the environmental management for some of the proposed works through an ESMP whilst other works will require a more detailed EIA. Water supply works that will require a full EIA include: • Construction of the Kunzvi Water Supply Scheme (Harare), • Construction of new reservoirs (all component towns), • Construction of new treated water transmission mains (Chitungwiza), and • Extension of the distribution system to new service areas (all component towns). Other works that can probably be addressed though an ESMP include: • Rehabilitation of existing water treatment plants (Harare, Ruwa), • Upgrading of existing treated water transmission mains (Chitungwiza, Norton, Ruwa), • Rehabilitation of existing storage reservoirs (Chitungwiza, Epworth, Norton, Ruwa), and • Rehabilitation and upgrading of existing water distribution network (all component towns). For the waste water treatment works, the following works will require an EIA: • Construction of new outfall sewers (Harare, Chitungwiza, Norton, Ruwa), • Construction of new waste water treatment plants (Harare, Norton), and • Extension of the sewer reticulation system to new service areas (all component towns). Other works that can probably be addressed though an ESMP include: • Rehabilitation of existing sewer reticulation networks and sewers (Harare, Chitungwiza, Norton, Ruwa), • Rehabilitation of sewer pump stations (Chitungwiza), and Gauff Ingenieure 12-7 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 12 • Rehabilitation of existing waste water treatment plants (Harare, Chitungwiza, Norton). Table 12-5: Summary of Water Supply Works Centre No Description Harare 1 Construction of Kunzwi Water Supply Scheme (Intake, raw water main, EIA water treatment plant [150,000 m3/d nominal capacity], two booster stations, 39 km clear water transmission pipeline to Donnybrook Terminal Reservoirs, 50 km of transmission lines in the distribution network) 2 Rehabilitation of water treatment plants (Morton Jaffray and Prince ESMP Edward) 3 Construction of new reservoir along Shamva road in the Sally Mugabe EIA area 4 Implementation of NRW reduction programme (network investigations, ESMP pipe replacements, valve replacements, replacement of all service connections, installation of water meters on all service connections (about 192,000), installation of bulk meters to restore old DMAs) 5 Extension of water distribution network to new service areas EIA Chitungwiza 1 Upgrading of existing water transmission mains (12.4 km) ESMP 2 Installation of new treated water transmission mains (36 km) EIA 3 Rehabilitation of existing storage reservoirs ESMP 4 Construction of new storage reservoirs (Makoni Reservoir and reservoir to EIA supply Nyatsime development) 5 Implementation of NRW reduction programme (network investigations, ESMP pipe replacements, valve replacements, replacement of all service connections, installation of water meters on all service connections) 6 Extension of distribution network to new service areas EIA Epworth 1 Installation of new treated water transmission main from Ruwa to the EIA Epworth storage tanks 2 Rehabilitation of existing storage reservoirs ESMP 3 Phased construction of new storage reservoirs EIA 4 Upgrading and rehabilitation of water distribution system, including ESMP installation of water kiosks 5 Extension of distribution system to new service areas EIA Norton 1 Upgrading of existing treated water main transmission system ESMP 2 Rehabilitation of existing storage reservoirs ESMP 3 Phased construction of new storage reservoirs EIA 4 Upgrading and rehabilitation of water distribution system, including ESMP installation of water kiosks 5 Extension of water distribution system to new service areas EIA Gauff Ingenieure 12-8 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 12 Centre No Description Ruwa 1 Completion of raw water transmission main from Nora Dam to Ruwa ESMP 2 Upgrading of the Ruwa Water Treatment Plant ESMP 3 Rehabilitation of existing storage reservoirs ESMP 4 Phased construction of new storage reservoirs EIA 5 Upgrading and rehabilitation of water distribution system, including ESMP installation of water kiosks 6 Extension of distribution system to new service areas EIA Table 12-6: Summary of Waste Water Treatment Works Centre No Description Harare 1 Replacement of collapsed and under-capacity sewers ESMP 2 Construction of new outfall sewer (the Harare South Outfall Sewer from EIA Ruwa and Donnybrook down to near the confluence of Manyame and Nyatsime rivers) 3 Rehabilitation of all wastewater treatment plants (Firle, Crowborough, ESMP Marlborough and Hatcliffe). The Donnybrook ponds will be abandoned after construction of the Harare South Outfall sewer and associated treatment facility 4 Construction of new waste water treatment works (the Harare South EIA WWTW) 5 Extension of the sewer reticulation system to new service areas EIA Chitungwiza 1 Rehabilitation and upgrading of sewer reticulation network ESMP 2 Rehabilitation of Tilco Pump Station ESMP 3 Installation of new outfall sewers (22 km) EIA 4 Rehabilitation of Zengeza waste water treatment works - BNR plant ESMP 5 Rehabilitation of Zengeza waste water treatment works – modified ESMP conventional works (biological filters and ponds) 6 Extension of sewer reticulation system to new service areas EIA Epworth 1 Extension of sewer reticulation system EIA Norton 1 Rehabilitation of sewer reticulation network ESMP 2 Construction of new outfall sewer – the Western Areas Trunk Sewer(s) EIA 3 Rehabilitation of existing waste water treatment works ESMP 4 Construction of new Western Waste Water Treatment Works EIA 5 Extension of sewer reticulation system to new service areas EIA Gauff Ingenieure 12-9 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 12 Centre No Description Ruwa 1 Construction of new trunk sewer to connect Ruwa to the new Harare EIA South Outfall Sewer 2 Construction of a new set of ponds EIA 3 Rehabilitation of sewer reticulation network ESMP 4 Extension of sewer reticulation system to new service areas EIA 12.5.2 Planning In terms of the overall project cycle from planning to implementation to operation, the present investment plan effectively covers the planning stage, at least in broad terms. In preparing the investment plan consideration of environmental and social concerns has been incorporated into all of the proposed investment components (Table 12-7). For many aspects, the scope of possible options has been constrained by the need to incorporate and build on existing water and sanitation infrastructure, for example in terms of potential locations for treatment plants and the types of technologies to be used. The major exception, in terms of water supply, is the construction of the Kunzvi Water Supply System. Detailed feasibility studies for the Kunzvi system have previously been carried out, although these will need to be updated. In terms of sanitation one of the key planning considerations is how to optimally extend sewer services to the southern portions of the city, where much of the future expansion is envisaged to occur, and to treat the resulting waste water. These issues have been examined and analysed in a series of three discussion papers. These include consideration of factors such as: impacts to catchment water flows and water supply from the Manyame catchment, the location and quality of effluent releases, different types of treatment technology (pond systems with or without irrigation, BNR systems), efficiency of nutrient removal, one centralized versus numerous dispersed treatment plants, cost factors, (capital and operational and maintenance costs), predicted energy costs, affordability, land requirements, carbon budgeting and staffing requirements (numbers and skills). Based on these considerations it is proposed to construct a new trunk sewer around the south of the city, and then to pump and transfer the sewerage into the Mupfure catchment for treatment in ponds followed by disposal through land irrigation. 12.5.3 Construction and Operation In addition to the construction of the Kunzvi water supply system, the Harare South outfall sewer, pump station and waste water treatment works, the construction of new water transmission mains, water storage reservoirs, main sewers and the construction of a new waste water treatment facility in Norton, can be anticipated to require detailed EIA studies. As regards the production of EIAs concerning the extension of water supply and sewers to new service areas, it is possible that these could be picked up by prospective developers rather than being incorporated as part of the existing investment plan. The remainder of the proposed construction measures primarily focus on the rehabilitation of existing infrastructure, such that it should be possible to adequately address potential environmental and social concerns through preparation of an Environmental and Social Management Plan. Such plans should identify potential environmental and social impacts Gauff Ingenieure 12-10 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 12 that might arise during the construction and operational phases, and provide detailed measures to mitigate the potential detrimental impacts of these. The ESMPs should be prepared in such a way that it also meets the requirements of any international financing agencies that may be supporting the investment process. Table 12-7: Incorporation of Environmental and Social Concerns Component Relation to environmental and social concerns Characteristics of the project Enables the identification of potentially sensitive areas and area potential environmental issues of concern Demographic profile Enables estimates of future levels of demand for water and sanitation services and the spatial pattern of demand Water source Assesses the adequacy of existing water sources to meet future demands in terms of quantity of water and quality of water Water supply service To enable delivery of adequate services to all residents in terms of improvements and extension quantity/reliability and quality of water Design for flexible service levels and water that is affordable to consumers Water demand management To promote conservative and efficient use of water and energy, reduction of wastage and improved financial performance Sanitation service To enable improved collection and treatment of sewage and to improvements and extension promote public health To improve quality of effluent released to the environment and to reduce leakages from sewers Revenue improvement Modern and improved billing and infrastructural management programme systems are essential requirements for long term sustainability of services Operations improvement Improved tools, equipment and systems for operations and programme maintenance procedures, leading to improved sustainability of services Management and technical Improved accounting and asset management systems leading to information systems improved sustainability of services Training and capacity building Improved skills and performance of staff Improved occupational health and safety Public awareness and Essential component for incorporating and managing social sensitization campaigns concerns Provision for consulting Enables access to essential skills to promote coordinated planning services and delivery of services Gauff Ingenieure 12-11 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report CHAPTER 13: RISK ASSESSMENT Gauff Ingenieure Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 13 13 RISK ASSESSMENT This chapter summarises the specific issues that need special consideration when progressing to the next project phases, the detailed studies, designs and implementation of the works. When developing this investment plan, specific assumptions were made regarding technical design criteria and standards, the economic growth and political stability, the institutional arrangements within the councils regarding water and sewerage operations and available financial arrangements. All such assumptions impact in various ways and magnitude on the investment programme, from planning all the way through to implementation and operation. The risks can be grouped into four main categories as follows: • Principle Design Criteria – assumptions made with regard to principal design criteria; • Institutional Arrangements and Financing – assumptions made regarding sustainability of the investment measures and availability of funds to implement them; • Project Implementation – assumptions made regarding the scheduling of the implementation programme; • Sustainability Issues – assumptions regarding operational improvements 13.1 Risk Assessment of Principle Design Criteria The principle design criteria determine largely the layout and implementation schedule of the infrastructure components, some of the design criteria are critical and the rating of the risk is medium to high. The responsibility to develop suitable criteria is with the Consultant. Such criteria will be fine-tuned during subsequent planning stages as more refined data becomes available. Additional information such as; flow, pressure, quality, effluent and other operational data collected by the Council during their operations will improve the quality of design criteria. The responsibility to review and approve the proposed criteria is with the World Bank and the Councils. Table 13-1: Risks and mitigation measures of principle design criteria Risk Rating Risk Mitigation Measure Responsibility Population growth High Wide consultations with key Consultant, assumptions – key planning stakeholder such as councils. Councils, World criteria that influences size Engagement of a qualified Bank of infrastructure and cost demographer to validate the assumptions on demographic projections Water demand forecast High Use of water demand forecasting Consultant, criteria from industry reviewed Councils, World standards and design guidelines Bank Water loss assumptions Medium to Implementation of network Government , high rehabilitation measures, Financiers, implementation of operational Councils, improvement measures Availability of water High Updated yield assessments to ZINWA, resources – yield and water provide accurate yield figures, Councils and Gauff Ingenieure 13-1 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 13 Risk Rating Risk Mitigation Measure Responsibility rights issues development of new sources in Financiers, other catchments, transparency and fairness in water rights allocations Establishment of pressure Medium Planning and implementation of Consultant, and supply zones measureable and controllable Councils, zones, bulk meter installations Financiers Cost estimates and overrun Medium Cost comparison with other Consultant, projects in the region, inclusion of Councils, physical and price escalation Financiers contingencies Public health Low to Planning of adequate and Consultant, medium improved water and sanitation Council, infrastructure to promote public Financiers health and safety. Implementation of these measures 13.2 Institutional Arrangements and Financing The institutional arrangements and the financing risks of the investment measures are mainly with the Government of Zimbabwe and the various other financiers. The implementation of the National Water Policy will be a critical component of the project success. Institutional and organisational changes, the involvement of the private sector and other key policy principles will promote the successful implementation of the investment measures and lead to sustainable operations. Table 13-2: Risks and mitigation measures of institutional arrangements and financing Risk Rating Risk Mitigation Measure Responsibility National Water Policy Medium to Government commitment to the Government of implementation high implementation of the policy Zimbabwe strategies Creation of semi- Medium to Government commitment to the Government of autonomous water utility high implementation of the policy Zimbabwe company devolution strategies Restructuring of council Medium to Ring-fencing of funds and Government of organisation high responsibilities, change of Zimbabwe, organisational structure, re- Council organisation, change of responsibilities, change management Availability of funds on Medium Coordinated effort by all key GoZ, WB, and time parties other financiers Capacity to manage the Medium Setting up of a well-staffed project World Bank, funds and expenditure implementation unit Councils Corruption Medium to Rigid application of Government Government of high policies and procedures for anti- Zimbabwe corruption practices. Gauff Ingenieure 13-2 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 13 13.3 Project Implementation Given that there is no financial commitment yet for the implementation of the project measures under this investment plan, there is a huge risk that the priority investment measure which will set the foundation for improved service delivery and enable the service providers to operate in a sustainable manner, may not be implemented. The implementation is depended on the positive appraisal of the investment measures by the World Bank and other fanciers. Preparatory activities such as detailed studies and design must be financed and begin as quickly as possible. The responsibility to encourage financial support, secure funds and to follow the implementation schedule is with the Government, the World Bank and the Councils. Table 13-3: Risks and mitigation measures of project implementation Risk Rating Risk Mitigation Measure Responsibility Implementation schedule Medium to Investment appraisal should be GoZ, WB, other and milestones high done as soon as possible so that financiers the bankable projects are identifies and the financial mobilisation process can start quickly Investment funds Medium to Financial commitment from GoZ, WB, high government to demonstrate local Donors contribution and encourage other cooperating partners to finance implementation Delay in appointing a Medium Preparation of ToR and allocation GoZ, WB design and supervision of sufficient time for procurement Consultant Environmental and Medium Planning of necessary mitigation Consultant, WB social impact measures before, during and after considerations implementation of works Delay in appointing a Medium Review of Consultants design and WB Contractor tender documents on time, following clear procurement principles, time management Construction Medium Selection of qualified consulting Consultant, WB management and cost firm, professional cost, works control quantity and quality control, control of delays 13.4 Sustainability Issues In order to ensure the sustainability of the investments and the whole undertaking of proving water supply and sanitation services to the urban population, the issues listed in the Table 13-4 are cardinal. Gauff Ingenieure 13-3 Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Investment Plan Investment Plan Report Chapter 13 Table 13-4: Risks and mitigation measures of sustainability issues Risk Rating Risk Mitigation Measure Responsibility Willingness to pay for Medium Improved services and active Councils, services collaboration with consumers Consumers Awareness and High Communication with consumers Council/ Utility communication over utility operations, service and Provider quality improvements Effective and efficient High Selection of adequate staff, Council/ Utility operation and retrenchment of unqualified staff, Provider maintenance continuous training and motivation of qualified staff Staff performance High Staff and team performance Council/ Utility improvement targets and control, bonus Provider schemes Billing efficiency and High Up-to date billing data base, Council/ Utility revenue collection billing data surveys, follow-up Provider, GoZ defaulting consumers, disconnection policy Continuous NRW High Importance of technical and Council/ Utility programme commercial interactions to reduce Provider NRW, technical and commercial audits Organisational Medium to Independent structure within Council/ GoZ strengthening high Council, support and assistance to maintain independence in terms of revenue allocation and financing Political interference Medium to Clear governance rules and Government of high principles Zimbabwe Gauff Ingenieure 13-4