IDENTIFICATION FOR DEVELOPMENT 2018 ANNUAL R EPORT WITH SUPPORT FROM: Table of Contents WELCOME MESSAGE 1 WHY IT MATTERS 3 The ID4D Vision 7 The ID4D Theory of Change 11 ID4D INITIATIVE 13 Partnership 14 ID4D’s Three Pillars of Work 15 Pillar I. Thought Leadership & Analytics 16 Pillar II. Global Platforms & Convening 27 Pillar III. Country & Regional Action 34 2019—GOING FORWARD 41 Pillar I. Thought Leadership & Analytics 44 Pillar II. Global Platforms & Convening 45 Pillar III. Country & Regional Action 46 ii WELCOME MESSAGE Now is the Time to Accelerate Action D igital identity and civil registration systems have the potential to transform development prospects and accelerate progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. Since its inception in 2014, the World Bank Group’s Identification for Development Initiative (ID4D) has become an important voice on this agenda, and a trusted source of knowledge and advisory services for building inclusive and trusted ID systems. ID4D has made substantial progress across its three pillars of activity—Thought Leadership, Global Convening, and Country and Regional Action—and this year marked a turning point in the scale and momentum of our work. The demand by country clients for has increased substantially and our cross-cutting knowledge base is now being applied to support the implementation of digital ID and civil registration systems across the globe. The Principles on Identification for Sustainable Development have contributed to an understanding by countries and development partners of what ‘Good ID’ looks like in practice. ID4D is continuing to put the Principles into action through scaled up country engagement and developing practical tools for ID system implementation. For example, the first phase of the West Africa Unique Identification for Regional Integration and Inclusion (WURI) project will develop foundational ID platforms which are also recognized across borders. Elsewhere, ID4D’s advisory services have informed key decisions on the design and implementation of foundational ID systems that will help streamline and expand government and private sector service delivery and enhance the digital economy. It is clear the digital ID agenda will only gain pace. The international community must keep up with this momentum and adapt to an ever-changing environment. As more countries consider investments in digital ID systems and upgrading their civil registration systems, there are risks of fragmentation and missed opportunities to maximize the benefits for development. At the World Bank Group, we are innovating to tackle persistent challenges related to digital ID systems. One example is ID4D’s Mission Billion Challenge, which was launched in November to crowd-source new ideas and technical solutions for protecting privacy and increasing users’ control over their personal data. At the end of 2018 we are at critical juncture. Now is the time to accelerate action to ensure we deliver on our promise to leave no one behind. ID4D has accomplished much over the last year, but much more remains to be done. I am delighted to be working on advancing this important agenda as co-Chair of the ID4D High Level Advisory Council and welcome the concerted effort by the World Bank Group and its development partners to meet this challenge and make every person become visible. Kristalina Georgieva Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chair of the ID4D High-Level Advisory Council World Bank 1 I D 4 D | 2018 ANNUA L REPO RT 2018 Spotlight Thought Leadership • Global Convening • Country Engagement 46 US $ 1 billion 100 COUNTRIES MILLION PEOPLE supported with assessments, in active and pipeline in West Africa will benefit technical assistance and WB lending projects from the first project in Africa financing for ID and supporting ID and civil to facilitate mutual recognition civil registration registration implementation of IDs across borders 24 3 FOCUS ON DATA PROTECTION ORGANIZATIONS NEW ID4D TOOLS have endorsed the Principles IDEEA legal assessments, Supporting laws, Mission on ID for Sustainable Catalog of technical Billion Innovation Challenge, Development standards, Cost models Privacy by Design best practices paper 99 Australia joined the COUNTRIES OPEN SOURCE Bill & Melinda Gates with Findex survey data on Morocco to adopt the Foundation and ID coverage, use and Modular Open Source Omidyar Network in the barriers, which can ID Platform (MOSIP), ID4D partnership platform be disaggregated a global public good WHY IT MATTERS The 2018 update of the Global ID4D Dataset shows that an estimated 1 billion people globally face challenges in proving who they are because they lack official proof of their identity. As a result, they struggle to access basic services — including healthcare, education, financial and mobile services — and may miss out on important economic opportunities, such as participating in the digital economy or formal employment. At the same time, ID systems can be weak, exclusionary and put people’s privacy at risk, which highlights the importance of improving the quality — and not just coverage — of ID systems. It is for these reasons that “by 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration” has been set as Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 16.9 and why providing people with the ability to reliably verify their identity is key to making progress on many more SDG targets. Digital ID systems are also a key platform for improving and innovating how services are delivered in the public and private sectors. The GlobaI ID4D Dataset also revealed: 1. People in low income economies are the least likely to have an ID, but the majority of the ‘invisible billion’, over 60%, live in lower-middle income economies. 2. From a regional perspective, ID coverage gaps are largest in Sub-Saharan Africa, which is home to close to half a billion people without an ID. 3. Due to gaps in birth registration and birth certification, many children lack proof of identity. In fact, 47% of the 1 billion are children younger than the age of eligibility for a national ID who have not had their birth registered, highlighting the urgency of strengthening civil registration. NEW SURVEY DATA SHOWS THAT THE POOR AND WOMEN ARE THE MOST LIKELY TO LACK AN ID To better understand the nature of the global identification gap, the ID4D Initiative partnered with Key Insights the Global Findex team to include questions related to ID ownership, ID use, and barriers to access in the 2017 Global Findex Survey round, covering 99 countries. This is the first time nationally representative survey data have been collected on this topic for such a POPULATION Close to 40% of the population AGED 15+ large number of countries. The ID4D-Findex dataset aged 15+ in low-income offers unique insights about ID systems, including countries (LICs) surveyed do disaggregation by a range of characteristics, and not have an ID. represents a new method to measure inclusion, such as RICHEST 20% The poorest 20% are the least coverage of legal identity among adults in the context of POOREST 20% likely to have an ID: in surveyed measuring SDG target 16.9. LICs, 45% of the poorest 20% Within countries, and especially in low-income countries vs. 28% of the richest 20% lack (LICs), the poor are at a greater risk of getting left a proof of identity. behind. Data from the 18 LICs surveyed shows that MEN There is a gender gap in ID among people in the poorest quintile 45% lack an ID, WOMEN coverage: in surveyed LICs, 45% compared to 28% in the richest quintile. This finding of women vs. 30% of men do parallels the gap in under-5 birth registration in least not have an ID. developed countries, where UNICEF estimates that 70% of the births among the poorest quintile go unregistered without an ID compared to 44% among the wealthiest. One likely reason for the gap in ID coverage between the poor and the rich is the high cost of obtaining an ID. A synthesis of ID4D Diagnostics in 17 African countries shows that direct fees for ID cards are as high as US$ 8–10 in some countries, and applicants will often need to spend an additional US$ 10–25 on travel costs and supporting documentation in order to complete their application. The ID4D-Findex survey data confirm that LICs have the largest ID coverage gaps, where over 38% of people aged 15 above report not having an ID. Middle income countries (MICs) are closer to the goal of providing a proof of identity for all their residents, with over two-thirds of the surveyed MICs having achieved coverage of 90% or above. Although the global gender gap in ID coverage is relatively small, the ID4D-Findex surveys reveal a much larger gender gap in LICs. On average, over 45% of women in LICs lack an ID, compared to 30% of men. Countries with the greatest gender gaps in ID coverage also tend to be those with legal barriers for women’s access to identity documents. For example, in Afghanistan, Benin, and Pakistan — all countries with significant gender gaps — a married woman cannot apply for a national ID in the same way as a married man. In addition, countries with the lowest female ID ownership rates also score badly on other indicators of gender equality and empowerment — women tend to be more likely to be married before their 18th birthday and are much less likely to participate in the labor force than men. W H Y I T M ATTE RS 4 5 I D 4 D | 2018 ANNUA L REPO RT Fi ur 2: Top 10 countri s with th r t st nd r ps in ID cov r 100% 90% 94% 86% 80% 14% 79% 46% 16% 70% 72% 69% 60% 20% 65% 63% 14% 57% 55% 50% 55% 49% 18% 51% 48% 25% 48% 40% 16% 34% 37% 30% 32% 32% 32% 20% 21% 21% 10% 11% 0% Af h nist n Ch d Ni er South Sud n Ethiopi Benin To o M li P kist n Mo mbique M n with ID (%) Wom n with ID (%) Achieving universal coverage is only one element of addressing the global identification challenge — quality, use, and privacy are also critical for maximizing the benefits of ID systems and mitigating their risks. Although providing a legal identity for all is a crucial first step toward leaving no one behind, ID4D is looking beyond addressing gaps in coverage to successfully tackle the global identification challenge. We are working to improve the quality of ID systems, including their ability to provide trusted and secure identities, to safeguard privacy and protect people’s data, and to ensure that ID credentials can be utilized as widely, inclusively, and effectively as possible for access to services and beyond. W H Y I T M ATTE RS 6 The ID4D Vision Meeting with 20+ Ministers of Finance 1st Africa Illustrative Roundtable with High-Level Advisory Global ID4D 20+Ministers of Council’s inaugural Highlights Dataset Finance meeting launched Principles on 15+ Country Identification Diagnostics completed Analytic pieces on for Sustainable and summary ID & the SDGs and Development document published ID & Gender Africa Business Plan First series Public and Private of Country Cooperation in Digital ID4D—Findex Diagnostics Identity report survey launched 2015 2016 2017 Thought Leadership & Analytics Generate evidence on what matters, what works, and why Global Platforms & Convening Country & Regional Action ID4D Country Diagnostics 7 I D 4 D | 2018 ANNUA L REPO RT Help countries realize the transformational potential of digital identification Catalog of Technical 1,000,000,000 Standards for Digital Identification Systems published ID Enabling A robust proof of Environment identity for the Assessment Mission Billion estimated 1 billion Guidance Tool Challenge launched people without an ID 30+ Country Engagements with pipeline financing Digital ID systems of ~$1Bn enable users to access services, exercise 2nd Africa Roundtable rights and foster better on Identification for development outcomes Development at UNGA 2018 2019 2020 2021 and Beyond Develop operationally relevant Develop operational guidance for countries (e.g. costs, privacy by design) analytics & guidance Disseminate good practices Facilitate alignment of development community Ensure global alignment on Advise governments through High-Level Advisory Council and peer-to-peer exchanges desired outcomes & good practices Develop and promote global public goods (e.g. standards & open source solutions) Improve coverage and quality Provide technical assistance and advisory roadmaps to countries of digital ID systems to facilitate access to services Financing for country implementation (IDA/IBRD lending) W H Y I T M ATTE RS 8 9 I D 4 D | 2018 ANNUA L REPO RT Identity from the individual’s perspective: End-user research from three countries Aggregate statistics do not tell the full story of ID systems. This included the value of ID ID systems and how they are used by people as a symbol of national pride and “being a in daily life. In order to develop a deeper good citizen,” as well as more concrete and understanding of the technical, logistical, immediate goals such as access to social financial, and political challenges that impede services—including healthcare, pensions, the development of robust and inclusive scholarships, and more—and the ability to systems—and develop strategies to effectively purchase land, obtain SIM cards, and open a address them—qualitative, user-centric studies mobile money account. are a critical and complementary tool for policy Coverage gaps in each of the three countries makers. were not due to a lack of demand for In 2018, the ID4D Initiative piloted user studies identification, but a lack of accessibility due in three countries—two in Africa and one in to registration and updating processes that East Asia—to better understand people’s were slow, costly, opaque, and sometimes experiences, perceptions, and challenges with ID discriminatory. As a result, many individuals systems. These studies used a human-centered either forgo the registration process altogether methodology, including in-depth interviews, or give up during the process due to travel process observation, and focus groups of 50-80 costs and time. Life events such as marriage, people across various locations in each country parenthood, or moving often pose a significant that provide a cross-section of the population challenge. Discrimination based on age, sex, and particularly marginalized and underserved religion, gender identity, or nationality was also groups. A synthesis of these exercises offers highlighted as a barrier to registration by study unique perspectives and insights on the human participants. Additionally, some respondents experience with identification that can be in each of the three countries demonstrated translated into concrete recommendations for a limited understanding of how to obtain an implementing more inclusive and trusted ID ID and the associated benefits, which confirms systems. the need for strong communication and engagement with the population. ¡ Together, this end-user research revealed a number of strong motives to register for W H Y I T M ATTE RS 10 The ID4D Theory of Change Improve knowledge and Apply knowledge to understand gaps improve ID systems 1 2 Thought Leadership & ID4D and other Global Platforms & Analytics stakeholders are aware Convening of critical needs and good Generate evidence on what Enable peer-to-peer knowledge practices in identification matters, what works, and why exchange Develop operationally relevant Facilitate alignment of guidance development community Develop global public goods Country & Regional Action Diagnostics to assess strengths and weaknesses in ID landscape Technical assistance, advisory services, roadmaps Financing for country implementation 11 I D 4 D | 2018 ANNUA L REPO RT Improved ID coverage, system quality and Improved development functionality outcomes 3 4 ID system design, More people have an People have greater access implementation, and official proof of identity to services, resources and modernization reflects & opportunities good practices & ID systems are better able to support Governments and the development outcomes, private sector deliver while mitigating risks services more effectively and inclusively W H Y I T M ATTE RS 12 ID4D INITIATIVE Recognizing the transformational potential of digital identification, the ID4D Initiative brings global knowledge and expertise across sectors and countries to tackle this fundamental challenge. It operates across the World Bank Group with global practices and units working on digital development, social protection, health, governance, gender, legal, financial Inclusion and data. Over the last few years, the agenda has been embedded in the dialogue and the work among these sectors. The staff working on ID issues across sectors at the WBG has grown from a handful to more than 140. To meet the growing demand for access to practitioners, the ID4D Initiative launched an external Technical Expert Group who have either worked for or advised governments on the design and roll out of digital identification systems. Together with development partners, the World Bank Group is well-positioned to advance this critical agenda given its multi-sectoral expertise, extensive global footprint, and range of financial instruments. WBG senior management have placed strategic importance on ID4D and play an active role overseeing the initiative, including through monthly meetings, to ensure institutional resources are being fully-leveraged. The goal of the ID4D Initiative is for all people to be able to access services and exercise their rights, enabled by digital identification. This will be achieved by supporting countries to build inclusive and trusted identification systems, including civil registration, using multi-sectoral approaches and appropriately leveraging innovative digital and other solutions. The ID4D Initiative is directly supporting countries to achieve Sustainable Development Target 16.9: “By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration,” and in making progress towards dozens of other targets such as poverty elimination, reduced inequalities, gender equality and women’s empowerment, safe and orderly migration, universal health coverage, and financial inclusion, among others. PARTNERSHIP ID4D PARTNERSHIP PLATFORM Sh p s lob l ppro ch s to To accelerate ID4D’s work, a Multi-Donor Trust Fund (MDTF) id ntific tion throu h lob l public oods was established in November 2016 with a catalytic contribution from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, followed by u nc s nd Ampl ifi Infl s contributions from the Omidyar Network and Australia’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. The MDTF: Int r t s lob l ood pr ctic into ctiv & pip lin of ƒƒ Provides a platform for partners to cohesively advance ID-r l t d World B nk l ndin progress across ID4D’s three pillars with a common vision nd Am nc s plifi and shared actions; flu s In ƒƒ Influences the World Bank Group’s active and pipeline D liv rs critic l thou ht l d rship, portfolio of ID and civil registration projects, including the t chnic l ssist nc work of more than 140 staff across sectors, with guidance to countri s nd lob l dvoc c on best practices and upstream technical assistance; and ƒƒ Shapes global approaches and a shared vision on identification and civil registration by convening a growing P rtn rship number of organizations to invest in this agenda and Pl tform advance global public goods. I D 4 D Init iat ive 14 A POWERFUL PARTNERSHIP PLATFORM As demand for support from countries and opportunities for impact grows, the ID4D partnership provides a powerful platform for partners to drive and shape the digital ID and civil registration agenda at global, regional, and national level. Partner support enhances ID4D’s ability to influence nearly US$1 billion in World Bank Group financing on digital ID and civil registration. Such support also enables the World Bank Group to continue its thought leadership, including to generate new evidence and knowledge related to this nascent topic. For example, DFAT’s contribution to the ID4D Initiative in 2018 through the Commonwealth Digital ID Initiative has enabled the World Bank to scale up its support in new countries and to carry out new country-level research related to women’s empowerment, which will inform projects in Africa, East Asia and the Pacific. More resources are needed to provide advisory services to additional countries, including support on the design of ‘Good ID’ systems and on issues such as legal foundations of data protection and privacy. The ID4D Initiative also strives to fill critical knowledge gaps through innovative and informative research on a range of pressing topics such as (1) options to mitigate exclusion risks, (2) authentication in low connectivity areas, (3) gender gaps and barriers in ID, (4) civil society and end user perceptions about identification, and (5) understanding possible models of self managed identities in the development context. ID4D’S THREE PILLARS OF WORK The ID4D Initiative consists of three mutually reinforcing pillars of work: Thought Leadership & Analytics Advancing understanding of identification, including answering key questions: Why ID matters? — Researching the role of identification in development across Thou ht L d rship & l Pl tformsimpact Globincluding sectors, & Countr & R ion l evaluations. An l tics Conv nin En m nt How to build a good system? — Developing a comprehensive set of knowledge on th imp ct of ID s st ms of th v rious public, priv t , to int r st d ov rnm nts nd on individu l nd institution l non-profit, with resources, emphasis nd multil t r l onr international ions throu h dvisorbest nd practices. d v lopm nt, nd on b st st k hold rs workin on this fin ncin impl m nt tion of pr ctic s to uid d si n nd What progress has been made? nd , includin s st—ms Identifying nd link gaps and measuring progress in with the roll-out of ID s st ms st blishm nt of pl tform s rvic s coverage l rnin of ID systems, such as the annual update of the Global and quality for South-South ID4D Dataset. Global Platforms & Convening Unifying and driving the identification agenda at global, regional and national levels by raising awareness, strengthening coordination among a wide range of actors, Thou ht L d rship & Glob l Pl tforms & Countr & R ion l developing and supporting the development of normative tools, and facilitating peer- An l tics Conv nin En m nt on th imp ct of ID s st ms of th v rious public, priv t , to-peer learning. to int r st d ov rnm nts nd on individu l nd institution l non-profit, nd multil t r l r ions throu h dvisor nd d v lopm nt, nd on b st st k hold rs workin on this fin ncin impl m nt tion of pr ctic s to uid d si n nd nd , includin Country s st&msRegional nd link Action with roll-out of ID s st ms st blishm nt of pl tform s rvic s for South-South l rnin Providing technical and financial assistance to countries and regions and leveraging a wide-range of World Bank Group instruments in collaboration with other Glob l Pl tforms & Countr & R ion l development partners and donors across three stages: (1) assessment and roadmap, Conv nin En m nt of th v rious public, priv t , to int r st d ov rnm nts nd(2) design and upstream advisory services, and (3) implementation. non-profit, nd multil t r l r ions throu h dvisor nd st k hold rs workin on this fin ncin impl m nt tion of nd , includin s st ms nd link with st blishm nt of pl tform s rvic s 15 for South-South l ID 4D | rnin 2018 ANNUA L REPO RT Pillar I. Thought Leadership & Analytics Under the Thought Leadership and Analytics Pillar, ID4D has continued to contribute to global knowledge on digital ID and civil registration. This includes expanding our our understanding of “why ID matters?” through a variety of country-, regional- and sector-specific case studies, end-user research, and reports on the fiscal benefits of ID systems. This work is intended to generate new evidence and synthesize existing knowledge on the use and utility of ID systems and catalyze global support for this transformative agenda for development. ID4D Initi tiv is fillin ps in critic l n l tics nd r s rch Wh id ntific tion s st ms How to build robust Tr ckin of pro r ss r import nt id ntific tion s st ms tow rd our o ls Imp ct v lu tions of ID Op r tion l Guid S nth sis of Afric ID4D di nostics Pot nti l public nd ID En blin Environm nt priv t s ctor s vin s Ass ssm nt Glob l D t s t & tr nd n l sis Link s with d liv r of Int r tion of CR & ID s rvic s ( . . ricultur , h lth, ID4D-Find x surv r sults fin nci l s ctor) T chnolo L ndsc p Afric countr bri fs ID in th cont xt of forc d K driv rs of costs of ID displ c m nt s st ms Th rol of ID in ndin Priv c b D si n child m rri End us r r s rch for vuln r bl popul tions Countr c s s: Indi , Moldov , Th il nd, South Afric Public-Priv t P rtn rships (PPPs) In addition, the ID4D Initiative has leveraged World Bank Group and global expertise to develop concrete tools to help put the Principles on Identification for Sustainable Development into practice, including in country engagements. This pioneering analytical work includes a “Technology Landscape” report that outlines the strengths and weaknesses of the technology solutions for identification and authentication; an in-depth study on the cost drivers of ID systems that includes a model to estimate expenditures across different design choices; and several thematic and country case studies that showcase effective ID applications and good practices. These tools equip the World Bank Group and its partners to provide cutting-edge technical support to digital ID projects in countries such as the Pacific islands, Philippines, Morocco and Nigeria. ID 4 D I nitiati ve 16 Importantly, these tools help answer the question of “how to build a ‘Good ID’ system?” Indeed, the ID4D Initiative recognizes that maximizing the benefits of digital ID systems for development depends not only on closing the global ID coverage gap, but also on the technical quality of these ID systems and their ability to maintain trust and protect privacy. To this end, the ID4D Initiative’s analytic work in 2018 has also included projects on “privacy by design,” on end-user experiences, and the ID Enabling Environment Assessment (IDEEA) Guidance Note to address critical gaps in weak legal and regulatory environments. This work also continues to respond to emerging needs for analytics on specific issues, including through a procurement checklist, an analysis of the ethical and practical considerations for infant biometrics, and reports on tokenization and eKYC, which are expected to be published in 2019. Throughout this work, ID4D has tracked the progress of our goals through impact evaluations, annual updates to the Global ID4D Dataset, representative country surveys on ID coverage and ID use, and country case studies. These numerous analytic pieces, research products, and tools fill the following gaps: WHY ID SYSTEMS ARE IMPORTANT ƒƒ ID and Agriculture Case Study: This paper looks at key applications of identification in agriculture to understand how they can help tackle some of the sector’s critical challenges, remove barriers to agricultural productivity and enhance farmers’ livelihoods, including through: (1) increasing the effectiveness and inclusivity of subsidy programs; (2) enabling formal land and asset registration; and (3) improving data about farmers’ economic activity and needs. ƒƒ ID and Financial Inclusion — G20 Digital ID and Onboarding Paper: This paper analyzes the role of a robust digital identification system in financial sector development, particularly the role it plays in furthering the global financial inclusion commitments. It provides insights and recommendations for country-level implementation in line with Principle 7 of the G20 High-Level Principles for Digital Financial Inclusion developed by the Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion. HOW TO BUILD INCLUSIVE AND TRUSTED ID SYSTEMS ƒƒ ID Enabling Environment Assessment (IDEEA) Guidance Note: The IDEEA is designed to serve as a supplementary tool to the Guidelines for ID4D Diagnostics, with the aim of producing a focused analysis of the legal enabling framework with respect to inclusion, non-discrimination, data protection, privacy and related issues in a country’s ecosystem. ƒƒ Qualitative research on end-user experiences with identification: Research using qualitative methods was conducted in three countries—two in Africa and one in East Asia—with the aim of better understanding how policy makers can design and develop systems that respect and prioritize users’ needs, including privacy, agency, and dignity. Through in-depth interviews, focus groups, and process tracing of 50-80 people in each country across multiple locations and a focus on marginalized populations, the research extracts overarching findings of the human experience related to identification systems. These studies have served as a useful pilot and based on this experience, the ID4D Initiative is developing a 17 I D 4 D | 2018 ANNUA L REPO RT ID 4 D I nitiati ve 18 methodology to carry out similar research in other countries in 2019. Building on this and the strong partnership that ID4D has forged with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ID4D will support UNHCR as they develop a similar new tool for consulting communities affected by forced displacement on the design of registration and digital ID systems for refugees, asylum seekers, and internally-displaced persons. ƒƒ Incentives for Birth Registration: This report describes a framework of supply and demand factors that could affect birth registration rates, particularly in the context of social transfers. Within this framework, a review of the empirical literature was conducted on incentives that have been demonstrated to increase birth registration. More than 200 articles were reviewed including literature that encompassed evidence from Asia, Africa, and Latin America. A key finding of the review was that linking birth registration with social transfer programs, such as cash transfers, has in many cases resulted in increased birth registration rates. ƒƒ Integrating Unique Identification Numbers (UIN) in Civil Registration: This report examines the process for assigning UINs at birth and the mechanisms for incorporating them into the civil registry, as well as including them on the birth certificate. It includes an analysis of UIN structures in ID systems across the world. ƒƒ Privacy by Design: To better understand how to obtain a robust system that enables sharing and using individuals’ data safely, this note synthesizes approaches to privacy by design in digital ID systems across Austria, Estonia and India. It explores features—including minimal data collection, randomized unique identity numbers allotment, and tokenization. ƒƒ Country case study of South Africa: This country case study highlights the factors that encourage or impede the adoption of identification and civil registration systems and their ability to advance financial inclusion, women’s empowerment, targeting of social safety nets, agriculture, universal health coverage, resilience building, shock responsiveness, and energy subsidy reform. South Africa’s experience with respect to increasing birth and death registration coverage, leveraging child grants in the case of the former, offers an important lesson for other countries. ƒƒ Moldova Mobile ID case study: The Moldova case study unveils the details of Mobile eID implementation through innovative Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model and articulates lessons learned that might be of interest to other countries. It highlights key success factors in terms of infrastructure, institutional arrangements as well as legal and regulatory environment. The case study describes the impact of Mobile eID on the overall digital transformation of Moldovan Government and particularly, the role that mobile ID played in improving e-service delivery in key sectors. 19 I D 4 D | 2018 ANNUA L REPO RT TRACKING PROGRESS ƒƒ Third Annual update of the Global ID4D Dataset: Using a combination of self- reported figures from country authorities, birth registration and other proxy indicators, the 2018 Global ID4D Dataset estimates that as many as 1 billion people struggle to prove who they are. For the third annual update, over 40 country authorities provided direct data on foundational ID coverage—a record number. ƒƒ ID4D-Findex Survey Data: ID4D partnered with the World Bank’s Global Findex team to gather additional data on ID coverage, ID use, and barriers to obtaining a proof of identity. The ID4D-Findex survey covers 99 countries—representing over 70 percent of the world’s population. The survey was carried out over the 2017 calendar year by Gallup, Inc., as part of its Gallup World Poll. Approximately 1,000 people were surveyed in each economy, using randomly selected, nationally representative samples of the non-institutionalized population aged 15 and above. 3-Year Target Results Results Achieved Results Achieved 2017–2019 2017 2018 At least 10 original §§Technology Landscape Report §§ID and Agriculture Case Study analytical pieces §§Public-Sector Savings from Identification §§ID and Financial Inclusion – G20 Digital ID Systems and Onboarding Paper 2018 to be produced §§Private-Sector Savings from Identification §§ID Enabling Environment Assessment Systems (IDEEA) Guidance Note §§India’s Aadhaar Case Study §§Qualitative research on the user demand- §§Application of Aadhaar in the Krishna District side of identification §§Understanding Key Cost Drivers of §§Incentives for Improving Birth Registration Identification Systems Coverage: A Review of the Literature §§ID & Health Case Study §§Integrating Unique Identification Numbers §§State of Identification Systems in Africa— in Civil Registration Synthesis of Country Diagnostics §§Privacy by Design §§State of Identification Systems in Africa— §§Case Study of South Africa Country Briefs §§Moldova: Mobile ID Case Study Global ID4D §§Updated and published in April 2017; included §§Updated and published in May 2018 Dataset to be in the new WBG Development Data Hub §§Global ID4D Dataset (available for dynamic §§ID-related questions included in the 2017 inquiry via Tableau) featured on updated annually Findex Survey id4d.worldbank.org §§Initial Findex findings published Two impact §§Impact evaluation effort launched in §§Initiated new impact evaluations in West evaluations to be collaboration with WBG’s Development Impact Africa and Nigeria Evaluation (DIME) team through a workshop to completed develop proposals for the impact evaluations in May 2017 §§Proposals from several countries reviewed against technical and policy criteria ID 4 D I nitiati ve 20 HIGHLIGHT Putting the Principles into Practice... #GoodID The Principles on ID for Sustainable Development have the design, implementation and use of ID systems. been endorsed by 24 organizations and continue to It builds on and serves as a supplementary tool contribute to understanding what ‘Good ID’ looks like to the ID4D Diagnostic and addresses key issues in practice, and how the developmental benefits can such as data security, individual privacy and data be maximized while mitigating risks. The #GoodID protection, non-discrimination and inclusion. IDEEA campaign draws inspiration from the elements of can be applied in a variety of country contexts in design and governance embodied in the Principles and conjunction with or separately from ID4D Diagnostic. highlights the importance of quality and functionality as It is designed to generate a country profile which may key additions to the goal of increasing coverage. be used to identify areas where administrative and legal frameworks might be strengthened to support The World Bank Group’s ID4D Initiative works to ensure the development of digital ID. The IDEEA has been that ID and civil registration systems are high-quality deployed in nine countries this year (Côte d’Ivoire, systems and their processes protect privacy, facilitate Guinea, Morocco, Nepal, Nigeria, Philippines, Samoa, interoperability, ensure inclusion and reach scale while Somalia, and Tonga). avoiding vendor and technology lock-in and maintaining affordability. As part of this, particular attention is being Privacy by Design / Mission Billion paid to proactively addressing the risks associated with In parallel to strengthening the legal and regulatory implementing digital ID and civil registration system. frameworks in developing countries, there is a need to develop ‘privacy by design’ features that can be A few persistent issues surface frequently, including embedded into digital identification systems to reduce the need for enabling legal frameworks, technical data protection risks and provide people, including mechanisms to protect privacy, the use of technical those with low literacy, greater control over their data — standards to ensure interoperability and system while accounting for low connectivity environments neutrality, and to address mechanisms of exclusion. In in which these systems need to operate. For example, 2018, ID4D continued to create a knowledge base and minimal data collection, randomized unique identity develop a set of tools to help governments pro-actively number assignment, and tokenization are examples of address a number of emerging issues highlighted below. current ‘privacy by design’ features being deployed in Support to countries on establishing sound legal digital ID systems globally. and regulatory frameworks The World Bank Group and its partners want to spur Although robust data protection laws are a globally- innovative ideas and solutions to these perennial recognized prerequisite for ID systems, many countries issues by launching the ID4D Mission Billion Challenge, lack adequate legal frameworks to support and regulate which will focus on a single pressing issue each year. modern identification systems. Therefore, the ID4D This Challenge seeks to crowdsource innovations Initiative has developed the ID Enabling Environment around privacy-by-design and giving people greater Assessment (IDEEA) tool to assist governments in control over their data. The core question of the developing legal frameworks that promote trust in inaugural ID4D Mission Billion Challenge is: “How 21 I D 4 D | 2018 ANNUA L REPO RT can foundational digital identification systems in To help countries make sense of various standards, the developing countries be better designed to protect World Bank Group developed a catalog of technical people’s privacy and empower them with greater standards that can serve as a source of reference for control over their personal data?” the stakeholders in the identification ecosystem. The technical standards have been organized by category Technical Standards for Digital ID Systems and subcategory, to help identify (a) areas where Standards are key to unlocking the value of digital standards are missing, and (b) areas where there are identity for development and supporting an competing standards and a choice needs to be made. interoperable, scalable, secure, and efficient digital Guidance notes on competing standards are provided identity platform for service delivery. Without standards, to aid in the selection for a given country context. The cross-functional systems interoperability will be difficult ID4D Initiative’s research on standards yielded several to achieve. Furthermore, the use of open standards valuable insights, including: can help to ensure competition and prevent vendor and technology lock-in. The precise choice of relevant ƒƒ Use open standards when feasible. Using open standards depends on the purpose, scope, and function standards can help ensure that an ID system is robust, of the identification system. interoperable and technology neutral. However, it is important to consider before using an open standard if the standard is widely used in the market. ID 4 D I nitiati ve 22 ƒƒ Technical standards alone are not sufficient. MOSIP has potential to drastically transform the In addition to using open technical standards, landscape of technology solutions for digital ID. The data standards are important to consider when World Bank is working with partners to bring the developing an ID system as they enable semantic widest range of international expertise and experiences interoperability. Data standards define the data possible while also ensuring that MOSIP is relevant formats and metadata for identity attributes for client countries. The ID4D Initiative is also raising like name and date of birth (e.g. the number of awareness among countries and development partners. characters allowed for a name; order of specifying the first name, middle, name; format of date—date Assessing barriers to accessing identification and of birth mm/dd/yyyy or dd/mm/yy) to facilitate addressing the potential for exclusion interoperable data exchange across systems. In advancing an inclusive approach for all individuals even the most marginalized, the World Bank has initiated Modular Open Source ID Platform (MOSIP): An targeted outreach and regular consultations (e.g. focus affordable, scalable, and customizable software groups, workshops, etc.) with vulnerable groups. To option for countries help projects assess and address the mechanisms of The ID4D Initiative is working closely with its partners exclusion from ID systems, the ID4D Initiative piloted who are developing MOSIP, a secure, standards methodologies for ID systems to be more inclusive, compliant, vendor neutral software solution for for example, of persons with disabilities, IDPs and countries building foundational ID platforms. MOSIP, refugees, ethnic and religious minorities, and more. which is expected to be available as a global public In Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, and Nigeria, with additional good by mid-2019, embraces best practices of design, support from the World Bank’s Rapid Social Response functions, scalability, security and privacy from a range Fund, research notes were commissioned to identify key of countries. Because of its modular architecture, MOSIP marginalized and vulnerable groups in the context of is envisioned to provide flexibility in how countries ID in each country. These included the beginnings of a implement and configure their foundational ID system. It stakeholder mapping exercise that enabled clients and will be intentionally interoperable with other information task teams to plan consultations with certain key groups. systems, such as civil registries. In beginning implementation of the West Africa Morocco will be the first adopter of MOSIP for its new Unique Identification for Regional Integration and national population registry, beginning in early-2019. Inclusion (WURI) Program in Côte d’Ivoire and Guinea, MOSIP will help Morocco and other countries mitigate consultations were held with a large number of disabled challenges related to technology and vendor lock in, persons organizations and civil society organizations which is a persistent challenge in many contexts today. in September and November 2018. During WURI’s Finally, it is hoped that a vibrant community can grow awareness-raising campaigns, there will be a concerted through MOSIP, with opportunities for international effort to include all relevant actors—customary chiefs, cooperation, knowledge transfer, and economies of the decentralized territorial administration, disabled scale (particularly for smaller states). persons organizations, and communities at large. 23 I D 4 D | 2018 ANNUA L REPO RT ID 4 D I nitiati ve 24 HIGHLIGHT 25 I D 4 D | 2018 ANNUA L REPO RT Digital ID as a Key Platform of the Digital Economy “Stack” In today’s digital age, there is a pressing need for Together, connectivity, digital ID and associated trust digital ID systems that allow people to prove who they services, and digital platforms allow governments and are—anytime and anywhere—and facilitate online and companies to move services online, with potentially offline trust within countries and across borders. Trust huge gains in efficiency, productivity, and growth. The in the identity of a person or entity is a cornerstone ability to enroll in healthcare or sign a contract without of transactions. In an increasingly globalized and ever needing to leave the house creates productivity formalized world, this trust has often been provided gains for individuals and for service providers. Digital by official, certified forms of identification, such as ID IDs can enable seamless authentication for digital cards, birth certificates, and passports. Beyond these payments, and together these two platforms provide “traditional” forms of identification, the emergence of the means to move towards a cashless society, creating the digital economy has created a need for verifiable further productivity gains, reducing corruption, theft digital identities for people. Digital identities are and leakage, and further improving user convenience. needed to provide reliable authentication of a person’s In each case, the ability to know and trust the people, identity on demand and bind the user of an online organizations, and devices you are transacting with transaction with their ‘real world’ identity. The lack of online is what empowers public and private sector a digital ID prevents people from participating in the digital platforms and allows for better, cashless, and digital economy. cross-border service delivery. Digital identity and trust services are therefore a To enable innovation, more and more countries core foundational layer that countries must build to realize that digital ID systems need to be designed as support dynamic and inclusive digital economies. platforms and use open design principles. By enabling Given the fundamental need for secure and accurate businesses and individuals to build new applications online identification and authentication, digital ID on top of this digital ID foundation, the digital stack and other trust services—such as e-signatures—form can allow SMEs and young entrepreneurs from around part of the core foundation or a “stack” needed for the world to access new markets, expand the reach of successful digital economies. When enabled by digital their business, and become competitive on a global infrastructure—such as broadband, mobile networks— scale. Furthermore, where digital IDs are interoperable that brings people and organizations online, digital ID across borders, this expands the sphere of trust and trust services can be leveraged by government and and can accelerate economic integration and create commercial platforms to facilitate a variety of digital opportunities in new markets. transactions, including digital payments. Across the World Bank Group, many global practices are working closely together to support countries in building the foundations of a digital economy. ID 4 D I nitiati ve 26 Pillar II. Global Platforms & Convening Making progress towards every country realizing the transformational potential of digital identification depends on harmonized action by a wide-range of stakeholders. Leveraging its multi-sectoral approach and thought and operational leadership, the ID4D Initiative helps to unify and drive the identification agenda at country, regional, and global levels by creating and supporting catalytic platforms and partnerships and engaging in advocacy. In 2018, the ID4D Initiative focused on taking existing work under this pillar to the next level, such as facilitating more peer-to-peer knowledge exchanges; advancing innovative streams, such as the ID4D Mission Billion Challenge; and supporting better understanding and wider use of technical standards to ensure interoperability across economies. This past year, the ID4D Initiative has spearheaded or supported the following initiatives: ID4D High-Level Advisory Council (HLAC): Since 2017, the Council, co-chaired by Kristalina Georgieva, World Bank CEO, and Amina J. Mohammed, United Nations Deputy Secretary-General, has provided strategic guidance to the ID4D Initiativeand engages with heads of state and regional actors (e.g. African Union) to encourage action on ID. Members include Toomas Hendrik Illves, former President of Estonia; Nandan Nilekani, co-founder of Infosys and Founding Chairman of Unique Identification Authority of India; Eric Jing, CEO of Ant Financial; Carolina Trivelli, former Minister of Development and Social Inclusion, Peru and Chairman of Pagos Digitales Peruanos; Dr. Benno Ndulu, former Governor, Bank of Tanzania; Mo Ibrahim, Chair of the Mo Ibrahim Foundation and founder of Celtel; Iqbal Quadir, founder of the Legatum Center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and of Grameenphone. In its latest meeting on the sidelines of the United Nations General Assembly in September 2018, the Council called for catalyzing financing for ID and civil registration systems in Africa and emphasized the benefits of a regional approach for the continent. To support this effort, HLAC members Nandan Nilekani and Carolina Trivelli shared good practices from their respective countries with representatives from close to a dozen African countries at the African Leaders Roundtable on Identification for Development event. Another priority for the Council is the deployment of appropriate policy, legal, and technical frameworks to safeguard privacy and support data protection. Principles on Identification for Sustainable Development: Since it was first published in 2017, the Principles continue to represent the shared vision on digital ID for development and have drawn worldwide attention to the topic, while also providing a guiding framework for countries and development partners. Over the last years, the Principles have been endorsed by two additional organizations, totaling 24 organizations to date. 27 I D 4 D | 2018 ANNUA L REPO RT ID 4 D I nitiati ve 28 The Catalog of Technical Standards for Digital Identification Systems: This catalog of technical standards serves as a reference for stakeholders involved with digital identification systems. The catalog includes a decision tree to help identify areas where standards are available, and areas where there are competing standards, which require a choice to be made. Guidance notes on competing standards are provided to aid in the selection process. Technical standards to enhance the robustness of identification systems, such as security and quality, are also included in the catalog. ID4D Mission Billion Challenge: Despite significant progress on increasing access to IDs, one billion people are still unable to prove their identity, and millions more have forms of ID that cannot be reliably verified or authenticated. Based on ID4D’s experience working in countries across the globe, there are a few persistent issues that surface in country after country. To tackle these issues, the ID4D Initiative launched its first Challenge in November 2018 with the goals of: ƒƒ Incentivizing Innovation — Amplify the range of ideas and approaches to designing and implementing robust, sustainable, and inclusive digital identification systems, by addressing one persistent issue—privacy by design ƒƒ Raising Awareness — Amplify the importance of individuals obtaining ‘Good ID’ as articulated in the Principles on Identification for Sustainable Development. Peer-to-Peer Knowledge Exchange: The ID4D Initiative facilitated dozens of knowledge exchange activities between countries in 2018, including: ƒƒ Learning visit to India for the Philippines ƒƒ Learning visits to Peru for Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, and Indonesia ƒƒ Involvement of experts with experience in developing the EU’s ‘eIDAS’ regulation on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the early implementation of WURI ƒƒ A regional workshop on digital ID for Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, and Vanuatu ƒƒ Supporting 29 officials from 9 countries to participate at the 2018 ID4Africa Annual Forum in Abuja, Nigeria ƒƒ A series of in-country knowledge sharing sessions delivered in Uzbekistan by experts from Moldova and Kyrgyz Republic ƒƒ Responding to just-in-time knowledge sharing requests from Uganda and Vietnam around Moldova’s experience in mobile ID PPP 29 I D 4 D | 2018 ANNUA L REPO RT 3-Year Target Results Results Achieved Results Achieved 2017–2019 2017 2018 Principles on §§Principles were published in February 2017 §§Two additional organizations endorsed Identification §§22 organizations have endorsed the Principles the Principles, bringing the new total to §§Principles highlighted during the GSMA’s Mobile 24 organizations for Sustainable World Congress in February 2017 and the Development WBG’s Spring and Annual Meetings in April and would be finalized October 2017 and endorsed by major international organizations §§Two country delegations (Morocco and §§Three delegations (Côte d’ Ivoire, Guinea, Tanzania) undertook study tours to India and Indonesia) undertook study tours to Peru 3 Countries §§Philippine delegation undertook a study benefiting tour to India from peer-to- §§Regional workshop in the Pacific islands peer knowledge for six countries (Fiji, Papua New Guinea, exchanges Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, and Vanuatu) §§A series of in-country learning exchanges were organized in Uzbekistan and Viet Nam High-Level §§The High-Level Advisory Council established, §§The High-Level Advisory Council held Advisory Council and first meeting held during the World Bank meetings in May and September Group’s Annual Meetings in October 2017 §§Second Steering Committee meeting in and ID4D Multi- §§First Steering Committee meeting was held in April Donor Steering July 2017 Committee established §§Snapshot of Technical Standards for Digital §§The Catalog of Technical Standards peer Catalog of Identification Systems drafted and presented/ reviewed and published Technical discussed with stakeholders in September §§Continuing working with UNCITRAL Standards §§Co-hosted, with OXI at the World Bank, the 2nd Working Group IV on developing an for Digital Colloquium on Legal Issues of Identification international legal instrument Identification Systems §§Participated in UNCITRAL’s Working Group IV Systems on Identity and Trust Services ID 4 D I nitiati ve 30 HIGHLIGHT Global Discussions Highlight African Leaders Roundtable on ID4D convened at Nacional de Identificación y Estado Civil (RENIEC) the United Nations General Assembly makes special efforts to reach vulnerable populations, including by partnering with health and social programs The World Bank organized an event at the United to visit remote communities, as well as how RENIEC Nations General Assembly in New York in September. provides authentication services to public and private The event brought together African countries to sector institutional clients. The Ministry of Home Affairs catalyze collective action to achieve the goal of having also learned how RENIEC has established its own inclusive and trusted digital ID and civil registration academy to train staff, which was timely as the Ministry systems by 2030. High-level representatives of develops a new strategy to strengthen its workforce Governments and development partners exchanged across Indonesia. The visit, which followed a similar one perspectives and aspirations on how this goal can be by Côte d’Ivoire and Guinea in June, is one of the first achieved, including a pan-Africa approach to digital activities of ID4D’s new partnership with the Indonesian ID, which could accelerate trade and migration on the Ministry of Home Affairs to support increasing continent, and unlock opportunities presented by the population and civil registration coverage, enhancing digital economy. usage of the national ID system for service delivery, and Council Meeting held at the United Nations capacity-building. The ID4D High-Level Advisory Council held its ID4D From Principles to Practice Workshop third meeting in September at the United Nations Two years after the adoption of the Principles Headquarters, co-chaired by Kristalina Georgieva, CEO on Identification for Sustainable Development, of the World Bank and Amina J. Mohammed, Deputy governments, development and humanitarian Secretary-General of the United Nations. Among other partners, and the private sector are moving quickly topics, the Council strategized on generating greater to translate these ambitions into tangible progress on financing, political commitment, and innovations for the ground. In September the ID4D From Principles to the digital ID and civil registration agenda in Africa. Practice workshop brought together more than 100 The Council also discussed how to effectively support representatives of a wide range of stakeholders to share countries to tackle emerging challenges around data knowledge and insights about the latest analytical protection and privacy and the responsible use of pieces and country progress, and to generate concrete technology, with special emphasis on promoting new, action on emerging operational issues across the three scalable initiatives such as the ID4D Mission Billion pillars of the Principles. By improving our understanding Challenge and the Modular Open Source ID Platform. of best practices and potential risks that need to be Indonesia studies how Peru achieved universal civil mitigated, our community can better support countries registration coverage and other stakeholders working to put the Principles As part of the ID4D Initiative’s efforts to facilitate into practice. knowledge exchanges between countries, a group of officials from Indonesia’s Ministry of Home Affairs visited Peru in December to see how the Registro 31 I D 4 D | 2018 ANNUA L REPO RT ID 4 D I nitiati ve 32 33 I D 4 D | 2018 ANNUA L REPO RT Pillar III. Country & Regional Action The World Bank provides technical assistance to countries and supports efforts to conduct assessments and roadmaps, and assist in project design, stakeholder dialogue, and project implementation. In 2018, the World Bank expanded its country engagements to include Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Vietnam, Senegal, Thailand, Indonesia, and Uganda, amongst others. Our technical assistance is utilizing the lessons drawn from country diagnostics and other analytical work to build ID systems that include the most vulnerable, protect user data and privacy, and maximize benefits for the public and private sectors. The ID4D Initiative’s country level work will continue to build upon previous engagements and incorporate the cutting-edge research on ‘Good ID’. ID4D Country Diagnostics: In response to a country’s request, the ID4D Initiative conducts an assessment of the country’s identity ecosystem using the ID4D Country Diagnostic tool. As of end-2018, ID4D has implemented over 30 country diagnostics. These diagnostics facilitate engagement and dialogue within countries and provide recommendations on next steps. Technical assistance and advisory services to countries: Building on the country diagnostics, the ID4D Initiative responds to growing demand from governments for technical assistance, which includes a range of activities to support the design of identification systems using global good practice. The technical assistance focuses on the following: ƒƒ Recommendations on design, including: −− Cost-benefit analysis of different options, to increase enrollment and coverage; −− Design options to integrate civil registries with national ID; −− Guidance on appropriate technology (e.g. enrollment, database structures, credential options, deduplication, and cybersecurity); −− Sustainability aspects and business models of ID systems; and −− Authentication and eKYC aspects of ID systems. ƒƒ Development of a robust legal and regulatory framework, including addressing; data protection and privacy gaps; ƒƒ Leveraging identification systems for improving service delivery in key sectors; ƒƒ Monitoring and evaluation of ID systems; and ƒƒ Ensuring end-user engagement from design through implementation. ID 4 D I nitiati ve 34 Country Engagements      Pre-Diagnostic Diagnostic Action Plan/ Pipeline Project Financing & Country Dialogue Advisory Preparation Implementation Algeria  Bangladesh     Benin    Botswana  Burkina Faso     Cameroon   Central Africa  Republic Côte d’Ivoire     Djibouti  DRC    Ethiopia   Gabon   Gambia  Ghana  Guinea      Honduras  Indonesia  Kenya   Lao PDR   Lesotho   Liberia   Madagascar      ID projects  Civil Registration (IDA and/or GFF)  Regional  35 I D 4 D | 2018 ANNUA L REPO RT      Pre-Diagnostic Diagnostic Action Plan/ Pipeline Project Financing & Country Dialogue Advisory Preparation Implementation Morocco    Mozambique  Myanmar  Namibia  Nepal    Niger     Nigeria    Philippines   Peru  Rwanda    Samoa   Sao Tome  Senegal   Sierra Leone  Somalia    Sri Lanka  Tanzania   Togo   Tonga    Tunisia   Uganda   Vietnam  Zambia   ID projects  Civil Registration (IDA and/or GFF)  Regional  ID 4 D I nitiati ve 36 3-Year Target Results Achieved Results Achieved Results 2017 2018 2017–2019 Technical §§Africa ID4D Business Plan published §§East Africa roadmap finalized and delivered assistance §§Action plans developed in three countries: to EA Secretariat, with a summary Myanmar, Tanzania and Nigeria published provided to six §§Technical assistance provided to Tanzania, §§Technical assistance provided to Côte countries and at Nigeria, Zambia, Sierra Leone & Morocco d’Ivoire, Guinea, Indonesia, Lesotho, least five countries Morocco, Somalia, Nigeria, Philippines, have developed Rwanda, Samoa, Tonga, & Uzbekistan action plans / implementation roadmaps At least three §§Myanmar §§Philippines countries have §§Central African Republic §§Tunisia §§Lesotho §§Uganda conducted an ID4D §§Niger Diagnostic §§São Tomé and Príncipe §§Somalia At least two §§US$ 100 million Morocco project approved by §§WURI approved by the WB Board in June follow-on WBG the WB Board in March 2017 2018 (including Côte d’Ivoire and Guinea) §§Djibouti project approved in April 2018 projects (IDA/ IBRD financed) to support implementation 37 I D 4 D | 2018 ANNUA L REPO RT ID 4 D I nitiati ve 38 HIGHLIGHT Country & Regional Highlights Côte d’Ivoire and Guinea kick-start West Africa and in developing ICT systems for registration and regional identification program authentication. In September, a regional workshop was held in Guinea, with representatives joining from In June, the World Bank’s Board of Directors approved India, Namibia and Peru to discuss technical aspects US$ 317.1 million for the West Africa Unique Identification of the foundational ID platform, as well as its legal and for Regional Integration and Inclusion (WURI) program. institutional framework. A second regional workshop WURI will finance the development of foundational ID was held in Côte d’Ivoire in December. platforms, which will provide government-recognized proof of unique identity. The ID platforms will facilitate WURI is expected to create substantial gains for both access to services by providing robust identity participating countries, as well as for the ECOWAS sub- verification and authentication options for functional region at-large by streamlining the movement of people, services to rely on. Collecting only minimal identity data goods, services and capital. Although sub-regional, the (e.g. name, biometrics, date of birth, sex and unique institutional, technical and legal model for interoperability identity number), the ID platforms will be open to all and mutual recognition offers a template for a broader persons in their territory, irrespective of nationality continent-wide approach to digital identification, or legal status. Further, each national foundational ID especially in light of progress in African Union efforts to platform will link to that country’s civil registry, thereby form the African Continental Free Trade Area. assuring that the two function with greater efficiency and are also kept up-to-date. Morocco pioneers the Modular Open Source Identification Platform (MOSIP) WURI’s Phase 1 is underway in Côte d’Ivoire and Guinea, The World Bank is supporting the Government of and is supported by the Economic Community of West Morocco to design and implement a new National African States (ECOWAS); Phase 2, covering Benin, Population Registry (NPR) that will underpin efforts Burkina Faso and Niger, is in its preparatory stages. WURI to reform the national social safety net system and will also further regional integration, as the foundational to introduce presence-less, paper-less and cash-less ID platforms will be interoperable across ECOWAS transactions. The NPR will leverage the Modular Open member countries. To that end, the ECOWAS Commission Source Identification Platform (MOSIP) as its core is supporting the development of regional standards, technology solution, beginning in early-2019. Assistance with inspiration and lessons learned to be drawn from to the Ministry of Interior has included facilitation of the experiences of the European Union (notably, its knowledge exchanges with India to learn about Aadhaar Regulation on electronic identification, authentication and and the broader India Stack, including adapting trust services (“eIDAS”)) and Latin America. these experiences to Morocco’s context, and advice Participating countries have also had the opportunity on interoperability between different registries and to learn from international experiences and best databases, including a new social registry, and on the practices. In June, representatives from Côte d’Ivoire development of laws and regulations for the NPR, such and Guinea went to Peru to learn about its experiences as on data protection and privacy. in developing a national ID system, particularly with The NPR will greatly boost efforts to eliminate poverty regard to reaching vulnerable and isolated populations, in Morocco by transforming how social protection 39 I D 4 D | 2018 ANNUA L REPO RT programs are targeted and delivered, while also use cases, devising the business model, and qualitative providing a foundational platform to accelerate inclusive research on public experiences and perceptions to inform growth of the digital economy. Moreover, by adopting all of these activities. MOSIP, Morocco is in a position to change the landscape of digital identification for Africa and the world by Nigeria scales up digital identification efforts demonstrating the strength of open source solutions The World Bank, working with the European Investment and technology neutrality. Bank and French Agency for Development (AfD) as co-financers, is preparing a US$ 430 million digital Philippines aims to leverage a new foundational ID identification program in Nigeria, Africa’s largest country system to support inclusive growth with 187 million people, to reform the national ID and The Philippine Identification System (PhilSys) Act came civil registration ecosystem. The program will help boost into force in October, establishing a foundational ID the coverage of Nigeria’s national ID system, harmonize system to streamline and expand the delivery of services the country’s existing identification ecosystem, and help and social assistance. Leading up to this, the World Bank, establish a robust and inclusive digital identification through the ID4D Initiative, has been providing a range platform. of advisory services in response to the needs of the The ID4D Initiative previously played a critical role in Government’s cross department technical working group helping the National Identity Management Commission in the areas of policy formulation, technical architecture, (NIMC) to develop a strategic roadmap, which was institutional arrangements, use case development, and endorsed in September 2018 by the Federal Executive developing the law and implementing regulation. The Council, chaired by the President and comprised of all ID4D Diagnostic completed in March and knowledge 32 Ministers. In addition, ID4D is providing extensive exchanges facilitated with India and Thailand informed key technical assistance to NIMC, including to complete Government decisions to move towards a foundational technical, legal, and cybersecurity assessments to ID system, as well as integration of the PhilSys with the strengthen the robustness, resilience, and privacy- existing high coverage civil registration system. consciousness of the ID system, as well as to prepare The 2017 ID4D-Findex survey found that 15% of the a social impact assessment and vulnerability mapping population had been unable to apply for a government to ensure the inclusion of vulnerable and marginalized service because they lacked a recognized ID, rising to populations. 19% among the poorest 40% of the population. The World Bank financing will include support for the PhilSys therefore represents a significant opportunity for development of a robust legal and institutional framework the Philippines to eliminate poverty, to make targeted and leverage existing registries as well as private and investments in human capital, and to drive inclusive public-sector partners to ensure rapid roll-out of the growth of the digital economy, particularly through system. Linking the new, foundational ID to service financial inclusion. Moving forward, the ID4D Initiative will delivery is a central component of the project, and will continue providing advisory services to the Government help Nigeria minimize fraud, waste, and leakages in public as implementation of PhilSys begins, including support programs and help maximize the system’s potential for to finalize a strategic roadmap and the technical design, boosting financial inclusion and economic opportunities. development of the financial sector and social protection ID 4 D I nitiati ve 40 2019 – GOING FORWARD Building on the momentum and achievements to date, the ID4D Initiative will in 2019 remain focused on responding to growing demand from client countries and regions, and delivering on the research and advocacy activities agreed through the multi-donor partnership platform. Through country and regional action, the ID4D Initiative will prioritize the linkage of digital ID systems with the broader digital economy agenda, including digital financial services and digital platforms, and on advancing mutual recognition and interoperability of digital IDs across countries, particularly in support of up-and-coming initiatives in Africa. Other emerging issues that require further exploration and dedicated the ID4D Initiative time and resource investments in 2019 include: ƒƒ Inclusion and exclusion: Improved ID system design and the removal of legal, administrative, and economic barriers can help ensure inclusion and access to services. At the same time, there could be unintended consequences which lead to exclusion from access to critical services (e.g. due to biometric authentication failures at the point of service if no alternatives are available). More work is needed to understand exclusion risks and to identify people-centric and privacy-conscious solutions to mitigate them. ƒƒ Enhancing privacy by design: Privacy-enhancing measures need to work for the most vulnerable populations where breaches of confidentiality will do the most harm. Continued work in this area—in concert with work to strengthen legal and regulatory frameworks—is critical to ensure that privacy and control over one’s personal data is built into the design and operation of ID systems. The ID4D Mission Billion Challenge will help surface new ideas on these challenges; in 2019, the ID4D Initiative will focus on how to embed these ideas into the design of ID systems. ƒƒ Digital ID in humanitarian contexts: With forced displacement at historic highs and a growing number of protracted refugee situations, there is an urgent need to understand the unique considerations for affected populations and how digital ID systems could be used to respond to forced displacement and natural disasters. Digital ID plays a critical role in delivering humanitarian assistance, but a key challenge is the lack of interoperability among the wide range of ID systems that are used in humanitarian contexts as well as host country systems. Working closely with UNHCR, WFP and other partners, the ID4D Initiative will scale up its analytical and country work on this nascent area. ƒƒ Engagement with civil society and end-users: Engagement with civil society and consultations with marginalized groups such as in Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, and Nigeria can provide a useful template for similar approaches in other countries and regions. In addition, the end-user qualitative research done for the three countries in Africa and Asia will be replicated in more countries in 2019. ƒƒ Authentication in low connectivity areas: Some existing solutions (e.g., smart cards, mobile apps) provide secure, trusted methods for people to prove that they are who they say they are, but these solutions may not be appropriate in all cases, particularly in poorer, low-connectivity areas. With new innovations and more work across a variety of actors, new solutions can be made available to better address the authentication needs of a diverse set of countries and populations. 20 1 9 – GOIN G FORWARD 42 ƒƒ Uniqueness: More work is needed on determining the importance of uniqueness for various use cases, as well as the alternatives to biometrics for ensuring uniqueness in diverse contexts, particularly in large countries with weak breeder documents. ƒƒ Business models and Public-Private Partnerships: Countries are looking at different models to finance digital ID systems, including charging fees for certain services and Build-Operate-Transfer projects. While such models offer the ability to mobilize resources quickly and, in the case of PPPs, to leverage expertise of the private sector, they also come with considerable risk, particularly around vendor and technology lock-in. For many countries, digital ID systems are a new endeavor and thus there is limited knowledge and capacity to design PPP models that avoid such risks. Likewise, charging fees (e.g. for cards) can create a significant barrier for vulnerable populations to access ID systems, which is counterproductive. ID4D will analyze different business models and their tradeoffs, particularly around PPPs. ƒƒ Closing the gender gap by improving women’s access to IDs: Identification is a critical factor for gender equality and the empowerment of women across multiple policy areas, including securing equal rights to economic resources. Strengthening civil registration and ID systems can help ensure that women’s property and inheritance rights are recognized, and they can enhance women’s financial access. With a robust proof of identify, women and girls are also more empowered to access mobile phones, healthcare, social protection, and other services. ID4D is making gender empowerment through ‘Good ID’ a priority and will achieve this by scaling up end-user research and analytical work on gender-relevant issues, and supporting governments in building effective and inclusive digital identification systems. ƒƒ Self-managed identity: Although foundational ID systems, such as civil registration and national IDs, have traditionally been managed centrally by governments, new models and technologies are now emerging which can enable digital IDs and data to be managed in a decentralized manner. However, it remains unclear how exactly existing and emerging technologies would help effectively facilitate such a decentralized solution, particularly in contexts where people do not have trusted breeder documents and have limited digital footprint. More work is needed to investigate to what extent and how self-managed identity could practically work in such contexts. 43 I D 4 D | 2018 ANNUA L REPO RT Pillar I. Thought Leadership & Analytics The ID4D Initiative will continue its pioneering analytical work on the importance of identification and how to build robust and inclusive ID systems. Further work will focus on exploring critical gaps and barriers and broadening our research on good practices to help inform country operations. The ID4D Initiative will also advance its guidance on legal, governance and technology solutions and how to adapt these at scale in client countries. FY19 Proposed Activities Operational guide for developing/strengthening ID systems The guide would be an update of the Digital ID Toolkit with additional content. It would pull together various streams 1 of research, including on authentication approaches, emerging technologies, institutional arrangements, integration of national ID and civil registration, costs, data harmonization models and other key areas of interest. White paper on approaches to providing digital IDs to refugees (with UNHCR) 2 This research will examine different models that refugees are registered and provided with IDs. It is being carried out in collaboration with UNHCR and with inputs from the World Bank’s Fragility, Conflict, and Violence unit. Guidance tool on integration of civil registration and identification systems 3 This research will examine how identification systems can be built on or integrated with birth, death and marriage registration, including digitization and issuance of unique ID numbers at birth. Annual update of the Global ID4D Dataset 4 Directors have made a commitment to update this data set annually. In FY19, the methodology will be further strengthened to collect more primary and disaggregated data from national ID offices and statistical offices. Launch additional impact assessments In collaboration with DIME (e.g. Morocco, Nigeria, WURI, West Africa, Lesotho) 5 Use pre-post surveys and/or experimental or quasi-experimental design to study the net effect of a new ID system and/ or mandatory authentication on access to services. Possible countries include Nepal and Benin, among others. 6 Country Case Studies of Rwanda and Thailand 3 Thematic case studies 7 These case studies explore the role of identification systems in supporting particular sectors: ID and Education, ID for Digital Payments, and beyond. 8 Policy note on KYC registries and practices Gender focused deep-dive in one Commonwealth country Identify key drivers of under-registration of women and policies best suited to address them. Includes an analysis 9 of legal, administrative, and cost barriers for women in ID registration through in-country surveys, focus group discussions, & outreach to NGOs and other local organizations. The work can also consider how digital ID can facilitate women’s empowerment. Qualitative research on the user demand-side of identification 10 Possible countries: Philippines, Nigeria, Samoa Quantitative study on the experience of refugees and/or irregular migrants At one or multiple sites (e.g., Kenya, Bangladesh, Germany, Lebanon) conduct in-depth surveys of migrant/refugee 11 experiences with identification in their host countries and countries of origin in order to identify main barriers/ challenges to obtaining and replacing IDs, fears and concerns regarding privacy and identification, the role of ID in facilitating access to services and integration, preferred identity solutions and technologies, etc. 20 1 9 – GOIN G FORWARD 44 Pillar II. Global Platforms & Convening ID4D will continue to advance the global identification agenda by raising awareness, harmonizing the varying interests on this topic, and strengthening coordination among UN, non-government and private sector actors (including through the development of key guiding principles and guiding papers/notes). Additionally, the ID4D Initiative will facilitate peer-to-peer knowledge exchanges. FY19 Proposed Activities 1 Two annual High-Level Advisory Council meetings Global advocacy anchored around global platforms, including discussions with the G20 and the World Economic Forum 2 for Good Digital Identity Coordination with the United Nations’ Legal Identity Experts Group, including joint research, joint country engagement, 3 and consensus on defining ‘legal identity’ Procurement checklist and performance criteria for assessing technologies. Based on insight from workshops and working groups which convene standards bodies and agencies. 4 Although there are a range of global standards (e.g. ISO, ICAO, EMV, etc.), a better understanding of the competing standards, gaps in standards, as well as guidance to project teams will allow for better implementation, economies of scale for deployment and enhanced opportunity for interoperability across countries. 5 Peer-to-Peer knowledge exchange series for government officials Mission Billion Challenge ID4D will announce the winners from the first Challenge with the twin goals of: (i) Incentivizing Innovation — Amplify 6 the range of ideas and approaches to designing and implementing robust, sustainable and inclusive digital identification systems, by addressing one persistent issue — privacy by design; and (ii) Growing the community — Expand the community of individuals and organizations involved in the design and implementation of digital identification systems. Development of an International Legal Instrument ID4D will continue to be a leading contributor in the on-going deliberations of UNCITRAL’s Working Group IV developing 7 an international legal instrument for digital ID and Trust Services. As other organizations also consider introducing regional and application-specific legal regimes, ID4D will continue to play a coordinating role. 45 I D 4 D | 2018 ANNUA L REPO RT Pillar III. Country & Regional Action Through the ID4D Initiative, the World Bank Group is actively engaged in several countries (see table on page 27), which will continue and be scaled up, in accordance with country demand, through 2019. The country engagements will remain focused on providing technical assistance to design, develop and maintain digital ID systems that are aligned with the Principles on Identification for Sustainable Development and on leveraging World Bank Group resources to help countries implement them. In 2019, there will be emphasis on continuing to advance a regional approach in Africa in partnership with the African Union and the Pacific islands. 20 1 9 – GOIN G FORWARD 46 PHOTO CREDITS: Cover (left) Emrys Schoemaker / Caribou Cover (right) Nyani Quarmyne / IFC Cover (bottom) Nyani Quarmyne / IFC Inside Cover Nyani Quarmyne / IFC Page 5 Stephan Gladieu / World Bank Page 9–10 Emrys Schoemaker / Caribou Page 11 IDEO Page 12 Anat Lewin Page 18 Stephan Gladieu / World Bank Page 22 Nyani Quarmyne / IFC Page 24 Pablo Ariel Acosta Page 28 Nyani Quarmyne / IFC Page 32 Daniel Silva Yashisato Page 33 Pepukaye Bardouille / IFC Page 38 Emrys Schoemaker / Caribou Page 40 (left) Pablo Ariel Acosta Page 40 (right) Nyani Quarmyne / IFC Page 42 IDEO Page 43 Stephan Gladieu / World Bank Page 46 Daniel Silva Yashisato id4d.worldbank.org