# ! # # ! # # # ! # # # # ! # #                               ! # #   ! # # ! # # # # ! "#$%#&!'()#$*(+$*!,+! # # S.+9."F#6+7)/3#-";#6)-)26#/4#9/3<#6*/96#)*-)# # E+"# -3+# E/3+# 0.<+0@# )/# 8+# 4-3E."F# )*-"# -(.#/(0++%*!($!1(2#&(3! Gender Dimensions to "#$%#&!'()#$*(+$*!,+! !"#$%&%'$%&&(#)*+#,-)./"-0#123+-2#/4#5)-).6).76#."# # 9/E+"(#9*/#-3+#E/3+#0.<+0@#)/#8+#9/3<."F#."# S.+9."F#6+7)/3#-";#6)-)26#/4#9/3<#6*/96#)*-)# -# */26+*/0;# +")+3I3.6+G#M/3+# )*-"# *-04#/4#-00# Livelihoods in Ethiopia -(.#/(0++%*!($!1(2#&(3! 7/00-8/3-)./"#9.)*#)*+#:/30;#1-"<#7/";27)+;#)*+# reasons, E+"# 9/3<."F# money. including a lack of teachers, time, and/or -3+# E/3+# 9/E+"# Analysis 0.<+0@# )/# 8+# 4-3E."F# -3+# +"F-F+;# reveals )*-"# ."# -# "/"C4-3E# no statistically =+"+3-0# >/26+*/0;# 523?+@# A-"+0# B=>5CA-"+0D(# */26+*/0;# 826."+66(# 9*.7*# 9/E+"(#9*/#-3+#E/3+#0.<+0@#)/#8+#9/3<."F#."#.6# 262-00@# significant ?+3@# In 9*.7*# 7/00+7)6# ;-)-# /"# ."7/E+# ;+)-.0+;#Central !"#$%&%'$%&&(#)*+#,-)./"-0#123+-2#/4#5)-).6).76#."# 2011/2012, Ethiopia’s Statistical9.)*# -# 6E-00C67-0+#-";#."4/3E-0G#:-F+#9/3<#4/3#8/)*# gender difference for illness prevalence, type of 4/726# /"# F+";+3G# H*+# =>5CA-"+0# .6# -# "-)./"-00@# -# */26+*/0;# +")+3I3.6+G#M/3+#)*-"# *-04#/4#-00# 7/00-8/3-)./"#9.)*#)*+#:/30;#1-"<#7/";27)+;#)*+# F3/2I6# .6# I3+;/E."-")0@# healthcare sought, or /2)6.;+# for reasons -F3.720)23+(# not seeking Agency, in collaboration 3+I3+6+")-).?+# with 623?+@# the-#World 9.)*# 6-EI0+# Bank, /4# J(%%%# 9/3<."F# 9/E+"# -3+# +"F-F+;# ."# -# "/"C4-3E# =+"+3-0# >/26+*/0;# 523?+@# A-"+0# B=>5CA-"+0D(# -";# E+"# -3+# E/3+# )*-"# )9.7+# -6# 0.<+0@# -6# conducted the first wave */26+*/0;6K# )*+# of the 6+7/";# Ethiopia 9-?+# Rural43/E# 32"6# */26+*/0;# medical 9/E+"# 826."+66(# treatment. )/# 9*.7*# *-?+# 9-F+# ?+3@# .6# 262-00@# 9*+"# +EI0/@E+")# 7/00+7)6# ;+)-.0+;# 9*.7*# $%&$'$%&LG# ;-)-# H*.6# "/)+# /"# ."7/E+# I3+6+")6# 6+0+7)+;#9.)*# -# 6)-).6).76# 6E-00C67-0+#-";#."4/3E-0G#:-F+#9/3<#4/3#8/)*# 9/3<."FG## Socioeconomic Survey (ERSS), which collects 4/726# /"# detailed F+";+3G# H*+# =>5CA-"+0# .6# -# "-)./"-00@# /"#F+";+3#-";#0.?+0.*//;6#."#,.F+3.-G## data on 623?+@# household Employment F3/2I6# # .6# I3+;/E."-")0@# and /2)6.;+# Time -F3.720)23+(# Use 3+I3+6+")-).?+# 9.)*#welfare income- and /4# -# 6-EI0+# J(%%%# -";# E+"# -3+# E/3+# )*-"# )9.7+# -6# !"#$%&"'()*+),)-.*,(/*+'0)%1*%2*3%14** 0.<+0@# -6# generating */26+*/0;6K# activity. The ERSS’ !"#$%&"'()*+',)%-*.&*/'(0'- sample )*+# 6+7/";# 9-?+# 32"6# 43/E# includes ! Only 3 percent of rural and small town individuals 9/E+"#;5?( )/# *-?+# 9-F+# +EI0/@E+")# 9*+"# ;5 4,000 households $%&$'$%&LG# M+"# -";# that are H*.6#9/E+"# "/)+# representative I3+6+")6# ."# 6+0+7)+;# 6)-).6).76# )*+# =>5CA-"+0# of small)*+.3# 3+I/3)# (4 percent 9/3<."FG## :5 :5?( of men and 1 percent of women) E-."# /"#F+";+3#-";#0.?+0.*//;6#."#,.F+3.-G## towns and +EI0/@E+")# rural areas; wave 6+7)/3(# 2 will9*.7*# 7/20;# 8+# be expanded 9-F+# to # participated 95 95?( in paid work for someone outside their 9/3<(#*/26+*/0;#+")+3I3.6+#-7).?.).+6(#/3#4-3E."FG# 85 85?( include urban areas and will run from 2013 to family in !"#$%&"'()*+),)-.*,(/*+'0)%1*%2*3%14** 75 75?( the past 12 months. Rather, the majority NF3.720)23+(# )3-;+(# -";# I+36/"-0# 6+3?.7+6# -3+# !"#$%&"'()*+',)%-*.&*/'(0'- 2014. This note uses ERSS-wave1 data to explore .EI/3)-")#+EI0/@E+")#6+7)/36#4/3#8/)*#E+"#-";# ! of ;5?( 65 Ethiopians 65?( ;5 5?(5 work for household <,& enterprises, M+"# -";# 9/E+"# ."# )*+# =>5CA-"+0# 3+I/3)# 9/E+"G#:*.0+#-F3.720)23+#.6#)*+#0-3F+6)#6+7)/3#4/3# basic gender dimensions to livelihoods in Ethiopia. )*+.3# including :5 :5?( farming, fishery, or livestock activities, =%>,& E-."# +EI0/@E+")# 6+7)/3(# E+"(# .)# .6# )3-;."F# 9*.7*# )*-)# 7/20;# 8+# ;/E."-)+6# 9-F+# 4/3# 9/E+"# 95 95?( and non-agriculture businesses. We note clear BLOPD# 9.)*# -F3.720)23+# ."# 6+7/";# I0-7+# BLLPDG# !"# 9/3<(#*/26+*/0;#+")+3I3.6+#-7).?.).+6(#/3#4-3E."FG# 85 85?( Education and Health 7/EI-3.6/"(# NF3.720)23+(# )3-;+(# E+"# -";# -3+# E27*# 0+66# I+36/"-0# 6+3?.7+6# 0.<+0@#-3+# )/# 8+# differences 75 75?( in how men and women spend time )3-;."F#B&%PD#)*-"#."#/)*+3#6+7)/36G#:/E+"#9*/# 65 participating 65?( in these activities. While <,& women spent .EI/3)-")#+EI0/@E+")#6+7)/36#4/3#8/)*#E+"#-";# Fifty-two percent of men, compared to 36 percent * more5 time on non-agricultural 5?( 9/3<#-3+#-06/#E/3+#0.<+0@#)/#8+#."#E-"24-7)23."F# * activities =%>,&during the 9/E+"G#:*.0+#-F3.720)23+#.6#)*+#0-3F+6)#6+7)/3#4/3# of women, are able to read and write in at least )*-"#-3+#E+"#9*/#9/3